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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Molina

Izzy Molina

["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]

American baseball player (born 1971) Baseball player Izzy MolinaCatcherBorn: (1971-06-03) June 3, 1971 (age 53)New York City, New YorkBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 15, 1996, for the Oakland AthleticsLast MLB appearanceMay 6, 2002, for the Baltimore OriolesMLB statisticsBatting average.206Home runs3Runs batted in8 Teams Oakland Athletics (1996–1998) Baltimore Orioles (2002) Islay "Izzy" Molina (born June 3, 1971) is an American former professional baseball catcher for the Oakland Athletics and Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). Molina is not related to the brothers Bengie, Jose, and Yadier Molina, although like Izzy, all three are catchers. Career Molina was drafted out of high school by the Oakland Athletics in the 22nd round of the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft and made his professional debut that same year for the Arizona League Athletics where he batted .339 in 39 games. He made his major league debut for Oakland on August 15, 1996. Molina left the Athletics via free agency after the 1998 season. On October 26, 1998, he signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks, but was traded to the New York Yankees with Ben Ford for Darren Holmes in spring training 1999. Over the next three years, Molina did not play in the majors while spending time in the minors with the Yankees, Royals, and Blue Jays organization. He signed a minor-league contract with the Baltimore Orioles on November 20, 2001. He began the 2002 season with the Double-A Bowie Baysox and was promoted to the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings. Two weeks after his contract was purchased from the Red Wings on May 3, he cleared waivers and was outrighted to the Baysox on May 17. During this stint he made his only appearance with the Orioles in a 9–4 defeat to the Cleveland Indians at Camden Yards on May 6. He had a fifth-inning single in three at bats and scored a run as the starting catcher. Molina last played professional baseball in 2003 with the Orioles Single-A, Double-A, and Triple-A teams. References ^ a b Izzy Molina (statistics & history) – Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "O's recall Garcia; Outright Molina," Baltimore Orioles press release, Friday, May 17, 2002. ^ Cleveland Indians 9, Baltimore Orioles 4; Monday, May 6, 2002 (N) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards – Retrosheet. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pacer

The Pacer

["1 History","1.1 The Checkerboard","1.2 The Volette","1.3 The Pacer","2 Volume Numbers","3 References","4 External links"]

Student newspaper at the University of Tennessee at Martin For other uses, see Pacer (disambiguation). The PacerTypeStudent newspaperSchoolUniversity of Tennessee at MartinFounded1928Websitehttps://www.thepacer.net/ The Pacer, founded in 1928, is the name of the student newspaper of the University of Tennessee at Martin. The Office of Student Publications at UT Martin publishes The Pacer every Tuesday morning throughout the semester except for holidays and exam periods. As of 2006, the newspaper has a circulation of 3,000 copies. Throughout its history, the newspaper has also been named The Checkerboard and The Volette. History According to Robert L. Carroll's book, The University of Tennessee at Martin: The First One Hundred Years, the forerunner of UTM was a Baptist school, Hall-Moody Institute, established in 1900. A student newspaper called The Crimson and Gold (the institute's colors) was printed for several years, and two annuals, or yearbooks, also were published. The Crimson and Gold run ended when the institute closed in 1927 because of financial troubles, and all students were given the opportunity to transfer to nearby Union University in Jackson, Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Junior College opened in the fall 1927, and a student newspaper, The Checkerboard, followed in 1928. The Checkerboard A group of students decided in the fall of 1927 that UTJC needed a student newspaper. They called themselves the Checkers, and the first evidence of their dream, the Checkerboard, appeared in the Weakley County Press in January and February 1928. They also published a standalone issue of the Checkerboard later in the spring of 1928 and then published a magazine by the same name at the end of the 1927–28 academic year. The magazine is also considered a forerunner of the present-day UTM yearbook, The Spirit. Its first Editor was Lloyd Lynn. The first edition of The Volette, which evolved from the Checkers' vision and grew into the permanent student newspaper at what is now UTM, was printed Dec. 17, 1928. It paid tribute to the Checkers on page 2, for "the spontaneous enthusiasm of this group of students", who "actually published a paper weekly; without money, without anything but the passive approval of the faculty and their own native ability coupled with a boundless determination. ..." The Volette Front page of the February 11, 1929 issue of The Volette. Courtesy of the Tennessee State Library and Archives (Microfilm 912) The first Volette was a four-page publication that contained a few advertisements but no pictures. Sports news led the way on many of the headlines on Page 1: Football team closes successful season Prospects good for girls basketball team Coach Grantham attends conference at Memphis Other headlines included: Large number make Honor Role Faculty members make speeches U.T. Student admitted to the Bar On Page 2 of The Volette were a freshman's letter home (with all spelling and grammatical errors included, perhaps as a joke), newspaper staff information, subscription information (a year's subscription was only $1.50), a brief on the naming contest held to name The Volette and an editorial from the newspaper staff on the first edition of the paper. The editorial included an apology for why the paper was printed so late in the fall, as well as a plea for stories from the student body that The Pacer continues to make to this day. It reads "... It is evident that no group of reporters, however good they may be, can cover all interesting items without the cooperation of the student body at large. Therefore, we ask that any student will report such interesting occurrence as shall come under his observation. Moreover, we wish to state that it is policy of this paper to accept worthwhile contributions from any and all sources." A column down the side of the page was called "Newsettes," personal notes of college students. Tidbits from the column include: Lucille Kirk and Kennedy Laws went to Fulton Saturday night. Charles Johnson attended the Cow Sale at Gleason Saturday Marie Wells spent the weekend at her home in Obion. Tater Jones and Fatty McDonald have accepted position as skating managers in the skating rink here. Paul White spent several days in Nashville, Christmas shopping. The Terrible Two were out of the dormitory last weekend. John McDonald was the guest of Mr. Matthew Enochs at his home in Newbern. Burnie Orr called on Dr. C.R. Galloway of Greenfield Tuesday afternoon to have the lens of his glasses changed. (Orr was the business manager for The Volette.) While The Pacer no longer contains such personal items on students, local papers like the Weakley County Press and the Dresden Enterprise still feature the same type of "community news." The Vollette's Page 3 featured a wide variety of opinionated copy titled "El Toro" by El Toreador. No other name was given. El Toreador, however, took up much of the page with "rants" both serious and funny on other students; with a poem called "Ballad of Bad Boys" with a Top 10 list of rules for drivers and with suggestions on what students could do at night. The last suggestion, of course, was to study. The page also featured a story about the Home Economics Club. Page 4 contained jokes, which shall not be reprinted in this space. Oddly enough, the page also included a brief on all the new students entering UTJC for the second quarter, as well as a short story on the death of a "popular student's" father. Advertising was confined to Pages 3 and 4, with one plea from the newspaper staff to "patronize our advertisers." The paper even included a few classified ads, one for someone willing to work trig problems and a couple for pressing pants and shining shoes. Finally, current students should know that maybe a lot hasn't really changed in the past 75 years of education at UTJC/UTMB/UTM. Page 4 also included a column called "Rules and Regulations, of University of Tennessee Junior College (Published by special permission for the benefit of the news students)." Such rules included: Chewing gum must be chewed in every class, and, if possible, chewed loud enough to drown out what the professor has to say. Whistling, singing and conversations must go on in the library ... Every student is requested to be late to chapel ... When taking examinations, be sure to sit by good neighbors. Do not buy any books, paper or pencils. There should be extravagance in this university, and purchasing these things is not necessary as they may be borrowed. Cut as many classes as possible. The Pacer Front page of the October 6, 1971 issue of The Pacer. Courtesy of the Tennessee State Library and Archives (Microfilm 912). The first edition of The Pacer was printed on Oct. 6, 1971. At that time, UTM's athletics nickname was the Pacers. Though the university's nickname was changed to the Skyhawks in the 1995, then Pacer adviser Dr. Robert Nanney asked the staff to vote whether to again change the newspaper's name to reflect the changing mascot, as was done when it was The Volette. "By an overwhelming margin, the staff voted to retain the Pacer moniker for two reasons. First, The Pacer reflects an ever-evolving, pace-setting entity, and we believed the newspaper should continue to represent such on campus. Second, the staff believed that retaining the name would make it clear that the newspaper does not necessarily follow the recommendations of consultants," Nanney said in a 2003 interview. Volume Numbers The Pacer volume number is counted chronologically from the first issue of The Volette published Dec. 17, 1928, with the coming of a new academic year (measured from August to May) representing a new volume. Numerous editions of The Pacer bear the incorrect volume number, including the first edition under the masthead in 1971. Because the newspaper was not entirely reestablished when the name was changed from The Volette, the staff saw fit to correct this mistake in later issues. References ^ Carroll, Robert L (2000). University of Tennessee at Martin: The First One Hundred Years. Frankin, TN: Hillsboro Press. p. 210. ISBN 1577361903. ^ "The Pacer - December 5, 2003". 2003-12-05. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. External links The Pacer Online Edition The Pacer (Press Archives) UT Martin Student Media and Organizations Press archives hosted on the Internet Archive vteUniversity of Tennessee at MartinFacilities Hardy M. Graham Stadium Skyhawk Baseball Field Kathleen and Tom Elam Center Skyhawk Fieldhouse Athletics UT Martin Skyhawks Baseball Football Men's basketball Women's basketball Ohio Valley Conference Organizations Mu Epsilon Delta Media The Pacer PrimePages WUTM-FM vteUniversity of Tennessee at MartinFacilities Hardy M. Graham Stadium Skyhawk Baseball Field Kathleen and Tom Elam Center Skyhawk Fieldhouse Athletics UT Martin Skyhawks Baseball Football Men's basketball Women's basketball Ohio Valley Conference Organizations Mu Epsilon Delta Media The Pacer PrimePages WUTM-FM

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacer (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"student newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_newspaper"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee at Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Martin"},{"link_name":"circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_circulation"}],"text":"For other uses, see Pacer (disambiguation).The Pacer, founded in 1928, is the name of the student newspaper of the University of Tennessee at Martin. The Office of Student Publications at UT Martin publishes The Pacer every Tuesday morning throughout the semester except for holidays and exam periods. As of 2006, the newspaper has a circulation of 3,000 copies. 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Its first Editor was Lloyd Lynn.The first edition of The Volette, which evolved from the Checkers' vision and grew into the permanent student newspaper at what is now UTM, was printed Dec. 17, 1928. It paid tribute to the Checkers on page 2, for \"the spontaneous enthusiasm of this group of students\", who \"actually published a paper weekly; without money, without anything but the passive approval of the faculty and their own native ability coupled with a boundless determination. ...\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Volette_-_February_11,_1929.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dresden Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresden_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"The Volette","text":"Front page of the February 11, 1929 issue of The Volette. Courtesy of the Tennessee State Library and Archives (Microfilm 912)The first Volette was a four-page publication that contained a few advertisements but no pictures. Sports news led the way on many of the headlines on Page 1:Football team closes successful season\nProspects good for girls basketball team\nCoach Grantham attends conference at MemphisOther headlines included:Large number make Honor Role\nFaculty members make speeches\nU.T. Student admitted to the BarOn Page 2 of The Volette were a freshman's letter home (with all spelling and grammatical errors included, perhaps as a joke), newspaper staff information, subscription information (a year's subscription was only $1.50), a brief on the naming contest held to name The Volette and an editorial from the newspaper staff on the first edition of the paper.The editorial included an apology for why the paper was printed so late in the fall, as well as a plea for stories from the student body that The Pacer continues to make to this day. It reads \"... It is evident that no group of reporters, however good they may be, can cover all interesting items without the cooperation of the student body at large. Therefore, we ask that any student will report such interesting occurrence as shall come under his observation. Moreover, we wish to state that it is policy of this paper to accept worthwhile contributions from any and all sources.\"A column down the side of the page was called \"Newsettes,\" personal notes of college students. Tidbits from the column include:Lucille Kirk and Kennedy Laws went to Fulton Saturday night.\nCharles Johnson attended the Cow Sale at Gleason Saturday\nMarie Wells spent the weekend at her home in Obion.\nTater Jones and Fatty McDonald have accepted position as skating managers in the skating rink here.\nPaul White spent several days in Nashville, Christmas shopping.\nThe Terrible Two were out of the dormitory last weekend.\nJohn McDonald was the guest of Mr. Matthew Enochs at his home in Newbern.\nBurnie Orr called on Dr. C.R. Galloway of Greenfield Tuesday afternoon to have the lens of his glasses changed. (Orr was the business manager for The Volette.)While The Pacer no longer contains such personal items on students, local papers like the Weakley County Press and the Dresden Enterprise still feature the same type of \"community news.\"The Vollette's Page 3 featured a wide variety of opinionated copy titled \"El Toro\" by El Toreador. No other name was given. El Toreador, however, took up much of the page with \"rants\" both serious and funny on other students; with a poem called \"Ballad of Bad Boys\" with a Top 10 list of rules for drivers and with suggestions on what students could do at night. The last suggestion, of course, was to study. The page also featured a story about the Home Economics Club.Page 4 contained jokes, which shall not be reprinted in this space. Oddly enough, the page also included a brief on all the new students entering UTJC for the second quarter, as well as a short story on the death of a \"popular student's\" father.Advertising was confined to Pages 3 and 4, with one plea from the newspaper staff to \"patronize our advertisers.\" The paper even included a few classified ads, one for someone willing to work trig problems and a couple for pressing pants and shining shoes.Finally, current students should know that maybe a lot hasn't really changed in the past 75 years of education at UTJC/UTMB/UTM. Page 4 also included a column called \"Rules and Regulations, of University of Tennessee Junior College (Published by special permission for the benefit of the news students).\" Such rules included:Chewing gum must be chewed in every class, and, if possible, chewed loud enough to drown out what the professor has to say.\nWhistling, singing and conversations must go on in the library ...\nEvery student is requested to be late to chapel ...\nWhen taking examinations, be sure to sit by good neighbors.\nDo not buy any books, paper or pencils. There should be extravagance in this university, and purchasing these things is not necessary as they may be borrowed.\nCut as many classes as possible.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pacer_-_October_6,_1971.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The Pacer","text":"Front page of the October 6, 1971 issue of The Pacer. Courtesy of the Tennessee State Library and Archives (Microfilm 912).The first edition of The Pacer was printed on Oct. 6, 1971. At that time, UTM's athletics nickname was the Pacers. Though the university's nickname was changed to the Skyhawks in the 1995, then Pacer adviser Dr. Robert Nanney asked the staff to vote whether to again change the newspaper's name to reflect the changing mascot, as was done when it was The Volette.\"By an overwhelming margin, the staff voted to retain the Pacer moniker for two reasons. First, The Pacer reflects an ever-evolving, pace-setting entity, and we believed the newspaper should continue to represent such on campus. Second, the staff believed that retaining the name would make it clear that the newspaper does not necessarily follow the recommendations of consultants,\" Nanney said in a 2003 interview.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Pacer volume number is counted chronologically from the first issue of The Volette published Dec. 17, 1928, with the coming of a new academic year (measured from August to May) representing a new volume.Numerous editions of The Pacer bear the incorrect volume number, including the first edition under the masthead in 1971. Because the newspaper was not entirely reestablished when the name was changed from The Volette, the staff saw fit to correct this mistake in later issues.","title":"Volume Numbers"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_Cecherz

Przemysław Cecherz

["1 Career","2 References"]

Polish football manager Przemysław CecherzPersonal informationDate of birth (1973-04-12) 12 April 1973 (age 51)Place of birth Łódź, PolandHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team Star Starachowice (manager)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls) KKS Koluszki Bałtyk Gdynia Wisła Chicago Cracovia Chicago Managerial career Start Brzeziny2003–2005 KKS Koluszki2006 Górnik Zabrze2007 Wisła Płock (caretaker)2007–2008 Hetman Zamość2008–2009 Tur Turek2009 Stal Stalowa Wola2009 Znicz Pruszków2010–2011 Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki2011–2014 Kolejarz Stróże2014 GKS Tychy2015 Poroniec Poronin2015–2016 Raków Częstochowa2016 Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki2016–2017 Widzew Łódź2017–2018 KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski2018 Chojniczanka Chojnice2019–2021 Wieczysta Kraków2021 KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski2022 Cartusia Kartuzy2023 Warta Sieradz2023–2024 Vineta Wolin2024– Star Starachowice *Club domestic league appearances and goals Przemysław Cecherz (born 12 April 1973) is a Polish professional football manager and former player who is currently in charge of III liga club Star Starachowice. Career After leaving Bałtyk Gdynia due to the financial situation there, Cecherz left for the United States, where he played for amateur clubs in the Polish community. Despite knowing he would not carve out a great playing career, he knew he would return to Poland to become a manager. References ^ Przemysław Cecherz at FootballDatabase.eu ^ Ludzie codziennie pytają, czy można przeklinać weszlo.com ^ "Przemysław Cecherz trenerem Staru!". Star Starachowice. 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024. ^ a b Tradycjonalista skazany na Widzew widzew.com vteGórnik Zabrze – managers Pawelczyk (1948–49) Meiser (1949) Luks (1949–50) Wodarz (1950–54) Dziwisz (1954–56) Mościński (1956) Skolik (1957) Opata (1957–58) Skolik (1958–59) Steiner (1959) Karolek (1960) Lugr (1960) Dziwisz (1960–62) Karolek (1962) Cebula (1962–63) Cebula, Karolek & Skolik (1963) Karolek & Skolik (1964) Farsang (1964–65) Giergiel (1965–66) Kalocsay (1966–69) Matyas (1969–70) Szusza (1970–71) Brzeżańczyk (1971–72) Kowalski (1972) Szűcs (1972) Kowalski (1972–73) Wieczorek (1973–75) Gajewski (1975–76) Trepka (1976) Kostka (1976–77) Żmuda (1977–80) Podedworny (1980–83) Kostka (1983–86) Ćmikiewicz (1986) Piechniczek (1986–87) Bochynek (1987–89) Podedworny (1989) Kisiel (1989–90) Kowalski (1990–92) Kowalik (1992) Łysko (1992–93) Apostel (1993) Kostka (1994) Lorens (1994–95) Oślizło (1995) Michalski (1995–96) Kowalski (1996) Żurek (1996) Kocąb (1996) Apostel (1997) Kowalski (1997) Żurek (1997–99) Dankowski (1999) Bochynek (1999) Dankowski (2000) Broniszewski (2000) Dankowski (2000–01) Piotrowicz (2001) Fornalik (2001) Piotrowicz (2001–02) Fornalik (2002–04) Lička (2004) Lorens (2004–05) Wleciałowski (2005) Motyka (2005) Komornicki (2006) Cecherz (2006) Motyka (2006) Podedworny (2006–07) Motyka (2007) Kostrzewa & Piotrowicz (2007) Wieczorek (2007–08) Bochynek (2008) Kasperczak (2008–09) Komornicki (2009) Nawałka (2010–13) Zającc (2013) Wieczorek (2013–14) Warzycha (2014) Dankowski (2014–15) Warzycha (2015) Ojrzyński (2015–16) Żurek (2016) Brosz (2016–21) Urban (2021–22) Gaul (2022–23) Urban (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteWidzew Łódź – managers Otto (1948) Kaménař (1948) Pegza (1949) Król (1950–51) no manager (1951–52) Zgoll (1953–54) Kaménař (1954) Rotte (1954–55) Maslovarić (1956) Skwierczyński (1956) Doryń (1957) Radwański (1958–59) Kozłowski (1960–61) Kołpa (1961–63) Koczewski (1963–64) Kowalski (1964) Chojnacki (1964–65) Kołpa (1965–66) Kowalski (1966–68) Goździk (1969) Grzywocz (1969) Jezierski (1969–76) Pekowski (1976) Kowalski (1977) Waligóra (1978) Świerk (1979) Machciński (1980–81) Żmuda (1981–84) Waligóra (1985–86) Lenczyk (1987–88) Grębosz (1988) Waligóra (1989) Tomaszewski (1989) Fudalej (1989) Kowalski (1990–91) Żmuda (1992) Jezierski (1993) Woziński (1993) Stachurski (1994) Polak (1994) Smuda (1995–98) Pyrdoł (1998) Łazarek (1998) Dziuba (1999) Lato (1999) Lenczyk (1999–2000) Pyrdoł (2000) Żurek (2000) Kushlyk (2000) Koniarek (2001) Kusto (2001) Wdowczyk (2002) Smuda (2002) Němec (2002) Muchiński (2003) Smuda (2003) Kretek (2003) Łapiński (2003) Kasalik (2003) Łapiński (2003) Smuda (2004) Majewski (2004–06) Probierz (2006–07) Zub (2007–08) Wójcik (2008) Fornalik (2009) Janas (2009–10) Kretek (2010) Michniewicz (2010–11) Mroczkowski (2011–13) Pawlak (2013–14) Skowronek (2014) Tylak (2014) Pawlak (2014) Stawowy (2014–15) Obarek (2015) Płuska (2015–16) Muchiński (2016) Cecherz (2016–17) Smuda (2017–18) Mroczkowski (2018–2019) Paszulewicz (2019) Smółka (2019) M. Kaczmarek (2019–20) Dobi (2020–21) Broniszewski (2021) Niedźwiedź (2021–23) Myśliwiec (2023–) This biographical article related to a Polish association football goalkeeper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radivoje_Krivokapi%C4%87

Radivoje Krivokapić

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]

Serbian handball player (born 1953) Radivoje KrivokapićPersonal informationFull name Radivoje KrivokapićBorn (1953-09-11) 11 September 1953 (age 70)Senta, FPR YugoslaviaNationality SerbianHeight 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)Playing position Left backYouth career Team SentaSenior clubsYears Team Senta Potisje Ada1972–1973 Partizan Potisje Ada Slovan1982–1983 SG Dietzenbach1983–1985 Tecnisa Alicante1986–1987 Tecnisán AlicanteNational teamYears Team Yugoslavia Medal record Men's handball Representing  Yugoslavia World Championship 1982 West Germany Team Mediterranean Games 1979 Split Team Radivoje Krivokapić (Serbian Cyrillic: Радивоје Кривокапић; born 11 September 1953) is a Serbian former handball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Club career After starting out at Senta, Krivokapić played for Partizan in the 1972–73 season, as the club suffered relegation from the top flight. He would later move to Slovan, helping them win the championship title in 1980 and reach the European Cup final in 1981. Later on, Krivokapić left Yugoslavia and went to Germany in 1982, spending one season with SG Dietzenbach. He subsequently moved to Spain and played for Tecnisa Alicante from 1983 to 1985. Krivokapić also played for the club in the 1986–87 season. International career At international level, Krivokapić represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He also participated in two World Championships, winning the silver medal in 1982. Personal life Krivokapić is the uncle of fellow handball players Marko Krivokapić and Milorad Krivokapić. Honours Slovan Yugoslav Handball Championship: 1979–80 References ^ "Ewige Spielerliste" (in German). hsg-dietzenbach.de. Retrieved 6 December 2020. ^ "La escuela serbia" (in Spanish). elperiodicodearagon.com. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ "Milorad Krivokapić: "Potreben je bil le čas"" (in Slovenian). primorske.si. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2020. External links Olympic record Radivoje Krivokapić at Olympedia vteYugoslavia squad – 1976 Summer Olympics – 5th place 1 Arslanagić 2 Bojović 3 Rađenović 4 Karalić 5 Pavićević 6 Serdarušić 7 Horvat (c) 8 Pokrajac 9 Krivokapić 10 Timko 11 Miljak 12 Zorko 13 Popović 16 Nimš Coach: Snoj vteYugoslavia squad – 1982 World Men's Handball Championship – Silver medal 1 Bašić 2 Rnić 3 Grubić 4 Obran 5 Elezović 6 Zovko 7 Štrbac 8 Jurina 9 Vujović 10 Bojović 11 Fejzula 13 Krivokapić 14 Rađenović (c) 15 Isaković 16 Velić Coach: Pokrajac

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milne_(Royal_Navy_officer)

David Milne (Royal Navy officer)

["1 Life","2 Family","3 Milne Land","4 References","5 External links"]

Scottish Royal Navy admiral For other people named David Milne, see David Milne (disambiguation). Admiral SirDavid MilneGCB FRSEAdmiral Sir David Milne (George Frederick Clarke, 1828)BornMay 1763Musselburgh, East LothianDied5 May 1845At sea returning to ScotlandAllegiance United KingdomService/branchRoyal NavyYears of service1779–1845RankAdmiralCommands heldHMS QuebecHMS AlarmHMS InspectorHMS MatildaHMS PiqueHMS SeineFirth of Forth Sea FenciblesHMS ImpetueuxHMS DublinHMY Royal CharlotteHMS VenerableHMS BulwarkNorth American StationPlymouth CommandBattles/wars American Revolutionary War Second Relief of Gibraltar Battle of Saint Kitts Battle of the Saintes French Revolutionary War West Indies campaign Action of 30 June 1798 Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 Bombardment of Algiers AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Sir David Milne's house at 10 York Place, Edinburgh Admiral Milne's family grave, Inveresk Admiral Sir David Milne GCB FRSE (May 1763 – 5 May 1845) was a Scottish Royal Navy admiral. Life Milne was born in Musselburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Susan Vernor and David Milne, an Edinburgh merchant. He entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1779. He served in the West Indies from 1779 to 1783, seeing action in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War and in Lord Howe's final relief of the French and Spanish siege of Gibraltar in 1782. From 1783 to 1793, he served in the East Indies. Promoted to commander, he defeated a French division off Puerto Rico on 5 June 1795, and, in 1796, he participated in the capture of the Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice, becoming the British governor of Netherlands Guiana. He continued to fight against the French in Santo Domingo, from 1797 to 1799, losing his ship HMS Pique but capturing the French frigate Seine at the action of 30 June 1798 and, in 1800, he captured the French frigate La Vengeance off the coast of Africa. On 14 June 1814, he was promoted to Rear-Admiral. At this time he purchased 10 York Place, Edinburgh, home the late William Craig, Lord Craig. He served as second-in-command of the fleet sent to bombard Algiers in 1816. The Dutch king awarded him the commander's cross of the coveted Military Order of William for his distinguished conduct. In May 1816, he was appointed to command the North American Station, living in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1818, he was nominated a knight of the Neapolitan Order of St Januarius, and he returned to the United Kingdom in 1819. In 1820, he was briefly Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1825 he became a Vice-Admiral. In 1842, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. He died at sea 5 May 1845 while returning to Scotland from Plymouth, after more than 60 years' service in the Royal Navy. He is buried with his first wife in the churchyard at Inveresk. Memorial reads. In memory of Admiral Sir DAVID MILNE, G.C.B., &c., &c., &c. For 60 years he served his country in the Royal Navy ; his gallant deeds are recorded in her annals. In all the relations of private life he was upright, exemplary, and esteemed. He expired at sea on the 5th of May 1845, aged 82 years, whilst returning to his native home from Devonport, at which station he had been for the three previous years Commander-in-Chief. Here are deposited the remains of GRACE, wife of Rear-Admiral David Milne, who died at Bordeaux, in France, the 4th of October 1814, where she had gone for the recovery of her health. Her remains were brought to this country by her affectionate husband, and re-interred here the 18th of February 1815. She was eldest daughter of Sir Alexander Purves of Purves, Bart., by Mary Home, daughter of Sir James Home of Coldinghame, Bart., in the County of Berwick. Also a son, named THOMAS, who died in infancy. Family Admiral Sir David Milne In 1799 he bought the house and grounds of Inveresk Gate in Inveresk, where his descendants continued to live until the 1940s. He also had a house at 10 York Place in Edinburgh's New Town in the 1830s. n 16 April 1804, he was married to Grace Purves, eldest daughter of Sir Alexander Purves, 5th Baronet, of Purves, by his second wife Mary Home, daughter of Sir James Home, 3rd Baronet, of Coldingham. Their children included advocate and geologist David Milne-Home and Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet. His wife died at Bordeaux, in France, on 4 October 1814, where she had gone for the recovery of her health. The admiral brought her body back to Scotland, and she was buried at Inveresk in East Lothian on 8 February 1815. On 28 November 1819 he married for a second time, to Agnes Stephen. Milne Land Map of Milne Land Milne Land, in East Greenland, was named after him by Captain William Scoresby. The island can be found 70.87 N, 25.42 W, sits in the large fjord Scoresby Sund and covers an area of 3,912.9 km2 (1,510.8 sq mi) with a highest point of 2,103 m (6,900 ft). References ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Milne, Sir David (1763–1845), naval officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ Grant's Old and New Edinburgh, vol III p.187 ^ "Historical list of MPs: B". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ 'A Reason for Inveresk', Jane Burnet, Courtyard Press, 1999 ^ "Edinburgh Post Office annual directory, 1832-1833". National Library of Scotland. p. 133. Retrieved 16 February 2018. Bibliography O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "Milne, David" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Milne (1763-1845). Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byAlexander AllanHenry St Paul Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed 1820 With: Viscount Ossulston Succeeded byViscount OssulstonHenry St Paul Military offices Preceded bySir Alexander Cochrane Commander-in-Chief, North American Station 1816 Succeeded bySir Edward Colpoys Preceded bySir Graham Moore Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth 1842–1845 Succeeded bySir John West Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Netherlands Other SNAC

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Pique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pique_(1795)"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Seine_(1798)"},{"link_name":"action of 30 June 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_30_June_1798"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"La Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vengeance_(1800)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Rear-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-Admiral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"York Place, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Place,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"William Craig, Lord Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craig,_Lord_Craig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fleet sent to bombard Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Military Order of William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_William"},{"link_name":"North American Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Order of St Januarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Januarius"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Inveresk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveresk"}],"text":"Milne was born in Musselburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Susan Vernor and David Milne, an Edinburgh merchant.[1]He entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman in 1779.[2] He served in the West Indies from 1779 to 1783, seeing action in the Caribbean during the American Revolutionary War and in Lord Howe's final relief of the French and Spanish siege of Gibraltar in 1782.[2] From 1783 to 1793, he served in the East Indies. Promoted to commander, he defeated a French division off Puerto Rico on 5 June 1795, and, in 1796, he participated in the capture of the Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice, becoming the British governor of Netherlands Guiana. He continued to fight against the French in Santo Domingo, from 1797 to 1799, losing his ship HMS Pique but capturing the French frigate Seine at the action of 30 June 1798 and, in 1800, he captured the French frigate La Vengeance off the coast of Africa.[2]On 14 June 1814, he was promoted to Rear-Admiral.[2] At this time he purchased 10 York Place, Edinburgh, home the late William Craig, Lord Craig.[3]He served as second-in-command of the fleet sent to bombard Algiers in 1816.[2] The Dutch king awarded him the commander's cross of the coveted Military Order of William for his distinguished conduct. In May 1816, he was appointed to command the North American Station,[2] living in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1818, he was nominated a knight of the Neapolitan Order of St Januarius, and he returned to the United Kingdom in 1819. In 1820, he was briefly Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed.[4]\nIn 1825 he became a Vice-Admiral.[2]In 1842, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.[2] He died at sea 5 May 1845 while returning to Scotland from Plymouth, after more than 60 years' service in the Royal Navy. He is buried with his first wife in the churchyard at Inveresk. Memorial reads.In memory of Admiral Sir DAVID MILNE, G.C.B., &c., &c., &c. For 60 years he served his country in the Royal Navy ; his gallant deeds are recorded in her annals. In all the relations of private life he was upright, exemplary, and esteemed. He expired at sea on the 5th of May 1845, aged 82 years, whilst returning to his native home from Devonport, at which station he had been for the three previous years Commander-in-Chief.\nHere are deposited the remains of GRACE, wife of Rear-Admiral David Milne, who died at Bordeaux, in France, the 4th of October 1814, where she had gone for the recovery of her health. Her remains were brought to this country by her affectionate husband, and re-interred here the 18th of February 1815. She was eldest daughter of Sir Alexander Purves of Purves, Bart., by Mary Home, daughter of Sir James Home of Coldinghame, Bart., in the County of Berwick. Also a son, named THOMAS, who died in infancy.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_David_Milne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inveresk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveresk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh's New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Purves, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home-Purves-Hume-Campbell_baronets"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Purves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purves_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Sir James Home, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Home,_3rd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldingham"},{"link_name":"David Milne-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milne-Home"},{"link_name":"Admiral of the Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Milne,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Inveresk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveresk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"}],"text":"Admiral Sir David MilneIn 1799 he bought the house and grounds of Inveresk Gate in Inveresk, where his descendants continued to live until the 1940s.[5]\nHe also had a house at 10 York Place in Edinburgh's New Town in the 1830s.[6]n 16 April 1804, he was married to Grace Purves, eldest daughter of Sir Alexander Purves, 5th Baronet,[2] of Purves, by his second wife Mary Home, daughter of Sir James Home, 3rd Baronet, of Coldingham. Their children included advocate and geologist David Milne-Home and Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet. His wife died at Bordeaux, in France, on 4 October 1814, where she had gone for the recovery of her health. The admiral brought her body back to Scotland, and she was buried at Inveresk in East Lothian on 8 February 1815.On 28 November 1819 he married for a second time, to Agnes Stephen.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milneland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milne Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_Land"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Captain William Scoresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scoresby"},{"link_name":"Scoresby Sund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoresby_Sund"}],"text":"Map of Milne LandMilne Land, in East Greenland, was named after him by Captain William Scoresby.The island can be found 70.87 N, 25.42 W, sits in the large fjord Scoresby Sund and covers an area of 3,912.9 km2 (1,510.8 sq mi) with a highest point of 2,103 m (6,900 ft).","title":"Milne Land"}]

[{"image_text":"Sir David Milne's house at 10 York Place, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/10_York_Place%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/265px-10_York_Place%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Admiral Milne's family grave, Inveresk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Admiral_Milne%27s_family_grave%2C_Inveresk.JPG/300px-Admiral_Milne%27s_family_grave%2C_Inveresk.JPG"},{"image_text":"Admiral Sir David Milne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Admiral_David_Milne.jpg/220px-Admiral_David_Milne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Milne Land","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Milneland.jpg/265px-Milneland.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milne, Sir David (1763–1845), naval officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18783?docPos=2","url_text":"\"Milne, Sir David (1763–1845), naval officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical list of MPs: B\". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224095640/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Bcommons2.htm","url_text":"\"Historical list of MPs: B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Post Office annual directory, 1832-1833\". National Library of Scotland. p. 133. Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.nls.uk/83401191","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Post Office annual directory, 1832-1833\""}]},{"reference":"O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). \"Milne, David\" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Milne,_David","url_text":"\"Milne, David\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary","url_text":"A Naval Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Transport_and_Veterans

Minister for Transport (Junior Minister)

["1 Overview","2 History","3 List of office holders","3.1 Minister for Transport and the Environment","3.2 Minister for Transport and Planning","3.3 Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning","3.4 Minister for Transport and Telecommunications","3.5 Minister for Transport","3.6 Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change","3.7 Minister for Transport and Infrastructure","3.8 Minister for Housing and Transport","3.9 Minister for Transport and Veterans","3.10 Minister for Transport and Islands","3.11 Minister for Transport and the Islands","3.12 Minister for Energy, Connectivity and the Islands","3.13 Minister for Transport","3.14 Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Minister in the Scottish Government Minister for Agriculture and ConnectivityScottish Gaelic: Ministear airson Gnothaichean na PàrlamaidIncumbentJim Fairliesince 20 February 2024StyleMinister (within parliament)Agriculture and Connectivity Minister (informal)Scottish Agriculture and Connectivity Minister (outwith Scotland)Member ofScottish ParliamentScottish GovernmentReports toScottish ParliamentFirst MinisterCabinet Secretary for TransportCabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Land Reform and IslandsSeatEdinburghAppointerFirst Minister(following approval from Scottish Parliament)Inaugural holderSarah Boyack Minister for Transport and the EnvironmentFormation19 May 1999Salary£106,185 per annum (2024)(including £72,196 MSP salary)Websitewww.gov.scot This article is part of a series within thePolitics of the United Kingdom on thePolitics of Scotland The Crown The Monarch Charles III Heir apparent William, Duke of Rothesay Prerogative Royal family Succession Privy Council Union of the Crowns Balmoral Castle Holyrood Palace Scottish republicanism Executive Scottish Government Swinney government First Minister The Rt Hon John Swinney MSP Deputy First Minister Kate Forbes MSP Cabinet Secretaries Junior Ministers Directorates Scottish budget Taxation Executive agencies Public bodies Bute House St Andrew's House International relations Legislature Scottish Parliament Sixth session Presiding Officer Alison Johnstone MSP Primary legislation Statutory instrument Committees First Minister's Questions Scotland Act 1998 2012 Act 2016 Act EU Continuity Act 2020 Law and justice Cabinet Secretary for Justice Angela Constance MSP Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain KC Lord President The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC Scots law Udal law Courts Judiciary Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Police Scotland Scottish Prison Service Advocate General Solicitor General Elections and referendumsScottish Parliament elections 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 2021 Next United Kingdom Parliament elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 European Parliament elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Local elections 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1977 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1995 1999 2003 2007 2012 2017 2022 Referendums 1975 1979 1994 1997 2005 2011 2014 2016 Scottish Parliament constituencies Scottish Parliament electoral regions Scottish Westminster constituencies Proposed second independence referendum Electoral system Political parties Scotland and the United Kingdom United Kingdom Government Sunak ministry Prime Minister The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP Secretary of State for Scotland The Rt Hon Alister Jack MP Scottish devolution Treaty of Union House of Commons House of Lords Scotland Office Scottish Affairs Committee Scottish Grand Committee Interministerial Standing Committee Barnett formula Reserved matters Sewel motion Administration Council areas History Sheriffdoms Community councils Lieutenancy areas Convention of Scottish Local Authorities Category Scotland portal Other countries vte The Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity is a member of the Scottish Government who reports to the Cabinet Secretary for Transport and the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Land Reform and Islands. As a Junior Minister the post holder is not a member of the Scottish Government Cabinet. Overview The current minister is Jim Fairlie, who was appointed in February 2024 following Fiona Hyslop's appointment as Cabinet Secretary for Transport. Hyslop previously held the role as the junior Minister for Transport from June 2023 to February 2024. Current responsibilities include: Energy and energy consents Renewable energy industries Connectivity including 100% broadband Cross government co-ordination on islands History From the advent of devolution in 1999, the ministerial portfolios of transport and infrastructure were combined with Environment to form the Minister for Transport and the Environment. From 2000 to 2001, in the government of First Minister Henry McLeish, the environment brief was removed and replaced with planning and the officeholder was styled the Minister for Transport and Planning. The government of First Minister Jack McConnell, from November 2001 to May 2003, combined the transport, planning and infrastructure briefs with economic affairs and further education, headed by the Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning. The 2nd McConnell government from 2003, created a cabinet position for transport and infrastructure - the officeholder being titled the Minister for Transport. Following a government reshuffle in 2005, the position was renamed Minister for Transport and Telecommunications. The government of First Minister Alex Salmond, elected after the May 2007 Scottish general election, reduced the size of the Scottish Cabinet. Overall responsibility for transport, infrastructure, planning and climate change, came under the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth, however direct responsibility was vested in the Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change, a junior ministerial position within the Scottish Government. In 2010, Climate Change functions were transferred to the junior Environment Minister, with the portfolio becoming Minister for Transport and Infrastructure. After the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the transport function was given to Alex Neil MSP, as Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure and Capital Investment. List of office holders Minister for Transport and the Environment Name Portrait Term start Term end Party First Minister Sarah Boyack 19 May 1999 29 October 2000 Labour Donald Dewar Minister for Transport and Planning Sarah Boyack 29 October 2000 27 November 2001 Labour Henry McLeish Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Wendy Alexander 27 November 2001 3 May 2002 Labour Jack McConnell Iain Gray 3 May 2002 20 May 2003 Minister for Transport and Telecommunications Nicol Stephen 20 May 2003 23 June 2005 Liberal Democrats Jack McConnell Tavish Scott 29 June 2005 29 January 2006 Minister for Transport Tavish Scott 30 January 2006 17 May 2007 Liberal Democrats Jack McConnell Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change Stewart Stevenson 17 May 2007 11 December 2010 Scottish National Party Alex Salmond Minister for Transport and Infrastructure Keith Brown 11 December 2010 19 May 2011 Scottish National Party Alex Salmond Minister for Housing and Transport Keith Brown 19 May 2011 5 September 2012 Scottish National Party Alex Salmond Minister for Transport and Veterans Keith Brown 5 September 2012 21 November 2014 Scottish National Party Alex Salmond Minister for Transport and Islands Derek Mackay 21 November 2014 18 May 2016 Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon Minister for Transport and the Islands Humza Yousaf 18 May 2016 26 June 2018 Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon Minister for Energy, Connectivity and the Islands Paul Wheelhouse 27 June 2018 20 May 2021 Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon Minister for Transport Graeme Dey 20 May 2021 24th January 2022 Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon Jenny Gilruth 24 January 2022 29 March 2023 Kevin Stewart 29 March 2023 6 June 2023 Humza Yousaf Fiona Hyslop 13 June 2023 20 February 2024 Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity Jim Fairlie 20 February 2024 Incumbent Scottish National Party Humza YousafJohn Swinney See also Scottish Parliament Question Time Scottish Government References ^ "MSP salaries". parliament.scot. The Scottish Parliament. 10 May 2024. ^ "Fiona Hyslop becomes transport minister as Humza Yousaf changes Scottish Government portfolios". Holyrood Website. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Minister for Energy, Connectivity and the Islands". Scottish Government. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ Keith Brown named new Scottish transport minister, BBC news, 12 December 2010 External links Minister for Energy, Connectivity and the Islands on the Scottish Government website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Transport,_Net_Zero_and_Just_Transition"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Land Reform and Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Rural_Affairs,_Land_Reform_and_Islands"},{"link_name":"Junior Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Minister"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government_Cabinet"}],"text":"The Minister for Agriculture and Connectivity is a member of the Scottish Government who reports to the Cabinet Secretary for Transport and the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Land Reform and Islands. As a Junior Minister the post holder is not a member of the Scottish Government Cabinet.","title":"Minister for Transport (Junior Minister)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Fairlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fairlie_(MSP)"},{"link_name":"Fiona Hyslop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Hyslop"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Transport,_Net_Zero_and_Just_Transition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-june2018-3"}],"text":"The current minister is Jim Fairlie, who was appointed in February 2024 following Fiona Hyslop's appointment as Cabinet Secretary for Transport. Hyslop previously held the role as the junior Minister for Transport from June 2023 to February 2024.[2]Current responsibilities include:[3]Energy and energy consents\nRenewable energy industries\nConnectivity including 100% broadband\nCross government co-ordination on islands","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"devolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution"},{"link_name":"government of First Minister Henry McLeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeish_government"},{"link_name":"government of First Minister Jack McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_1st_Scottish_Parliament#McConnell_government"},{"link_name":"2nd McConnell government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_2nd_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"government of First Minister Alex Salmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_3rd_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Scottish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Finance_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"2011 Scottish Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Alex Neil MSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Neil_MSP"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure and Capital Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Infrastructure_and_Capital_Investment"}],"text":"From the advent of devolution in 1999, the ministerial portfolios of transport and infrastructure were combined with Environment to form the Minister for Transport and the Environment. From 2000 to 2001, in the government of First Minister Henry McLeish, the environment brief was removed and replaced with planning and the officeholder was styled the Minister for Transport and Planning. The government of First Minister Jack McConnell, from November 2001 to May 2003, combined the transport, planning and infrastructure briefs with economic affairs and further education, headed by the Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning.The 2nd McConnell government from 2003, created a cabinet position for transport and infrastructure - the officeholder being titled the Minister for Transport. Following a government reshuffle in 2005, the position was renamed Minister for Transport and Telecommunications.The government of First Minister Alex Salmond, elected after the May 2007 Scottish general election, reduced the size of the Scottish Cabinet. Overall responsibility for transport, infrastructure, planning and climate change, came under the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth, however direct responsibility was vested in the Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change, a junior ministerial position within the Scottish Government. In 2010, Climate Change functions were transferred to the junior Environment Minister, with the portfolio becoming Minister for Transport and Infrastructure. After the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the transport function was given to Alex Neil MSP, as Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure and Capital Investment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of office holders"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A131_road_(Great_Britain)

A131 road

["1 Route","2 References"]

Road in Essex, England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A131 road" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A131Click map to enlargeRoute informationLength32 mi (51 km)Major junctionsSouth end A12 near SpringfieldMajor intersections A120 A1017 A1124North end A134 in Sudbury, Suffolk LocationCountryUnited KingdomPrimarydestinationsSudbury, Suffolk, Halstead, Braintree, Essex Road network Roads in the United Kingdom Motorways A and B road zones The A131 road is a road in Essex, England. Route It runs from the A12 (Boreham interchange J19) to the A134 road at Sudbury. The A131 runs north from Boreham interchange along Beaulieu Parkway then west along Channels Drive, then north again along Essex Regiment Way (formerly A130). It then takes its current route near Little Waltham. The A131 road by-passes Great Leighs, Young's End, Great Notley, then goes through the A120 road as the Braintree by-pass. It then meets the B1053 road (at the north end of the Braintree by-pass), goes through High Garrett, where it meets the A1017 road (coming off to the left) and Halstead (where it crosses the A1124 road). References ^ "A131 – Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki". sabre-roads.org.uk. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Google Maps vteA roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain road numbering scheme A1 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A100 A101 A102 A103 A104 A105 A107 A114 A116 A118 A119 A120 A121 A127 A128 A130 A131 A132 A133 A135 A140 A142 A143 A144 A145 A146 A148 A149 A151 A152 A153 A156 A158 A160 A165 A166 A167 A168 A169 A170 A171 A172 A173 A174 A178 A179 A180 A183 A186 A194 A197 A1000 A1010 A1018 A1023 A1031 A1033 A1058 A1065 A1067 A1068 A1071 A1073 A1078 A1079 A1081 A1082 A1085 A1086 A1094 A1095 A1098 A1101 A1107 A1120 A1136 A1144 A1156 A1159 A1175 A1198 A1202 A1205 A1231 A1232 A1237 A1300 A1307 A1309 A1500 List of A roads in Zone 1 List of B roads in Zone 1 This England road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicals_(Dean_Lewis_song)

Chemicals (Dean Lewis song)

["1 Background and release","2 Music video","3 Reception","4 Certifications","5 References"]

2018 single by Dean Lewis"Chemicals"Single by Dean Lewisfrom the EP Same Kind of Different Released23 March 2018Length3:41LabelIsland AustraliaUniversal AustraliaSongwriter(s)Dean LewisProducer(s)John CastleEdd HollowayDean Lewis singles chronology "Lose My Mind" (2017) "Chemicals" (2018) "Be Alright" (2018) Music video"Chemicals" on YouTube "Chemicals" is a song by Australian singer and songwriter Dean Lewis. Released in March 2018 as the fourth and final single from his debut extended play Same Kind of Different (2017). The song had been streamed more than 12 million times prior to the single's release and has been called a "fan favourite". Lewis said "'Chemicals' was one of those songs that kind of fell from the sky. As in one of those songs that you start writing and the words just come down and it feels complete. It's happened a few times and I'm thankful for when it does as it's not too overthought. To me, Chemicals is that feeling of being addicted to someone and them being around you." During a live performance in November 2017, Lewis added "My friends thought this song was about drugs." Background and release Lewis first performed "Chemicals" at a house in East London for the renowned UK Mahogany sessions. The YouTube recording received over 100,000 views and it was this recording that led to his signing with Island Records Australia in 2016. Music video The music video for "Chemicals" was directed by Mick Jones and released on 22 March 2018. The video tracks the relationship of a young couple who are struggling with the concept of being together, and stars Brayden Dalmazzone and Lana Kington. Reception In a review of the EP, Chelsea King from Forte Magazine said "While some of the tracks blur together, "Chemicals" is a song that stands out for its haunting nature. The lyrics "hold me I'm falling apart" are dappled throughout the song, creating an eerie sense." Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Platinum 70,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) Gold 40,000‡ Streaming Sweden (GLF) Gold 4,000,000† ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone. References ^ "News: DEAN LEWIS RELEASES FAN FAVOURITE SINGLE & VIDEO 'CHEMICALS' SUPPORTING SIGRID IN THE US". 27 Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018. ^ a b c d "DEAN LEWIS Releases Fan Favourite Single & Video 'CHEMICALS'". amnplify. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018. ^ "Dean Lewis almost moved our reviewer to tears when he performed in Melbourne". Beat. November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "DEAN LEWIS RELEASES FAN FAVOURITE SINGLE & VIDEO 'CHEMICALS' + SUPPORTING SIGRID IN THE US". Rogue Inc. 23 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "DEAN LEWIS RELEASES FAN FAVOURITE SINGLE & VIDEO 'CHEMICALS' + SUPPORTING SIGRID IN THE US". The Partae. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "Dean Lewis, Samsaruh, Jack Gray - Corner Hotel". The Music. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "Dean Lewis - Chemicals (Official Video)". YouTube. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "DEAN LEWIS DROPS CHEMICALS". auspOp. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "Dean Lewis: Same Kind Of Different". Forte. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2018. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2020 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 22 September 2020. ^ "Canadian single certifications – Dean Lewis – Chemicals". Music Canada. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Dean Lewis – Chemicals" (in Swedish). Grammofonleverantörernas förening. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. vteDean Lewis Discography Studio albums A Place We Knew The Hardest Love Extended plays Same Kind of Different Singles "Waves" "Need You Now" "Lose My Mind" "Chemicals" "Be Alright" "7 Minutes" "Stay Awake" "Straight Back Down" "Used to Love" "Falling Up" "Looks Like Me" "Hurtless" "Never Really Loved Me" "Lost Without You" "How Do I Say Goodbye"

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Garcia

Freddy García

["1 Professional career","1.1 Seattle Mariners","1.2 Chicago White Sox","1.3 Philadelphia Phillies","1.4 Detroit Tigers","1.5 New York Mets","1.6 Second stint with the Chicago White Sox","1.7 New York Yankees","1.8 Baltimore Orioles","1.9 Atlanta Braves","1.10 EDA Rhinos","1.11 Final season","1.12 Sultanes de Monterrey","1.13 Leones de Yucatán","2 Pitching style","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Venezuelan baseball player (born 1976) This article is about the Venezuelan baseball pitcher. For other people named other people named Freddy García, see Freddy García (disambiguation). Baseball player Freddy GarcíaGarcia with the Baltimore OriolesPitcherBorn: (1976-10-06) October 6, 1976 (age 47)Caracas, VenezuelaBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 7, 1999, for the Seattle MarinersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 24, 2013, for the Atlanta BravesMLB statisticsWin–loss record156–108Earned run average4.15Strikeouts1,621 Teams Seattle Mariners (1999–2004) Chicago White Sox (2004–2006) Philadelphia Phillies (2007) Detroit Tigers (2008) Chicago White Sox (2009–2010) New York Yankees (2011–2012) Baltimore Orioles (2013) Atlanta Braves (2013) Career highlights and awards 2× All-Star (2001, 2002) World Series champion (2005) AL ERA leader (2001) Freddy Antonio García (born October 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He is best known for his many seasons with seven Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises, including the Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and New York Yankees. Garcia has also pitched in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL), Mexican League, and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. García's best year was in 2001 in which he led the American League in innings pitched and ERA. He made the All-Star team in 2001 and 2002. In 2005, he was a member of the World Series winning Chicago White Sox and started the series-winning Game 4. Professional career Seattle Mariners Originally signed by the Houston Astros as a non-draft amateur free agent in 1993, García was acquired by Seattle in 1998, along with Carlos Guillén and John Halama in the trade that sent Randy Johnson to the Astros. During García's rookie season, he pitched 201 innings, compiling a 17–8 record with 170 strikeouts and a 4.07 ERA in 33 starts. After going 9–5 in his second season, he went on to compile a 45–42 win–loss record over the course of the next three and a half seasons with Seattle. His strongest season was in 2001, when he earned 18 of the Mariners' American League record-setting 116 wins and led the AL with 238+2⁄3 innings pitched and a 3.05 earned run average. He finished third in AL Cy Young Award voting that year. On June 27, 2004, García and Ben Davis were traded to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for Michael Morse, Miguel Olivo, and Jeremy Reed. As a Mariner, García posted a 76–50 record with a 3.89 ERA and 819 strikeouts. García with the Chicago White Sox in 2005 Chicago White Sox García was the starting pitcher in Game 4 of the 2005 World Series for the Chicago White Sox, pitching seven scoreless innings against the Houston Astros. The White Sox won the game and the World Series, completing a four-game sweep. García experienced a bit of controversy at the beginning of the 2006 season when he tested positive for marijuana during the World Baseball Classic. In 2006, he surpassed 1,000 strikeouts for his career. In eight post-season games, he was 5–2 with a 3.56 ERA in 48 innings. Also during 2006, on April 29, García recorded his 103rd career win in a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, surpassing former White Sox left-hander Wilson Álvarez as the Venezuelan native with the most career wins in Major League history. He finished the season 17–9 with a 4.53 ERA. He was given the nickname "Big Game" while a member of the White Sox. Philadelphia Phillies García with the Philadelphia Phillies in 2007 In December 2006, García was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for prospects Gavin Floyd and Gio González. García experienced a shoulder injury that limited his performance for the first several months of the season. He was placed on the disabled list (DL) in June, and had shoulder surgery in August. García made 11 starts before being placed on the DL and earned one win. Detroit Tigers In August 2008, García signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers. In his first 2 minor league starts with the Tigers he pitched 5 innings, gave up no runs, and struck out 5. In his Tigers debut in late September, García, with a limited pitch count, threw 5 scoreless innings to get the win. New York Mets In January 2009, García agreed to a minor league deal with the New York Mets. He was released on April 28, 2009, after two bad starts for the Buffalo Bisons. Second stint with the Chicago White Sox On June 8, 2009, the Chicago White Sox signed García to a minor league contract. García started on August 18 against the Kansas City Royals for the first time with the White Sox since 2006. In his first game back with the White Sox, García went 4.1 IP allowing 5 ER in a losing effort. García finished the 2009 season with a 3–4 record and a 4.34 ERA. On October 5, 2009, the Chicago White Sox exercised their 2010 option on García, adding that the 34-year-old made a $1 million base salary, plus a possible $2 million in incentives. New York Yankees García pitching for the New York Yankees in 2011 On January 31, 2011, García agreed to a minor league contract with the New York Yankees worth $1.5 million. On March 25, 2011, the Yankees announced that García would be added to the major league starting rotation. He finished the 2011 season with a solid 12–8 record and a 3.62 ERA, however, he was consistently hammered by teams with .500 or better records, most notably the Boston Red Sox. García was on the mound in relief as the Sox won their second game of the season on April 10, as well as 2 other losses on May 15 and June 7. However, García did manage to defeat the Red Sox on September 24. García also lost his only playoff start in Game 2 as the Yankees were defeated by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Division Series in five games. Despite this, the Yankees offered him a one-year deal worth $4 million with incentives for the 2012 season. The deal became official on December 9. In 2012, García was expected to challenge for a starting spot with Phil Hughes, A. J. Burnett, Andy Pettitte and Michael Pineda. However, Burnett was traded in the offseason, and Pineda was diagnosed with a shoulder injury, thereby allowing García into the rotation. García began the 2012 season with bad footing as he threw 5 wild pitches in his first start against the Baltimore Orioles. He was demoted to the bullpen after going 0–2 in April with a 12.51 ERA, averaging only 3.1 innings per start. David Phelps was moved into the starting rotation. García immediately improved once in the bullpen. In his two-month relief stint, he posted a 1.56 ERA in 17.1 innings. His sinker's speed also improved, from an average of 87.1 mph in April to 88.6 in May/June. A fibula injury to Andy Pettitte in late June brought García back into the rotation. Overall, Garcia finished the 2012 season with a 7–6 record and a 5.20 ERA in 30 games appeared (17 started). Baltimore Orioles On January 28, 2013, García signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres. He was released by the Padres on March 24. He was promptly signed to a minor league contract by the Baltimore Orioles, and assigned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides. He was called up on May 4 to make his Orioles debut on the road at Anaheim. He was designated for assignment on June 24, 2013. Three days later, García signed another minor league contract and returned to Norfolk. Atlanta Braves On August 23, 2013, Garcia was acquired by the Atlanta Braves for cash considerations. Garcia pitched effectively for the Braves, going 1–2 with a 1.65 ERA in September (1–1, 1.83 ERA in 3 starts). He earned a start in game four of the NLDS. Although the Braves lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers, Garcia pitched well, giving up 2 runs over 6 innings and was in line for the win when he left the game. He returned to the Braves on a minor league contract signed January 24, 2014. He was released on March 24. EDA Rhinos On April 18, 2014, García signed with the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). The seven-month deal included incentives that increased its worth up to $392,000, and was the most lucrative in CPBL history until Lin Chih-sheng signed a 3-year deal for $1.36 million in January 2016. In his first game for the Rhinos on May 10, 2014, García pitched six innings of shutout ball on four hits in a no-decision before being pulled after 77 pitches. The Rhinos won the game 5–0 against the Chinatrust Brother Elephants in front of a sellout crowd of more than 12,000. Final season Garcia opened the season with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican Baseball League, before signing a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers on March 30, 2015. He was assigned to the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers. He appeared in four games and made one start for Oklahoma City, allowing seven runs in 7.1 innings and was released on April 21. He rejoined the Olmecas de Tabasco in June, then was traded to the Sultanes de Monterrey. In September Garcia was assigned to the Tigres de Aragua. He spent the rest of 2015 with Aragua, where he won a league championship, and started the first and final games of the 2016 Caribbean Series. He retired after the series concluded. Sultanes de Monterrey On April 8, 2016, Garcia came out of retirement and signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on May 3, 2016. Leones de Yucatán On March 5, 2018, García signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on April 23, 2018. Garcia was eligible to be elected in the Hall of Fame in 2019, but received less than 5% of the vote, and became ineligible for the 2020 ballot. Pitching style García threw a fastball that topped out in the 90s in his prime and a hard slider. He also threw a two-seam fastball, a curveball, a split-finger fastball and occasionally used a changeup. García was once a power pitcher, but as he got older, García lost velocity on his pitches and compensated by developing a broad repertoire of up to six or seven pitches. In the 2013 season, García threw the following pitches, in order of their use: Four-seam fastball — 86–90 mph Slider — 78–82 mph Curveball — 72–76 mph Splitter — 78–82 mph Changeup — 80–84 mph Sinker — 86–90 mph García has also adjusted his approach to the strike zone, being especially careful not to leave pitches in the middle of the plate: "He doesn't really have the electric stuff, so he's going to stay on the corners and stay out of the zone." See also Biography portalBaseball portalVenezuela portal List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela References ^ a b c "White Sox trade García to Phillies for Floyd". ESPN. Associated Press. December 18, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ "ChiSox add another arm to repertoire". ESPN.com. June 28, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2014. ^ Sanchez, Jesse (April 30, 2006). "Report: García violates IBAF drug policy; Venezuela paper claims positive test for marijuana at Classic". MLB.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ Mandel, Ken (December 6, 2006). "Phils acquire Garcia from White Sox". MLB.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Cameron, Dave (January 30, 2013). "Freddy Garcia and the Value of Broken Starters". Fangraphs. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ "Shoulder surgery ends 2007 season for Phillies' Garcia". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 30, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Mandel, Ken (June 14, 2007). "Garcia will not have surgery on shoulder". MLB.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Rubin, Adam (January 23, 2009). "García lands with Mets". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ DiComo, Anthony (January 23, 2009). "Mets sign Garcia to Minor League deal". MLB.com. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ Costa, Brian (April 28, 2009). "New York Mets release pitcher Freddy Garcia". Star Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ "Pena, Figueroa, Nickeas Join Bisons". MILB.com. April 28, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Freddy García returns MLBlogs.com ^ "ChiSox pick up García's option". CNN. October 5, 2009. ^ Yanks, Freddy García agree ESPN ^ Nova, García in rotation; Colon to bullpen MLBlogs.com ^ a b Hoch, Bryan (December 9, 2011). "García's one-year deal with Bombers official". MLB.com. Retrieved December 10, 2011. ^ "New York Yankees Officially Sign Freddy García to One Year Deal". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2019. ^ Prunty, Brendan (April 28, 2012). "Freddy Garcia roughed up again, as Yankees rotation takes another hit in loss to Tigers, 7–5". Star Ledger. Retrieved February 2, 2016. ^ DeJohn, Kenny (April 29, 2012). "New York Yankees: Freddy García to Bullpen, David Phelps to Join Rotation". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "Freddy García 2012 Pitching Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile". Texas Leaguers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile". TexasLeaguers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "Padres sign Garcia, Stauffer to Minors deals | padres.com: News". Sandiego.padres.mlb.com. January 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. ^ Adams, Steve (March 24, 2013). "Padres Release Freddy Garcia: MLB Rumors". MLBTradeRumors.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013. ^ "Orioles, Freddy Garcia agree to deal". Espn.go.com. March 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. ^ "Freddy Garcia stays with Orioles". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 27, 2013. ^ Kubatko, Roch (August 23, 2013). "School of Roch: Garcia traded to Braves, A's lineup". Masnsports.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013. ^ O'Brien, David (January 24, 2014). "Braves re-sign Freddy Garcia to minor-league deal". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 14, 2014. ^ "Garcia returning to Braves on Minor League deal". MLB.com. January 24, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014. ^ "Braves release Freddy Garcia". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014. ^ Yeh, Joseph (April 19, 2014). "Freddy Garcia signs with EDA Rhino, arriving next week". The China Post. Retrieved April 19, 2014. A local professional baseball team yesterday announced that it has sealed a deal with former Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star pitcher Freddy Garcia. The high profile ex-big league hurler with 150-plus wins is scheduled to arrive in Taiwan on April 25 to join the Kaohsiung-based EDA Rhinos (義大犀牛), the team said yesterday. ^ "Garcia ready to pitch in for Taiwan's Rhinos". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014. ^ Yeh, Joseph (January 5, 2016). "Lin Chih-sheng joins Chinatrust Brothers". China Post. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Lee, Yu-cheng; Wu, Lilian (January 4, 2016). "Lin Chih-sheng becomes highest paid baseball player in Taiwan". Central News Agency. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Huang, Paul (May 11, 2014). "Garcia helps Rhinos share games". Taipei Times. Retrieved July 30, 2014. ^ "Garcia agrees with Dodgers, who plan to release McGowan". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 31, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ^ Hoornstra, J.P. (April 7, 2015). "Revealed: Opening Day roster for Triple-A Oklahoma City". LA Daily News. Retrieved April 7, 2015. ^ Unruh, Jacob (April 23, 2015). "Dodgers release Freddy Garcia among flurry of moves". The Oklahoman. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ Heyman, Jon (June 12, 2015). "Inside Baseball: Mets, Twins among early buyers and more MLB news". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 2, 2016. ^ Serrano, Ignacio (February 1, 2016). "Venezuela manager Eddie Perez aims to make mentor Bobby Cox proud". ESPN Desportes. Retrieved February 2, 2016. ^ "Venezuela wins behind Freddy Garcia's strong outing". ESPN.com. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016. ^ "Mexico wins third Caribbean Series title in 4 years on Jorge Vazquez HR". ESPN.com. Associated Press. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016. ^ Sanchez, Jesse (February 1, 2016). "Venezuela, Mexico win Caribbean Series openers". MLB.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016. ^ Sanchez, Jesse (February 7, 2016). "Garcia to bid farewell in Caribbean finale". MLB.com. Retrieved February 8, 2016. ^ "Freddy García está de vuelta con Sultanes" (in Spanish). MILB.com. April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2017. ^ "Venezolano Freddy García se une a Sultanes en Liga Mexicana" (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. April 8, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016. ^ "El ex ligamayorista Freddy García llega a Leones" (in Spanish). March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ Career Stats Fangraphs.com ^ Howard, Johnette (April 17, 2011). "Freddy Garcia comes to Yanks' rescue". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014. ^ "Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool – Player Card: Freddy Garcia". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved October 12, 2014. ^ Brian, Lewis (July 15, 2012). "Yankees' Garcia shaky, but gets job done vs. Angels". New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddy García. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Freddy Garcia Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine at Baseball Gauge Freddy Garcia at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League) vteChicago White Sox 2005 World Series champions 1 Willie Harris 5 Juan Uribe 7 Timo Pérez 8 Carl Everett 12 A. J. Pierzynski 14 Paul Konerko (ALCS MVP) 15 Tadahito Iguchi 18 Cliff Politte 20 Jon Garland 22 Scott Podsednik 23 Jermaine Dye (World Series MVP) 24 Joe Crede 26 Orlando Hernández 27 Geoff Blum 32 Dustin Hermanson 33 Aaron Rowand 34 Freddy García 36 Chris Widger 38 Pablo Ozuna 43 Dámaso Marte 45 Bobby Jenks 46 Neal Cotts 51 Luis Vizcaíno 52 José Contreras 56 Mark Buehrle Manager 13 Ozzie Guillén Bench Coach 3 Harold Baines Pitching Coach 21 Don Cooper Third Base Coach 28 Joey Cora Hitting Coach 29 Greg Walker First Base Coach 30 Tim Raines Bullpen Coach 53 Art Kusnyer Bullpen Catcher 59 Man-soo Lee General Manager Kenny Williams Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series vteAmerican League season ERA leaders 1901: Young 1902: Siever 1903: E. Moore 1904: Joss 1905: Waddell 1906: White 1907: Walsh 1908: Joss 1909: Krause 1910: Walsh 1911: Gregg 1912: W. Johnson 1913: W. Johnson 1914: Leonard 1915: Wood 1916: Ruth 1917: Cicotte 1918: W. Johnson 1919: W. Johnson 1920: Shawkey 1921: Faber 1922: Faber 1923: Coveleski 1924: W. Johnson 1925: Coveleski 1926: Grove 1927: W. Moore 1928: Braxton 1929: Grove 1930: Grove 1931: Grove 1932: Grove 1933: Harder 1934: Gomez 1935: Grove 1936: Grove 1937: Gomez 1938: Grove 1939: Grove 1940: Feller 1941: T. Lee 1942: Lyons 1943: Chandler 1944: Trout 1945: Newhouser 1946: Newhouser 1947: Haynes 1948: Bearden 1949: Garcia 1950: Wynn 1951: Rogovin 1952: Reynolds 1953: Lopat 1954: Garcia 1955: Pierce 1956: Ford 1957: Shantz 1958: Ford 1959: Wilhelm 1960: Baumann 1961: Donovan 1962: Aguirre 1963: Peters 1964: Chance 1965: McDowell 1966: Peters 1967: Horlen 1968: Tiant 1969: Bosman 1970: Seguí 1971: Blue 1972: Tiant 1973: Palmer 1974: Hunter 1975: Palmer 1976: Fidrych 1977: Tanana 1978: Guidry 1979: Guidry 1980: May 1981: Stewart 1982: Sutcliffe 1983: Honeycutt 1984: Boddicker 1985: Stieb 1986: Clemens 1987: Key 1988: Anderson 1989: Saberhagen 1990: Clemens 1991: Clemens 1992: Clemens 1993: Appier 1994: Ontiveros 1995: R. Johnson 1996: Guzmán 1997: Clemens 1998: Clemens 1999: Martínez 2000: Martínez 2001: García 2002: Martínez 2003: Martínez 2004: Santana 2005: Millwood 2006: Santana 2007: Lackey 2008: C. Lee 2009: Greinke 2010: Hernández 2011: Verlander 2012: Price 2013: An. Sánchez 2014: Hernández 2015: Price 2016: Aa. Sanchez 2017: Kluber 2018: Snell 2019: Cole 2020: Bieber 2021: Ray 2022: Verlander 2023: Cole vteSeattle Mariners Opening Day starting pitchers Glenn Abbott Floyd Bannister Érik Bédard Luis Castillo Jeff Fassero Freddy García Marco Gonzales Erik Hanson Félix Hernández Brian Holman Randy Johnson Mark Langston Mike Moore Jamie Moyer Mike Parrott Gaylord Perry Robbie Ray Diego Seguí vteVenezuela roster – 2006 World Baseball Classic 1 Tomás Pérez 2 Carlos Guillén 9 Edgardo Alfonzo 12 Marco Scutaro 13 Omar Vizquel 15 Víctor Moreno 19 Ramón Hernández 20 Juan Rivera 21 Henry Blanco 23 Ricardo Palma 24 Miguel Cabrera 27 Carlos Hernández 28 Giovanni Carrara 29 Jorge Julio 30 Magglio Ordóñez 31 Víctor Zambrano 34 Freddy García 36 Tony Armas Jr. 37 Francisco Rodríguez 38 Carlos Zambrano 39 Gustavo Chacín 41 Víctor Martínez 45 Kelvim Escobar 47 Endy Chávez 51 Robert Pérez 52 Carlos Silva 53 Bobby Abreu 56 Tony Álvarez 57 Johan Santana 63 Rafael Betancourt Manager Luis Sojo vteVenezuela roster – 2015 WBSC Premier12 – 10th place -- Gabriel Alfaro -- Juan Apodaca -- Yorman Bazardo -- Francisco Caraballo -- Jhonny Caraballo -- Josmar Carreno -- Yosue Castellano -- Dirimo Chavez -- Frank Diaz -- Freddy García -- Pedro Guerra -- Yoel Hernández -- Jonathan Jaspe -- Luis Jiménez -- Douglas Landaeta -- Robert Palencia -- Felipe Paulino -- Gregorio Petit -- Delio Martinez -- Jesus Martinez -- Mario Martinez -- Carlos Monasterios -- Fernando Nieve -- Ray Olmedo -- Renny Osuna -- Juan Rivera -- Yonathan Sivira -- Jose Yepez Manager Luis Sojo

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For other people named other people named Freddy García, see Freddy García (disambiguation).Baseball playerFreddy Antonio García (born October 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He is best known for his many seasons with seven Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises, including the Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and New York Yankees. Garcia has also pitched in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL), Mexican League, and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League.García's best year was in 2001 in which he led the American League in innings pitched and ERA. He made the All-Star team in 2001 and 2002. In 2005, he was a member of the World Series winning Chicago White Sox and started the series-winning Game 4.","title":"Freddy García"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Carlos Guillén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Guill%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"John Halama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Halama"},{"link_name":"Randy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP/ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"rookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie"},{"link_name":"innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Seattle_Mariners_season"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Ben Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davis_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Michael Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Morse_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Miguel Olivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Olivo"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Reed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC03658_Freddy_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox in 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chicago_White_Sox_season"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Mariners","text":"Originally signed by the Houston Astros as a non-draft amateur free agent in 1993, García was acquired by Seattle in 1998, along with Carlos Guillén and John Halama in the trade that sent Randy Johnson to the Astros.[1]During García's rookie season, he pitched 201 innings, compiling a 17–8 record with 170 strikeouts and a 4.07 ERA in 33 starts. After going 9–5 in his second season, he went on to compile a 45–42 win–loss record over the course of the next three and a half seasons with Seattle. His strongest season was in 2001, when he earned 18 of the Mariners' American League record-setting 116 wins and led the AL with 238+2⁄3 innings pitched and a 3.05 earned run average. He finished third in AL Cy Young Award voting that year.On June 27, 2004, García and Ben Davis were traded to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for Michael Morse, Miguel Olivo, and Jeremy Reed.[2] As a Mariner, García posted a 76–50 record with a 3.89 ERA and 819 strikeouts.García with the Chicago White Sox in 2005","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"World Baseball Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLB-drugs-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"left-hander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handedness"},{"link_name":"Wilson Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP/ESPN-1"}],"sub_title":"Chicago White Sox","text":"García was the starting pitcher in Game 4 of the 2005 World Series for the Chicago White Sox, pitching seven scoreless innings against the Houston Astros. The White Sox won the game and the World Series, completing a four-game sweep.García experienced a bit of controversy at the beginning of the 2006 season when he tested positive for marijuana during the World Baseball Classic.[3]In 2006, he surpassed 1,000 strikeouts for his career. In eight post-season games, he was 5–2 with a 3.56 ERA in 48 innings. Also during 2006, on April 29, García recorded his 103rd career win in a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, surpassing former White Sox left-hander Wilson Álvarez as the Venezuelan native with the most career wins in Major League history. He finished the season 17–9 with a 4.53 ERA.[1] He was given the nickname \"Big Game\" while a member of the White Sox.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies in 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Philadelphia_Phillies_season"},{"link_name":"Gavin Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Gio González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP/ESPN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"disabled list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled_list"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Phillies","text":"García with the Philadelphia Phillies in 2007In December 2006, García was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for prospects Gavin Floyd and Gio González.[1][4]García experienced a shoulder injury that limited his performance for the first several months of the season.[5] He was placed on the disabled list (DL) in June, and had shoulder surgery in August.[6] García made 11 starts before being placed on the DL and earned one win.[7]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Detroit Tigers","text":"In August 2008, García signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers. In his first 2 minor league starts with the Tigers he pitched 5 innings, gave up no runs, and struck out 5. In his Tigers debut in late September, García, with a limited pitch count, threw 5 scoreless innings to get the win.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-Mets-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"In January 2009, García agreed to a minor league deal with the New York Mets.[8][9] He was released on April 28, 2009, after two bad starts for the Buffalo Bisons.[10][11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Second stint with the Chicago White Sox","text":"On June 8, 2009, the Chicago White Sox signed García to a minor league contract.[12] García started on August 18 against the Kansas City Royals for the first time with the White Sox since 2006.In his first game back with the White Sox, García went 4.1 IP allowing 5 ER in a losing effort. García finished the 2009 season with a 3–4 record and a 4.34 ERA.On October 5, 2009, the Chicago White Sox exercised their 2010 option on García, adding that the 34-year-old made a $1 million base salary, plus a possible $2 million in incentives.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freddy_Garc%C3%ADa_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_New_York_Yankees_season"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-16"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"American League Division Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_Division_Series"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Phil Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hughes_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"A. J. Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Burnett"},{"link_name":"Andy Pettitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Pettitte"},{"link_name":"Michael Pineda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pineda"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"David Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Phelps_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reference-20"},{"link_name":"sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinker_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Andy Pettitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Pettitte"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"García pitching for the New York Yankees in 2011On January 31, 2011, García agreed to a minor league contract with the New York Yankees worth $1.5 million.[14] On March 25, 2011, the Yankees announced that García would be added to the major league starting rotation.[15] He finished the 2011 season with a solid 12–8 record and a 3.62 ERA,[16] however, he was consistently hammered by teams with .500 or better records, most notably the Boston Red Sox. García was on the mound in relief as the Sox won their second game of the season on April 10, as well as 2 other losses on May 15 and June 7. However, García did manage to defeat the Red Sox on September 24.García also lost his only playoff start in Game 2 as the Yankees were defeated by the Detroit Tigers in the American League Division Series in five games. Despite this, the Yankees offered him a one-year deal worth $4 million with incentives for the 2012 season. The deal became official on December 9.[16][17]In 2012, García was expected to challenge for a starting spot with Phil Hughes, A. J. Burnett, Andy Pettitte and Michael Pineda. However, Burnett was traded in the offseason, and Pineda was diagnosed with a shoulder injury, thereby allowing García into the rotation.[18]García began the 2012 season with bad footing as he threw 5 wild pitches in his first start against the Baltimore Orioles. He was demoted to the bullpen after going 0–2 in April with a 12.51 ERA, averaging only 3.1 innings per start. David Phelps was moved into the starting rotation.[19]García immediately improved once in the bullpen. In his two-month relief stint, he posted a 1.56 ERA in 17.1 innings.[20] His sinker's speed also improved, from an average of 87.1 mph in April[21] to 88.6 in May/June.[22]A fibula injury to Andy Pettitte in late June brought García back into the rotation. Overall, Garcia finished the 2012 season with a 7–6 record and a 5.20 ERA in 30 games appeared (17 started).","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Orioles","text":"On January 28, 2013, García signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres.[23] He was released by the Padres on March 24.[24] He was promptly signed to a minor league contract by the Baltimore Orioles,[25] and assigned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides. He was called up on May 4 to make his Orioles debut on the road at Anaheim. He was designated for assignment on June 24, 2013. Three days later, García signed another minor league contract and returned to Norfolk.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On August 23, 2013, Garcia was acquired by the Atlanta Braves for cash considerations.[27] Garcia pitched effectively for the Braves, going 1–2 with a 1.65 ERA in September (1–1, 1.83 ERA in 3 starts). He earned a start in game four of the NLDS. Although the Braves lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers, Garcia pitched well, giving up 2 runs over 6 innings and was in line for the win when he left the game.[28]He returned to the Braves on a minor league contract signed January 24, 2014.[29] He was released on March 24.[30]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDA Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDA_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Chinese Professional Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lin Chih-sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Chih-sheng"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Brother Elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Elephants"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"EDA Rhinos","text":"On April 18, 2014, García signed with the EDA Rhinos of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL).[31] The seven-month deal included incentives that increased its worth up to $392,000,[32] and was the most lucrative in CPBL history until Lin Chih-sheng signed a 3-year deal for $1.36 million in January 2016.[33][34] In his first game for the Rhinos on May 10, 2014, García pitched six innings of shutout ball on four hits in a no-decision before being pulled after 77 pitches. The Rhinos won the game 5–0 against the Chinatrust Brother Elephants in front of a sellout crowd of more than 12,000.[35]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olmecas de Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmecas_de_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Mexican Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sultanes de Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanes_de_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Tigres de Aragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_de_Aragua"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perezcox-40"},{"link_name":"2016 Caribbean Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Caribbean_Series"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Final season","text":"Garcia opened the season with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican Baseball League, before signing a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers on March 30, 2015.[36] He was assigned to the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers.[37] He appeared in four games and made one start for Oklahoma City, allowing seven runs in 7.1 innings and was released on April 21.[38] He rejoined the Olmecas de Tabasco in June,[39] then was traded to the Sultanes de Monterrey. In September Garcia was assigned to the Tigres de Aragua. He spent the rest of 2015 with Aragua, where he won a league championship,[40] and started the first and final games of the 2016 Caribbean Series.[41][42] He retired after the series concluded.[43][44]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultanes de Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanes_de_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Mexican Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Sultanes de Monterrey","text":"On April 8, 2016, Garcia came out of retirement and signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican Baseball League.[45][46] He was released on May 3, 2016.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones de Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_de_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mexican Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Leones de Yucatán","text":"On March 5, 2018, García signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican Baseball League.[47] He was released on April 23, 2018.Garcia was eligible to be elected in the Hall of Fame in 2019, but received less than 5% of the vote, and became ineligible for the 2020 ballot.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"slider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slider_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"two-seam fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-seam_fastball"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"split-finger fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-finger_fastball"},{"link_name":"changeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeup"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"power pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pitcher"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooks-50"},{"link_name":"Four-seam fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-seam_fastball"},{"link_name":"Slider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slider_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"Splitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-finger_fastball"},{"link_name":"Changeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeup"},{"link_name":"Sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinker_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"García threw a fastball that topped out in the 90s in his prime and a hard slider. He also threw a two-seam fastball, a curveball, a split-finger fastball and occasionally used a changeup.[48]García was once a power pitcher,[49] but as he got older, García lost velocity on his pitches and compensated by developing a broad repertoire of up to six or seven pitches. In the 2013 season, García threw the following pitches, in order of their use:[50]Four-seam fastball — 86–90 mph\nSlider — 78–82 mph\nCurveball — 72–76 mph\nSplitter — 78–82 mph\nChangeup — 80–84 mph\nSinker — 86–90 mphGarcía has also adjusted his approach to the strike zone, being especially careful not to leave pitches in the middle of the plate: \"He doesn't really have the electric stuff, so he's going to stay on the corners and stay out of the zone.\"[51]","title":"Pitching style"}]

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[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"Venezuela portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Venezuela"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Venezuela"}]

[{"reference":"\"White Sox trade García to Phillies for Floyd\". ESPN. Associated Press. December 18, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2689303","url_text":"\"White Sox trade García to Phillies for Floyd\""}]},{"reference":"\"ChiSox add another arm to repertoire\". ESPN.com. June 28, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1830535","url_text":"\"ChiSox add another arm to repertoire\""}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Jesse (April 30, 2006). \"Report: García violates IBAF drug policy; Venezuela paper claims positive test for marijuana at Classic\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090508114157/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060430&content_id=1426450&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Report: García violates IBAF drug policy; Venezuela paper claims positive test for marijuana at Classic\""},{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060430&content_id=1426450&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mandel, Ken (December 6, 2006). \"Phils acquire Garcia from White Sox\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170627054036/http://m.phillies.mlb.com/news/article/1753339/","url_text":"\"Phils acquire Garcia from White Sox\""},{"url":"http://m.phillies.mlb.com/news/article/1753339/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Dave (January 30, 2013). \"Freddy Garcia and the Value of Broken Starters\". Fangraphs. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.fangraphs.com/freddy-garcia-and-the-value-of-broken-starters/","url_text":"\"Freddy Garcia and the Value of Broken Starters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shoulder surgery ends 2007 season for Phillies' Garcia\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 30, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2997866","url_text":"\"Shoulder surgery ends 2007 season for Phillies' Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"Mandel, Ken (June 14, 2007). \"Garcia will not have surgery on shoulder\". MLB.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.phillies.mlb.com/news/article/2026315/","url_text":"\"Garcia will not have surgery on shoulder\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Adam (January 23, 2009). \"García lands with Mets\". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/mets/2009/01/Garc%C3%ADa-lands-with-mets.html","url_text":"\"García lands with Mets\""}]},{"reference":"DiComo, Anthony (January 23, 2009). \"Mets sign Garcia to Minor League deal\". MLB.com. Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mets.mlb.com/news/article/3768034/","url_text":"\"Mets sign Garcia to Minor League deal\""}]},{"reference":"Costa, Brian (April 28, 2009). \"New York Mets release pitcher Freddy Garcia\". Star Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/mets/index.ssf/2009/04/new_york_mets_release_pitcher_2.html","url_text":"\"New York Mets release pitcher Freddy Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pena, Figueroa, Nickeas Join Bisons\". MILB.com. April 28, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090428&content_id=572587&fext=.jsp&vkey=pr_t422&sid=t422","url_text":"\"Pena, Figueroa, Nickeas Join Bisons\""}]},{"reference":"\"ChiSox pick up García's option\". CNN. October 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/baseball/mlb/10/05/Garc%C3%ADa.white.sox/index.html","url_text":"\"ChiSox pick up García's option\""}]},{"reference":"Hoch, Bryan (December 9, 2011). \"García's one-year deal with Bombers official\". MLB.com. Retrieved December 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20111209&content_id=26135850&vkey=news_nyy&c_id=nyy","url_text":"\"García's one-year deal with Bombers official\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Yankees Officially Sign Freddy García to One Year Deal\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035834/http://www.yankees101.com/2011/12/12/new-york-yankees-officially-sign-freddy-Garc%C3%ADa-to-one-year-deal/","url_text":"\"New York Yankees Officially Sign Freddy García to One Year Deal\""},{"url":"http://www.yankees101.com/2011/12/12/new-york-yankees-officially-sign-freddy-Garc%C3%ADa-to-one-year-deal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prunty, Brendan (April 28, 2012). \"Freddy Garcia roughed up again, as Yankees rotation takes another hit in loss to Tigers, 7–5\". Star Ledger. Retrieved February 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/yankees/index.ssf/2012/04/freddy_garcia_roughed_up_again.html","url_text":"\"Freddy Garcia roughed up again, as Yankees rotation takes another hit in loss to Tigers, 7–5\""}]},{"reference":"DeJohn, Kenny (April 29, 2012). \"New York Yankees: Freddy García to Bullpen, David Phelps to Join Rotation\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1165440-report-freddy-Garc%C3%ADa-demoted-to-the-bullpen-david-phelps-to-join-rotation","url_text":"\"New York Yankees: Freddy García to Bullpen, David Phelps to Join Rotation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report","url_text":"Bleacher Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy García 2012 Pitching Gamelogs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.cgi?id=garcifr03&year=2012&t=p","url_text":"\"Freddy García 2012 Pitching Gamelogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile\". Texas Leaguers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfx.texasleaguers.com/pitcher/150119/?batters=A&count=AA&pitches=SI&from=5%2F1%2F2012&to=6%2F30%2F2012","url_text":"\"Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile\". TexasLeaguers.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfx.texasleaguers.com/pitcher/150119/?batters=A&count=AA&pitches=SI&from=5%2F1%2F2012&to=6%2F30%2F2012","url_text":"\"Freddy García, New York Yankees – PITCHf/x Pitcher Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padres sign Garcia, Stauffer to Minors deals | padres.com: News\". Sandiego.padres.mlb.com. January 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sandiego.padres.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130128&content_id=41223724&vkey=news_sd&c_id=sd","url_text":"\"Padres sign Garcia, Stauffer to Minors deals | padres.com: News\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Steve (March 24, 2013). \"Padres Release Freddy Garcia: MLB Rumors\". MLBTradeRumors.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2013/03/padres-release-freddy-garcia.html","url_text":"\"Padres Release Freddy Garcia: MLB Rumors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orioles, Freddy Garcia agree to deal\". Espn.go.com. March 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/spring2013/story/_/id/9113321/freddy-garcia-agrees-minor-league-deal-baltimore-orioles","url_text":"\"Orioles, Freddy Garcia agree to deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy Garcia stays with Orioles\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/9430753/freddy-garcia-signs-minor-league-deal-baltimore-orioles","url_text":"\"Freddy Garcia stays with Orioles\""}]},{"reference":"Kubatko, Roch (August 23, 2013). \"School of Roch: Garcia traded to Braves, A's lineup\". Masnsports.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masnsports.com/school_of_roch/2013/08/garcia-traded-to-braves-as-lineup.html","url_text":"\"School of Roch: Garcia traded to Braves, A's lineup\""}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, David (January 24, 2014). \"Braves re-sign Freddy Garcia to minor-league deal\". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajc.com/news/sports/baseball/braves-re-sign-freddy-garcia-to-minor-league-deal/nc2BR/","url_text":"\"Braves re-sign Freddy Garcia to minor-league deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution"}]},{"reference":"\"Garcia returning to Braves on Minor League deal\". MLB.com. January 24, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/67073966/pitcher-freddy-garcia-returning-to-braves-on-minor-league-contract","url_text":"\"Garcia returning to Braves on Minor League deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Braves release Freddy Garcia\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/10665998/atlanta-braves-release-righty-freddy-garcia-injuries","url_text":"\"Braves release Freddy Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"Yeh, Joseph (April 19, 2014). \"Freddy Garcia signs with EDA Rhino, arriving next week\". The China Post. Retrieved April 19, 2014. A local professional baseball team yesterday announced that it has sealed a deal with former Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star pitcher Freddy Garcia. The high profile ex-big league hurler with 150-plus wins is scheduled to arrive in Taiwan on April 25 to join the Kaohsiung-based EDA Rhinos (義大犀牛), the team said yesterday.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2014/04/19/405720/Freddy-Garcia.htm","url_text":"\"Freddy Garcia signs with EDA Rhino, arriving next week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Post","url_text":"The China Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Garcia ready to pitch in for Taiwan's Rhinos\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=mlb&id=10855781","url_text":"\"Garcia ready to pitch in for Taiwan's Rhinos\""}]},{"reference":"Yeh, Joseph (January 5, 2016). \"Lin Chih-sheng joins Chinatrust Brothers\". China Post. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/sports/baseball/2016/01/05/455278/Lin-Chih-sheng.htm","url_text":"\"Lin Chih-sheng joins Chinatrust Brothers\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Yu-cheng; Wu, Lilian (January 4, 2016). \"Lin Chih-sheng becomes highest paid baseball player in Taiwan\". Central News Agency. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeas/201601040019.aspx","url_text":"\"Lin Chih-sheng becomes highest paid baseball player in Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"Huang, Paul (May 11, 2014). \"Garcia helps Rhinos share games\". Taipei Times. Retrieved July 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2014/05/11/2003590065","url_text":"\"Garcia helps Rhinos share games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garcia agrees with Dodgers, who plan to release McGowan\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 31, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=mlb&id=12593912","url_text":"\"Garcia agrees with Dodgers, who plan to release McGowan\""}]},{"reference":"Hoornstra, J.P. (April 7, 2015). \"Revealed: Opening Day roster for Triple-A Oklahoma City\". LA Daily News. Retrieved April 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidesocal.com/dodgers/2015/04/07/revealed-opening-day-roster-for-triple-a-oklahoma-city/","url_text":"\"Revealed: Opening Day roster for Triple-A Oklahoma City\""}]},{"reference":"Unruh, Jacob (April 23, 2015). \"Dodgers release Freddy Garcia among flurry of moves\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsok.com/dodgers-release-freddy-garcia-among-flurry-of-moves/article/5412805","url_text":"\"Dodgers release Freddy Garcia among flurry of moves\""}]},{"reference":"Heyman, Jon (June 12, 2015). \"Inside Baseball: Mets, Twins among early buyers and more MLB news\". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/writer/jon-heyman/25212612/inside-baseball-mets-twins-among-early-buyers-and-more-mlb-news","url_text":"\"Inside Baseball: Mets, Twins among early buyers and more MLB news\""}]},{"reference":"Serrano, Ignacio (February 1, 2016). \"Venezuela manager Eddie Perez aims to make mentor Bobby Cox proud\". ESPN Desportes. Retrieved February 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/onenacion/post/_/id/2655/venezuela-manager-eddie-perez-aims-to-make-mentor-bobby-cox-proud","url_text":"\"Venezuela manager Eddie Perez aims to make mentor Bobby Cox proud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela wins behind Freddy Garcia's strong outing\". ESPN.com. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/14693274/2016-caribbean-series-roundup","url_text":"\"Venezuela wins behind Freddy Garcia's strong outing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico wins third Caribbean Series title in 4 years on Jorge Vazquez HR\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/14735386/mexico-wins-caribbean-series-jorge-vazquez-walk-home-run","url_text":"\"Mexico wins third Caribbean Series title in 4 years on Jorge Vazquez HR\""}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Jesse (February 1, 2016). \"Venezuela, Mexico win Caribbean Series openers\". MLB.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/163396586/venezuela-wins-game-1-of-caribbean-series","url_text":"\"Venezuela, Mexico win Caribbean Series openers\""}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Jesse (February 7, 2016). \"Garcia to bid farewell in Caribbean finale\". MLB.com. Retrieved February 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/163842656/freddy-garcia-to-retire-after-caribbean-finale","url_text":"\"Garcia to bid farewell in Caribbean finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freddy García está de vuelta con Sultanes\" (in Spanish). MILB.com. April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/lmb/news/freddy-garc237a-est225-de-vuelta-con-sultanes/c-171045628","url_text":"\"Freddy García está de vuelta con Sultanes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Venezolano Freddy García se une a Sultanes en Liga Mexicana\" (in Spanish). ESPN Deportes. April 8, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espndeportes.espn.com/beisbol/nota/_/id/2642196/venezolano-freddy-garcia-se-une-a-sultanes-en-liga-mexicana","url_text":"\"Venezolano Freddy García se une a Sultanes en Liga Mexicana\""}]},{"reference":"\"El ex ligamayorista Freddy García llega a Leones\" (in Spanish). March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leones.mx/archivos/11930","url_text":"\"El ex ligamayorista Freddy García llega a Leones\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Johnette (April 17, 2011). \"Freddy Garcia comes to Yanks' rescue\". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/columns/story?id=6370439","url_text":"\"Freddy Garcia comes to Yanks' rescue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool – Player Card: Freddy Garcia\". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved October 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://brooksbaseball.net/player_cards/player_card.php?player=150119","url_text":"\"Brooks Baseball · Home of the PitchFX Tool – Player Card: Freddy Garcia\""}]},{"reference":"Brian, Lewis (July 15, 2012). \"Yankees' Garcia shaky, but gets job done vs. Angels\". New York Post. Retrieved August 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nypost.com/p/sports/yankees/freddy_or_not_ckLhPMzx7GDKx8IYQI7tfN","url_text":"\"Yankees' Garcia shaky, but gets job done vs. Angels\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Geni%C3%A8s-des-Mourgues

Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues

["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 43°41′52″N 4°02′10″E / 43.6978°N 4.0361°E / 43.6978; 4.0361 Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-Geniès-des-MourguesCommuneThe church of Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues Saint-Geniès-des-MourguesShow map of FranceSaint-Geniès-des-MourguesShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°41′52″N 4°02′10″E / 43.6978°N 4.0361°E / 43.6978; 4.0361CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentHéraultArrondissementMontpellierCantonLe CrèsIntercommunalityMontpellier Méditerranée MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Yvon PelletArea111.37 km2 (4.39 sq mi)Population (2021)2,077 • Density180/km2 (470/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code34256 /34160Elevation23–90 m (75–295 ft) (avg. 43 m or 141 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Sant Ginièis de Morgas) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 862—    1975 834−0.47%1982 1,112+4.20%1990 1,415+3.06%1999 1,509+0.72%2007 1,609+0.81%2012 1,833+2.64%2017 1,876+0.46%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Hérault department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues. vteCommunes of the Hérault department of France Abeilhan Adissan Agde Agel Agonès Aigne Aigues-Vives Les Aires Alignan-du-Vent Aniane Arboras Argelliers Aspiran Assas Assignan Aumelas Aumes Autignac Avène Azillanet Babeau-Bouldoux Baillargues Balaruc-les-Bains Balaruc-le-Vieux Bassan Beaufort Beaulieu Bédarieux Bélarga Berlou Bessan Bézierssubpr Boisseron Boisset La Boissière Le Bosc Boujan-sur-Libron Le Bousquet-d'Orb Bouzigues Brenas Brignac Brissac Buzignargues Cabrerolles Cabrières Cambon-et-Salvergues Campagnan Campagne Camplong Candillargues Canet Capestang Carlencas-et-Levas Cassagnoles Castanet-le-Haut Castelnau-de-Guers Castelnau-le-Lez Castries La Caunette Causse-de-la-Selle Causses-et-Veyran Caussiniojouls Caux Le Caylar Cazedarnes Cazevieille Cazilhac Cazouls-d'Hérault Cazouls-lès-Béziers Cébazan Ceilhes-et-Rocozels Celles Cers Cessenon-sur-Orb Cesseras Ceyras Clapiers Claret Clermont-l'Hérault Colombières-sur-Orb Colombiers Combaillaux Combes Corneilhan Coulobres Courniou Cournonsec Cournonterral Creissan Le Crès Le Cros Cruzy Dio-et-Valquières Entre-Vignes Espondeilhan Fabrègues Faugères Félines-Minervois Ferrals-les-Montagnes Ferrières-les-Verreries Ferrières-Poussarou Florensac Fontanès Fontès Fos Fouzilhon Fozières Fraisse-sur-Agout Frontignan Gabian Galargues Ganges Garrigues Gigean Gignac Gorniès Grabels Graissessac La Grande-Motte Guzargues Hérépian Jacou Joncels Jonquières Juvignac Lacoste Lagamas Lamalou-les-Bains Lansargues Laroque Lattes Laurens Lauret Lauroux Lavalette Lavérune Lespignan Lézignan-la-Cèbe Liausson Lieuran-Cabrières Lieuran-lès-Béziers Lignan-sur-Orb La Livinière Lodèvesubpr Loupian Lunas Lunel Lunel-Viel Magalas Maraussan Margon Marseillan Marsillargues Mas-de-Londres Les Matelles Mauguio Maureilhan Mérifons Mèze Minerve Mireval Mons Montady Montagnac Montarnaud Montaud Montbazin Montblanc Montels Montesquieu Montferrier-sur-Lez Montouliers Montoulieu Montpellierpref Montpeyroux Moulès-et-Baucels Mourèze Mudaison Murles Murviel-lès-Béziers Murviel-lès-Montpellier Nébian Neffiès Nézignan-l'Évêque Nissan-lez-Enserune Nizas Notre-Dame-de-Londres Octon Olargues Olmet-et-Villecun Olonzac Oupia Pailhès Palavas-les-Flots Pardailhan Paulhan Pégairolles-de-Buèges Pégairolles-de-l'Escalette Péret Pérols Pézenas Pézènes-les-Mines Pierrerue Pignan Pinet Plaissan Les Plans Poilhes Pomérols Popian Portiragnes Le Pouget Poujols Le Poujol-sur-Orb Poussan Pouzolles Pouzols Le Pradal Prades-le-Lez Prades-sur-Vernazobre Prémian Le Puech Puéchabon Puilacher Puimisson Puissalicon Puisserguier Quarante Restinclières Rieussec Riols Les Rives Romiguières Roquebrun Roqueredonde Roquessels Rosis Rouet Roujan Saint-André-de-Buèges Saint-André-de-Sangonis Saint-Aunès Saint-Bauzille-de-la-Sylve Saint-Bauzille-de-Montmel Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois Saint-Brès Saint-Chinian Saint-Clément-de-Rivière Saint-Drézéry Sainte-Croix-de-Quintillargues Saint-Étienne-d'Albagnan Saint-Étienne-de-Gourgas Saint-Étienne-Estréchoux Saint-Félix-de-l'Héras Saint-Félix-de-Lodez Saint-Gély-du-Fesc Saint-Geniès-de-Fontedit Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues Saint-Geniès-de-Varensal Saint-Georges-d'Orques Saint-Gervais-sur-Mare Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert Saint-Guiraud Saint-Hilaire-de-Beauvoir Saint-Jean-de-Buèges Saint-Jean-de-Cornies Saint-Jean-de-Cuculles Saint-Jean-de-Fos Saint-Jean-de-la-Blaquière Saint-Jean-de-Minervois Saint-Jean-de-Védas Saint-Julien Saint-Just Saint-Martin-de-l'Arçon Saint-Martin-de-Londres Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers Saint-Maurice-Navacelles Saint-Michel Saint-Nazaire-de-Ladarez Saint-Nazaire-de-Pézan Saint-Pargoire Saint-Paul-et-Valmalle Saint-Pierre-de-la-Fage Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens Saint-Pons-de-Thomières Saint-Privat Saint-Saturnin-de-Lucian Saint-Sériès Saint-Thibéry Saint-Vincent-de-Barbeyrargues Saint-Vincent-d'Olargues Salasc La Salvetat-sur-Agout Saturargues Saussan Saussines Sauteyrargues Sauvian Sérignan Servian Sète Siran Sorbs Soubès Le Soulié Soumont Sussargues Taussac-la-Billière Teyran Thézan-lès-Béziers Tourbes La Tour-sur-Orb Tressan Le Triadou Usclas-d'Hérault Usclas-du-Bosc La Vacquerie-et-Saint-Martin-de-Castries Vacquières Vailhan Vailhauquès Valergues Valflaunès Valmascle Valras-Plage Valros Vélieux Vendargues Vendémian Vendres Verreries-de-Moussans Vias Vic-la-Gardiole Vieussan Villemagne-l'Argentière Villeneuve-lès-Béziers Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone Villeneuvette Villespassans Villetelle Villeveyrac Viols-en-Laval Viols-le-Fort pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef This Hérault geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_impairment

Kidney failure

["1 Classification","1.1 Acute kidney failure","1.2 Chronic kidney failure","1.3 Acute-on-chronic kidney failure","2 Signs and symptoms","3 Causes","3.1 Acute kidney injury","3.2 Chronic kidney failure","3.3 Genetic predisposition","4 Diagnostic approach","4.1 Measurement for CKD","4.2 Use of the term uremia","4.3 Renal failure index","5 Complications","6 Treatment","6.1 Diet","6.2 Slowing progression","7 References","8 External links"]

Disease where the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood Medical conditionKidney failureOther namesRenal failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stage 5 chronic kidney diseaseA hemodialysis machine which is used to replace the function of the kidneysSpecialtyNephrologySymptomsLeg swelling, feeling tired, loss of appetite, confusionComplicationsAcute: Uremia, high blood potassium, volume overloadChronic: Heart disease, high blood pressure, anemiaTypesAcute kidney failure, chronic kidney failureCausesAcute: Low blood pressureblockage of the urinary tractcertain medicationsmuscle breakdownhemolytic uremic syndromeChronic: Diabeteshigh blood pressurenephrotic syndromepolycystic kidney diseaseDiagnostic methodAcute: Decreased urine productionincreased serum creatinineChronic: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR< 15TreatmentAcute: Depends on the causeChronic: Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantFrequencyAcute: 3 per 1,000 per yearChronic: 1 per 1,000 (US) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kidney failure" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, hyperkalemia, and volume overload. Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anaemia. Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as decreased urine production or increased serum creatinine. Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy. It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Treatment of acute failure depends on the underlying cause. Treatment of chronic failure may include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a kidney transplant. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter the blood outside the body. In peritoneal dialysis specific fluid is placed into the abdominal cavity and then drained, with this process being repeated multiple times per day. Kidney transplantation involves surgically placing a kidney from someone else and then taking immunosuppressant medication to prevent rejection. Other recommended measures from chronic disease include staying active and specific dietary changes. Depression is also common among patients with kidney failure, and is associated with poor outcomes including higher risk of kidney function decline, hospitalization, and death. A recent PCORI-funded study of patients with kidney failure receiving outpatient hemodialysis found similar effectiveness between nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments for depression. In the United States, acute failure affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year. Chronic failure affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Acute failure is often reversible while chronic failure often is not. With appropriate treatment many with chronic disease can continue working. Classification See also: Hepatorenal syndrome Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: acute kidney failure or chronic kidney failure. The type of renal failure is differentiated by the trend in the serum creatinine; other factors that may help differentiate acute kidney failure from chronic kidney failure include anemia and the kidney size on sonography as chronic kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size. Acute kidney failure Main article: Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterized by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. AKI can result from a variety of causes, generally classified as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Many people diagnosed with paraquat intoxication experience AKI, sometimes requiring hemodialysis. The underlying cause must be identified and treated to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. Chronic kidney failure Main article: Chronic kidney disease Illustration of a kidney from a person with chronic renal failure Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms. CKD can be the long term consequence of irreversible acute disease or part of a disease progression. CKD is divided into 5 different stages (1-5) according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In CKD1 eGFR is normal and in CKD5 eGFR has decreased to less than 15 ml/min. Acute-on-chronic kidney failure Acute kidney injuries can be present on top of chronic kidney disease, a condition called acute-on-chronic kidney failure (AoCRF). The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible, and the goal of treatment, as with AKI, is to return the person to baseline kidney function, typically measured by serum creatinine. Like AKI, AoCRF can be difficult to distinguish from chronic kidney disease if the person has not been monitored by a physician and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison. Signs and symptoms Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When the kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called azotemia. Very low levels of azotaemia may produce few, if any, symptoms. If the disease progresses, symptoms become noticeable (if the failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms). Kidney failure accompanied by noticeable symptoms is termed uraemia. Symptoms of kidney failure include the following: High levels of urea in the blood, which can result in: Vomiting or diarrhea (or both) that may lead to dehydration Nausea Weight loss Nocturnal urination (nocturia) More frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine Less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine Blood in the urine Pressure, or difficulty urinating Unusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities A buildup of phosphates in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out may cause: Itching Bone damage Nonunion in broken bones Muscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can be associated with hyperphosphatemia) A buildup of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia) may cause: Abnormal heart rhythms Muscle paralysis Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause: Swelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia) Polycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause: Pain in the back or side Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen-carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. This can result in: Feeling tired or weak Memory problems Difficulty concentrating Dizziness Low blood pressure Normally proteins are too large to pass through the kidneys. However they are able to pass through when the glomeruli are damaged. This does not cause symptoms until extensive kidney damage has occurred, after which symptoms include: Foamy or bubbly urine Swelling in the hands, feet, abdomen, and face Other symptoms include: Appetite loss, which may include a bad taste in the mouth Difficulty sleeping Darkening of the skin Excess protein in the blood With high doses of penicillin, people with kidney failure may experience seizures Causes Acute kidney injury Main article: Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute kidney injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart-bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure. Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with bee stings may also cause the onset of acute kidney injury. Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the person with AKI to resume a normal life. People with acute kidney injury require supportive treatment until their kidneys recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future kidney failure. Among the accidental causes of renal failure is the crush syndrome, when large amounts of toxins are suddenly released in the blood circulation after a long compressed limb is suddenly relieved from the pressure obstructing the blood flow through its tissues, causing ischemia. The resulting overload can lead to the clogging and the destruction of the kidneys. It is a reperfusion injury that appears after the release of the crushing pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the release into the bloodstream of muscle breakdown products – notably myoglobin, potassium, and phosphorus – that are the products of rhabdomyolysis (the breakdown of skeletal muscle damaged by ischemic conditions). The specific action on the kidneys is not fully understood, but may be due in part to nephrotoxic metabolites of myoglobin. Chronic kidney failure Main article: Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. The majority of people affected with polycystic kidney disease have a family history of the disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is also a known cause of chronic kidney failure. Other genetic illnesses cause kidney failure, as well. Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure. Some infectious disease agents, such as hantavirus, can attack the kidneys, causing kidney failure. Genetic predisposition The APOL1 gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension affiliated chronic kidney disease not attributed to other etiologies. Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans. Diagnostic approach Measurement for CKD Stages of kidney failure Chronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using the person's GFR, or glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stages 2 and 3 need increasing levels of supportive care from their medical providers to slow and treat their renal dysfunction. People with stage 4 and 5 kidney failure usually require preparation towards active treatment in order to survive. Stage 5 CKD is considered a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy (dialysis) or kidney transplant whenever feasible. Glomerular filtration rate A normal GFR varies according to many factors, including sex, age, body size and ethnic background. Renal professionals consider the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be the best overall index of kidney function. The National Kidney Foundation offers an easy to use on-line GFR calculator for anyone who is interested in knowing their glomerular filtration rate. (A serum creatinine level, a simple blood test, is needed to use the calculator.) Use of the term uremia Before the advancement of modern medicine, renal failure was often referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term for the contamination of the blood with urea. It is the presence of an excessive amount of urea in blood. Starting around 1847, this included reduced urine output, which was thought to be caused by the urine mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra. The term uremia is now used for the illness accompanying kidney failure. Renal failure index Two other urinary indices, are the fractional sodium excretion (FENa) index and the renal failure index (RFI). The renal failure index is equal to urine sodium times plasma creatinine divided by urine creatinine. A FENa score greater than 3% or a renal failure index (RFI) greater than 3 are helpful in confirming acute renal failure. Complications Those with end stage renal failure who undergo haemodialysis have higher risk of spontaneous intra-abdominal bleeding than the general population (21.2%) and non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (18.1%). Meanwhile, those undergoing peritoneal dialysis have a higher chance of developing peritonitis and gastrointestinal perforation. However, the rate of acute pancreatitis does not differ from the general population. Treatment The treatment of acute kidney injury depends on the cause. The treatment of chronic kidney failure may include renal replacement therapy: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplant. Diet In non-diabetics and people with type 1 diabetes, a low protein diet is found to have a preventive effect on progression of chronic kidney disease. However, this effect does not apply to people with type 2 diabetes. A whole food, plant-based diet may help some people with kidney disease. A high protein diet from either animal or plant sources appears to have negative effects on kidney function at least in the short term. Slowing progression People who receive earlier referrals to a nephrology specialist, meaning a longer time before they must start dialysis, have a shorter initial hospitalization and reduced risk of death after the start of dialysis. Other methods of reducing disease progression include minimizing exposure to nephrotoxins such as NSAIDs and intravenous contrast. References ^ a b c d e f Cheung AK (2005). Primer on Kidney Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 457. ISBN 1416023127. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Kidney Failure". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ a b c d Blakeley S (2010). Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9781846289378. ^ a b Liao MT, Sung CC, Hung KC, Wu CC, Lo L, Lu KC (2012). "Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2012: 691369. doi:10.1155/2012/691369. PMC 3420350. PMID 22919275. ^ a b "Kidney Failure". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "What is renal failure?". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017. ^ a b c Clatworthy M (2010). Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28. ISBN 9781405189903. ^ a b Ferri FF (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 37. ISBN 9780323529570. ^ Mehrotra R, Cukor D, Unruh M, Rue T, Heagerty P, Cohen SD, et al. (March 2019). "Comparative Efficacy of Therapies for Treatment of Depression for Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Randomized Clinical Trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 170 (6): 369–379. doi:10.7326/M18-2229. PMID 30802897. S2CID 67876948. ^ Ferri FF (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 294. ISBN 9780323529570. ^ Moore EM, Bellomo R, Nichol AD (November 2012). "The meaning of acute kidney injury and its relevance to intensive care and anaesthesia". Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 40 (6): 929–48. doi:10.1177/0310057X1204000604. PMID 23194202. ^ Ricci Z, Ronco C (2012). "New insights in acute kidney failure in the critically ill". Swiss Medical Weekly. 142: w13662. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13662. PMID 22923149. ^ "Acute kidney failure". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ Klahr S, Miller SB (March 1998). "Acute oliguria". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (10): 671–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199803053381007. PMID 9486997. ^ "Chronic kidney disease". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Medline Plus, National Institutes of Health. 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ "Stages of kidney disease". www.kidneyfund.org. 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ a b Grinsted P (2005-03-02). "Kidney failure (renal failure with uremia, or azotaemia)". Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ Stein A (2007-07-01). Understanding Treatment Options For Renal Therapy. Deerfield, Illinois: Baxter International Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-85959-070-6. Archived from the original on 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2010-07-12. ^ The PD Companion. Deerfield, Illinois: Baxter International Inc. 2008-05-01. pp. 14–15. 08/1046R. Archived from the original on 2010-06-25. Retrieved 2010-07-12. ^ Amgen Inc. (2009). "10 Symptoms of Kidney Disease". Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ "Hyperkalemia". MedicineNet, Inc. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2009-05-26. ^ Hebert LA, Charleston J, Miller E (2009). "Proteinuria". Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2011-03-24. ^ Katzung BG (2007). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical. p. 733. ISBN 978-0-07-145153-6. ^ Silva GB, Vasconcelos AG, Rocha AM, Vasconcelos VR, Barros J, Fujishima JS, et al. (June 2017). "Acute kidney injury complicating bee stings - a review". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. 59: e25. doi:10.1590/S1678-9946201759025. PMC 5459532. PMID 28591253. ^ National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (2012). "The Kidneys and How They Work". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ Kes P, Basić-Jukić N, Ljutić D, Brunetta-Gavranić B (October 2011). "" (PDF). Acta Medica Croatica (in Croatian). 65 (Suppl 3): 78–84. PMID 23120821. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-19. ^ Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Klag MJ (December 1994). "Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs". The New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (25): 1675–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199412223312502. PMID 7969358. ^ Appel GB, Mustonen J (2012). "Renal involvement with hantavirus infection (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)". UpToDate. Retrieved 1 January 2013. ^ Bostrom MA, Freedman BI (June 2010). "The spectrum of MYH9-associated nephropathy". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5 (6): 1107–13. doi:10.2215/CJN.08721209. PMC 4890964. PMID 20299374. ^ Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, et al. (August 2010). "Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans". Science. 329 (5993): 841–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...329..841G. doi:10.1126/science.1193032. PMC 2980843. PMID 20647424. ^ Tzur S, Rosset S, Shemer R, Yudkovsky G, Selig S, Tarekegn A, et al. (September 2010). "Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene". Human Genetics. 128 (3): 345–50. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0. PMC 2921485. PMID 20635188. ^ Fadem, Stephen Z., M.D., FACP, FASN. Calculators for HealthCare Professionals. National Kidney Foundation. 13 Oct 2008 ^ "GFR calculator". Kidney.org. Retrieved 2011-09-25. ^ Meyer TW, Hostetter TH (September 2007). "Uremia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (13): 1316–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMra071313. PMID 17898101. ^ a b "Urinary indices - fractional excretion of sodium ( FENA ), renal failure index. Acute tubular necrosis". ^ Stapleton FB, Jones DP, Green RS (1987-09-01). "Acute renal failure in neonates: Incidence, etiology and outcome". Pediatric Nephrology. 1 (3): 314–320. doi:10.1007/BF00849230. ISSN 1432-198X. PMID 3153295. S2CID 23333812. ^ Tonolini M, Ierardi AM, Carrafiello G (December 2015). "Letter to the editor: spontaneous renal haemorrhage in end-stage renal disease". Insights into Imaging. 6 (6): 693–695. doi:10.1007/s13244-015-0439-4. PMC 4656237. PMID 26472545. ^ Rughooputh MS, Zeng R, Yao Y (28 December 2015). "Protein Diet Restriction Slows Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Non-Diabetic and in Type 1 Diabetic Patients, but Not in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Using Glomerular Filtration Rate as a Surrogate". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145505. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045505R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145505. PMC 4692386. PMID 26710078. ^ Chauveau P, Combe C, Fouque D, Aparicio M (November 2013). "Vegetarianism: advantages and drawbacks in patients with chronic kidney diseases". Journal of Renal Nutrition. 23 (6): 399–405. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.08.004. PMID 24070587. ^ Bernstein AM, Treyzon L, Li Z (April 2007). "Are high-protein, vegetable-based diets safe for kidney function? A review of the literature". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 107 (4): 644–50. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.002. PMID 17383270. S2CID 39551628. ^ Smart NA, Dieberg G, Ladhani M, Titus T (June 2014). "Early referral to specialist nephrology services for preventing the progression to end-stage kidney disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD007333. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007333.pub2. PMID 24938824. ^ Dirkx TC, Woodell T, Watnick S (2017). Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (eds.). Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2018. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. External links ClassificationDICD-10: N17–N19ICD-9-CM: 584–585MeSH: D051437DiseasesDB: 26060 vteKidney diseaseGlomerular disease See Template:Glomerular disease Tubules Renal tubular acidosis proximal distal Acute tubular necrosis Genetic Fanconi syndrome Bartter syndrome Gitelman syndrome Liddle's syndrome Interstitium Interstitial nephritis Pyelonephritis Balkan endemic nephropathy Vascular Renal artery stenosis Renal ischemia Hypertensive nephropathy Renovascular hypertension Renal cortical necrosis General syndromes Nephritis Nephrosis Renal failure Acute renal failure Chronic kidney disease Uremia Other Analgesic nephropathy Renal osteodystrophy Nephroptosis Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome Diabetes insipidus Nephrogenic Renal papilla Renal papillary necrosis Major calyx/pelvis Hydronephrosis Pyonephrosis Reflux nephropathy vteOrgan failureGeneral Heart failure Respiratory failure Liver failure Acute Chronic Renal failure Acute Chronic Encephalopathy Multiple Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"acute kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"chronic kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hop2017-6"},{"link_name":"leg swelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"uremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia"},{"link_name":"hyperkalemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia"},{"link_name":"volume overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_overload"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blak2010-3"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"anaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MP2017-5"},{"link_name":"low blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"urinary tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract"},{"link_name":"muscle breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_breakdown"},{"link_name":"hemolytic uremic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_uremic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hop2017-6"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"nephrotic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"polycystic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hop2017-6"},{"link_name":"decreased urine production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguria"},{"link_name":"serum creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_creatinine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blak2010-3"},{"link_name":"glomerular filtration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate"},{"link_name":"renal replacement therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Che2005-1"},{"link_name":"chronic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Che2005-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clat2010-7"},{"link_name":"hemodialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis"},{"link_name":"peritoneal dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis"},{"link_name":"kidney transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"abdominal cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressant"},{"link_name":"rejection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_rejection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"},{"link_name":"PCORI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCORI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fer2018Acute-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Che2005-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fer2018ESKD-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hop2017-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"}],"text":"Medical conditionKidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels.[2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible.[6] Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion.[2] Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, hyperkalemia, and volume overload.[3] Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anaemia.[4][5]Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.[6] Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease.[6] Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as decreased urine production or increased serum creatinine.[3] Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy.[1] It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.[1]Treatment of acute failure depends on the underlying cause.[7] Treatment of chronic failure may include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a kidney transplant.[2] Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter the blood outside the body.[2] In peritoneal dialysis specific fluid is placed into the abdominal cavity and then drained, with this process being repeated multiple times per day.[2] Kidney transplantation involves surgically placing a kidney from someone else and then taking immunosuppressant medication to prevent rejection.[2] Other recommended measures from chronic disease include staying active and specific dietary changes.[2] Depression is also common among patients with kidney failure, and is associated with poor outcomes including higher risk of kidney function decline, hospitalization, and death. A recent PCORI-funded study of patients with kidney failure receiving outpatient hemodialysis found similar effectiveness between nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments for depression.[9]In the United States, acute failure affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year.[8] Chronic failure affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year.[1][10] Acute failure is often reversible while chronic failure often is not.[6] With appropriate treatment many with chronic disease can continue working.[2]","title":"Kidney failure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hepatorenal syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome"},{"link_name":"acute kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"chronic kidney failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure"},{"link_name":"creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Diagnostic_use"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"sonography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonography"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Hepatorenal syndromeKidney failure can be divided into two categories: acute kidney failure or chronic kidney failure. The type of renal failure is differentiated by the trend in the serum creatinine; other factors that may help differentiate acute kidney failure from chronic kidney failure include anemia and the kidney size on sonography as chronic kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size.[citation needed]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acute kidney injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"renal function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_function"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adam-13"},{"link_name":"oliguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliguria"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"mL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millilitres"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"fluid and electrolyte imbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-electrolyte_imbalance"},{"link_name":"paraquat intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat"},{"link_name":"hemodialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Acute kidney failure","text":"Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF),[11][12] is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function,[13] generally characterized by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults,[14] less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. AKI can result from a variety of causes, generally classified as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Many people diagnosed with paraquat intoxication experience AKI, sometimes requiring hemodialysis.[citation needed] The underlying cause must be identified and treated to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes.[citation needed]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CKD_-_Chronic_kidney_disease.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chronic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Chronic kidney failure","text":"Illustration of a kidney from a person with chronic renal failureChronic kidney disease (CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms.[15] CKD can be the long term consequence of irreversible acute disease or part of a disease progression.[citation needed] CKD is divided into 5 different stages (1-5) according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In CKD1 eGFR is normal and in CKD5 eGFR has decreased to less than 15 ml/min.[16]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Acute-on-chronic kidney failure","text":"Acute kidney injuries can be present on top of chronic kidney disease, a condition called acute-on-chronic kidney failure (AoCRF). The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible, and the goal of treatment, as with AKI, is to return the person to baseline kidney function, typically measured by serum creatinine. Like AKI, AoCRF can be difficult to distinguish from chronic kidney disease if the person has not been monitored by a physician and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.[citation needed]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"azotemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotemia"},{"link_name":"uraemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraemia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grinsted-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grinsted-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifeoptions-20"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"Vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"},{"link_name":"Nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"nocturia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturia"},{"link_name":"Blood in the urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_the_urine"},{"link_name":"phosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphates"},{"link_name":"Nonunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonunion"},{"link_name":"Muscle cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cramps"},{"link_name":"hyperphosphatemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemia"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"hyperkalemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Polycystic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"erythropoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin"},{"link_name":"bone marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"make oxygen-carrying red blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"Dizziness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proteinuria-22"},{"link_name":"Difficulty sleeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When the kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called azotemia. Very low levels of azotaemia may produce few, if any, symptoms. If the disease progresses, symptoms become noticeable (if the failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms). Kidney failure accompanied by noticeable symptoms is termed uraemia.[17]Symptoms of kidney failure include the following:[17][18][19][20]High levels of urea in the blood, which can result in:\nVomiting or diarrhea (or both) that may lead to dehydration\nNausea\nWeight loss\nNocturnal urination (nocturia)\nMore frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine\nLess frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine\nBlood in the urine\nPressure, or difficulty urinating\nUnusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities\nA buildup of phosphates in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out may cause:\nItching\nBone damage\nNonunion in broken bones\nMuscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can be associated with hyperphosphatemia)\nA buildup of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia) may cause:\nAbnormal heart rhythms\nMuscle paralysis[21]\nFailure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause:\nSwelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face\nShortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia)\nPolycystic kidney disease, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause:\nPain in the back or side\nHealthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen-carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. This can result in:\nFeeling tired or weak\nMemory problems\nDifficulty concentrating\nDizziness\nLow blood pressure\nNormally proteins are too large to pass through the kidneys. However they are able to pass through when the glomeruli are damaged. This does not cause symptoms until extensive kidney damage has occurred,[22] after which symptoms include:\nFoamy or bubbly urine\nSwelling in the hands, feet, abdomen, and face\nOther symptoms include:\nAppetite loss, which may include a bad taste in the mouth\nDifficulty sleeping\nDarkening of the skin\nExcess protein in the blood\nWith high doses of penicillin, people with kidney failure may experience seizures[23]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"crush syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_syndrome"},{"link_name":"toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"blood circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_circulation"},{"link_name":"limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_Ischemia"},{"link_name":"reperfusion injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reperfusion_injury"},{"link_name":"myoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus"},{"link_name":"rhabdomyolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis"},{"link_name":"ischemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia"},{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"nephrotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotoxicity"},{"link_name":"metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Acute kidney injury","text":"Acute kidney injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute kidney injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart-bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure.[citation needed]Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with bee stings[24] may also cause the onset of acute kidney injury. Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the person with AKI to resume a normal life. People with acute kidney injury require supportive treatment until their kidneys recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future kidney failure.[25]Among the accidental causes of renal failure is the crush syndrome, when large amounts of toxins are suddenly released in the blood circulation after a long compressed limb is suddenly relieved from the pressure obstructing the blood flow through its tissues, causing ischemia. The resulting overload can lead to the clogging and the destruction of the kidneys. It is a reperfusion injury that appears after the release of the crushing pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the release into the bloodstream of muscle breakdown products – notably myoglobin, potassium, and phosphorus – that are the products of rhabdomyolysis (the breakdown of skeletal muscle damaged by ischemic conditions). The specific action on the kidneys is not fully understood, but may be due in part to nephrotoxic metabolites of myoglobin.[citation needed]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diabetes mellitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Polycystic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ibuprofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen"},{"link_name":"acetaminophen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"hantavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Chronic kidney failure","text":"Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension.[26] Polycystic kidney disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. The majority of people affected with polycystic kidney disease have a family history of the disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is also a known cause of chronic kidney failure. Other genetic illnesses cause kidney failure, as well.[citation needed]Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.[27]Some infectious disease agents, such as hantavirus, can attack the kidneys, causing kidney failure.[28]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APOL1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOL1"},{"link_name":"HIV-associated nephropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy"},{"link_name":"focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_segmental_glomerulosclerosis"},{"link_name":"chronic kidney disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Genetic predisposition","text":"The APOL1 gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension affiliated chronic kidney disease not attributed to other etiologies.[29] Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.[30][31]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diagnostic approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glomerular filtration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate"},{"link_name":"Stage 5 CKD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_dialysis"},{"link_name":"kidney transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The National Kidney Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Kidney_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine"}],"sub_title":"Measurement for CKD","text":"Stages of kidney failureChronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using the person's GFR, or glomerular filtration rate. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stages 2 and 3 need increasing levels of supportive care from their medical providers to slow and treat their renal dysfunction. People with stage 4 and 5 kidney failure usually require preparation towards active treatment in order to survive. Stage 5 CKD is considered a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy (dialysis) or kidney transplant whenever feasible.[citation needed]Glomerular filtration rateA normal GFR varies according to many factors, including sex, age, body size and ethnic background. Renal professionals consider the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be the best overall index of kidney function.[32] The National Kidney Foundation offers an easy to use on-line GFR calculator[33] for anyone who is interested in knowing their glomerular filtration rate. (A serum creatinine level, a simple blood test, is needed to use the calculator.)","title":"Diagnostic approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"uremia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Use of the term uremia","text":"Before the advancement of modern medicine, renal failure was often referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term for the contamination of the blood with urea. It is the presence of an excessive amount of urea in blood. Starting around 1847, this included reduced urine output, which was thought to be caused by the urine mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra.[citation needed] The term uremia is now used for the illness accompanying kidney failure.[34]","title":"Diagnostic approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fractional sodium excretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretion"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web-35"},{"link_name":"creatinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Renal failure index","text":"Two other urinary indices, are the fractional sodium excretion (FENa) index and the renal failure index (RFI).[35] The renal failure index is equal to urine sodium times plasma creatinine divided by urine creatinine.[35] A FENa score greater than 3% or a renal failure index (RFI) greater than 3 are helpful in confirming acute renal failure.[36]","title":"Diagnostic approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_ischemia"},{"link_name":"peritoneal dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal perforation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation"},{"link_name":"acute pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Those with end stage renal failure who undergo haemodialysis have higher risk of spontaneous intra-abdominal bleeding than the general population (21.2%) and non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (18.1%). Meanwhile, those undergoing peritoneal dialysis have a higher chance of developing peritonitis and gastrointestinal perforation. However, the rate of acute pancreatitis does not differ from the general population.[37]","title":"Complications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clat2010-7"},{"link_name":"hemodialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis"},{"link_name":"peritoneal dialysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis"},{"link_name":"kidney transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH2017-2"}],"text":"The treatment of acute kidney injury depends on the cause.[7] The treatment of chronic kidney failure may include renal replacement therapy: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplant.[2]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"type 1 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes"},{"link_name":"type 2 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"plant-based diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"In non-diabetics and people with type 1 diabetes, a low protein diet is found to have a preventive effect on progression of chronic kidney disease. However, this effect does not apply to people with type 2 diabetes.[38] A whole food, plant-based diet may help some people with kidney disease.[39] A high protein diet from either animal or plant sources appears to have negative effects on kidney function at least in the short term.[40]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"nephrotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotoxicity"},{"link_name":"NSAIDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"intravenous contrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Slowing progression","text":"People who receive earlier referrals to a nephrology specialist, meaning a longer time before they must start dialysis, have a shorter initial hospitalization and reduced risk of death after the start of dialysis.[41] Other methods of reducing disease progression include minimizing exposure to nephrotoxins such as NSAIDs and intravenous contrast.[42]","title":"Treatment"}]

[{"image_text":"Illustration of a kidney from a person with chronic renal failure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CKD_-_Chronic_kidney_disease.jpg/220px-CKD_-_Chronic_kidney_disease.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Cheung AK (2005). Primer on Kidney Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 457. ISBN 1416023127.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BUE9-mY4FkoC&pg=PA457","url_text":"Primer on Kidney Diseases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1416023127","url_text":"1416023127"}]},{"reference":"\"Kidney Failure\". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/Kidney-disease/kidney-failure","url_text":"\"Kidney Failure\""}]},{"reference":"Blakeley S (2010). Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9781846289378.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G1-9oN0I4lAC&pg=PA19","url_text":"Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846289378","url_text":"9781846289378"}]},{"reference":"Liao MT, Sung CC, Hung KC, Wu CC, Lo L, Lu KC (2012). \"Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease\". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2012: 691369. doi:10.1155/2012/691369. PMC 3420350. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_sticker

Bumper sticker

["1 Purpose","2 Application and removal","3 History","4 Around the world","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]

Sticker placed on the back of a car Cadillac Eldorado displaying a 1968 Nixon-Agnew bumper sticker A bumper sticker is an adhesive label or sticker designed to be attached to the rear of a car or truck, often on the bumper. They are commonly sized at around 25.4 cm by 7.6 cm (10 in by 3 in) and are typically made of PVC. Bumper stickers serve various purposes, including personal expression, promotion, humor, or political activism. They encompass commercial, religious, secular, military, and sports-related themes, allowing individuals to showcase affiliations or support for various causes, regions, or groups. While they are widely used in the United States to display political support during elections, their prevalence is comparatively lower in countries like the United Kingdom. Before the emergence of bumper stickers, advertising took various forms, including horsefly nets, metal or cardboard bumper signs, and window shield decals. The advancement of fluorescent inks during World War II and the accessibility of pressure-sensitive and adhesive materials in the post-war period played a significant role in the development and widespread adoption of bumper stickers. Purpose "How's my driving" bumper stickers are often used on commercial vehicles so that employers can receive feedback about the driving habits of their employees. Bumper stickers can be commercial, religious, secular, humorous, or in support of a sports team or other organization. They may promote or oppose a particular philosophical or political position. Or they may go a different route and show a funny cartoon or punchline. In some countries, such as the United States, bumper stickers are a popular way of showing support for a candidate for a government seat and become more common during election years. In others, such as the United Kingdom, they are rarely seen in any form. One variety of bumper stickers is the country tag. This is typically used for cars crossing international borders, and is overseen by the United Nations as the Distinguishing Signs of Vehicles in International Traffic, being authorized by the UN's Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (1949) and Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Often the country code is displayed on the license plate itself. These have (usually in the United States) been appropriated into tags indicating a country with which the driver affiliates, or more humorously to indicate things like a region (OBX), support for rabbit rescue groups (BUN), etc. People who opt to exhibit their individuality through these decals may take part in more acts of road rage. Colorado State University social psychologist William Szlemko found that aggressive driving is linked to the number of markers a person has on their car, regardless of the messages portrayed. Application and removal Early bumper stickers had printed directions on the back removable liner for applying them to the bumper of a car. Due to the movement of the vehicle and changing weather conditions, the sticker needed to adhere well to the bumper surface. There are some "easy to remove" bumper stickers and magnetic bumper stickers. Bumper stickers can be removed with a razor blade, penetrating oil or a heat gun. Home remedies also include using common household items, such as WD-40 or paint thinner. History Before bumper stickers, advertisers used other methods of displaying their wares. In the horse-drawn carriage era, advertisers printed on horsefly nets with the name of a business. In the 1930s and 1940s, bumper signs were printed on metal or cardboard and wired to the chrome bumpers. Lester Dill, promoter of Meramec Caverns in Missouri, was an ardent adopter of the bumper sign to attract motorists to his site. Using a windowshield decal was another option. These paper strips could be wetted and placed inside a car window. However, these strips did not hold up well when placed on a bumper. Various factors contributed to the development of the bumper sticker. Developments in material manufacturing during World War II led to the widespread use of daylight fluorescent inks, which were invented by Bob Switzer and his brother Joe. These inks appeared to glow during the daytime and were useful to support various wartime activities; they were favored by early bumper sticker manufacturers after the war. In addition, the first commercially produced pressure-sensitive stickers appeared after World War II; new developments in adhesive materials led to the production of paper strips with adhesive on the back. In addition, increased use of vinyl by the general public after World War II led to the eventual use of this material in bumper stickers. Many experts credit Forest P. Gill, a silkscreen printer from Kansas City, USA, as the developer of the bumper sticker. Gill recognized that the self-adhesive paper used during the second world war could be used to advertise promotional products in the late 1940s and beyond. Early widespread uses of the advertising bumper sticker were for tourist attractions, such as Marine Gardens, Florida, Seven Falls, Colorado, Meramec Caverns in Missouri, and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Another popular advertisement was the "See Rock City" sticker. In the 1940s and 1950s, visitors to the site had a sticker applied to their car, which duplicated the famous signs painted on the roofs of barns throughout the southeastern USA. Tourist attraction staff would circulate through the parking lot, applying the promotional sticker to every car. The first documented presidential election that used adhesive bumper stickers in political campaigns was the 1952 election between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson II. Bumper stickers allowed citizens to show support for a candidate while still maintaining some anonymity. Bumper stickers have caused legal issues between people and states. In 1989, a man with a bumper sticker containing indecent wording was convicted. The man's conviction was reversed in Cunningham v. State (1991). The court referenced the First Amendment, stating "the provision regulating profane words on bumper stickers reaches a substantial amount of constitutionally protected speech and unconstitutionally restricts freedom of expression". Around the world This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Considerable variation exists around the world as to the context and purpose of stickers. For example many Veterans and military family members use military and war related stickers on their cars. They have also been extensively applied to rear windows as well, where legislative measures have not banned such use. For instance, in Sweden, this is the normal place to put them; bumper stickers are referred to as "bakrutedekal" in Swedish, meaning "rear window decal". More recently, bumper stickers have become a route for advertising and a few companies offer to match car owners to advertisers willing to pay for the ad. "Shirat Hasticker" ("The Sticker Song") by Hadag Nachash is an Israeli song composed entirely of bumper sticker slogans. Variants of the bumper sticker have developed in recent years, including vinyl decals meant to be applied to a car's rear windshield, and chrome emblems to be affixed to the body of the car itself, generally on the rear (the "Jesus fish" and its "Darwin fish" counterpart are popular examples). License plate frames and vanity plates can serve a similar purpose to bumper stickers, although the law may place restrictions on messages they display. Gallery Bumper sticker supporting the 1976 Gerald Ford presidential campaign. Bumper sticker with a Sinclair Lewis quote on a bicycle Country tag for Switzerland. The rear of a Nissan Versa displaying many bumper stickers. A Chevrolet Nova plastered all over with bumper stickers A Ford Escape with bumper stickers. Bumper sticker supporting the 2008 Obama-Biden presidential campaign. See also Country tag References ^ Vedantam, Shankar (2008-06-17). "Sign of road rage may be on bumper". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-17. ^ Baker, Whitney (2011). "Soapbox for the automobile: Bumper sticker history, identification, and preservation". Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals. 7 (2): 251–270. doi:10.1177/155019061100700302. hdl:1808/9874. S2CID 110814097. ^ a b Schwab, Armand (1952). "Bumpers tell tourist's story". The New York Times. No. June 15. pp. X13. ^ "A million a month! Screen processed bumper strips developing into big business". Screen Process Magazine (February): 26. 1953. ^ "Discover the history of the caverns". Meramec Caverns. America's Cave.com. 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016. ^ Levine, Richard (2013). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 456–457. ^ Pechuls, Anne (2003). "Forest P. Gill: Responsible and dependable". Promotional Products Business (April). ^ Kennedy, Pagan (2012). "Who made that bumper sticker?". The New York Times Magazine. No. September 12. Retrieved 29 January 2016. ^ Sheldon, Andrew (2021-05-11). "The Unique History of Bumper Stickers". Your AAA Network. Retrieved 2023-11-29. ^ Hanners, David (2000). "Candidates no longer favor bumper stickers; contenders prefer to spend their money on other ways . . ". No. September 24. Contra Costa Times. pp. A20. ^ "Lewd Bumper Stickers Upheld in Georgia". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1991-02-25. Retrieved 2021-12-18. ^ Hudson, David (2009). Encyclopedia of the First Amendment. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 978-0-87289-311-5. ^ "Bumper stickers, road rage & digital messaging". New Atlas. 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2023-11-29. ^ "5 Companies that Pay You to Advertise on Your Car: Get Paid For Your Commute". FinanceBuzz. 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-11-29. vteAutomotive designPart of a series of articles on carsBodyFramework Backbone chassis Beltline Body-on-frame Bumper Dagmar Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Fender ponton skirts Grille Hood scoop shaker Monocoque Overhang Pillar Platform Quarter panel Roof rack Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Hood/bonnet Trunk/boot/dickie Doors Butterfly Canopy Gull-wing Scissor Sliding Suicide Swan Glass Glass run channel Greenhouse Opera window Power window Quarter glass Sunroof Windshield/windscreen washer fluid wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front-end bra Hood ornament Instruments Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Parts Tire/tyre run-flat spare Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution ExteriorequipmentLighting Automotive light bulb types Daytime running lamp Headlamp hidden high-intensity discharge sealed beam trafficators Other elements Horn Side-view mirror power Tow hitch Window deflector Legal Registration plate vanity plate Theft Vehicle identification number (VIN) Category Commons Portal Authority control databases NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1968_Cadillac_Eldorado_Nixon_-_Flickr_-_That_Hartford_Guy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Eldorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado"},{"link_name":"Nixon-Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label"},{"link_name":"sticker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker"},{"link_name":"bumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"political activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"decals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Cadillac Eldorado displaying a 1968 Nixon-Agnew bumper stickerA bumper sticker is an adhesive label or sticker designed to be attached to the rear of a car or truck, often on the bumper. They are commonly sized at around 25.4 cm by 7.6 cm (10 in by 3 in) and are typically made of PVC.Bumper stickers serve various purposes, including personal expression, promotion, humor, or political activism. They encompass commercial, religious, secular, military, and sports-related themes, allowing individuals to showcase affiliations or support for various causes, regions, or groups. While they are widely used in the United States to display political support during elections, their prevalence is comparatively lower in countries like the United Kingdom.Before the emergence of bumper stickers, advertising took various forms, including horsefly nets, metal or cardboard bumper signs, and window shield decals. The advancement of fluorescent inks during World War II and the accessibility of pressure-sensitive and adhesive materials in the post-war period played a significant role in the development and widespread adoption of bumper stickers.","title":"Bumper sticker"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feedbackbumpersticker.jpg"},{"link_name":"How's my driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22How%27s_my_driving%3F%22_sign"},{"link_name":"country tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_license_plate_codes"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention on Road Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Road_Traffic"},{"link_name":"Vienna Convention on Road Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic"},{"link_name":"OBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"BUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Rabbit_Society"},{"link_name":"road rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_rage"},{"link_name":"Colorado State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University"},{"link_name":"social psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"How's my driving\" bumper stickers are often used on commercial vehicles so that employers can receive feedback about the driving habits of their employees.Bumper stickers can be commercial, religious, secular, humorous, or in support of a sports team or other organization. They may promote or oppose a particular philosophical or political position. Or they may go a different route and show a funny cartoon or punchline. In some countries, such as the United States, bumper stickers are a popular way of showing support for a candidate for a government seat and become more common during election years. In others, such as the United Kingdom, they are rarely seen in any form.One variety of bumper stickers is the country tag. This is typically used for cars crossing international borders, and is overseen by the United Nations as the Distinguishing Signs of Vehicles in International Traffic, being authorized by the UN's Geneva Convention on Road Traffic (1949) and Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968). Often the country code is displayed on the license plate itself.These have (usually in the United States) been appropriated into tags indicating a country with which the driver affiliates, or more humorously to indicate things like a region (OBX), support for rabbit rescue groups (BUN), etc.People who opt to exhibit their individuality through these decals may take part in more acts of road rage. Colorado State University social psychologist William Szlemko found that aggressive driving is linked to the number of markers a person has on their car, regardless of the messages portrayed.[1]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker-2"},{"link_name":"magnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic"},{"link_name":"razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor"},{"link_name":"penetrating oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrating_oil"},{"link_name":"heat gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_gun"},{"link_name":"WD-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WD-40"},{"link_name":"paint thinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_thinner"}],"text":"Early bumper stickers had printed directions on the back removable liner for applying them to the bumper of a car.[2] Due to the movement of the vehicle and changing weather conditions, the sticker needed to adhere well to the bumper surface.There are some \"easy to remove\" bumper stickers and magnetic bumper stickers. Bumper stickers can be removed with a razor blade, penetrating oil or a heat gun. Home remedies also include using common household items, such as WD-40 or paint thinner.","title":"Application and removal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwab-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Meramec Caverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meramec_Caverns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caverns-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwab-3"},{"link_name":"daylight fluorescent inks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight_paint"},{"link_name":"Bob Switzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Switzer"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"pressure-sensitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kennedy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Meramec Caverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meramec_Caverns"},{"link_name":"Lookout Mountain, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"See Rock City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_City_(roadside_attraction)"},{"link_name":"political campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign"},{"link_name":"1952 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Adlai Stevenson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanners-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Before bumper stickers, advertisers used other methods of displaying their wares. In the horse-drawn carriage era, advertisers printed on horsefly nets with the name of a business.[3] In the 1930s and 1940s, bumper signs were printed on metal or cardboard and wired to the chrome bumpers.[4] Lester Dill, promoter of Meramec Caverns in Missouri, was an ardent adopter of the bumper sign to attract motorists to his site.[5] Using a windowshield decal was another option. These paper strips could be wetted and placed inside a car window.[3] However, these strips did not hold up well when placed on a bumper.Various factors contributed to the development of the bumper sticker. Developments in material manufacturing during World War II led to the widespread use of daylight fluorescent inks, which were invented by Bob Switzer and his brother Joe. These inks appeared to glow during the daytime and were useful to support various wartime activities[further explanation needed]; they were favored by early bumper sticker manufacturers after the war. In addition, the first commercially produced pressure-sensitive stickers appeared after World War II; new developments in adhesive materials led to the production of paper strips with adhesive on the back.[6] In addition, increased use of vinyl by the general public after World War II led to the eventual use of this material in bumper stickers.[clarification needed][citation needed]Many experts credit Forest P. Gill, a silkscreen printer from Kansas City, USA, as the developer of the bumper sticker.[7][8] Gill recognized that the self-adhesive paper used during the second world war could be used to advertise promotional products in the late 1940s and beyond.Early widespread uses of the advertising bumper sticker were for tourist attractions,[9] such as Marine Gardens, Florida, Seven Falls, Colorado, Meramec Caverns in Missouri, and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Another popular advertisement was the \"See Rock City\" sticker. In the 1940s and 1950s, visitors to the site had a sticker applied to their car, which duplicated the famous signs painted on the roofs of barns throughout the southeastern USA. Tourist attraction staff would circulate through the parking lot, applying the promotional sticker to every car.The first documented presidential election that used adhesive bumper stickers in political campaigns was the 1952 election between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson II.[10] Bumper stickers allowed citizens to show support for a candidate while still maintaining some anonymity.Bumper stickers have caused legal issues between people and states. In 1989, a man with a bumper sticker containing indecent wording was convicted.[11] The man's conviction was reversed in Cunningham v. State (1991). The court referenced the First Amendment, stating \"the provision regulating profane words on bumper stickers reaches a substantial amount of constitutionally protected speech and unconstitutionally restricts freedom of expression\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Shirat Hasticker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirat_Hasticker"},{"link_name":"Hadag Nachash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadag_Nachash"},{"link_name":"Jesus fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_fish"},{"link_name":"Darwin fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_fish"},{"link_name":"License plate frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate#Placement"},{"link_name":"vanity plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_plate"}],"text":"Considerable variation exists around the world as to the context and purpose of stickers. For example many Veterans and military family members use military and war related stickers on their cars.They have also been extensively applied to rear windows as well, where legislative measures have not banned such use. For instance, in Sweden, this is the normal place to put them; bumper stickers are referred to as \"bakrutedekal\" in Swedish, meaning \"rear window decal\".[13]More recently,[14] bumper stickers have become a route for advertising and a few companies offer to match car owners to advertisers willing to pay for the ad.\"Shirat Hasticker\" (\"The Sticker Song\") by Hadag Nachash is an Israeli song composed entirely of bumper sticker slogans.Variants of the bumper sticker have developed in recent years, including vinyl decals meant to be applied to a car's rear windshield, and chrome emblems to be affixed to the body of the car itself, generally on the rear (the \"Jesus fish\" and its \"Darwin fish\" counterpart are popular examples).License plate frames and vanity plates can serve a similar purpose to bumper stickers, although the law may place restrictions on messages they display.","title":"Around the world"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1976_campaign_bumper_sticker.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:When_fascism_comes_to_America.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH_international_vehicle_registration_oval.jpg"},{"link_name":"Country tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_tag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_with_Many_Bumper_Stickers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nissan Versa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Versa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bumper-sticker-car.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevy_II_/_Nova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quebec_Right-Wing_Bumper_Stickers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_Biden_2008_bumper_sticker_(2810891603).jpg"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"}],"text":"Bumper sticker supporting the 1976 Gerald Ford presidential campaign.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBumper sticker with a Sinclair Lewis quote on a bicycle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCountry tag for Switzerland.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe rear of a Nissan Versa displaying many bumper stickers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Chevrolet Nova plastered all over with bumper stickers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Ford Escape with bumper stickers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBumper sticker supporting the 2008 Obama-Biden presidential campaign.","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"Cadillac Eldorado displaying a 1968 Nixon-Agnew bumper sticker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1968_Cadillac_Eldorado_Nixon_-_Flickr_-_That_Hartford_Guy.jpg/310px-1968_Cadillac_Eldorado_Nixon_-_Flickr_-_That_Hartford_Guy.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"How's my driving\" bumper stickers are often used on commercial vehicles so that employers can receive feedback about the driving habits of their employees.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Feedbackbumpersticker.jpg/220px-Feedbackbumpersticker.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Country tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_tag"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_measures_of_Colorado

List of Colorado ballot measures

["1 Background","2 Types of ballot measures","2.1 Citizen-initiated","2.2 Government-initiated","3 1800s","3.1 1877","3.2 1880","3.3 1881","3.4 1882","3.5 1884","3.6 1886","3.7 1887","3.8 1888","3.9 1890","3.10 1892","3.11 1893","3.12 1894","3.13 1896","4 1900–1949","4.1 1900","4.2 1902","4.3 1904","4.4 1906","4.5 1908","4.6 1910","4.7 1912","4.8 1914","4.9 1916","4.10 1918","4.11 1920","4.12 1922","4.13 1924","4.14 1926","4.15 1928","4.16 1930","4.17 1932","4.18 1934","4.19 1936","4.20 1938","4.21 1940","4.22 1942","4.23 1944","4.24 1946","4.25 1948","5 1950–1999","5.1 1950","5.2 1952","5.3 1954","5.4 1956","5.5 1958","5.6 1960","5.7 1962","5.8 1964","5.9 1966","5.10 1968","5.11 1970","5.12 1972","5.13 1974","5.14 1976","5.15 1978","5.16 1980","5.17 1982","5.18 1984","5.19 1986","5.20 1988","5.21 1990","5.22 1992","5.23 1993","5.24 1994","5.25 1995","5.26 1996","5.27 1997","5.28 1998","5.29 1999","6 2000–present","6.1 2000","6.2 2001","6.3 2002","6.4 2003","6.5 2004","6.6 2005","6.7 2006","6.8 2008","6.9 2010","6.10 2011","6.11 2012","6.12 2013","6.13 2014","6.14 2015","6.15 2016","6.16 2018","6.17 2019","6.18 2020","6.19 2021","6.20 2022","6.21 2023","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado) List of ballot measures in the U.S. State of Colorado Elections in Colorado Federal government Presidential elections 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential caucuses and primaries Democratic 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1876 1879 1883 sp 1885 1889 1891 1895 1897 1901 1903 1907 1909 1913 1913 sp 1914 1918 1920 1924 1924 sp 1926 1930 1932 1932 sp 1936 1938 1942 1942 sp 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1927 1st sp 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 3rd sp 1941 4th sp 1942 1944 1st sp 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1983 6th sp 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 4th sp State government General elections 2010 2014 2018 2020 2022 Gubernatorial elections 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Secretary of State elections 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Treasurer elections 2022 Senate elections 2013 (recall) 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures List of Colorado ballot measures 2004 36 2006 38 41 42 43 44 E F G H I J K 2008 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 58 59 L 2010 62 2012 64 2018 A 2020 B C EE 113 114 2022 125 126 FF 2023 HH II 2024 89 Colorado Springs Local elections 2019 Mayoral elections 1995 1997 sp 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Denver Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 El Paso County Local elections 2018 Pueblo Mayoral elections 2023–24 vte The U.S. state of Colorado has had a system of direct voting since gaining statehood in 1876. Citizens and the Colorado General Assembly both have the ability to place new legislation, those recently passed by the General Assembly, and constitutional amendments on the ballot for a popular vote. Colorado has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a statewide election: initiatives, referendums, and legislatively referred measures. In order to be placed on the ballot, supporters of a measure must gather signatures from registered voters. From 1877 to 1910, the only ballot measures allowed were legislatively referred measures. In 1910, Referendum 3 was placed on the ballot by the General Assembly and passed, creating a citizen-led process for initiatives and referendums. The first successful citizen-initiated measures were passed in 1912. Since that time, ballot measures have played a major role in Colorado politics. After Denver was awarded the hosting rights to the 1976 Winter Olympics, citizens moved to block funding the games with a ballot measure in 1972. A 1990 ballot measure instituting term limits for many elected officials helped galvanize a nationwide movement for term limits, and 2000's Amendment 20 legalized the medical use of marijuana. That measure was followed by full decriminalization in 2012 and the decriminalization of psilocybin mushrooms in 2022. Background A Colorado woman campaigns for women's suffrage The 1876 Constitution of Colorado included procedures for the General Assembly to place measures on the ballot in a statewide election. In the 1890s, a grassroots movement to increase citizen power began, culminating in a special session of the legislature to discuss initiative and referendums in 1910. That session resulted in 1910's Referendum 3, which passed with over 76% of the vote and created a citizen-initiated process. From 1877 to 2016, constitutional amendments required only a simple majority to pass. In 2016, Amendment 71 passed and raised the threshold to 55%. In 2020, as part of his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Jared Polis issued an emergency rule allowing petition signature gatherers to do so via email and mail, rather than in-person efforts. The change, while upheld by the Denver District Court, was overturned by the Colorado Supreme Court later that year. After the 1876 Constitution was adopted, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment which would have granted women the right to vote was placed on the ballot for the 1877 election.: 92  The measure failed, with over two-thirds of voters against it. Henry Blackwell, a founder of the American Woman Suffrage Association, summed up the unsuccessful campaign by saying "Woman Suffrage can never be carried by a popular vote without a political party behind it". Blackwell was proven correct in 1893 when, in part due to gains made by the Colorado People's Party in the General Assembly, voters supported a women's suffrage ballot measure by a 55-45 margin.: 124–158  In 1970, the International Olympic Committee granted Denver hosting rights for the 1976 Winter Olympics. Governor John Love claimed that the games would cost taxpayers only $5,000,000. Activists quickly noted a wide variety of issues with the state's cost estimate, however, including a lack of transportation infrastructure, no planning for the Olympic Village, and issues with planned events sites. A petition for 1972's Measure 8 quickly reached the necessary 51,000 signatures and 60% of Coloradans voted to prohibit the state from funding the Olympics. Later estimates found that the cost for Denver to host the games would have been $92,000,000, over 18 times the state's estimate. Richard Lamm, who was a leader in the local anti-Olympics movement, would later parlay his fame from the measure into three terms as Governor. Commercial marijuana operations, such as the one pictured, were legalized as a result of 2012's Amendment 64. The 1984 ballot included Amendment 3, which barred the use of state funds for abortion services. The measure passed by less than one percentage point and gave Colorado the distinction of being both the first state to decriminalize abortion, having done so in 1967, and the first state to prohibit the government from funding it. 1990's Amendment 5 has been credited by the Initiative & Referendum Institute as having started the term limits movement in the United States and was followed by similar initiatives in 1994 and 1996. Colorado's efforts were unique because they placed term limits on members of Congress in addition to state-level officials. The term-limits movement resulted in the Supreme Court case U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), which determined that states could not place restrictions on congresspeople beyond the constitutional requirements. In 2000, Amendment 20 passed with 54% of the vote and legalized the medical use of marijuana in the state. It was followed by 2012's Amendment 64, which passed by similar margins and legalized the recreational use of marijuana. The Economist described the vote as "an electoral first not only for America but for the world." Colorado continued this trend of loosening drug policy in 2022 when voters passed Proposition 122 and legalized the use of psilocybin mushrooms in designated "healing centers". Types of ballot measures Citizen-initiated The Constitution of Colorado grants citizens some initiative and referendum powers in Article V. In order for a measure to be placed on the ballot, a petition must receive signatures equal to 5% of the votes cast in the previous election. The governor's veto power does not extend to citizen-initiated measures, which go into effect within one month of election returns being certified. Initiatives create new state statutes or constitutional amendments. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least three months before the upcoming election. Referendums repeal legislation passed in the previous General Assembly session. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least 90 days after the previous General Assembly session adjourns. Government-initiated At the General Assembly's discretion, the legislature may place additional measures on the ballot. Article XIX of the Constitution requires that constitutional amendments passed by the legislature be voted on in the next general election. The General Assembly can also vote to place statute changes and proposed spending on the general election ballot. 1800s 1877 Ballot Measures from 1877 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum 1 A constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote Failed 6,612 (32.00%) 14,053 (68.00%) 1880 Ballot Measures from 1880 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring uniform taxation Passed 19,198 (84.80%) 3,436 (15.20%) 1881 Ballot Measures from 1881 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes State Capital Referendum A referendum on whether the permanent location of the state capital should be Denver or some other location Passed 30,248 (66.48%) 15,249 (33.52%) 1882 Ballot Measures from 1882 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment establishing salaries for some state officials Passed 32,858 (79.00%) 8,738 (21.00%) 1884 Ballot Measures from 1884 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 3(a) A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures Passed 47,020 (88.00%) 6,413 (12.00%) Amendment 3(b) A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures Passed 45,080 (87.90%) 6,188 (12.10%) Amendment 3(c) A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures Passed 45,394 (88.00%) 6,180 (12.00%) 1886 Ballot Measures from 1886 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment vesting judicial power in the state court system Passed 17,068 (63.90%) 9,629 (36.10%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment relating to "original jurisdiction" Passed 16,897 (64.10%) 9,453 (35.90%) Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment providing for additional judges on the Colorado Supreme Court Failed 6,478 (30.00%) 15,132 (70.00%) Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to establish criminal courts Failed 7,549 (29.00%) 18,512 (71.00%) Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to create police magistrates Failed 7,148 (27.80%) 18,553 (72.20%) Amendment 9 A constitutional amendment relating to judges on Colorado district courts Passed 14,938 (57.90%) 10,867 (42.10%) Amendment 10 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to modify the state court system Passed 14,568 (51.00%) 14,022 (49.00%) 1887 Ballot Measures from 1887 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to the public debt Passed -- -- 1888 Ballot Measures from 1888 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt Passed 15,212 (53.20%) 13,385 (46.80%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment raising property taxes Failed 749 (7.90%) 8,778 (92.10%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt Passed 13,921 (51.30%) 13,209 (48.70%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment limiting the reasons to contract public debt Passed -- -- 1890 Ballot Measures from 1890 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the size and salaries of the Colorado Supreme Court Failed 15,283 (42.10%) 20,991 (57.90%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment relating to "compensation and services" Failed 15,395 (43.40%) 20,078 (56.60%) 1892 Ballot Measures from 1892 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to uniform taxation Passed 13,713 (52.70%) 12,294 (47.30%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment relating to the maximum tax rate Passed 12,440 (51.50%) 11,731 (48.50%) 1893 Ballot Measures from 1893 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 2 A constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote Passed 35,798 (54.90%) 29,451 (45.10%) 1894 Ballot Measures from 1894 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to locality's "pledging of credit" Failed 26,434 (33.80%) 51,711 (66.20%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment relating to limits on state debt Failed 22,393 (29.50%) 53,634 (70.50%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment relating to city debt Failed 21,293 (29.70%) 50,513 (70.30%) 1896 Ballot Measures from 1896 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to limits on state debt Failed 25,340 (38.90%) 39,790 (61.10%) 1900–1949 1900 Ballot Measures from 1900 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to the process to amend the constitution Passed 31,471 (73.10%) 11,568 (26.90) 1902 Ballot Measures from 1902 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county commissioners Passed 49,646 (65.10%) 26,559 (34.90%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment relating to the city and county of Denver Passed 59,750 (69.90%) 25,767 (30.1%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment relating to the eight-hour work day Passed 72,980 (73.50%) 26,266 (26.50%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment relating to voter qualifications Passed 44,769 (62.30%) 27,077 (37.70%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for district attorneys Passed 45,191 (64.20%) 25,243 (35.80%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment relating to property tax exemptions Failed 32,710 (31.10%) 72,370 (68.90%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment relating to tax limits Failed 31,527 (31.10%) 69,741 (68.90%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for justices of the peace Passed 48,682 (65.10%) 26,082 (34.90%) Measure 9 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county officials Passed 48,944 (65.20%) 26,140 (34.80%) Measure 10 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process for county judges Passed 44,856 (63.90%) 25,326 (36.10%) 1904 Ballot Measures from 1904 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to exemptions to uniform taxation Passed 42,696 (80.30%) 10,444 (19.70%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment relating to the Colorado Supreme Court Passed 5,863 (56.40%) 4,528 (43.60%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment relating to the Colorado Supreme Court Passed 5,006 (54.50%) 4,174 (45.50%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment relating to the Colorado Supreme Court Passed 5,389 (55.70%) 4,293 (44.30%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment relating to the Colorado Supreme Court Passed 5,264 (55.50%) 4,218 (44.50%) 1906 Ballot Measures from 1906 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment relating to the election process and voting machines Passed 27,460 (72.40%) 10,467 (27.60%) 1908 Ballot Measures from 1908 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum 1 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of paying outstanding warrants Failed 26,254 (48.98%) 27,352 (51.02%) Referendum 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the salaries of state officials and judges Failed 16,088 (29.88%) 37,753 (70.12%) Referendum 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the salaries of county officials Failed 18,558 (39.00%) 29,022 (61.00%) 1910 Ballot Measures from 1910 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum 1 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of paying outstanding warrants Passed 40,054 (50.39%) 39,441 (49.61%) Referendum 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the Colorado Board of Land Commissioners Passed 42,128 (66.42%) 21,300 (33.58%) Referendum 3 A constitutional amendment creating an initiative and referendum process in the state Passed 89,141 (76.95%) 26,698 (23.05%) Referendum 4 A constitutional amendment modifying the salaries of state legislators Passed 39,245 (55.83%) 31,047 (44.17%) Referendum 5 A constitutional amendment relating to higher education institutions Passed 59,295 (79.70%) 15,105 (20.30%) 1912 Ballot Measures from 1912 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment prohibiting alcoholic beverages statewide Failed 75,877 (39.39%) 116,774 (60.61%) Measure 2 An initiative allowing search and seizure to enforce prohibition laws Failed 64,616 (44.93%) 79,190 (55.07%) Measure 3 An initiative creating an eight-hour workday for female employees Passed 108,959 (77.29%) 32,019 (22.71%) Measure 4 An initiative establishing regulations for public service corporations Failed 30,347 (32.12%) 64,138 (67.88%) Measure 5 An initiative establishing a Colorado State Fair Failed 49,102 (48.35%) 52,462 (51.65%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment allocating funds for the Colorado Immigration Bureau Failed 30,359 (35.87%) 54,272 (64.13%) Measure 7 An initiative introducing cost-saving measures for publicizing future ballot measures Failed 39,551 (43.85%) 50,635 (56.15%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment allowing home rule for counties Passed 49,596 (52.55%) 44,778 (47.45%) Measure 9 A constitutional amendment establishing a recall process for elected officials Passed 53,620 (57.54%) 39,564 (42.46%) Measure 10 An initiative modifying election laws Failed 37,616 (49.40%) 38,537 (50.60%) Measure 11 An initiative establishing a special election system for ballot measures Failed 33,413 (45.12%) 40,634 (54.88%) Measure 12 A constitutional amendment establishing a definition for "contempt of court" and allowing for jury trials for such charges Failed 31,850 (43.21%) 41,855 (56.79%) Measure 13 A constitutional amendment establishing a public utilities court with exclusive power over rates Failed 27,534 (34.70%) 51,820 (65.30%) Measure 14 An initiative providing for a "headless ballot" to be used in elections Passed 43,390 (52.34%) 39,504 (47.66%) Measure 15 A constitutional amendment extending wider control of schools to the public Failed 38,318 (40.76%) 55,691 (59.24%) Measure 16 A constitutional amendment establishing juvenile courts in localities with populations greater than 100,000 people Passed 55,416 (57.54%) 40,891 (42.46%) Measure 17 An initiative to allocate some public aid to supporting the children of single mothers Passed 82,337 (68.50%) 37,870 (31.50%) Measure 18 An initiative modifying the laws relating to civil service Passed 38,426 (52.13%) 35,282 (47.87%) Measure 19 An initiative establishing an eight-hour workday for people working in underground mines, smelters, mills, and coke ovens Passed 52,525 (51.85%) 48,777 (48.15%) Measure 20 An initiative allocating control of some funds to the Colorado Highway Commission Failed 44,568 (49.70%) 45,101 (50.30%) Measure 21 A referendum to uphold a law requiring teacher examinations Failed 25,369 (31.93%) 54,086 (68.07%) Measure 22 A referendum upholding a law modifying water rights relating to irrigation Failed 22,931 (32.51%) 47,614 (67.49%) Measure 23 A referendum upholding a law which altered the rules surrounding the branding of livestock Failed 37,387 (49.77%) 337,740 (50.23%) Measure 24 A constitutional amendment replacing the Colorado Board of Equalization with the Colorado Tax Commission Failed 32,548 (44.86%) 40,012 (55.14%) Measure 25 A referendum upholding a law which established an eight-hour workday for people working in underground mines, smelters, and coke ovens Passed 69,489 (69.16%) 30,992 (30.84%) Measure 26 A referendum upholding a law requiring teachers to attend summer trainings Failed 23,521 (27.10%) 63,266 (72.90%) Measure 27 A constitutional amendment allowing county officials to be paid from outside sources Failed 28,889 (40.97%) 41,622 (59.03%) Measure 28 A constitutional amendment raising the limitation on county debts Failed 29,741 (38.61%) 47,284 (61.39%) Measure 29 A referendum upholding a law which changed some rules related to the management of public funds Failed 20,968 (32.12%) 44,322 (67.88%) Measure 30 A constitutional amendment defining mining and smelting as public interests Failed 35,997 (48.68%) 37,953 (51.32%) Measure 31 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of funding state highways Failed 36,636 (40.72%) 53,327 (59.28%) Measure 32 An initiative authorizing the construction of a tunnel through James Peak Failed 45,800 (32.95%) 93,183 (67.05%) 1914 Ballot Measures from 1914 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment requiring that rejected measures not be placed on the ballot again until six years have passed Failed 55,667 (33.09%) 112,537 (66.91%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment prohibiting alcohol Passed 129,589 (52.30%) 118,176 (47.70%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment allowing women to serve as jurors and requiring 3/4 of jurors to agree for a verdict to be reached Failed 67,130 (46.42%) 77,488 (53.58%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment creating a process by which citizens could petition for a special election solely for ballot measures Failed 40,643 (33.42%) 80,977 (66.58%) Measure 5 An initiative to codify some laws relating to women and children Failed 68,242 (48.62%) 72,122 (51.38%) Measure 6 An initiative providing for probation in criminal cases involving minors and first offenders Failed 62,561 (47.73%) 68,512 (52.27%) Measure 7 An initiative increasing the state roads fund for the purpose of constructing new highways Passed 117,146 (68.51%) 53,844 (31.49%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment defining newspapers as public utilities Failed 35,752 (28.11%) 91,426 (71.89%) Measure 9 A referendum upholding a law relating to the capitalization of public utilities Failed 37,633 (37.20%) 63,603 (62.80%) Measure 10 A referendum upholding a law relating to the licensing and regulation of commission merchants Failed 39,448 (36.90%) 67,454 (63.10%) Measure 11 A referendum upholding a law relieving employees from assuming risk of injury or death Passed 69,006 (53.37%) 60,298 (46.63%) Measure 12 A referendum upholding a law which altered the peace officer appointment process Failed 49,116 (42.36%) 66,836 (57.64%) Measure 13 A referendum upholding a law relating to a public utilities commission Failed 39,703 (37.85%) 65,182 (62.15%) Measure 14 A constitutional amendment allowing localities sixty years to make up for any indebtedness Failed 38,589 (37.18%) 65,206 (62.82%) Measure 15 A constitutional amendment relating to the equalization of tax assessments Passed 55,987 (50.32%) 55,275 (49.68%) Measure 16 An initiative introducing cost-saving measures for publicizing future ballot measures Failed 48,301 (46.19%) 56,259 (53.81%) 1916 Ballot Measures from 1916 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A referendum upholding a law relating to medical practice regulation Passed 96,879 (54.06%) 82,317 (45.94%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment to codify the state civil service Failed 62,458 (39.28%) 96,561 (60.72%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment exempting beer from existing prohibitions on alcohol Failed 77,345 (32.16%) 163,134 (67.84%) Measure 4 An initiative establishing treatment procedures for people with mental illnesses Passed 164,220 (80.64%) 39,415 (19.36%) Measure 5 An initiative abolishing the Colorado Tax Commission and transferring its duties to the Colorado Board of Equalization Failed 80,362 (48.89%) 84,011 (51.11%) Measure 6 An initiative relating to the regulation of livestock running Failed 85,279 (35.47%) 155,134 (64.53%) Measure 7 An initiative allowing for the investment of public school funds Passed 102,956 (60.92%) 66,058 (39.08%) Measure 8 An measure calling for a constitutional convention Failed 53,530 (43.48%) 69,579 (56.52%) 1918 Ballot Measures from 1918 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 An initiative providing public aid for blind adults Passed 131,469 (93.30%) 9,440 (6.70%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment codifying the state civil service Passed 75,301 (64.59%) 41,287 (35.41%) Measure 3 An initiative strengthening existing alcohol prohibition Passed 113,636 (63.71%) 64,740 (36.29%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment limiting the time for state legislators to introduce bills from 25 days to 15 days Passed 67,693 (77.28%) 19,901 (22.72%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment relating to the publication of ballot measures before the election Passed 98,715 (88.97%) 12,237 (11.03%) 1920 Ballot Measures from 1920 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 An initiative establishing fixed hours for city fire department employees Passed 113,140 (57.80%) 82,596 (42.20%) Measure 2 An initiative requiring the licensing and regulation of chiropractors Failed 84,286 (43.52%) 109,385 (56.48%) Measure 3 An initiative creating a county called Limon County Failed 34,881 (19.81%) 141,239 (80.19%) Measure 4 An initiative creating a county called Flagler County Failed 33,295 (19.17%) 140,363 (80.83%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of building the Moffat, Monarch, and San Juan Tunnels Failed 101,841 (44.68%) 126,099 (55.32%) Measure 6 An initiative allocating $350,000 for the creation of a Psychopathic Hospital and Laboratory (equivalent to $5,323,256 in 2023) Passed 155,049 (75.51%) 50,295 (24.49%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment creating a property tax for the purpose of funding state educational facilities Passed 160,268 (75.39%) 52,324 (24.61%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue a $5,000,000 bond for the purpose of constructing new highways (equivalent to $76,046,512 in 2023) Passed 100,130 (58.51%) 70,997 (41.49%) Measure 9 A constitutional amendment increasing the number of county judges Failed 35,095 (26.49%) 97,398 (73.51%) Measure 10 A constitutional amendment increasing the salaries of constitutional offices and judges Failed 49,313 (30.40%) 112,878 (69.60%) 1922 Ballot Measures from 1922 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue $1,500,000 in bonds for the purpose of constructing new highways (equivalent to $27,304,175 in 2023) Passed 131,271 (66.36%) 66,536 (33.64%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment creating a public utilities commission Failed 75,061 (41.08%) 107,655 (58.92%) Measure 3 An initiative reapportioning seats in the Colorado General Assembly Failed 61,502 (37.72%) 101,537 (62.28%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to issue some exemptions from the ad valorem tax and create an income tax Failed 42,466 (26.08%) 120,355 (73.92%) Measure 5 An initiative relating to experimental operations on humans and animals Failed 35,476 (16.61%) 178,120 (83.39%) Measure 6 A measure calling for a constitutional convention Failed 53,015 (36.29%) 93,081 (63.71%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment relating to the location and control of higher education institutions Passed 87,282 (59.95%) 58,315 (40.05%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment establishing four-year terms for some county officials Failed 37,945 (26.40%) 105,782 (73.60%) Measure 9 A constitutional amendment establishing four-year terms for some state officials Failed 40,081 (28.54%) 100,367 (71.46%) Measure 10 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to grant non-citizens the ability to own property Failed 43,074 (31.15%) 95,219 (68.85%) 1924 Ballot Measures from 1924 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment establishing a state printer and a printing building committee Failed 32,150 (12.48%) 225,505 (87.52%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of paying bonuses to military members Failed 91,510 (43.35%) 119,586 (56.65%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to set salaries for state officials Failed 67,230 (34.20%) 129,344 (65.80%) 1926 Ballot Measures from 1926 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to set salaries for state officials and judges Failed 95,625 (47.73%) 104,709 (52.27%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to set salaries for county officials Failed 60,086 (33.69%) 118,284 (66.31%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to modify vehicle registration fees Failed 68,459 (33.77%) 134,292 (66.23%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to regulate alcohol Failed 107,749 (41.06%) 154,672 (58.94%) Measure 6 An initiative allowing dentists licensed in other states to practice in Colorado Failed 56,433 (23.59%) 182,816 (76.41%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment creating a public utilities commission Failed 35,137 (17.88%) 161,372 (82.12%) Measure 8 An initiative creating a fuel tax and vehicle registration fees and mandating that all revenues be used exclusively for roads Failed 81,762 (35.98%) 145,482 (64.02%) 1928 Ballot Measures from 1928 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to set salaries for state officials and judges Passed 134,724 (53.09%) 119,060 (46.91%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment requiring that voters on issues related to school funding be property tax payers Failed 69,005 (30.80%) 155,018 (69.20%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment modifying eminent domain rules Failed 32,294 (16.97%) 157,973 (83.03%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue $60,000,000 in bonds for the purpose of constructing new highways (equivalent to $1,064,651,163 in 2023) Failed 82,422 (32.16%) 173,881 (67.84%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment creating an elected Board of Education Failed 84,416 (34.84%) 157,889 (65.16%) 1930 Ballot Measures from 1930 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A measure calling for a constitutional convention Failed 93,879 (48.97%) 97,826 (51.03%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment creating an elected Board of Education Failed 70,643 (32.05%) 149,770 (67.95%) 1932 Ballot Measures from 1932 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment making some county positions hold a four-year term Failed 102,117 (37.57%) 169,703 (62.43%) Measure 2 A referendum upholding a law which increased the oleomargarine tax from 10 cents to 15 cents a pound Failed 134,313 (38.16%) 217,671 (61.84%) Measure 3 An initiative reapportioning seats in the Colorado General Assembly Passed 162,871 (53.07%) 144,037 (46.93%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to create a graduated income tax Failed 85,573 (27.49%) 225,713 (72.51%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to create a limited income tax Failed 101,438 (32.11%) 214,464 (67.89%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment limiting fuel taxes Failed 124,610 (33.37%) 248,801 (66.63%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment repealing the statewide alcohol prohibition Passed 233,311 (56.07%) 182,771 (43.93%) 1934 Ballot Measures from 1934 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment centralizing most authority with the Governor of Colorado Failed 102,117 (37.57%) 169,703 (62.43%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment relating to civil service reform Failed 60,745 (24.02%) 192,140 (75.98%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment eliminating uniform taxation Failed 107,457 (39.98%) 161,952 (60.11%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment granting voters authority to approve new taxes Failed 126,649 (45.93%) 149,098 (54.07%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment requiring that taxes related to gasoline and vehicles be allocated exclusively for roads Passed 160,482 (54.68%) 132,994 (45.32%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment limiting fuel taxes to 3 cents Failed 87,090 (31.69%) 187,720 (68.31%) Measure 7 An initiative to requiring chain stores to pay license fees Passed 197,144 (55.80%) 156,147 (44.20%) 1936 Ballot Measures from 1936 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment establishing an ownership tax on motor vehicles Passed 218,795 (66.90%) 108,270 (33.10%) Measure 2 An initiative providing public assistance to sufferers of tuberculosis below a certain income level Passed 176,872 (56.98%) 133,516 (43.02%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment limiting tax rates based on the size of a town Failed 60,228 (17.52%) 283,583 (82.48%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to establish an income tax Failed 67,155 (20.40%) 262,022 (79.60%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment providing a pension of $45 a month to the elderly (equivalent to $988 in 2023) Passed 239,289 (64.04%) 134,377 (35.96%) Measure 6 An initiative modifying the laws relating to worker's compensation Passed 203,195 (63.91%) 114,733 (36.09%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment allowing women to serve on juries Failed 129,872 (41.35%) 184,204 (58.65%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment allowing the general assembly to establish a graduated income tax Passed 167,268 (51.24%) 159,143 (48.76%) Measure 9 A constitutional amendment exempting churches, schools, and cemeteries from property tax Passed 227,254 (67.16%) 111,123 (32.84%) 1938 Ballot Measures from 1938 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment giving healthcare practitioners the authority to self-regulate Failed 94,846 (23.13%) 315,174 (76.87%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment repealing the $45 a month pension and granting the legislature authority to set pensions Failed 157,975 (36.52%) 274,598 (63.48%) Measure 3 An initiative repealing the license fees for chain stores Failed 167,109 (38.70%) 264,700 (61.30%) 1940 Ballot Measures from 1940 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment establishing property tax on all intangible property Failed 50,806 (10.35%) 440,202 (89.65%) Measure 2 An initiative to establish a racing commission to oversee horse and dog racing Failed 203,195 (42.28%) 277,392 (57.72%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment establishing a game and fish commission Failed 196,907 (41.92%) 272,768 (58.08%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment modifying the General Assembly's ability relating to income taxes Failed 81,787 (18.26%) 366,049 (81.74%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment lowering the elderly's pension to $30 a month (equivalent to $652 in 2023) Failed 138,383 (27.85%) 358,582 (72.15%) 1942 Ballot Measures from 1942 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment limiting the session length of General Assembly meetings Failed 72,147 (49.49%) 73,648 (50.51%) 1944 Ballot Measures from 1944 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment allowing women to serve on juries Passed 195,793 (60.65%) 127,057 (39.35%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment allowing some foreigners the ability to purchase property Failed 173,652 (47.01%) 195,752 (52.99%) Measure 3 An initiative appropriating $1,500,000 in funding for old age pensions (equivalent to $25,962,193 in 2023) Passed 195,793 (60.65%) 127,057 (39.35%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment granting veterans and their widows preference in the civil service Passed 256,563 (70.55%) 107,100 (29.45%) 1946 Ballot Measures from 1946 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment allowing for secret ballots Passed 118,470 (56.23%) 92,203 (43.77%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment requiring that any balance in the state pension fund roll-over each year Failed 96,787 (36.38%) 169,243 (63.62%) 1948 Ballot Measures from 1948 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment reorganizing the Colorado Department of Education Passed 238,100 (65.03%) 128,054 (34.97%) Measure 2 An initiative establishing regulations for animal racing Passed 238,371 (56.50%) 183,292 (43.50%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment allowing localities to prohibit alcohol Failed 334,331 (73.46%) 120,799 (26.54%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment increasing the old age pension to $55 a month (equivalent to $697 in 2023) Failed 120,799 (26.54%) 334,331 (73.46%) 1950–1999 1950 Ballot Measures from 1950 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment modifying home rule for some localities Passed 145,780 (61.39%) 91,700 (38.61%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment modifying some rules relating to the General Assembly Passed 134,048 (58.09%) 96,709 (41.91%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment exempting some members of executive departments from the civil service Failed 103,848 (33.26%) 208,408 (66.74%) 1952 Ballot Measures from 1952 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 A constitutional amendment modifying salaries and retirement procedures for judges Passed 223,365 (58.28%) 159,883 (41.72%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment modifying public utilities regulations Failed 173,652 (46.01%) 203,732 (53.99%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment exempting some forms of property from tax Failed 96,584 (25.67%) 279,682 (74.33%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment creating a severance tax on some gasoline products Failed 177,125 (35.96%) 315,392 (64.04%) Measure 5 An initiative prohibiting firefighters from working more than 60 hours a week Failed 169,126 (38.84%) 266,275 (61.16%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment legalizing slot machines Failed 152,570 (31.98%) 324,548 (68.02%) 1954 Ballot Measures from 1954 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment granting the public utilities commission regulatory authority Passed 229,175 (64.90%) 123,932 (35.10%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment excluding the Director of the Water Conservation Board from civil service Failed 133,073 (45.44%) 159,800 (54.56%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment setting elected state officials terms at four years Failed 123,112 (44.18%) 155,539 (55.82%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment requiring income deductions from old age pensions Failed 104,079 (31.73%) 223,965 (68.27%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment reapportioning the General Assembly Failed 116,695 (42.30%) 159,188 (57.70%) Referendum 6 An initiative allowing for anticipation warrants for highway purposes Passed 177,697 (57.26%) 132,628 (42.74%) Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment modifying personal property taxation Failed 143,486 (49.14%) 148,517 (50.86%) Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment setting county officials terms at four years Passed 168,055 (52.63%) 151,271 (47.37%) 1956 Ballot Measures from 1956 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment setting elected state officials terms at four years Passed 316,611 (62.22%) 192,267 (37.78%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment exempting some personal effects from taxation Passed 320,134 (61.97%) 196,423 (38.03%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the merit system for civil service Failed 156,077 (31.82%) 334,498 (68.18%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment reapportioning the General Assembly Failed 158,204 (31.18%) 349,195 (68.82%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment raising the old age pension to $100 a month and means-testing it (equivalent to $1,121 in 2023) Passed 364,961 (65.72%) 190,366 (34.28%) 1958 Ballot Measures from 1958 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the civil service to make it more competitive Failed 218,426 (48.52%) 231,725 (51.48%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the salaries for county and precinct officers Failed 146,328 (36.65%) 252,903 (63.35%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment modifying county governments Failed 158,666 (39.64%) 241,636 (60.36%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment legalizing nonprofit lotteries, bingo games, and raffles Passed 244,929 (50.98%) 235,482 (49.02%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment establishing rules for labor union membership Failed 200,319 (38.61%) 318,480 (61.39%) 1960 Ballot Measures from 1960 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposal 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the civil service Failed 214,956 (38.57%) 342,352 (61.43%) Proposal 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the election process for county officials Failed 231,025 (41.31%) 328,241 (58.69%) Proposal 3 A constitutional amendment creating a department of wildlife conservation Failed 190,366 (31.24%) 419,048 (68.76%) Proposal 4 An initiative establishing daylight saving time Failed 280,115 (45.46%) 336,033 (54.54%) Proposal 5 A constitutional amendment imposing a sales tax on all items except drugs and food Failed 200,566 (33.20%) 403,470 (66.80%) Proposal 7 An initiative exempting some governor appointees from civil service Failed 170,736 (28.40%) 430,394 (71.60%) 1962 Ballot Measures from 1962 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposal 1 A constitutional amendment reorganizing the judicial department Passed 303,740 (64.24%) 169,052 (35.76%) Proposal 2 A constitutional amendment modifying Denver city and county officers Failed 157,249 (38.20%) 254,354 (61.80%) Proposal 3 A constitutional amendment redefining "income" for state purposes Passed 231,784 (53.46%) 201,795 (46.54%) Proposal 4 A constitutional amendment establishing minimum voter qualifications Passed 303,942 (68.88%) 137,323 (31.12%) Proposal 5 A constitutional amendment modifying property tax assessment procedures Passed 215,413 (50.34%) 212,477 (49.66%) Proposal 6 A constitutional amendment changing term lengths for county officials Failed 207,442 (49.83%) 208,867 (50.17%) Proposal 7 A constitutional amendment reapportioning the General Assembly Passed 305,700 (63.90%) 172,725 (36.10%) Proposal 8 A constitutional amendment creating a reapportionment commission Failed 149,822 (32.46%) 311,749 (67.54%) 1964 Ballot Measures from 1964 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposal 1 A constitutional amendment creating a state auditor under the legislature Passed 304,066 (63.71%) 173,221 (36.29%) Proposal 2 A constitutional amendment allowing voters to abolish their County Superintendent's office Passed 308,049 (63.38%) 177,967 (36.62%) 1966 Ballot Measures from 1966 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment limiting the number of executive departments at the state level to no more than 20 Passed 369,366 (69.51%) 162,038 (30.49%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment creating an ownership tax on motor vehicles Passed 318,102 (60.10%) 211,177 (39.90%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment creating the Colorado Commission on Judicial Qualifications Passed 293,771 (52.90%) 261,558 (47.10%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment establishing a 35 member Senate and a 65 member House of Representatives Passed 374,884 (70.34%) 158,067 (29.66%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment establishing a limit on property tax increases Failed 178,245 (31.55%) 386,650 (68.45%) Referred Law 1 An initiative establishing daylight saving time Passed 346,274 (57.26%) 258,490 (42.74%) Refereed Law 2 An initiative abolishing the death penalty Failed 193,245 (33.15%) 389,707 (66.85%) 1968 Ballot Measures from 1968 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring the Governor and Lieutenant Governor be elected jointly Passed 428,522 (67.73%) 204,186 (32.27%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment exempting some property from taxation Failed 284,404 (47.93%) 308,915 (52.07%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the salaries of county officials Passed 307,356 (51.50%) 288,873 (48.50%) 1970 Ballot Measures from 1970 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment exempting department heads from civil service Passed 293,621 (57.21%) 219,639 (42.89%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the merit system for state employment Passed 346,663 (66.40%) 175,076 (33.60%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment allowing counties to have home rule Passed 325,512 (65.56%) 170,986 (34.44%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment reducing the age and residency requirements for voting Failed 240,622 (45.19%) 291,858 (54.81%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment modifying residency requirements for voting Passed 336,977 (64.60%) 184,694 (35.40%) 1972 Ballot Measures from 1972 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 An initiative to legalize sweepstakes races Failed 408,704 (49.49%) 417,149 (50.51%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment creating a state student loan program Passed 443,660 (54.13%) 375,948 (45.87%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment codifying a right to gender equality Passed 531,415 (64.28%) 295,254 (35.72%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment modifying the structure of the University of Colorado's Board of Regents Passed 418,825 (52.00%) 386,645 (48.00%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the salaries of elected officials to change while they are in office Failed 233,678 (29.04%) 571,083 (70.96%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment allowing for a private lottery hosted by the United States Sweepstakes Corporation Failed 161,281 (19.93%) 647,817 (80.06%) Measure 7 A constitutional amendment limiting property taxes Failed 192,913 (23.53%) 627,007 (76.47%) Measure 8 A constitutional amendment preventing the state from instituting new taxes or loaning money for the 1976 Winter Olympics Passed 514,228 (59.44%) 350,964 (40.56%) Measure 9 An initiative instituting new transparency requirements for public officials Passed 491,073 (60.11%) 325,819 (39.89%) Measure 10 An initiative creating a regulatory agency to govern utility rates Failed 350,264 (42.80%) 468,154 (57.20%) Measure 11 An initiative requiring drivers to hold vehicle insurance Failed 208,155 (25.89%) 595,887 (74.11%) Measure 12 A constitutional amendment limiting property taxes Failed 167,882 (21.09%) 628,201 (78.91%) 1974 Ballot Measures from 1974 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring county territory changes be approved by voters Passed 409,174 (58.35%) 292,040 (41.65%) Amendment 2 An initiative imposing the death penalty on people convicted of class 1 felonies Passed 451,403 (61.15%) 286,805 (38.85%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment requiring regular reports by the State Treasurer Passed 425,505 (63.26%) 247,141 (36.74%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment allowing localities to invest in energy sector corporations Passed 481,513 (82.75%) 100,360 (17.25%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment creating a commission to govern Denver's growth Passed 397,442 (61.17%) 252,256 (38.83%) Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment modifying the functions of the executive and legislative departments Passed 386,284 (59.96%) 257,967 (40.04%) Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment modifying the aviation fuel tax Passed 375,390 (56.13%) 293,430 (43.87%) Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment prohibiting forced busing Passed 485,536 (68.74%) 220,842 (31.26%) Amendment 9 A constitutional amendment creating the Colorado Reapportionment Commission Passed 386,725 (60.20%) 255,725 (39.80%) Amendment 10 A constitutional amendment requiring voter approval before nuclear detonations Passed 399,818 (57.85%) 291,284 (42.15%) 1976 Ballot Measures from 1976 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Measure 1 An initiative authorizing some sweepstakes races Passed 522,068 (50.53%) 511,135 (49.47%) Measure 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the way motor vehicles are categorized for tax purposes Passed 627,562 (61.75%) 388,666 (38.25%) Measure 3 A constitutional amendment requiring a two-thirds vote in the legislature before the construction of a nuclear power plant Failed 305,142 (29.34%) 734,843 (70.66%) Measure 4 A constitutional amendment exempting some state government officials from the standard personnel system Failed 237,853 (23.63%) 768,687 (76.37%) Measure 5 A constitutional amendment allowing county commissioners to modify other elected officials' salaries Failed 376,386 (37.43%) 629,136 (62.57%) Measure 6 A constitutional amendment revoking the right to gender equality Failed 401,943 (38.99%) 629,060 (61.01%) Measure 7 An initiative exempting food from sales tax Failed 406,311 (38.87%) 639,058 (61.13%) Measure 8 An initiative requiring the recycling of beverage containers Failed 346,335 (33.03%) 702,292 (66.97%) Measure 9 An initiative creating a department to represent public utility customers in government meetings Failed 304,594 (39.97%) 711,627 (70.03%) Measure 10 A constitutional amendment requiring voter approval of all taxes Failed 259,201 (25.25%) 767,157 (74.75%) 1978 Ballot Measures from 1978 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment clarifying the procedure for replacing county commissioners who resign during their term Passed 442,071 (66.13%) 226,432 (33.87%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment limiting state spending Failed 295,616 (41.27%) 420,759 (58.73%) 1980 Ballot Measures from 1980 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring that measure petition signers also be registered voters Passed 638,731 (60.14%) 423,322 (39.86%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment creating a state-run lottery Passed 660,213 (59.83%) 443,289 (40.17%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment allowing towns and cities to annex unincorporated areas with voter approval Passed 601,302 (56.65%) 460,084 (34.35%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment relating to real estate sales Failed 381,821 (33.87%) 745,625 (66.13%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing banks to open additional branches Failed 292,323 (25.58%) 850,454 (74.42%) Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment restructuring the regional transportation district's board Passed 570,049 (56.17%) 444,902 (43.83%) 1982 Ballot Measures from 1982 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment modifying property tax assessments Passed 551,334 (65.49%) 290,590 (34.51%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment allowing bail to be denied to people accused of capital offenses Passed 737,813 (82.52%) 156,336 (17.48%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment establishing a system for judicial discipline Passed 659,905 (77.33%) 193,425 (22.67%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment modifying some legislative procedures Passed 442,601 (54.27%) 372,897 (45.73%) Amendment 5 An initiative requiring beverage containers to have a minimum refund value Failed 242,653 (25.51%) 708,564 (75.45%) Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment ending nuclear weapons production Failed 325,985 (36.60%) 564,606 (63.40%) Amendment 7 An initiative allowing grocery stores to sell wines with alcohol contents below 14% Failed 333,467 (35.00%) 620,190 (65.00%) 1984 Ballot Measures from 1984 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment creating the office of the Commissioner of Insurance Passed 641,587 (58.81%) 449,362 (41.19%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment requiring voter registration for all election types Passed 811,130 (72.73%) 304,208 (27.27%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment prohibiting the use of state funds for abortion Passed 627,343 (50.39%) 617,637 (49.61%) Amendment 4 An initiative allowing voter registration alongside driver's license applications Passed 705,725 (61.18%) 447,803 (38.82%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing some forms of casino gambling Failed 406,989 (33.18%) 819,533 (66.82%) 1986 Ballot Measures from 1986 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the merit system for state employment Failed 461,004 (48.57%) 488,226 (51.43%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment allowing county commissioners to modify other elected officials salaries Failed 406,960 (45.24%) 492,511 (54.76%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment requiring that home rule municipalities abide by an initiative and referendum system Passed 455,053 (53.42%) 396,738 (46.58%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment preventing new taxes without voter approval Failed 375,097 (37.50%) 625,158 (62.50%) 1988 Ballot Measures from 1988 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment making English the official state language Passed 829,617 (61.15%) 527,053 (38.85%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying expenses reimbursements Passed 645,002 (53.93%) 551,118 (46.07%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment restricting General Assembly sessions to no more than 120 days Passed 641,363 (52.33%) 584,359 (47.77%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment creating an eight-hour workday, modifying age qualifications to vote, and repealing some obsolete provisions Passed 799,250 (67.21%) 389,906 (32.79%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment exempting some forms of property from taxation Passed 624,021 (51.90%) 578,295 (48.10%) Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment requiring voter approval for new taxes Failed 567,884 (42.19%) 778,075 (57.81%) Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment allowing state funds to be used for abortion Failed 534,070 (39.76%) 809,078 (60.24%) Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment modifying some General Assembly procedures Passed 852,448 (71.96%) 332,159 (28.04%) 1990 Ballot Measures from 1990 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring voter approval for some tax increases Failed 494,934 (48.93%) 516,534 (51.07%) Amendment 2 A referendum modifying the presidential primary system Passed 582,835 (61.16%) 370,166 (38.84%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment repealing some obsolete provisions Passed 717,544 (77.84%) 204,294 (22.16%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment allowing limited gambling in Black Hawk, Central, and Cripple Creek cities Passed 574,620 (57.31%) 428,096 (42.39%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment instituting term limits for most statewide elected officials Passed 708,975 (70.99%) 289,664 (29.01%) 1992 Ballot Measures from 1992 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment establishing a Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) Passed 812,308 (53.68%) 700,906 (46.32%) Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment prohibiting local governments for granted protected status to sexual orientation Passed 813,966 (53.41%) 710,151 (46.59%) Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment authorizing some forms of gambling in a variety of cities and counties Failed 448,779 (29.74%) 1,060,168 (70.26%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment authorizing some forms of gambling in a variety of cities and counties Failed 414,699 (27.61%) 1,087,136 (72.39%) Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment authorizing some forms of gambling in Parachute Failed 414,489 (27.59%) 1,087,713 (72.41%) Amendment 6 An initiative requiring state-wide educational standards, testing, and implementing a wide variety of school funding reforms Failed 693,231 (45.61%) 826,787 (54.39%) Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment creating a voucher program for schools Failed 503,162 (33.21%) 1,011,901 (55.79%) Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment creating the Great Outdoors Colorado Program Passed 876,424 (58.20%) 629,490 (41.80%) Amendment 9 A constitutional amendment allowing limited gambling in the Central Platte Valley Failed 292,961 (19.62%) 1,200,336 (80.38%) Amendment 10 An initiative banning the use of bait and dogs in black bear hunting Passed 1,054,032 (69.70%) 458,260 (30.30%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment establishing victim rights Passed 1,139,427 (80.18%) 281,731 (19.82%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment repealing some obsolete provisions Passed 1,081,463 (78.02%) 304,718 (21.98%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment allowing for limited gambling in localities with voter approval Passed 1,075,649 (76.01%) 339,521 (23.99%) 1993 Ballot Measures from 1993 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum A An initiative establishing a sales tax on tourist-related items for the purpose of funding tourism marketing Failed 274,989 (44.82%) 338,546 (55.18%) 1994 Ballot Measures from 1994 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment increasing the cigarette tax rate to 50% Failed 429,847 (38.53%) 685,860 (61.47%) Amendment 11 A constitutional amendment increasing the benefits of worker's compensation insurance Failed 369,741 (33.59%) 730,963 (66.41%) Amendment 12 A constitutional amendment substantially modifying campaign contribution rules Failed 246,723 (22.53%) 848,140 (77.47%) Amendment 13 A constitutional amendment allowing airports to host slot machines and allowing limited gambling in Manitou Springs Failed 90,936 (8.28%) 1,007,557 (91.72%) Amendment 15 A constitutional amendment requiring that at least 60% of candidate contributions come from individuals rather than organizations Failed 508,029 (46.35%) 588,072 (53.65%) Amendment 16 A constitutional amendment preventing the state judiciary from restricting freedom of speech past existing federal precedent Failed 404,156 (36.73%) 696,040 (63.27%) Amendment 17 A constitutional amendment placing term limits on a variety of public offices Passed 554,238 (51.05%) 531,521 (48.95%) Amendment 18 A constitutional amendment relating to financial responsibility for medical assistance Failed 334,029 (31.85%) 714,653 (68.15%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment requiring that ballot measures placed via petition be confined to a single subject Passed 687,527 (65.68%) 359,298 (34.32%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment requiring the publication of a nonpartisan voter information pamphlet every election Passed 529,749 (50.44%) 520,438 (49.56%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment denying bail to people accused of violent felonies Passed 822,632 (76.93%) 246,726 (23.07%) 1995 Ballot Measures from 1995 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum A A referendum allowing the state to incur debt for the purposes of funding prisons Failed 291,736 (45.11%) 355,031 (54.89%) 1996 Ballot Measures from 1996 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 11 A constitutional amendment eliminating many property tax exemptions Failed 242,543 (16.68%) 1,211,637 (83.32%) Amendment 12 A constitutional amendment setting term limits for many public offices and proposing a federal amendment to the same effect Passed 768,257 (54.01%) 654,124 (45.99%) Amendment 13 A constitutional amendment modifying the ballot measure process Failed 435,995 (31.07%) 967,266 (68.93%) Amendment 14 A constitutional amendment prohibiting leghold traps, body-gripping traps, poisons, and snares for hunting Passed 752,413 (52.10%) 691,733 (47.90%) Amendment 15 An initiative limiting political campaign contributions Passed 928,148 (65.79%) 482,551 (34.21%) Amendment 16 A constitutional amendment modifying some rules relating to state lands held in trust Passed 708,502 (51.92%) 656,095 (48.08%) Amendment 17 A constitutional amendment specifying that parents have the right to control their children's upbringing, education, values, and discipline Failed 615,202 (42.35%) 837,606 (57.65%) Amendment 18 A constitutional amendment allowing some forms of gambling in Trinidad Failed 440,173 (31.46%) 958,991 (68.54%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment requiring that proposed constitutional amendments reach a 60% vote threshold to pass Failed 544,543 (40.89%) 787,134 (59.11%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment lengthening the time between the mailing of voter information pamphlets and ballots Passed 739,435 (54.87%) 608,219 (45.13%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment authorizing the General Assembly to regulate county sheriff's offices Passed 754,339 (56.10%) 590,402 (43.90%) Referendum D A constitutional amendment modifying unemployment compensation insurance Failed 376,860 (29.32%) 908,476 (70.68%) 1997 Ballot Measures from 1997 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment raising the fuel tax and vehicle registration fees for the purpose of funding the Transportation Department Failed 109,663 (15.79%) 585,055 (84.21%) 1998 Ballot Measures from 1998 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 11 A constitutional amendment prohibiting partial-birth abortions Failed 617,977 (48.52%) 617,977 (51.48%) Amendment 12 An initiative requiring parental notification before an abortion is performed on an emancipated minor Passed 707,021 (54.87%) 581,481 (45.13%) Amendment 13 A constitutional amendment requiring uniform application of livestock laws Failed 475,664 (38.70%) 753,509 (61.30%) Amendment 14 An initiative increasing regulations of commercial hog farms Passed 790,825 (64.21%) 440,766 (35.79%) Amendment 15 An initiative requiring that water flow meters in the San Luis Valley be certified by the state engineer Failed 292,977 (23.83%) 936,698 (76.17%) Amendment 16 A constitutional amendment instituting fees on water pumped from state lands in the Rio Grande Water Conservation District Failed 297,872 (24.23%) 931,566 (75.77%) Amendment 17 A constitutional amendment granting a tax credit to the parents of schoolchildren Failed 515,942 (39.72%) 782,982 (60.28%) Amendment 18 A constitutional amendment allowing candidates for public office to submit declarations of voluntary term limits Passed 613,557 (50.41%) 603,651 (49.59%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment relating to healthcare Failed 505,903 (45.32%) 610,449 (54.68%) Referendum B An initiative allowing the state to hold up to $200,000,000 in excess tax revenue for the purpose of funding school construction and transportation (equivalent to $373,866,884 in 2023) Failed 477,504 (38.41%) 765,654 (61.59%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment creating the city and county of Broomfield Passed 670,781 (61.29%) 423,603 (38.71%) 1999 Ballot Measures from 1999 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum A A referendum allowing the state to take on additional debt for the purpose of funding transportation projects Passed 477,982 (61.68%) 296,971 (38.32%) 2000–present 2000 Ballot Measures from 2000 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 20 A constitutional amendment legalizing medical marijuana Passed 915,527 (53.53%) 786,983 (46.47%) Amendment 21 A constitutional amendment introducing small tax cuts Failed 569,788 (33.98%) 1,107,155 (66.02%) Amendment 22 An initiative requiring background checks on gun purchases at gun shows Passed 1,197,593 (70.05%) 512,084 (39.95%) Amendment 23 A constitutional amendment modifying public school funding Passed 882,628 (52.71%) 791,934 (47.29%) Amendment 24 A constitutional amendment requiring voter approval for local government development plans Failed 511,885 (30.11%) 1,888,138 (69.89%) Amendment 25 A constitutional amendment requiring a 24-hour waiting period before abortions Failed 664,420 (39.44%) 1,020,029 (60.56%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment establishing a homestead tax exemption for senior citizens Passed 843,620 (54.74%) 697,398 (45.26%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment modifying the timeframe for adoption of a redistricting plan for the General Assembly Passed 852,098 (60.48%) 556,769 (39.52%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment modifying the selection process for county surveyors Failed 661,704 (45.45%) 794,310 (54.55%) Referendum D A constitutional amendment removing some outdated provisions Passed 1,063,345 (71.56%) 422,629 (28.44%) Referendum E An initiative allowing Colorado to enter multi-state lotteries Passed 836,390 (51.64%) 783,275 (48.36%) Referendum F An initiative allowing the state to utilize excess state revenues for the purpose of funding school performance grants Failed 697,673 (44.11%) 887,947 (55.89%) 2001 Ballot Measures from 2001 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 26 An initiative allowing the state to spend $50,000,000 for the purpose of improving Interstate 70 (equivalent to $86,036,459 in 2023) Failed 283,184 (34.10%) 547,213 (65.90%) Referendum A An initiative increasing the outdoor recreation trust fund by $115,000,000 (equivalent to $197,883,856 in 2023) Passed 478,501 (57.58%) 352,585 (42.42%) 2002 Ballot Measures from 2002 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 27 A constitutional amendment limiting corporation and labor union contributions to political campaigns Passed 890,390 (66.50%) 448,599 (33.50%) Amendment 28 An initiative requiring voting by mail Failed 557,573 (42.41%) 757,299 (57.59%) Amendment 29 An initiative substantially modifying the candidate selection process for primary elections Failed 509,109 (39.84%) 768,683 (60.14%) Amendment 30 A constitutional amendment allowing same-day voter registration Failed 530,442 (39.25%) 821,050 (60.75%) Amendment 31 A constitutional amendment prohibiting bilingual education in most circumstances Failed 608,264 (43.78%) 781,016 (56.22%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment eliminating term limits for district attorneys Failed 461,848 (35.27%) 847,602 (64.73%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment allowing localities to co-own healthcare facilities with private companies Failed 510,209 (40.76%) 741,568 (59.24%) Referendum C A constitutional amendment allowing the General Assembly to regulate the position of county coroner Passed 900,611 (70.92%) 369,351 (29.08%) Referendum D A constitutional amendment removing some obsolete provisions Passed 899,914 (71.89%) 351,886 (28.11%) Referendum E A referendum establishing March 31 as "Cesar Chavez Day" Failed 275,947 (20.61%) 1,062,780 (79.39%) 2003 Ballot Measures from 2003 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 32 A constitutional amendment modifying property tax assessment Failed 203,449 (22.45%) 702,829 (77.55%) Amendment 33 A constitutional amendment allowing some limited forms of gambling Failed 180,959 (19.09%) 766,893 (80.91%) Referendum A An referendum allowing the state to borrow up to $2,000,000,000 to fund water projects (equivalent to $3,312,590,449 in 2023) Failed 307,412 (32.87%) 627,716 (67.13%) 2004 Ballot Measures from 2004 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 34 A constitutional amendment prohibiting laws which would limit property owner's ability to recover damages from construction projects Failed 469,566 (23.45%) 1,533,002 (76.55%) Amendment 35 A constitutional amendment raising the tobacco tax for the purpose of funding educational and preventive health programs Passed 1,258,086 (61.38%) 791,627 (38.62%) Amendment 36 A constitutional amendment allowing Colorado's electoral votes to be distributed proportionally Failed 696,770 (34.78%) 1,306,834 (65.22%) Amendment 37 An initiative requiring that a certain percentage of electricity be generated from renewable sources Passed 1,066,023 (53.61%) 922,577 (46.39%) Referendum A A constitutional amendment substantially modifying the state civil service system Failed 696,007 (39.19%) 1,080,136 (60.81%) Referendum B A constitutional amendment removing some obsolete provisions relating to education Passed 1,247,998 (69.00%) 560,811 (31.00%) 2005 Ballot Measures from 2005 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Referendum C An initiative allowing the state to spend money collected over the TABOR limit on health care, public education, transportation, and fire and police projects Passed 600,222 (52.06%) 552,662 (47.94%) Referendum D An initiative allowing the state to borrow up to $2,000,720,000 (equivalent to $3,121,245,923 in 2023) Failed 567,540 (49.38%) 581,751 (50.62%) 2006 Ballot Measures from 2006 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 38 A constitutional amendment expanding the ability for citizens to place measures on the ballot Failed 456,468 (30.67%) 1,027,550 (69.24%) Amendment 39 A constitutional amendment requiring that 65% of school district budgets be allocated towards classroom instruction Failed 569,483 (37.61%) 944,735 (62.39%) Amendment 40 A constitutional amendment introducing term limits for judges in the Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals Failed 648,199 (42.91%) 862,349 (57.09%) Amendment 41 A constitutional amendment prohibiting elected officials and their family members from accepting gifts and restricting former elected official's abilities to become lobbyists Passed 938,888 (62.57%) 561,646 (37.43%) Amendment 42 A constitutional amendment increasing the minimum wage and tying it to inflation Passed 823,526 (53.30%) 721,530 (46.70%) Amendment 43 A constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriages Passed 855,126 (55.02%) 699,030 (44.98%) Amendment 44 An initiative legalizing the possession of marijuana in small amounts Failed 636,938 (41.08%) 913,411 (58.92%) Referendum E A constitutional amendment providing a property tax exemption to some disabled veterans Passed 1,195,907 (79.24%) 313,292 (20.76%) Referendum F A constitutional amendment removing some deadlines relating to recall elections Failed 626,015 (44.68%) 775,207 (55.32%) Referendum G A constitutional amendment eliminating some obsolete provisions Passed 1,092,293 (76.08%) 343,495 (23.92%) Referendum H An initiative relating to the income tax deduction limit Passed 744,475 (50.74%) 722,651 (49.26%) Referendum I An initiative granting same-sex couples the same rights as other domestic partnerships Failed 734,385 (47.65%) 806,717 (52.35%) Referendum J An initiative requiring that school districts spend at least 65% of their budget on student achievement-related services Failed 620,790 (41.53%) 874,151 (58.47%) Referendum K An initiative requiring the Attorney General of Colorado to engage in a lawsuit against the United States to force the enforcement of existing immigration laws Passed 830,628 (55.72%) 660,012 (44.28%) 2008 Ballot Measures from 2008 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 46 A constitutional amendment prohibiting discrimination and preferential treatment in public employment, education, and contracting Failed 1,102,046 (49.19%) 1,138,134 (50.81%) Amendment 47 A constitutional amendment prohibition union contracts which require employees to pay fees to stay employed Failed 1,003,056 (43.89%) 1,282,501 (56.11%) Amendment 48 A constitutional amendment defining personhood as beginning at conception Failed 618,779 (26.79%) 1,691,237 (73.21%) Amendment 49 A constitutional amendment prohibiting public employers from using payroll deductions to benefit private organizations Failed 882,428 (39.24%) 1,366,620 (60.76%) Amendment 50 A constitutional amendment allowing some forms of gambling in Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek cities Passed 1,330,566 (58.70%) 936,254 (41.30%) Amendment 51 A constitutional amendment increasing the sales tax for the purpose of funding services for the developmentally disabled Failed 853,211 (37.63%) 1,414,065 (62.37%) Amendment 52 A constitutional amendment creating a trust fund for highway development Failed 790,124 (35.78%) 1,418,009 (64.22%) Amendment 54 A constitutional amendment limiting campaign contributions from government contract holders Passed 1,130,098 (51.21%) 1,076,694 (48.79%) Amendment 58 An initiative modifying the severance tax Failed 944,191 (41.95%) 1,306,782 (58.05%) Amendment 59 A constitutional amendment relating to education funding and rebates Failed 1,010,409 (45.69%) 1,201,220 (54.31%) Referendum L A constitutional amendment lowering the age requirement to serve as a General Assembly member to 21 Failed 1,010,896 (46.50%) 1,162,296 (53.50%) Referendum M A constitutional amendment eliminating some obsolete provisions relating to land value increases Passed 1,307,770 (62.26%) 792,678 (37.74%) Referendum N A constitutional amendment eliminating some obsolete provisions relating to alcohol Passed 1,449,383 (68.75%) 658,684 (31.25%) Referendum O A constitutional amendment modifying the requirements to place ballot measures on the ballot Failed 1,004,925 (47.50%) 1,110,877 (52.50%) 2010 Ballot Measures from 2010 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment P A constitutional amendment transferring regulatory power over gambling from the Department of State to the Department of Revenue Failed 611,664 (37.67%) 1,012,193 (62.33%) Amendment Q A constitutional amendment establishing some government continuity procedures Passed 944,446 (57.52%) 697,373 (42.48%) Amendment R A constitutional amendment eliminating property taxes for some owners Failed 616,516 (38.34%) 991,347 (61.66%) Amendment 60 A constitutional amendment limiting property tax increases Failed 427,912 (24.50%) 1,318,507 (75.50%) Amendment 61 A constitutional amendment prohibiting state and local governments from borrowing money without voter approval Failed 474,772 (26.99%) 1,284,307 (73.01%) Amendment 62 A constitutional amendment defining personhood as beginning at conception Failed 509,062 (29.47%) 1,218,490 (70.53%) Amendment 63 A constitutional amendment preventing the establishment of a universal healthcare system Failed 800,155 (46.90%) 905,944 (53.10%) Proposition 101 An initiative substantially reforming the motor vehicle, income, and telecom taxes Failed 564,588 (32.31%) 1,183,000 (67.69%) Proposition 102 An initiative allowing first-time offenders of nonviolent misdemeanors to be released pretrial without bail Failed 636,444 (38.03%) 1,037,103 (61.97%) 2011 Ballot Measures from 2011 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposition 103 An initiative increasing the state income and sales tax Failed 349,746 (36.30%) 611,907 (63.60%) 2012 Ballot Measures from 2012 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 64 A constitutional amendment legalizing marijuana Passed 1,383,139 (55.32%) 1,116,894 (44.68%) Amendment 65 A constitutional amendment relating to corporate contributions to political campaigns Passed 1,762,515 (74.01%) 619,073 (25.99%) Amendment S A constitutional amendment modifying the state personnel system Passed 1,276,405 (56.35%) 988,541 (43.65%) 2013 Ballot Measures from 2013 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposition AA An initiative imposing several new taxes on marijuana sales for the purpose of funding school construction and marijuana regulation Passed 902,181 (65.27%) 479,992 (34.73%) Amendment 66 A constitutional amendment raising some state taxes for the purpose of funding education Failed 496,151 (35.54%) 899,927 (64.46%) 2014 Ballot Measures from 2014 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 67 A constitutional amendment redefining the terms "person" and "child" to include human fetuses Failed 702,544 (35.13%) 1,297,299 (64.87%) Amendment 68 A constitutional amendment allowing limited gambling at some horse racetracks for the purpose of funding a kindergarten fund Failed 597,239 (29.62%) 1,419,095 (70.38%) Proposition 104 An initiative requiring collective bargaining negotiations for school employees to be open to the public Passed 1,364,747 (70.09%) 582,473 (29.91%) Proposition 105 An initiative requiring that food containing GMOs carry a label clearly identifying them as such Failed 694,738 (34.53%) 1,317,288 (65.47%) 2015 Ballot Measures from 2015 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposition BB An initiative allowing the state to retain $66,000,000 in marijuana tax revenues for the purpose of funding school construction projects Passed 847,380 (69.39%) 373,734 (30.61%) 2016 Ballot Measures from 2016 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment T A constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery as a punishment for a crime Failed 1,280,037 (49.68%) 1,296,722 (50.32%) Amendment U A constitutional amendment exempting some assets from taxation Failed 1,103,593 (43.85%) 1,412,923 (56.15%) Amendment 69 A constitutional amendment creating a universal healthcare system for Colorado residents Failed 568,683 (21.23%) 2,109,868 (78.77%) Amendment 70 A constitutional amendment raising the minimum wage to $12.00 an hour Passed 1,517,903 (55.36%) 1,224,189 (44.64%) Amendment 71 A constitutional amendment requiring initiative petitioners to gather signatures in all 35 state senate districts and imposing a 55% vote threshold for future constitutional amendments Passed 1,476,948 (55.69%) 1,175,324 (44.31%) Amendment 72 An initiative raising taxes on cigarettes by $1.75 Failed 1,286,851 (46.94%) 1,454,342 (53.06%) Proposition 106 An initiative legalizing assisted death Passed 1,765,786 (64.87%) 956,263 (35.13%) Proposition 107 An initiative creating an open primary system for presidential elections Passed 1,701,599 (64.09%) 953,246 (35.91%) Proposition 108 An initiative allowing unaffiliated electors to vote in primary elections Passed 1,398,577 (53.27%) 1,227,117 (46.73%) 2018 Ballot Measures from 2018 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment A A constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery as a punishment for a crime Passed 1,599,790 (66.21%) 816,342 (33.79%) Amendment V A constitutional amendment lowering the minimum age for state legislators from 25 to 21 Failed 889,179 (36.19%) 1,567,560 (63.81%) Amendment W A constitutional amendment allowing county clerks to consolidate judge retention questions on election ballots Failed 1,262,713 (53.81%) 1,083,712 (46.19%) Amendment X A constitutional amendment redefining "industrial hemp" Passed 1,421,630 (60.64%) 922,597 (39.36%) Amendment Y A constitutional amendment creating a 12-member redistricting committee for congressional districts Passed 1,711,008 (71.37%) 686,260 (28.63%) Amendment Z A constitutional amendment creating a 12-member redistricting committee for General Assembly districts Passed 1,687,583 (71.07%) 687,113 (28.93%) Amendment 73 A constitutional amendment establishing a graduated income tax Failed 1,137,527 (46.43%) 1,312,331 (53.57%) Amendment 74 A constitutional amendment requiring property owners be compensated if their property value decreased due to changes in state law Failed 1,139,205 (46.42%) 1,315,182 (53.58%) Amendment 75 A constitutional amendment allowing candidates in races where a self-funded candidate gives their campaign at least $1,000,000 to accept more than the standard campaign contribution limit Failed 813,861 (34.04%) 1,576,835 (65.96%) Proposition 109 An initiative allowing the state to issue $3,500,000,000 in bonds for the purpose of funding statewide transportation projects Failed 952,814 (39.28%) 1,472,933 (60.72%) Proposition 110 An initiative authorizing the state to issue $6,000,000,000 in bonds for the purpose of funding statewide transportation projects and raising the state sales tax rate Failed 990,287 (40.61%) 1,448,535 (59.39%) Proposition 111 An initiative capping payday loan interest rates Passed 1,865,200 (77.25%) 549,357 (22.75%) Proposition 112 An initiative mandating that new fracking projects be at least 2,500 feet from occupied buildings Failed 1,116,738 (44.88%) 1,371,284 (55.12%) 2019 Ballot Measures from 2019 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposition CC An initiative allowing the state to retain excess revenue and direct it towards transportation and education programs Failed 724,060 (46.34%) 838,282 (53.66%) Proposition DD An initiative legalizing sports betting Passed 800,745 (51.41%) 756,712 (48.59%) 2020 Ballot Measures from 2020 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment B A constitutional amendment repealing the Gallagher Amendment Passed 1,740,395 (57.52%) 1,285,136 (42.48%) Amendment C A constitutional amendment lowering the entry requirements for charitable lotteries Failed 1,586,973 (52.35%) 1,444,553 (47.65%) Amendment 76 A constitutional amendment restricting voting to United States citizens Passed 1,985,239 (62.90%) 1,171,137 (37.10%) Amendment 77 A constitutional amendment allowing voters in Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek cities to expand gambling Passed 1,854,153 (60.54%) 1,208,414 (39.46%) Proposition EE An initiative to tax nicotine products for the purpose of funding health and education programs Passed 2,134,608 (67.56%) 1,025,182 (32.44%) Proposition 113 A referendum to uphold Colorado's membership in the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Passed 1,644,716 (52.33%) 1,498,500 (47.67%) Proposition 114 An initiative requiring the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission to create a management plan for gray wolf populations Passed 1,590,299 (50.91%) 1,533,313 (49.09%) Proposition 115 An initiative banning abortions after 22 weeks Failed 1,292,787 (41.01%) 1,859,479 (58.99%) Proposition 116 An initiative decreasing state income tax rates from 4.63% to 4.55% Passed 1,821,702 (57.86%) 1,327,025 (42.14%) Proposition 117 An initiative requiring statewide voter approval for some new state enterprises Passed 1,573,114 (52.55%) 1,420,445 (47.45%) Proposition 118 An initiative creating a paid family and medical leave program Passed 1,804,546 (57.75%) 1,320,386 (42.25%) 2021 Ballot Measures from 2021 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment 78 A constitutional amendment transferring power over custodial funds from the state treasurer to the General Assembly Failed 646,983 (43.03%) 856,704 (56.97%) Proposition 119 An initiative raising the marijuana sales tax for the purpose of funding a Learning Enrichment and Academic Progress Program Failed 701,479 (45.75%) 831,670 (54.25%) Proposition 120 An initiative modifying property tax rates and allowing the state to spend $25,000,000 over the TABOR cap to reimburse localities for lost revenue Failed 652,382 (42.96%) 866,197 (57.04%) 2022 Ballot Measures from 2022 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Amendment D A constitutional amendment directing the Governor to assign judges to Colorado's 23rd judicial district Passed 1,502,866 (67.38%) 727,409 (32.62%) Amendment E A constitutional amendment extending a property tax exemption to the surviving spouses of deceased military service members Passed 2,109,471 (87.93%) 298,514 (12.07%) Amendment F A constitutional amendment modifying the rules relating to charitable gaming Failed 930,370 (40.64%) 1,359,027 (59.36%) Proposition FF An initiative reducing the income tax deduction for some income brackets for the purpose of funding school meals Passed 1,384,852 (56.75%) 1,055,583 (43.25%) Proposition GG An initiative requiring that ballot measures changing income taxes break down their impact by tax bracket Passed 1,704,757 (71.92%) 665,476 (28.08%) Proposition 121 An initiative decreasing the state income tax rate from 4.55% to 4.40% Passed 1,581,163 (65.24%) 842,506 (34.76%) Proposition 122 An initiative decriminalizing some psychedelic plants and fungi Passed 1,269,992 (53.64%) 1,121,124 (46.36%) Proposition 123 An initiative creating a state affordable housing fund Passed 1,269,816 (52.61%) 1,143,974 (47.39%) Proposition 124 An initiative increasing the number of liquor store licenses any single individual can hold Failed 905,565 (37.69%) 1,497,346 (62.31%) Proposition 125 An initiative allowing stores that are licensed to sell beer for off-site consumption to also sell wine for off-site consumption Passed 1,228,404 (50.58%) 1,200,219 (49.42%) Proposition 126 An initiative allowing stores that are licensed to sell alcohol for off-site consumption to also offer delivery Failed 1,183,059 (48.86%) 1,238,074 (51.14%) 2023 Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes Proposition HH A measure modifying the level and distribution of property taxes Failed 682,667 (40.69%) 995,259 (59.31%) Proposition II A measure requiring the state to spend excess tobacco tax revenues from 2020's Proposition EE on preschool education programs Passed 1,130,047 (67.53%) 543,405 (32.47%) See also Politics portalUnited States portalColorado portal Initiatives and referendums in the United States History of Colorado Law of Colorado Notes ^ The question on the ballot was multiple-choice with a variety of different options, including Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Cañon City, Salida, Colorado, and a write-in option. ^ The "no" vote was broken up between Pueblo (6,047), Colorado Springs (4,790), Cañon City (2,788), Salida (695), and write-ins (929). ^ The General Assembly lists this referendum as having taken place in 1892, however, it actually took place in November 1893.: 148  ^ a b Since 2016, constitutional amendments are required to reach 55% of the vote to pass. References ^ a b "Colorado". Initiative & Referendum Institute. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "Medical Aid in Dying Approved". Fort Collins Coloradoan. Fort Collins, Colorado. Associated Press. November 9, 2016. p. A5. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Ashby, Charles (August 17, 2016). "Constitutional Protection Measure Makes Ballot". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Paul, Jesse (July 1, 2020). "Colorado Supreme Court Rejects Governor's Attempt to Allow Signature Gathering for Ballot Initiatives by Email, Mail". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ a b c d Marilley, Suzanne (1996). Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920. 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"Colorado Supporters Vow Not to Let Ruling Stop Term-Limit Effort". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Will, George (May 24, 1995). "Court Rejects Term Limits". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Medical Marijuana Initiatives Pass In Colorado and Nevada; Californians Pass Initiative To Keep Non-Violent Drug Offenders Out Of Jail". NORML. December 9, 2000. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ Smith, Aaron (November 8, 2012). "Marijuana Legalization Passes in Colorado, Washington". CNN Business. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "A Liberal Drift". The Economist. November 10, 2012. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. 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Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ a b Smiley, Jerome C., ed. (1901). History of Denver With Outlines of the Earlier History of the Rocky Mountain Country. Denver: The Denver Times. p. 508. Archived from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023. ^ "The eight-hour amendment". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. Rocky Mountain News. November 1, 1902. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes 1908" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1910" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1912" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1916" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1918" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1920" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1922" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1924" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1926" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1928" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1930" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1932" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1934" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1936" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1940" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1942" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1944" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1946" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1948" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1950" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1952" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Analysis of 1954 Ballot Proposals. No. 5. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1954. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1954" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1956 Ballot Proposals. No. 18. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1956. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1956" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1958 Ballot Proposals. No. 23. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1958. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1958" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1960 Ballot Proposals. No. 37. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1960. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1960" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1962 Ballot Proposals. No. 61. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1962. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1962" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1964 Ballot Proposals. No. 89. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1964. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1964" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1966 Ballot Proposals. No. 110. Denver: No. 110. 1966. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1966" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1968 Ballot Proposals. No. 133. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1968. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1968" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1970 Ballot Proposals. No. 151. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1970. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1970" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1972 Ballot Proposals. No. 185. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1972. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1972" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1974 Ballot Proposals. No. 206. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1974. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1974" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1976 Ballot Proposals. No. 217. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1976. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "1976 Colorado Abstract of Votes" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1978 Ballot Proposals. No. 233. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1978. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1978" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1980 Ballot Proposals. No. 248. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1980. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1980" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1982 Ballot Proposals. No. 269. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1982. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "1982 Abstract of Vote canvassed in December, 1982" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1984 Ballot Proposals. No. 288. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1984. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1984" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1986 Ballot Proposals. No. 305. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1986. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1986" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1988 Ballot Proposals. No. 326. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1988. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1988" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1990 Ballot Proposals. No. 350. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1990. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1990" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1992 Ballot Proposals. No. 369. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1992. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1992" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 1993 Ballot Proposal. No. 379. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1994. pp. 1–5. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1993-1994" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1994 Ballot Proposals. No. 392. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1994. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 1995 Ballot Proposal. No. 401. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1995. pp. 1–9. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1995-1996" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of 1996 Ballot Proposals. No. 415. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1996. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 1997 Ballot Proposal. No. 427. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1997. pp. 1–8. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b c "State of Colorado Abstract of Votes Cast 1997-1998-1999" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Analysis of the 1998 Statewide Ballot Proposals. No. 438. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1998. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 1999 Ballot Proposal. No. 455. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 1999. pp. 1–9. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 2000 Statewide Ballot Proposals. No. 475. Denver: Legislative Council of the General Assembly. 2000. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2000 Presidential, 2000 Primary, and 2000 General" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ An Analysis of the 2001 Ballot Proposals. 489. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2001. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the, 2001 Coordinated, 2002 Primary, and 2002 General" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Analysis of the 2003 Ballot Proposals. No. 515-0. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2003. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the, 2003 Coordinated, 2004 Primary, and 2004 General" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Analysis of the 2004 Ballot Proposals. No. 527-8. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2004. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ 2005State Ballot Information Booklet. No. 539-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2005. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2005 Coordinated, 2006 Primary, and 2006 General" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ Analysis of the 2006 Ballot Proposals. No. 554. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2006. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ 2008 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges. No. 576-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "Official Publication of the Abstract of Votes Cast for the 2008 Primary and 2008 General" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2010 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges. No. 599-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2010. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "2010 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2011 State Ballot Information Booklet. No. 604-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2011. pp. 1–8. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "2012 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2012 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges (PDF). No. 614. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ 2013 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 626-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "2014 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2014 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges (PDF). No. 639. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ 2015 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 652-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2015. pp. 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ a b "2016 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2016 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges (PDF). No. 669-6. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ 2018 State Ballot Information Booklet and Recommendations on Retention of Judges (PDF). No. 702-2. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "2018 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2019 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 724-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "Colorado Coordinated Election Results Election Date: November 5, 2019" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. December 2, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2020 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 748-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "2020 Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2021 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 759-1. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "2021 Coordinated Election Official Results". Colorado Election Results. December 10, 2021. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ 2022 State Ballot Information Booklet (PDF). No. 775-1A. Denver: Colorado General Assembly. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022. ^ "November 8, 2022 General Election Results". Colorado Election Results. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2022. ^ "Amendments and Propositions on the 2023 Ballot". Colorado Secretary of State. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023. ^ "Election Night Reporting". results.enr.clarityelections.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024. External links Media related to Ballot measure maps of Colorado at Wikimedia Commons Colorado at Wikinews Quotations related to Colorado at Wikiquote Colorado travel guide from Wikivoyage vteBallot measures in the United States by stateStates Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands vteState of ColoradoDenver (capital)Topics Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports Cities Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort Morgan Fountain Fruita Glendale Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Greenwood Village Gunnison Holyoke Idaho Springs La Junta Lafayette Lakewood Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Lone Tree Longmont Louisville Loveland Manitou Springs Monte Vista Montrose Northglenn Ouray Pueblo Rifle Rocky Ford Salida Sheridan Steamboat Springs Sterling Thornton Trinidad Victor Walsenburg Westminster Wheat Ridge Woodland Park Wray Yuma Counties Adams Alamosa Arapahoe Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Broomfield Chaffee Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Costilla Crowley Custer Delta Denver Dolores Douglas Eagle El Paso Elbert Fremont Garfield Gilpin Grand Gunnison Hinsdale Huerfano Jackson Jefferson Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer Las Animas Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral Moffat Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park Phillips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande Routt Saguache San Juan San Miguel Sedgwick Summit Teller Washington Weld Yuma Regions Central Colorado Eastern Plains Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado Colorado portal 38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado)

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"direct voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy"},{"link_name":"Colorado General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"initiatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_initiative"},{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"a ballot measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Denver_Winter_Olympics_referendum"},{"link_name":"a nationwide movement for term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States#Term_limits_movement"},{"link_name":"Amendment 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Colorado_Amendment_20"},{"link_name":"medical use of marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis"},{"link_name":"full decriminalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Colorado_Amendment_64"},{"link_name":"psilocybin mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushrooms"}],"text":"List of ballot measures in the U.S. State of ColoradoThe U.S. state of Colorado has had a system of direct voting since gaining statehood in 1876. Citizens and the Colorado General Assembly both have the ability to place new legislation, those recently passed by the General Assembly, and constitutional amendments on the ballot for a popular vote. Colorado has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a statewide election: initiatives, referendums, and legislatively referred measures. In order to be placed on the ballot, supporters of a measure must gather signatures from registered voters. From 1877 to 1910, the only ballot measures allowed were legislatively referred measures. In 1910, Referendum 3 was placed on the ballot by the General Assembly and passed, creating a citizen-led process for initiatives and referendums. The first successful citizen-initiated measures were passed in 1912.Since that time, ballot measures have played a major role in Colorado politics. After Denver was awarded the hosting rights to the 1976 Winter Olympics, citizens moved to block funding the games with a ballot measure in 1972. A 1990 ballot measure instituting term limits for many elected officials helped galvanize a nationwide movement for term limits, and 2000's Amendment 20 legalized the medical use of marijuana. That measure was followed by full decriminalization in 2012 and the decriminalization of psilocybin mushrooms in 2022.","title":"List of Colorado ballot measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado_Women_are_Citizens.jpg"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort161109-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dail160817-3"},{"link_name":"his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Jared Polis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Polis"},{"link_name":"Colorado Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"women the right to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilley-1996-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woman's_Journal-1877-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"American Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Colorado People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilley-1996-5"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Love"},{"link_name":"Olympic Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Village"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Measure 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Denver_Winter_Olympics_referendum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Richard Lamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lamm"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marijuana_Tour_Guide.jpg"},{"link_name":"done so in 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States#Pre-Roe_precedents"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dail841126-13"},{"link_name":"Initiative & Referendum Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_%26_Referendum_Institute"},{"link_name":"term limits movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRI-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dail950523-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dail950524-15"},{"link_name":"Amendment 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Colorado_Amendment_20"},{"link_name":"medical use of marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amendment 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Colorado_Amendment_64"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"psilocybin mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A Colorado woman campaigns for women's suffrageThe 1876 Constitution of Colorado included procedures for the General Assembly to place measures on the ballot in a statewide election. In the 1890s, a grassroots movement to increase citizen power began, culminating in a special session of the legislature to discuss initiative and referendums in 1910. That session resulted in 1910's Referendum 3, which passed with over 76% of the vote and created a citizen-initiated process.[1] From 1877 to 2016, constitutional amendments required only a simple majority to pass. In 2016, Amendment 71 passed and raised the threshold to 55%.[2][3] In 2020, as part of his administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Jared Polis issued an emergency rule allowing petition signature gatherers to do so via email and mail, rather than in-person efforts. The change, while upheld by the Denver District Court, was overturned by the Colorado Supreme Court later that year.[4]After the 1876 Constitution was adopted, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment which would have granted women the right to vote was placed on the ballot for the 1877 election.[5]: 92  The measure failed, with over two-thirds of voters against it.[6] Henry Blackwell, a founder of the American Woman Suffrage Association, summed up the unsuccessful campaign by saying \"Woman Suffrage can never be carried by a popular vote without a political party behind it\".[7] Blackwell was proven correct in 1893 when, in part due to gains made by the Colorado People's Party in the General Assembly, voters supported a women's suffrage ballot measure by a 55-45 margin.[8][5]: 124–158In 1970, the International Olympic Committee granted Denver hosting rights for the 1976 Winter Olympics.[9] Governor John Love claimed that the games would cost taxpayers only $5,000,000. Activists quickly noted a wide variety of issues with the state's cost estimate, however, including a lack of transportation infrastructure, no planning for the Olympic Village, and issues with planned events sites.[10] A petition for 1972's Measure 8 quickly reached the necessary 51,000 signatures and 60% of Coloradans voted to prohibit the state from funding the Olympics. Later estimates found that the cost for Denver to host the games would have been $92,000,000, over 18 times the state's estimate.[11] Richard Lamm, who was a leader in the local anti-Olympics movement, would later parlay his fame from the measure into three terms as Governor.[12]Commercial marijuana operations, such as the one pictured, were legalized as a result of 2012's Amendment 64.The 1984 ballot included Amendment 3, which barred the use of state funds for abortion services. The measure passed by less than one percentage point and gave Colorado the distinction of being both the first state to decriminalize abortion, having done so in 1967, and the first state to prohibit the government from funding it.[13] 1990's Amendment 5 has been credited by the Initiative & Referendum Institute as having started the term limits movement in the United States and was followed by similar initiatives in 1994 and 1996. Colorado's efforts were unique because they placed term limits on members of Congress in addition to state-level officials.[1] The term-limits movement resulted in the Supreme Court case U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), which determined that states could not place restrictions on congresspeople beyond the constitutional requirements.[14][15]In 2000, Amendment 20 passed with 54% of the vote and legalized the medical use of marijuana in the state.[16] It was followed by 2012's Amendment 64, which passed by similar margins and legalized the recreational use of marijuana.[17] The Economist described the vote as \"an electoral first not only for America but for the world.\"[18] Colorado continued this trend of loosening drug policy in 2022 when voters passed Proposition 122 and legalized the use of psilocybin mushrooms in designated \"healing centers\".[19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of ballot measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Legal_Resources-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Legal_Resources-20"}],"sub_title":"Citizen-initiated","text":"The Constitution of Colorado grants citizens some initiative and referendum powers in Article V. In order for a measure to be placed on the ballot, a petition must receive signatures equal to 5% of the votes cast in the previous election. The governor's veto power does not extend to citizen-initiated measures, which go into effect within one month of election returns being certified.[20][21]Initiatives create new state statutes or constitutional amendments. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least three months before the upcoming election.[21]\nReferendums repeal legislation passed in the previous General Assembly session. They may be placed on the ballot if their petition is filed at least 90 days after the previous General Assembly session adjourns.[20]","title":"Types of ballot measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Legal_Resources-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Government-initiated","text":"At the General Assembly's discretion, the legislature may place additional measures on the ballot. Article XIX of the Constitution requires that constitutional amendments passed by the legislature be voted on in the next general election.[20] The General Assembly can also vote to place statute changes and proposed spending on the general election ballot.[22]","title":"Types of ballot measures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1877","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1880","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1881","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1882","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1884","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1886","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1887","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1888","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1890","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1892","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1893","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1894","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1896","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1900","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1902","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1904","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1906","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1908","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1910","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1912","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1914","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1916","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1918","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1920","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1922","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1924","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1926","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1928","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1930","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1932","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1934","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1936","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1938","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1940","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1942","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1944","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1946","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1948","title":"1900–1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1950","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1952","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1954","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1956","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1958","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1960","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1962","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1964","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1966","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1968","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1970","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1972","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1974","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1976","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1978","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1982","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1984","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1986","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1988","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1990","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1992","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1993","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1994","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1995","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1996","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1997","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1998","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1999","title":"1950–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2002","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2003","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023","title":"2000–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cañon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Salida, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salida,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marilley-1996-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supermajority_126-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supermajority_126-1"}],"text":"^ The question on the ballot was multiple-choice with a variety of different options, including Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Cañon City, Salida, Colorado, and a write-in option.\n\n^ The \"no\" vote was broken up between Pueblo (6,047), Colorado Springs (4,790), Cañon City (2,788), Salida (695), and write-ins (929).\n\n^ The General Assembly lists this referendum as having taken place in 1892, however, it actually took place in November 1893.[5]: 148 \n\n^ a b Since 2016, constitutional amendments are required to reach 55% of the vote to pass.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"A Colorado woman campaigns for women's suffrage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Colorado_Women_are_Citizens.jpg/161px-Colorado_Women_are_Citizens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Commercial marijuana operations, such as the one pictured, were legalized as a result of 2012's Amendment 64.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marijuana_Tour_Guide.jpg/220px-Marijuana_Tour_Guide.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Colorado\". Initiative & Referendum Institute. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221110205110/http://www.iandrinstitute.org/states/state.cfm?id=5","url_text":"\"Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_%26_Referendum_Institute","url_text":"Initiative & Referendum Institute"},{"url":"http://www.iandrinstitute.org/states/state.cfm?id=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Aid in Dying Approved\". Fort Collins Coloradoan. Fort Collins, Colorado. Associated Press. November 9, 2016. p. A5. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112876647/medical-aid-in-dying-approved/","url_text":"\"Medical Aid in Dying Approved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins_Coloradoan","url_text":"Fort Collins Coloradoan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221111054109/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112876647/medical-aid-in-dying-approved/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashby, Charles (August 17, 2016). \"Constitutional Protection Measure Makes Ballot\". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112876662/constitutional-protection-measure-makes/","url_text":"\"Constitutional Protection Measure Makes Ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Junction_Daily_Sentinel","url_text":"Grand Junction Daily Sentinel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221111054110/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112876662/constitutional-protection-measure-makes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Jesse (July 1, 2020). \"Colorado Supreme Court Rejects Governor's Attempt to Allow Signature Gathering for Ballot Initiatives by Email, Mail\". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221113180725/https://coloradosun.com/2020/07/01/colorado-signature-gathering-supreme-court-decision/","url_text":"\"Colorado Supreme Court Rejects Governor's Attempt to Allow Signature Gathering for Ballot Initiatives by Email, Mail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colorado_Sun","url_text":"The Colorado Sun"},{"url":"https://coloradosun.com/2020/07/01/colorado-signature-gathering-supreme-court-decision/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marilley, Suzanne (1996). Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674954656. Archived from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7PP7qSkRsC","url_text":"Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820-1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674954656","url_text":"9780674954656"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230816001746/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7PP7qSkRsC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Suffrage Vote in Colorado\". Woman's Journal. 8: 380. December 1, 1877. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022 – via Alexander Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000683926","url_text":"\"The Suffrage Vote in Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Journal","url_text":"Woman's Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221110201851/https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000683926","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Street","url_text":"Alexander Street"}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, Henry Browne (October 20, 1877). \"The Lesson of Colorado\". Woman's Journal. 8: 332. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022 – via Alexander Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000683994","url_text":"\"The Lesson of Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Journal","url_text":"Woman's Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221111005517/https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000683994","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCammon, Holly J.; Campbell, Karen (2001). \"Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866-1919\". Gender and Society. 15 (1): 78. doi:10.1177/089124301015001004. JSTOR 3081830. S2CID 145444696. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. 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The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/apr/07/when-denver-rejected-the-olympics-in-favour-of-the-environment-and-economics","url_text":"\"When Denver Rejected the Olympics in Favour of the Environment and Economics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151231233253/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/apr/07/when-denver-rejected-the-olympics-in-favour-of-the-environment-and-economics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, Jeremy (February 6, 2018). \"'Colorado Would Be Laughing Stock of the World': Remembering Denver's Disastrous 1976 Olympic Bid\". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(actor)

John Henry (actor)

["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Selected performances","4 References"]

American actor For other people named John Henry, see John Henry (disambiguation). John HenryHenry in role of Ephraim Smooth in Wild Oats, engraving by C. TieboutBorn1738Dublin, IrelandDiedOctober 16, 1794At seaOccupation(s)Stage actor; managerSpouse(s)Jane Storer (-1767); Maria Storer (at least by 1788-1794) John Henry (1738-October 16, 1794) was an Irish-born actor and early American actor and theatre manager. Career Henry was born in Dublin, performed there and in London, and went to Jamaica with Charles Storer and his family about 1762. He made his New York debut at the opening of the John Street Theatre on December 7, 1767, playing the role of Aimwell in The Beaux' Stratagem. He is said to have been the first to play the role of Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal in America. At the end of the American Revolution, after additional time in England and Jamaica, he returned to America and worked with Lewis Hallam Jr. to manage the American Company. He left the company in 1794 after disagreements with actor John Hodgkinson, who he had brought to the United States in 1792 together with his wife stage actress Frances Brett Hogkinson. William Dunlap described Henry as being six feet tall "and uncommonly handsome." Henry died at sea of illness on October 16, 1794, reportedly from complications from gout. Personal life Henry's private life was a source of gossip during his day. He rode in a private coach, which was unusual for the time, and though seen as ostentatious he maintained it was because he had gout. Henry also had two wives, sisters with the surname Storer who were both actresses. The first wife Jane, and their two young children, died at sea during a ship fire in 1767 off the coast of Newport, Rhode Island. Henry and Jane's younger sister Ann survived. Henry and Ann then lived together (and she may have bore him a son), but likely never formally married. Henry eventually married younger sister Maria, who died shortly after the death of her husband from the grief of his loss. Selected performances The Roman Father, October 1767, as Publius Horatius (first continental appearance) The School for Scandal as Peter Teazle The Beaux' Stratagem as Aimwell, December 1767 (first New York appearance) School for Soldiers; or, the Deserters (play by Henry, 1781; published in Kingston, Jamaica, 1783, adapted from Le Deserteur by Louis-Sébastien Mercier) The Father (1789) References ^ a b c Highfill, Philip H., Jr. et al. A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians ..., Vol. 17, pp. 270-71 (1982) ^ Dunlap, William. A History of the American Theatre, p. 81 (1832) ^ Fisher, James. Historical Dictionary of American Theater: Beginnings, p. 214 (2015) ^ Fifty-years of a Play-goer's Journal, pp. v-vi (1860) ^ Hornblow, Arthur. A History of the Theatre in America, Vol. I, p. 125 (1919) ^ Highfill, Philip H., Jr. et al. A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians ..., Vol. 14, pp. 314 (1991) ^ Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, Vol. I, pp. 410-11 (2008) ^ Taylor, George. The French Revolution and the London Stage, 1789-1805, pp. 36-37 (2004) ^ Seilhamer, George Overcash. History of the American Theatre: During the revolution and after, pp. 355-56 (1889)(a long list of parts which Henry and his wife played) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald_Moors

Weald Moors

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Wildlife","4 References"]

Coordinates: 52°45′04″N 2°28′01″W / 52.751°N 2.467°W / 52.751; -2.467 Human settlement in EnglandWeald MoorsWildmoorsThe River Strine, here south of Cherrington, drains part of the Weald Moors.Weald MoorsLocation within ShropshireUnitary authorityTelford and WrekinCeremonial countyShropshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited Kingdom List of places UK England Shropshire 52°45′04″N 2°28′01″W / 52.751°N 2.467°W / 52.751; -2.467 The Weald Moors are located in the ceremonial county of Shropshire north of Telford, stretching from north and west of the town of Newport towards Wellington, with the village of Kynnersley lying roughly at their centre. Etymology Although the Weald Moors are now largely agricultural land, they were among the last parts of the area to come into cultivation. The word weald (which elsewhere means open uplands or waste) in this context means "wild" or uncultivated: the "wild moors". A moor, in Shropshire usage, was a marsh. The spelling "Wildmore" or "Wyldemore" appears in documents from 1300 to 1586, and "Wildmoor" until well into the 19th century. History The historic marsh or fenland character of the Weald Moors was formed after the last Ice Age, when the area was part of the glacial Lake Newport, connected to the larger Lake Lapworth. An underlying accumulation of peat led to the development of a large basin mire with waterlogged land: by the mediaeval period larger settlements had only developed on its edges, although an Iron Age marsh fort at Wall Camp is evidence that the defensible nature of the marshland was exploited by early inhabitants. Under the mediaeval manorial system most of the area became classified as uncultivated "waste". Part of the Weald Moor, together with the Wrekin, seems to have for a time formed a royal forest known as Vasta Regalis, with Sir Humphrey de Eyton recorded as forest Warden in 1390; the old name was still remembered in a tract of land called "The Gales" as late as the 19th century. A drainage ditch on Eyton Moor, draining into the Hurley Brook. Between the mid 16th and mid 17th centuries, there were a series of lawsuits as attempts were made to drain and enclose sections of the moor, leading to disputes over parish and township boundaries. For example, in 1583 Thomas Cherrington took a neighbouring landowner, Thurston Woodcock, to court alleging that Woodcock had employed "diverse desperate and lewd persons" to dig a drainage ditch across land claimed by Cherrington. Woodcock responded by arguing that the land was waste, and part of Meeson Moor. A good deal of land on the western side of the area was drained and enclosed by Sir Walter Leveson of Lilleshall, proprietor of the manor of Wrockwardine, in the late 16th century, and by the 1650s around 2700 acres of wetland had already been drained and enclosed. Peat digging was carried out on parts of the Moors, and the inhabitants of villages on the edge of the area, such as Wrockwardine, used some areas as summer pasture under historic rights of common. Wrockwardine's uniquely extensive common rights over the southern and western Weald Moors may have originated in its status as an 11th-century royal manor and administrative centre. By the 17th century the village was linked to the moors by a road whose verges had been enclosed for squatter's cottages, forming a separate settlement known as Long Lane. A late 17th century parson of Kinnardsey (Kynnersley), the Rev. George Plaxton, wrote an account of the Weald Moors in 1673 in which he described much of it as still an impassable bog, and suggested that the entire area had until recently been a marsh other than those hamlets having the Anglo-Saxon word ey ("island") in their names. Plaxton was informed by elderly residents of the parish that the Moors had formerly been so overgrown with willow, alder and other marshland trees that they had customarily hung bells around the necks of their cattle to prevent losing them. In 1801 an Enclosure act, the "Wildmoors Inclosure Act", was passed, enabling local landowners (principally the Leveson-Gower family) to begin further drainage works. At this time the remaining marshland covered around 1200 acres, with a further 600 acres of adjoining land left uncultivated: the majority was used as summer grazing by tenant farmers and in the winter was flooded and impassable. The works involved widening, straightening and embanking the existing strines, or brooks, and reversing the course of the old Preston Strine to eliminate seasonal flooding. Although as a result during the course of the early 19th century most of the area was reclaimed as farmland, some of the land remained suitable only as sheep pasture, being too boggy to bear cattle or grow other crops. Settlements remained small and scattered, and even now, the villages on the Moors are relatively small and isolated, although the northern suburbs of Telford are encroaching onto the area. The Weald Moors are still referenced in the names of the villages Eyton upon the Weald Moors and Preston upon the Weald Moors. The Birch Moors, near the hamlet of Adeney. Some parts of the moors are known by local names, such as the Tibberton and Cherrington Moors near the villages of the same name. Others are the Birch Moors around Adeney, the Rough or Preston Moors north of Preston, the Dayhouse Moor near Rodway, the Longford Moor west of Edgmond, and the Sleap Moor east of Crudgington. The Shrewsbury Canal (a branch of the Shropshire Union Canal) was constructed across the area, but is today derelict. Wildlife The farmland of the Weald Moors is a habitat for many birds which have now become rare elsewhere, such as the Barn Owl and Lapwing. In recent years there has been some reflooding and restoration of fenland habitat in the area of Kynnersley. References ^ Cameron, K. English place names Taylor & Francis, pp.104-105 ^ Shropshire Notes and Queries, v.6-8 (1897), 59 ^ Darby and Terrett, The Domesday Geography of Midland England, Cambridge UP, 2009, pp.156-157 ^ Houghton, Rev. W. The Wealdmoors, 1875, 4 ^ Winchester, A. Discovering parish boundaries, Osprey, 2002, p.44 ^ a b Along the Moors, Discovering Wellington Project, retrieved 07-07-16 ^ Rotherham, Cultural severance and the environment, 2013 ^ Page, A History of Shropshire, v11, 1985, p.314 ^ Trinder and Cox, Yeomen and Colliers in Telford, 1980, p.13 ^ R. I. Murchison, The Silurian system, Murray 1839, pp.559 ^ Memoirs of the Royal Society, Or a New Abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions from 1665 to 1740, v.5, 1745, p.57 ^ Loch, J. An account of the improvements on the estates of the marquess of Stafford in the counties of Stafford and Salop, and on the estate of Sutherland, 1820, p.221 ^ Loch, p. 224 vteCeremonial county of ShropshireUnitary authorities Shropshire Telford and Wrekin Major settlements(cities in italics) Bishop's Castle Bridgnorth Broseley Church Stretton Cleobury Mortimer Clun Craven Arms Ellesmere Ludlow Market Drayton Much Wenlock Newport Oswestry Shifnal Shrewsbury Telford (Dawley Madeley Oakengates Wellington) Wem WhitchurchSee also: List of civil parishes in Shropshire Rivers Camlad Clun Corve Ledwyche Onny Perry Rea Rea Brook Redlake Roden Severn Teme Tern Unk Vyrnwy Worfe Canals Llangollen Canal Montgomery Canal Shrewsbury Canal Shropshire Union Canal Topics Flag Geology Shrewsbury floods Settlements History (Civil War) Museums Schools Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Rail transport Windmills

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Telford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telford"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Kynnersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynnersley"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandThe Weald Moors are located in the ceremonial county of Shropshire north of Telford, stretching from north and west of the town of Newport towards Wellington, with the village of Kynnersley lying roughly at their centre.","title":"Weald Moors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cameron104-1"},{"link_name":"marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snq-2"}],"text":"Although the Weald Moors are now largely agricultural land, they were among the last parts of the area to come into cultivation. The word weald (which elsewhere means open uplands or waste) in this context means \"wild\" or uncultivated: the \"wild moors\".[1] A moor, in Shropshire usage, was a marsh. The spelling \"Wildmore\" or \"Wyldemore\" appears in documents from 1300 to 1586,[2] and \"Wildmoor\" until well into the 19th century.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen"},{"link_name":"Lake Lapworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lapworth"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terrett157-3"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"manorial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Wrekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrekin"},{"link_name":"royal forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houghton4-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_drain_on_Eyton_Moor_(geograph_5031767).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyton_upon_the_Weald_Moors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winchester44-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atm-6"},{"link_name":"Walter Leveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Leveson"},{"link_name":"Lilleshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilleshall"},{"link_name":"Wrockwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotherham-7"},{"link_name":"Peat digging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_digging"},{"link_name":"rights of common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page314-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinder13-9"},{"link_name":"Kynnersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynnersley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murchison-10"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaxton-11"},{"link_name":"Enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Acts"},{"link_name":"Leveson-Gower family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveson-Gower_family"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loch221-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loch224-13"},{"link_name":"Eyton upon the Weald Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyton_upon_the_Weald_Moors"},{"link_name":"Preston upon the Weald Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_upon_the_Weald_Moors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Track_on_the_Birch_Moors_(geograph_3094761).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeney"},{"link_name":"Tibberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibberton,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Cherrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherrington"},{"link_name":"Adeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeney"},{"link_name":"Edgmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgmond"},{"link_name":"Crudgington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudgington"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Canal"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Union Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Union_Canal"}],"text":"The historic marsh or fenland character of the Weald Moors was formed after the last Ice Age, when the area was part of the glacial Lake Newport, connected to the larger Lake Lapworth. An underlying accumulation of peat led to the development of a large basin mire with waterlogged land: by the mediaeval period larger settlements had only developed on its edges,[3] although an Iron Age marsh fort at Wall Camp is evidence that the defensible nature of the marshland was exploited by early inhabitants.Under the mediaeval manorial system most of the area became classified as uncultivated \"waste\". Part of the Weald Moor, together with the Wrekin, seems to have for a time formed a royal forest known as Vasta Regalis, with Sir Humphrey de Eyton recorded as forest Warden in 1390; the old name was still remembered in a tract of land called \"The Gales\" as late as the 19th century.[4]A drainage ditch on Eyton Moor, draining into the Hurley Brook.Between the mid 16th and mid 17th centuries, there were a series of lawsuits as attempts were made to drain and enclose sections of the moor, leading to disputes over parish and township boundaries.[5] For example, in 1583 Thomas Cherrington took a neighbouring landowner, Thurston Woodcock, to court alleging that Woodcock had employed \"diverse desperate and lewd persons\" to dig a drainage ditch across land claimed by Cherrington. Woodcock responded by arguing that the land was waste, and part of Meeson Moor.[6] A good deal of land on the western side of the area was drained and enclosed by Sir Walter Leveson of Lilleshall, proprietor of the manor of Wrockwardine, in the late 16th century, and by the 1650s around 2700 acres of wetland had already been drained and enclosed.[7] Peat digging was carried out on parts of the Moors, and the inhabitants of villages on the edge of the area, such as Wrockwardine, used some areas as summer pasture under historic rights of common. Wrockwardine's uniquely extensive common rights over the southern and western Weald Moors may have originated in its status as an 11th-century royal manor and administrative centre.[8] By the 17th century the village was linked to the moors by a road whose verges had been enclosed for squatter's cottages, forming a separate settlement known as Long Lane.[9]A late 17th century parson of Kinnardsey (Kynnersley), the Rev. George Plaxton, wrote an account of the Weald Moors in 1673 in which he described much of it as still an impassable bog, and suggested that the entire area had until recently been a marsh other than those hamlets having the Anglo-Saxon word ey (\"island\") in their names.[10] Plaxton was informed by elderly residents of the parish that the Moors had formerly been so overgrown with willow, alder and other marshland trees that they had customarily hung bells around the necks of their cattle to prevent losing them.[11]In 1801 an Enclosure act, the \"Wildmoors Inclosure Act\", was passed, enabling local landowners (principally the Leveson-Gower family) to begin further drainage works. At this time the remaining marshland covered around 1200 acres, with a further 600 acres of adjoining land left uncultivated: the majority was used as summer grazing by tenant farmers and in the winter was flooded and impassable.[12] The works involved widening, straightening and embanking the existing strines, or brooks, and reversing the course of the old Preston Strine to eliminate seasonal flooding.[13] Although as a result during the course of the early 19th century most of the area was reclaimed as farmland, some of the land remained suitable only as sheep pasture, being too boggy to bear cattle or grow other crops. Settlements remained small and scattered, and even now, the villages on the Moors are relatively small and isolated, although the northern suburbs of Telford are encroaching onto the area. The Weald Moors are still referenced in the names of the villages Eyton upon the Weald Moors and Preston upon the Weald Moors.The Birch Moors, near the hamlet of Adeney.Some parts of the moors are known by local names, such as the Tibberton and Cherrington Moors near the villages of the same name. Others are the Birch Moors around Adeney, the Rough or Preston Moors north of Preston, the Dayhouse Moor near Rodway, the Longford Moor west of Edgmond, and the Sleap Moor east of Crudgington.The Shrewsbury Canal (a branch of the Shropshire Union Canal) was constructed across the area, but is today derelict.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barn Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_Owl"},{"link_name":"Lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Lapwing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atm-6"}],"text":"The farmland of the Weald Moors is a habitat for many birds which have now become rare elsewhere, such as the Barn Owl and Lapwing. In recent years there has been some reflooding and restoration of fenland habitat in the area of Kynnersley.[6]","title":"Wildlife"}]

[{"image_text":"A drainage ditch on Eyton Moor, draining into the Hurley Brook.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_drain_on_Eyton_Moor_%28geograph_5031767%29.jpg/220px-A_drain_on_Eyton_Moor_%28geograph_5031767%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Birch Moors, near the hamlet of Adeney.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Track_on_the_Birch_Moors_%28geograph_3094761%29.jpg/220px-Track_on_the_Birch_Moors_%28geograph_3094761%29.jpg"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weald_Moors&params=52.751_N_2.467_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°45′04″N 2°28′01″W / 52.751°N 2.467°W / 52.751; -2.467"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Weald_Moors&params=52.751_N_2.467_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"52°45′04″N 2°28′01″W / 52.751°N 2.467°W / 52.751; -2.467"},{"Link":"http://www.wellingtonla21.org.uk/discover/index.html","external_links_name":"Discovering Wellington Project"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_(pigeon)

Gustav (pigeon)

["1 Military service","2 Death and legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Gustav, also known as NPS.42.31066, was a pigeon of the RAF pigeon service. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, for bringing the first report of the Normandy landings to the British mainland during the Second World War. Military service Gustav was a grizzle colored cock pigeon trained by Frederick Jackson of Cosham, Hampshire. In his military service, he was also known by his service number NPS.42.31066. His early missions saw him carrying messages out of occupied Belgium for the resistance. On 6 June 1944 Gustav was on–board an Allied Landing Ship Tank (LST), having become one of six pigeons given by the RAF to Reuters news correspondent Montague Taylor. Following the Normandy landings, Gustav was released by Taylor to send news back to the UK with the message, "We are just 20 miles or so off the beaches. First assault troops landed 0750. Signal says no interference from enemy gunfire on beach... Steaming steadily in formation. Lightnings, Typhoons, Fortresses crossing since 0545. No enemy aircraft seen." Gustav traveled the 150 miles (240 km) to his loft at RAF Thorney Island in five hours and sixteen minutes, while facing a headwind of up to 30 mph (48 km/h), where his handler Sgt Harry Halsey received him. Gustav's message was the first word of the invasion to reach the British mainland, due to the fleet undergoing radio silence at the time. Later that day, fellow pigeon Paddy became the first pigeon released to return to the British mainland with news of success of the landings. For this act, he was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery, considered to be the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. He was presented with his medal on 27 November 1944, by Mrs A. V. Alexander, the wife of the First Lord of the Admiralty. The citation for his Dickin Medal read, "For delivering the first message from the Normandy beaches from a ship off the beachhead while serving with the RAF on June 6 1944." He was one of thirty two pigeons awarded the medal who carried messages during the Second World War. After the war, Gustav was given back to Fred Jackson, his original trainer, together with his Dickin Medal. This medal was later donated to the Portsmouth D-Day Museum. Death and legacy Gustav died after the war because of old age. The story of wartime messenger pigeons such as Gustav were made into the 2005 animated film Valiant, the same year that Gustav's Dickin Medal went on display at the D-Day Museum in Portsmouth, Hampshire. See also List of individual birds References ^ a b c d e f g "Hero pigeon's WWII medal on show". BBC News. 1 June 2005. ^ "Pigeons During the Two World Wars". Faircount Pigeons & Dove Count. Retrieved 22 June 2011. ^ Malvern, Jack (27 March 2004). "War hero pigeon earns his wings 60 years on". The Times. ^ a b "Reporting the War". BBC Radio Ulster. Retrieved 22 June 2011. ^ a b c d e "Vital role of Gustav the pigeon". Northern Echo. 2 June 2004. ^ "D-Day Timeline". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2011. ^ "D–Day Fliers Decorated". British Pathe. Retrieved 22 June 2011. ^ "Hero pigeon's WWII medal on show". BBC News. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2020-06-15. External links British Pathe footage of Gustav being awarded his Dickin Medal vteDickin Medal recipients Cats Simon Dogs Antis Apollo Beauty Bing (Brian) Bob Buster Crumstone Irma Diesel Gander Hertz Jet of Iada Judy Kuga Kuno Lucca Lucky Mali Peter Punch and Judy Rex Ricky Rifleman Khan Rip Rob Salty and Roselle Sadie Sam Sasha Sheila Theo Thorn Tich Treo Horses Olga Reckless Regal Upstart Warrior Pigeons All Alone Beach Comber Billy Broad Arrow Cologne Commando DD.43.Q.879 DD.43.T.139 Duke of Normandy Dutch Coast Flying Dutchman G.I. Joe Gustav Kenley Lass Maquis Mary of Exeter Mercury Navy Blue NPS.42.NS.2780 NPS.42.NS.7524 NURP.38.BPC.6 NURP.43.CC.1418 Paddy Princess Royal Blue Ruhr Express Scotch Lass Tommy Tyke White Vision William of Orange Winkie vteWar pigeonsCroix de Guerre recipients of World War I Cher Ami Dickin Medal recipients of World War II All Alone Beach Comber Billy Broad Arrow Cologne Commando DD.43.Q.879 DD.43.T.139 Duke of Normandy Dutch Coast Flying Dutchman G.I. Joe Gustav Kenley Lass Maquis Mary of Exeter Mercury Navy Blue NPS.42.NS.2780 NPS.42.NS.7524 NURP.38.BPC.6 NURP.43.CC.1418 Paddy Princess Royal Blue Ruhr Express Scotch Lass Tommy Tyke White Vision William of Orange Winkie Others John Silver Leaping Lena (Cold War) In fiction The Pigeon That Took Rome Valiant Yankee Doodle Pigeon Institutions National Pigeon Service (UK) United States Army Pigeon Service

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gustav (pigeon)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faircount-2"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earnswingstimes-3"},{"link_name":"Landing Ship Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship_Tank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reportingbbc-4"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Lightnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"Fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalroleecho-5"},{"link_name":"RAF Thorney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorney_Island_(West_Sussex)"},{"link_name":"headwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwind"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalroleecho-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalroleecho-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raftimeline-6"},{"link_name":"Paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_(pigeon)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reportingbbc-4"},{"link_name":"Dickin Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickin_Medal"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"A. V. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pathe-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalroleecho-5"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gustav was a grizzle colored cock pigeon trained by Frederick Jackson of Cosham, Hampshire.[1] In his military service, he was also known by his service number NPS.42.31066.[2] His early missions saw him carrying messages out of occupied Belgium for the resistance.[3]On 6 June 1944 Gustav was on–board an Allied Landing Ship Tank (LST),[4] having become one of six pigeons given by the RAF to Reuters news correspondent Montague Taylor.[1] Following the Normandy landings, Gustav was released by Taylor to send news back to the UK with the message, \"We are just 20 miles or so off the beaches. First assault troops landed 0750. Signal says no interference from enemy gunfire on beach... Steaming steadily in formation. Lightnings, Typhoons, Fortresses crossing since 0545. No enemy aircraft seen.\"[5] Gustav traveled the 150 miles (240 km) to his loft at RAF Thorney Island in five hours and sixteen minutes, while facing a headwind of up to 30 mph (48 km/h),[5] where his handler Sgt Harry Halsey received him.[1] Gustav's message was the first word of the invasion to reach the British mainland, due to the fleet undergoing radio silence at the time.[5][6] Later that day, fellow pigeon Paddy became the first pigeon released to return to the British mainland with news of success of the landings.[4]For this act, he was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery, considered to be the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross.[1] He was presented with his medal on 27 November 1944, by Mrs A. V. Alexander, the wife of the First Lord of the Admiralty.[7] The citation for his Dickin Medal read, \"For delivering the first message from the Normandy beaches from a ship off the beachhead while serving with the RAF on June 6 1944.\"[5] He was one of thirty two pigeons awarded the medal who carried messages during the Second World War.[1]After the war, Gustav was given back to Fred Jackson, his original trainer, together with his Dickin Medal. This medal was later donated to the Portsmouth D-Day Museum.[8]","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitalroleecho-5"},{"link_name":"messenger pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"},{"link_name":"D-Day Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_Museum"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heropigeonbbc-1"}],"text":"Gustav died after the war because of old age.[5] The story of wartime messenger pigeons such as Gustav were made into the 2005 animated film Valiant,[1] the same year that Gustav's Dickin Medal went on display at the D-Day Museum in Portsmouth, Hampshire.[1]","title":"Death and legacy"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of individual birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_birds"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidath_Wettimuny

Sidath Wettimuny

["1 Family","2 International career","2.1 Consistency","3 Match Referee","4 References","5 External links"]

Sri Lanakan cricketer (born 1956) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sidath Wettimuny" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sidath WettimunyPersonal informationFull nameSidath WettimunyBorn (1956-08-12) 12 August 1956 (age 67)Colombo, Sri LankaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleOpening BatsmanRelationsSunil Wettimuny (brother)Mithra Wettimuny (brother)International information National sideSri Lanka (1982–1987)Test debut (cap 11)17 February 1982 v EnglandLast Test4 January 1987 v IndiaODI debut (cap 22)13 February 1982 v EnglandLast ODI17 January 1987 v India Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 23 35 55 46 Runs scored 1,221 786 2,859 1,139 Batting average 29.07 24.56 33.63 27.11 100s/50s 2/6 0/4 6/15 1/5 Top score 190 86* 227* 105 Balls bowled 24 57 134 72 Wickets 0 1 2 1 Bowling average – 70.00 37.50 73.00 5 wickets in innings – 0 0 0 10 wickets in match – 0 0 0 Best bowling – 1/13 1/7 1/13 Catches/stumpings 10/0 3/0 21/0 4/0Source: Cricinfo, 24 January 2019 Sidath Wettimuny is a Sri Lankan former cricketer, who played Test cricket and One Day Internationals as an opening batsman from 1982 to 1987. Wettimuny was a typical 1980s opening batsman in that he often played very defensively, grafting for his runs, and his ODI strike rate of 48 shows this quite clearly. Family His brothers Mithra and Sunil also played cricket for Sri Lanka. International career Wettimuny made his international debut with a composed 46 in an ODI with England, which left the required run rate too high for his teammates to chase. However, he got his revenge in the next match the following day – the last of the 2-match series – where he scored 86 not out, his highest ODI score, which boosted Sri Lanka to 215 in their 45 overs. Sri Lanka won the match by three runs, thus drawing their first ODI series. Wettimuny did not impress in his first Test match, however, scoring only 15 runs in two innings as England won by seven wickets. But in the 1981–82 tour of Pakistan, he established his place in the team, scoring 71 runs in the first Test before recording Sri Lanka's first Test century at Faisalabad. Spending over six hours at the crease, he managed 157 runs, powering Sri Lanka to 454. Sri Lanka eventually drew the Test, failing to bowl Pakistan out in 59 overs, but it was Sri Lanka's first non-loss in Test cricket. Sri Lanka lost the last Test, despite Wettimuny top-scoring with 41 in the second innings. He also impressed in ODIs, making 37 in the first of four ODIs against Australia in 1982–83. Sri Lanka won the match, their first ODI win in seven matches, and went on to win the second as well thanks to 56 from Wettimuny. Two matches were rained off, and so Sri Lanka won their first ODI series, but they were quickly brought down to earth as Australia won the Test match by an innings and 38 runs. Wettimuny made 96 in the second innings as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 205. The ODI fifty against Australia would turn out to be his penultimate – indeed, he only passed 35 once again, in the 1983 World Cup against Pakistan. However, it took him 127 balls, and when he was out at 162 for 3 Sri Lanka needed plenty of runs quickly. Despite a blitzing 26 from Ranjan Madugalle, Sri Lanka lost too many wickets to Abdul Qadir, and fell 11 runs short. After this, Wettimuny suffered a poor run of form, only scoring 115 runs at an average of 12.77 in the following nine matches. He was dropped from the team after the 1984–85 World Series Cup, but returned for one last match against India in 1986–87. He made 14 before being bowled by Raju Kulkarni. Consistency He also suffered a form slump in Tests, but that was not quite as brutal, and he was never dropped from the Test team. Despite recording eight single-figure scores between the 1982–83 tour of New Zealand and the end of the 1983–84, but that period also included three Test fifties. On one of those occasions, at Wellington, he carried his bat through the Sri Lankan innings. And he paid up for his lean streak with his second Test century on the 1984 tour of England. Batting for eleven hours in a match frequently interrupted by rain, he eked out 190, which gave Sri Lanka a 121-run first innings lead. However, that had taken four days to achieve, and Sri Lanka opted to bat out the fifth day for a draw. Wettimuny only made 13 in the second innings, but he had set a new Sri Lankan record highest score, which stood until Brendon Kuruppu passed it with Sri Lanka's first Test double century in a 1986–87 Test against New Zealand. The 190 also made an imprint in the minds of English cricket fans, as he was made Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1985, the first Sri Lankan to be thus honoured, and only the fifth Sri Lankan to date. In fact, he became the first Sri Lankan to score a test century at Lord's Cricket Ground. After that century, however, Wettimuny's Test form went the same way as his ODI form. Despite hitting two fifties, he had too many scores below 20, and the 12 Tests following the England tour only yielded 402 runs at an average of 19.14. Wettimuny never got into control of the pitches in his home country, as he averaged a paltry 18.19 with the bat at home – an average more usually associated with a bowling all-rounder – but 39.95 overseas. Match Referee Wettimuny became involved as a match referee in 1997 when New Zealand traveled to Zimbabwe for Test series. He was the referee for both Tests. He also served as match referee in ODIs where Zimbabwe played against New Zealand at Bulawayo, October 1, 1997. His match referee career end with only refereeing 2 Test & 10 ODIs. References ^ "New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe, 1st Test: New Zealand v Zimbabwe at Harare, September 18–23, 1997". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 September 2015. ^ "New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe, 1st ODI: New Zealand v Zimbabwe at Bulawayo, October 1, 1997". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 September 2015. External links Sidath Wettimuny at ESPNcricinfo vteSri Lanka squad – 1983 Cricket World Cup 1 Mendis (c) 2 De Alwis (wk) 3 De Mel 4 DS De Silva 5 GN De Silva 6 Dias 7 Fernando 8 John 9 Kuruppu (wk) 10 Madugalle 11 Ranatunga 12 RJ Ratnayake 13 Samarasekera 14 Wettimuny

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricketer"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"opening batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_order_(cricket)"}],"text":"Sidath Wettimuny is a Sri Lankan former cricketer, who played Test cricket and One Day Internationals as an opening batsman from 1982 to 1987. Wettimuny was a typical 1980s opening batsman in that he often played very defensively, grafting for his runs, and his ODI strike rate of 48 shows this quite clearly.","title":"Sidath Wettimuny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra_Wettimuny"},{"link_name":"Sunil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Wettimuny"}],"text":"His brothers Mithra and Sunil also played cricket for Sri Lanka.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"not out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981-82_Pakistani_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"crease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_crease"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982-83_Sri_Lankan_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"1983 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Ranjan Madugalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjan_Madugalle"},{"link_name":"Abdul Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"World Series Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cup"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986-87_Indian_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"bowled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowled"},{"link_name":"Raju Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Kulkarni"}],"text":"Wettimuny made his international debut with a composed 46 in an ODI with England, which left the required run rate too high for his teammates to chase. However, he got his revenge in the next match the following day – the last of the 2-match series – where he scored 86 not out, his highest ODI score, which boosted Sri Lanka to 215 in their 45 overs. Sri Lanka won the match by three runs, thus drawing their first ODI series.Wettimuny did not impress in his first Test match, however, scoring only 15 runs in two innings as England won by seven wickets. But in the 1981–82 tour of Pakistan, he established his place in the team, scoring 71 runs in the first Test before recording Sri Lanka's first Test century at Faisalabad. Spending over six hours at the crease, he managed 157 runs, powering Sri Lanka to 454. Sri Lanka eventually drew the Test, failing to bowl Pakistan out in 59 overs, but it was Sri Lanka's first non-loss in Test cricket. Sri Lanka lost the last Test, despite Wettimuny top-scoring with 41 in the second innings.He also impressed in ODIs, making 37 in the first of four ODIs against Australia in 1982–83. Sri Lanka won the match, their first ODI win in seven matches, and went on to win the second as well thanks to 56 from Wettimuny. Two matches were rained off, and so Sri Lanka won their first ODI series, but they were quickly brought down to earth as Australia won the Test match by an innings and 38 runs. Wettimuny made 96 in the second innings as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 205.The ODI fifty against Australia would turn out to be his penultimate – indeed, he only passed 35 once again, in the 1983 World Cup against Pakistan. However, it took him 127 balls, and when he was out at 162 for 3 Sri Lanka needed plenty of runs quickly. Despite a blitzing 26 from Ranjan Madugalle, Sri Lanka lost too many wickets to Abdul Qadir, and fell 11 runs short. After this, Wettimuny suffered a poor run of form, only scoring 115 runs at an average of 12.77 in the following nine matches. He was dropped from the team after the 1984–85 World Series Cup, but returned for one last match against India in 1986–87. He made 14 before being bowled by Raju Kulkarni.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982-83_New_Zealand_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_Reserve"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Brendon Kuruppu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Kuruppu"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_pitch"}],"sub_title":"Consistency","text":"He also suffered a form slump in Tests, but that was not quite as brutal, and he was never dropped from the Test team. Despite recording eight single-figure scores between the 1982–83 tour of New Zealand and the end of the 1983–84, but that period also included three Test fifties. On one of those occasions, at Wellington, he carried his bat through the Sri Lankan innings. And he paid up for his lean streak with his second Test century on the 1984 tour of England. Batting for eleven hours in a match frequently interrupted by rain, he eked out 190, which gave Sri Lanka a 121-run first innings lead. However, that had taken four days to achieve, and Sri Lanka opted to bat out the fifth day for a draw. Wettimuny only made 13 in the second innings, but he had set a new Sri Lankan record highest score, which stood until Brendon Kuruppu passed it with Sri Lanka's first Test double century in a 1986–87 Test against New Zealand. The 190 also made an imprint in the minds of English cricket fans, as he was made Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1985, the first Sri Lankan to be thus honoured, and only the fifth Sri Lankan to date. In fact, he became the first Sri Lankan to score a test century at Lord's Cricket Ground.After that century, however, Wettimuny's Test form went the same way as his ODI form. Despite hitting two fifties, he had too many scores below 20, and the 12 Tests following the England tour only yielded 402 runs at an average of 19.14. Wettimuny never got into control of the pitches in his home country, as he averaged a paltry 18.19 with the bat at home – an average more usually associated with a bowling all-rounder – but 39.95 overseas.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Wettimuny became involved as a match referee in 1997 when New Zealand traveled to Zimbabwe for Test series. He was the referee for both Tests.[1] He also served as match referee in ODIs where Zimbabwe played against New Zealand at Bulawayo, October 1, 1997.[2] His match referee career end with only refereeing 2 Test & 10 ODIs.","title":"Match Referee"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Gremina

Elena Gremina

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]

Russian writer and playwright Elena Anatolievna GreminaElena Gremina in 2015Native nameЕлена Анатольевна ГреминаBorn(1956-11-20)20 November 1956Moscow, Soviet UnionDied16 May 2018(2018-05-16) (aged 61)Moscow, RussiaOccupationWriter, playwrightLanguageRussianAlma materMaxim Gorky Literature InstituteLiterary movementNew DramaYears active1983–2018SpouseMikhail Ugarov  1993–2018RelativesAnatoly Grebnev  (father)Galina Mindadze (mother) Elena Anatolievna Gremina (20 November 1956 – 16 May 2018) was a Russian writer and playwright who was one of the founders of the documentary theatre Teatr.doc . The fact-based approach to creating theatre that Gremina fostered made Teatr.doc a prominent place in the Moscow theatre scene and the New Drama movement in Russian theatre. Early life Elena Grebneva was born on 20 November 1956 in Moscow, Soviet Union, to Georgian translator Galina Mindadze and playwright Anatoly Grebnev . At an early age, Elena would write protests in verse, such as an early piece about children being prevented from seeing a film. She later adopted the surname Gremina, a combination of her parents' surnames so as to be able to write without being compared to them. Gremina studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute to become a playwright. Career Gremina's first production was performed in 1983, but she only came to prominence in the 1990s after her plays were performed at the Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre and she won awards from Westdeutscher Rundfunk. A favoured subject matter of Gremina in this period was conflicted women of history. Gremina married playwright Mikhail Ugarov  in 1993. Together with her husband and father, she created the television series, St. Petersburg Secrets . In 2000 Gremina and Ugarov, among other Russian authors, attended playwriting masterclasses that were conducted in Moscow by a group of Royal Court Theatre artists including Stephen Daldry, Elyse Dodgson, Ramin Gray, and James Macdonald. When Gremina and Ugarova heard Dodgson talk about the use of verbatim techniques in theatre to present factual stories on the stage, they decided that it was a way to reconnect Russian theatre with the public in their home country. In 2001 Gremina and Ugarov produced Russia’s first documentary theatre festival, and in February 2002 the duo, together with several other Russian playwrights, started Teatr.doc in 2002, and soon began to present performances based on current events. The performances became more political in nature, which resulted in Gremina and her husband being visited by the police and having equipment confiscated. One such piece written by Gremina was on the death of Sergei Magnitsky, an anticorruption lawyer. After a police raid of Teatr.doc in 2015 that saw three members of the production temporarily arrested and sets destroyed, Gremina was summoned to the Ministry of Culture where she was threatened with further raids. Ugarov died following a heart attack in April 2018. Gremina died six weeks later, also from a heart attack. References ^ Krizhevsky, Alexey (2015-01-14). "A new drama in Moscow". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2019-08-19. ^ a b c d e Dugdale, Sasha (24 May 2018). "Elena Gremina obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ "Elyse Dodgson". Royal Court. Retrieved 2020-04-16. ^ "Manchester University Press - Witness onstage". Manchester University Press. Retrieved 2020-04-16. ^ Senelick, Lawrence (2015). Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-44224-927-1. ^ a b "Russian playwright found dead after making play about anti-corruption lawyer Sergei Magnitsky". National Post. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ Ruble, Blair A. (1 September 2015). "Putin's Punitive Theatre of the Absurd". Newsweek. Retrieved 3 June 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teatr.doc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teatr.doc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80.doc"},{"link_name":"New Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Drama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Elena Anatolievna Gremina (20 November 1956 – 16 May 2018) was a Russian writer and playwright who was one of the founders of the documentary theatre Teatr.doc [ru]. The fact-based approach to creating theatre that Gremina fostered made Teatr.doc a prominent place in the Moscow theatre scene and the New Drama movement in Russian theatre.[1]","title":"Elena Gremina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Galina Mindadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galina_Mindadze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Grebnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Grebnev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky Literature Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky_Literature_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-2"}],"text":"Elena Grebneva was born on 20 November 1956 in Moscow, Soviet Union, to Georgian translator Galina Mindadze and playwright Anatoly Grebnev [ru]. At an early age, Elena would write protests in verse, such as an early piece about children being prevented from seeing a film. She later adopted the surname Gremina, a combination of her parents' surnames so as to be able to write without being compared to them. Gremina studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute to become a playwright.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Pushkin_Drama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Westdeutscher Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Ugarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Ugarov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_Secrets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Stephen Daldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Daldry"},{"link_name":"Elyse Dodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyse_Dodgson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramin Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin_Gray"},{"link_name":"James Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Macdonald_(director)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-2"},{"link_name":"Sergei Magnitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Magnitsky"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npost-6"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npost-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardobit-2"}],"text":"Gremina's first production was performed in 1983, but she only came to prominence in the 1990s after her plays were performed at the Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre and she won awards from Westdeutscher Rundfunk. A favoured subject matter of Gremina in this period was conflicted women of history. Gremina married playwright Mikhail Ugarov [ru] in 1993. Together with her husband and father, she created the television series, St. Petersburg Secrets [ru].[2]In 2000 Gremina and Ugarov, among other Russian authors, attended playwriting masterclasses that were conducted in Moscow by a group of Royal Court Theatre artists including Stephen Daldry, Elyse Dodgson,[3] Ramin Gray, and James Macdonald.[4] When Gremina and Ugarova heard Dodgson talk about the use of verbatim techniques in theatre to present factual stories on the stage, they decided that it was a way to reconnect Russian theatre with the public in their home country.[2] In 2001 Gremina and Ugarov produced Russia’s first documentary theatre festival, and in February 2002 the duo, together with several other Russian playwrights, started Teatr.doc in 2002, and soon began to present performances based on current events.[5]The performances became more political in nature, which resulted in Gremina and her husband being visited by the police and having equipment confiscated.[2] One such piece written by Gremina was on the death of Sergei Magnitsky, an anticorruption lawyer.[6] After a police raid of Teatr.doc in 2015 that saw three members of the production temporarily arrested and sets destroyed, Gremina was summoned to the Ministry of Culture where she was threatened with further raids.[7]Ugarov died following a heart attack in April 2018.[6] Gremina died six weeks later, also from a heart attack.[2]","title":"Career"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Krizhevsky, Alexey (2015-01-14). \"A new drama in Moscow\". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2019-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/new-drama-in-moscow/","url_text":"\"A new drama in Moscow\""}]},{"reference":"Dugdale, Sasha (24 May 2018). \"Elena Gremina obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/may/24/elena-gremina-obituary","url_text":"\"Elena Gremina obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elyse Dodgson\". Royal Court. Retrieved 2020-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalcourttheatre.com/cast/elyse-dodgson/","url_text":"\"Elyse Dodgson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester University Press - Witness onstage\". Manchester University Press. Retrieved 2020-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526126191","url_text":"\"Manchester University Press - Witness onstage\""}]},{"reference":"Senelick, Lawrence (2015). Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-44224-927-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mx5lCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Elena+Gremina%22&pg=PA485","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44224-927-1","url_text":"978-1-44224-927-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian playwright found dead after making play about anti-corruption lawyer Sergei Magnitsky\". National Post. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/world/russian-playwright-found-dead-after-making-play-about-anti-corruption-lawyer-sergei-magnitsky","url_text":"\"Russian playwright found dead after making play about anti-corruption lawyer Sergei Magnitsky\""}]},{"reference":"Ruble, Blair A. (1 September 2015). \"Putin's Punitive Theatre of the Absurd\". Newsweek. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/putins-punitive-theater-absurd-298179","url_text":"\"Putin's Punitive Theatre of the Absurd\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename_wa_Sailor_V

Codename: Sailor V

["1 Plot","2 Release","3 Chapters","3.1 Tankōbon editions","3.2 Shinsōban editions","3.3 Kanzenban editions","3.4 Bunkoban editions","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

"Sailor V" redirects here. This article is about the manga in general. For the title character, see Sailor Venus. Manga created by Naoko Takeuchi, Predecessor to Sailor Moon Codename: Sailor VThe Japanese cover of the first volume, depicting Sailor V and ArtemisコードネームはセーラーV(Kōdonēmu wa Sērā Bui) MangaWritten byNaoko TakeuchiPublished byKodanshaEnglish publisherNA: Kodansha USAMagazineRunRunDemographicShōjoOriginal runAugust 3, 1991 – July 3, 1997Volumes3 (List of volumes) Related Series Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Codename: Sailor V (Japanese: コードネームはセーラーＶ, Hepburn: Kōdonēmu wa Sērā Bui) is a manga created by Naoko Takeuchi. The series revolves around the character Minako Aino, a cheerful schoolgirl who finds out that she has magical powers that she must use to protect the people of the Earth. Codename: Sailor V is the basis for its sequel, Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon. Plot Minako Aino is a 13-year-old young middle school student who is slightly distracted, out-spoken and dreams about someday finding her true love and boyfriend. One day, she encounters a talking white cat with a crescent moon on its forehead named Artemis. He reveals that Minako possesses the magical ability to transform into a much stronger, more powerful, and more beautiful girl than anyone. He calls her "Sailor Venus" and tells her she has a mission to protect Earth in the name of her guardian planet Venus. To help her with her new mission, Artemis gives her two items, a crescent moon shaped compact and a magical pen. The magical pen allows her to transform into the Soldier of Justice: Sailor V. Minako begins fighting the evil agents known as the Dark Agency, who fight under Danburite's command. He is in charge of sending his many talented idols to enslave the public. Minako has many adventures as a Soldier of Justice, some sparking the envy and admiration of the police force. She also later gains the aid of Saijyo Ace, who she develops romantic feelings towards. Eventually, it is revealed that Saijyo Ace is the assumed guise of Danburite. In the ensuing battle, a heartbroken Minako mortally wounds Danburite, who before dying, tells Minako that her love life will be doomed. Afterwards, Minako realizes that her duty is more important than romance and discovers her true identity as Sailor Venus. From there, she decides to search for the other four Sailor Guardians and the Moon princess. Release Codename: Sailor V made its debut as a one-shot in the summer vacation issue of the manga magazine RunRun, published on August 3, 1991. It returned as a serial in RunRun, which lasted until July 3, 1997. Kodansha compiled the fifteen chapters into three Tankōbon or "Bound Volumes" and published them from December 18, 1993 to November 6, 1997. In 2004, the series was re-released in Japan as a two-volume Shinsōban or "Deluxe Edition" with revised artwork and dialogue. This release also saw the final, fifteenth, chapter split into two giving this release sixteen chapters total. The two volumes were released on October 28, 2004 and November 20, 2004. On May 27, 2014 Codename: Sailor V was published in a two-volume Kanzenban or "Complete Edition". This has a premium release with A5 sized paper and has new covers based on the covers of the original release. On February 28, 2019, Codename: Sailor V was published in a two-volume Bunkoban or "Takeuchi Naoko Bunko Collection" edition of the manga which is a smaller version of the Kanzenban with similar covers. An OVA series was teased in promotional materials, but never came to fruition as RunRun magazine, which had led the project, closed. In North America, the original Japanese release was never officially localized into English. Kodansha USA licensed the "Deluxe Edition" of Codename: Sailor V for an English-language release, alongside its re-printing of the Sailor Moon manga. The two volumes released on September 13, 2011 and November 15, 2011. On March 18, 2020, Kodansha USA announced Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition that features new cover art, a new translation, and color pages from the original serialization. It is an English-language release of the Japanese "Complete Edition." Both volumes were scheduled for release on January 5, 2021, but they were delayed with the first volume releasing September 28, 2021 and the second on November 9, 2021. The series has also been translated into other languages, including Indonesian by Elex Media Komputindo, French and Spanish by Glenat; German by Egmont Manga & Anime; Italian by Star Edizioni and later by GP Publishing, serialized in its manga magazine Amici; and Polish by JPF. Chapters Tankōbon editions No. Japanese release date Japanese ISBN 1 December 18, 19934-06-322801-0 Vol. 1: "Sērā Bui Tanjō!" (セーラーＶ誕生！) Vol. 2: "Minako in 'Gēmu Sentā Kuraun'" (美奈子ｉｎ「ゲームセンタークラウン」) Vol. 3: "Sērā Bui Hatsu Tōjo! -- 'Chaneru 44' Pandora no Yabō Hen" (セーラーＶ初登場－－「チャンネル４４」パンドラの野望編) Vol. 4: "Puchi Pandora no Yabō Hen" (プチ・パンドラの野望編) Vol. 5: "Dāku Ējentsū no In Bō Hen" (ダーク・エージェンツーの院謀編) Vol. 6: "Taiketsu! Sērā Bui vs. Dennō Shōjo Tōshi Rūga" (対決！セーラーＶ ｖｓ. 電脳少女闘士ルゥガ) 2 October 22, 19944-06-322810-X Vol. 7: "Sērā Bui Bakansu Hen -- Hawai e no Yabō!" (セーラーＶバカンス編－－ハワイヘの野望！) Vol. 8: "Namiki Michi no Koi -- Tābo Zenkai BariBari! Hen" (並木道の恋－－ターボ全開バリバリ！編) Vol. 9: "Sērā Bui vs. Deburīne" (セーラーＶ ｖｓ. デブリーネ) Vol. 10: "Sērā Bui Pinchi!? Kaitō A Tōjō" (セーラーＶピンチ！？怪盗Ａ登場！) 3 November 6, 19974-06-322834-7 Vol. 11: "Petto Hen Sono 1 Nyan Nyan no Inbō" (ペット編その１．娘々の陰謀) Vol. 12: "Petto Hen Sono 2 Wan Wan no Inbō" (ペット編その２．王々の陰謀) Vol. 13: "Petto Hen Sono 3 Chū Chū no Inbō" (ペット編その３．触々の陰謀) Vol. 14: "Hachimaki Ishi ni Kaketa Seishun!!" (ハチマキ石にかけた青春！！) Vol. 15: "Arata Naru Tabidachi!!" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！) Shinsōban editions No. Original release date Original ISBN English release date English ISBN 1 October 29, 20044-06-334929-2 September 13, 2011978-1935429777 Vol. 1: "Sailor V is Born!" (セーラーＶ誕生！, "Sērā Bui Tanjō!") Vol. 2: "Minako in 'Crown Game Center'" (美奈子ｉｎ「ゲームセンタークラウン」, "Minako in 'Gēmu Sentā Kuraun'") Vol. 3: "Sailor V Appears! Channel 44 / Pandora's Plot" (セーラーＶ初登場－－「チャンネル４４」パンドラの野望編, "Sērā Bui Hatsu Toujō! -- 'Chaneru 44' Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 4: "Petite Pandora's Plot" (プチ・パンドラの野望編, "Puchi Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 5: "The Dark Agency's Plot" (ダーク・エージェンツーの院謀編, "Dāku Eejentsū no In Bō Hen") Vol. 6: "Showdown! Sailor V vs. Electronic Fighter Girl Luga" (対決！セーラーＶ ｖｓ. 電脳少女闘士ルゥガ, "Taiketsu! Sērā Bui vs. Dennō Shōjo Toshi Rūga") Vol. 7: "Sailor V's Vacation / The Hawaiian Plot!" (セーラーＶバカンス編－－ハワイヘの野望！, "Sērā Bui Bakansu Hen -- Hawai e no Yabō!") Vol. 8: "Love on the Tree-Lined Road / Tearing at Turbo Full-Throttle!" (並木道の恋－－ターボ全開バリバリ！編, "Namiki Michi no Koi -- Tābo Zenkai BariBari! Hen") 2 November 22, 20044-06-334947-0 November 15, 2011978-1935429784 Vol. 9: "Sailor V vs. Debrine" (セーラーＶ ｖｓ. デブリーネ, "Sērā Bui vs. Deburīne") Vol. 10: "Sailor V in a Pinch!? Phantom Ace Appears!" (セーラーＶピンチ！？怪盗Ａ登場！, "Sērā Bui Pinchi!? Kaitō A Tōjō") Vol. 11: "The Pet Stories / Number 1: Nyan-Nyan's Plot" (ペット編その１．娘々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 1 Nyan Nyan no Inbō") Vol. 12: "The Pet Stories / Number 2: Wan-Wan's Plot" (ペット編その2．王々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 2 Wan Wan no Inbō") Vol. 13: "The Pet Stories / Number 3: Chuu-Chuu's Plot" (ペット編その3．触々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 3 Chuu Chuu no Inbō") Vol. 14: "Youth Bet on the Hachimaki Stone!!" (ハチマキ石にかけた青春！！, "Hachimaki Ishi ni Kaketa Seishun!!") Vol. 15: "A New Journey Begins!! First Part" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！前編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Zenpen") Vol. 16: "A New Journey Begins!! Last Part" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！後編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Kōhen") Kanzenban editions No. Original release date Original ISBN English release date English ISBN 1 May 29, 2014 978-4-06-364946-8 September 28, 2021978-1646511433 Vol. 1: "Sailor V is Born!" (セーラーＶ誕生！, "Sērā Bui Tanjō!") Vol. 2: "Minako in 'Crown Game Center'" (美奈子ｉｎ「ゲームセンタークラウン」, "Minako in 'Gēmu Sentā Kuraun'") Vol. 3: "Sailor V's Big Debut! Channel 44: Pandora's Ambition" (セーラーＶ初登場－－「チャンネル４４」パンドラの野望編, "Sērā Bui Hatsu Toujō! -- 'Chaneru 44' Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 4: "Petite Pandora's Ambition" (プチ・パンドラの野望編, "Puchi Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 5: "The Dark Agency Conspiracy" (ダーク・エージェンツーの院謀編, "Dāku Eejentsū no In Bō Hen") Vol. 6: "Showdown! Sailor V vs. Cyber Galadiatrix Ruga" (対決！セーラーＶ ｖｓ. 電脳少女闘士ルゥガ, "Taiketsu! Sērā Bui vs. Dennō Shōjo Toshi Rūga") Vol. 7: "Sailor V on Vacation: Ambitions Toward Hawaii!" (セーラーＶバカンス編－－ハワイヘの野望！, "Sērā Bui Bakansu Hen -- Hawai e no Yabō!") Vol. 8: "Love on a Tree-Lined Road: Super Turbo Full Throttle!" (並木道の恋－－ターボ全開バリバリ！編, "Namiki Michi no Koi -- Tābo Zenkai BariBari! Hen") 2 May 29, 2014 978-4-06-364947-5 November 9, 2021 978-1646511440 Vol. 9: "Sailor V vs. Deburine" (セーラーＶ ｖｓ. デブリーネ, "Sērā Bui vs. Deburīne") Vol. 10: "Sailor V's in Trouble?! Enter the Phantom Thief Ace!" (セーラーＶピンチ！？怪盗Ａ登場！, "Sērā Bui Pinchi!? Kaitō A Tōjō") Vol. 11: "Pet Perils Part 1: Nyan-Nyan's Ambition" (ペット編その１．娘々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 1 Nyan Nyan no Inbō") Vol. 12: "Pet Perils Part 2: Wan-Wan's Ambition" (ペット編その2．王々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 2 Wan Wan no Inbō") Vol. 13: "Pet Perils Part 3: Chu-Chu's Ambition" (ペット編その3．触々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 3 Chuu Chuu no Inbō") Vol. 14: "Staking the Springtime of Youth on a Hachimaki Stone!!" (ハチマキ石にかけた青春！！, "Hachimaki Ishi ni Kaketa Seishun!!") Vol. 15: "A New Journey Begins!! Part One" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！前編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Zenpen") Vol. 16: "A New Journey Begins!! Part Two" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！後編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Kōhen") Bunkoban editions No. Original release date Original ISBN English release date English ISBN 1 March 1, 2019—TBA— Vol. 1: "Sailor V is Born!" (セーラーＶ誕生！, "Sērā Bui Tanjō!") Vol. 2: "Minako in 'Crown Game Center'" (美奈子ｉｎ「ゲームセンタークラウン」, "Minako in 'Gēmu Sentā Kuraun'") Vol. 3: "Sailor V's Big Debut! Channel 44: Pandora's Ambition" (セーラーＶ初登場－－「チャンネル４４」パンドラの野望編, "Sērā Bui Hatsu Toujō! -- 'Chaneru 44' Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 4: "Petite Pandora's Ambition" (プチ・パンドラの野望編, "Puchi Pandora no Yabō Hen") Vol. 5: "The Dark Agency Conspiracy" (ダーク・エージェンツーの院謀編, "Dāku Eejentsū no In Bō Hen") Vol. 6: "Showdown! Sailor V vs. Cyber Galadiatrix Ruga" (対決！セーラーＶ ｖｓ. 電脳少女闘士ルゥガ, "Taiketsu! Sērā Bui vs. Dennō Shōjo Toshi Rūga") Vol. 7: "Sailor V on Vacation: Ambitions Toward Hawaii!" (セーラーＶバカンス編－－ハワイヘの野望！, "Sērā Bui Bakansu Hen -- Hawai e no Yabō!") Vol. 8: "Love on a Tree-Lined Road: Super Turbo Full Throttle!" (並木道の恋－－ターボ全開バリバリ！編, "Namiki Michi no Koi -- Tābo Zenkai BariBari! Hen") 2 March 1, 2019—TBA— Vol. 9: "Sailor V vs. Deburine" (セーラーＶ ｖｓ. デブリーネ, "Sērā Bui vs. Deburīne") Vol. 10: "Sailor V's in Trouble?! Enter the Phantom Thief Ace!" (セーラーＶピンチ！？怪盗Ａ登場！, "Sērā Bui Pinchi!? Kaitō A Tōjō") Vol. 11: "Pet Perils Part 1: Nyan-Nyan's Ambition" (ペット編その１．娘々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 1 Nyan Nyan no Inbō") Vol. 12: "Pet Perils Part 2: Wan-Wan's Ambition" (ペット編その2．王々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 2 Wan Wan no Inbō") Vol. 13: "Pet Perils Part 3: Chu-Chu's Ambition" (ペット編その3．触々の陰謀, "Petto Hen Sono 3 Chuu Chuu no Inbō") Vol. 14: "Staking the Springtime of Youth on a Hachimaki Stone!!" (ハチマキ石にかけた青春！！, "Hachimaki Ishi ni Kaketa Seishun!!") Vol. 15: "A New Journey Begins!! Part One" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！前編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Zenpen") Vol. 16: "A New Journey Begins!! Part Two" (新たなる旅立ちッ！！後編, "Arata Naru Tabidachi!! Kōhen") Reception For the week of 11 September 2011 to 17 September 2011, Codename: Sailor V was second on The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, behind the first volume of Sailor Moon. The following week, it was again second on the list behind the first volume of Sailor Moon. The week after that, it slipped to third place. For the week of 9 October - 15 October, it reappeared at eighth place, the next week appearing at ninth. For the week of 6–12 November 2011, the first volume appeared at #2 on the list, above Sailor Moon for the first time. The following week, the second volume of Codename: Sailor V appeared at #2 on the list, and the first volume did not appear. For the week of 20–26 November, the second volume placed third on the list. On the BookScan Top 20 Graphic Novels of November 2011, the second volume placed third, and the first volume placed thirteenth. Brigid Alverson of MTV Geek described Codename: Sailor V as feeling like a rough draft of Sailor Moon. Ed Sizemore felt from Comics Worth Reading Sailor V had less character development than Sailor Moon, feeling that this was not a drawback. Sean Gaffney of Manga Bookshelf notes that unlike Usagi, Minako performs her missions alone, and describes the tone of the manga as an " action comedy". Writing for Anime News Network, Rebecca Silverman noted that most of Sailor V is episodic, but feels it is worth reading due to the insights it gives into Minako's character, and the groundwork it lays for Sailor Moon. Katherine Dacey wrote for Manga Critic that while an adult may see the series as "repetitive, hokey, and poorly drawn", a child would see it as an "appealing fantasy in which an ordinary girl can assume a new, powerful identity" to defeat bullies and evil. Dacey sees Codename Sailor V's strength as being Minako's enthusiastic character. The Fandom Post's Matthew Warner saw the book as being a "lighthearted spoof" of magical girl titles. References ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (2013). "Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon ~Ten Years of Love and Miracles~". Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Short Stories. Vol. 2. New York: Kodansha USA. pp. 196–200. ISBN 978-1-612-62010-7. ^ "RunRun" (August 1991 (Summer Vacation Special)). Kodansha: 51. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c Takeuchi, Naoko (December 1993). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322801-0. ^ a b c Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1997). コードネームはセーラーＶ (3). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322834-7. ^ 「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on 2014-07-23. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ 「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（１）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（1）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス" (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2014-10-04. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（2）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス" (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2014-10-04. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーＶ（１） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. ^ "『コードネームはセーラーＶ（２） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). ^ Takeuchi, Naoko (October 23, 2003). "Afterword Punch". Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon shinsouban Volume 3. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334783-4. ^ "Kodansha USA To Publish Sailor V, Sailor Moon Manga". Anime News Network. 2011-03-18. ^ a b Codename: Sailor V Volume 1. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1935429777. ^ a b Codename: Sailor V Volume 2. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1935429784. ^ "Kodansha USA Announces Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition, Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm, Orient, More Manga for Print". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2021-09-27. ^ Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition. Retrieved 2022-05-17. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Elex Media Re-releases Codename: Sailor V Manga". Anime News Network. 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-16. ^ "Sailor V #03" (in French). Glenat. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "Glenat | Catálogo" (in Spanish). 2006-05-14. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-25. ^ "Sailor V, Bd.2: Amazon.de: Naoko Takeuchi: Bücher" (in German). Amazon.de. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "La tua fumetteria". Starshop.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-05-29. ^ "GP Manga - Codename Sailor V" (in Italian). GP Publishing. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "Oficjalna Witryna Wydawnictwa J.P.Fantastica" (in Polish). JPF. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322810-X. ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334929-2. ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334947-0. ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-364946-8. ^ Codename: Sailor V Volume 1. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1646511433. ^ a b Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-364947-5. ^ Codename: Sailor V Volume 2. Kodansha USA. 2021. ISBN 978-1646511440. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 11–17". Anime News Network. 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 2011-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 18–24". Anime News Network. 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 25-October 1". Anime News Network. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 9–15". Anime News Network. 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 16–22". Anime News Network. 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 6–12 - News". Anime News Network. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-25. ^ Taylor, Ihsan. "Best Sellers - The New York Times". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 13–19 - News". Anime News Network. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-25. ^ Taylor, Ihsan. "Best Sellers - The New York Times". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, November 20–26 - News". Anime News Network. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-25. ^ Taylor, Ihsan. "Best Sellers - The New York Times". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "'Sailor Moon' Pulls Off a Hat Trick". ICv2. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ Alverson, Bridget (2011-09-27). "Manga Review: Codename Sailor V, vol. 1". MTV Geek. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ Sizemore, Ed (2011-09-16). "Codename Sailor V and Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Book 1". Manga Worth Reading. Archived from the original on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ Gaffney, Sean (2011-09-20). "Codename Sailor V, Vol. 1". Retrieved 2011-11-03. ^ Silverman, Rebecca (2011-10-05). "Codename: Sailor V GN1 - Review". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ Dacey, Katherine (2011-10-13). "Codename: Sailor V, Vol. 1". The Manga Critic. Retrieved 2011-11-02. ^ Warner, Matthew (2011-09-22). "Codename: Sailor V Vol. #01 Manga Review". The Fandom Post. Retrieved 2011-11-02. External links Code Name: Sailor V - a novelization of the manga at The Manga of Takeuchi Naoko Codename: Sailor V (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteSailor Moon by Naoko TakeuchiMedia Chapters Codename: Sailor V Musicals North American pilot Collectible card game Live-action series Anime Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 R S SuperS Sailor Stars Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Films Original series R S SuperS Crystal series Eternal Cosmos Video games Sailor Moon R Panic in Nakayoshi World S: Jōgai Rantō!? Shuyaku Sōdatsusen Pretty Soldier S Pretty Soldier Another Story SuperS: Shin Shuyaku Sōdatsusen La Luna Splende Drops Soundtracks "Moonlight Densetsu" "Sailor Star Song" "Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto..." "Moon Pride" "Moon Color Chainon" Super Moonies CharactersProtagonists Sailor Moon Luna Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sailor Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Venus"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Naoko Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"Minako Aino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Venus"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon"}],"text":"\"Sailor V\" redirects here. This article is about the manga in general. For the title character, see Sailor Venus.Manga created by Naoko Takeuchi, Predecessor to Sailor MoonCodename: Sailor V (Japanese: コードネームはセーラーＶ, Hepburn: Kōdonēmu wa Sērā Bui) is a manga created by Naoko Takeuchi. The series revolves around the character Minako Aino, a cheerful schoolgirl who finds out that she has magical powers that she must use to protect the people of the Earth. Codename: Sailor V is the basis for its sequel, Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon.","title":"Codename: Sailor V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sailor_Moon_characters#Artemis"},{"link_name":"Dark Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Kingdom#Dark_Agency"}],"text":"Minako Aino is a 13-year-old young middle school student who is slightly distracted, out-spoken and dreams about someday finding her true love and boyfriend. One day, she encounters a talking white cat with a crescent moon on its forehead named Artemis. He reveals that Minako possesses the magical ability to transform into a much stronger, more powerful, and more beautiful girl than anyone.He calls her \"Sailor Venus\" and tells her she has a mission to protect Earth in the name of her guardian planet Venus. To help her with her new mission, Artemis gives her two items, a crescent moon shaped compact and a magical pen. The magical pen allows her to transform into the Soldier of Justice: Sailor V.Minako begins fighting the evil agents known as the Dark Agency, who fight under Danburite's command. He is in charge of sending his many talented idols to enslave the public.Minako has many adventures as a Soldier of Justice, some sparking the envy and admiration of the police force. She also later gains the aid of Saijyo Ace, who she develops romantic feelings towards.Eventually, it is revealed that Saijyo Ace is the assumed guise of Danburite. In the ensuing battle, a heartbroken Minako mortally wounds Danburite, who before dying, tells Minako that her love life will be doomed. Afterwards, Minako realizes that her duty is more important than romance and discovers her true identity as Sailor Venus. From there, she decides to search for the other four Sailor Guardians and the Moon princess.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-shot_(comics)"},{"link_name":"manga magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-1"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"Tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPVolume1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPVolume3-4"},{"link_name":"Shinsōban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon#Shins%C5%8Dban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kanzenban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon#Kanzenban"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bunkoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon#Bunkoban"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AfterwordPunch-13"},{"link_name":"Kodansha USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_USA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANNnews-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KodanshaUSVolume1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KodanshaUSAVolume2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Elex Media Komputindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elex_Media_Komputindo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Glenat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A9nat_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Egmont Manga & Anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Manga_%26_Anime"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"JPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonica_Polonica_Fantastica"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Codename: Sailor V made its debut as a one-shot in the summer vacation issue of the manga magazine RunRun, published on August 3, 1991.[1][2] It returned as a serial in RunRun, which lasted until July 3, 1997.[1] Kodansha compiled the fifteen chapters into three Tankōbon or \"Bound Volumes\" and published them from December 18, 1993 to November 6, 1997.[3][4] In 2004, the series was re-released in Japan as a two-volume Shinsōban or \"Deluxe Edition\" with revised artwork and dialogue.[5][6] This release also saw the final, fifteenth, chapter split into two giving this release sixteen chapters total. The two volumes were released on October 28, 2004 and November 20, 2004.[7][8] On May 27, 2014 Codename: Sailor V was published in a two-volume Kanzenban or \"Complete Edition\".[9][10] This has a premium release with A5 sized paper and has new covers based on the covers of the original release. On February 28, 2019, Codename: Sailor V was published in a two-volume Bunkoban or \"Takeuchi Naoko Bunko Collection\" edition of the manga which is a smaller version of the Kanzenban with similar covers.[11][12]An OVA series was teased in promotional materials, but never came to fruition as RunRun magazine, which had led the project, closed.[13]In North America, the original Japanese release was never officially localized into English. Kodansha USA licensed the \"Deluxe Edition\" of Codename: Sailor V for an English-language release, alongside its re-printing of the Sailor Moon manga.[14] The two volumes released on September 13, 2011 and November 15, 2011.[15][16] On March 18, 2020, Kodansha USA announced Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition that features new cover art, a new translation, and color pages from the original serialization. It is an English-language release of the Japanese \"Complete Edition.\" Both volumes were scheduled for release on January 5, 2021, but they were delayed with the first volume releasing September 28, 2021 and the second on November 9, 2021.[17][18]The series has also been translated into other languages, including Indonesian by Elex Media Komputindo,[19] French and Spanish by Glenat;[20][21] German by Egmont Manga & Anime;[22] Italian by Star Edizioni and later by GP Publishing, serialized in its manga magazine Amici;[23][24] and Polish by JPF.[25]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tankōbon editions","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Shinsōban editions","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kanzenban editions","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bunkoban editions","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_New_York_Times_Manga_Best_Sellers"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"BookScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookScan"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sizemore-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaffney-52"},{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"For the week of 11 September 2011 to 17 September 2011, Codename: Sailor V was second on The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, behind the first volume of Sailor Moon.[33][34] The following week, it was again second on the list behind the first volume of Sailor Moon.[35][36] The week after that, it slipped to third place.[37][38] For the week of 9 October - 15 October, it reappeared at eighth place,[39][40] the next week appearing at ninth.[41][42] For the week of 6–12 November 2011, the first volume appeared at #2 on the list, above Sailor Moon for the first time.[43][44] The following week, the second volume of Codename: Sailor V appeared at #2 on the list, and the first volume did not appear.[45][46] For the week of 20–26 November, the second volume placed third on the list.[47][48] On the BookScan Top 20 Graphic Novels of November 2011, the second volume placed third, and the first volume placed thirteenth.[49]Brigid Alverson of MTV Geek described Codename: Sailor V as feeling like a rough draft of Sailor Moon.[50] Ed Sizemore felt from Comics Worth Reading Sailor V had less character development than Sailor Moon, feeling that this was not a drawback.[51] Sean Gaffney of Manga Bookshelf notes that unlike Usagi, Minako performs her missions alone, and describes the tone of the manga as an \" action comedy\".[52] Writing for Anime News Network, Rebecca Silverman noted that most of Sailor V is episodic, but feels it is worth reading due to the insights it gives into Minako's character, and the groundwork it lays for Sailor Moon.[53] Katherine Dacey wrote for Manga Critic that while an adult may see the series as \"repetitive, hokey, and poorly drawn\", a child would see it as an \"appealing fantasy in which an ordinary girl can assume a new, powerful identity\" to defeat bullies and evil. Dacey sees Codename Sailor V's strength as being Minako's enthusiastic character.[54] The Fandom Post's Matthew Warner saw the book as being a \"lighthearted spoof\" of magical girl titles.[55]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (2013). \"Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon ~Ten Years of Love and Miracles~\". Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Short Stories. Vol. 2. New York: Kodansha USA. pp. 196–200. ISBN 978-1-612-62010-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-612-62010-7","url_text":"978-1-612-62010-7"}]},{"reference":"\"RunRun\" (August 1991 (Summer Vacation Special)). Kodansha: 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (December 1993). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322801-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-322801-0","url_text":"4-06-322801-0"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1997). コードネームはセーラーＶ (3). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322834-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-322834-7","url_text":"4-06-322834-7"}]},{"reference":"「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on 2014-07-23. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140723154217/http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/content/top.php/1000001196","url_text":"「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス"},{"url":"http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/content/top.php/1000001196","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product/top.php/1234584057","url_text":"「なかよし」公式ホームページ『デジなか』｜なかよし｜コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）｜作品紹介｜講談社コミックプラス"}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（１）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000035481","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（１）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000035489","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ 新装版（２）』（武内 直子） 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（1）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス\" (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2014-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?isbn=9784063649468","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（1）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（2）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス\" (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2014-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?isbn=9784063649475","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーV 完全版（2）』（武内直子）｜講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ（１） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese). Kodansha.","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000318472","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ（１） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ（２） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\". 講談社コミックプラス (in Japanese).","urls":[{"url":"https://kc.kodansha.co.jp/product?item=0000318473","url_text":"\"『コードネームはセーラーＶ（２） 武内直子文庫コレクション』（武内 直子）：講談社漫画文庫 製品詳細 講談社コミックプラス\""}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (October 23, 2003). \"Afterword Punch\". Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon shinsouban Volume 3. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334783-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-334783-4","url_text":"4-06-334783-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Kodansha USA To Publish Sailor V, Sailor Moon Manga\". Anime News Network. 2011-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-03-18/kodansha-usa-to-publish-sailor-v-sailor-moon-manga","url_text":"\"Kodansha USA To Publish Sailor V, Sailor Moon Manga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"Codename: Sailor V Volume 1. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1935429777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_USA","url_text":"Kodansha USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935429777","url_text":"978-1935429777"}]},{"reference":"Codename: Sailor V Volume 2. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1935429784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_USA","url_text":"Kodansha USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935429784","url_text":"978-1935429784"}]},{"reference":"\"Kodansha USA Announces Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition, Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm, Orient, More Manga for Print\". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2021-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-03-18/kodansha-usa-announces-codename-sailor-v-eternal-edition-ghost-in-the-shell-the-human-algorithm-orient-more-manga-for-print/.157638","url_text":"\"Kodansha USA Announces Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition, Ghost in the Shell: The Human Algorithm, Orient, More Manga for Print\""}]},{"reference":"Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition. Retrieved 2022-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://kodansha.us/series/codename-sailor-v-eternal-edition/","url_text":"Codename: Sailor V Eternal Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"Elex Media Re-releases Codename: Sailor V Manga\". Anime News Network. 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-12/elex-media-re-releases-codename-sailor-v-manga/.109776","url_text":"\"Elex Media Re-releases Codename: Sailor V Manga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sailor V #03\" (in French). Glenat. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213858/http://www.glenatmanga.com/sailor-v-03-9782723427982.htm","url_text":"\"Sailor V #03\""},{"url":"http://www.glenatmanga.com/sailor-v-03-9782723427982.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenat | Catálogo\" (in Spanish). 2006-05-14. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060514021008/http://www.edicionesglenat.es/catalogo/manga/?item=180&tipo=3","url_text":"\"Glenat | Catálogo\""},{"url":"http://www.edicionesglenat.es/catalogo/manga/?item=180&tipo=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sailor V, Bd.2: Amazon.de: Naoko Takeuchi: Bücher\" (in German). Amazon.de. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3898852644/","url_text":"\"Sailor V, Bd.2: Amazon.de: Naoko Takeuchi: Bücher\""}]},{"reference":"\"La tua fumetteria\". Starshop.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035300/http://www.starshop.it/Fumetti.aspx?cerca=1&sct=0&prl=maggie","url_text":"\"La tua fumetteria\""},{"url":"http://www.starshop.it/Fumetti.aspx?cerca=1&sct=0&prl=maggie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GP Manga - Codename Sailor V\" (in Italian). GP Publishing. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gppublishing.it/shop2.asp?c=272","url_text":"\"GP Manga - Codename Sailor V\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oficjalna Witryna Wydawnictwa J.P.Fantastica\" (in Polish). JPF. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpf.com.pl/index.php?content=cont_naszemangi.php&tytul=Has%B3o%20brzmi%20Sailor%20V&log=nie","url_text":"\"Oficjalna Witryna Wydawnictwa J.P.Fantastica\""}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2). Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-322810-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-322810-X","url_text":"4-06-322810-X"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334929-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-334929-2","url_text":"4-06-334929-2"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-334947-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-334947-0","url_text":"4-06-334947-0"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (October 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (1) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-364946-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-364946-8","url_text":"978-4-06-364946-8"}]},{"reference":"Codename: Sailor V Volume 1. Kodansha USA. 2011. ISBN 978-1646511433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_USA","url_text":"Kodansha USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1646511433","url_text":"978-1646511433"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi, Naoko (November 1994). コードネームはセーラーＶ (2) 新装版. Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-364947-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi","url_text":"Takeuchi, Naoko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha","url_text":"Kodansha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-364947-5","url_text":"978-4-06-364947-5"}]},{"reference":"Codename: Sailor V Volume 2. Kodansha USA. 2021. ISBN 978-1646511440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha_USA","url_text":"Kodansha USA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1646511440","url_text":"978-1646511440"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers\". The New York Times. 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-10-02/manga/list.html","url_text":"\"Best Sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 11–17\". Anime News Network. 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-09-23/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-september-11-17","url_text":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 11–17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers\". The New York Times. 2011-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-10-09/manga/list.html","url_text":"\"Best Sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 18–24\". Anime News Network. 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-09-30/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-september-18-24","url_text":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 18–24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Sellers\". The New York Times. 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-10-16/manga/list.html","url_text":"\"Best Sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 25-October 1\". Anime News Network. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-10-07/new-york-times-manga-best-seller-list-september-25-october-1","url_text":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, September 25-October 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 9–15\". Anime News Network. 2011-10-21. 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Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-12-11/manga/list.html","url_text":"\"Best Sellers - The New York Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sailor Moon' Pulls Off a Hat Trick\". ICv2. Retrieved 2011-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/21677.html","url_text":"\"'Sailor Moon' Pulls Off a Hat Trick\""}]},{"reference":"Alverson, Bridget (2011-09-27). \"Manga Review: Codename Sailor V, vol. 1\". MTV Geek. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://geek-news.mtv.com/2011/09/27/manga-review-codename-sailor-v-vol-1/","url_text":"\"Manga Review: Codename Sailor V, vol. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Sizemore, Ed (2011-09-16). \"Codename Sailor V and Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Book 1\". Manga Worth Reading. Archived from the original on 2011-10-12. 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Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://mangacritic.com/2011/10/13/codename-sailor-v-vol-1/","url_text":"\"Codename: Sailor V, Vol. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Warner, Matthew (2011-09-22). \"Codename: Sailor V Vol. #01 Manga Review\". The Fandom Post. Retrieved 2011-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fandompost.com/2011/09/22/codename-sailor-v-vol-01-manga-review/","url_text":"\"Codename: Sailor V Vol. #01 Manga Review\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latata

Latata

["1 Composition","2 Promotion","3 Commercial performance","4 Accolades","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Monthly chart","5.3 Year-end chart","6 Release history","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]

2018 single by (G)I-dle This article is about the song. For the debut Japanese extended play, see Latata (EP). "Latata"Japanese coverSingle by (G)I-dlefrom the album I Am ReleasedMay 2, 2018Genre Trap-pop moombahton reggae Length3:22Label Cube Entertainment Kakao M Songwriter(s)SoyeonProducer(s) Soyeon Big Sancho (G)I-dle singles chronology "Latata" (2018) "Hann (Alone)" (2018) Music video"Latata" on YouTube Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingIZM "Latata" (stylized as "LATATA") is the debut single recorded by South Korean girl group (G)I-dle as the lead single from their debut Korean extended play (EP) I Am. It was released on May 2, 2018, by Cube Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M. It was written by member Soyeon, who also produced the song alongside Big Sancho. A music video for the song was also released on the same day. Promotions for the song resulted in (G)I-dle's first music show win on SBS MTV's The Show on May 22, 2018. The song also resulted in a second win on Mnet's M Countdown. A Japanese version was released on July 12, 2019 as the lead single from their Japanese debut EP of the same name. An English version was released on May 15, 2020. Composition "Latata" described as a Moombahton, trap song, featuring reggae rhythm. It was composed in the key of A Minor with a tempo of 98 beats per minute. Lyrically, it is about a woman in love, who expresses her desire to dance with her lover. In an interview with MBC's Radio Star, Soyeon stated that "Latata's" chorus was a word-play on Song Joon-geun's catchphrase, she furthermore explained, "I was impressed with 'Ratata Arata', which was popularized by Song Jun-geun's character 'Gonzalez' from "Bongsunga School". After that, while listening to Latin music, the word 'Ratata Arata' came to mind, and that's how Latata was created". Promotion The group started promoting their title track "Latata" on May 3. They first performed the lead single on Mnet's M Countdown, followed by performances on KBS' Music Bank, MBC's Show! Music Core and SBS's Inkigayo. They received their first-ever music show win since debut on May 22, 2018 on SBS MTV's The Show. Two days later, on May 24, the group received their second music show win for "Latata" on M Countdown. Commercial performance "Latata" did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart in its first week, but did enter the component Download Chart at number 68, peaking at number 8 the following week. In its second week, the song debuted at number 35 on the Gaon Digital Chart as a "hot" song and peaked at number 16 two weeks later. It also entered at number 66 on the component Streaming Chart and peaked at number 23 the following week. The song entered at number 4 on the Gaon Social Chart, and climbed to number 3 the following week. In the United States, the song entered at number 11 on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, and climbed to number 4 the following week, selling 1,000 copies, making it the best-selling K-pop song in the week of May 10. The song has sold 3,000 copies in America as of August 2018. In September 2020, "Latata" music video surpassed 160 million combined views for the official music video uploaded on 1theK's channel and (G)I-dle's official channel. On June 27, 2022 the music video surpassed 200 million views for the official music video uploaded on 1theK's channel. Accolades Year-end lists for "Latata" Critic/Publication Year List Rank Ref. Bugs! 2018 2018 Year End Top 100 37 Deezer 2022 K-POP 2022 Hits Placed Idology 2018 2018 Songs of the Year 1 Paper Top 20 K-Pop Songs of 2018 14 SBS PopAsia Top 100 Asian pop songs of 2018 38 Music program wins Program Date (3 total) Ref. The Show May 22, 2018 May 29, 2018 M Countdown May 24, 2018 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2018) Peakposition South Korea (Gaon) 12 US World Digital Songs (Billboard) 4 Monthly chart Chart (2018) Peakposition South Korea (Gaon) 13 Year-end chart Chart (2018) Peakposition South Korea (Gaon) 81 Release history Release history for "Latata" Region Date Format Version Label Ref South Korea May 2, 2018 Digital downloadstreaming Original CubeKakao Various Japan July 19,2019 Japanese U CubeCubeUniversal music Japan Various May 15, 2020 English U CubeCubeUniversal music See also List of M Countdown Chart winners (2018) Notes ^ English translation by Lauren Kaori References ^ "Rising Stars (G)I-DLE Are Defining Their Own Genre". MTV. ^ a b c Ko, Seung-ah (May 5, 2018). "(여자)아이들 소연 "데뷔곡 'LATATA', 제 자작곡…멤버 생각하며 썼다"" . Herald Pop (in Korean). Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ Jung Hyo-beom. "Latata". IZM (in Korean). Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ "LATATA". www.melon.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2020-12-07. ^ a b "'더쇼' (여자)아이들, 첫 1위 '눈물'..엔플라잉 컴백·NCT 제노X김용국 새 MC". OSEN (in Korean). May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018. ^ a b " '엠카' (여자)아이들, 데뷔곡 '라타타'로 2관왕…무서운 신인" (in Korean). Retrieved May 24, 2018. ^ “幕張ジャック”(G)I-DLE、7・31日本デビュー ショーケースも決定 ^ Jeff Benjamin (May 15, 2020). "(G)I-DLE Take Next International Step With English 'Latata' Single". Forbes. ^ "Key, BPM of Latata by (G)I-dle". tunebat. Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ Jang, Woo-young (May 2, 2018). " (여자)아이들 'LATATA', 강렬하면서도 화려하다" (G)I-DLE's 'LATATA', intense yet colorful.]. SPOTV NEWS (in Korean). Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ "'불후' (여자)아이들 소연 "데뷔곡 '라타타', 개그콘서트서 영감 얻어"". Gyeongin Daily. October 5, 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-29. ^ Park Dong-sun (November 22, 2019). "(여자)아이들 소연 "데뷔곡 LATATA, '라따라따 아라따'에서 영감"…원 유행어 창시자 송준근 주목". RPM9. Retrieved 2019-11-29. ^ "'엠카운트다운' 여자친구·아이즈·헤일로·(여자)아이들 등 무대 준비". Asia Today (in Korean). May 3, 2018. ^ "'더쇼' (여자)아이들, 첫 1위 '눈물'..엔플라잉 컴백·NCT 제노X김용국 새 MC". OSEN (in Korean). May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018. ^ " '엠카' (여자)아이들, 데뷔곡 '라타타'로 2관왕…무서운 신인" (in Korean). Retrieved May 30, 2018. ^ "18th Week of 2018 – Gaon Download Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ "19th Week of 2018 – Download Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ "Week 19 of 2018 – Digital Chart". May 6–12, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ a b "Week 22 of 2018 – Digital Chart". May 27 – June 2, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018. ^ "19th Week of 2018 – Streaming Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ "18th Week of 2018 – Social Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ "19th Week of 2018 – Social Chart". gaonchart.co.kr. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ a b "(G)I-DLE Go Top 5 on World Albums & Song Sales Charts With Debut Releases". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2018. ^ "(G)I-DLE Hit New Peak on World Digital Song Sales Chart With 'Hann (Alone)'". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-08-27. ^ ""특급 신인" (여자)아이들, 데뷔곡'라타타' 뮤직비디오 1억뷰 돌파". 3 February 2019. ^ Kim, Ha-young (June 27, 2022). "상반기 접수한 (여자)아이들 'LATATA' MV로 2억 뷰 반열에 들어서다" . Sports Trend (in Korean). Retrieved October 24, 2022. ^ "2018 벅스 연말 종합 TOP100". 7 December 2018. ^ "Best of 2022: K-Pop". Deezer. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ "결산 2018 : 최고의 노래" . February 27, 2019. ^ Benjamin, Jeff (December 21, 2018). "PAPER's Top 20 K-Pop Songs of 2018". PAPER. Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ "PopAsia's Top 100 Asian pop songs of 2018: 50-1". SBS. Popasia. December 24, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019. ^ "'더쇼' (여자)아이들, 1위·3관왕 달성..프리스틴V·칸 데뷔 ". OSEN (in Korean). Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ "Gaon Digital Chart – June 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ "Gaon Digital Chart – 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved November 23, 2019. ^ I am - EP by (G)I-DLE, 2018-05-02, retrieved 2022-10-23 ^ Latata Japanese ver - EP by (G)I-DLE, 2019-07-29, retrieved 2022-10-23 ^ LATATA (English Version) - Single by (G)I-DLE, 2020-05-15, retrieved 2022-10-23 vte(G)I-dle Miyeon Minnie Soyeon Yuqi Shuhua Soojin Studio albums I Never Die 2 Extended playsKorean I Am I Made I Trust I Burn I Love I Feel Japanese Latata Oh My God English Heat Single albums Dumdi Dumdi SinglesKorean "Latata" "Hann (Alone)" "Senorita" "Uh-Oh" "Lion" "Oh My God" "I'm the Trend" "Dumdi Dumdi" "Hwaa" "Tomboy" "Nxde" "Queencard" "Wife" "Super Lady" English "I Do" "I Want That" Other songs "Pop/Stars" "Put It Straight" "The Baddest" "More" "Moon" "Last Dance" "My Bag" "Dark (X-File)" "Allergy" "Fate" ConcertsTours Just Me ( )I-dle World Tour I Am Free-ty World Tour One-off I-Land: Who Am I Television Queendom Never Ending Neverland Related topics K/DA Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography   Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group 2 MusicBrainz work 2 3

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latata (EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latata_(EP)"},{"link_name":"(G)I-dle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(G)I-dle"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"I Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_((G)I-dle_EP)"},{"link_name":"Cube Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Kakao M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_M"},{"link_name":"Soyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon_So-yeon"},{"link_name":"Big Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sancho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"SBS MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_MTV"},{"link_name":"The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1st-5"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2nd-6"},{"link_name":"Japanese debut EP of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latata_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[A]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This article is about the song. For the debut Japanese extended play, see Latata (EP).\"Latata\" (stylized as \"LATATA\") is the debut single recorded by South Korean girl group (G)I-dle as the lead single from their debut Korean extended play (EP) I Am. It was released on May 2, 2018, by Cube Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M. It was written by member Soyeon, who also produced the song alongside Big Sancho.[4] A music video for the song was also released on the same day. Promotions for the song resulted in (G)I-dle's first music show win on SBS MTV's The Show on May 22, 2018.[5] The song also resulted in a second win on Mnet's M Countdown.[6]A Japanese version was released on July 12, 2019 as the lead single from their Japanese debut EP of the same name.[7] An English version was released on May 15, 2020.[A][8]","title":"Latata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moombahton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moombahton"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:%22Herald-2"},{"link_name":"A Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_minor"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC_TV_(South_Korean_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Radio Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Star_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bongsunga School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_Concert#Bongsunga_School"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Latata\" described as a Moombahton, trap song, featuring reggae rhythm.[2] It was composed in the key of A Minor with a tempo of 98 beats per minute.[9] Lyrically, it is about a woman in love, who expresses her desire to dance with her lover.[10] In an interview with MBC's Radio Star, Soyeon stated that \"Latata's\" chorus was a word-play on Song Joon-geun's catchphrase, she furthermore explained, \"I was impressed with 'Ratata Arata', which was popularized by Song Jun-geun's character 'Gonzalez' from \"Bongsunga School\". After that, while listening to Latin music, the word 'Ratata Arata' came to mind, and that's how Latata was created\".[11][12]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"KBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SBS MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_MTV"},{"link_name":"The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The group started promoting their title track \"Latata\" on May 3. They first performed the lead single on Mnet's M Countdown, followed by performances on KBS' Music Bank, MBC's Show! Music Core and SBS's Inkigayo.[13] They received their first-ever music show win since debut on May 22, 2018 on SBS MTV's The Show.[14] Two days later, on May 24, the group received their second music show win for \"Latata\" on M Countdown.[15]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gaon Social Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Social_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"World Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"\"Latata\" did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart in its first week, but did enter the component Download Chart at number 68, peaking at number 8 the following week.[16][17] In its second week, the song debuted at number 35 on the Gaon Digital Chart as a \"hot\" song and peaked at number 16 two weeks later.[18][19] It also entered at number 66 on the component Streaming Chart and peaked at number 23 the following week.[20] The song entered at number 4 on the Gaon Social Chart, and climbed to number 3 the following week.[21][22]In the United States, the song entered at number 11 on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, and climbed to number 4 the following week, selling 1,000 copies, making it the best-selling K-pop song in the week of May 10.[23] The song has sold 3,000 copies in America as of August 2018.[24]In September 2020, \"Latata\" music video surpassed 160 million combined views for the official music video uploaded on 1theK's channel and (G)I-dle's official channel.[25] On June 27, 2022 the music video surpassed 200 million views for the official music video uploaded on 1theK's channel.[26]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latata&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon-20"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latata&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latata&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[19]\n\n12\n\n\nUS World Digital Songs (Billboard)[23]\n\n4\n\nMonthly chart[edit]\n\n\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[33]\n\n13\n\n\n\nYear-end chart[edit]\n\n\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[34]\n\n81","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ English translation by Lauren Kaori","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of M Countdown Chart winners (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_M_Countdown_Chart_winners_(2018)"}]

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Retrieved November 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=month&hitYear=2018&targetTime=06&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"Gaon Digital Chart – June 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Digital Chart – 2018\". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved November 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=year&hitYear=2018&targetTime=3&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"Gaon Digital Chart – 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart","url_text":"Gaon Chart"}]},{"reference":"I am - EP by (G)I-DLE, 2018-05-02, retrieved 2022-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/i-am-ep/1378887583","url_text":"I am - EP by (G)I-DLE"}]},{"reference":"Latata Japanese ver - EP by (G)I-DLE, 2019-07-29, retrieved 2022-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/latata-ep/1469322192","url_text":"Latata Japanese ver - EP by (G)I-DLE"}]},{"reference":"LATATA (English Version) - Single by (G)I-DLE, 2020-05-15, retrieved 2022-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/latata-english-version-single/1512302145","url_text":"LATATA (English Version) - Single by (G)I-DLE"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Lands_Commission

California State Lands Commission

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Unit of California state government California State Lands CommissionAgency overviewWebsitewww.slc.ca.gov The California State Lands Commission is a unit of state government that is responsible for management and protection of natural and cultural resources, as well as public access rights, on some of California's publicly owned lands. The members of the State Lands Commission include the Lieutenant Governor, the State Controller and the State Director of Finance. The first two are statewide elected officials while the last is a cabinet-level officer appointed by the Governor. The Commission has a staff of more than 200 people, supervised by an executive officer appointed by the Commissioners. Staff members include specialists in mineral resources, land management, boundary determination, petroleum engineering and natural sciences. History From 1850 to 1929, the current functions of the State Lands Commission were assigned to the Office of the California Surveyor General. The Surveyors General and the years of their service were: Charles J. Whiting, 1850-1852 William M. Eddy, 1852-1854 Senaca H. Marlette, 1854-1856 John A. Brewster, 1856-1858 Horace A. Higley, 1858-1862 James F. Houghton, 1862-1868 John W. Bost, 1868-1872 Robert Gardner, 1872-1876 William Minis, 1876-1880 James W. Shanklin, 1880-1882 Henry I. Willey, 1882-1886 Theodore Reichert, 1886-1894 Martin J. Wright, 1894-1902 Victor H. Woods, 1902-1906 William S. Kingsbury, 1906-1929 References ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-09-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Official website vteExecutive state agencies, departments and other entities of the State of CaliforniaCabinet-level superagencies Business, Consumer Services and Housing Government Operations Environmental Protection Health and Human Services Labor and Workforce Development Natural Resources Transportation Cabinet-level departments Corrections and Rehabilitation Education Finance Food and Agriculture Insurance Justice Military Cabinet-level offices Governor's Office of Emergency Services Governor's Office of Planning and Research Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development BCSH departments Consumer Affairs Board of Accountancy Bureau of Automotive Repair Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education Bureau of Real Estate Appraisers Contractors State License Board Medical Board Fair Employment and Housing Housing and Community Development Business Oversight Real Estate Alcoholic Beverage Control Alcoholic Beverage Control Appeals Board Horse Racing Board GOA departments CalPERS CalSTRS Franchise Tax Board FI$CAL General Services Human Resources State Personnel Board Tax and Fee Administration Technology Office of Administrative Law Complete Count Committee Victim Compensation Board CalEPA departments Air Resources Board Pesticide Regulation CalRecycle Toxic Substances Control Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment State Water Resources Control Board HHS departments Aging Child Support Services Community Services and Development Developmental Services Medical Services Authority Health Care Services Managed Health Care Managed Risk Medical Insurance Board Public Health Rehabilitation Social Services State Hospitals Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Office of Health Information Integrity Office of Law Enforcement Support Office of the Patient Advocate LWDA departments Industrial Relations Agricultural Labor Relations Board Employment Development Department Public Employment Relations Board Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board Workforce Development Board Employment Training Panel CNRA departments Conservation Conservation Corps Fish and Wildlife Forestry and Fire Protection Parks and Recreation Water Resources CALFED Bay-Delta Program Coastal Commission Energy Commission State Lands Commission San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Colorado River Board CalSTA departments Motor Vehicles Caltrans Highway Patrol Board of Pilot Commissioners Transportation Commission High-Speed Rail Authority New Motor Vehicle Board Office of Traffic Safety Independent entities University of California Board of Regents California State University California Community Colleges Public Utilities Commission State Auditor Fair Political Practices Commission Little Hoover Commission Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States This California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Dunn

Teresa Dunn

["1 Work","2 References"]

Teresa DunnBorn1976 (age 47–48)NationalityAmericanOccupationPainterWebsitehttps://teresa-dunn.com/ "The Ballad of Ameenah Shareef Asante (Ode to my Ancestors)," 2021, oil on linen. Teresa Dunn (born 1976) is a Mexican-American painter and educator known for her colorful paintings of people. Raised in rural southern Illinois, her work is often influenced by her racial and cultural heritage. Dunn's work has been exhibited around the United States and is in the permanent collections of institutions including the Dennos Museum Center and the Zillman Art Museum at the University of Maine. Dunn studied at Indiana University Bloomington, where she earned a Master of Fine Arts in 2002. She is a three-time recipient of the Elizabeth Greenshields Foundation Fellowship. In addition to creating and exhibiting artwork, she conducts visiting artist lectures. Dunn has taught as Associate Professor of Painting and Drawing at Michigan State University since 2006. Work Dunn has spoken on navigating the intersection of multiple cultures. In a 2021 interview, she said, "In the last few years, I accept that a large part of who I am and what I make has been about disconnect, absurdity, non sequitur, and relationships the misalign. ... Instead of focusing solely on my personal struggle, I am painting the stories of other people with complex racial and cultural identities, too." References ^ "Teresa Dunn". Saatchi Art. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ a b c "Teresa Dunn". Michigan State University. 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ a b c Henderson, Teri (2021). "Artist Interview: Teresa Dunn". All SHE Makes. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ a b verified. Art Exhibition. Cincinnati Art Museum. 2023. p. 5. ^ Hug, Emma. "Families Honor MLK at Dennos Museum's Embrace the Dream Event". 9&10 News. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Baxter, Alli (2023-01-16). "Traverse City museum showcases work by BIPOC artists on MLK Day". WPBN. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Teresa Dunn". The Painting Center. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Thompson, Tyler (2023-01-23). "New exhibits at the Dennos Museum explore and celebrate BIPOC identity". Interlochen Public Radio. Retrieved 2023-12-06. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about a painter from the United States born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas_Doroshevich

Vlas Doroshevich

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 English translations","5 References"]

Russian journalist, novelist, and essayist (1864–1922) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vlas Doroshevich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vlas DoroshevichBorn(1864-04-17)April 17, 1864Moscow, Russian EmpireDiedFebruary 22, 1922(1922-02-22) (aged 57)St. Petersburg, Russia Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich (Russian: Влас Миха́йлович Дороше́вич, April 17, 1864 – February 22, 1922), was one of Russia's most popular and widely read journalists, and a novelist, essayist, drama critic, and short story writer. Early life Doroshevich was born in Moscow, where his mother Alexandra Sokolova was a member of the wealthy upper class. She was educated at the prestigious Smolny Institute in St. Petersburg, but was disinherited by her family for marrying Vlas's father, who was an unsuccessful writer, and far beneath her in social status. He died shortly before Vlas was born. When Vlas was six months old, Alexandra, who had two other children and was struggling financially, brought him to Moscow and gave him to a childless couple by the name of Doroshevich. His mother requested that he be named Blaise in honor of the French philosopher Blaise Pascal, but his adopted parents Russianized the name as Vlasii, or Vlas. Ten years later Alexandra reclaimed custody of Vlas through legal procedures that Mikhail Doroshevich, Vlas's adopted father, said had violated his rights. Career At the age of sixteen Vlas withdrew from school, and left home because of a desire to be amongst the people. Rather than doing social work as many former students did at the time, Vlas became a laborer and a dock worker. His time as a common worker was brief, though, and he soon found work as a proof-reader and actor. At seventeen he began writing for a paper called The Moscow Flyer. During the 1880s he became a skillful journalist and critic, writing for popular papers such as Entertainment, the Petersburg Gazette, and the Alarm Clock, which also employed the young writer Anton Chekhov. In 1893 he moved to Odessa to work as a reporter for the Odessa Flyer, a local paper with a large circulation. He later visited France on assignment, where he was impressed by the feuilleton style of journalism, a style he soon began using himself. This style was widely popular, but some literary figures, like Zinaida Gippius and Alexander Blok criticized it for being talentless and vulgar. In 1897 he traveled to Sakhalin as part of a larger international assignment. He recorded his experiences and impressions in his book Sakhalin, originally serialized in Russian Wealth, God's World, and other papers, and recently published in English translation by the Anthem Press as Russia's Penal Colony in the Far East. From 1902 to 1918 he was the editor of the paper Russian Word. He also gained fame as a novelist, short story writer, and religious commentator. Some of his published works were: In the Promised Land (Palestine) 1900, Mu-Shan: A Chinese Novel 1901, and Legends and Stories of the East 1902. Later life Doroshevich c.1910. He published what is now his best known work The Way of the Cross, in Russian Word in October 1915. The Way of the Cross is Vlas's account of the refugees from the German invasion of Russia during World War I, in August and September 1915. Vlas journeyed from Moscow to meet the oncoming refugees, travelling through to the rear of the Russian army and recording the hardships and struggling he witnessed along the way. When people died at the roadside, they put up crosses to mark the burial sites, giving the account its title The Way of the Cross. Even though he was rich, Vlas welcomed the rise of the Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution. This might've been partly due to his outcast status among intellectuals because of his feuilletons, and their popularity with middle and working-class people. After his death in Petrograd in 1922, he was buried next to the grave of the writer and revolutionary Vera Zasulich. English translations Page of the book In the Promised land, 1900The Way of the Cross, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1916. from Archive.org Russia's Penal Colony in the Far East: A Translation of Doroshevich's Sakhalin, Anthem Press, 2009. Three Chinese Tales, Glas Magazine, Read online What the Emperor Cannot Do: Tales and Legends of the Orient, GLAS New Russian Writing, 2012. ISBN 5-7172-0094-3 References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich. ^ a b c d e f g Introduction to Russia's Penal Colony in the Far East, Andrew A. Gentes, Anthem Press 2009. ^ Introduction to The Way of the Cross, Stephen Graham, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1916. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican People Trove Other IdRef

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Rather than doing social work as many former students did at the time, Vlas became a laborer and a dock worker. His time as a common worker was brief, though, and he soon found work as a proof-reader and actor. At seventeen he began writing for a paper called The Moscow Flyer.[1]During the 1880s he became a skillful journalist and critic, writing for popular papers such as Entertainment, the Petersburg Gazette, and the Alarm Clock, which also employed the young writer Anton Chekhov. In 1893 he moved to Odessa to work as a reporter for the Odessa Flyer, a local paper with a large circulation. He later visited France on assignment, where he was impressed by the feuilleton style of journalism, a style he soon began using himself. This style was widely popular, but some literary figures, like Zinaida Gippius and Alexander Blok criticized it for being talentless and vulgar.[1]In 1897 he traveled to Sakhalin as part of a larger international assignment. He recorded his experiences and impressions in his book Sakhalin, originally serialized in Russian Wealth, God's World, and other papers, and recently published in English translation by the Anthem Press as Russia's Penal Colony in the Far East.[1]From 1902 to 1918 he was the editor of the paper Russian Word. He also gained fame as a novelist, short story writer, and religious commentator. Some of his published works were: In the Promised Land (Palestine) 1900, Mu-Shan: A Chinese Novel 1901, and Legends and Stories of the East 1902.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vlasdor.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Vera Zasulich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Zasulich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introduction_2009-1"}],"text":"Doroshevich c.1910.He published what is now his best known work The Way of the Cross, in Russian Word in October 1915. The Way of the Cross is Vlas's account of the refugees from the German invasion of Russia during World War I, in August and September 1915. Vlas journeyed from Moscow to meet the oncoming refugees, travelling through to the rear of the Russian army and recording the hardships and struggling he witnessed along the way. When people died at the roadside, they put up crosses to mark the burial sites, giving the account its title The Way of the Cross.[2]Even though he was rich, Vlas welcomed the rise of the Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution. This might've been partly due to his outcast status among intellectuals because of his feuilletons, and their popularity with middle and working-class people. After his death in Petrograd in 1922, he was buried next to the grave of the writer and revolutionary Vera Zasulich.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V.M._Doroshevich-In_the_Promised_Land-TOC.png"},{"link_name":"G.P. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)

Kingston upon Hull East (UK Parliament constituency)

["1 Boundaries","1.1 Proposed","2 Constituency profile","3 History","4 Members of Parliament","5 Elections","5.1 Elections in the 2020s","5.2 Elections in the 2010s","5.3 Elections in the 2000s","5.4 Elections in the 1990s","5.5 Elections in the 1980s","5.6 Elections in the 1970s","5.7 Elections in the 1960s","5.8 Elections in the 1950s","5.9 Election in the 1940s","5.10 Elections in the 1930s","5.11 Elections in the 1920s","5.12 Elections in the 1910s","5.13 Elections in the 1900s","5.14 Elections in the 1890s","5.15 Elections in the 1880s","6 See also","7 References"]

Coordinates: 53°46′01″N 0°17′13″W / 53.767°N 0.287°W / 53.767; -0.287Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom Kingston upon Hull EastBorough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Kingston upon Hull East in Yorkshire and the HumberCountyEast Riding of YorkshireElectorate65,116 (December 2019)Current constituencyCreated1885Member of ParliamentKarl Turner (Labour)SeatsOneCreated fromKingston upon Hull Kingston upon Hull East is a borough constituency for the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) at least once every five years by the first-past-the-post electoral system. The constituency has been represented by Karl Turner of the Labour Party since the 2010 general election. Boundaries Map of present boundaries 1885–1918: The Municipal Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Beverley, Drypool, Sutton, and part of Central. 1918–1950: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, and Southcoates. 1950–1955: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, Marfleet, Southcoates, Stoneferry, and Sutton. 1955–1974: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, East Central, Marfleet, Myton, Southcoates, Stoneferry, and Sutton. 1974–1983: The County Borough of Hull wards of Bransholme, Drypool, Greatfield, Holderness, Longhill, Marfleet, Stoneferry, and Sutton. 1983–2010: The City of Hull wards of Drypool, Holderness, Ings, Longhill, Marfleet, Southcoates, and Sutton. 2010–present: The City of Hull wards of Drypool, Holderness, Ings, Longhill, Marfleet, Southcoates East, Southcoates West, and Sutton. Proposed Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency will be composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020): The City of Kingston upon Hull wards of: Drypool; Holderness; Ings; Longhill & Bilton Grange; Marfleet; North Carr; Southcoates; Sutton. Seat expanded to bring its electorate within the permitted range by adding the North Carr ward from Kingston upon Hull North. Constituency profile The constituency covers most of the city of Kingston upon Hull east of the River Hull, excluding the Bransholme estate which lies in the Kingston upon Hull North constituency. It is a constituency of diversity; divided by Holderness Road, it can be split into two very separate areas. It includes the now-redeveloped residential Victoria Docks, which can be considered alongside Sutton Village, Garden Village and the private housing suburbs to the north of East Park. Away from the prestigious dockside developments and middle-class suburbs, the southern area of the constituency is largely social housing with a large amount of unemployment and underemployment alongside the vast docks and industrial estates. History In the early years of the constituency, it continually changed hands between the Conservative Party and the then-Liberal Party. Kingston upon Hull East has returned Labour MPs since 1935, and from 1945 to 2010 was represented by only two members, former seamen, Harry Pursey and John Prescott (who became Deputy Prime Minister, at the time in charge of town and country planning policy). Members of Parliament Election Member Party 1885 William Saunders Liberal 1886 Frederick Brent Grotrian Conservative 1892 Clarence Smith Liberal 1895 Thomas Firbank Conservative 1906 Thomas Ferens Liberal 1918 Charles Murchison Conservative 1922 Roger Lumley Conservative 1929 George Muff Labour 1931 John Nation Conservative 1935 George Muff Labour 1945 Harry Pursey Labour 1970 John Prescott Labour 2010 Karl Turner Labour Elections Elections in the 2020s 2024 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Green Julia Brown Reform UK Neil Hunter Liberal Democrats Bob Morgan Conservative Kieran Persand Labour Karl Turner Elections in the 2010s 2019 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Karl Turner 12,713 39.2 −19.1 Conservative Rachel Storer 11,474 35.4 +5.5 Brexit Party Marten Hall 5,764 17.8 New Liberal Democrats Bob Morgan 1,707 5.3 +1.9 Green Julia Brown 784 2.4 +1.1 Majority 1,239 3.8 −24.6 Turnout 32,442 49.3 −6.2 Registered electors 65,745 Labour hold Swing −12.3 The turnout of 49.3% in Kingston upon Hull East was the lowest in any constituency in the United Kingdom at the 2019 general election, and was the only example of a seat where fewer than half of the eligible electorate voted. It was also the seat with the lowest number of votes for a winning candidate in England. 2017 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Karl Turner 21,355 58.3 +6.6 Conservative Simon Burton 10,959 29.9 +14.0 UKIP Mark Fox 2,573 7.0 −15.4 Liberal Democrats Andrew Marchington 1,258 3.4 −3.1 Green Julia Brown 493 1.3 −1.0 Majority 10,396 28.4 −0.9 Turnout 36,638 55.5 +2.0 Registered electors 65,959 Labour hold Swing 2015 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Karl Turner 18,180 51.7 +3.8 UKIP Richard Barrett 7,861 22.4 +14.4 Conservative Christine Mackay 5,593 15.9 −0.7 Liberal Democrats David Nolan 2,294 6.5 −16.3 Green Sarah Walpole 806 2.3 New Yorkshire First Martin Clayton 270 0.8 New National Front Mike Cooper 86 0.2 −2.4 SDP Val Hoodless 54 0.2 New Majority 10,319 29.3 +4.2 Turnout 35,144 53.5 +2.9 Registered electors 65,710 Labour hold Swing 2010 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Karl Turner 16,387 47.9 −8.9 Liberal Democrats Jeremy Wilcock 7,790 22.8 +3.9 Conservative Christine Mackay 5,667 16.6 +3.6 UKIP Mike Hookem 2,745 8.0 New National Front Joe Uttley 880 2.6 New English Democrat Michael Burton 715 2.1 New Majority 8,597 25.1 −12.8 Turnout 34,184 50.6 +3.2 Registered electors 67,530 Labour hold Swing −6.4 Elections in the 2000s 2005 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 17,609 56.6 −8.0 Liberal Democrats Andy Sloan 5,862 18.8 +3.9 Conservative Katy Lindsay 4,138 13.3 −0.5 BNP Alan Siddle 1,022 3.3 New Liberal Janet Toker 1,018 3.3 New Veritas Graham Morris 750 2.4 New Independent Roland Noon 334 1.1 New Socialist Labour Linda Muir 207 0.7 −2.0 Legalise Cannabis Carl Wagner 182 0.6 New Majority 11,747 37.8 -8.6 Turnout 31,122 45.2 -1.2 Labour hold Swing -5.9 2001 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 19,938 64.6 −6.7 Liberal Democrats Jo Swinson 4,613 14.9 +5.1 Conservative Sandip Verma 4,276 13.8 +0.1 UKIP Jeanette Jenkinson 1,218 3.9 New Socialist Labour Linda Muir 830 2.7 New Majority 15,325 49.7 −7.9 Turnout 30,875 46.4 −12.5 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1990s 1997 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 28,870 71.3 +8.4 Conservative Angus West 5,552 13.7 -10.1 Liberal Democrats Jim Wastling 3,965 9.8 -2.8 Referendum Gordon Rogers 1,788 4.4 New ProLife Alliance Margaret Nolan 190 0.5 New Natural Law David Whitley 121 0.3 -0.4 Majority 23,318 57.6 +18.5 Turnout 40,486 58.9 -10.4 Labour hold Swing +9.2 1992 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 30,096 62.9 +6.6 Conservative John L. Fareham 11,373 23.8 −2.2 Liberal Democrats James H. Wastling 6,050 12.6 −5.1 Natural Law Cliff Kinzell 323 0.7 New Majority 18,723 39.1 +8.8 Turnout 47,842 69.3 −1.3 Labour hold Swing +4.4 Elections in the 1980s 1987 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 27,287 56.3 +6.4 Conservative Philip Jackson 12,598 26.0 -2.6 Liberal Timothy John Wright 8,572 17.7 -3.8 Majority 14,689 30.3 +9.0 Turnout 48,457 70.6 +3.0 Labour hold Swing 1983 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 23,615 49.9 Conservative Dennis Leng 13,541 28.6 Liberal Christine Grurevitch 10,172 21.5 Majority 10,074 21.3 Turnout 47,328 67.6 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1970s 1979 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 39,411 62.51 Conservative M. M. B. Bean 15,719 24.93 Liberal M. J. Horne 7,543 11.96 National Front D. J. Matson 374 0.59 New Majority 23,692 37.58 Turnout 63,047 70.82 Labour hold Swing October 1974 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 34,190 62.41 Conservative Stephen Dorrell 10,397 18.98 Liberal J. Adamson 10,196 18.61 New Majority 23,793 43.43 Turnout 54,783 67.12 Labour hold Swing February 1974 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 41,300 69.99 Conservative E. D. M. Todd 17,707 30.01 Majority 23,593 39.98 Turnout 59,007 73.14 Labour hold Swing 1970 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour John Prescott 36,859 71.44 Conservative Norman Lamont 14,736 28.56 Majority 22,123 42.88 Turnout 51,595 68.18 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1960s 1966 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 34,457 65.46 Conservative Maude Heath 11,385 21.63 Liberal Norman W. Turner 6,795 12.91 Majority 23,072 43.83 Turnout 52,637 73.42 Labour hold Swing 1964 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 30,634 56.00 Conservative Maude Heath 13,284 26.11 Liberal Norman W. Turner 9,781 17.88 Majority 17,350 29.89 Turnout 53,699 74.78 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1950s 1959 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 30,667 52.55 Conservative Maude Heath 17,648 30.24 Liberal John J. MacCallum 10,043 17.21 Majority 13,019 22.31 Turnout 58,358 80.56 Labour hold Swing 1955 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 28,990 55.20 Conservative Harry Richman 16,284 31.01 Liberal John J. MacCallum 7,242 13.79 Majority 12,706 24.19 Turnout 52,516 75.66 Labour hold Swing 1951 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 27,892 57.07 Conservative Harry Richman 16,368 33.49 Liberal Ronald W. Sykes 4,611 9.44 Majority 11,524 23.58 Turnout 48,871 84.22 Labour hold Swing 1950 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 26,903 56.20 Conservative William John Cornelis Heyting 13,988 29.22 Liberal Thomas Ernest Dalton 6,981 14.58 Majority 12,915 26.98 Turnout 47,872 85.28 Labour hold Swing Election in the 1940s 1945 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Harry Pursey 19,443 64.25 Conservative Rupert Alec-Smith 7,439 24.58 Liberal Albert Edward Marshall 3,379 11.17 Majority 12,004 39.67 Turnout 30,261 75.61 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1930s 1935 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour George Muff 19,054 49.32 Conservative John Nation 15,448 39.98 Liberal Rodway Stephens 4,133 10.70 New Majority 3,606 9.33 N/A Turnout 38,615 75.63 Labour gain from Conservative Swing 1931 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Nation 24,003 57.11 Labour George Muff 18,026 42.89 Majority 5,977 14.22 N/A Turnout 42,029 83.24 Conservative gain from Labour Swing Elections in the 1920s 1929 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour George Muff 20,023 48.8 +10.4 Unionist Roger Lumley 13,810 33.6 −8.8 Liberal Rodway Stephens 7,217 17.6 −0.1 Majority 6,213 15.2 N/A Turnout 41,050 83.4 +1.6 Registered electors 49,212 Labour gain from Unionist Swing +9.6 1924 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Unionist Roger Lumley 12,296 42.4 +3.9 Labour George Muff 11,130 38.4 +11.5 Liberal F. C. Thornborough 5,140 17.7 −16.9 Independent W. E. Mashford 444 1.5 New Majority 1,166 4.0 +0.1 Turnout 29,010 81.8 +2.4 Registered electors 35,467 Unionist hold Swing −3.8 C.J.Vasey 1923 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Unionist Roger Lumley 10,657 38.5 −5.4 Liberal Charles Vasey 9,600 34.6 +3.4 Labour Archibald Stark 7,468 26.9 +2.0 Majority 1,057 3.9 −8.8 Turnout 27,725 79.4 −3.1 Registered electors 34,908 Unionist hold Swing −4.4 1922 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Unionist Roger Lumley 12,248 43.9 −8.6 Liberal Charles Vasey 8,711 31.2 +4.1 Labour Archibald Stark 6,934 24.9 +4.5 Majority 3,537 12.7 −12.7 Turnout 27,893 82.5 +24.3 Registered electors 33,795 Unionist hold Swing −6.9 Elections in the 1910s 1918 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% C Unionist Charles Murchison 9,566 52.5 +9.7 Liberal Thomas Ferens 4,947 27.1 −30.1 Labour R. H. Farrah 3,725 20.4 New Majority 4,619 25.4 N/A Turnout 18,238 58.2 −27.5 Registered electors 31,316 Unionist gain from Liberal Swing +19.9 C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. December 1910 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Thomas Ferens 7,196 57.2 −0.4 Conservative R. M. Sebag-Montefiore 5,387 42.8 +0.4 Majority 1,809 14.4 −0.8 Turnout 12,583 85.7 −4.4 Registered electors 14,687 Liberal hold Swing −0.4 January 1910 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Thomas Ferens 7,627 57.6 −2.8 Conservative R. M. Sebag-Montefiore 5,611 42.4 +2.8 Majority 2,016 15.2 −5.6 Turnout 13,238 90.1 +2.9 Registered electors 14,687 Liberal hold Swing −2.8 Elections in the 1900s 1906 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Thomas Ferens 6,881 60.4 +14.7 Conservative L. R. Davies 4,519 39.6 −14.7 Majority 2,362 20.8 N/A Turnout 11,400 87.2 +6.9 Registered electors 13,073 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +14.7 1900 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Thomas Firbank 5,264 54.3 +3.4 Liberal Thomas Ferens 4,428 45.7 −3.4 Majority 836 8.6 +6.8 Turnout 9,692 80.3 −0.9 Registered electors 12,066 Conservative hold Swing +3.4 Elections in the 1890s 1895 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Thomas Firbank 4,305 50.9 +5.9 Liberal Clarence Smith 4,152 49.1 −5.9 Majority 153 1.8 N/A Turnout 8,457 81.2 −4.7 Registered electors 10,419 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +5.9 1892 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Clarence Smith 4,570 55.0 +5.3 Conservative Frederick Brent Grotrian 3,738 45.0 −5.3 Majority 832 10.0 N/A Turnout 8,308 85.9 +8.4 Registered electors 9,677 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +5.3 Elections in the 1880s 1886 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Frederick Brent Grotrian 3,139 50.3 +5.3 Liberal William Saunders 3,102 49.7 −5.3 Majority 37 0.6 N/A Turnout 6,241 77.5 −4.3 Registered electors 8,053 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +5.3 1885 general election: Kingston upon Hull East Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal William Saunders 3,625 55.0 Conservative Frederick Brent Grotrian 2,960 45.0 Majority 665 10.0 Turnout 6,585 81.8 Registered electors 8,053 Liberal win (new seat) See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Humberside References ^ "Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ Text of the Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007 as originally enacted or made within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 9 Yorkshire and the Humber region. ^ 2011 census interactive maps Archived 29 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 4) ^ "Candidates General Election 2024". Hull & East Riding Green Party. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ "Hull East". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Hughes, Lorna. "Liberal Democrats say Hull general election candidates will be 'clear challengers to Labour'". Hull Live. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ Persand, Kieran. "I'm proud to have been selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Kingston Upon Hull East in the upcoming General Election on 4th July. The hard work starts now! I look forward to speaking to voters over the next few weeks. 🗳️". Facebook. Retrieved 7 June 2024. ^ Turner, Karl (22 May 2024). "I'm East Hull born and bred and to represent our community for the last 14 years has been the honour of my life". X (Formerly Twitter). Retrieved 22 May 2024. ^ "Hull East". BBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ Colin Rallings; Michael Thrasher (2020). "Statistical Analysis: Labour's Struggle". The Times Guide to the House of Commons 2019. Glasgow: Times Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-00-839258-1. ^ "Kingston upon Hull East – 2017 Election Results". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Kingston upon Hull East – 2015 Election Results". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Kingston upon Hull East – 2010 Election Results". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Hull East". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2013. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ a b c British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig ^ a b British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, F W S Craig ^ a b c d e f g h Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885–1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984. vteConstituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (54)Labour (30) Barnsley Central Barnsley East Batley and Spen Bradford East Bradford South Bradford West Doncaster Central Doncaster North Halifax Hemsworth Huddersfield Kingston upon Hull East Kingston upon Hull North Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle Leeds Central Leeds East Leeds North East Leeds North West Leeds West Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford Rotherham Selby and Ainsty Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough Sheffield Central Sheffield Hallam Sheffield Heeley Sheffield South East Wakefield Wentworth and Dearne York Central Conservative (24) Beverley and Holderness Brigg and Goole Calder Valley Cleethorpes Colne Valley Dewsbury Don Valley East Yorkshire Elmet and Rothwell Great Grimsby Haltemprice and Howden Harrogate and Knaresborough Keighley Morley and Outwood Penistone and Stocksbridge Pudsey Richmond (Yorks) Rother Valley Scarborough and Whitby Scunthorpe Shipley Skipton and Ripon Thirsk and Malton York Outer Not yet contested (24) Barnsley North Barnsley North Bridlington and The Wolds Brigg and Immingham Dewsbury and Batley Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme Goole and Pocklington Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes Keighley and Ilkley Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice Leeds Central and Headingley Leeds South Leeds South West and Morley Leeds West and Pudsey Normanton and Hemsworth Ossett and Denby Dale Pontefract, Castleford and Knottingley Rawmarsh and Conisbrough Richmond and Northallerton Selby Spen Valley Wakefield and Rothwell Wetherby and Easingwold East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. Authority control databases: People UK Parliament 53°46′01″N 0°17′13″W / 53.767°N 0.287°W / 53.767; -0.287

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituency"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"},{"link_name":"Karl Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Turner_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Parliamentary constituency in the United KingdomKingston upon Hull East is a borough constituency for the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) at least once every five years by the first-past-the-post electoral system. The constituency has been represented by Karl Turner of the Labour Party since the 2010 general election.","title":"Kingston upon Hull East (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Map of present boundaries1885–1918: The Municipal Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Beverley, Drypool, Sutton, and part of Central.[citation needed]1918–1950: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, and Southcoates.[citation needed]1950–1955: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, Marfleet, Southcoates, Stoneferry, and Sutton.[citation needed]1955–1974: The County Borough of Hull wards of Alexandra, Drypool, East Central, Marfleet, Myton, Southcoates, Stoneferry, and Sutton.[citation needed]1974–1983: The County Borough of Hull wards of Bransholme, Drypool, Greatfield, Holderness, Longhill, Marfleet, Stoneferry, and Sutton.[citation needed]1983–2010: The City of Hull wards of Drypool, Holderness, Ings, Longhill, Marfleet, Southcoates, and Sutton.[citation needed]2010–present: The City of Hull wards of Drypool, Holderness, Ings, Longhill, Marfleet, Southcoates East, Southcoates West, and Sutton.[2]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2024 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Proposed","text":"Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency will be composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020):The City of Kingston upon Hull wards of: Drypool; Holderness; Ings; Longhill & Bilton Grange; Marfleet; North Carr; Southcoates; Sutton.[3]Seat expanded to bring its electorate within the permitted range by adding the North Carr ward from Kingston upon Hull North.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hull"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Hull North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Park,_Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"social housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The constituency covers most of the city of Kingston upon Hull east of the River Hull, excluding the Bransholme estate which lies in the Kingston upon Hull North constituency. It is a constituency of diversity; divided by Holderness Road, it can be split into two very separate areas. It includes the now-redeveloped residential Victoria Docks, which can be considered alongside Sutton Village, Garden Village and the private housing suburbs to the north of East Park. Away from the prestigious dockside developments and middle-class suburbs, the southern area of the constituency is largely social housing with a large amount of unemployment and underemployment[4] alongside the vast docks and industrial estates.[citation needed]","title":"Constituency profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Pursey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pursey"},{"link_name":"John Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prescott"},{"link_name":"town and country planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_country_planning"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the early years of the constituency, it continually changed hands between the Conservative Party and the then-Liberal Party. Kingston upon Hull East has returned Labour MPs since 1935, and from 1945 to 2010 was represented by only two members, former seamen, Harry Pursey and John Prescott (who became Deputy Prime Minister, at the time in charge of town and country planning policy).[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesGuideRallings2020-12"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","text":"The turnout of 49.3% in Kingston upon Hull East was the lowest in any constituency in the United Kingdom at the 2019 general election, and was the only example of a seat where fewer than half of the eligible electorate voted.[12] It was also the seat with the lowest number of votes for a winning candidate in England.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Election in the 1940s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1930s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_James_Vasey.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1920s","text":"C.J.Vasey","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"}]

[{"image_text":"C.J.Vasey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Charles_James_Vasey.jpg/120px-Charles_James_Vasey.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Humberside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Humberside"}]

[{"reference":"\"Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library\". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/parliament-and-elections/elections-elections/uk-elections/constituency-data-electorates/","url_text":"\"Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\". Schedule 1 Part 9 Yorkshire and the Humber region.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1230/schedules/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Candidates General Election 2024\". Hull & East Riding Green Party. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hullandeastriding.greenparty.org.uk/candidates-general-election-2024.html","url_text":"\"Candidates General Election 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hull East\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001313","url_text":"\"Hull East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Lorna. \"Liberal Democrats say Hull general election candidates will be 'clear challengers to Labour'\". Hull Live. Retrieved 6 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/liberal-democrats-say-hull-general-9322345","url_text":"\"Liberal Democrats say Hull general election candidates will be 'clear challengers to Labour'\""}]},{"reference":"Persand, Kieran. \"I'm proud to have been selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Kingston Upon Hull East in the upcoming General Election on 4th July. The hard work starts now! I look forward to speaking to voters over the next few weeks. 🗳️\". Facebook. Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/share/p/hPRVnkkgXNHKXUTy/","url_text":"\"I'm proud to have been selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Kingston Upon Hull East in the upcoming General Election on 4th July. The hard work starts now! I look forward to speaking to voters over the next few weeks. 🗳️\""}]},{"reference":"Turner, Karl (22 May 2024). \"I'm East Hull born and bred and to represent our community for the last 14 years has been the honour of my life\". X (Formerly Twitter). Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/KarlTurnerMP/status/1793377864420839728","url_text":"\"I'm East Hull born and bred and to represent our community for the last 14 years has been the honour of my life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hull East\". BBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000771","url_text":"\"Hull East\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Rallings; Michael Thrasher (2020). \"Statistical Analysis: Labour's Struggle\". The Times Guide to the House of Commons 2019. Glasgow: Times Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-00-839258-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rallings","url_text":"Colin Rallings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thrasher","url_text":"Michael Thrasher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-839258-1","url_text":"978-0-00-839258-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2017 Election Results\". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2017-06-08/results/Location/Constituency/Kingston%20upon%20Hull%20East","url_text":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2017 Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2015 Election Results\". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2015-05-07/Results/Location/Constituency/Kingston%20upon%20Hull%20East","url_text":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2015 Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2010 Election Results\". General Elections Online. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2010-05-06/Results/Location/Constituency/Kingston%20upon%20Hull%20East","url_text":"\"Kingston upon Hull East – 2010 Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1997\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hull East\". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/constituency/1034/hull-east","url_text":"\"Hull East\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1992\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054418/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1992\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Politics Resources\". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020412/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"\"Politics Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1987\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054243/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1987\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1983\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054231/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1983\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885–1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349022984","url_text":"9781349022984"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhilu_Station

Yuzhi Lu station

["1 Station layout","2 Exits","3 References"]

Coordinates: 40°05′16″N 116°19′35″E / 40.0878°N 116.3265°E / 40.0878; 116.3265Beijing Subway station Yuzhi Lu育知路Southbound platformGeneral informationLocationHuinan North Road (回南北路) and Yuzhi Road (育知路)Border of Shigezhuang Subdistrict and Longzeyuan Subdistrict, Changping District, BeijingChinaCoordinates40°05′16″N 116°19′35″E / 40.0878°N 116.3265°E / 40.0878; 116.3265Operated byBeijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation LimitedLine(s)     Line 8Platforms2 (2 side platforms)Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedDecember 28, 2013Services Preceding station Beijing Subway Following station ZhuxinzhuangTerminus Line 8 Pingxifutowards Yinghai LocationYuzhi LuLocation in Beijing Yuzhi Lu station (Chinese: 育知路站; pinyin: Yùzhīlù zhàn; lit. 'Yuzhi Road station') is a station on Line 8 of the Beijing Subway. Station layout The station has 2 underground side platforms. Exits There are 4 exits, lettered A, B, and D. Exit A is accessible. References ^ "北京地铁线路图". 北京地铁. Archived from the original on 2021-12-31. ^ 地铁8号线 (in Chinese). Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 29 December 2013. ^ "北京地铁育知路站：出地铁就是积水潭医院" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2023-08-26. vteBeijing Subway stationsLine 8 Zhuxinzhuang  Changping  Yuzhi Lu Pingxifu Huilongguan Dongdajie Huoying  13  (S2 HKP) Yuxin Xixiaokou Yongtaizhuang Lincuiqiao Senlin Gongyuan Nanmen (Forest Park South Gate) Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olympic Park)  15  Aoti Zhongxin (Olympic Sports Center) Beitucheng  10  Anhuaqiao Andeli Beijie Gulou Dajie  2  Shichahai Nanluogu Xiang  6  Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum) Jinyu Hutong Wangfujing  1  Qianmen  2  Zhushikou  7  Tianqiao Yongdingmenwai  14  Muxiyuan Haihutun Dahongmen  10  Dahongmennan Heyi Donggaodi Huojian Wanyuan Wufutang Demao Yinghai Stations that are proposed, under planning or under construction are shown in italics. vteChangping DistrictLandmarks Dingling Juyong Pass Cloud Platform Ming Tombs Reservoir Qincheng Prison Wonderland Amusement Park TransportationChina Railway stations Changping Changping North Huangtudian Nankou Beijing Subway stations Beishaowa Changping Changping Dongguan Changping Xishankou Gonghuacheng Huilongguan Huilongguan Dongdajie Huoying Shengming Kexueyuan Longze Shisanling Jingqu (Ming Tombs) Nanshao Pingxifu Shahe Shahe Gaojiaoyuan Tiantongyuan Tiantongyuanbei Tiantongyuannan Yuzhi Lu Zhuxinzhuang Education Beijing Normal University Changping Campus China Foreign Affairs University Shahe Campus China University of Petroleum Beijing campus China University of Political Science and Law Changping Campus Beijing Huijia Private School Beijing Royal School This list is incomplete.Korean International School in Beijing was formerly in Changping district. This article related to the Beijing Subway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship_squads

2006 European Women's Handball Championship squads

["1 Austria","2 Croatia","3 Denmark","4 France","5 Germany","6 Hungary","7 Macedonia","8 Netherlands","9 Norway","10 Poland","11 Russia","12 Serbia","13 Slovenia","14 Spain","15 Sweden","16 Ukraine","17 References"]

The following squads and players competed in the European Women's Handball Championship in 2006 in Sweden. Austria Natalia Rusnachenko Gabriela Rotis-Nagy Katrin Engel Sorina Teodorovic Simona Spiridon Tanja Logvin Marina Budecevic Corinna Flandorfer Stefanie Ofenböck Petra Blazek Laura Magelinskas Isabell Plach Monika Richter Sabrina Thurner Nina Stumvoll Elisabeth Herbst Croatia Ivana Jelcic Maida Arslanagic Svitlana Pasicnik Maja Zebic Bozica Palcic Anita Gace Ivanka Hrgovic Maja Koznjak Nikica Pusic Jelena Grubisic Lidija Horvat Ivana Lovric Vesna Milanovic Litre Andrea Penezic Dijana Batelka Ana Krizanac Nina Jukopila Denmark Katrine Fruelund Henriette Rønde Mikkelsen Lene Thomsen Kristina Bille-Hansen Anette Bonde Christensen Kamilla Kristensen Lene Lund Nielsen Rikke Skov Malene Dalgaard Louise Bager Due Karin Mortensen Louise Mortensen Rikke Nielsen Rikke Petersen-Schmidt Mette Sjøberg Trine Troelsen Louise Svalastog France Isabelle Wendling Stephanie Cano Paule Baudouin Siraba Dembele Nina Kamto Njitam Angelique Spincer Christiane Vanparys Torres Maakan Tounkara Sophie Herbrecht Ludivine Jacquinot Alexandra Lacrabere Stephanie Lambert Valerie Nicolas Veronique Pecqueux-Rolland Linda Pradel Raphaelle Tervel Katty Piejos Germany Nadine Krause Maren Baumbach Grit Jurack Stefanie Melbeck Anja Althaus Nadine Härdter Anne Müller Nora Reiche Angie Geschke Alexandra Gräfer Anna Loerper Sabrina Neukamp Nina Wörz Clara Woltering Silke Meier Sabine Englert Hungary Ibolya Mehlmann Mónika Kovacsicz Erika Kirsner Bernadett Ferling Piroska Szamoránsky Gabriella Szűcs Anita Görbicz Ágnes Hornyák Eszter Siti Tímea Tóth Orsolya Vérten Zsanett Borbély Orsolya Herr Katalin Pálinger Beatrix Balogh Rita Borbás Macedonia Alegra Vernalise Oholanga Loki Marina Naukovich Valentina Radulovic Natasa Kocevska Biljana Crvenkoska Dragana Pecevska Tanja Andrejeva Andrijana Atanasovska Klara Boeva Elena Gjeorgjievska Olga Kolesnik Natasha Mladenovska Anzela Platon Dimovska Julija Portjanko Lenche Ilkova Veselinka Zasovska Netherlands Diane Lamein Saskia Mulder Joyce Hilster Irina Pusic Maura Visser Arjenne Paap Miranda Robben Evelien van der Koelen Pearl van der Wissel Andrea Groot Silvia Hofman Willemijn Karsten Debbie Klijn Joke Nynke Tienstra Norway Gro Hammerseng Kari Mette Johansen Ragnhild Aamodt Marit Malm Frafjord Kristine Lunde Tonje Nöstvold Anette Hovind Johansen Else Marthe Sörlie Lybekk Karoline Dyhre Breivang Katja Nyberg Linn Kristina Riegelhuth Kari Aalvik Grimsbö Katrine Lunde Göril Snorroeggen Terese Pedersen Anne Kjersti Suvdal Marianne Rokne Poland Sabina Kubisztal Kinga Polenz Aleksandra Jacek Dagmara Kowalska Malgorzata Majerek Agata Wypych Ewa Damiecka Izabela Duda Dorota Malczewska Karolina Siodmiak Kaja Zaleczna Karolina Kudlacz Iwona Lacz Agnieszka Jochymek Magdalena Chemicz Russia Liudmila Bodnieva Zhanna Yakovleva Anna Kareeva Elena Polenova Irina Poltoratskaya Ekaterina Andryushina Irina Bliznova Liudmila Postnova Ekaterina Marennikova Oxana Romenskaya Natalia Shipilova Maria Sidorova Inna Suslina Emiliya Turey Polina Vyahiryeva Olga Levina Serbia Marina Rokic Marina Dmitrovic Jovana Bartosic Jelena Eric Ivana Mladenovic Tatjana Medved Slavica Koperec Sanja Damnjanovic Sladjana Djeric Sladjana Grozdanic Branka Jovanovic Andrea Lekic Nada Micic Ana Vojcic Ivana Filipovic Katarina Vojcic Slovenia Sergeja Stefanisin Anja Freser Tatjana Oder Mojca Dercar Vesna Pus Mihaela Ciora Manuela Hrnjic Kristina Mihic Tina Sotler Anja Argenti Nataliya Derepasko Silvana Ilic Katja Kurent Tatarovac Misa Marincek Katja Cerenjak Spain Aitziber Elejaga Vargas Marta Mangue Gonzales Macarena Aguilar Diaz Susana Fraile Celaya Christina Lopez Quiros Noelia Oncina Morena Isabel Ortuno Torrico Yolanda Sanroman Elexpuru Diana Box Alonso Sara Castro Ramirez Begona Fernandez Molinos Cristina Gonzalez Ramos Beatriz Morales Tendero Patricia Pinedo Saenz Silvia Navarro Gimenez Eider Rubio Ponce Sweden Jessica Enström Linnea Torstensson Terese Krantz Tina Flognman Annika Wiel Freden Matilda Boson Asa Könsberg Therese Brorsson Katarina Chrifi Sara Eriksson Madeleine Grundström Sara Holmgren Fanny Lagerström Johanna Wiberg Helena Andersson Therese Helgesson Petra Skogsberg Ukraine Olena Tsyhytsia Oksana Sakada Natalya Lyapina Olena Radchenko Oksana Raykhel Olena Reznir Irina Sheyenko Regina Shymkute Marina Verhelyuk-Stri Marija Boklashchuk Maria Makarenko Irina Shybanova Viktoria Tymoshenkova Olena Yatsenko Olga Layuk References ^ "European Handball Federation – 2006 Women's European Championship / Final Round". www.eurohandball.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2020. vteEuropean Handball ChampionshipsMen'sTournaments Portugal 1994 Spain 1996 Italy 1998 Croatia 2000 Sweden 2002 Slovenia 2004 Switzerland 2006 Norway 2008 Austria 2010 Serbia 2012 Denmark 2014 Poland 2016 Croatia 2018 Austria / Norway / Sweden 2020 Hungary / Slovakia 2022 Germany 2024 Denmark / Sweden / Norway 2026 Spain / Portugal / Switzerland 2028 TBD 2030 TBD 2032 Qualification 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Squads 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Bids 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Women'sTournaments Germany 1994 Denmark 1996 Netherlands 1998 Romania 2000 Denmark 2002 Hungary 2004 Sweden 2006 Macedonia 2008 Denmark / Norway 2010 Serbia 2012 Hungary / Croatia 2014 Sweden 2016 France 2018 Denmark 2020 Slovenia / North Macedonia / Montenegro 2022 Austria / Hungary / Switzerland 2024 Czech Republic / Poland / Romania / Slovakia / Turkey 2026 Norway / Denmark / Sweden 2028 TBD 2030 TBD 2032 Qualification 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Squads 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Bids 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 Team appearances (men's) Team appearances (women's)

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2006 European Women's Handball Championship squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natalia Rusnachenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Rusnachenko"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Rotis-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Roti%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Katrin Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrin_Engel"},{"link_name":"Sorina Teodorovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorina_Teodorovic"},{"link_name":"Simona Spiridon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simona_Spiridon"},{"link_name":"Tanja Logvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_Logwin"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Ofenböck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Ofenb%C3%B6ck"},{"link_name":"Petra Blazek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Blazek"},{"link_name":"Isabell Plach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Plach"}],"text":"Natalia Rusnachenko\nGabriela Rotis-Nagy\nKatrin Engel\nSorina Teodorovic\nSimona Spiridon\nTanja Logvin\nMarina Budecevic\nCorinna Flandorfer\nStefanie Ofenböck\nPetra Blazek\nLaura Magelinskas\nIsabell Plach\nMonika Richter\nSabrina Thurner\nNina Stumvoll\nElisabeth Herbst","title":"Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivana Jelcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Jel%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Maida Arslanagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Arslanagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Maja Zebic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Zebi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Anita Gace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Ga%C4%87e"},{"link_name":"Maja Koznjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Ko%C5%BEnjak"},{"link_name":"Nikica Pusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikica_Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87-Koroljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jelena Grubisic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Grubi%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lidija Horvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidija_Horvat"},{"link_name":"Ivana Lovric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Lovri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vesna Milanovic Litre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesna_Milanovi%C4%87-Litre"},{"link_name":"Andrea Penezic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Kobeti%C4%87"}],"text":"Ivana Jelcic\nMaida Arslanagic\nSvitlana Pasicnik\nMaja Zebic\nBozica Palcic\nAnita Gace\nIvanka Hrgovic\nMaja Koznjak\nNikica Pusic\nJelena Grubisic\nLidija Horvat\nIvana Lovric\nVesna Milanovic Litre\nAndrea Penezic\nDijana Batelka\nAna Krizanac\nNina Jukopila","title":"Croatia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katrine Fruelund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrine_Fruelund"},{"link_name":"Henriette Rønde Mikkelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Mikkelsen"},{"link_name":"Kristina Bille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Bille"},{"link_name":"Kamilla Kristensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamilla_Kristensen"},{"link_name":"Lene Lund Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lene_Lund_H%C3%B8y_Karlsen"},{"link_name":"Rikke Skov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikke_Skov"},{"link_name":"Malene Dalgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malene_Dalgaard"},{"link_name":"Louise Bager Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Bager_Due"},{"link_name":"Karin Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"Louise Mortensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Mortensen"},{"link_name":"Rikke Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikke_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Rikke Petersen-Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikke_Petersen-Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Mette Sjøberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Sj%C3%B8berg"},{"link_name":"Trine Troelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trine_Troelsen"},{"link_name":"Louise Svalastog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Svalastog_Spellerberg"}],"text":"Katrine Fruelund\nHenriette Rønde Mikkelsen\nLene Thomsen\nKristina Bille-Hansen\nAnette Bonde Christensen\nKamilla Kristensen\nLene Lund Nielsen\nRikke Skov\nMalene Dalgaard\nLouise Bager Due\nKarin Mortensen\nLouise Mortensen\nRikke Nielsen\nRikke Petersen-Schmidt\nMette Sjøberg\nTrine Troelsen\nLouise Svalastog","title":"Denmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabelle Wendling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Wendling"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Cano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_Cano"},{"link_name":"Paule Baudouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Baudouin"},{"link_name":"Siraba Dembele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraba_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Pavlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nina Kamto Njitam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Kamto_Njitam"},{"link_name":"Angelique Spincer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Spincer"},{"link_name":"Christiane Vanparys Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Vanparys-Torres"},{"link_name":"Maakan Tounkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maakan_Tounkara"},{"link_name":"Sophie Herbrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Herbrecht"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Lacrabere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Lacrab%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Valerie Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Nicolas"},{"link_name":"Veronique Pecqueux-Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_Pecqueux-Rolland"},{"link_name":"Linda Pradel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Pradel"},{"link_name":"Raphaelle Tervel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABlle_Tervel"},{"link_name":"Katty Piejos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katty_Piejos"}],"text":"Isabelle Wendling\nStephanie Cano\nPaule Baudouin\nSiraba Dembele\nNina Kamto Njitam\nAngelique Spincer\nChristiane Vanparys Torres\nMaakan Tounkara\nSophie Herbrecht\nLudivine Jacquinot\nAlexandra Lacrabere\nStephanie Lambert\nValerie Nicolas\nVeronique Pecqueux-Rolland\nLinda Pradel\nRaphaelle Tervel\nKatty Piejos","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nadine Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Krause"},{"link_name":"Maren Baumbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maren_Baumbach"},{"link_name":"Grit Jurack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_Jurack"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Melbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Melbeck"},{"link_name":"Anja Althaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja_Althaus"},{"link_name":"Nadine Härdter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_H%C3%A4rdter"},{"link_name":"Anne Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Nora Reiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Reiche"},{"link_name":"Angie Geschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Geschke"},{"link_name":"Anna Loerper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Loerper"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Neukamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Richter"},{"link_name":"Nina Wörz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Clara Woltering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Woltering"},{"link_name":"Sabine Englert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Englert"}],"text":"Nadine Krause\nMaren Baumbach\nGrit Jurack\nStefanie Melbeck\nAnja Althaus\nNadine Härdter\nAnne Müller\nNora Reiche\nAngie Geschke\nAlexandra Gräfer\nAnna Loerper\nSabrina Neukamp\nNina Wörz\nClara Woltering\nSilke Meier\nSabine Englert","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibolya Mehlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibolya_Mehlmann"},{"link_name":"Mónika Kovacsicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nika_Kovacsicz"},{"link_name":"Erika Kirsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Kirsner"},{"link_name":"Bernadett Ferling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadett_Ferling"},{"link_name":"Piroska Szamoránsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroska_Szamor%C3%A1nsky"},{"link_name":"Gabriella Szűcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_Sz%C5%B1cs"},{"link_name":"Anita Görbicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_G%C3%B6rbicz"},{"link_name":"Ágnes Hornyák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Horny%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Eszter Siti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszter_Siti"},{"link_name":"Tímea Tóth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADmea_T%C3%B3th"},{"link_name":"Orsolya Vérten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsolya_V%C3%A9rten"},{"link_name":"Zsanett Borbély","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsanett_Borb%C3%A9ly"},{"link_name":"Orsolya Herr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsolya_Herr"},{"link_name":"Katalin Pálinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_P%C3%A1linger"},{"link_name":"Beatrix Balogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Balogh"},{"link_name":"Rita Borbás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Borb%C3%A1s"}],"text":"Ibolya Mehlmann\nMónika Kovacsicz\nErika Kirsner\nBernadett Ferling\nPiroska Szamoránsky\nGabriella Szűcs\nAnita Görbicz\nÁgnes Hornyák\nEszter Siti\nTímea Tóth\nOrsolya Vérten\nZsanett Borbély\nOrsolya Herr\nKatalin Pálinger\nBeatrix Balogh\nRita Borbás","title":"Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biljana Crvenkoska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljana_Crvenkoska"},{"link_name":"Dragana Pecevska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragana_Pecevska"},{"link_name":"Tanja Andrejeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_Andrejeva"},{"link_name":"Elena Gjeorgjievska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Gjeorgjievska"},{"link_name":"Natasha Mladenovska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Mladenovska"},{"link_name":"Julija Portjanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julija_Portjanko"},{"link_name":"Lenche Ilkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenche_Ilkova"}],"text":"Alegra Vernalise Oholanga Loki\nMarina Naukovich\nValentina Radulovic\nNatasa Kocevska\nBiljana Crvenkoska\nDragana Pecevska\nTanja Andrejeva\nAndrijana Atanasovska\nKlara Boeva\nElena Gjeorgjievska\nOlga Kolesnik\nNatasha Mladenovska\nAnzela Platon Dimovska\nJulija Portjanko\nLenche Ilkova\nVeselinka Zasovska","title":"Macedonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diane Lamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Lamein"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hilster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hilster"},{"link_name":"Maura Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Visser"},{"link_name":"Pearl van der Wissel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_van_der_Wissel"},{"link_name":"Willemijn Karsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willemijn_Karsten"}],"text":"Diane Lamein\nSaskia Mulder\nJoyce Hilster\nIrina Pusic\nMaura Visser\nArjenne Paap\nMiranda Robben\nEvelien van der Koelen\nPearl van der Wissel\nAndrea Groot\nSilvia Hofman\nWillemijn Karsten\nDebbie Klijn\nJoke Nynke Tienstra","title":"Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gro Hammerseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro_Hammerseng-Edin"},{"link_name":"Kari Mette Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Mette_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Ragnhild Aamodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnhild_Aamodt"},{"link_name":"Marit Malm Frafjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Malm_Frafjord"},{"link_name":"Kristine Lunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Lunde-Borgersen"},{"link_name":"Tonje Nöstvold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonje_N%C3%B8stvold"},{"link_name":"Anette Hovind Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Hovind_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Else Marthe Sörlie Lybekk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else-Marthe_S%C3%B8rlie_Lybekk"},{"link_name":"Karoline Dyhre Breivang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_Dyhre_Breivang"},{"link_name":"Katja Nyberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_Nyberg"},{"link_name":"Linn Kristina Riegelhuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn-Kristin_Riegelhuth_Koren"},{"link_name":"Kari Aalvik Grimsbö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Aalvik_Grimsb%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Katrine Lunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrine_Lunde"},{"link_name":"Göril Snorroeggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8ril_Snorroeggen"},{"link_name":"Terese Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terese_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"Anne Kjersti Suvdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Kjersti_Suvdal"},{"link_name":"Marianne Rokne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Rokne"}],"text":"Gro Hammerseng\nKari Mette Johansen\nRagnhild Aamodt\nMarit Malm Frafjord\nKristine Lunde\nTonje Nöstvold\nAnette Hovind Johansen\nElse Marthe Sörlie Lybekk\nKaroline Dyhre Breivang\nKatja Nyberg\nLinn Kristina Riegelhuth\nKari Aalvik Grimsbö\nKatrine Lunde\nGöril Snorroeggen\nTerese Pedersen\nAnne Kjersti Suvdal\nMarianne Rokne","title":"Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinga Polenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinga_Grzyb"},{"link_name":"Karolina Siodmiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolina_Si%C3%B3dmiak"},{"link_name":"Karolina Kudlacz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolina_Kud%C5%82acz-Gloc"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Jochymek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Jochymek"}],"text":"Sabina Kubisztal\nKinga Polenz\nAleksandra Jacek\nDagmara Kowalska\nMalgorzata Majerek\nAgata Wypych\nEwa Damiecka\nIzabela Duda\nDorota Malczewska\nKarolina Siodmiak\nKaja Zaleczna\nKarolina Kudlacz\nIwona Lacz\nAgnieszka Jochymek\nMagdalena Chemicz","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liudmila Bodnieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Bodniyeva"},{"link_name":"Anna Kareeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kareyeva"},{"link_name":"Irina Poltoratskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Poltoratskaya"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Andryushina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Andryushina"},{"link_name":"Irina Bliznova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Bliznova"},{"link_name":"Liudmila Postnova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Postnova"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Marennikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Marennikova"},{"link_name":"Oxana Romenskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Romenskaya"},{"link_name":"Natalia Shipilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Shipilova"},{"link_name":"Maria Sidorova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Sidorova"},{"link_name":"Inna Suslina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inna_Suslina"},{"link_name":"Emiliya Turey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliya_Turey"},{"link_name":"Polina Vyahiryeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Kuznetsova"},{"link_name":"Olga Levina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Levina_(handballer)"}],"text":"Liudmila Bodnieva\nZhanna Yakovleva\nAnna Kareeva\nElena Polenova\nIrina Poltoratskaya\nEkaterina Andryushina\nIrina Bliznova\nLiudmila Postnova\nEkaterina Marennikova\nOxana Romenskaya\nNatalia Shipilova\nMaria Sidorova\nInna Suslina\nEmiliya Turey\nPolina Vyahiryeva\nOlga Levina","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marina Dmitrovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Dmitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jelena Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Eri%C4%87_(handballer)"},{"link_name":"Tatjana Medved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatjana_Medved"},{"link_name":"Sanja Damnjanovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanja_Vujovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Andrea Lekic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Katarina Vojcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Stepanovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Marina Rokic\nMarina Dmitrovic\nJovana Bartosic\nJelena Eric\nIvana Mladenovic\nTatjana Medved\nSlavica Koperec\nSanja Damnjanovic\nSladjana Djeric\nSladjana Grozdanic\nBranka Jovanovic\nAndrea Lekic\nNada Micic\nAna Vojcic\nIvana Filipovic\nKatarina Vojcic","title":"Serbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergeja Stefanisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeja_Stefani%C5%A1in"},{"link_name":"Anja Freser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja_Fre%C5%A1er"},{"link_name":"Misa Marincek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1a_Marin%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Katja Cerenjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katja_%C4%8Cerenjak"}],"text":"Sergeja Stefanisin\nAnja Freser\nTatjana Oder\nMojca Dercar\nVesna Pus\nMihaela Ciora\nManuela Hrnjic\nKristina Mihic\nTina Sotler\nAnja Argenti\nNataliya Derepasko\nSilvana Ilic\nKatja Kurent Tatarovac\nMisa Marincek\nKatja Cerenjak","title":"Slovenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marta Mangue Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Mangu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Macarena Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarena_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Susana Fraile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susana_Fraile"},{"link_name":"Noelia Oncina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noelia_Oncina"},{"link_name":"Isabel Ortuno Torrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Ortu%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Diana Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Box"},{"link_name":"Cristina Gonzalez Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Patricia Pinedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Pinedo"},{"link_name":"Silvia Navarro Gimenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Navarro_(handballer)"}],"text":"Aitziber Elejaga Vargas\nMarta Mangue Gonzales\nMacarena Aguilar Diaz\nSusana Fraile Celaya\nChristina Lopez Quiros\nNoelia Oncina Morena\nIsabel Ortuno Torrico\nYolanda Sanroman Elexpuru\nDiana Box Alonso\nSara Castro Ramirez\nBegona Fernandez Molinos\nCristina Gonzalez Ramos\nBeatriz Morales Tendero\nPatricia Pinedo Saenz\nSilvia Navarro Gimenez\nEider Rubio Ponce","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jessica Enström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Enstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Linnea Torstensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnea_Torstensson"},{"link_name":"Tina Flognman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Flognman"},{"link_name":"Annika Wiel Freden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annika_Fred%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Matilda Boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Boson"},{"link_name":"Sara Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Eriksson_(handballer)"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Grundström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Gustafsson"},{"link_name":"Sara Holmgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Holmgren"},{"link_name":"Johanna Wiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Wiberg"}],"text":"Jessica Enström\nLinnea Torstensson\nTerese Krantz\nTina Flognman\nAnnika Wiel Freden\nMatilda Boson\nAsa Könsberg\nTherese Brorsson\nKatarina Chrifi\nSara Eriksson\nMadeleine Grundström\nSara Holmgren\nFanny Lagerström\nJohanna Wiberg\nHelena Andersson\nTherese Helgesson\nPetra Skogsberg","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olena Tsyhytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena_Tsyhytsia"},{"link_name":"Natalya Lyapina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Lyapina"},{"link_name":"Olena Radchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena_Radchenko"},{"link_name":"Oksana Raykhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Raykhel"},{"link_name":"Irina Sheyenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryna_Shutska"},{"link_name":"Regina Shymkute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Kalinichenko"},{"link_name":"Marina Verhelyuk-Stri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_Vergelyuk"},{"link_name":"Viktoria Tymoshenkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoriya_Tymoshenkova"},{"link_name":"Olena Yatsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena_Yatsenko"},{"link_name":"Olga Layuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Laiuk"}],"text":"Olena Tsyhytsia\nOksana Sakada\nNatalya Lyapina\nOlena Radchenko\nOksana Raykhel\nOlena Reznir\nIrina Sheyenko\nRegina Shymkute\nMarina Verhelyuk-Stri\nMarija Boklashchuk\nMaria Makarenko\nIrina Shybanova\nViktoria Tymoshenkova\nOlena Yatsenko\nOlga Layuk","title":"Ukraine"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bryant_(cricketer)

Ben Bryant (cricketer)

["1 References","2 External links"]

English-born Australian cricketer Ben BryantPersonal informationFull nameBenjamin Joshua BryantBorn (1994-12-15) 15 December 1994 (age 29)Lambeth, London, EnglandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakDomestic team information YearsTeam2015–2016Cambridgeshire2016Cambridge MCCU Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 2 Runs scored 18 Batting average 4.50 100s/50s –/– Top score 10 Balls bowled 30 Wickets 0 Bowling average – 5 wickets in innings – 10 wickets in match – Best bowling – Catches/stumpings 3/–Source: Cricinfo, 19 July 2019 Benjamin Joshua Bryant (born 15 December 1994) is an English-born Australian former first-class cricketer. Bryant was born at Lambeth in December 1994, emigrating to Australia with his parents when he was a child. He was educated in Sydney at Scots College, before attending the University of Sydney. In 2015–16, he took undertook an exchange year in England at Anglia Ruskin University. While studying at Anglia Ruskin, he made two appearances for Cambridge MCCU against Essex and Nottinghamshire in 2016. He also played minor counties cricket for Cambridgeshire in 2015 and 2016, making six appearances in the Minor Counties Championship, and a single appearance each in both the MCCA Knockout Trophy and the Minor Counties T20. References ^ "Player profile: Ben Bryant". CricX. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ "First-Class Matches played by Ben Bryant". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ "Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Ben Bryant". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ "Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Ben Bryant". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ "Minor Counties Twenty20 Matches played by Ben Bryant". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 July 2019. External links Ben Bryant at ESPNcricinfo This biographical article related to Australian cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Lotus_(album)

The Jewel in the Lotus (album)

["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References"]

1974 studio album by Bennie MaupinThe Jewel in the LotusStudio album by Bennie MaupinReleased1974RecordedMarch 1974StudioRecord PlantNew York CityGenreJazz-fusionavant-garde jazzmodal jazzLength44:17LabelECM 1043 STProducerManfred EicherBennie Maupin chronology The Jewel in the Lotus(1974) Slow Traffic to the Right(1977) The Jewel in the Lotus is the debut album by jazz woodwind player Bennie Maupin, recorded in March 1974 and released on ECM later that year. The sextet's rhythm section consists of pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Buster Williams and percussionists Billy Hart, Freddie Waits and Bill Summers, with guest appearances from trumpeter Charles Sullivan. The title is a translation of the Buddhist mantra Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ (Devanagari: ॐ मणि पद्मे हूँ). Background In 2011, Ricardo Villalobos and Max Loderbauer used samples of The Jewel in the Lotus as the basis for the track "Rensenada" on the remix album Re:ECM. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicPitchfork9.1/10The Rolling Stone Jazz Record GuideThe Penguin Guide to Jazz RecordingsThe GuardianAll About Jazz The editors of AllMusic awarded the album a full five stars. Thom Jurek called it "a true jazz classic," and wrote: "The true worth of Jewel in the Lotus is that perhaps no other bandleader at the time could bring together players from such different backgrounds and relationships to his own musical development and make them interact with one another with material that is scored so closely and whose dynamics and tensions are so pronounced and steady... This album sounds as timeless and adventurous in the present as the day it was released." The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings described the album as "a record that steals into the room and leaves again without introductions, but without attempting to be pointlessly enigmatic." In a review for Pitchfork, Shuja Haider stated: "Though Bennie Maupin is listed as the leader, The Jewel in the Lotus defies assumptions about the hierarchy of musical composition and performance... Even when an individual speaks alone, it suggests, the collective listens together, and there is no higher calling than accompanying others." The Guardian's John Fordham commented: "The rich soundscapes of Bitches Brew and early Weather Report are strong references, with Maupin far more of an enabler and a colourist than a flat-out soloist. But his rich tapestries are more acoustic than most early 1970s fusion... and this is an absorbing collage of long flute sounds over marimba vamps and loosely impressionistic percussion, water-churning noises and electric keys washing around brooding bass clarinet lines, airy soprano melodies over Buster Williams' bowed bass." John Kelman, writing for All About Jazz, called the album "a masterpiece," and remarked: "Maupin's writing is often marked by richly distinctive lyricism, but it's the ongoing interplay of this sextet/septet that makes the album so remarkable. Like the attention to space paid by the three percussionists, there's a gossamer-like ethereality to these extraordinarily multi-directional conversations." Brian Payne of Jazz Journal wrote: "This is a strange and at times haunting album. It's invariably wistful and is a classic example of 1970s spiritual jazz." Track listing All compositions by Bennie Maupin "Ensenada" – 8:15 "Mappo" – 8:30 "Excursion" – 4:52 "Past + Present = Future" – 1:52 "The Jewel in the Lotus" – 10:02 "Winds of Change" – 1:30 "Song for Tracie Dixon Summers" – 5:19 "Past Is Past" – 3:57 Personnel Bennie Maupin – saxophones, flute, bass clarinet, voice, glockenspiel Herbie Hancock – acoustic and electric pianos Buster Williams – bass Billy Hart – drums (right channel) Freddie Waits – drums, marimba (left channel) Bill Summers – percussion Charles Sullivan – trumpet on "Mappo" and "Excursion" References ^ a b c Jurek, Thom. "The Jewel in the Lotus". Allmusic. ^ a b c Haider, Shuja (April 28, 2019). "Bennie Maupin: The Jewel in the Lotus". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 28, 2019. ^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. p. 133. ISBN 0-394-72643-X. ^ a b Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 963. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. ^ a b Fordham, John (September 6, 2007). "Bennie Maupin, The Jewel in the Lotus". The Guardian. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b Kelman, John (October 31, 2007). "Bennie Maupin: The Jewel In The Lotus". All About Jazz. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ Payne, Brian (September 25, 2019). "Bennie Maupin: The Jewel In The Lotus". Jazz Journal. Retrieved September 20, 2022. vteBennie MaupinYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Albums The Jewel in the Lotus (1974) Slow Traffic to the Right (1976-1977) Driving While Black (with Patrick Gleeson, 1998) Penumbra (2003 & 2006) Early Reflections (2007) Symphonic Tone Poem for Brother Yusef (with Adam Rudolph, 2022) Related articles Almanac Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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Thom Jurek called it \"a true jazz classic,\" and wrote: \"The true worth of Jewel in the Lotus is that perhaps no other bandleader at the time could bring together players from such different backgrounds and relationships to his own musical development and make them interact with one another with material that is scored so closely and whose dynamics and tensions are so pronounced and steady... This album sounds as timeless and adventurous in the present as the day it was released.\"[1]The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings described the album as \"a record that steals into the room and leaves again without introductions, but without attempting to be pointlessly enigmatic.\"[4]In a review for Pitchfork, Shuja Haider stated: \"Though Bennie Maupin is listed as the leader, The Jewel in the Lotus defies assumptions about the hierarchy of musical composition and performance... Even when an individual speaks alone, it suggests, the collective listens together, and there is no higher calling than accompanying others.\"[2]The Guardian's John Fordham commented: \"The rich soundscapes of Bitches Brew and early Weather Report are strong references, with Maupin far more of an enabler and a colourist than a flat-out soloist. But his rich tapestries are more acoustic than most early 1970s fusion... and this is an absorbing collage of long flute sounds over marimba vamps and loosely impressionistic percussion, water-churning noises and electric keys washing around brooding bass clarinet lines, airy soprano melodies over Buster Williams' bowed bass.\"[5]John Kelman, writing for All About Jazz, called the album \"a masterpiece,\" and remarked: \"Maupin's writing is often marked by richly distinctive lyricism, but it's the ongoing interplay of this sextet/septet that makes the album so remarkable. Like the attention to space paid by the three percussionists, there's a gossamer-like ethereality to these extraordinarily multi-directional conversations.\"[6]Brian Payne of Jazz Journal wrote: \"This is a strange and at times haunting album. It's invariably wistful and is a classic example of 1970s spiritual jazz.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by Bennie Maupin\"Ensenada\" – 8:15\n\"Mappo\" – 8:30\n\"Excursion\" – 4:52\n\"Past + Present = Future\" – 1:52\n\"The Jewel in the Lotus\" – 10:02\n\"Winds of Change\" – 1:30\n\"Song for Tracie Dixon Summers\" – 5:19\n\"Past Is Past\" – 3:57","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennie Maupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Maupin"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Buster Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Williams"},{"link_name":"Billy Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hart"},{"link_name":"Freddie Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Waits"},{"link_name":"Bill Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Summers_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Charles Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sullivan_(musician)"}],"text":"Bennie Maupin – saxophones, flute, bass clarinet, voice, glockenspiel\nHerbie Hancock – acoustic and electric pianos\nBuster Williams – bass\nBilly Hart – drums (right channel)\nFreddie Waits – drums, marimba (left channel)\nBill Summers – percussion\nCharles Sullivan – trumpet on \"Mappo\" and \"Excursion\"","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamwave

Dreamwave Productions

["1 History","2 List of Dreamwave comics","2.1 Original series","2.2 Licensed series","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"]

Canadian art design studio and comic book publisher "Dreamwave" redirects here. For the music genre, see synthwave. Dreamwave ProductionsIndustryComicsFounded1996FounderPat Lee and Roger LeeDefunct2005HeadquartersToronto, Canada Dreamwave Productions was a Canadian art design studio and comic book publisher founded in 1996. Best known for its comic book adaptations of Transformers, the company shut down on January 4, 2005. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brothers Pat Lee and Roger Lee founded Dreamwave Productions in Toronto, Canada in 1996 as an imprint under Image Comics, publishing their first mini-series Darkminds. Pat maintained artistic control while Roger managed the business operations. Dreamwave split off from Image Comics in April 2002. Dreamwave acquired the license for the Transformers toyline from Hasbro in December 2001. The first mini-series, written by Chris Sarracini & drawn by Pat Lee and based on the Transformers: Generation 1 characters, was the top-selling book on the sales charts for its entire run. Various Transformers ongoing and limited series followed, covering various continuities within the Transformers franchise. On January 4, 2005, Dreamwave announced that it had gone out of business and closed down, citing "the shrinking comic book market combined with a weak U.S. dollar" as the reason for their closure. According to the terms of the contract the company had with Federal Express, its freelancers were left liable for the cost of shipping their unpublished, unpaid for work to Canada. Guido Guidi and Don Figueroa were two such freelancers affected. After the company's bankruptcy in January 2005, Dreamwave's assets were auctioned off on August 2, 2005 and purchased by Canadian entrepreneur Christian Dery, who planned to relaunch its original properties. However, the new Dreamwave have not published nor announced the publishing of any titles since the 2005 announcement. IDW Publishing acquired the Transformers license in May 2005 and began publishing new Transformers comics in 2006. List of Dreamwave comics This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Original series Arkanium #1—5 (September 2002—March 2003) Darkminds #1—4 Echo Fate of the Blade #1—5 (August 2002—February 2003) Limbo City #1—2 (1990) NecroWar #1—3 (July—September 2003) Neon Cyber (set in the same world as Darkminds) Sandscape #1—4 (January—May 2003) Shidima #1—7 (2001, set in the same world as Warlands) Warlands: Warlands: The Age of Ice #1/2 (December 2002) Warlands: Dark Tide Rising #1—6 (December 2002—May 2003) Licensed series Custom Robo (Nintendo Power Issues #184, #185, and #186) Duel Masters #1—8 (November 2003—September 2004, cancelled after issue #8) Devil May Cry #1—3 (February—September 2004, bankrupt before final issue and TPB were released) Killzone (bankrupt before issue #1) Maximo #1 (January 2004, cancelled after issue #1) Mega Man #1—4 (September—December 2003, cancelled after issue #4) Metroid Prime comic series; debuted in Nintendo Power Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1—7 (June—December 2003, canceled after issue #7) Transformers: Transformers: Generation 1 #1—6 (April—October 2002) Transformers: Armada/Energon #1—30 (July 2002—December 2004) Transformers: The War Within #1—6 (October 2002—March 2003) Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye #1—8 (April—November 2003) Transformers: Generation 1 (Volume 2) #1—6 (April—September 2003) Transformers: War Within — The Dark Ages #1—6 (October 2003—April 2004) Transformers/G.I. Joe #1—6 (August 2003—March 2004) Transformers: Generation 1 (Volume 3) #0—10 (December 2003—December 2004) Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye: Armada #1—3 (March—May 2004) Transformers Summer Special #1 (May 2004) Transformers: Micromasters #1—4 (June—October 2004) Transformers: War Within — The Age of Wrath #1—3 (September—December 2004) Transformers/G.I. Joe: Divided Front #1 (October 2004) Xevoz See also List of Transformers comic book series References ^ ICv2 (2001-11-25). "Dreamwave Ankles Image". ICv2. Retrieved 2013-06-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ CBR Staff (2005-01-04). "Dreamwave Productions Closes Up Shop". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16. ^ Stump, Greg (July 2005). "Transformers Line Picked Up by IDW, Though Creators Still Have Reason to Gripe". The Comics Journal (269): 53. ISSN 0194-7869. ^ Singh, Arune (2005-08-11). "Christian Dery Acquires Dreamwave". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16. ^ Tramountanas, George A. (2005-05-26). "IDW's Transformers - New Opportunities In Disguise". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16. Bibliography Comic Book Resources - Dreamwave's financial debts vte Canadian comics Quebec comics EnglishComic books Brok Windsor Captain Canuck Cerebus Champions of Hell Chiaroscuro Clockwork Girl Ed the Happy Clown Glamourpuss Louis Riel Neil the Horse Nelvana of the Northern Lights Northguard Palookaville Scott Pilgrim Skim Thieves and Kings Underwater Yummy Fur Strips The Avridge Farm The Barn Backbench Ben Betty Between Friends Capitalist Piglet The Chosen Family Cornered Deflocked Doc and Raider Fisher For Better or For Worse Galaxion GLitcH! Herman It Happened in Canada Nightschool The Other Coast Pooch Café Space Moose User Friendly VG Cats Weltschmerz FrenchMagazines Croc MensuHell Safarir Series Les Aventures de Timothée The Bellybuttons (Les Nombrils) Onésime The Postman from Space Publishers Aardvark-Vanaheim Aircel Comics Arcana Studio Bell Features Black Eye Productions Class Comics Conundrum Press Coscom Entertainment Dragon Lady Press Drawn & Quarterly Dreamwave Productions Hillborough Studios Koyama Press New Reliable Press Les 400 coups Maple Leaf Publishing Mécanique Générale Mille-Îles La Pastèque Red 5 Comics Strawberry Jam Comics Vortex Comics Awards Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association Joe Shuster Award Doug Wright Award Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame Conventions Central Canada Comic Con Fan Expo Canada Montreal Comiccon Otakuthon Paradise Comics Toronto Comicon Toronto Comicon Toronto Comic Arts Festival Ottawa Comiccon Hal-Con Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo People List of Canadian comics creators Mark Askwith John Bell Deni Loubert Diana Schutz Shops The Beguiling Dragon Lady Comics Happy Harbor Comics Heroes Comics Paradise Comics Strange Adventures Now & Then Books Books about The Great Canadian Comic Books Invaders from the North TV The Anti-Gravity Room Prisoners of Gravity Other Association of Canadian Cartoonists Canadian Society for the Study of Comics Canadian Whites Comic Book Confidential Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund vteComic book publishers in North AmericaActive Aardvark-Vanaheim Abrams ComicArts AC Comics Action Lab Comics Ahoy Comics AiT/Planet Lar Alias Enterprises Alternative Comics Antarctic Press Arcana Studio Archaia Entertainment Archie Comics Aspen MLT Avatar Press AWA Studios Beyond Comics Black Eye Productions Black Mask Studios Black Sands Entertainment Boom! Studios Caliber Comics Class Comics Comic House Conundrum Press Creative Impulse Entertainment Cross Infinite World Darby Pop Publishing Dark Horse Comics DC Comics Denpa Devil's Due Publishing Drawn & Quarterly DSTLRY Dynamite Entertainment Eureka Productions Fantagraphics First Second Books HarperCollins Hermes Press Humanoids Publishing Hyperwerks IDW Publishing Image Comics Iron Circus Comics J-Novel Club Kaiten Books Kodansha USA Koyama Press La Pastèque Last Gasp Legendary Comics Lev Gleason Publications Les 400 coups The Library of American Comics Mad Cave Studios Marvel Comics Milestone Media Moonstone Books MyFutprint Entertainment NBM Publishing Northwest Press Oni Press Panini Comics Papercutz Platinum Studios Radical Comics Radio Comix Red 5 Comics Rip Off Press Seven Seas Entertainment Shadowline Skybound Entertainment Slave Labor Graphics Sumerian Comics Sunday Press Books TidalWave Productions Titan Comics TKO Studios Tokyopop Top Cow Productions Udon Entertainment Valiant Comics Vault Comics Vertical Viz Media Vortex Comics WaRP Graphics Yen Press Zenescope Entertainment Z2 Comics Former Aircel Comics All-American Publications AfterShock Comics Amalgam Comics American Comics Group Anglo-American Publishing Another Rainbow Publishing Ape Entertainment Apple Comics Arcade Comics Atlas Comics Atlas/Seaboard Comics Awesome Comics Azteca Productions Bell Features Blackthorne Publishing Bongo Comics Broadway Comics Cat-Head Comics Catalan Communications Centaur Publications Chaos! Comics Charlton Comics Columbia Comics Harry "A" Chesler Comico ComicsOne ComiXology Originals Continuity Comics Continüm Comics Crestwood Publications CrossGen Dabel Brothers Productions David McKay Publications Defiant Comics Dell Comics Del Rey Manga Disney Comics Double Take Comics Dragon Lady Press Dreamwave Productions Eastern Color Printing EC Comics Eclipse Comics Eternity Comics FantaCo Enterprises Fawcett Comics Fiction House First Comics Fox Feature Syndicate Future Comics Gemstone Publishing Gilberton Gladstone Publishing Gold Key Comics Harris Comics Harvey Comics Highwater Books Hillborough Studios Hillman Periodicals Holyoke Publishing Innovation Publishing Kitchen Sink Press Lion Forge Comics Magazine Enterprises Mainline Publications Malibu Comics Maple Leaf Publishing Millennium Publications Mirage Studios National Comics Publications Nedor Publishing New Reliable Press NOW Comics Pacific Comics Pendulum Press Print Mint Quality Comics Renegade Press Revolutionary Comics Semic Comics Sirius Comics Sirius Entertainment Skywald Publications Sparkplug Comics Standard Comics Strawberry Jam Comics Street & Smith Tekno Comix Timely Comics Topps Comics Tundra Publishing Vertigo Comics Viper Comics Warren Publishing WildStorm vteTransformers Hasbro Takara Tomy Toy lines Generation 1 Generation 2 Beast Wars Shattered Glass Prime Wars Trilogy Power of the Primes War for Cybertron Trilogy Predecessors Microman Diaclone Unicron Trilogy Armada Energon Cybertron Crossovers Built to Rule Attacktix Star Wars Transformers Kre-O Related GoBots Rock Lords Battle Beasts Media Comic series Void Rivals Animated series Books Audio releases Live-action film series Video gamesGeneration 1 The Transformers Battle to Save the Earth Mystery of Convoy G1: Awakening Devastation Other Beast Wars Beast Wars Transmetals Armada: Prelude to Energon Animated: The Game Prime – The Game Cybertron series War for Cybertron DS version Cybertron Adventures Fall of Cybertron Rise of the Dark Spark Crossovers DreamMix TV World Fighters Smite Angry Birds Transformers Fortnite CharactersAutobots Optimus Prime Bumblebee Arcee Cliffjumper Grimlock Jazz Jetfire Sideswipe Smokescreen Ultra Magnus Windblade Decepticons Megatron Starscream Soundwave Other Dinobot (Beast Wars) Unicron Fan engagement Auto Assembly BotCon HasCon Hall of Fame TFcon Category

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Best known for its comic book adaptations of Transformers, the company shut down on January 4, 2005.","title":"Dreamwave Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Lee_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The first mini-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Generation_One_(Dreamwave)"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Generation 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Federal Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Express"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"IDW Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Brothers Pat Lee and Roger Lee founded Dreamwave Productions in Toronto, Canada in 1996 as an imprint under Image Comics,[citation needed] publishing their first mini-series Darkminds.[citation needed] Pat maintained artistic control while Roger managed the business operations.[citation needed] Dreamwave split off from Image Comics in April 2002.[1]Dreamwave acquired the license for the Transformers toyline from Hasbro in December 2001.[citation needed] The first mini-series, written by Chris Sarracini & drawn by Pat Lee and based on the Transformers: Generation 1 characters, was the top-selling book on the sales charts for its entire run.[citation needed] Various Transformers ongoing and limited series followed, covering various continuities within the Transformers franchise.[citation needed]On January 4, 2005, Dreamwave announced that it had gone out of business and closed down, citing \"the shrinking comic book market combined with a weak U.S. dollar\" as the reason for their closure.[2]According to the terms of the contract the company had with Federal Express, its freelancers were left liable for the cost of shipping their unpublished, unpaid for work to Canada. Guido Guidi and Don Figueroa were two such freelancers affected.[3]After the company's bankruptcy in January 2005, Dreamwave's assets were auctioned off on August 2, 2005 and purchased by Canadian entrepreneur Christian Dery, who planned to relaunch its original properties.[4] However, the new Dreamwave have not published nor announced the publishing of any titles since the 2005 announcement.IDW Publishing acquired the Transformers license in May 2005 and began publishing new Transformers comics in 2006.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Dreamwave comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlands"},{"link_name":"Warlands: The Age of Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlands#Warlands:_The_Age_Of_Ice"},{"link_name":"Warlands: Dark Tide Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlands#Warlands:_Dark_Tide_Rising"}],"sub_title":"Original series","text":"Arkanium #1—5 (September 2002—March 2003)\nDarkminds #1—4\nEcho\nFate of the Blade #1—5 (August 2002—February 2003)\nLimbo City #1—2 (1990)\nNecroWar #1—3 (July—September 2003)\nNeon Cyber (set in the same world as Darkminds)\nSandscape #1—4 (January—May 2003)\nShidima #1—7 (2001, set in the same world as Warlands)\nWarlands:\nWarlands: The Age of Ice #1/2 (December 2002)\nWarlands: Dark Tide Rising #1—6 (December 2002—May 2003)","title":"List of Dreamwave comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Custom Robo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_Robo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"Duel Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_Masters"},{"link_name":"Devil May Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_May_Cry"},{"link_name":"TPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Killzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killzone"},{"link_name":"Maximo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximo_vs._Army_of_Zin"},{"link_name":"Mega Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Man#Comics"},{"link_name":"Metroid Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid_Prime"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Dreamwave_Productions)"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(comics)#Dreamwave_Productions"}],"sub_title":"Licensed series","text":"Custom Robo (Nintendo Power Issues #184, #185, and #186)\nDuel Masters #1—8 (November 2003—September 2004, cancelled after issue #8)\nDevil May Cry #1—3 (February—September 2004, bankrupt before final issue and TPB were released)\nKillzone (bankrupt before issue #1)\nMaximo #1 (January 2004, cancelled after issue #1)\nMega Man #1—4 (September—December 2003, cancelled after issue #4)\nMetroid Prime comic series; debuted in Nintendo Power\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1—7 (June—December 2003, canceled after issue #7)\nTransformers:\nTransformers: Generation 1 #1—6 (April—October 2002)\nTransformers: Armada/Energon #1—30 (July 2002—December 2004)\nTransformers: The War Within #1—6 (October 2002—March 2003)\nTransformers: More Than Meets the Eye #1—8 (April—November 2003)\nTransformers: Generation 1 (Volume 2) #1—6 (April—September 2003)\nTransformers: War Within — The Dark Ages #1—6 (October 2003—April 2004)\nTransformers/G.I. 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Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Magnus"},{"link_name":"Windblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windblade"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticon"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"},{"link_name":"Starscream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starscream"},{"link_name":"Soundwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundwave_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Dinobot (Beast Wars)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinobot_(Beast_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Auto Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Assembly"},{"link_name":"BotCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BotCon"},{"link_name":"HasCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HasCon"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"TFcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFcon"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transformers_(franchise)"}],"text":"Comic Book Resources - Dreamwave's financial debtsvte Canadian comics \nQuebec comics\nEnglishComic books\nBrok Windsor\nCaptain Canuck\nCerebus\nChampions of Hell\nChiaroscuro\nClockwork Girl\nEd the Happy Clown\nGlamourpuss\nLouis Riel\nNeil the Horse\nNelvana of the Northern Lights\nNorthguard\nPalookaville\nScott Pilgrim\nSkim\nThieves and Kings\nUnderwater\nYummy Fur\nStrips\nThe Avridge Farm\nThe Barn\nBackbench\nBen\nBetty\nBetween Friends\nCapitalist Piglet\nThe Chosen Family\nCornered\nDeflocked\nDoc and Raider\nFisher\nFor Better or For Worse\nGalaxion\nGLitcH!\nHerman\nIt Happened in Canada\nNightschool\nThe Other Coast\nPooch Café\nSpace Moose\nUser Friendly\nVG Cats\nWeltschmerz\nFrenchMagazines\nCroc\nMensuHell\nSafarir\nSeries\nLes Aventures de Timothée\nThe Bellybuttons (Les Nombrils)\nOnésime\nThe Postman from Space\nPublishers\nAardvark-Vanaheim\nAircel Comics\nArcana Studio\nBell Features\nBlack Eye Productions\nClass Comics\nConundrum Press\nCoscom Entertainment\nDragon Lady Press\nDrawn & Quarterly\nDreamwave Productions\nHillborough Studios\nKoyama Press\nNew Reliable Press\nLes 400 coups\nMaple Leaf Publishing\nMécanique Générale\nMille-Îles\nLa Pastèque\nRed 5 Comics\nStrawberry Jam Comics\nVortex Comics\nAwards\nCanadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association\nJoe Shuster Award\nDoug Wright Award\nCanadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame\nConventions\nCentral Canada Comic Con\nFan Expo Canada\nMontreal Comiccon\nOtakuthon\nParadise Comics Toronto Comicon\nToronto Comicon\nToronto Comic Arts Festival\nOttawa Comiccon\nHal-Con\nCalgary Comic and Entertainment Expo\nPeople\nList of Canadian comics creators\nMark Askwith\nJohn Bell\nDeni Loubert\nDiana Schutz\nShops\nThe Beguiling\nDragon Lady Comics\nHappy Harbor Comics\nHeroes Comics\nParadise Comics\nStrange Adventures\nNow & Then Books\nBooks about\nThe Great Canadian Comic Books\nInvaders from the North\nTV\nThe Anti-Gravity Room\nPrisoners of Gravity\nOther\nAssociation of Canadian Cartoonists\nCanadian Society for the Study of Comics\nCanadian Whites\nComic Book Confidential\nComic Legends Legal Defense FundvteComic book publishers in North AmericaActive\nAardvark-Vanaheim\nAbrams ComicArts\nAC Comics\nAction Lab Comics\nAhoy Comics\nAiT/Planet Lar\nAlias Enterprises\nAlternative Comics\nAntarctic Press\nArcana Studio\nArchaia Entertainment\nArchie Comics\nAspen MLT\nAvatar Press\nAWA Studios\nBeyond Comics\nBlack Eye Productions\nBlack Mask Studios\nBlack Sands Entertainment\nBoom! Studios\nCaliber Comics\nClass Comics\nComic House\nConundrum Press\nCreative Impulse Entertainment\nCross Infinite World\nDarby Pop Publishing\nDark Horse Comics\nDC Comics\nDenpa\nDevil's Due Publishing\nDrawn & Quarterly\nDSTLRY\nDynamite Entertainment\nEureka Productions\nFantagraphics\nFirst Second Books\nHarperCollins\nHermes Press\nHumanoids Publishing\nHyperwerks\nIDW Publishing\nImage Comics\nIron Circus Comics\nJ-Novel Club\nKaiten Books\nKodansha USA\nKoyama Press\nLa Pastèque\nLast Gasp\nLegendary Comics\nLev Gleason Publications\nLes 400 coups\nThe Library of American Comics\nMad Cave Studios\nMarvel Comics\nMilestone Media\nMoonstone Books\nMyFutprint Entertainment\nNBM Publishing\nNorthwest Press\nOni Press\nPanini Comics\nPapercutz\nPlatinum Studios\nRadical Comics\nRadio Comix\nRed 5 Comics\nRip Off Press\nSeven Seas Entertainment\nShadowline\nSkybound Entertainment\nSlave Labor Graphics\nSumerian Comics\nSunday Press Books\nTidalWave Productions\nTitan Comics\nTKO Studios\nTokyopop\nTop Cow Productions\nUdon Entertainment\nValiant Comics\nVault Comics\nVertical\nViz Media\nVortex Comics\nWaRP Graphics\nYen Press\nZenescope Entertainment\nZ2 Comics\nFormer\nAircel Comics\nAll-American Publications\nAfterShock Comics\nAmalgam Comics\nAmerican Comics Group\nAnglo-American Publishing\nAnother Rainbow Publishing\nApe Entertainment\nApple Comics\nArcade Comics\nAtlas Comics\nAtlas/Seaboard Comics\nAwesome Comics\nAzteca Productions\nBell Features\nBlackthorne Publishing\nBongo Comics\nBroadway Comics\nCat-Head Comics\nCatalan Communications\nCentaur Publications\nChaos! Comics\nCharlton Comics\nColumbia Comics\nHarry \"A\" Chesler\nComico\nComicsOne\nComiXology Originals\nContinuity Comics\nContinüm Comics\nCrestwood Publications\nCrossGen\nDabel Brothers Productions\nDavid McKay Publications\nDefiant Comics\nDell Comics\nDel Rey Manga\nDisney Comics\nDouble Take Comics\nDragon Lady Press\nDreamwave Productions\nEastern Color Printing\nEC Comics\nEclipse Comics\nEternity Comics\nFantaCo Enterprises\nFawcett Comics\nFiction House\nFirst Comics\nFox Feature Syndicate\nFuture Comics\nGemstone Publishing\nGilberton\nGladstone Publishing\nGold Key Comics\nHarris Comics\nHarvey Comics\nHighwater Books\nHillborough Studios\nHillman Periodicals\nHolyoke Publishing\nInnovation Publishing\nKitchen Sink Press\nLion Forge Comics\nMagazine Enterprises\nMainline Publications\nMalibu Comics\nMaple Leaf Publishing\nMillennium Publications\nMirage Studios\nNational Comics Publications\nNedor Publishing\nNew Reliable Press\nNOW Comics\nPacific Comics\nPendulum Press\nPrint Mint\nQuality Comics\nRenegade Press\nRevolutionary Comics\nSemic Comics\nSirius Comics\nSirius Entertainment\nSkywald Publications\nSparkplug Comics\nStandard Comics\nStrawberry Jam Comics\nStreet & Smith\nTekno Comix\nTimely Comics\nTopps Comics\nTundra Publishing\nVertigo Comics\nViper Comics\nWarren Publishing\nWildStormvteTransformers\nHasbro\nTakara Tomy\nToy lines\nGeneration 1\nGeneration 2\nBeast Wars\nShattered Glass\nPrime Wars Trilogy\nPower of the Primes\nWar for Cybertron Trilogy\nPredecessors\nMicroman\nDiaclone\nUnicron Trilogy\nArmada\nEnergon\nCybertron\nCrossovers\nBuilt to Rule\nAttacktix\nStar Wars Transformers\nKre-O\nRelated\nGoBots\nRock Lords\nBattle Beasts\n\nMedia\nComic series\nVoid Rivals\nAnimated series\nBooks\nAudio releases\nLive-action film series\nVideo gamesGeneration 1\nThe Transformers\nBattle to Save the Earth\nMystery of Convoy\nG1: Awakening\nDevastation\nOther\nBeast Wars\nBeast Wars Transmetals\nArmada: Prelude to Energon\nAnimated: The Game\nPrime – The Game\nCybertron series\nWar for Cybertron\nDS version\nCybertron Adventures\nFall of Cybertron\nRise of the Dark Spark\nCrossovers\nDreamMix TV World Fighters\nSmite\nAngry Birds Transformers\nFortnite\nCharactersAutobots\nOptimus Prime\nBumblebee\nArcee\nCliffjumper\nGrimlock\nJazz\nJetfire\nSideswipe\nSmokescreen\nUltra Magnus\nWindblade\nDecepticons\nMegatron\nStarscream\nSoundwave\nOther\nDinobot (Beast Wars)\nUnicron\nFan engagement\nAuto Assembly\nBotCon\nHasCon\nHall of Fame\nTFcon\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of Transformers comic book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transformers_comic_book_series"}]

[{"reference":"ICv2 (2001-11-25). \"Dreamwave Ankles Image\". ICv2. Retrieved 2013-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/899/dreamwave-ankles-image","url_text":"\"Dreamwave Ankles Image\""}]},{"reference":"CBR Staff (2005-01-04). \"Dreamwave Productions Closes Up Shop\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/dreamwave-productions-closes-up-shop/","url_text":"\"Dreamwave Productions Closes Up Shop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"Stump, Greg (July 2005). \"Transformers Line Picked Up by IDW, Though Creators Still Have Reason to Gripe\". The Comics Journal (269): 53. ISSN 0194-7869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0194-7869","url_text":"0194-7869"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Arune (2005-08-11). \"Christian Dery Acquires Dreamwave\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/christian-dery-acquires-dreamwave/","url_text":"\"Christian Dery Acquires Dreamwave\""}]},{"reference":"Tramountanas, George A. (2005-05-26). \"IDW's Transformers - New Opportunities In Disguise\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/idws-transformers-new-opportunities-in-disguise/","url_text":"\"IDW's Transformers - New Opportunities In Disguise\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._A._G._Strong

Leonard Strong

["1 Life","2 Writing career","3 Critical reception","4 Verse","5 Novels","6 Short story collections","7 Short stories (anthologized)","8 Drama","9 Belles lettres","10 Autobiography","11 History","12 References","13 External links"]

For the actor, see Leonard Strong (actor). Leonard Strong by David Low. Leonard Alfred George Strong (8 March 1896 – 17 August 1958) was a popular English novelist, critic, historian, and poet, and published under the name L. A. G. Strong. He served as a director of the publishers Methuen Ltd. from 1938 to 1958. Life Strong was born at Compton Gifford, of an Irish mother, Marion Jane (née Mongan), and a half-Irish father born in the United States, Leonard Ernest Strong (1862/3-1948), a chemical works manager (eventually director of Fisons), and was proud of his Irish heritage. His father was a grandson and great-grandson of Church of England clergymen educated at Wadham College, Oxford. As a youth, Strong considered being a comedian and took lessons in singing. He was educated at Brighton College and earned a scholarship to Wadham College, Oxford, as an Open Classical Scholar (studies in literature and the arts). There, he came under the influence of W. B. Yeats, about whom Strong wrote fairly extensively; they met first in the autumn of 1919 and their friendship lasted for twenty years. Strong taught at an Oxford preparatory school, before becoming a full-time writer in 1930. His first two volumes of poetry were Dublin Days (1921) and The Lowery Road (1923), and his career as a novelist was launched with Dewer Rides (1929, set on Dartmoor). Later, Strong formed a literary partnership with an Irish friend, John Francis Swaine (1880-1954), paying Swaine a percentage of royalties for five novels and numerous short stories, published between about 1930 and 1953, which were attributed to Strong. These included the Sea Wall (1933), The Bay (1944), and Trevannion (1948). Swaine's short stories described the thoughts and experiences of an Irish character, Mangan, a fictional version of Swaine himself. Strong wrote many works of non‐fiction and an autobiography of his early years, Green Memory (1961). He gained a wide interest in literature and wrote about many important contemporary authors, including James Joyce, William Faulkner, John Millington Synge, and John Masefield. He worked as an assistant schoolmaster at Summer Fields School, a boys' boarding prep school on the outskirts of Oxford, from 1917 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1930, and as a Visiting Tutor at the Central School of Speech and Drama. One of his pupils was a son of Reginald McKenna. He was a director of the publishers Methuen Ltd. from 1938 until his death. For many years he was a governor of his old school, Brighton College. Strong's autobiography, Green Memory, published after his death, described his family (including a grandmother in Ireland), his earliest years, his school-days, and his friendships at Wadham College; among them were Yeats and George Moore. Following his death in Guildford, Surrey, a memorial service was held for him at St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 3 October 1958. The nurse Emily MacManus was one of his cousins; he wrote the foreword for her autobiography, Fifty Years Of Nursing - Matron of Guy's (1956). John Francis Swaine reference authority the Oxford Companion to English Literature, Ninth Edition, General Editor Professor Dinah Birch. Swaine's papers and manuscripts are lodged with the National Library of Ireland, Dublin. Writing career Strong began by writing poetry and published three volumes in the early 1920s. Next, he turned his hand to short stories, and his first collection, Doyle's Rock and Other Stories, was published by Basil Blackwell in 1925. His first novel, Dewer Rides, appeared in 1929 and was followed by more than twenty more. He also wrote plays, children's books, biography, criticism, and film scripts. His works include detective novels, featuring Detective-Inspector McKay of Scotland Yard, and horror fiction. Many of his adventure and romance novels were set in Scotland or the West of England. The classic short story "Breakdown", a tale about a married man who has the perfect plan to murder his mistress, and which has a twist ending, has been reprinted often; it was a favorite of Boris Karloff. (Unhappy marriages were an occasional theme in his fiction, in works such as Deliverance.) His supernatural stories were often reprinted, as well. Strong was interested in the paranormal, as his haunted house and other horror stories attest, and believed he had seen ghosts and witnessed psychic phenomena. One of his earliest writings, A Defence of Ignorance, was the first book sold by Captain Louis Henry Cohn, the founder of House of Books, which specialized in first editions of contemporary writers. Cohn was a New York book collector who of necessity became a bookseller due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and he had Strong's manuscript, a six-page essay, in his collection. Cohn published 200 signed copies of the title, priced at $2.00 each. Some of Strong's poems were set to music by Arthur Bliss. His Selected Poems appeared in 1931 (first American edition in 1932), and The Body's Imperfection: Collected Poems in 1957. He also edited anthologies of poetry, sometimes in collaboration with Cecil Day-Lewis. His 1932 novel The Brothers was filmed in 1947 by the Scottish director David MacDonald; it starred Patricia Roc. One reviewer commented, "In a break from tradition, the film substitutes the novel's unhappy ending with an even unhappier one." Strong collaborated on or contributed to such filmscripts as Haunted Honeymoon (1940; a Dorothy L. Sayers story about Lord Peter Wimsey and Harriet Vane), Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1948), and Happy Ever After (1954). Critical reception Kirkus Reviews asserted in 1935, "L. A. G. Strong can be counted on for a nostalgic picture of the call of the wild, and spins a good yarn as well." Garrett Mattingly, in The Saturday Review, praises Strong's "clean, muscular prose" and the "astonishing variety of mood and incident" in a review of The Seven Arms, saying that he "treats material which has become familiar, almost conventional, in the literature of the Celtic renascence with a freshness and power which makes it seem completely new and completely his own. ... He has been possessed by his material, and he has, in turn, completely possessed and mastered it." (The review includes a photograph of Strong.) Strong enjoyed describing countrysides. He often dramatized the beginning and flourishing (and at times tragic ending) of romance between young people. For these reasons, among others, his fiction writing was sometimes considered sentimental. This was a quality popular among readers, though not always among those critics who embraced Modernist attitudes, which could be contemptuous of popular literature and which was a forceful influence at the time. For example, a reviewer of an early novel, The Jealous Ghost (1930), the "story of an American who goes to visit for the first time his English cousins in the West Highland house where his ancestors had lived," judges that Strong's "feeling for 'the land' seems to be that of a tourist whose sensibilities are fluttered by views and sunsets," but who also concluded that in his talent "lies the possibility of a delicate comedy akin to that of Jane Austen or Henry James." Mattingly shows hostility to sentimentalism twice in his review of The Seven Arms (as his own writing can wax sentimental, perhaps he slightly protests too much, given the romantic qualities he admires), declaring of the heroine, "the splendor of her legend is a romantic figure out of a romantic time but a figure too robust for sentimental tenderness, too vital to be the focus of nostalgic revery" and adding that she is drawn "with sympathy and understanding but without sentimentality or exaggeration." Richard Cordell, reviewing The Open Sky, likewise calls it "an exciting, unsentimental adventure." However, a critic who did care for this quality in Strong's fiction wrote of the 1931 collection The English Captain and Other Stories that "there is nothing ingenious or fanciful in his writing—which means that the emotion is always preferred before the form, not the form before the emotion; and that, I fear, is uncommon enough in the short stories of today. There is one piece in particular—Mr. Kennedy in Charge—which contains the virtues of all the rest; delicate perception of character, tenderness, vigour, and a sublimation of brute pain. It is a stupendous piece of imaginative writing." Reviewing The Buckross Ring and Other Stories of the Strange and Supernatural, Mario Guslandi writes, "at his best, Strong has an uncanny ability to create gentle, vivid and fascinating stories bound to leave the reader enchanted." Ian McMillan of the Yorkshire Post called the stories "odd and genuinely chilling." Verse Dublin Days. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1921. By Haunted Stream. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1924. The Lowery Road. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1923. Difficult Love. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1927. At Glenan Cross: A Sequence. Oxford : B. Blackwell, 1928. Northern Light. London: Victor Gollancz, 1930. Selected Verse. Hamish Hamilton, 1931. Call to The Swan. London: H. Hamilton, 1936. The Magnolia Tree: Verses. London: A. P. Tayler, 1953. ("Limited to 100 copies printed privately for the author.") The Body's Imperfection: The Collected Poems of L. A. G. Strong. London: Methuen, 1957. Novels Dewer Rides. London: Victor Gollancz, 1929. The Jealous Ghost. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1930. The Garden. London: Victor Gollancz, 1931. The Brothers. London: Victor Gollancz, 1932. King Richard's Land: A Tale of the Peasants' Revolt. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1933. Sea Wall. London: Victor Gollancz, 1933. Corporal Tune. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1934. Fortnight South of Skye. New York, Loring and Mussey, 1935. Mr Sheridan's Umbrella. Illustrated by C. Walter Hodges. London: T. Nelson & son, 1935. The Seven Arms. London: Victor Gollancz ; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935. The Last Enemy: A Study of Youth. London: Victor Gollancz, 1936. The Fifth of November. Illustrated by Jack Matthew. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1937. (novel about Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot) Laughter in the West. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1937. The Swift Shadow. London: Victor Gollancz, 1937. The Open Sky. London: Victor Gollancz, 1939. They Went to the Island. Illustrated by Rowland Hilder. London: Dent, 1940. House in Disorder. London: Lutterworth Press, 1941. The Bay. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1942. Slocombe Dies. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1942. The Unpractised Heart. London: Victor Gollancz, 1942. All Fall Down. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1944. Also Garden City, New York: Published for the Crime Club by Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944. The Director. London: Methuen, 1944. Reprinted: Oslo: J. Grundt Tanum, 1947. (translated to serve as English as a foreign or second language - Norwegian language) Othello's Occupation. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1945. Published in the US under the title Murder Plays an Ugly Scene (see below) Murder Plays an Ugly Scene. Garden City, New York: Published for the Crime Club by Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945. Trevannion. London: Methuen, 1948. (set in the seaside town of Dycer's Bay) Darling Tom and Other Stories. London: Methuen, 1952. ("Many of these stories have been broadcast.") Which I Never: A Police Diversion. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1950. Also New York: MacMillan, 1952. The Hill of Howth. London: Methuen, 1953. Deliverance. London: Methuen, 1955. Light above the Lake. London: Methuen, 1958. (posthumous) Treason in the Egg: A Further Police Diversion. London: Collins, 1958. Short story collections Doyle's Rock and Other Stories. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1925. The English Captain and Other Stories. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931. Don Juan and the Wheelbarrow and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1932. Tuesday Afternoon and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1935. Odd Man In. Illustrated by Phoebe LeFroy. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1939. Sun on the Water and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940. Travellers: Thirty-one Selected Short Stories. London: Methuen, 1945. (James Tait Black Memorial Prize) 'The English Captain', 'Storm', 'The Rook', 'Prongs', 'Travellers', 'The Gates', 'The Gurnet', 'The Seal', '"Indian Red"', 'The Galleon', 'The Big Man', 'Death of a Gardener', 'Don Juan and the Wheelbarrow', 'The White Cottage', 'Tuesday Afternoon', 'Snow Caps', 'The Fort', 'Lobsters', 'The Absentee', 'The Imposition', 'The Nice Cup o' Tea', 'A Shot in the Garden', 'West Highland Interlude', 'Mr. Kerrigan and the Tinkers', 'Coming to Tea', 'Here's Something You Won't Put in a Book', 'Tinkers' Road', 'Love', 'Evening Piece', 'On the Pier', 'Sun on the Water'. The Buckross Ring and Other Stories of the Strange and Supernatural, edited and with an introduction by Richard Dalby. Leyburn, North Yorkshire, England: Tartarus Press, 2009. (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-905784-13-4) 'Introduction' by Richard Dalby, 'The Buckross Ring', ' "Splidges" ', 'Mr Tookey', 'The Farm', 'Tea at Maggie Reynolds's', 'Breakdown', 'The Gates', 'Crabtree's', 'Death of the Gardener', 'Orpheus', 'Sea Air','Lobsters', 'The Doll', 'Let Me Go', 'Danse Macabre', 'The House That Wouldn't Keep Still', 'Light Above the Lake', 'Afterword: The Short Story'. Short stories (anthologized) "Breakdown," in The Forum, September, 1929, pp. 139–145. Reprinted in: Creeps By Night: Chills and Thrills, edited by Dashiell Hammett. New York: The John Day Company, 1931; And the Darkness Falls, edited, with an introduction and notes, by Boris Karloff. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1946; and elsewhere. The Big Man. With a frontispiece by Tirzah Garwood and a foreword by A. E. Coppard; being no. 6 of the Furnival books. London: W. Jackson, Ltd., 1931. Reprinted in: The Fireside Book of Romance, edited by Edward Wagenknecht. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, 1948. (a short story "recounting the infatuation a British woman develops in a German resort hotel for a German guest") "Don Juan and the Wheelbarrow," in John o' London's Weekly, 11 July 1931; The Yale Review, March 1932. Reprinted in: The Best British Short Stories of 1932, edited by Edward J. O'Brien. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1932. "Harvest by the Sea, or Mr. Wacksparrow, Mr. Deebles and the Sea-Gull, a Story," in The Princess Elizabeth Gift Book, in aid of the Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital for Children, edited by Cynthia Asquith & Eileen Bigland. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935. "A Gift from Christy Keogh," in The Queen's Book of the Red Cross. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1939. Reprinted in: Argosy, vol. 3 No. 12 (New Series), January 1943. The Doll. Leeds, England: Salamander Press, 1946. (a tale of witchcraft) "Let Me Go: A Christmas Ghost Story," in The Strand Magazine, December 1946. Reprinted in: The Fireside Book of Ghost Stories, edited by Edward Wagenknecht. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1947; Great Irish Stories of the Supernatural, edited by Peter Haining. London: Souvenir Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-285-63107-1); and elsewhere. "Danse Macabre," in The Strand Magazine, December 1949. Reprinted in: A Book of Modern Ghosts, compiled by Lady Cynthia Asquith. New York, Scribner, 1953; Great Irish Tales of Horror: A Treasury of Fear, edited by Peter Haining. Souvenir Press, 1995; and elsewhere. "The House That Wouldn't Keep Still," in The Third Ghost Book, edited by Lady Cynthia Asquith. London: James Barrie, 1955. "The Return," reprinted in: A Gallery of Ghosts: An Anthology of Reported Experience, compiled by Andrew MacKenzie. London: Arthur Barker, 1972. "The Buckross Ring," reprinted in: 12 Gothic Tales, selected and introduced by Richard Dalby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Drama The Absentee. London: Methuen, 1939. (one-act play; "a powerful drama of village life, three times broadcast on the National programme" - blurb by Methuen) Trial and Error. London: Methuen, 1939. (one-act play) Belles lettres A Defence of Ignorance. New York: House of Books, 1932. Common Sense about Poetry. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1932. A Letter to W. B. Yeats. Published by L. & V. Woolf at Hogarth Press, London, 1932. Life in English Literature: Being, an Introduction for Beginners. With Monica Redlich. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1934. The Hansom Cab and The Pigeons. London: Printed at the Golden Cockerel Press, 1935. (about George V) "The Novel: Assurances and Perplexities," in The Author, Playwright and Composer, Vol. 45, no. 4 (Summer 1935), pp. 112–15. What is Joyce Doing with the Novel? G. Newnes, 1936. (6 pages) Originally published as "James Joyce and the New Fiction," in American Mercury, No. 140, August, 1935, pp. 433–434. Common Sense about Drama. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937. The Man Who Asked Questions: The Story of Socrates. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937. The Minstrel Boy: A Portrait of Tom Moore. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1937. "W. B. Yeats - Ireland's Grand Old Man," in The Living Age, January, 1939, pp. 438–440. English Literature Course. London: London School of Journalism, . 6 volumes. John McCormack: The Story of a Singer. New York: The Macmillan company, 1941. John Millington Synge. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1941. English for Pleasure. Introduction by Mary Somerville. London: Methuen, 1941. Authorship. London: R. Ross & co., 1944. An Informal English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1944. A Tongue in Your Head. London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1945. ("About a year ago, the Incorporated Association of Teachers of Speech and Drama ... asked Mr. L. A. G. Strong if he would write a book which would show clearly ... problems relating to the everyday use of our mother speech."—Foreword.) James Joyce and Vocal Music. Oxford, 1946. The Art of the Story. London, 1947. Maud Cherrill. London, Parrish, 1949. The Sacred River: An Approach to James Joyce. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1951. * John Masefield. England, 1952. Personal Remarks. New York: Liveright Pub. Corp., 1953. The Writer's Trade. London: Methuen, 1953. Instructions to Young Writers. London: Museum Press; distributed by Sportshelf, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1958. "Three Ghosts and Stephen Dedalus." in Penguin New Writings Edition NW22 Penguin, 1944 Autobiography Green Memory. London: Methuen, 1961. (posthumous) History Henry of Agincourt. Illustrated by Jack Matthew. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937. Shake Hands and Come out Fighting. London: Chapman and Hall, 1938. (about Boxing) English Domestic Life During the last 200 Years: an Anthology. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1942. Light Through the Cloud. London: Friends Book Centre, 1946. (about The Retreat) Sixteen Portraits of People Whose Houses have been Preserved by the National Trust. Contributed by Walter Allen and others. Illustrated by Joan Hassall. London: Published for the National Trust by Naldrett Press, 1951. The Story of Sugar. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954. Dr. Quicksilver, 1660-1742: The Life and Times of Thomas Dover, M. D. London: Melrose, 1955. Flying Angel: The Story of the Missions to Seamen. London: Methuen, 1956. The Rolling Road: The Story of Travel on the Roads of Britain and the Development of Public Passenger Transport. London: Hutchinson, 1956. References ^ a b c "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36353. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b Haining, Peter (1997). Great Irish Tales of Horror: A Treasury of Fear. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 69. ISBN 9780760703793. Retrieved 27 August 2012. L.A.G. Strong supernatural. ^ a b Strong, L. A. G. (September 1929). "Breakdown (full text)". The Forum. 82 (3): 139–145. ^ a b "The Buckross Ring". Tartarus Press. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ a b Seymour, Percy (2003). The Third Level of Reality: A Unified Theory of the Paranormal. New York: Paraview. p. 149. ISBN 9781616406271. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ Strong, L. A. G. "Foreword." The Psychic Sense, by Phoebe D. Payne and Laurence J. Bendit. London: Faber and Faber, 1944. ^ Woolmer, J. Howard (November 1985). "The Crown Octavos and Their Authors". Columbia Library Columns. 35 (1). New York: Butler Library, Columbia University: 15–16. ISSN 0010-1966. ^ "The Brothers". Movie Review Query Engine. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ a b "Fortnight South of Skye". Kirkus Reviews. 1935. Retrieved 26 August 2012. A poor title for a good outdoor story of fishing and adventure on the coast of northern Scotland. ... Two boys spend their vacation together, with a Scot of the old school, and play their part in solving the mystery of the French trawler. ^ a b Mattingly, Garrett (12 October 1935). "Robust Romance". Saturday Review. ISSN 0036-4983. He writes of a peninsula in the western Highlands called, from the long sea lochs which indent it, the Seven Arms, where, amidst an isolated Gaelic speaking people who have preserved almost unchanged the manners and traditions of their ancient past lived, at the beginning of the last century, a heroine who might have come straight out of the ancient epics of Gael. ^ "The Jealous Ghost". The Bookman. New York: 83–84. March 1931. ^ a b Cordell, Richard A. (8 July 1939). "Return to Life". Saturday Review. New York: 6. ISSN 0036-4983. ...uses the wild Atlantic coast of Ireland as a setting... 'hero,' an exhausted dilettante who has given up both authorship and the practice of medicine, is suffering from a mental breakdown... ^ "The English Captain". The Bookman. New York: 77. September 1931. ^ Guslandi, Mario (2009). "The Buckross Ring". SF Site. Retrieved 26 August 2012. ^ McMillan, Ian (1 May 2009). "Discover the Darker Side of the Dales". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ "Books of Special Interest: Dewer Rides". Saturday Review. New York: 695. 1 February 1930. ISSN 0036-4983. ...an ample novel of Dartmoor life... a thorough, carefully documented study of character...divided into different parts by a tendency towards violence and an opposed attachment to his ideals... ^ "Fiction: Recent Books: Nov. 1, 1937". Time. 1 November 1937. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012. The third book in three weeks (others: Common Sense About Drama, The Minstrel Boy) from prolific Author Strong. A rugged romance, laid in the English Dartmoor country 50 years back, in which an earthy farm beauty, her rough-&-ready mother, her good, bad and indifferent suitors, a devil in a tree strive to outdo the violence of the landscape. ^ "Slocombe Dies ". Collins. 1942. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012. ...Strong's first venture into the field of crime fiction... The question that intrigues him about the mysterious happenings in a West Country village is not how the murder was done but how it came to be committed at all. ^ "Murder Plays an Ugly Scene". Kirkus Reviews. 1945. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Detective-Inspector Ellis McKay confronted by the killing of the head of a dramatic school... ^ C., B. (23 January 1949). "Reviews in Brief". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Trevannion is...almost a fallen angel. The kind of man who was once affluent and respected... An 'insurance' man...A 'gypsy' soothsayer...A crook. But into his life comes another crook... Trevannion...falls in love (at 60) with a girl of 18 and is almost redeemed... Mr. Strong...has a wealth of character, wit and humanity. ^ "Which I Never". Kirkus Reviews. 19 February 1951. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ...the leakage of secret information provokes a probe of Nosworthy, a suspect publisher, Holland, an actor and ex-commando, and Finch, a surly historian... ^ Dodd, Craig. "Andrew MacKenzie - A Gallery Of Ghosts". Vault of Evil. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ...many illustrious names among the contributors: L. A. G. "Breakdown" Strong... External links Leonard Strong at IMDb L. A. G. Strong at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database L. A. G. Strong at Library of Congress, with 122 library catalogue records Leonard Strong Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain 2 France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Ireland Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Strong (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Strong_(actor)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Strong_Low.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Low_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Methuen Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing"}],"text":"For the actor, see Leonard Strong (actor).Leonard Strong by David Low.Leonard Alfred George Strong (8 March 1896 – 17 August 1958) was a popular English novelist, critic, historian, and poet, and published under the name L. A. G. Strong. He served as a director of the publishers Methuen Ltd. from 1938 to 1958.","title":"Leonard Strong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compton Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Gifford"},{"link_name":"Fisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wadham College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Brighton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining-2"},{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"William Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"John Millington Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Millington_Synge"},{"link_name":"John Masefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masefield"},{"link_name":"schoolmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmaster"},{"link_name":"Summer Fields School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Fields_School"},{"link_name":"boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"prep school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Central School of Speech and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"Reginald McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_McKenna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breakdown-3"},{"link_name":"George Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"St. Martin-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckross-4"},{"link_name":"Emily MacManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_MacManus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seymour-5"}],"text":"Strong was born at Compton Gifford, of an Irish mother, Marion Jane (née Mongan), and a half-Irish father born in the United States, Leonard Ernest Strong (1862/3-1948), a chemical works manager (eventually director of Fisons), and was proud of his Irish heritage.[1] His father was a grandson and great-grandson of Church of England clergymen educated at Wadham College, Oxford. As a youth, Strong considered being a comedian and took lessons in singing. He was educated at Brighton College and earned a scholarship to Wadham College, Oxford, as an Open Classical Scholar (studies in literature and the arts).[2] There, he came under the influence of W. B. Yeats, about whom Strong wrote fairly extensively; they met first in the autumn of 1919 and their friendship lasted for twenty years.Strong taught at an Oxford preparatory school, before becoming a full-time writer in 1930. His first two volumes of poetry were Dublin Days (1921) and The Lowery Road (1923), and his career as a novelist was launched with Dewer Rides (1929, set on Dartmoor).Later, Strong formed a literary partnership with an Irish friend, John Francis Swaine (1880-1954), paying Swaine a percentage of royalties for five novels and numerous short stories, published between about 1930 and 1953, which were attributed to Strong. These included the Sea Wall (1933), The Bay (1944), and Trevannion (1948). Swaine's short stories described the thoughts and experiences of an Irish character, Mangan, a fictional version of Swaine himself. Strong wrote many works of non‐fiction and an autobiography of his early years, Green Memory (1961). He gained a wide interest in literature and wrote about many important contemporary authors, including James Joyce, William Faulkner, John Millington Synge, and John Masefield.He worked as an assistant schoolmaster at Summer Fields School, a boys' boarding prep school on the outskirts of Oxford, from 1917 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1930, and as a Visiting Tutor at the Central School of Speech and Drama. One of his pupils was a son of Reginald McKenna.[1] He was a director of the publishers Methuen Ltd. from 1938 until his death.[3] For many years he was a governor of his old school, Brighton College. Strong's autobiography, Green Memory, published after his death, described his family (including a grandmother in Ireland), his earliest years, his school-days, and his friendships at Wadham College; among them were Yeats and George Moore.[1]Following his death in Guildford, Surrey, a memorial service was held for him at St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 3 October 1958.[4]The nurse Emily MacManus was one of his cousins; he wrote the foreword for her autobiography, Fifty Years Of Nursing - Matron of Guy's (1956).[5]John Francis Swaine reference authority the Oxford Companion to English Literature, Ninth Edition, General Editor Professor Dinah Birch. Swaine's papers and manuscripts are lodged with the National Library of Ireland, Dublin.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"detective novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_novel"},{"link_name":"Scotland Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Yard"},{"link_name":"horror fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breakdown-3"},{"link_name":"twist ending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist#Twist_ending"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining-2"},{"link_name":"haunted house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_house"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buckross-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seymour-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Psychic-6"},{"link_name":"first editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_(book)#First_edition"},{"link_name":"Wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Cecil Day-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis"},{"link_name":"David MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_MacDonald_(director)"},{"link_name":"Patricia Roc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Roc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"Lord Peter Wimsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey"},{"link_name":"Harriet Vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Vane"},{"link_name":"Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Perrin_and_Mr._Traill"},{"link_name":"Happy Ever After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Ever_After_(1954_film)"}],"text":"Strong began by writing poetry and published three volumes in the early 1920s. Next, he turned his hand to short stories, and his first collection, Doyle's Rock and Other Stories, was published by Basil Blackwell in 1925. His first novel, Dewer Rides, appeared in 1929 and was followed by more than twenty more. He also wrote plays, children's books, biography, criticism, and film scripts.His works include detective novels, featuring Detective-Inspector McKay of Scotland Yard, and horror fiction. Many of his adventure and romance novels were set in Scotland or the West of England. The classic short story \"Breakdown\",[3] a tale about a married man who has the perfect plan to murder his mistress, and which has a twist ending, has been reprinted often; it was a favorite of Boris Karloff.[2] (Unhappy marriages were an occasional theme in his fiction, in works such as Deliverance.) His supernatural stories were often reprinted, as well. Strong was interested in the paranormal, as his haunted house and other horror stories attest, and believed he had seen ghosts and witnessed psychic phenomena.[4][5][6]One of his earliest writings, A Defence of Ignorance, was the first book sold by Captain Louis Henry Cohn, the founder of House of Books, which specialized in first editions of contemporary writers. Cohn was a New York book collector who of necessity became a bookseller due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and he had Strong's manuscript, a six-page essay, in his collection. Cohn published 200 signed copies of the title, priced at $2.00 each.[7]Some of Strong's poems were set to music by Arthur Bliss. His Selected Poems appeared in 1931 (first American edition in 1932), and The Body's Imperfection: Collected Poems in 1957. He also edited anthologies of poetry, sometimes in collaboration with Cecil Day-Lewis.His 1932 novel The Brothers was filmed in 1947 by the Scottish director David MacDonald; it starred Patricia Roc. One reviewer commented, \"In a break from tradition, the film substitutes the novel's unhappy ending with an even unhappier one.\"[8] Strong collaborated on or contributed to such filmscripts as Haunted Honeymoon (1940; a Dorothy L. Sayers story about Lord Peter Wimsey and Harriet Vane), Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1948), and Happy Ever After (1954).","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skye-9"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seven-10"},{"link_name":"sentimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimentality"},{"link_name":"Modernist attitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"contemptuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism#Counter_consumerism_and_mass_culture"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"protests too much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_lady_doth_protest_too_much,_methinks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Kirkus Reviews asserted in 1935, \"L. A. G. Strong can be counted on for a nostalgic picture of the call of the wild, and spins a good yarn as well.\"[9] Garrett Mattingly, in The Saturday Review, praises Strong's \"clean, muscular prose\" and the \"astonishing variety of mood and incident\" in a review of The Seven Arms, saying that he \"treats material which has become familiar, almost conventional, in the literature of the Celtic renascence with a freshness and power which makes it seem completely new and completely his own. ... He has been possessed by his material, and he has, in turn, completely possessed and mastered it.\" (The review includes a photograph of Strong.)[10]Strong enjoyed describing countrysides. He often dramatized the beginning and flourishing (and at times tragic ending) of romance between young people. For these reasons, among others, his fiction writing was sometimes considered sentimental. This was a quality popular among readers, though not always among those critics who embraced Modernist attitudes, which could be contemptuous of popular literature and which was a forceful influence at the time. For example, a reviewer of an early novel, The Jealous Ghost (1930), the \"story of an American who goes to visit for the first time his English cousins in the West Highland house where his ancestors had lived,\" judges that Strong's \"feeling for 'the land' seems to be that of a tourist whose sensibilities are fluttered by views and sunsets,\" but who also concluded that in his talent \"lies the possibility of a delicate comedy akin to that of Jane Austen or Henry James.\"[11] Mattingly shows hostility to sentimentalism twice in his review of The Seven Arms (as his own writing can wax sentimental, perhaps he slightly protests too much, given the romantic qualities he admires), declaring of the heroine, \"the splendor of her legend is a romantic figure out of a romantic time but a figure too robust for sentimental tenderness, too vital to be the focus of nostalgic revery\" and adding that she is drawn \"with sympathy and understanding but without sentimentality or exaggeration.\" Richard Cordell, reviewing The Open Sky, likewise calls it \"an exciting, unsentimental adventure.\"[12]However, a critic who did care for this quality in Strong's fiction wrote of the 1931 collection The English Captain and Other Stories that \"there is nothing ingenious or fanciful in his writing—which means that the emotion is always preferred before the form, not the form before the emotion; and that, I fear, is uncommon enough in the short stories of today. There is one piece in particular—Mr. Kennedy in Charge—which contains the virtues of all the rest; delicate perception of character, tenderness, vigour, and a sublimation of brute pain. It is a stupendous piece of imaginative writing.\"[13]Reviewing The Buckross Ring and Other Stories of the Strange and Supernatural, Mario Guslandi writes, \"at his best, Strong has an uncanny ability to create gentle, vivid and fascinating stories bound to leave the reader enchanted.\"[14] Ian McMillan of the Yorkshire Post called the stories \"odd and genuinely chilling.\"[15]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton"}],"text":"Dublin Days. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1921.\nBy Haunted Stream. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1924.\nThe Lowery Road. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1923.\nDifficult Love. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1927.\nAt Glenan Cross: A Sequence. Oxford : B. Blackwell, 1928.\nNorthern Light. London: Victor Gollancz, 1930.\nSelected Verse. Hamish Hamilton, 1931.\nCall to The Swan. London: H. Hamilton, 1936.\nThe Magnolia Tree: Verses. London: A. P. Tayler, 1953. (\"Limited to 100 copies printed privately for the author.\")\nThe Body's Imperfection: The Collected Poems of L. A. G. Strong. London: Methuen, 1957.","title":"Verse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"King Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skye-9"},{"link_name":"C. Walter Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Walter_Hodges"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seven-10"},{"link_name":"J. M. Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Dent"},{"link_name":"Guy Fawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fawkes"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sky-12"},{"link_name":"J. B. Lippincott & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Crime Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Crime_Club"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"},{"link_name":"English as a foreign or second language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_foreign_or_second_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth_Head"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons"}],"text":"Dewer Rides. London: Victor Gollancz, 1929.[16]\nThe Jealous Ghost. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1930.\nThe Garden. London: Victor Gollancz, 1931.\nThe Brothers. London: Victor Gollancz, 1932.\nKing Richard's Land: A Tale of the Peasants' Revolt. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1933.\nSea Wall. London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.\nCorporal Tune. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1934.\nFortnight South of Skye. New York, Loring and Mussey, 1935.[9]\nMr Sheridan's Umbrella. Illustrated by C. Walter Hodges. London: T. Nelson & son, 1935.\nThe Seven Arms. London: Victor Gollancz ; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935.[10]\nThe Last Enemy: A Study of Youth. London: Victor Gollancz, 1936.\nThe Fifth of November. Illustrated by Jack Matthew. London: J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1937. (novel about Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot)\nLaughter in the West. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1937.[17]\nThe Swift Shadow. London: Victor Gollancz, 1937.\nThe Open Sky. London: Victor Gollancz, 1939.[12]\nThey Went to the Island. Illustrated by Rowland Hilder. London: Dent, 1940.\nHouse in Disorder. London: Lutterworth Press, 1941.\nThe Bay. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1942.\nSlocombe Dies. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1942.[18]\nThe Unpractised Heart. London: Victor Gollancz, 1942.\nAll Fall Down. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1944. Also Garden City, New York: Published for the Crime Club by Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944.\nThe Director. London: Methuen, 1944. Reprinted: Oslo: J. Grundt Tanum, 1947. (translated to serve as English as a foreign or second language - Norwegian language)\nOthello's Occupation. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1945. Published in the US under the title Murder Plays an Ugly Scene (see below)\nMurder Plays an Ugly Scene. Garden City, New York: Published for the Crime Club by Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945.[19]\nTrevannion. London: Methuen, 1948. (set in the seaside town of Dycer's Bay)[20]\nDarling Tom and Other Stories. London: Methuen, 1952. (\"Many of these stories have been broadcast.\")\nWhich I Never: A Police Diversion. London: Published for the Crime Club by Collins, 1950. Also New York: MacMillan, 1952.[21]\nThe Hill of Howth. London: Methuen, 1953.\nDeliverance. London: Methuen, 1955.\nLight above the Lake. London: Methuen, 1958. (posthumous)\nTreason in the Egg: A Further Police Diversion. London: Collins, 1958.","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Tait Black Memorial Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize"},{"link_name":"Richard Dalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dalby"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905784-13-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905784-13-4"}],"text":"Doyle's Rock and Other Stories. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1925.\nThe English Captain and Other Stories. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931.\nDon Juan and the Wheelbarrow and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1932.\nTuesday Afternoon and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1935.\nOdd Man In. Illustrated by Phoebe LeFroy. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1939.\nSun on the Water and Other Stories. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940.\nTravellers: Thirty-one Selected Short Stories. London: Methuen, 1945. (James Tait Black Memorial Prize)\n'The English Captain', 'Storm', 'The Rook', 'Prongs', 'Travellers', 'The Gates', 'The Gurnet', 'The Seal', '\"Indian Red\"', 'The Galleon', 'The Big Man', 'Death of a Gardener', 'Don Juan and the Wheelbarrow', 'The White Cottage', 'Tuesday Afternoon', 'Snow Caps', 'The Fort', 'Lobsters', 'The Absentee', 'The Imposition', 'The Nice Cup o' Tea', 'A Shot in the Garden', 'West Highland Interlude', 'Mr. Kerrigan and the Tinkers', 'Coming to Tea', 'Here's Something You Won't Put in a Book', 'Tinkers' Road', 'Love', 'Evening Piece', 'On the Pier', 'Sun on the Water'.\nThe Buckross Ring and Other Stories of the Strange and Supernatural, edited and with an introduction by Richard Dalby. Leyburn, North Yorkshire, England: Tartarus Press, 2009. (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-905784-13-4)\n'Introduction' by Richard Dalby, 'The Buckross Ring', ' \"Splidges\" ', 'Mr Tookey', 'The Farm', 'Tea at Maggie Reynolds's', 'Breakdown', 'The Gates', 'Crabtree's', 'Death of the Gardener', 'Orpheus', 'Sea Air','Lobsters', 'The Doll', 'Let Me Go', 'Danse Macabre', 'The House That Wouldn't Keep Still', 'Light Above the Lake', 'Afterword: The Short Story'.","title":"Short story collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(defunct_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dashiell Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett"},{"link_name":"Tirzah Garwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirzah_Garwood"},{"link_name":"A. E. Coppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Coppard"},{"link_name":"Edward Wagenknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wagenknecht"},{"link_name":"Edward J. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Harrington_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Asquith"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Book of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Book_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)#UK_Argosy"},{"link_name":"The Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Edward Wagenknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wagenknecht"},{"link_name":"Peter Haining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haining_(author)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-285-63107-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-285-63107-1"},{"link_name":"The Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"Breakdown,\" in The Forum, September, 1929, pp. 139–145. Reprinted in: Creeps By Night: Chills and Thrills, edited by Dashiell Hammett. New York: The John Day Company, 1931; And the Darkness Falls, edited, with an introduction and notes, by Boris Karloff. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1946; and elsewhere.\nThe Big Man. With a frontispiece by Tirzah Garwood and a foreword by A. E. Coppard; being no. 6 of the Furnival books. London: W. Jackson, Ltd., 1931. Reprinted in: The Fireside Book of Romance, edited by Edward Wagenknecht. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, 1948. (a short story \"recounting the infatuation a British woman develops in a German resort hotel for a German guest\")\n\"Don Juan and the Wheelbarrow,\" in John o' London's Weekly, 11 July 1931; The Yale Review, March 1932. Reprinted in: The Best British Short Stories of 1932, edited by Edward J. O'Brien. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1932.\n\"Harvest by the Sea, or Mr. Wacksparrow, Mr. Deebles and the Sea-Gull, a Story,\" in The Princess Elizabeth Gift Book, in aid of the Princess Elizabeth of York Hospital for Children, edited by Cynthia Asquith & Eileen Bigland. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935.\n\"A Gift from Christy Keogh,\" in The Queen's Book of the Red Cross. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1939. Reprinted in: Argosy, vol. 3 No. 12 (New Series), January 1943.\nThe Doll. Leeds, England: Salamander Press, 1946. (a tale of witchcraft)\n\"Let Me Go: A Christmas Ghost Story,\" in The Strand Magazine, December 1946. Reprinted in: The Fireside Book of Ghost Stories, edited by Edward Wagenknecht. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1947; Great Irish Stories of the Supernatural, edited by Peter Haining. London: Souvenir Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-285-63107-1); and elsewhere.\n\"Danse Macabre,\" in The Strand Magazine, December 1949. Reprinted in: A Book of Modern Ghosts, compiled by Lady Cynthia Asquith. New York, Scribner, 1953; Great Irish Tales of Horror: A Treasury of Fear, edited by Peter Haining. Souvenir Press, 1995; and elsewhere.\n\"The House That Wouldn't Keep Still,\" in The Third Ghost Book, edited by Lady Cynthia Asquith. London: James Barrie, 1955.\n\"The Return,\" reprinted in: A Gallery of Ghosts: An Anthology of Reported Experience, compiled by Andrew MacKenzie. London: Arthur Barker, 1972.[22]\n\"The Buckross Ring,\" reprinted in: 12 Gothic Tales, selected and introduced by Richard Dalby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.","title":"Short stories (anthologized)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Absentee. London: Methuen, 1939. (one-act play; \"a powerful drama of village life, three times broadcast on the National programme\" - blurb by Methuen)\nTrial and Error. London: Methuen, 1939. (one-act play)","title":"Drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown, and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown,_and_Company"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"Tom Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Moore"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"John Millington Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Millington_Synge"},{"link_name":"Isaac Pitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Pitman"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"John Masefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masefield"}],"text":"A Defence of Ignorance. New York: House of Books, 1932.\nCommon Sense about Poetry. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1932.\nA Letter to W. B. Yeats. Published by L. & V. Woolf at Hogarth Press, London, 1932.\nLife in English Literature: Being, an Introduction for Beginners. With Monica Redlich. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1934.\nThe Hansom Cab and The Pigeons. London: Printed at the Golden Cockerel Press, 1935. (about George V)\n\"The Novel: Assurances and Perplexities,\" in The Author, Playwright and Composer, Vol. 45, no. 4 (Summer 1935), pp. 112–15.\nWhat is Joyce Doing with the Novel? G. Newnes, 1936. (6 pages) Originally published as \"James Joyce and the New Fiction,\" in American Mercury, No. 140, August, 1935, pp. 433–434.\nCommon Sense about Drama. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937.\nThe Man Who Asked Questions: The Story of Socrates. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937.\nThe Minstrel Boy: A Portrait of Tom Moore. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1937.\n\"W. B. Yeats - Ireland's Grand Old Man,\" in The Living Age, January, 1939, pp. 438–440.\nEnglish Literature Course. London: London School of Journalism, [194-? or 195-?]. 6 volumes.\nJohn McCormack: The Story of a Singer. New York: The Macmillan company, 1941.\nJohn Millington Synge. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1941.\nEnglish for Pleasure. Introduction by Mary Somerville. London: Methuen, 1941.\nAuthorship. London: R. Ross & co., 1944.\nAn Informal English Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Methuen, 1944.\nA Tongue in Your Head. London, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1945. (\"About a year ago, the Incorporated Association of Teachers of Speech and Drama ... asked Mr. L. A. G. Strong if he would write a book which would show clearly ... problems relating to the everyday use of our mother speech.\"—Foreword.)\nJames Joyce and Vocal Music. Oxford, 1946.\nThe Art of the Story. London, 1947.\nMaud Cherrill. London, Parrish, 1949.\nThe Sacred River: An Approach to James Joyce. New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1951. * John Masefield. England, 1952.\nPersonal Remarks. New York: Liveright Pub. Corp., 1953.\nThe Writer's Trade. London: Methuen, 1953.\nInstructions to Young Writers. London: Museum Press; distributed by Sportshelf, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1958.\n\"Three Ghosts and Stephen Dedalus.\" in Penguin New Writings Edition NW22 Penguin, 1944","title":"Belles lettres"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Green Memory. London: Methuen, 1961. (posthumous)","title":"Autobiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"The Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Walter Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Allen"},{"link_name":"Joan Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hassall"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dover"},{"link_name":"Missions to Seamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_to_Seafarers"}],"text":"Henry of Agincourt. Illustrated by Jack Matthew. London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1937.\nShake Hands and Come out Fighting. London: Chapman and Hall, 1938. (about Boxing)\nEnglish Domestic Life During the last 200 Years: an Anthology. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1942.\nLight Through the Cloud. London: Friends Book Centre, 1946. (about The Retreat)\nSixteen Portraits of People Whose Houses have been Preserved by the National Trust. Contributed by Walter Allen and others. Illustrated by Joan Hassall. London: Published for the National Trust by Naldrett Press, 1951.\nThe Story of Sugar. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954.\nDr. Quicksilver, 1660-1742: The Life and Times of Thomas Dover, M. D. London: Melrose, 1955.\nFlying Angel: The Story of the Missions to Seamen. London: Methuen, 1956.\nThe Rolling Road: The Story of Travel on the Roads of Britain and the Development of Public Passenger Transport. London: Hutchinson, 1956.","title":"History"}]

[{"image_text":"Leonard Strong by David Low.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Leonard_Strong_Low.jpg/220px-Leonard_Strong_Low.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36353. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36353","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36353","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/36353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (1997). Great Irish Tales of Horror: A Treasury of Fear. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 69. ISBN 9780760703793. Retrieved 27 August 2012. L.A.G. Strong supernatural.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatirishtalesohain00hain","url_text":"Great Irish Tales of Horror: A Treasury of Fear"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatirishtalesohain00hain/page/69","url_text":"69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760703793","url_text":"9780760703793"}]},{"reference":"Strong, L. A. G. (September 1929). \"Breakdown (full text)\". The Forum. 82 (3): 139–145.","urls":[{"url_text":"Strong, L. A. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(defunct_magazine)","url_text":"The Forum"}]},{"reference":"\"The Buckross Ring\". Tartarus Press. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120417232028/http://www.tartaruspress.com/strong.htm","url_text":"\"The Buckross Ring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus_Press","url_text":"Tartarus Press"},{"url":"http://www.tartaruspress.com/strong.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Percy (2003). The Third Level of Reality: A Unified Theory of the Paranormal. New York: Paraview. p. 149. ISBN 9781616406271. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1K6yZ450tuAC&q=%22L.A.G.+Strong%22+paranormal&pg=PA149","url_text":"The Third Level of Reality: A Unified Theory of the Paranormal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781616406271","url_text":"9781616406271"}]},{"reference":"Woolmer, J. Howard (November 1985). \"The Crown Octavos and Their Authors\". Columbia Library Columns. 35 (1). New York: Butler Library, Columbia University: 15–16. ISSN 0010-1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavo","url_text":"Octavos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Library","url_text":"Butler Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1966","url_text":"0010-1966"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brothers\". Movie Review Query Engine. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrqe.com/movie_reviews/the-brothers-m100022596","url_text":"\"The Brothers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortnight South of Skye\". Kirkus Reviews. 1935. Retrieved 26 August 2012. A poor title for a good outdoor story of fishing and adventure on the coast of northern Scotland. ... Two boys spend their vacation together, with a Scot of the old school, and play their part in solving the mystery of the French trawler.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/l-a-g-strong-4/fortnight-south-of-skye/#review","url_text":"\"Fortnight South of Skye\""}]},{"reference":"Mattingly, Garrett (12 October 1935). \"Robust Romance\". Saturday Review. ISSN 0036-4983. He writes of a peninsula in the western Highlands called, from the long sea lochs which indent it, the Seven Arms, where, amidst an isolated Gaelic speaking people who have preserved almost unchanged the manners and traditions of their ancient past lived, at the beginning of the last century, a heroine who might have come straight out of the ancient epics of Gael.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Saturday Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-4983","url_text":"0036-4983"}]},{"reference":"\"The Jealous Ghost\". The Bookman. New York: 83–84. March 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookman_(New_York)","url_text":"The Bookman"}]},{"reference":"Cordell, Richard A. (8 July 1939). \"Return to Life\". Saturday Review. New York: 6. ISSN 0036-4983. ...uses the wild Atlantic coast of Ireland as a setting... [The] 'hero,' an exhausted dilettante who has given up both authorship and the practice of medicine, is suffering from a mental breakdown...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Saturday Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-4983","url_text":"0036-4983"}]},{"reference":"\"The English Captain\". The Bookman. New York: 77. September 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookman_(New_York)","url_text":"The Bookman"}]},{"reference":"Guslandi, Mario (2009). \"The Buckross Ring\". SF Site. Retrieved 26 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfsite.com/07a/br299.htm","url_text":"\"The Buckross Ring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_Site","url_text":"SF Site"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Ian (1 May 2009). \"Discover the Darker Side of the Dales\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/discover-the-darker-side-of-the-dales-1-2344679","url_text":"\"Discover the Darker Side of the Dales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Books of Special Interest: Dewer Rides\". Saturday Review. New York: 695. 1 February 1930. ISSN 0036-4983. ...an ample novel of Dartmoor life... a thorough, carefully documented study of character...divided into different parts by a tendency towards violence and an opposed attachment to his ideals...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Saturday Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-4983","url_text":"0036-4983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor","url_text":"Dartmoor"}]},{"reference":"\"Fiction: Recent Books: Nov. 1, 1937\". Time. 1 November 1937. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012. The third book in three weeks (others: Common Sense About Drama, The Minstrel Boy) from prolific Author Strong. A rugged romance, laid in the English Dartmoor country 50 years back, in which an earthy farm beauty, her rough-&-ready mother, her good, bad and indifferent suitors, a devil in a tree strive to outdo the violence of the landscape.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125034056/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882927,00.html","url_text":"\"Fiction: Recent Books: Nov. 1, 1937\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882927,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Slocombe Dies [dust jacket]\". Collins. 1942. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012. ...Strong's first venture into the field of crime fiction... The question that intrigues him about the mysterious happenings in a West Country village is not how the murder was done but how it came to be committed at all.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121216075914/http://www.facsimiledustjackets.com/cgi-bin/fdj455/3127","url_text":"\"Slocombe Dies [dust jacket]\""},{"url":"http://www.facsimiledustjackets.com/cgi-bin/fdj455/3127","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murder Plays an Ugly Scene\". Kirkus Reviews. 1945. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Detective-Inspector Ellis McKay confronted by the killing of the head of a dramatic school...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/lag-strong-3/murder-plays-an-ugly-scene/","url_text":"\"Murder Plays an Ugly Scene\""}]},{"reference":"C., B. (23 January 1949). \"Reviews in Brief\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Trevannion is...almost a fallen angel. The kind of man who was once affluent and respected... An 'insurance' man...A 'gypsy' soothsayer...A crook. But into his life comes another crook... Trevannion...falls in love (at 60) with a girl of 18 and is almost redeemed... Mr. Strong...has a wealth of character, wit and humanity.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19490123&id=ThNVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IJMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3404,2319402","url_text":"\"Reviews in Brief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Which I Never\". Kirkus Reviews. 19 February 1951. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ...the leakage of secret information provokes a probe of Nosworthy, a suspect publisher, Holland, an actor and ex-commando, and Finch, a surly historian...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/lag-strong/which-i-never/","url_text":"\"Which I Never\""}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Craig. \"Andrew MacKenzie - A Gallery Of Ghosts\". Vault of Evil. Retrieved 27 August 2012. ...many illustrious names among the contributors: L. A. G. \"Breakdown\" Strong...","urls":[{"url":"http://vaultofevil.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=flowerpower&action=print&thread=2644","url_text":"\"Andrew MacKenzie - A Gallery Of Ghosts\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay-Terk

Sonia Delaunay

["1 Biography","1.1 Early life (1885–1904)","1.2 Paris (1905–1910)","1.3 Orphism (1911–1913)","1.4 Spanish and Portuguese years (1914–1920)","1.5 Return to Paris (1921–1944)","1.6 Later life (1945 – 1979)","2 Legacy","3 Retrospectives","4 Notes","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

French artist (1885–1979) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sonia Delaunay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sonia DelaunaySonia Terk, c.1912BornSarah Elievna Shtern(1885-11-14)14 November 1885Hradyzk, or Odesa, Russian EmpireDied5 December 1979(1979-12-05) (aged 94)Paris, FranceNationalityRussian, FrenchKnown forPaintingMovementOrphism, School of Paris Sonia Delaunay (French pronunciation: ; 14 November 1885 – 5 December 1979) was a French artist born to Jewish parents, who spent most of her working life in Paris. She was born in the Russian Empire, now Ukraine, and was formally trained in Russia and Germany, before moving to France and expanding her practice to include textile, fashion, and set design. She was part of the School of Paris and co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes, with her husband Robert Delaunay and others. She was the first living female artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964, and in 1975 was named an officer of the French Legion of Honor. Her work in modern design included the concepts of geometric abstraction, and the integration of furniture, fabrics, wall coverings, and clothing into her art practice. Biography Early life (1885–1904) Sonia Delaunay, 1914, Prismes électriques, oil on canvas, 250 x 250 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris Sonia Delaunay, Rythme, 1938, oil on canvas, 182 x 149 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris Sofia Ilinitchna Stern, or Sarah Elievna Stern was born youngest of three children on 14 November 1885 in Hradyzk, or in Odesa, both in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire, to poor Jewish parents. Her father was foreman of a nail factory. At five she was orphaned and moved to Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (now Russia), where she was cared for by her mother's brother, Henri Terk. Henri, a successful and affluent lawyer, and his wife Anna wanted to adopt her but her mother would not allow it. Finally in 1890 she was adopted by the Terks. She assumed the name Sonia Terk and received a privileged upbringing with the Terks. They spent their summers in Finland and travelled widely in Europe, introducing Sonia to art museums and galleries. When she was 16, she attended a well-regarded secondary school in St. Petersburg, where her skill at drawing was noted by her teacher. When she was 18, at her teacher's suggestion, she was sent to art school in Germany where she attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe. She studied in Germany until 1905 and then moved to Paris. Paris (1905–1910) When she arrived in Paris she enrolled at the Académie de La Palette in Montparnasse. Unhappy with the mode of teaching, which she thought was too critical, she spent less time at the Académie and more time in galleries around Paris. Her own work during this period was strongly influenced by the art she was viewing including the post-impressionist art of Van Gogh, Gauguin and Henri Rousseau and the Fauves including Matisse and Derain. In 1908 she entered into a "marriage of convenience" with German art dealer and gallery owner Wilhelm Uhde, allowing her access to her dowery, and giving Uhde cover for his homosexuality. Sonia Terk gained entrance into the art world via exhibitions at Uhde's gallery and benefited from his connections. Comtesse de Rose, mother of Robert Delaunay, was a regular visitor to Uhde's gallery, sometimes accompanied by her son. Sonia Terk met Robert Delaunay in early 1909. They became lovers in April of that year and it was decided that she and Uhde should divorce. The divorce was finalised in August 1910. Sonia was pregnant and she and Robert married on 15 November 1910. Their son Charles was born on 18 January 1911. They were supported by an allowance sent from Sonia's aunt in St. Petersburg. Sonia said about Robert: "In Robert Delaunay I found a poet. A poet who wrote not with words but with colours". Orphism (1911–1913) The last section of La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France, 1913 In 1911, Sonia Delaunay made a patchwork quilt for Charles's crib, which is now in the collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. This quilt was created spontaneously and uses geometry and colour. "About 1911 I had the idea of making for my son, who had just been born, a blanket composed of bits of fabric like those I had seen in the houses of Ukrainian peasants. When it was finished, the arrangement of the pieces of material seemed to me to evoke cubist conceptions and we then tried to apply the same process to other objects and paintings." Sonia Delaunay Contemporary art critics recognize this as the point where she moved away from perspective and naturalism in her art. Around the same time, cubist works were being shown in Paris and Robert had been studying the colour theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul; they called their experiments with colour in art and design simultanéisme. Simultaneous design occurs when one design, when placed next to another, affects both; this is similar to the theory of colours (Pointillism, as used by e.g. Georges Seurat) in which primary colour dots placed next to each other are "mixed" by the eye and affect each other. Sonia's first large-scale painting in this style was Bal Bullier (1912–13), a painting known for both its use of colour and movement. Other works from this time include her series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Contrasts. Sonia Delaunay by Lothar Wolleh, 1978 The Delaunays' friend, the poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire, coined the term Orphism to describe the Delaunays' version of Cubism in 1913. It was through Apollinaire that in 1912 Sonia met the poet Blaise Cendrars who was to become her friend and collaborator. Sonia Delaunay described in an interview that the discovery of Cendrars' work “gave me a push, a shock.” She illustrated Cendrars' poem La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France (Prose of the Trans-Siberian and of Little Jehanne of France) about a journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway, by creating a 2m-long accordion-pleated book. Using simultaneous design principles the book merged text and design. The book, which was sold almost entirely by subscription, created a stir amongst Paris critics. The simultaneous book was later shown at the Autumn Salon in Berlin in 1913, along with paintings and other applied artworks such as dresses, and it is said that Paul Klee was so impressed with her use of squares in her binding of Cendrars' poem that they became an enduring feature in his own work. Spanish and Portuguese years (1914–1920) Sonia Delaunay or Robert Delaunay (or both), 1922, published in Der Sturm, Volume 13, Number 3, 5 March 1922 The Delaunays travelled to Spain in 1914, staying with friends in Madrid. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Sonia and Robert were staying in Hondarribia, in the Basque Country, with their son still in Madrid. They decided not to return to France. In August 1915 they moved to Portugal, where they shared a home with Samuel Halpert and Eduardo Viana. They discussed an artistic partnership with Viana and their friends Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, whom the Delaunays had already met in Paris, and José de Almada Negreiros. In Portugal she painted Marché au Minho (Market in Minho, 1916), which she later says was "inspired by the beauty of the country". Sonia had a solo exhibition in Stockholm (1916). Sonia Delaunay wearing Casa Sonia creations, Madrid, c.1920 The Russian Revolution brought an end to the financial support Sonia received from her family in Russia, and a different source of income was needed. In 1917 the Delaunays met Sergei Diaghilev in Madrid. Sonia designed costumes for his production of Cleopatra (stage design by Robert Delaunay) and for the performance of Aida in Barcelona. In Madrid she decorated the Petit Casino (a nightclub) and founded Casa Sonia, selling her designs for interior decoration and fashion, with a branch in Bilbao. She was the center of a Madrid Salon. Sonia Delaunay travelled to Paris twice in 1920 looking for opportunities in the fashion business, and in August she wrote a letter to Paul Poiret stating she wanted to expand her business and include some of his designs. Poiret declined, claiming she had copied designs from his Ateliers de Martine and was married to a French deserter (Robert). Galerie der Sturm in Berlin showed works by Sonia and Robert from their Portuguese period the same year. Return to Paris (1921–1944) Sonia, Robert and their son Charles returned to Paris permanently in 1921 and moved into Boulevard Malesherbes 19. The Delaunays' most acute financial problems were solved when they sold Henri Rousseau's La Charmeuse de serpents (The Snake Charmer) to Jacques Doucet. Sonia Delaunay made clothes for private clients and friends, and in 1923 created fifty fabric designs using geometrical shapes and bold colours, commissioned by a manufacturer from Lyon. Soon after, she started her own business and simultané became her registered trademark. For the 1923 staging of Tristan Tzara's play Le Cœur à Gaz she designed the set and costumes. In 1924 she opened a fashion studio together with Jacques Heim. Her customers included Nancy Cunard, Gloria Swanson, Lucienne Bogaert and Gabrielle Dorziat. With Heim she had a pavilion at the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, called boutique simultané. Sonia Delaunay gave a lecture at the Sorbonne on the influence of painting on fashion. "If there are geometric forms, it is because these simple and manageable elements have appeared suitable for the distribution of colors whose relations constitute the real object of our search, but these geometric forms do not characterize our art. The distribution of colors can be effected as well with complex forms, such as flowers, etc. ... only the handling of these would be a little more delicate."— Sonia Delaunay, speaking at the Sorbonne, 1927 Sonia designed costumes for two films: Le Vertige directed by Marcel L'Herbier and Le p'tit Parigot, directed by René Le Somptier, and designed some furniture for the set of the 1929 film Parce que je t'aime (Because I love you). During this period, she also designed haute couture textiles for Robert Perrier, while participating actively in his artistic salon, R-26. The Great Depression caused a decline in business. After closing her business, Sonia Delaunay returned to painting, but she still designed for Jacques Heim, Metz & Co, Perrier and private clients. She said "the depression liberated her from business". 1935 the Delaunays moved to rue Saint-Simon 16. By the end of 1934 Sonia was working on designs for the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, for which she and Robert worked together on decorating two pavilions: the Pavillon des Chemins de Fer and the Palais de l'Air. Sonia however did not want to be part of the contract for the commission, but chose to help Robert if she wanted. She said "I am free and mean to remain so." The murals and painted panels for the exhibition were executed by fifty artists including Albert Gleizes, Léopold Survage, Jacques Villon, Roger Bissière and Jean Crotti. Robert Delaunay died of cancer in October 1941. Later life (1945 – 1979) Matra M530A painted by Sonia DelaunayAfter the second world war, Sonia was a board member of the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles for several years. Sonia and her son Charles in 1964 donated 114 works by Sonia and Robert to the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Alberto Magnelli told her "she and Braque were the only living painters to have been shown at the Louvre". In 1966 she published Rythmes-Couleurs (colour-rhythms), with 11 of her gouaches reproduced as pochoirs and texts by Jacques Damase, and in 1969 Robes poèmes (poem-dresses), also with texts by Jacques Damase containing 27 pochoirs. For Matra, she decorated a Matra 530. In 1975 Sonia was named an officer of the French Legion of Honor. From 1976 she developed a range of textiles, tableware and jewellery with French company Artcurial, inspired by her work from the 1920s. Her autobiography, Nous irons jusqu'au soleil (We shall go up to the sun) was published in 1978. Plaque at 16 rue Saint-Simon where the Delaunays lived and where Sonia died In 1967 (25 February – 5 April) she was a part of an exhibition of artist-decorated cars entitled 'Cinq voitures personnalisées par cinq artistes contemporains' ('Five Cars Personalized by Five Contemporary Artists') organized by the journal Réalités as a fundraiser for French medical research. She designed the pattern for a Matra 530 by experimenting with optical effects causing the car to recompose the pattern into a light blue shade when in motion 'so as not to attract other drivers' attention to the point of causing accidents through distraction.' Sonia Delaunay died 5 December 1979, in Paris, aged 94. She was buried in Gambais, next to Robert Delaunay's grave. Her son, Charles Delaunay, became an expert in jazz music during the 1930s. He was a jazz critic, organizer of jazz concerts and a founder of the Hot Club of France (the first jazz club in France) and the first editor of Jazz Hot Magazine, the club's official publication. Legacy Delaunay's painting Coccinelle was featured on a stamp jointly released by the French Post Office, La Poste and the United Kingdom's Royal Mail in 2004 to commemorate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale. US fashion designer Perry Ellis devoted his fall 1984 collection to Delaunay, producing knits and prints in Delaunay colors and patterns. Retrospectives Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue, January - February 1974. Sonia Delaunay was one of the artists presented in the retrospective group exhibition Dada is Dada at Bildmuseet, Umeå University, Sweden, running from 2017-11-17 to 2018-05-20. Notes ^ Sonia, Delaunay (January 1989). Sonia Delaunay patterns and designs in full color. New York. ISBN 0486259757. OCLC 18907745.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Gronberg, Tag (2003), Bernheim, Nele (ed.), "Delaunay, Sonia", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370035, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4, retrieved 5 November 2023 ^ a b c "Delaunay-Terk, Sonia". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 31 October 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00048591. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. ^ "Delaunay Terk, Sonia (Russian painter, textile designer, 1885-1979, active in France)". Getty Research Union List of Artist Names. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ Baron and Damase point out that much about Sonia Delaunay's early life is ambiguous or unknown: "(...) there were parts of her past that she did not easily discuss. (...) the first twenty years of her life (...) can hardly be called a detailed account. Even the actual date of her birth is ambiguous." (page 7). Odessa is mentioned as alternative place of birth, 4 November 1885 as less likely date. ^ "Sonia Delaunay (1885–1979)". Ukrainian Jewish Encounter. 3 June 2021. ^ a b Interview in BOMB Magazine ^ Jacques Damame: p. 171 ^ Julio, Maryann De (13 December 1999). "Sonia Delaunay". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ^ Madsen, Axel. (2015). Sonia delaunay : artist of the lost generation. : Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0872-3. OCLC 908991085. ^ admin (21 February 2018). "Uhde, Willy". Stein, Gertrude. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. New York: Harcourt & Brace, 1933; Uhde, Wilhelm. Von Bismarck bis Picasso: Erinnerungen und Bekenntnisse. Zürich: Verlag Oprecht, 1938; Kultermann, Udo. The History of Art History. New York: Abaris, 1993, p. 133; Kraus, Rosalind. The Picasso Papers. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998, pp. 12, 98-99; Madsen, Axel. Sonia Delaunay: Artist of the Lost Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp. 74-89; Thiel, H. "Wilhelm Uhde: Ein offener und engagierter Marchand-Amateur in Paris vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg."in, Junge-Gent, Henrike, ed. Avantgarde und Publikum, Cologne: Böhlau, 1992, pp. 307-20. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ The divorce took place on 28 February and became final on 11 August 1910. Baron/Damase: pp. 17-20 ^ a b Baron/Damase: p. 20 ^ Sonia Delaunay/Jacques Damase: p. 31 ^ Quoted in Manifestations of Venus, Caroline Arscott, Katie Scott Manchester University Press, 2000, p. 131 ^ "Masters of Photography: Lothar Wolleh". www.masters-of-photography.com. ^ Baron/Damase: p. 55. Sonia returned to Paris briefly to make arrangements for their absence. ^ Baron/Damase: p. 56, Kunsthalle: p. 209, and Düchting: p. 51 all mention an Eduardo Vianna, but there is no trace of a painter with that name. Viana, however, was acquainted with the Delaunays ^ Düchting: p. 52 ^ Kunsthalle: p. 209 ^ Kunsthalle: p. 202 ^ Baron/Damase: p. 72, Valérie Guillaume: Sonia und Tissus Delaunay. In Kunsthalle: p. 31, Düchting: p. 52, p. 91. According to Morano (p. 19), branches in Bilbao and Barcelona never actually opened. ^ Baron/Damase: p. 72. Diaghilev met Manuel de Falla at this salon. The two would later cooperate on The Three-Cornered Hat. ^ Baron/Damase: p. 75 ^ Valérie Guillaume: Sonia und Tissus Delaunay. In Kunsthalle: p. 31 ^ Kunsthalle: p. 216, Düchting: p. 91 ^ Boulevard Malesherbes 19, Paris: 48°52′19.29″N 2°19′18.58″E / 48.8720250°N 2.3218278°E / 48.8720250; 2.3218278 ^ Robert Delaunay's mother had commissioned Rousseau to paint La Charmeuse de serpents, and it was sold to Doucet only on condition he bequeath it to the Louvre. Kunsthalle: p. 210, Baron/Damase: p. 83, Düchting: p. 33 ^ The name of the company is not known. Baron/Damase: p. 83, Morano: p. 20 ^ Baron/Damase: p. 80, Kunsthalle: p. 216, Düchting: p. 56 ^ Kunsthalle: p. 218, Morano: p. 21 ^ Baron/Damase: p. 81, p. 83. Morano: p. 21. Düchting: p. 56, Gronberg: p. 115. Guillaume: p. 33, cites Guévrékian as the architect of the pavilion. ^ Art into Fashion: p. 102, Baron/Damase: p. 84 ^ Translated quote from Sonia Delaunay's lecture, from The New Art of Color: p. 207, also quoted in Morano: p. 22 ^ Sonia designed costumes and contributed to styling the set, several of Robert's paintings were part of the set. Baron/Damase: p. 84, Kunsthalle: pp. 33, 216, Düchting: p. 58. ^ Art into fashion: p. 102 ^ Clary, Michèle, Marie-Jacques Perrier; Le Village de Montmartre, C’est Vous, Paris Montmartre, 29 June 2011, Print ^ Maison Robert Perrier (Fédération Nationale du Tissu), 2000, Exhibit, Mairie du 4e arrondissement de Paris, Paris ^ Düchting: p. 60, p. 91, Kunsthalle: p. 218, Baron/Damase: p. 93, p. 100 ^ rue Saint-Simon 16, Paris: 48°51′21.02″N 2°19′24.66″E / 48.8558389°N 2.3235167°E / 48.8558389; 2.3235167 ^ Baron/Damase: p. 102 ^ Düchting: p. 71 ^ Journal des Arts ^ Press release Centre Pompidou: "The exhibition comprises some ninety works by Robert and Sonia Delaunay, chosen from the donation which itself totals one hundred and fourteen paintings, drawings, bound books, reliefs and mosaics." ^ Baron/Damase: p. 170 ^ Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 118. ISBN 978-0714878775. ^ Baron/Damase: p. 194. Rythmes-Couleurs is an artist's book in a limited edition of 120 copies. ^ Kunsthalle: p. 221. Robes Poèmes is an artists' book in a limited edition of 500 copies. ^ Artcurial advertisement "Sonia Delaunay – Le service Sonia au quotidien". Maison Française (386/Avril 1985): 37. ^ Sonia Delaunay, Jacques Damase, Patrick Raynaud (1978): Nous irons jusqu'au soleil, Editions Robert Laffont, ISBN 2-221-00063-3 ^ Delaunay, Sonia. (20 October 2015). Sonia Delaunay. Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris., Tate Modern (Gallery) (English ed.). London. pp. 272, 273. ISBN 978-1-84976-317-2. OCLC 894842561.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Baron/Damase: p. 201 ^ Morris, Bernadine (4 May 1984). "The Mannish Look Takes Over". The New York Times. p. B8. Retrieved 4 January 2022. Perry Ellis dedicated a large portion of his collection to Sonia Delaunay... ^ Mellow, James R. (27 January 1974). "After Her Husband Died She Came Into Her Own". nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ Sonia Delaunay, Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue January - February 1974, exhibition poster (lithograph) ^ "Dada is Dada – Bildmuseet, Umeå". www.bildmuseet.umu.se. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Further reading Baron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay: The Life of an Artist. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3222-9. Baron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay : the life of an artist. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23703-4. Delaunay, Robert; Delaunay, Sonia (1978). Arthur A. Cohen (ed.). The New Art of Color. The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-50636-2. Düchting, Hajo (1995). Delaunay. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-9191-6. Grosenick, Uta (2001). Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-5854-4. Robert Delaunay - Sonia Delaunay: Das Centre Pompidou zu Gast in Hamburg. Hamburger Kunsthalle. 1999. ISBN 3-7701-5216-6. Delaunay, Sonia; Morano, Elizabeth; Vreeland, Diana (1986). Sonia Delaunay: art into fashion. G. Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1112-3. Chadwick, Whitney; True Latimer, Tirza (2003). The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3292-9. Delaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1966). Rythmes-Couleurs. Galerie Motte. OCLC 460063028. Damase, Jacques (1991). Sonia Delaunay, mode et tissus imprimés. Jacques Damase. ISBN 978-2-904632-34-1. (English translation by Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, 1991) Delaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1978). Nous irons jusqu'au soleil. Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-00063-2. d'Orgeval, Domitille (7 November 2003). "L'histoire du Salon des réalités nouvelles de 1946 à 1956" (PDF). Le Journal des Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2010. "Robert et Sonia Delaunay, Donation Sonia et Charles Delaunay" (PDF). Centre Pompidou. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010. Seidner, David (1982). "Sonia Delaunay: interview, Spring 1978, Paris". BOMB Magazine. No. 2/Winter 1982. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2013.. Slevin, Tom (2010). "Sonia Delaunay's Robe Simultanée: Modernity, Fashion and Transmediality". Fashion Theory. 17 (1): 27–54. doi:10.2752/175174113X13502904240695. S2CID 191341807. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sonia Delaunay. Sonia Delaunay Art Deco, video by The New York Public Library Sonia Delaunay Revolutionary Mother of Abstraction Tate Modern Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica. "Sonia Delaunay: Carte". arskey (in Italian). teknemedia. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Sonia Delaunay artworks at Ben Uri Sonia Delaunay theartstory.org Sonia Delaunay, Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue January - February 1974, exhibition poster (lithograph) Parce que je t'aime at IMDb vteCubismLeaders Pablo Picasso Georges Braque Jean Metzinger Albert Gleizes Robert Delaunay Juan Gris Fernand Léger Marcel Duchamp Henri Le Fauconnier Section d'Or Alexander Archipenko María Blanchard Constantin Brâncuși Joseph Csaky Robert Delaunay Sonia Delaunay Marcel Duchamp Pierre Dumont Raymond Duchamp-Villon Alexandra Exter Henri Le Fauconnier Roger de La Fresnaye Albert Gleizes Natalia Goncharova Henri Hayden Auguste Herbin František Kupka Jean Lambert-Rucki Marie Laurencin Henri Laurens Fernand Léger Jacques Lipchitz André Lhote Jean Marchand Louis Marcoussis Jean Metzinger Francis Picabia Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes Jeanne Rij-Rousseau Diego Rivera Gino Severini Léopold Survage Tobeen Henry Valensi  Georges Valmier Jacques Villon Others Giacomo Balla Alice Bailly Patrick Henry Bruce Carlo Carrà Paul Klee Lyonel Feininger El Lissitzky Stanton Macdonald-Wright August Macke Kazimir Malevich Franz Marc Lyubov Popova Diego Rivera Morgan Russell Alexander Rodchenko Nadezhda Udaltsova Marie Vassilieff Marie Vorobieff Paintings Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (Picasso) Portrait of Ambroise Vollard (Picasso) Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (Picasso) The Accordionist (Picasso) Le pigeon aux petits pois (Picasso) La Coiffeuse (Picasso) Le goûter (Metzinger) La Femme au Cheval (Metzinger) Dancer in a café (Metzinger) L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger) La Femme aux Phlox (Gleizes) Portrait of Jacques Nayral (Gleizes) Man on a Balcony (Gleizes) Les Baigneuses (Gleizes) Les Joueurs de football (Gleizes) Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Duchamp) The Cathedral (Katedrála) (Kupka) The City (Léger) Still Life with Candlestick (Léger) Still Life with Checked Tablecloth (Gris) Three Musicians (Picasso) Sculptures Groupe de femmes (Csaky) Danseuse (Csaky) Head (Csaky) Influences Paul Cézanne Paul Gauguin Gustave Courbet Georges Seurat Paul Signac Maurice Princet Esprit Jouffret Neo-impressionism Pointillism Divisionism Symbolism (arts) Fauvism Proto-Cubism Chronophotography Influenced Section d'Or Cubo-Futurism Cubist sculpture Czech Cubism Rondocubism Die Brücke Orphism (art) Abstract art Synchromism Tubism Futurism Crystal Cubism Purism Suprematism Dada Constructivism De Stijl Art Deco Russian Futurism Ego-Futurism Vorticism Related Du "Cubisme" (1912 book) The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations (1913 book) La Maison Cubiste Related Louis Vauxcelles (critic) Guillaume Apollinaire (poet, critic) André Salmon (critic) Max Jacob (poet) Maurice Raynal (poet, critic) Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (art dealer) Léonce Rosenberg (art dealer) Paul Rosenberg (art dealer) Daniel Robbins (art historian) Gertrude Stein (art collector) Berthe Weill (art dealer) Wilhelm Uhde (art collector) John Quinn (collector) Leonard Lauder (art collector) Douglas Cooper (art historian) Arthur Jerome Eddy (art collector) Pierre Reverdy (poet) Blaise Cendrars (poet) Armory Show Fourth dimension in art Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Artists South Australia 2 KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɔnja dəlonɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"School of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)"},{"link_name":"art movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movement"},{"link_name":"Robert Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"French Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"geometric abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_abstraction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"French artist (1885–1979)Sonia Delaunay (French pronunciation: [sɔnja dəlonɛ]; 14 November 1885 – 5 December 1979) was a French artist born to Jewish parents, who spent most of her working life in Paris. She was born in the Russian Empire, now Ukraine, and was formally trained in Russia and Germany, before moving to France and expanding her practice to include textile, fashion, and set design. She was part of the School of Paris and co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes, with her husband Robert Delaunay and others. She was the first living female artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964, and in 1975 was named an officer of the French Legion of Honor.Her work in modern design included the concepts of geometric abstraction, and the integration of furniture, fabrics, wall coverings, and clothing into her art practice.[1]","title":"Sonia Delaunay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Delaunay,_1914,_Prismes_%C3%A9lectriques,_oil_on_canvas,_250_x_250_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Musée National d'Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Centre Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Pompidou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Delaunay,_Rythme,_1938.jpg"},{"link_name":"Musée National d'Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hradyzk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradyzk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bomb-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacques_Damase:_p171-8"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Julio_1908-9"}],"sub_title":"Early life (1885–1904)","text":"Sonia Delaunay, 1914, Prismes électriques, oil on canvas, 250 x 250 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou, ParisSonia Delaunay, Rythme, 1938, oil on canvas, 182 x 149 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, ParisSofia Ilinitchna Stern, or Sarah Elievna Stern[citation needed] was born youngest of three children on 14 November 1885 in Hradyzk,[2][3][4] or in Odesa, both in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire,[5] to poor Jewish parents.[6][3] Her father was foreman of a nail factory.[7] At five she was orphaned[3] and moved to Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (now Russia), where she was cared for by her mother's brother, Henri Terk. Henri, a successful and affluent lawyer, and his wife Anna wanted to adopt her but her mother would not allow it. Finally in 1890 she was adopted by the Terks.[8] She assumed the name Sonia Terk and received a privileged upbringing with the Terks. They spent their summers in Finland and travelled widely in Europe, introducing Sonia to art museums and galleries. When she was 16, she attended a well-regarded secondary school in St. Petersburg, where her skill at drawing was noted by her teacher. When she was 18, at her teacher's suggestion, she was sent to art school in Germany where she attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe. She studied in Germany until 1905 and then moved to Paris.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Académie de La Palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_La_Palette"},{"link_name":"Montparnasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montparnasse"},{"link_name":"post-impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-impressionism"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Henri Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Derain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Uhde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Uhde"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baron/Damase:_p20-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sonia_Delaunay/Jacques_Damase:_p31-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baron/Damase:_p20-13"}],"sub_title":"Paris (1905–1910)","text":"When she arrived in Paris she enrolled at the Académie de La Palette in Montparnasse. Unhappy with the mode of teaching, which she thought was too critical, she spent less time at the Académie and more time in galleries around Paris. Her own work during this period was strongly influenced by the art she was viewing including the post-impressionist art of Van Gogh, Gauguin and Henri Rousseau and the Fauves including Matisse and Derain. In 1908 she entered into a \"marriage of convenience\" with German art dealer and gallery owner Wilhelm Uhde, allowing her access to her dowery, and giving Uhde cover for his homosexuality.[10][11] Sonia Terk gained entrance into the art world via exhibitions at Uhde's gallery and benefited from his connections.Comtesse de Rose, mother of Robert Delaunay, was a regular visitor to Uhde's gallery, sometimes accompanied by her son. Sonia Terk met Robert Delaunay in early 1909. They became lovers in April of that year and it was decided that she and Uhde should divorce. The divorce was finalised in August 1910.[12] Sonia was pregnant and she and Robert married on 15 November 1910. Their son Charles was born on 18 January 1911.[13] They were supported by an allowance sent from Sonia's aunt in St. Petersburg.[14]Sonia said about Robert: \"In Robert Delaunay I found a poet. A poet who wrote not with words but with colours\".[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transsiberien.jpg"},{"link_name":"La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_prose_du_Transsib%C3%A9rien_et_de_la_Petite_Jehanne_de_France"},{"link_name":"Musée National d'Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"cubist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Michel Eugène Chevreul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul"},{"link_name":"Pointillism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism"},{"link_name":"Georges Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Simultaneous Contrasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_Contrasts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Delaunay_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lothar Wolleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Wolleh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Apollinaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Blaise Cendrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bomb-7"},{"link_name":"La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_prose_du_Transsib%C3%A9rien_et_de_la_Petite_Jehanne_de_France"},{"link_name":"Trans-Siberian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Autumn Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"}],"sub_title":"Orphism (1911–1913)","text":"The last section of La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France, 1913In 1911, Sonia Delaunay made a patchwork quilt for Charles's crib, which is now in the collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. This quilt was created spontaneously and uses geometry and colour.\"About 1911 I had the idea of making for my son, who had just been born, a blanket composed of bits of fabric like those I had seen in the houses of Ukrainian peasants. When it was finished, the arrangement of the pieces of material seemed to me to evoke cubist conceptions and we then tried to apply the same process to other objects and paintings.\" Sonia Delaunay[15]Contemporary art critics recognize this as the point where she moved away from perspective and naturalism in her art. Around the same time, cubist works were being shown in Paris and Robert had been studying the colour theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul; they called their experiments with colour in art and design simultanéisme. Simultaneous design occurs when one design, when placed next to another, affects both; this is similar to the theory of colours (Pointillism, as used by e.g. Georges Seurat) in which primary colour dots placed next to each other are \"mixed\" by the eye and affect each other. Sonia's first large-scale painting in this style was Bal Bullier (1912–13), a painting known for both its use of colour and movement. Other works from this time include her series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Contrasts.Sonia Delaunay by Lothar Wolleh, 1978[16]The Delaunays' friend, the poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire, coined the term Orphism to describe the Delaunays' version of Cubism in 1913. It was through Apollinaire that in 1912 Sonia met the poet Blaise Cendrars who was to become her friend and collaborator. Sonia Delaunay described in an interview that the discovery of Cendrars' work “gave me [her] a push, a shock.”[7] She illustrated Cendrars' poem La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France (Prose of the Trans-Siberian and of Little Jehanne of France) about a journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway, by creating a 2m-long accordion-pleated book. Using simultaneous design principles the book merged text and design. The book, which was sold almost entirely by subscription, created a stir amongst Paris critics. The simultaneous book was later shown at the Autumn Salon in Berlin in 1913, along with paintings and other applied artworks such as dresses, and it is said[who?] that Paul Klee was so impressed with her use of squares in her binding of Cendrars' poem that they became an enduring feature in his own work.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delaunay,_Dessin_en_couleurs,_published_in_Der_Sturm,_1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"Der Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sturm"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Samuel Halpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Halpert"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Viana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_de_Souza-Cardoso"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"José de Almada Negreiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Almada_Negreiros"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Delaunay_wearing_Casa_Sonia_creations,_Madrid,_c.1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Sergei Diaghilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaghilev"},{"link_name":"Robert Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Paul Poiret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Poiret"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Galerie der Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sturm"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Spanish and Portuguese years (1914–1920)","text":"Sonia Delaunay or Robert Delaunay (or both), 1922, published in Der Sturm, Volume 13, Number 3, 5 March 1922The Delaunays travelled to Spain in 1914, staying with friends in Madrid. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Sonia and Robert were staying in Hondarribia, in the Basque Country, with their son still in Madrid. They decided not to return to France.[17] In August 1915 they moved to Portugal, where they shared a home with Samuel Halpert and Eduardo Viana.[18] They discussed an artistic partnership with Viana and their friends Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, whom the Delaunays had already met in Paris,[19] and José de Almada Negreiros.[20] In Portugal she painted Marché au Minho (Market in Minho, 1916), which she later says was \"inspired by the beauty of the country\".[21] Sonia had a solo exhibition in Stockholm (1916).Sonia Delaunay wearing Casa Sonia creations, Madrid, c.1920The Russian Revolution brought an end to the financial support Sonia received from her family in Russia, and a different source of income was needed. In 1917 the Delaunays met Sergei Diaghilev in Madrid. Sonia designed costumes for his production of Cleopatra (stage design by Robert Delaunay) and for the performance of Aida in Barcelona. In Madrid she decorated the Petit Casino (a nightclub) and founded Casa Sonia, selling her designs for interior decoration and fashion, with a branch in Bilbao.[22] She was the center of a Madrid Salon.[23]Sonia Delaunay travelled to Paris twice in 1920 looking for opportunities in the fashion business,[24] and in August she wrote a letter to Paul Poiret stating she wanted to expand her business and include some of his designs. Poiret declined, claiming she had copied designs from his Ateliers de Martine and was married to a French deserter (Robert).[25] Galerie der Sturm in Berlin showed works by Sonia and Robert from their Portuguese period the same year.[26]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Henri Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Jacques Doucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doucet_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Tristan Tzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Tzara"},{"link_name":"Le Cœur à Gaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gas_Heart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jacques Heim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Heim"},{"link_name":"Nancy Cunard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Cunard"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Lucienne Bogaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucienne_Bogaert"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Dorziat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Dorziat"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs_et_Industriels_Modernes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Le Vertige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vertige"},{"link_name":"Marcel L'Herbier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_L%27Herbier"},{"link_name":"Le p'tit Parigot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_p%27tit_Parigot"},{"link_name":"René Le Somptier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Le_Somptier"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Parce que je t'aime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parce_que_je_t%27aime&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"R-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-26_(salon)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Metz & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne_(1937)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Albert Gleizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleizes"},{"link_name":"Léopold Survage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Survage"},{"link_name":"Jacques Villon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Villon"},{"link_name":"Roger Bissière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jean Crotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Crotti"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Return to Paris (1921–1944)","text":"Sonia, Robert and their son Charles returned to Paris permanently in 1921 and moved into Boulevard Malesherbes 19.[27] The Delaunays' most acute financial problems were solved when they sold Henri Rousseau's La Charmeuse de serpents (The Snake Charmer) to Jacques Doucet.[28] Sonia Delaunay made clothes for private clients and friends, and in 1923 created fifty fabric designs using geometrical shapes and bold colours, commissioned by a manufacturer from Lyon.[29] Soon after, she started her own business and simultané became her registered trademark.For the 1923 staging of Tristan Tzara's play Le Cœur à Gaz she designed the set and costumes.[30] In 1924 she opened a fashion studio together with Jacques Heim. Her customers included Nancy Cunard, Gloria Swanson, Lucienne Bogaert and Gabrielle Dorziat.[31]With Heim she had a pavilion at the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, called boutique simultané.[32] Sonia Delaunay gave a lecture at the Sorbonne[33] on the influence of painting on fashion.\"If there are geometric forms, it is because these simple and manageable elements have appeared suitable for the distribution of colors whose relations constitute the real object of our search, but these geometric forms do not characterize our art. The distribution of colors can be effected as well with complex forms, such as flowers, etc. ... only the handling of these would be a little more delicate.\"— Sonia Delaunay, speaking at the Sorbonne, 1927[34]Sonia designed costumes for two films: Le Vertige directed by Marcel L'Herbier and Le p'tit Parigot, directed by René Le Somptier,[35] and designed some furniture for the set of the 1929 film Parce que je t'aime (Because I love you).[36] During this period, she also designed haute couture textiles for Robert Perrier, while participating actively in his artistic salon, R-26.[37] The Great Depression caused a decline in business. After closing her business, Sonia Delaunay returned to painting, but she still designed for Jacques Heim, Metz & Co, Perrier and private clients.[38] She said \"the depression liberated her from business\".[39] 1935 the Delaunays moved to rue Saint-Simon 16.[40]By the end of 1934 Sonia was working on designs for the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, for which she and Robert worked together on decorating two pavilions: the Pavillon des Chemins de Fer and the Palais de l'Air. Sonia however did not want to be part of the contract for the commission, but chose to help Robert if she wanted. She said \"I am free and mean to remain so.\"[41] The murals and painted panels for the exhibition were executed by fifty artists including Albert Gleizes, Léopold Survage, Jacques Villon, Roger Bissière and Jean Crotti.[42]Robert Delaunay died of cancer in October 1941.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MatraM530_SoniaDelaunay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Matra M530A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra_530"},{"link_name":"Salon des Réalités Nouvelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_des_R%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s_Nouvelles"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Musée National d'Art Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Alberto Magnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Magnelli"},{"link_name":"Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braque"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phaidon_Editors-46"},{"link_name":"gouaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"link_name":"pochoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil"},{"link_name":"Jacques Damase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Damase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Matra 530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra_530"},{"link_name":"French Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soleil-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_Sonia_et_Robert_Delaunay,_16_rue_de_Saint-Simon,_Paris_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Gambais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambais"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Charles Delaunay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delaunay"},{"link_name":"Hot Club of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Club_of_France"}],"sub_title":"Later life (1945 – 1979)","text":"Matra M530A painted by Sonia DelaunayAfter the second world war, Sonia was a board member of the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles for several years.[43] Sonia and her son Charles in 1964 donated 114 works by Sonia and Robert to the Musée National d'Art Moderne.[44] Alberto Magnelli told her \"she and Braque were the only living painters to have been shown at the Louvre\".[45][46] In 1966 she published Rythmes-Couleurs (colour-rhythms), with 11 of her gouaches reproduced as pochoirs and texts by Jacques Damase,[47] and in 1969 Robes poèmes (poem-dresses), also with texts by Jacques Damase containing 27 pochoirs.[48] For Matra, she decorated a Matra 530. In 1975 Sonia was named an officer of the French Legion of Honor. From 1976 she developed a range of textiles, tableware and jewellery with French company Artcurial, inspired by her work from the 1920s.[49] Her autobiography, Nous irons jusqu'au soleil (We shall go up to the sun) was published in 1978.[50]Plaque at 16 rue Saint-Simon where the Delaunays lived and where Sonia diedIn 1967 (25 February – 5 April) she was a part of an exhibition of artist-decorated cars entitled 'Cinq voitures personnalisées par cinq artistes contemporains' ('Five Cars Personalized by Five Contemporary Artists') organized by the journal Réalités as a fundraiser for French medical research. She designed the pattern for a Matra 530 by experimenting with optical effects causing the car to recompose the pattern into a light blue shade when in motion 'so as not to attract other drivers' attention to the point of causing accidents through distraction.'[51]Sonia Delaunay died 5 December 1979, in Paris, aged 94. She was buried in Gambais, next to Robert Delaunay's grave.[52]Her son, Charles Delaunay, became an expert in jazz music during the 1930s. He was a jazz critic, organizer of jazz concerts and a founder of the Hot Club of France (the first jazz club in France) and the first editor of Jazz Hot Magazine, the club's official publication.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Poste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Poste_(France)"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"Entente Cordiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale"},{"link_name":"Perry Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Delaunay's painting Coccinelle was featured on a stamp jointly released by the French Post Office, La Poste and the United Kingdom's Royal Mail in 2004 to commemorate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale.US fashion designer Perry Ellis devoted his fall 1984 collection to Delaunay, producing knits and prints in Delaunay colors and patterns.[53]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com/1974/01/27/sonia-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Bildmuseet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildmuseet"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue, January - February 1974.[54][55]Sonia Delaunay was one of the artists presented in the retrospective group exhibition Dada is Dada at Bildmuseet, Umeå University, Sweden, running from 2017-11-17 to 2018-05-20.[56]","title":"Retrospectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0486259757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486259757"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18907745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18907745"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Delaunay, 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0714878775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714878775"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rc_47-0"},{"link_name":"Baron/Damase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baron95"},{"link_name":"Rythmes-Couleurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rc66"},{"link_name":"artist's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s_book"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Kunsthalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kh99"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-soleil_50-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-221-00063-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-00063-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84976-317-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-317-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"894842561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/894842561"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Baron/Damase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#baron95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"\"The Mannish Look Takes Over\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1984/05/04/style/the-mannish-look-takes-over.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nytimes.com/1974/01/27/sonia_54-0"},{"link_name":"\"After Her Husband Died She Came Into Her Own\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1974/01/27/archives/after-her-husband-died-she-came-into-her-own-sonias-art.html"},{"link_name":"nytimes.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytimes.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Sonia Delaunay, Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue January - February 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rogallery.com/artists/sonia-delaunay/exhibition-at-aberbach-fine-art/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Dada is Dada – Bildmuseet, Umeå\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171224064353/http://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574"}],"text":"^ Sonia, Delaunay (January 1989). Sonia Delaunay patterns and designs in full color. New York. ISBN 0486259757. OCLC 18907745.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Gronberg, Tag (2003), Bernheim, Nele (ed.), \"Delaunay, Sonia\", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370035, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4, retrieved 5 November 2023\n\n^ a b c \"Delaunay-Terk, Sonia\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 31 October 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00048591. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7.\n\n^ \"Delaunay Terk, Sonia (Russian painter, textile designer, 1885-1979, active in France)\". Getty Research Union List of Artist Names. Retrieved 5 November 2023.\n\n^ Baron and Damase point out that much about Sonia Delaunay's early life is ambiguous or unknown: \"(...) there were parts of her past that she did not easily discuss. (...) the first twenty years of her life (...) can hardly be called a detailed account. Even the actual date of her birth is ambiguous.\" (page 7). Odessa is mentioned as alternative place of birth, 4 November 1885 as less likely date.\n\n^ \"Sonia Delaunay (1885–1979)\". Ukrainian Jewish Encounter. 3 June 2021.\n\n^ a b Interview in BOMB Magazine\n\n^ Jacques Damame: p. 171\n\n^ Julio, Maryann De (13 December 1999). \"Sonia Delaunay\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 7 February 2022.\n\n^ Madsen, Axel. (2015). Sonia delaunay : artist of the lost generation. [Place of publication not identified]: Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0872-3. OCLC 908991085.\n\n^ admin (21 February 2018). \"Uhde, Willy\". Stein, Gertrude. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. New York: Harcourt & Brace, 1933; Uhde, Wilhelm. Von Bismarck bis Picasso: Erinnerungen und Bekenntnisse. Zürich: Verlag Oprecht, 1938; Kultermann, Udo. The History of Art History. New York: Abaris, 1993, p. 133; Kraus, Rosalind. The Picasso Papers. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998, pp. 12, 98-99; Madsen, Axel. Sonia Delaunay: Artist of the Lost Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp. 74-89; Thiel, H. \"Wilhelm Uhde: Ein offener und engagierter Marchand-Amateur in Paris vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.\"in, Junge-Gent, Henrike, ed. Avantgarde und Publikum, Cologne: Böhlau, 1992, pp. 307-20. Retrieved 4 March 2019.\n\n^ The divorce took place on 28 February and became final on 11 August 1910. Baron/Damase: pp. 17-20\n\n^ a b Baron/Damase: p. 20\n\n^ Sonia Delaunay/Jacques Damase: p. 31\n\n^ Quoted in Manifestations of Venus, Caroline Arscott, Katie Scott Manchester University Press, 2000, p. 131\n\n^ \"Masters of Photography: Lothar Wolleh\". www.masters-of-photography.com.\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 55. Sonia returned to Paris briefly to make arrangements for their absence.\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 56, Kunsthalle: p. 209, and Düchting: p. 51 all mention an Eduardo Vianna, but there is no trace of a painter with that name. Viana, however, was acquainted with the Delaunays\n\n^ Düchting: p. 52\n\n^ Kunsthalle: p. 209\n\n^ Kunsthalle: p. 202\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 72, Valérie Guillaume: Sonia und Tissus Delaunay. In Kunsthalle: p. 31, Düchting: p. 52, p. 91. According to Morano (p. 19), branches in Bilbao and Barcelona never actually opened.\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 72. Diaghilev met Manuel de Falla at this salon. The two would later cooperate on The Three-Cornered Hat.\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 75\n\n^ Valérie Guillaume: Sonia und Tissus Delaunay. In Kunsthalle: p. 31\n\n^ Kunsthalle: p. 216, Düchting: p. 91\n\n^ Boulevard Malesherbes 19, Paris: 48°52′19.29″N 2°19′18.58″E / 48.8720250°N 2.3218278°E / 48.8720250; 2.3218278\n\n^ Robert Delaunay's mother had commissioned Rousseau to paint La Charmeuse de serpents, and it was sold to Doucet only on condition he bequeath it to the Louvre. Kunsthalle: p. 210, Baron/Damase: p. 83, Düchting: p. 33\n\n^ The name of the company is not known. Baron/Damase: p. 83, Morano: p. 20\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 80, Kunsthalle: p. 216, Düchting: p. 56\n\n^ Kunsthalle: p. 218, Morano: p. 21\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 81, p. 83. Morano: p. 21. Düchting: p. 56, Gronberg: p. 115. Guillaume: p. 33, cites Guévrékian as the architect of the pavilion.\n\n^ Art into Fashion: p. 102, Baron/Damase: p. 84\n\n^ Translated quote from Sonia Delaunay's lecture, from The New Art of Color: p. 207, also quoted in Morano: p. 22\n\n^ Sonia designed costumes and contributed to styling the set, several of Robert's paintings were part of the set. Baron/Damase: p. 84, Kunsthalle: pp. 33, 216, Düchting: p. 58.\n\n^ Art into fashion: p. 102\n\n^ Clary, Michèle, Marie-Jacques Perrier; Le Village de Montmartre, C’est Vous, Paris Montmartre, 29 June 2011, Print\n\n^ Maison Robert Perrier (Fédération Nationale du Tissu), 2000, Exhibit, Mairie du 4e arrondissement de Paris, Paris\n\n^ Düchting: p. 60, p. 91, Kunsthalle: p. 218, Baron/Damase: p. 93, p. 100\n\n^ rue Saint-Simon 16, Paris: 48°51′21.02″N 2°19′24.66″E / 48.8558389°N 2.3235167°E / 48.8558389; 2.3235167\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 102\n\n^ Düchting: p. 71\n\n^ Journal des Arts\n\n^ Press release Centre Pompidou: \"The exhibition comprises some ninety works by Robert and Sonia Delaunay, chosen from the donation which itself totals one hundred and fourteen paintings, drawings, bound books, reliefs and mosaics.\"\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 170\n\n^ Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 118. ISBN 978-0714878775.\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 194. Rythmes-Couleurs is an artist's book in a limited edition of 120 copies.\n\n^ Kunsthalle: p. 221. Robes Poèmes is an artists' book in a limited edition of 500 copies.\n\n^ Artcurial advertisement \"Sonia Delaunay – Le service Sonia au quotidien\". Maison Française (386/Avril 1985): 37.\n\n^ Sonia Delaunay, Jacques Damase, Patrick Raynaud (1978): Nous irons jusqu'au soleil, Editions Robert Laffont, ISBN 2-221-00063-3\n\n^ Delaunay, Sonia. (20 October 2015). Sonia Delaunay. Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris., Tate Modern (Gallery) (English ed.). London. pp. 272, 273. ISBN 978-1-84976-317-2. OCLC 894842561.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Baron/Damase: p. 201\n\n^ Morris, Bernadine (4 May 1984). \"The Mannish Look Takes Over\". The New York Times. p. B8. Retrieved 4 January 2022. Perry Ellis dedicated a large portion of his collection to Sonia Delaunay...\n\n^ Mellow, James R. (27 January 1974). \"After Her Husband Died She Came Into Her Own\". nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022.\n\n^ Sonia Delaunay, Aberbach Fine Art, 988 Madison Avenue January - February 1974, exhibition poster (lithograph)\n\n^ \"Dada is Dada – Bildmuseet, Umeå\". www.bildmuseet.umu.se. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonia Delaunay: The Life of an Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/soniadelaunay00baro"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8109-3222-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3222-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-500-23703-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23703-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur A. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_A._Cohen"},{"link_name":"The New Art of Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/newartofcolor00robe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-670-50636-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-50636-2"},{"link_name":"Taschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8228-9191-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-9191-6"},{"link_name":"Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/womenartistsin200000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8228-5854-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-5854-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7701-5216-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-5216-6"},{"link_name":"Delaunay, Sonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Morano, Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Morano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vreeland, Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Vreeland"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8076-1112-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-1112-3"},{"link_name":"The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p3Du-PlmugEC&pg=PA109"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8135-3292-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3292-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"460063028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/460063028"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-904632-34-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-904632-34-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-221-00063-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-00063-2"},{"link_name":"\"L'histoire du Salon des réalités nouvelles de 1946 à 1956\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924085234/http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/pdf/RN46-56-par-d-orgeval.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.realitesnouvelles.org/pdf/RN46-56-par-d-orgeval.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Robert et Sonia Delaunay, Donation Sonia et Charles Delaunay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100215042521/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/pompidou/Communication.nsf/Docs/ID6FEE17B46CCB8DF2C1256DAD004768C0/$File/cp%20Delaunay%20anglais.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/ID6FEE17B46CCB8DF2C1256DAD004768C0/$File/cp%20Delaunay%20anglais.pdf"},{"link_name":"Seidner, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seidner"},{"link_name":"\"Sonia Delaunay: interview, Spring 1978, Paris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141218223946/http://bombmagazine.org/article/60/"},{"link_name":"BOMB Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOMB_Magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bombmagazine.org/article/60/"},{"link_name":"\"Sonia Delaunay's Robe Simultanée: Modernity, Fashion and Transmediality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2752/175174113X13502904240695"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2752/175174113X13502904240695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13502904240695"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"191341807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191341807"}],"text":"Baron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay: The Life of an Artist. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3222-9.\nBaron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay : the life of an artist. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23703-4.\nDelaunay, Robert; Delaunay, Sonia (1978). Arthur A. Cohen (ed.). The New Art of Color. The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-50636-2.\nDüchting, Hajo (1995). Delaunay. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-9191-6.\nGrosenick, Uta (2001). Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-5854-4.\nRobert Delaunay - Sonia Delaunay: Das Centre Pompidou zu Gast in Hamburg. Hamburger Kunsthalle. 1999. ISBN 3-7701-5216-6.\nDelaunay, Sonia; Morano, Elizabeth; Vreeland, Diana (1986). Sonia Delaunay: art into fashion. G. Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1112-3.\nChadwick, Whitney; True Latimer, Tirza (2003). The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3292-9.\nDelaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1966). Rythmes-Couleurs. Galerie Motte. OCLC 460063028.\nDamase, Jacques (1991). Sonia Delaunay, mode et tissus imprimés. Jacques Damase. ISBN 978-2-904632-34-1. (English translation by Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, 1991)\nDelaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1978). Nous irons jusqu'au soleil. Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-00063-2.\nd'Orgeval, Domitille (7 November 2003). \"L'histoire du Salon des réalités nouvelles de 1946 à 1956\" (PDF). Le Journal des Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2010.\n\"Robert et Sonia Delaunay, Donation Sonia et Charles Delaunay\" (PDF). Centre Pompidou. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.\nSeidner, David (1982). \"Sonia Delaunay: interview, Spring 1978, Paris\". BOMB Magazine. No. 2/Winter 1982. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2013..\nSlevin, Tom (2010). \"Sonia Delaunay's Robe Simultanée: Modernity, Fashion and Transmediality\". Fashion Theory. 17 (1): 27–54. doi:10.2752/175174113X13502904240695. S2CID 191341807.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Sonia Delaunay, 1914, Prismes électriques, oil on canvas, 250 x 250 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Sonia_Delaunay%2C_1914%2C_Prismes_%C3%A9lectriques%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_250_x_250_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg/230px-Sonia_Delaunay%2C_1914%2C_Prismes_%C3%A9lectriques%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_250_x_250_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonia Delaunay, Rythme, 1938, oil on canvas, 182 x 149 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Sonia_Delaunay%2C_Rythme%2C_1938.jpg/210px-Sonia_Delaunay%2C_Rythme%2C_1938.jpg"},{"image_text":"The last section of La prose du Transsibérien et de la Petite Jehanne de France, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Transsiberien.jpg/220px-Transsiberien.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonia Delaunay by Lothar Wolleh, 1978[16]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sonia_Delaunay_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg/240px-Sonia_Delaunay_by_Lothar_Wolleh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonia Delaunay or Robert Delaunay (or both), 1922, published in Der Sturm, Volume 13, Number 3, 5 March 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Delaunay%2C_Dessin_en_couleurs%2C_published_in_Der_Sturm%2C_1922.jpg/200px-Delaunay%2C_Dessin_en_couleurs%2C_published_in_Der_Sturm%2C_1922.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonia Delaunay wearing Casa Sonia creations, Madrid, c.1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sonia_Delaunay_wearing_Casa_Sonia_creations%2C_Madrid%2C_c.1920.jpg/220px-Sonia_Delaunay_wearing_Casa_Sonia_creations%2C_Madrid%2C_c.1920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matra M530A painted by Sonia Delaunay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MatraM530_SoniaDelaunay.JPG/220px-MatraM530_SoniaDelaunay.JPG"},{"image_text":"Plaque at 16 rue Saint-Simon where the Delaunays lived and where Sonia died","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Plaque_Sonia_et_Robert_Delaunay%2C_16_rue_de_Saint-Simon%2C_Paris_7.jpg/220px-Plaque_Sonia_et_Robert_Delaunay%2C_16_rue_de_Saint-Simon%2C_Paris_7.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Sonia, Delaunay (January 1989). Sonia Delaunay patterns and designs in full color. New York. ISBN 0486259757. OCLC 18907745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486259757","url_text":"0486259757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18907745","url_text":"18907745"}]},{"reference":"Gronberg, Tag (2003), Bernheim, Nele (ed.), \"Delaunay, Sonia\", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370035, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4, retrieved 5 November 2023","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/documentID/oao-9781884446054-e-90000370035","url_text":"\"Delaunay, Sonia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foao%2F9781884446054.013.90000370035","url_text":"10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.90000370035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4","url_text":"978-1-884446-05-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaunay-Terk, Sonia\". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 31 October 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00048591. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00048591","url_text":"Benezit Dictionary of Artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.b00048591","url_text":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00048591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977378-7","url_text":"978-0-19-977378-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Delaunay Terk, Sonia (Russian painter, textile designer, 1885-1979, active in France)\". Getty Research Union List of Artist Names. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://vocab.getty.edu/page/ulan/500115510","url_text":"\"Delaunay Terk, Sonia (Russian painter, textile designer, 1885-1979, active in France)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonia Delaunay (1885–1979)\". Ukrainian Jewish Encounter. 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/sonia-delaunay-1885-1979","url_text":"\"Sonia Delaunay (1885–1979)\""}]},{"reference":"Julio, Maryann De (13 December 1999). \"Sonia Delaunay\". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/delaunay-sonia","url_text":"\"Sonia Delaunay\""}]},{"reference":"Madsen, Axel. (2015). Sonia delaunay : artist of the lost generation. [Place of publication not identified]: Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-0872-3. OCLC 908991085.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-0872-3","url_text":"978-1-5040-0872-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908991085","url_text":"908991085"}]},{"reference":"admin (21 February 2018). \"Uhde, Willy\". Stein, Gertrude. The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. New York: Harcourt & Brace, 1933; Uhde, Wilhelm. Von Bismarck bis Picasso: Erinnerungen und Bekenntnisse. Zürich: Verlag Oprecht, 1938; Kultermann, Udo. The History of Art History. New York: Abaris, 1993, p. 133; Kraus, Rosalind. The Picasso Papers. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998, pp. 12, 98-99; Madsen, Axel. Sonia Delaunay: Artist of the Lost Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp. 74-89; Thiel, H. \"Wilhelm Uhde: Ein offener und engagierter Marchand-Amateur in Paris vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.\"in, Junge-Gent, Henrike, ed. Avantgarde und Publikum, Cologne: Böhlau, 1992, pp. 307-20. Retrieved 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://arthistorians.info/uhdew","url_text":"\"Uhde, Willy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masters of Photography: Lothar Wolleh\". www.masters-of-photography.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masters-of-photography.com/W/wolleh/wolleh_delaunay_full.html","url_text":"\"Masters of Photography: Lothar Wolleh\""}]},{"reference":"Great women artists. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 118. ISBN 978-0714878775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press","url_text":"Phaidon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714878775","url_text":"978-0714878775"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonia Delaunay – Le service Sonia au quotidien\". Maison Française (386/Avril 1985): 37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Delaunay, Sonia. (20 October 2015). Sonia Delaunay. Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris., Tate Modern (Gallery) (English ed.). London. pp. 272, 273. ISBN 978-1-84976-317-2. OCLC 894842561.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84976-317-2","url_text":"978-1-84976-317-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894842561","url_text":"894842561"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (4 May 1984). \"The Mannish Look Takes Over\". The New York Times. p. B8. Retrieved 4 January 2022. Perry Ellis dedicated a large portion of his collection to Sonia Delaunay...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/04/style/the-mannish-look-takes-over.html","url_text":"\"The Mannish Look Takes Over\""}]},{"reference":"Mellow, James R. (27 January 1974). \"After Her Husband Died She Came Into Her Own\". nytimes.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/27/archives/after-her-husband-died-she-came-into-her-own-sonias-art.html","url_text":"\"After Her Husband Died She Came Into Her Own\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytimes.com","url_text":"nytimes.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dada is Dada – Bildmuseet, Umeå\". www.bildmuseet.umu.se. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171224064353/http://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574","url_text":"\"Dada is Dada – Bildmuseet, Umeå\""},{"url":"http://www.bildmuseet.umu.se/en/exhibition/dada-aer-dada/30574","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay: The Life of an Artist. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3222-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soniadelaunay00baro","url_text":"Sonia Delaunay: The Life of an Artist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3222-9","url_text":"0-8109-3222-9"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Stanley; Damase, Jacques (1995). Sonia Delaunay : the life of an artist. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23703-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23703-4","url_text":"0-500-23703-4"}]},{"reference":"Delaunay, Robert; Delaunay, Sonia (1978). Arthur A. Cohen (ed.). The New Art of Color. The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-50636-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_A._Cohen","url_text":"Arthur A. Cohen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newartofcolor00robe","url_text":"The New Art of Color"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-50636-2","url_text":"0-670-50636-2"}]},{"reference":"Düchting, Hajo (1995). Delaunay. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-9191-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen","url_text":"Taschen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-9191-6","url_text":"3-8228-9191-6"}]},{"reference":"Grosenick, Uta (2001). Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-5854-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womenartistsin200000unse","url_text":"Women Artists in the 20th and 21st Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-5854-4","url_text":"3-8228-5854-4"}]},{"reference":"Robert Delaunay - Sonia Delaunay: Das Centre Pompidou zu Gast in Hamburg. Hamburger Kunsthalle. 1999. ISBN 3-7701-5216-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-5216-6","url_text":"3-7701-5216-6"}]},{"reference":"Delaunay, Sonia; Morano, Elizabeth; Vreeland, Diana (1986). Sonia Delaunay: art into fashion. G. Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1112-3.","urls":[{"url_text":"Delaunay, Sonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Morano&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Morano, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Vreeland","url_text":"Vreeland, Diana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8076-1112-3","url_text":"0-8076-1112-3"}]},{"reference":"Chadwick, Whitney; True Latimer, Tirza (2003). The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3292-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p3Du-PlmugEC&pg=PA109","url_text":"The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3292-9","url_text":"978-0-8135-3292-9"}]},{"reference":"Delaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1966). Rythmes-Couleurs. Galerie Motte. OCLC 460063028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460063028","url_text":"460063028"}]},{"reference":"Damase, Jacques (1991). Sonia Delaunay, mode et tissus imprimés. Jacques Damase. ISBN 978-2-904632-34-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-904632-34-1","url_text":"978-2-904632-34-1"}]},{"reference":"Delaunay, Sonia; Damase, Jacques (1978). Nous irons jusqu'au soleil. Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-00063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-00063-2","url_text":"978-2-221-00063-2"}]},{"reference":"d'Orgeval, Domitille (7 November 2003). \"L'histoire du Salon des réalités nouvelles de 1946 à 1956\" (PDF). Le Journal des Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085234/http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/pdf/RN46-56-par-d-orgeval.pdf","url_text":"\"L'histoire du Salon des réalités nouvelles de 1946 à 1956\""},{"url":"http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/pdf/RN46-56-par-d-orgeval.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert et Sonia Delaunay, Donation Sonia et Charles Delaunay\" (PDF). Centre Pompidou. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215042521/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/pompidou/Communication.nsf/Docs/ID6FEE17B46CCB8DF2C1256DAD004768C0/$File/cp%20Delaunay%20anglais.pdf","url_text":"\"Robert et Sonia Delaunay, Donation Sonia et Charles Delaunay\""},{"url":"http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/ID6FEE17B46CCB8DF2C1256DAD004768C0/$File/cp%20Delaunay%20anglais.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seidner, David (1982). \"Sonia Delaunay: interview, Spring 1978, Paris\". BOMB Magazine. No. 2/Winter 1982. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seidner","url_text":"Seidner, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218223946/http://bombmagazine.org/article/60/","url_text":"\"Sonia Delaunay: interview, Spring 1978, Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOMB_Magazine","url_text":"BOMB Magazine"},{"url":"http://bombmagazine.org/article/60/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slevin, Tom (2010). \"Sonia Delaunay's Robe Simultanée: Modernity, Fashion and Transmediality\". Fashion Theory. 17 (1): 27–54. doi:10.2752/175174113X13502904240695. S2CID 191341807.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2752/175174113X13502904240695","url_text":"\"Sonia Delaunay's Robe Simultanée: Modernity, Fashion and Transmediality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13502904240695","url_text":"10.2752/175174113X13502904240695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191341807","url_text":"191341807"}]},{"reference":"Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica. \"Sonia Delaunay: Carte\". arskey (in Italian). teknemedia. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_per_la_Grafica","url_text":"Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731233608/http://www.teknemedia.net/pagine-gialle/artisti/sonia_delaunay/dettaglio-mostra/36744.html","url_text":"\"Sonia Delaunay: Carte\""},{"url":"http://www.teknemedia.net/pagine-gialle/artisti/sonia_delaunay/dettaglio-mostra/36744.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokido

Tokido

["1 Career","2 Legacy","3 Achievements","4 References"]

Japanese computer games player TokidoTokido in 2018Current teamTeamRohto ZiGameStreet Fighter 6Personal informationNameHajime TaniguchiNickname(s)MurderfaceBorn (1985-07-07) 7 July 1985 (age 38)Okinawa, JapanNationalityJapaneseCareer informationGamesKing of FightersStreet FighterPlaying career2011–presentTeam history2011The Traveling Circus2011–2016Mad Catz2017–2019Echo Fox2019–presentRohto Zi Career highlights and awards 3× EVO champion (2002, 2007, 2017) 2× SBO champion (2003, 2005) Hajime Taniguchi (Japanese: 谷口 一, Hepburn: Taniguchi Hajime, born 7 July 1985), better known as Tokido, is a Japanese fighting game player who plays the King of Fighters and Street Fighter franchises. He is known for playing multiple fighting games on a competitive level in addition to Street Fighter, including Tekken, Marvel vs Capcom 3, and BlazBlue. Tokido is a three-time EVO champion, having won Capcom vs. SNK 2 in 2002 as well as winning Super Street Fighter II Turbo in 2007 and Street Fighter V ten years later. Tokido has had 19+ Evolution top 8 finishes in 9 different games across 15 years, a feat surpassed only by Justin Wong. Career Tokido was introduced to fighting games in the 1990s, when he played The King of Fighters '94 on the Neo Geo MVS. The first Street Fighter game Tokido came in contact with was Street Fighter 2 on the Super Famicom. At CEO 2011 he took 1st place in Super Street Fighter 4 and Marvel vs Capcom 3 and took 3rd place in Tekken 6. Sponsored by Madcatz, Tokido was a highly successful King of Fighters XIII player in 2014. Tokido got into Street Fighter IV late compared to other high-level players. When he did, teammate Daigo Umehara suggested he pick the character Akuma, as a character like Ryu would be too difficult for him. Playing as Akuma, Tokido invented the "Tokido Vortex", a sequence of moves that nearly guarantees an opponent character will take damage. A few months before Street Fighter V was released in February 2016, Tokido expressed a desire to make a change in his playstyle. Playing with a "more fundamental, grounded style" did not work out well at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show tournament, but he did win the 2015 Canada Cup a month later. The change in style prepared Tokido to use Ryu in Street Fighter V, as the game did not include Akuma at that point. Tokido reached second place multiple times during the 2016 Capcom Pro Tour, losing only to Infiltration at Final Round 19 and NorCal Regionals 2016. Tokido would eventually defeat Infiltration at the 2016 Community Effort Orlando in order to qualify for the Capcom Cup. Tokido was released from Mad Catz in 2016, as the company was having financial trouble due to the poor sales of Rock Band 4. On January 4, 2017, it was confirmed that Echo Fox had picked up Tokido. After his signature character Akuma was released for Street Fighter V, Tokido would go on to win the game's tournament at Evo 2017. Legacy In 2016, a Yahoo Esports article described Tokido as a "fighting game legend," as a veteran of numerous battles spanning over a decade. Tokido is considered to be one of Japan's five "fighting game gods", a title he shares with Daigo Umehara, Shinya Onuki, Tatsuya Haitani, and Naoto Sako. Tokido is known for taking on a somewhat eccentric persona on stage. Footage exists of Tokido imitating some of Akuma's taunts, and trash-talking his opponent Bonchan shortly before a tournament in 2015 became highly discussed among the fighting game community. In 2015, Tokido stated that he is meaning to leave such behavior behind him because, as a professional gamer, he wants "to show that entertainment in game, not out of it." Achievements Year Tournament Game Place Character Note 2018 CAPCOM PRO TOUR RANKING (as of December 16) 1st Capcom Cup 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 17th Akuma Red Bull Conquest Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma Canada Cup 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma SEA Major 2018 Asia Regional Finals Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma Premier Tournament Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma Tokyo Game Show 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma TWFighter Major 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma Evo 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma ELEAGUE 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Battle Arena Melbourne 10 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma NorCal Regionals 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Thaiger Uppercut 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma RAGE Byakko Cup 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Final Round 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma Evo Japan 2018 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 4th Akuma 2017 CAPCOM PRO TOUR YEAR-END RANKING 2nd Capcom Cup 2017 Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 2nd Akuma SEA Major 2017 Asia Regional Finals Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Last Chance Qualifier Street Fighter V Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Tokyo Game Show 2017 Street Fighter V 2nd Akuma The Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 Street Fighter V 1st Akuma LAN Story Cup 2017 Street Fighter V 2nd Akuma Ze 2017 Street Fighter V 1st Akuma U-League 4 Street Fighter V 2nd Akuma Evo 2017 Street Fighter V 1st Akuma Saigon Cup 2017 Street Fighter V 3rd Akuma Battle Arena Melbourne 9 Street Fighter V 4th Akuma Ultimate Fighting Arena 2017 Street Fighter V 4th Akuma Topanga League 6 Street Fighter V 4th Akuma 2016 CAPCOM PRO TOUR YEAR-END RANKING 2nd Red Bull Battlegrounds 2016 NA Regional Finals Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu Last Chance Qualifier Street Fighter V 1st Ryu Asia-Oceania Two Street Fighter V 4th Ryu SEA Major 2016 Street Fighter V 1st Ryu The Brooklyn Beatdown Street Fighter V 3rd Ryu Never Give Up 2016 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu AbemaTV Cup 2016 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu Rage Vol. 2 Street Fighter V 3rd Ryu Community Effort Orlando 2016 Street Fighter V 1st Ryu DreamHack Summer 2016 Street Fighter V 3rd Ryu TWFighter Major 2016 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu Stunfest 2016 Street Fighter V 3rd Ryu Red Bull Kumite 2016 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu NorCal Regionals 2016 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu Final Round 19 Street Fighter V 2nd Ryu 2015 CAPCOM PRO TOUR YEAR-END RANKING 7th Canada Cup 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 1st Akuma Asia Shanghai Qualifier 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 3rd Akuma Sino Duel 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 3rd Akuma SEA Major 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 2nd Akuma FFM-Rumble 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 4th Akuma KVO 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 3rd Akuma Stunfest 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 4th Akuma Hypespotting 4 Ultra Street Fighter IV 2nd Akuma The King of Fighters XIII 1st EX- Duo Lon/Iori/Chin Red Bull Kumite 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 2nd Akuma SXSW Fighters Invitational 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV 4th Akuma 2014 CAPCOM PRO TOUR YEAR-END RANKING 26th Taito Arcade Nationals 2014 Ultra Street Fighter IV (3-on-3) 2nd Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Yang),Daigo (Evil Ryu) Evo 2014 The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Iori/Mr.Karate/Chin Topanga Charity Cup 4 Ultra Street Fighter IV (5-on-5) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Sako (Ibuki),Fuudo (Fei Long),Kazunoko (Yun),Bonchan (Sagat) SEA Major 2014 Ultra Street Fighter IV 4th Akuma Northwest Majors 2014 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 1st Akuma The King of Fighters XIII 1st EX- Iori/Mr.Karate/Kim Super Street Fighter IV CR Edition Commemoration Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 1st Akuma Café ID Global Tournament 2014 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 2nd Akuma 2013 Topanga League 3B Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 4th Akuma Shadowloo Showdown 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 4th Nova/Spencer/Dr.Strange The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Iori/Mr.Karate/Kim Canada Cup 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (5-on-5) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Bonchan (Sagat),Fuudo (Fei Long),Kazunoko (Yun) Street Fighter X Tekken 1st Chun-Li/Nina Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 4th Nova/Dr.Strange/Spencer Tekken Tag Tournament 2 3rd Eddy, Lars The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Iori/Mr.Karate/Kim Evo 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 2nd Akuma The King of Fighters XIII 4th EX- Iori/Mr.Karate/Kim Topanga Charity Cup 3 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (5-on-5) 2nd Tokido (Akuma),Jyobin (Ryu),Nyanshi (Sagat),Mago (Fei Long),Daigo (Ryu) SEA Major 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 4th Akuma Street Fighter X Tekken 1st Dhalsim/Nina, Cammy/Nina Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 3rd Nova/Dr.Strange/Spencer The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Mr.Karate/Chin/Kim Persona 4 Arena 2nd Mitsuru April Duels 2 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 3rd Akuma Street Fighter X Tekken 1st Dhalsim/Nina, Cammy/Nina Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 3rd Magneto/Dr.Doom/Vergil The King of Fighters XIII 1st EX- Mr.Karate/Kim/Hwa World Game Cup 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 1st Akuma Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (5-on-5) 3rd Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Itabashi Zangief (Zangief),Hameko21 (Rufus),Kamichang (Rose) Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 1st Chun-Li The King of Fighters XIII 2nd Mr.Karate/Chin/Hwa K.O. Fighting Game Festival 2013 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Daigo Umehara (Ryu),Mago (Fei Long) Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 2nd Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix Da Ultimate Crushing 2K13 X GodsGarden Europe Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 1st Akuma Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 1st Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix|Vergil Tekken Tag Tournament 2 1st Eddy, Lars The King of Fighters XIII 1st EX- Mr.Karate/Hwa/Iori Dead or Alive 2nd Jann Lee TOPANGA Z League 2013 Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 2nd Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix 2012 Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Global Tournament Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 4th Akuma Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 2nd Chun-Li Street Fighter X Tekken 2nd Dhalsim, Cody Canada Cup 2012 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (5-on-5) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Fuudo (Fei Long),Bonchan (Sagat),Kazunoko (Yun),Mago (Adon) Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 3rd Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix Tekken Tag Tournament 2 4th Lars, Bruce The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Kim/Hwa/Iori Dead or Alive 5 1st Jann Lee, Kokoro, Hitomi Persona 4 Arena 1st Mitsuru Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Official National Tournament Street Fighter X Tekken 1st Dhalsim, Cody Brazil Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 2nd Akuma Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 1st Chun-Li Super Street Fighter II Turbo 1st Vega Street Fighter X Tekken 1st Dhalsim, Cody Evo 2012 Street Fighter X Tekken (2-on-2) 3rd Tokido (Chun-Li),Fuudo (Ryu) Shadowloo Showdown 2012 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 4th Akuma Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 2nd Chun-Li Street Fighter X Tekken 4th Ken, Rufus The King of Fighters XIII 2nd EX- Mr.Karate/Kyo/Iori Soul Calibur V 1st Viola Topanga Charity Cup 2 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition v2012 (5-on-5) 4th Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Bonchan (Sagat),Fuudo (Fei Long),Daigo (Ryu) World Game Cup 2012 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Fuudo (Fei Long),Mago (Sagat) Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (5-on-5) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Fuudo (Fei Long),Mago (Adon),RF (Sagat),Bas (Cammy), Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 3rd Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 (2-on-2) 2nd Tokido (Magneto/Dr.Doom/Phoenix),Mago (Wesker/Magneto/Vergil),Fuudo (Zero/Morrigan/Vergil) Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 1st Chun Li Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (2-on-2) 1st Tokido (Chun Li),Fuudo (Ken) BlazBlue: Continuum Shift Extend 1st Arakune 2011 Canada Cup 2011 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 4th Akuma Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (5-on-5) 3rd Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Bonchan (Sagat),Neurosis (Bison),Momochi (Cody) Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix 3rd Akuma Marvel vs Capcom 3 3rd Wolverine, Sentinel, Phoenix BlazBlue: Continuum Shift 1st Season's Beatings Velocity Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 4th Akuma Nagoya Street Battle X MadCatz Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (3-on-3) 1st Tokido,Daigo,Mago Nagoya Street Battle 30 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Daigo (Yun),Mago (Fei Long) GodsGarden #4 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 4th Akuma Evo 2011 BlazBlue: Continuum Shift II 3rd Noel Shadowloo Showdown 2011 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 4th Akuma Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),GamerBee (Adon) Marvel vs Capcom 3 1st Wolverine, Sentinel, Phoenix Tekken 6 1st Community Effort Orlando 2011 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Marvel vs Capcom 3 1st Wolverine, Sentinel, Phoenix Tekken 6 3rd Bob Stunfest 2011 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition 1st Akuma Marvel vs Capcom 3 1st Phoenix, Sentinel, Wolverine BlazBlue: Continuum Shift 1st Litchi Faye-Ling Topanga Charity Cup 1 Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition (5-on-5) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Nyanshi (Sagat),Bonchan (Sagat),Daigo (Yun) Final Round XIV Super Street Fighter IV 2nd Tokido (Akuma) Super Street Fighter IV (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Akuma),Ricky Ortiz (Rufus),Justin Wong Marvel vs Capcom 3 (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Wolverine/Akuma/Sentinel),Justin Wong (She-Hulk/Amaterasu/Tron Bonne),Ricky Ortiz (Trish/Chun-Li/Phoenix) Beat By Contest 2011 Super Street Fighter IV 1st Akuma 2010 Shadowloo Showdown 2010 Super Street Fighter IV 2nd Akuma SoCal Regionals 2010 Super Street Fighter IV 3rd Akuma, Fei Long Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 1st Chun-Li BlazBlue: Continuum Shift 1st Bang Nagoya Street Battle 17 Super Street Fighter IV (3-on-3) 3rd Tokido (Akuma, Honda),Kindevu (Cammy),Eita (Akuma, Adon) Super Battle Opera 2010 Street Fighter IV (3-on-3) 3rd Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Sagat),Nemo (Chun-Li) Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (3-on-3) 3rd Tokido (Chun-Li),Ochibi (Yun),Kenzo (Yang) Nagoya Street Battle 15 Super Street Fighter IV (3 on 3) 2nd Tokido (Akuma),Mago (Fei Long),Daigo (Ryu) Stunfest 2010 Super Street Fighter IV 3rd Akuma Super Street Fighter IV (2 on 2) 2nd Tokido (Akuma),Jims (Ken) Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 2nd Chun-Li Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (3-on-3) 1st Tokido (Chun-Li),Otana (Urien),Valentin (Necro) Super Street Fighter II Turbo 2nd Vega Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix (2-on-2) 1st Tokido (Vega),NKI (Chun-Li) Capcom vs. SNK 2 1st A- Sakura/Bison/Blanka BlazBlue: Continuum Shift (2-on-2) 1st Tokido (Litchi Faye-Ling),Karim (Lambda 11) GodsGarden #2 Street Fighter IV 1st Akuma 2009 Super Battle Opera 2009 Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (2-on-2) 2nd Tokido (Chun-Li),KO (Yun) 2008 Evo 2008 Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 4th Chun-Li, Urien Super Street Fighter II Turbo 4th Vega 2007 Evo 2007 Super Street Fighter II Turbo 1st Vega Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike 2nd Chun Li, Urien Virtua Fighter 5 4th Pai 2006 Evo 2006 Hyper Street Fighter II 3rd CE-Bison Super Battle Opera 2006 Samurai Shodown VI (2-on-2) 3rd Tokido (Mina),Reoth (Iroha) 2005 Evo 2005 Super Street Fighter II Turbo 3rd Vega Super Battle Opera 2005 Capcom Fighting Jam (2-on-2) 1st Tokido (Jedah/Urien),Mago (Karin/Anakaris) 2004 Super Battle Opera 2004 Capcom vs. SNK 2 (3-on-3) 3rd Tokido (N- Vega/Sagat/Blanka),Nuki (N- Akuma/Chun-Li/Sagat),Inoue (K- Sagat/Cammy/Blanka) 2003 Super Battle Opera 2003 Capcom vs. SNK 2 1st A- Sakura/Bison/Blanka 2002 Evo 2002 Capcom vs. SNK 2 1st N- Honda/Blanka/Sagat References ^ a b Khan, Imad (August 24, 2017). "Creating a champion: How a father's trip abroad led Tokido to the top". ESPN. Retrieved May 2, 2021. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (17 July 2017). "Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2017-07-17. ^ "Player". ^ Rosen, Daniel. "Echo Fox sign Tokido, Momochi, Justin Wong, ChocoBlanka, Sonic Fox, Scar and MK Leo". The Score eSports. Retrieved 2017-01-05. ^ ""Evolution of a Champion" compilation follows Tokido's path from Capcom vs. SNK 2 to Street Fighter V at Evo". ^ a b c Martin, Michael (2015-10-08). "Casuals: Tokido, Looking Beyond the Raging Demon". Red Bull. ^ a b "CEO 2011 results". Event Hubs. 12 June 2011. ^ a b "CEO 2011 Results". Shoryuken. 12 June 2011. ^ Baseel, Casey (2014-05-03). "Japanese gamers dominate tournament, win back portion of money they've pumped into arcades". RocketNews24. ^ Fahey, Mike (2014-07-13). "I Really Wanted The Other Guy To Win EVO's King Of Fighters Tournament". Kotaku Australia. ^ a b Martin, Michael (2016-07-01). "Tokido's transformation: How a style change helped him win CEO 2016". Yahoo Esports. ^ Steiner, Dustin (2016-06-27). "The Immortal Defeated at CEO: Tokido Takes his Crown". PVP Live. ^ Lazaro, Gab. "Mago and Tokido No Longer with Team Mad Catz". Esports Inquirer. Retrieved 2016-10-31. ^ Martin, Michael. "Echo Fox signs Justin Wong, Momochi, Tokido, Sonic Fox, and MKLeo in stunning FGC move". Yahoo eSports. Retrieved 2016-01-04. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (2017-07-17). "Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2017-07-20. ^ Nordmark, Sam. "All of Japan's 'Five Gods' of fighting games will attend EVO 2k14". GameSpot. Retrieved 2016-10-31. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2018 Season Ranking". Capcom Pro Tour. 9 September 2018. ^ a b "SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2017 Brackets". Challonge. 15 October 2017. ^ "Capcom Cup 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. December 2018. ^ "Red Bull Conquest early results, streams ft Tokido, NuckleDu, Justin Wong, Nemo, MenaRD, Phenom, Punk, Smug, GamerBee, Idom, Itazan, CJ Truth and more". Event Hubs. 18 November 2018. ^ "Red Bull Conquest Open Premier Brackets". Smash.gg. 18 November 2018. ^ "Canada Cup 2018 early results, streams ft. SonicFox, Tokido, Hungrybox, Fujimura, NuckleDu, Daigo, Leffen, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Kazunoko, Nemo and more". Event Hubs. 29 October 2018. ^ "Canada Cup 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. 29 October 2018. ^ a b "SEA Major 2018 - Asia Regional Final Results: Japan's Gachikun wins Finals and United Arab Emirates' NASR Big Bird wins Open Event!". Capcom Pro Tour. 14 October 2018. ^ "SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2018 Brackets". Challonge. 14 October 2018. ^ "SEA Major 2018 early results, streams ft Tokido, SonicFox, Problem X, Kazunoko, Qudans, Sako, Fuudo, Kkokkoma, Dogura, Jeondding, OilKing, NL and more". Event Hubs. 14 October 2018. ^ "Tokyo Game Show 2018 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido wins 2nd Premier of the Season!". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 September 2018. ^ "Tokyo Game Show 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. 22 September 2018. ^ "TWFighter Major 2018 Results: Japan's FAV Sako takes 1st Place!". Capcom Pro Tour. 19 August 2018. ^ "TWFighter Major 2018 SFV Brackets". Challonge. 19 August 2018. ^ "Evolution Championship Series 2018 Results: United Kingdom's MOUSESPORTS Problem X is EVO 2018 Champion!". Capcom Pro Tour. 6 August 2018. ^ "Evo 2018 brackets". Smasg.gg. August 2018. ^ "ELEAGUE SFV Invitational Brackets". ELEAGUE. 13 July 2018. ^ "ELEAGUE Street Fighter 5 Invitational 2018 results". Event Hubs. 31 May 2018. ^ "BAM 10 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido Wins 3rd Event of the Season!". Capcom Pro Tour. 20 May 2017. ^ "Battle Arena Melbourne 10 Brackets". Smash.gg. 20 May 2018. ^ "NorCal Regionals 2018 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, JDCR, MenaRD, Punk". Event Hubs. 1 April 2018. ^ "Norcal Regionals 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. April 2018. ^ "Thaiger Uppercut 2018 results ft. Tokido, Qudans, Knee, Momochi, Dogura". Event Hubs. 25 March 2018. ^ "TGU 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. 25 March 2018. ^ "Here's a peek at the special Akuma color that Tokido won for Street Fighter V at RAGE's Byakko Cup". Event Hubs. 31 August 2018. ^ "Final Round 2018 Results: Korea's PG Infiltration Wins Season's First Premier Event!". Capcom Pro Tour. 18 March 2018. ^ "Final Round 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. March 2018. ^ "EVO Japan 2018 results". Event Hubs. 28 January 2018. ^ "Evo Japan 2018 Brackets". Smash.gg. January 2018. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2017 Season Ranking". Capcom Pro Tour. 2017. ^ "Capcom Cup 2017 Results: RISE MenaRD from the Dominican Republic is Capcom Cup Champion!". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 December 2017. ^ "Capcom Cup 2017 Brackets". Smash.gg. December 2017. ^ a b "Asia/Oceania Regional Finals: South East Asia Major 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido takes 1st Place! Update: Highlights!". Capcom Pro Tour. 15 October 2017. ^ "SEAM Last Chance Qualifier 2017 Brackets". Challonge. 15 October 2017. ^ "Street Fighter 5 Shoryuken Tournament at TGS 2017 results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Nemo, Xian". Event Hubs. 24 September 2017. ^ "SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Shoryuken Tournament TGS - SF5 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 24 September 2017. ^ "Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 results ft Punk, Tokido, NuckleDu, Daigo". Event Hubs. 17 September 2017. ^ "The Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 Brackets". Smash.gg. 17 September 2017. ^ "LAN Story Cup results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Xian, Nemo". Event Hubs. 27 August 2017. ^ "LAN Story Cup results". Shoryuken. 28 August 2017. ^ "SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Ze 2017 - SF5 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 13 August 2017. ^ "SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - U League 4 - SF5 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 4 August 2017. ^ "EVOLUTION CHAMPIONSHIP SERIES (EVO) 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido is the 2017 EVO Champion! Update: Highlights!". Capcom Pro Tour. 15 July 2017. ^ "Evo 2017 Brackets". Smash.gg. June 2017. ^ "Saigon Cup 2017 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins 3 Events in a Row!". Capcom Pro Tour. 21 May 2017. ^ "Saigon Cup 2017 Brackets". Challonge. 21 May 2017. ^ "BAM 9 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins! Update: Highlights!". Capcom Pro Tour. 14 May 2017. ^ "Battle Arena Melbourne 9 Brackets". Smash.gg. 14 May 2017. ^ "Ultimate Fighting Arena Results: Japan's GRPT Haitani Wins! Update: Event Highlights!". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 April 2017. ^ "Ultimate Fighting Arena 2017 Brackets". World Gaming Federation. 10 April 2017. ^ "Daigo eliminated from Topanga League with record of 0-6, attempts EVO Moment 37-esque parry against Go1". Event Hubs. 14 February 2017. ^ "TOPANGA LEAGUE 6 Final Results". Shoryuken. 5 March 2017. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2016 Season Ranking". Capcom Pro Tour. 2016. ^ "PREMIER EVENT: Capcom Pro Tour North America Finals at Red Bull Battle Grounds Results - USA's Liquid NuckleDu Wins! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!". Capcom Pro Tour. 6 November 2016. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2016 regional finals Brackets". Smash.gg. 6 November 2016. ^ "ONLINE RANKING EVENT: Asia-Oceania Two Results - Japan's MOV takes 1st Place!". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 October 2016. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour Asia-Oceania Online Ranking Event #2 Results". Shoryuken. 22 October 2016. ^ "PREMIER EVENT: South East Asia Major 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido wins 2nd Premier Event! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 October 2016. ^ "South East Asia Major 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Xiao Hai, Tokido, Momochi". Event Hubs. 9 October 2016. ^ "ESL Brooklyn Beatdown results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Haitani, Xiao Hai". Event Hubs. 2 October 2016. ^ "The Brooklyn Beatdown Results". Shoryuken. 2 October 2016. ^ "RANKING EVENT: Never Give Up 2016 Results - China's PandaTV Dark Jiewa takes 1st Place!". Capcom Pro Tour. 26 September 2016. ^ "Never Give Up 2016 Brackets". Challonge. 26 September 2016. ^ "SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - AbemaTV Cup - SF5 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 5 September 2016. ^ "Rage Vol. 2 Grand Finals results ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Yukadon, Kazunoko, Eita, Nuki, Storm Kubo, Cojiro and surprise guests". Event Hubs. 1 August 2016. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Community Effort Orlando (CEO) 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido Victorious and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!". Capcom Pro Tour. 26 June 2016. ^ "CEO 2016 regional finals Brackets". Smash.gg. 27 June 2016. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Dreamhack Summer 2016 Results - Norway's BX3.TP-Link Phenom Wins and Qualifies for Capcom Cup!". Capcom Pro Tour. 19 June 2016. ^ "DreamHack Summer 2016 results feat. Momochi, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Phenom". Event Hubs. 19 June 2016. ^ "RANKING TOURNAMENT: TWFighter Major 2016 Results - Japan's Mago takes 1st Place!". Capcom Pro Tour. 11 June 2016. ^ "Taiwan Fighter Major 2016 results ft. Tokido, Mago, Kazunoko, Fuudo". Event Hubs. 11 June 2016. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2016 Results - Japan's EG Momochi takes 1st Place and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!". Capcom Pro Tour. 22 May 2016. ^ "Stunfest 2016 results ft. Daigo, Tokido, Haitani, Mago, Kazunoko". Capcom Pro Tour. 22 May 2016. ^ "Red Bull Kumite 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Daigo, Luffy". Event Hubs. 24 April 2016. ^ "Red Bull Kumite 2016 Results". Shoryuken. 24 April 2016. ^ "Premier Tournament: NorCal Regionals 2016 Results - RZR Infiltration Wins Again, No Capcom Cup Qualifier". Capcom Pro Tour. 27 March 2016. ^ "Norcal Regionals 2016 Brackets". Challonge. 27 March 2016. ^ "Premier Tournament: Final Round 19 Results - RZR Infiltration Qualifies for Capcom Cup!". Capcom Pro Tour. 20 March 2016. ^ "Final Round 19 results ft Kazunoko, Momochi, Xian, Infiltration". Event Hubs. 20 March 2016. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2015 Season Ranking". Capcom Pro Tour. 2015. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Canada Cup 2015 Results - MCZ Tokido wins an Epic Grand Finals, Nobody Qualifies for Capcom Cup". Capcom Pro Tour. 1 November 2015. ^ "Canada Cup 2015 Results". Shoryuken. 1 November 2015. ^ "RANKING TOURNAMENT: Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier Results". Capcom Pro Tour. 2 August 2015. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier results ft. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, Xiao Hai, HumanBomb, Dakou, Dark Jiewa, QQEL and more". Event Hubs. 1 August 2015. ^ "Sino Duel Results". Shoryuken. 1 August 2015. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: South East Asia Major 2015 Results". Capcom Pro Tour. 21 June 2015. ^ "South East Asia Major 2015 results ft. Daigo, Xian, Momochi, Bonchan, Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, GamerBee, Poongko, Nemo, Mago, Gackt and more". Event Hubs. 21 June 2015. ^ "RANKING TOURNAMENT: FFM-Rumble #8 Results". Capcom Pro Tour. 31 May 2015. ^ "FFM Rumble 2015 results ft. Luffy, Bonchan, Tokido, Poongko, Valmaster, FAB, Andreas, Pro Fluke, Ebi, Dark Jiewa, Halibel, RMZ, Momi and more". Event Hubs. 31 May 2015. ^ "KVO 2015 Results". Capcom Pro Tour. 4 May 2015. ^ "KVO results ft. Bonchan, Kazunoko, Tokido, Pepeday, Haitani, Itabashi Zangief, KojiKOG, Nishikin, Dogura, Kindevu, Misse, Eita, RF, Kyoku and more". Event Hubs. 4 May 2015. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2015 Results - MCZ-Daigo Umehara Wins an Epic Grand Finals". Capcom Pro Tour. 24 May 2015. ^ "Stunfest 2015 results Daigo, Momochi, Xian, Bonchan, Luffy, Ryan Hart, Infiltration, Kazunoko, GamerBee, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Poongko". Event Hubs. 24 May 2015. ^ a b "Hypespotting 4 results ft. Luffy, Xian, Tokido, Ryan Hart, Mago, Problem X, Andreas, ImStillDaDaddy, Hurricane237, Pro Fluke, Emersion and more". Event Hubs. 5 April 2015. ^ "PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Hypespotting 4 Results!". Capcom Pro Tour. 5 April 2015. ^ "Hypespotting 4 Results". Shoryuken. 5 April 2015. ^ "Red Bull Kumite results ft. Daigo, Xian, Luffy, Infiltration, Fuudo, Bonchan, Snake Eyez, Dieminion, Nemo, Ryan Hart, Tokido, Valmaster and more". Event Hubs. 28 March 2015. ^ "Red Bull Kumite Results". Shoryuken. 28 March 2015. ^ "SXSW Invitational USF4 Tournament results, stream archive feat. Daigo, Momochi, Tokido, Kazunoko, Xian, GamerBee, Snake Eyez and more". Event Hubs. 15 March 2015. ^ "SXSW Gaming Fighters Invitational Results". Shoryuken. 15 March 2015. ^ "Capcom Pro Tour 2014 Season Ranking". Capcom Pro Tour. 2015. ^ "Japan Ultra Street Fighter 4 Nationals results feat. Daigo, Momochi, Bonchan, Mago, Kyabetsu, Nishikin and more". Event Hubs. 11 October 2014. ^ "EVO 2014 results feat. Daigo, Xian, Infiltration, Tokido, Justin Wong". Event Hubs. 13 July 2014. ^ "Evo 2014 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World". Shoryuken. 13 July 2014. ^ "The 4th TOPANGA Charity Cup summary". Beast Note. 6 July 2014. ^ "Topanga Charity Cup 4 - Ultra Street Fighter 4 results ft. Daigo, Sako, Tokido, Kazunoko, Bonchan, Fuudo and many others". Event Hubs. 5 July 2014. ^ "South East Asia Major 2014 Results: EG Momochi Wins". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 June 2014. ^ "South East Asia Major 2014 results, stream archive and battle logs feat. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, GamerBee, Momochi, Kazunoko, Mike Ross, Bonchan & more". Event Hubs. 22 June 2014. ^ "Weekend Tournament Wrap Up". Capcom Pro Tour. 9 May 2014. ^ "Northwest Majors VI results, stream archive and battle logs ft. Tokido, K-Brad, PR Balrog, FChamp, NuckleDu, Nemo, Abegen & more". Event Hubs. 4 May 2014. ^ "Super Street Fighter IV CR Edition Commemoration Event Results". Shoryuken. 5 April 2014. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Id Global Tournament 2014 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 5 April 2014. ^ "Café ID Global Tournament Results". Capcom Pro Tour. 4 April 2014. ^ "ID Global Tournament 2014 results, battle logs and stream archives ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, Justin Wong, Bonchan, Mago, MadKOF and more". Event Hubs. 30 March 2014. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Topanga League 3 B Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 27 October 2013. ^ "Shadowloo Showdown 2013 results and battle logs ft. Xian, Mago, Tokido, Gamerbee, Uryo, Clockw0rk, Luffy, and more". Event Hubs. 13 October 2013. ^ "Shadowloo Showdown 2013 Results". Shoryuken. 13 October 2013. ^ "Canada Cup 2013 results and battle logs ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Mago, PR Balrog, Xiao Hai, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Ricky Ortiz, ChrisG and more". Event Hubs. 29 September 2013. ^ "Canada Cup 2013 Results". Shoryuken. 29 September 2013. ^ "Evo 2013 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World". Shoryuken. Ian "iantothemax" Walker. 14 July 2013. ^ "EVO 2013 results feat. Daigo, Infiltration, ChrisG, Justin Wong, Fuudo". Event Hubs. 14 July 2013. ^ "3rd Topanga Charity Cup tournament Super Street Fighter 4: Arcade Edition v2012 final results". Event Hubs. 6 July 2017. ^ "The 3rd TOPANGA Charity Cup Results". Shoryuken. 6 July 2013. ^ "South East Asia Majors 2013 results and live stream featuring Tokido, Xian, Kazunoko, Justin Wong, Mike Ross, GamerBee and more". Event Hubs. 23 June 2013. ^ "South East Asia Major 2013 Results". Shoryuken. 22 June 2013. ^ "April Duels 2 results, battle logs and more - featuring Mago, Tokido, Xian, Justin Wong, PR Balrog, Ricky Ortiz and more". Event Hubs. 7 April 2013. ^ "April Duels II Results". Shoryuken. 7 April 2013. ^ a b "World Game Cup 2013 results, battle logs, brackets and more". Event Hubs. 3 March 2013. ^ a b c "Road to EVO 2013 International – World Game Cup 2013 Results". Shoryuken. 3 March 2013. ^ "K.O. Fighting Game Festival results, battle logs and more - featuring Daigo, Mago, Tokido, Justin Wong and Xian". Event Hubs. 9 February 2013. ^ "Kuwait Tournament K.O. Fighting Game Festival Results". Shoryuken. 9 February 2013. ^ "Da Ultimate Crushing 2K13 X GODSGARDEN EUROPE Results". Shoryuken. 27 January 2013. ^ "SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - TOPANGA Z League - MVC3 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 16 January 2013. ^ "Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Global Tournament Series Grand Finals Results". Shoryuken. 8 December 2012. ^ "Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Grand Finals results, battle logs and stream archives". Event Hubs. 8 December 2012. ^ "Canada Cup 2012 results, battle logs, stream archives and more". Event Hubs. 28 October 2012. ^ "Canada Cup 2012 Results". Shoryuken. 28 October 2012. ^ "Japan's Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament Finals Results". Shoryuken. 20 October 2012. ^ "Japan Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament results and battle logs". Event Hubs. 20 October 2012. ^ "Updated: Brazil Street Fighter 25th anniversary tournament stream - AE v2012, SFxT, SF3 3s and SSF2T HDR results and stream archive". Event Hubs. 15 October 2012. ^ "Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Brazil Qualifier Results". Shoryuken. 14 October 2012. ^ "EVO 2012 World Championships – Complete Results". Shoryuken. 6 July 2012. ^ "EVO 2012 results". Shoryuken. 9 July 2012. ^ "Shadowloo Showdown 2012 results, battle logs and notes". Event Hubs. 6 May 2012. ^ "Shadowloo Showdown 2012 Tournament Results". Shoryuken. 5 May 2012. ^ "The 2nd TOPANGA Charity Cup summary". Beast Note. 9 April 2012. ^ "Topanga Charity Cup 2 Brackets provided by Akiki (Sako's wife)". Twitpic (in Japanese). 9 April 2012. ^ a b "World Game Cup 2012 results for teams and singles - SSF4 AE v2012, UMvC3, SFxT and more". Event Hubs. 19 February 2012. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - World Game Cup 2012 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 19 February 2012. ^ a b c d "Canada Cup 2011 results & battle logs, Super Street Fighter 4 AE, Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and more". Event Hubs. 6 November 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE - Canada Cup 2011 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 6 November 2011. ^ "SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Canada Cup 2011 - UMVC3 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 6 November 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE - Season's Beatings Velocity - AE Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 16 October 2011. ^ "Nagoya Street Battle 30 (Résultats et Vidéos – 23/09/2011)". HitCombo (in French). 23 September 2011. ^ "The Best of Nagoya Street Battle 30 – Highlight Reel". Shoryuken. 28 September 2011. ^ "GodsGarden #4 results Super Street Fighter 4 AE tournament". Event Hubs. 20 August 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4:AE - GodsGarden 4 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 20 August 2011. ^ "EVO 2011 results". Event Hubs. 31 July 2011. ^ "EVO 2011 BlazBlue Continuum Shift II Top 8 Results". Shoryuken. 31 July 2011. ^ a b c "Shadowloo Showdown 2011 results, battle log and stream". Event Hubs. 26 June 2011. ^ a b c "Shadowloo Showdown 2011 Results". Shoryuken. 26 June 2011. ^ a b c "Stunfest XI, Jour 3". Team AAA (in French). 1 May 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4 - Stunfest XI - SUPER Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 29 April 2011. ^ "SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Stunfest XI - UMVC3 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 29 April 2011. ^ " Topanga Cup SSFIVAE Team 5vs5 Final". Youtube. 23 April 2011. ^ "TOPANGA Charity Cup, JP 5-on-5 AE Tournament, April 23". NeoGAF. 23 April 2011. ^ a b "Final Round XIV results, stream archive and more". Event Hubs. 13 March 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4 - Final Round XIV - SUPER Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 11 March 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4 - Beat By Contest 2011 - SUPER Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 20 February 2011. ^ "SRK data - SSF4 - Shadowloo Showdown 2010 - SUPER Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 11 December 2010. ^ "SoCal Regionals 2010 results, videos, battle logs and more". Event Hubs. 7 November 2010. ^ Nagoya Street Battle's official site (2010-09-18). "NSB17 事前エントリー". Nagoya Street Battle's official site. Retrieved 2010-09-18. ^ "Nagoya Street Battle 17 results, video, brackets and more". Event Hubs. 23 September 2010. ^ "Nagoya Street Battle 15 SSFIV results". Event Hubs. 4 July 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h "Résultats STUNFEST X". 3 Hit Combo (in French). 26 May 2010. ^ a b "STUNFEST 2010, big european tournament (special guest: Tokido)- Results and Vids". Shoryuken. 10 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Jims (KE) vs Renegad (BO) Finale". Youtube. 29 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Tokido (AK) vs Renegad (BO) Finale". Youtube. 29 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (1/2)". Youtube. 29 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (2/2)". Youtube. 29 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Super street fighter 2 X tournament : Milanea vs Tokido". Youtube. 26 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - SF2HDR - Grand Final - Alucardo(Cammy)/Cuongster(Ken) vs NKI(Chun-Li)/Tokido(Claw)". Youtube. 25 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (1/3)". Youtube. 22 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (2/3)". Youtube. 22 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (3/3)". Youtube. 22 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (1/2)". Youtube. 26 May 2010. ^ "Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (2/2)". Youtube. 26 May 2010. ^ "GodsGarden #2 results and bracket for Street Fighter 4 tourney". Event Hubs. 6 March 2010. ^ "SRK data - SF4 - GodsGarden 2 Tournament Details". Shoryuken. 6 March 2010. ^ "Updated: EVO World 2008 final results posted". Event Hubs. 8 August 2008. ^ "Evo 2008 Results Thread! (updated as they come in)". Shoryuken. 8 August 2008. ^ "EVO 2007 Super Turbo Grand Finals - Tokido vs John Choi". Youtube. 16 July 2013. ^ "Evo 2006 LIVE RESULTS". Shoryuken Forum. August 2006. ^ "Evolution 2006". Shoryuken Wiki. August 2006. vteFighting game communityNotable series Arcana Heart BlazBlue Darkstalkers Dead or Alive Dragon Ball FighterZ Fatal Fury Granblue Fantasy Versus Guilty Gear Injustice Killer Instinct King of Fighters Marvel vs. Capcom Melty Blood Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. Mortal Kombat Samurai Shodown Soulcalibur Street Fighter Super Smash Bros. Tekken Pokkén Tournament Under Night In-Birth Virtua Fighter Tournaments Canada Cup Capcom Cup Combo Breaker CEO DreamHack Evolution Championship Series Killer Instinct World Cup Super Smash Con Big House Tougeki – Super Battle Opera Notable players Adande Thorne (sWooZie) Alex Valle (Calipower) Arslan Siddique (Arslan Ash) Daigo Umehara Keita Ai (Fuudo) Bruce Hsiang (Gamerbee) Ho Kun Xian (Xian) Seon-woo Lee (Infiltration) Justin Wong (Jwong) Kat Gunn (MystikGunn) Marie-Laure Norindr (Kayane) Ryota Inoue (Kazunoko) Kenny Omega Abdulatif Alhmili (Latif) William Hjelte (Leffen) Logan Sama Maximilian Dood Michael Begum (BrolyLegs) Du Dang (Nuckle Du) Chris Gonzalez (NYChrisG) Olivier Hay (Louffy) Victor Woodley (Punk) Randy Lew (nanonoko) Ryan Hart Darryl Lewis (Snake Eyez) Dominique McLean (SonicFox) Hajime Taniguchi (Tokido) Vanessa Arteaga Xavier Woods (Austin Creed) Yusuke Momochi Industry Daisuke Ishiwatari David Sirlin Ed Boon Katsuhiro Harada Masahiro Sakurai Tomonobu Itagaki Yoshinori Ono Related articles Chinatown Fair Evo Moment #37 Fiasco versus Umehara Next Level The Lost Arcade WCG Ultimate Gamer vteEcho FoxLeague of Legends Rush Fenix Counter-Strike: Global Offensive fREAKAZOiD Fighting games Mew2King Justin Wong Tokido Management Rick Fox Jace Hall Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Academics CiNii

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan-1"},{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"King of Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Tekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken"},{"link_name":"Marvel vs Capcom 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_vs_Capcom_3"},{"link_name":"BlazBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlazBlue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Capcom_Pro_Tour-3"},{"link_name":"EVO champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Capcom vs. SNK 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_vs._SNK_2"},{"link_name":"Super Street Fighter II Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II_Turbo"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXFGC-4"},{"link_name":"Justin Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Wong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoryuken_Magazine-5"}],"text":"Hajime Taniguchi (Japanese: 谷口 一, Hepburn: Taniguchi Hajime, born 7 July 1985[1]), better known as Tokido, is a Japanese fighting game player who plays the King of Fighters and Street Fighter franchises. He is known for playing multiple fighting games on a competitive level in addition to Street Fighter, including Tekken, Marvel vs Capcom 3, and BlazBlue.[3] Tokido is a three-time EVO champion, having won Capcom vs. SNK 2 in 2002 as well as winning Super Street Fighter II Turbo in 2007 and Street Fighter V ten years later.[4] Tokido has had 19+ Evolution top 8 finishes in 9 different games across 15 years, a feat surpassed only by Justin Wong.[5]","title":"Tokido"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The King of Fighters '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_%2794"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo MVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_2"},{"link_name":"Super Famicom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Famicom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RedBull-6"},{"link_name":"Super Street Fighter 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_4"},{"link_name":"Marvel vs Capcom 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_vs_Capcom_3"},{"link_name":"Tekken 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken_6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEO2011eh-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEO2011srk-8"},{"link_name":"Madcatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madcatz"},{"link_name":"King of Fighters XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Fighters_XIII"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV"},{"link_name":"Daigo Umehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Umehara"},{"link_name":"Akuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuma_(Street_Fighter)"},{"link_name":"Ryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_(Street_Fighter)"},{"link_name":"damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RedBull-6"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_V"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Game Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show"},{"link_name":"2015 Canada Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Cup_(fighting_game_event)"},{"link_name":"Capcom Pro Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Pro_Tour"},{"link_name":"Infiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(video_gamer)"},{"link_name":"Final Round 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Round_19"},{"link_name":"NorCal Regionals 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorCal_Regionals_2016"},{"link_name":"Community Effort Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Effort_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Capcom Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Cup_2016"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahoo2016-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rock Band 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Echo Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Fox"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Evo 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_2017"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Tokido was introduced to fighting games in the 1990s, when he played The King of Fighters '94 on the Neo Geo MVS. The first Street Fighter game Tokido came in contact with was Street Fighter 2 on the Super Famicom.[6]At CEO 2011 he took 1st place in Super Street Fighter 4 and Marvel vs Capcom 3 and took 3rd place in Tekken 6.[7][8] Sponsored by Madcatz, Tokido was a highly successful King of Fighters XIII player in 2014.[9][10] Tokido got into Street Fighter IV late compared to other high-level players. When he did, teammate Daigo Umehara suggested he pick the character Akuma, as a character like Ryu would be too difficult for him. Playing as Akuma, Tokido invented the \"Tokido Vortex\", a sequence of moves that nearly guarantees an opponent character will take damage.[6]A few months before Street Fighter V was released in February 2016, Tokido expressed a desire to make a change in his playstyle. Playing with a \"more fundamental, grounded style\" did not work out well at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show tournament, but he did win the 2015 Canada Cup a month later. The change in style prepared Tokido to use Ryu in Street Fighter V, as the game did not include Akuma at that point. Tokido reached second place multiple times during the 2016 Capcom Pro Tour, losing only to Infiltration at Final Round 19 and NorCal Regionals 2016. Tokido would eventually defeat Infiltration at the 2016 Community Effort Orlando in order to qualify for the Capcom Cup.[11][12]Tokido was released from Mad Catz in 2016, as the company was having financial trouble due to the poor sales of Rock Band 4.[13] On January 4, 2017, it was confirmed that Echo Fox had picked up Tokido.[14]After his signature character Akuma was released for Street Fighter V, Tokido would go on to win the game's tournament at Evo 2017.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yahoo Esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahoo2016-11"},{"link_name":"Daigo Umehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Umehara"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona"},{"link_name":"taunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunt"},{"link_name":"trash-talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash-talk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RedBull-6"}],"text":"In 2016, a Yahoo Esports article described Tokido as a \"fighting game legend,\" as a veteran of numerous battles spanning over a decade.[11] Tokido is considered to be one of Japan's five \"fighting game gods\", a title he shares with Daigo Umehara, Shinya Onuki, Tatsuya Haitani, and Naoto Sako.[16]Tokido is known for taking on a somewhat eccentric persona on stage. Footage exists of Tokido imitating some of Akuma's taunts, and trash-talking his opponent Bonchan shortly before a tournament in 2015 became highly discussed among the fighting game community. In 2015, Tokido stated that he is meaning to leave such behavior behind him because, as a professional gamer, he wants \"to show that entertainment in game, not out of it.\"[6]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Khan, Imad (August 24, 2017). \"Creating a champion: How a father's trip abroad led Tokido to the top\". ESPN. Retrieved May 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/20444277/creating-champion-how-father-trip-abroad-led-tokido-top-fighting-game-community","url_text":"\"Creating a champion: How a father's trip abroad led Tokido to the top\""}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (17 July 2017). \"Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-17-tokido-crowned-street-fighter-5-evo-2017-champion","url_text":"\"Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"\"Player\".","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/players/tokido/","url_text":"\"Player\""}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Daniel. \"Echo Fox sign Tokido, Momochi, Justin Wong, ChocoBlanka, Sonic Fox, Scar and MK Leo\". The Score eSports. Retrieved 2017-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thescoreesports.com/smash/news/12457-echo-fox-sign-tokido-momochi-justin-wong-chocoblanka-sonic-fox-scar-and-mk-leo","url_text":"\"Echo Fox sign Tokido, Momochi, Justin Wong, ChocoBlanka, Sonic Fox, Scar and MK Leo\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Evolution of a Champion\" compilation follows Tokido's path from Capcom vs. SNK 2 to Street Fighter V at Evo\".","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2017/07/31/evolution-of-a-champion-compilation-follows-tokidos-path-from-capcom-vs-snk-2-to-street-fighter-v-at-evo/","url_text":"\"\"Evolution of a Champion\" compilation follows Tokido's path from Capcom vs. SNK 2 to Street Fighter V at Evo\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Michael (2015-10-08). \"Casuals: Tokido, Looking Beyond the Raging Demon\". Red Bull.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redbull.com/us/en/esports/stories/1331752602708/casuals-tokido-looking-beyond-the-raging-demon","url_text":"\"Casuals: Tokido, Looking Beyond the Raging Demon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH","url_text":"Red Bull"}]},{"reference":"\"CEO 2011 results\". Event Hubs. 12 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/jun/10/live-streams-results-ceo-revelations-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"CEO 2011 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEO 2011 Results\". Shoryuken. 12 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2011/06/12/ceo-2011-results/","url_text":"\"CEO 2011 Results\""}]},{"reference":"Baseel, Casey (2014-05-03). \"Japanese gamers dominate tournament, win back portion of money they've pumped into arcades\". RocketNews24.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/04/03/japanese-gamers-dominate-tournament-win-back-portion-of-money-theyve-pumped-into-arcades/","url_text":"\"Japanese gamers dominate tournament, win back portion of money they've pumped into arcades\""}]},{"reference":"Fahey, Mike (2014-07-13). \"I Really Wanted The Other Guy To Win EVO's King Of Fighters Tournament\". Kotaku Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kotaku.com.au/2014/07/i-really-wanted-the-other-guy-to-win-evos-king-of-fighters-tournament/","url_text":"\"I Really Wanted The Other Guy To Win EVO's King Of Fighters Tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku Australia"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Michael (2016-07-01). \"Tokido's transformation: How a style change helped him win CEO 2016\". Yahoo Esports.","urls":[{"url":"https://esports.yahoo.com/tokidos-transformation-style-change-helped-000000028.html","url_text":"\"Tokido's transformation: How a style change helped him win CEO 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo Esports"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Dustin (2016-06-27). \"The Immortal Defeated at CEO: Tokido Takes his Crown\". PVP Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://pvplive.net/c/the-immortal-defeated-at-ceo-tokido-takes-his-crow","url_text":"\"The Immortal Defeated at CEO: Tokido Takes his Crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVP_Live","url_text":"PVP Live"}]},{"reference":"Lazaro, Gab. \"Mago and Tokido No Longer with Team Mad Catz\". Esports Inquirer. Retrieved 2016-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://esports.inquirer.net/14747/mago-and-tokido-no-longer-with-team-mad-catz","url_text":"\"Mago and Tokido No Longer with Team Mad Catz\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Michael. \"Echo Fox signs Justin Wong, Momochi, Tokido, Sonic Fox, and MKLeo in stunning FGC move\". Yahoo eSports. Retrieved 2016-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://esports.yahoo.com/echo-fox-signs-justin-wong-momochi-tokido-sonic-fox-and-mkleo-in-stunning-fgc-move-180138360.html","url_text":"\"Echo Fox signs Justin Wong, Momochi, Tokido, Sonic Fox, and MKLeo in stunning FGC move\""}]},{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley (2017-07-17). \"Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion\". Eurogamer. Retrieved 2017-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-07-17-tokido-crowned-street-fighter-5-evo-2017-champion","url_text":"\"Tokido crowned Street Fighter 5 Evo 2017 champion\""}]},{"reference":"Nordmark, Sam. \"All of Japan's 'Five Gods' of fighting games will attend EVO 2k14\". GameSpot. Retrieved 2016-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-of-japan-s-five-gods-of-fighting-games-will-at/1100-6437688/","url_text":"\"All of Japan's 'Five Gods' of fighting games will attend EVO 2k14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2018 Season Ranking\". Capcom Pro Tour. 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/standings/?circuit=2018&list_view=&lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2018 Season Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2017 Brackets\". Challonge. 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://seam2017.challonge.com/fr/cptasiafinalstop8","url_text":"\"SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Cup 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/capcom-cup-2018-1/events/capcom-cup-2018/brackets/470665/829259","url_text":"\"Capcom Cup 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Conquest early results, streams ft Tokido, NuckleDu, Justin Wong, Nemo, MenaRD, Phenom, Punk, Smug, GamerBee, Idom, Itazan, CJ Truth and more\". Event Hubs. 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/nov/15/red-bull-conquest-live-stream-ft-tokido-nuckledu-justin-wong-nemo-menard-phenom-punk-smug-gamerbee-idom-itazan-cj-truth-coolkid93-and-more/","url_text":"\"Red Bull Conquest early results, streams ft Tokido, NuckleDu, Justin Wong, Nemo, MenaRD, Phenom, Punk, Smug, GamerBee, Idom, Itazan, CJ Truth and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Conquest Open Premier Brackets\". Smash.gg. 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/red-bull-conquest-lcq-finals-cpt-na-regional-finals/events/capcom-pro-tour-premiere-event-street-fighter-v-arcade-edition/brackets/434351","url_text":"\"Red Bull Conquest Open Premier Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2018 early results, streams ft. SonicFox, Tokido, Hungrybox, Fujimura, NuckleDu, Daigo, Leffen, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Kazunoko, Nemo and more\". Event Hubs. 29 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/oct/25/canada-cup-2018-live-stream-ft-sonicfox-tokido-hungrybox-fujimura-nuckledu-daigo-leffen-justin-wong-fuudo-kazunoko-nemo-problem-x-and-more/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2018 early results, streams ft. SonicFox, Tokido, Hungrybox, Fujimura, NuckleDu, Daigo, Leffen, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Kazunoko, Nemo and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 29 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/canada-cup-2018/events/street-fighter-v-singles/brackets/438359","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEA Major 2018 - Asia Regional Final Results: Japan's Gachikun wins Finals and United Arab Emirates' NASR Big Bird wins Open Event!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 14 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/sea-major-2018-asia-regional-final-results/","url_text":"\"SEA Major 2018 - Asia Regional Final Results: Japan's Gachikun wins Finals and United Arab Emirates' NASR Big Bird wins Open Event!\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2018 Brackets\". Challonge. 14 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beastapac.challonge.com/fr/SEAM2018CPTASIAFINALS","url_text":"\"SEAM Asia Regional Finals 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEA Major 2018 early results, streams ft Tokido, SonicFox, Problem X, Kazunoko, Qudans, Sako, Fuudo, Kkokkoma, Dogura, Jeondding, OilKing, NL and more\". Event Hubs. 14 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/oct/12/sea-major-2018-live-stream-ft-tokido-sonicfox-problem-x-kazunoko-qudans-sako-fuudo-kkokkoma-dogura-jeondding-oilking-nl-daigo-and-more/","url_text":"\"SEA Major 2018 early results, streams ft Tokido, SonicFox, Problem X, Kazunoko, Qudans, Sako, Fuudo, Kkokkoma, Dogura, Jeondding, OilKing, NL and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Game Show 2018 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido wins 2nd Premier of the Season!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/tokyo-game-show-2018-results-japans-echo-foxtokido-wins-2nd-premier-season/","url_text":"\"Tokyo Game Show 2018 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido wins 2nd Premier of the Season!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Game Show 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/capcom-pro-tour-japan-premier/events/capcom-pro-tour-japan-premier/brackets/268548","url_text":"\"Tokyo Game Show 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWFighter Major 2018 Results: Japan's FAV Sako takes 1st Place!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/twfighter-major-2018-results/","url_text":"\"TWFighter Major 2018 Results: Japan's FAV Sako takes 1st Place!\""}]},{"reference":"\"TWFighter Major 2018 SFV Brackets\". Challonge. 19 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://challonge.com/fr/TWFM2018SFVTop32","url_text":"\"TWFighter Major 2018 SFV Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution Championship Series 2018 Results: United Kingdom's MOUSESPORTS Problem X is EVO 2018 Champion!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 6 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/evolution-championship-series-2018-results/","url_text":"\"Evolution Championship Series 2018 Results: United Kingdom's MOUSESPORTS Problem X is EVO 2018 Champion!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2018 brackets\". Smasg.gg. August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/evo-2018/events/street-fighter-v-arcade-edition/brackets/329216","url_text":"\"Evo 2018 brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELEAGUE SFV Invitational Brackets\". ELEAGUE. 13 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eleague.com/street-fighter-v-2018/schedule","url_text":"\"ELEAGUE SFV Invitational Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"ELEAGUE Street Fighter 5 Invitational 2018 results\". Event Hubs. 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/may/31/eleague-street-fighter-5-invitational-2018-live-stream-ft-tokido-infiltration-punk-daigo-menard-fujimura-nuckledu-problem-x-phenom-and-more/","url_text":"\"ELEAGUE Street Fighter 5 Invitational 2018 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"BAM 10 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido Wins 3rd Event of the Season!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 20 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/bam-10-results-japans-echo-foxtokido-wins-3rd-event-season/","url_text":"\"BAM 10 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido Wins 3rd Event of the Season!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Arena Melbourne 10 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/battle-arena-melbourne-10/events/street-fighter-v-singles/brackets/259933","url_text":"\"Battle Arena Melbourne 10 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"NorCal Regionals 2018 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, JDCR, MenaRD, Punk\". Event Hubs. 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/mar/30/norcal-regionals-2018-live-stream-ft-infiltration-tokido-jdcr-menard-punk-nuckledu-qudans-john-takeuchi-go1-daigo-fuudo-chrisg-and-more/","url_text":"\"NorCal Regionals 2018 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, JDCR, MenaRD, Punk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norcal Regionals 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/norcal-regionals-2018/events/street-fighter-v-singles/brackets/228047","url_text":"\"Norcal Regionals 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thaiger Uppercut 2018 results ft. Tokido, Qudans, Knee, Momochi, Dogura\". Event Hubs. 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/mar/23/thaiger-uppercut-2018-live-stream-ft-tokido-qudans-knee-momochi-dogura-chanel-xiao-hai-bonchan-xian-lowhigh-itazan-kkokkoma-mago-and-more/","url_text":"\"Thaiger Uppercut 2018 results ft. Tokido, Qudans, Knee, Momochi, Dogura\""}]},{"reference":"\"TGU 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/tgu-2018/events/1-street-fighter-v-arcade-edition-capcom-protour/brackets/217013","url_text":"\"TGU 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's a peek at the special Akuma color that Tokido won for Street Fighter V at RAGE's Byakko Cup\". Event Hubs. 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2018/08/31/heres-a-peek-at-the-special-akuma-color-that-tokido-won-for-street-fighter-v-at-rages-byakko-cup/","url_text":"\"Here's a peek at the special Akuma color that Tokido won for Street Fighter V at RAGE's Byakko Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Round 2018 Results: Korea's PG Infiltration Wins Season's First Premier Event!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 18 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/final-round-2018-results/","url_text":"\"Final Round 2018 Results: Korea's PG Infiltration Wins Season's First Premier Event!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Round 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/final-round-2018/events/street-fighter-v-arcade-edition/brackets/220242","url_text":"\"Final Round 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO Japan 2018 results\". Event Hubs. 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2018/jan/25/evo-japan-2018-live-stream-ft-tokido-omito-jdcr-et-menard-nemo-xiao-hai-qudans-mkleo-dogura-kazunoko-tomo-saint-fenrich-tweek-and-more/","url_text":"\"EVO Japan 2018 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo Japan 2018 Brackets\". Smash.gg. January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/evojapan2018/events/street-fighter-v-1/brackets/193937","url_text":"\"Evo Japan 2018 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2017 Season Ranking\". Capcom Pro Tour. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/standings/?circuit=2017&list_view=&lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2017 Season Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Cup 2017 Results: RISE MenaRD from the Dominican Republic is Capcom Cup Champion!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/capcom-cup-2017-results/","url_text":"\"Capcom Cup 2017 Results: RISE MenaRD from the Dominican Republic is Capcom Cup Champion!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Cup 2017 Brackets\". Smash.gg. December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/capcom-cup-2017/events/street-fighter-v/brackets/180493","url_text":"\"Capcom Cup 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asia/Oceania Regional Finals: South East Asia Major 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido takes 1st Place! Update: Highlights!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/south-east-asia-major-2017-results/","url_text":"\"Asia/Oceania Regional Finals: South East Asia Major 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido takes 1st Place! Update: Highlights!\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEAM Last Chance Qualifier 2017 Brackets\". Challonge. 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://seam2017.challonge.com/fr/SFVLCQTOP16","url_text":"\"SEAM Last Chance Qualifier 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 5 Shoryuken Tournament at TGS 2017 results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Nemo, Xian\". Event Hubs. 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2017/sep/22/street-fighter-5-shoryuken-tournament-tgs-2017-live-stream-ft-tokido-nuckledu-nemo-xian-fuudo-snake-eyez-bonchan-and-gamerbee/","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 5 Shoryuken Tournament at TGS 2017 results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Nemo, Xian\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Shoryuken Tournament TGS - SF5 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/1921","url_text":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Shoryuken Tournament TGS - SF5 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 results ft Punk, Tokido, NuckleDu, Daigo\". Event Hubs. 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2017/sep/15/brooklyn-beatdown-round-2-live-stream-ft-punk-tokido-nuckledu-daigo-haitani-fuudo-xiao-hai-phenom-nemo-momochi-kazunoko-snake-eyez-and-more/","url_text":"\"Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 results ft Punk, Tokido, NuckleDu, Daigo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/the-brooklyn-beatdown-round-2/events/street-fighter-v-singles/brackets/150566","url_text":"\"The Brooklyn Beatdown Round 2 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAN Story Cup results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Xian, Nemo\". Event Hubs. 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2017/aug/24/lan-story-cup-live-stream-ft-tokido-nuckledu-xian-nemo-phenom-xiao-hai-bonchan-itabashi-zangief-and-more/","url_text":"\"LAN Story Cup results ft. Tokido, NuckleDu, Xian, Nemo\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAN Story Cup results\". Shoryuken. 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2017/08/28/lan-story-cup-results/","url_text":"\"LAN Story Cup results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Ze 2017 - SF5 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 13 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Ze%202017%20-%20SF5","url_text":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - Ze 2017 - SF5 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - U League 4 - SF5 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 4 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/U%20League%204%20-%20SF5","url_text":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - U League 4 - SF5 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVOLUTION CHAMPIONSHIP SERIES (EVO) 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido is the 2017 EVO Champion! Update: Highlights!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 15 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/evo-2017-results/","url_text":"\"EVOLUTION CHAMPIONSHIP SERIES (EVO) 2017 Results: Japan's ECHO FOX Tokido is the 2017 EVO Champion! Update: Highlights!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2017 Brackets\". Smash.gg. June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/evo-2017/events/street-fighter-v/brackets/140157","url_text":"\"Evo 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saigon Cup 2017 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins 3 Events in a Row!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/saigon-cup-2017-results/","url_text":"\"Saigon Cup 2017 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins 3 Events in a Row!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saigon Cup 2017 Brackets\". Challonge. 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://saigonfgc.challonge.com/fr/sgc17sfv_top16","url_text":"\"Saigon Cup 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"BAM 9 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins! Update: Highlights!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 14 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/bam-9-results/","url_text":"\"BAM 9 Results: Japan's RB Bonchan Wins! Update: Highlights!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Arena Melbourne 9 Brackets\". Smash.gg. 14 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/battle-arena-melbourne-9/events/street-fighter-v-singles-2/brackets/132205","url_text":"\"Battle Arena Melbourne 9 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultimate Fighting Arena Results: Japan's GRPT Haitani Wins! Update: Event Highlights!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/ultimate-fighting-arena-results/","url_text":"\"Ultimate Fighting Arena Results: Japan's GRPT Haitani Wins! Update: Event Highlights!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultimate Fighting Arena 2017 Brackets\". World Gaming Federation. 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wgf.gg/events/ultimate_fighting_arena/results/","url_text":"\"Ultimate Fighting Arena 2017 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daigo eliminated from Topanga League with record of 0-6, attempts EVO Moment 37-esque parry against Go1\". Event Hubs. 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2017/feb/12/daigo-eliminated-topanga-league-record-0-6-attempts-evo-moment-37-esque-parry-against-go1/","url_text":"\"Daigo eliminated from Topanga League with record of 0-6, attempts EVO Moment 37-esque parry against Go1\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOPANGA LEAGUE 6 Final Results\". Shoryuken. 5 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2017/03/05/topanga-league-6-results/","url_text":"\"TOPANGA LEAGUE 6 Final Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2016 Season Ranking\". Capcom Pro Tour. 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/standings/?circuit=2016&list_view=&lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2016 Season Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER EVENT: Capcom Pro Tour North America Finals at Red Bull Battle Grounds Results - USA's Liquid NuckleDu Wins! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/red-bull-battle-grounds-results-2016/","url_text":"\"PREMIER EVENT: Capcom Pro Tour North America Finals at Red Bull Battle Grounds Results - USA's Liquid NuckleDu Wins! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2016 regional finals Brackets\". Smash.gg. 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/capcom-pro-tour-north-american-finals-at-red-bull-battle/events/street-fighter-v/brackets/84103","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2016 regional finals Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"ONLINE RANKING EVENT: Asia-Oceania Two Results - Japan's MOV takes 1st Place!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/asia-oceania-two-results/","url_text":"\"ONLINE RANKING EVENT: Asia-Oceania Two Results - Japan's MOV takes 1st Place!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour Asia-Oceania Online Ranking Event #2 Results\". Shoryuken. 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2016/10/22/capcom-pro-tour-asia-oceania-online-ranking-event-2-results/","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour Asia-Oceania Online Ranking Event #2 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER EVENT: South East Asia Major 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido wins 2nd Premier Event! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 10 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-event-south-east-asia-major-2016-results/","url_text":"\"PREMIER EVENT: South East Asia Major 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido wins 2nd Premier Event! No Qualifier for Capcom Cup!\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Major 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Xiao Hai, Tokido, Momochi\". Event Hubs. 9 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/oct/07/south-east-asia-major-2016-live-stream-ft-infiltration-xiao-hai-tokido-momochi-haitani-kazunoko-daigo-mago-eita-go1-xian-yukadon-and-more/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Major 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Xiao Hai, Tokido, Momochi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESL Brooklyn Beatdown results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Haitani, Xiao Hai\". Event Hubs. 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/oct/01/esl-brooklyn-beatdown-live-stream-ft-infiltration-haitani-kazunoko-justin-wong-phenom-daigo-mago-nuckledu-xian-li-joe-ricki-ortiz-and-more/","url_text":"\"ESL Brooklyn Beatdown results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Haitani, Xiao Hai\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brooklyn Beatdown Results\". Shoryuken. 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2016/10/02/the-brooklyn-beatdown-streaming-live-from-brooklyn-new-york/","url_text":"\"The Brooklyn Beatdown Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"RANKING EVENT: Never Give Up 2016 Results - China's PandaTV Dark Jiewa takes 1st Place!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/ranking-event-never-give-2016-results-chinas-pandatvdark-jiewa-takes-1st-place/","url_text":"\"RANKING EVENT: Never Give Up 2016 Results - China's PandaTV Dark Jiewa takes 1st Place!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Never Give Up 2016 Brackets\". Challonge. 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngu2016.challonge.com/fr/sfvtop32","url_text":"\"Never Give Up 2016 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - AbemaTV Cup - SF5 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/AbemaTV%20Cup%20-%20SF5","url_text":"\"SRK data - Street Fighter 5 - AbemaTV Cup - SF5 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rage Vol. 2 Grand Finals results ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Yukadon, Kazunoko, Eita, Nuki, Storm Kubo, Cojiro and surprise guests\". Event Hubs. 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/aug/01/rage-vol-2-grand-finals-results-ft-tokido-fuudo-yukadon-kazunoko-eita-nuki-storm-kubo-cojiro-and-surprise-guests/","url_text":"\"Rage Vol. 2 Grand Finals results ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Yukadon, Kazunoko, Eita, Nuki, Storm Kubo, Cojiro and surprise guests\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Community Effort Orlando (CEO) 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido Victorious and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-community-effort-orlando-ceo-2016-results/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Community Effort Orlando (CEO) 2016 Results - Japan's Tokido Victorious and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEO 2016 regional finals Brackets\". Smash.gg. 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://smash.gg/tournament/ceo-2016/events/street-fighter-v/brackets/45243","url_text":"\"CEO 2016 regional finals Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Dreamhack Summer 2016 Results - Norway's BX3.TP-Link Phenom Wins and Qualifies for Capcom Cup!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-dreamhack-summer-2016-results-norways-bx3-tp-linkphenom-wins-qualifies-capcom-cup/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Dreamhack Summer 2016 Results - Norway's BX3.TP-Link Phenom Wins and Qualifies for Capcom Cup!\""}]},{"reference":"\"DreamHack Summer 2016 results feat. Momochi, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Phenom\". Event Hubs. 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/jun/18/dreamhack-summer-2016-live-stream-ft-momochi-tokido-fuudo-armada-mago-phenom-leffen-haitani-luffy-daigo-xian-mov-ice-popi-and-more/","url_text":"\"DreamHack Summer 2016 results feat. Momochi, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Phenom\""}]},{"reference":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: TWFighter Major 2016 Results - Japan's Mago takes 1st Place!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 11 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/ranking-tournament-twfighter-major-2016-results-japans-mago-takes-1st-place/","url_text":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: TWFighter Major 2016 Results - Japan's Mago takes 1st Place!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan Fighter Major 2016 results ft. Tokido, Mago, Kazunoko, Fuudo\". Event Hubs. 11 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/jun/09/taiwan-fighter-major-2016-live-stream-ft-tokido-mago-kazunoko-fuudo-haitani-daigo-sako-eita-go1-poongko-itazan-jiewa-dogura-mov-and-more/","url_text":"\"Taiwan Fighter Major 2016 results ft. Tokido, Mago, Kazunoko, Fuudo\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2016 Results - Japan's EG Momochi takes 1st Place and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 22 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-stunfest-2016-results/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2016 Results - Japan's EG Momochi takes 1st Place and Qualifies for Capcom Cup 2016!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest 2016 results ft. Daigo, Tokido, Haitani, Mago, Kazunoko\". Capcom Pro Tour. 22 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/may/20/stunfest-2016-live-stream-ft-tokido-haitani-mago-kazunoko-momochi-gamerbee-daigo-luffy-fuudo-problem-x-valmaster-xian-xiao-hai-and-more/","url_text":"\"Stunfest 2016 results ft. Daigo, Tokido, Haitani, Mago, Kazunoko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Kumite 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Daigo, Luffy\". Event Hubs. 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/apr/23/red-bull-kumite-2016-live-stream-ft-infiltration-tokido-daigo-luffy-xian-justin-wong-snake-eyez-kazunoko-momochi-gamerbee-bonchan-and-more/","url_text":"\"Red Bull Kumite 2016 results ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Daigo, Luffy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Kumite 2016 Results\". Shoryuken. 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2016/04/24/red-bull-kumite-2016-day-1-streaming-live-from-paris-france/","url_text":"\"Red Bull Kumite 2016 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Tournament: NorCal Regionals 2016 Results - RZR Infiltration Wins Again, No Capcom Cup Qualifier\". Capcom Pro Tour. 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-norcal-regionals-2016-results/","url_text":"\"Premier Tournament: NorCal Regionals 2016 Results - RZR Infiltration Wins Again, No Capcom Cup Qualifier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norcal Regionals 2016 Brackets\". Challonge. 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncr2016.challonge.com/fr/sf5finals","url_text":"\"Norcal Regionals 2016 Brackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Tournament: Final Round 19 Results - RZR Infiltration Qualifies for Capcom Cup!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-final-round-19-results/","url_text":"\"Premier Tournament: Final Round 19 Results - RZR Infiltration Qualifies for Capcom Cup!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Round 19 results ft Kazunoko, Momochi, Xian, Infiltration\". Event Hubs. 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2016/mar/18/final-round-19-live-stream-ft-kazunoko-momochi-xian-infiltration-tokido-sonicfox-mago-fuudo-bonchan-justin-wong-kbr-haitani-and-more/","url_text":"\"Final Round 19 results ft Kazunoko, Momochi, Xian, Infiltration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2015 Season Ranking\". Capcom Pro Tour. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/standings/?circuit=2015&list_view=&lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2015 Season Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Canada Cup 2015 Results - MCZ Tokido wins an Epic Grand Finals, Nobody Qualifies for Capcom Cup\". Capcom Pro Tour. 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-canada-cup-2015-results-mcztokido-wins-and-epic-grand-finals-nobody-qualifies-for-capcom-cup/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Canada Cup 2015 Results - MCZ Tokido wins an Epic Grand Finals, Nobody Qualifies for Capcom Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2015 Results\". Shoryuken. 1 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2015/11/01/canada-cup-2015-streaming-live-from-toronto-ontario/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2015 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier Results\". Capcom Pro Tour. 2 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/ranking-tournament-capcom-pro-tour-asia-shanghai-qualifier-results/","url_text":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier results ft. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, Xiao Hai, HumanBomb, Dakou, Dark Jiewa, QQEL and more\". Event Hubs. 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/jul/31/capcom-pro-tour-asia-shanghai-qualifier-partial-results-ft-xian-tokido-fuudo-xiao-hai-humanbomb-dakou-dark-jiewa-qqel-and-more/","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour Asia Shanghai Qualifier results ft. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, Xiao Hai, HumanBomb, Dakou, Dark Jiewa, QQEL and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sino Duel Results\". Shoryuken. 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2015/08/01/sino-duel-ultra-street-fighter-iv-invitational-streaming-live-from-shanghai-china/","url_text":"\"Sino Duel Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: South East Asia Major 2015 Results\". Capcom Pro Tour. 21 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-south-east-asia-major-2015-results/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: South East Asia Major 2015 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Major 2015 results ft. Daigo, Xian, Momochi, Bonchan, Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, GamerBee, Poongko, Nemo, Mago, Gackt and more\". Event Hubs. 21 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/jun/19/south-east-asia-major-2015-live-stream-ft-daigo-xian-momochi-bonchan-tokido-fuudo-infiltration-gamerbee-poongko-nemo-mago-gackt-and-more/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Major 2015 results ft. Daigo, Xian, Momochi, Bonchan, Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, GamerBee, Poongko, Nemo, Mago, Gackt and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: FFM-Rumble #8 Results\". Capcom Pro Tour. 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/ranking-tournament-ffm-rumble-8-results/","url_text":"\"RANKING TOURNAMENT: FFM-Rumble #8 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"FFM Rumble 2015 results ft. Luffy, Bonchan, Tokido, Poongko, Valmaster, FAB, Andreas, Pro Fluke, Ebi, Dark Jiewa, Halibel, RMZ, Momi and more\". Event Hubs. 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/may/30/ffm-rumble-2015-live-stream-ft-luffy-bonchan-tokido-poongko-valmaster-andreas-pro-fluke-ebi-dark-jiewa-halibel-rmz-momi-starnab-and-more/","url_text":"\"FFM Rumble 2015 results ft. Luffy, Bonchan, Tokido, Poongko, Valmaster, FAB, Andreas, Pro Fluke, Ebi, Dark Jiewa, Halibel, RMZ, Momi and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"KVO 2015 Results\". Capcom Pro Tour. 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/kvo-2015-results/","url_text":"\"KVO 2015 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"KVO results ft. Bonchan, Kazunoko, Tokido, Pepeday, Haitani, Itabashi Zangief, KojiKOG, Nishikin, Dogura, Kindevu, Misse, Eita, RF, Kyoku and more\". Event Hubs. 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/may/01/kvo-live-stream-ft-bonchan-kazunoko-tokido-pepeday-haitani-itabashi-zangief-kojikog-nishikin-dogura-kindevu-misse-eita-rf-kyoku-and-more/","url_text":"\"KVO results ft. Bonchan, Kazunoko, Tokido, Pepeday, Haitani, Itabashi Zangief, KojiKOG, Nishikin, Dogura, Kindevu, Misse, Eita, RF, Kyoku and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2015 Results - MCZ-Daigo Umehara Wins an Epic Grand Finals\". Capcom Pro Tour. 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-stunfest-2015-results-mczdaigo-umehara-wins-an-epic-grand-finals/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Stunfest 2015 Results - MCZ-Daigo Umehara Wins an Epic Grand Finals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest 2015 results Daigo, Momochi, Xian, Bonchan, Luffy, Ryan Hart, Infiltration, Kazunoko, GamerBee, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Poongko\". Event Hubs. 24 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/may/22/stunfest-2015-live-stream-ft-daigo-momochi-xian-bonchan-luffy-ryan-hart-kazunoko-gamerbee-tokido-fuudo-mago-poongko-valmaster-and-more/","url_text":"\"Stunfest 2015 results Daigo, Momochi, Xian, Bonchan, Luffy, Ryan Hart, Infiltration, Kazunoko, GamerBee, Tokido, Fuudo, Mago, Poongko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hypespotting 4 results ft. Luffy, Xian, Tokido, Ryan Hart, Mago, Problem X, Andreas, ImStillDaDaddy, Hurricane237, Pro Fluke, Emersion and more\". Event Hubs. 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/apr/04/hypespotting-4-live-stream-ft-luffy-xian-tokido-ryan-hart-mago-problem-x-andreas-imstilldadaddy-hurricane237-pro-fluke-emersion-and-more/","url_text":"\"Hypespotting 4 results ft. Luffy, Xian, Tokido, Ryan Hart, Mago, Problem X, Andreas, ImStillDaDaddy, Hurricane237, Pro Fluke, Emersion and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Hypespotting 4 Results!\". Capcom Pro Tour. 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/premier-tournament-hypespotting-4-results/","url_text":"\"PREMIER TOURNAMENT: Hypespotting 4 Results!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hypespotting 4 Results\". Shoryuken. 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2015/04/05/hypespotting-4-streaming-live-from-glasgow-scotland/","url_text":"\"Hypespotting 4 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Kumite results ft. Daigo, Xian, Luffy, Infiltration, Fuudo, Bonchan, Snake Eyez, Dieminion, Nemo, Ryan Hart, Tokido, Valmaster and more\". Event Hubs. 28 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/28/red-bull-kumite-live-stream-ft-daigo-xian-luffy-infiltration-fuudo-bonchan-snake-eyez-dieminion-nemo-ryan-hart-tokido-valmaster-and-more/","url_text":"\"Red Bull Kumite results ft. Daigo, Xian, Luffy, Infiltration, Fuudo, Bonchan, Snake Eyez, Dieminion, Nemo, Ryan Hart, Tokido, Valmaster and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull Kumite Results\". Shoryuken. 28 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2015/03/28/red-bull-kumite-streaming-live-from-paris-france/","url_text":"\"Red Bull Kumite Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SXSW Invitational USF4 Tournament results, stream archive feat. Daigo, Momochi, Tokido, Kazunoko, Xian, GamerBee, Snake Eyez and more\". Event Hubs. 15 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2015/mar/13/swsx-invitational-ultra-street-fighter-4-tourney-feat-daigo-momochi-tokido-kazunoko-xian-gamerbee-snake-eyez-and-more/","url_text":"\"SXSW Invitational USF4 Tournament results, stream archive feat. Daigo, Momochi, Tokido, Kazunoko, Xian, GamerBee, Snake Eyez and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"SXSW Gaming Fighters Invitational Results\". Shoryuken. 15 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2015/03/15/sxsw-gaming-fighters-invitational-streaming-live-from-austin-texas/","url_text":"\"SXSW Gaming Fighters Invitational Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2014 Season Ranking\". Capcom Pro Tour. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/standings/?circuit=2014&list_view=&lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Capcom Pro Tour 2014 Season Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Ultra Street Fighter 4 Nationals results feat. Daigo, Momochi, Bonchan, Mago, Kyabetsu, Nishikin and more\". Event Hubs. 11 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/oct/10/ultra-street-fighter-4-isshuu-sengeki-cup-taito-japan-national-finals-stream-ft-daigo-momochi-bonchan-mago-kyabetsu-nishikin-and-more/","url_text":"\"Japan Ultra Street Fighter 4 Nationals results feat. Daigo, Momochi, Bonchan, Mago, Kyabetsu, Nishikin and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2014 results feat. Daigo, Xian, Infiltration, Tokido, Justin Wong\". Event Hubs. 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/jul/11/evo-2014-live-stream-ft-daigo-xian-infiltration-tokido-justin-wong-pr-balrog-ryan-hart-chrisg-fuudo-filipino-champ-flocker-mango-and-more/","url_text":"\"EVO 2014 results feat. Daigo, Xian, Infiltration, Tokido, Justin Wong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2014 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World\". Shoryuken. 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2014/07/13/evo-2014-day-1-streaming-live-the-largest-fighting-game-tournament-in-the-world/","url_text":"\"Evo 2014 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 4th TOPANGA Charity Cup summary\". Beast Note. 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://beastnote.blogspot.com/2014/07/4th-topanga-charity-cup-summary.html","url_text":"\"The 4th TOPANGA Charity Cup summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Topanga Charity Cup 4 - Ultra Street Fighter 4 results ft. Daigo, Sako, Tokido, Kazunoko, Bonchan, Fuudo and many others\". Event Hubs. 5 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/jul/04/topanga-charity-cup-4-ultra-street-fighter-4-live-stream-ft-daigo-sako-tokido-kazunoko-bonchan-fuudo-and-many-others/","url_text":"\"Topanga Charity Cup 4 - Ultra Street Fighter 4 results ft. Daigo, Sako, Tokido, Kazunoko, Bonchan, Fuudo and many others\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Major 2014 Results: EG Momochi Wins\". Capcom Pro Tour. 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/south-east-asia-major-2014-results-eg-momochi-wins/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Major 2014 Results: EG Momochi Wins\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Major 2014 results, stream archive and battle logs feat. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, GamerBee, Momochi, Kazunoko, Mike Ross, Bonchan & more\". Event Hubs. 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/jun/20/south-east-asia-majors-2014-live-stream-ft-xian-tokido-fuudo-gamerbee-momochi-kazunoko-mike-ross-bonchan-gackt-itabashi-zangief-and-more/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Major 2014 results, stream archive and battle logs feat. Xian, Tokido, Fuudo, GamerBee, Momochi, Kazunoko, Mike Ross, Bonchan & more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weekend Tournament Wrap Up\". Capcom Pro Tour. 9 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/weekend-tournament-wrap-up/","url_text":"\"Weekend Tournament Wrap Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northwest Majors VI results, stream archive and battle logs ft. Tokido, K-Brad, PR Balrog, FChamp, NuckleDu, Nemo, Abegen & more\". Event Hubs. 4 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/may/02/northwest-majors-vi-day-1-live-stream-ft-tokido-reynald-nemo-abegen-clockw0rk-mew2king-kaneblueriver-apologyman-bokkin-and-more/","url_text":"\"Northwest Majors VI results, stream archive and battle logs ft. Tokido, K-Brad, PR Balrog, FChamp, NuckleDu, Nemo, Abegen & more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Street Fighter IV CR Edition Commemoration Event Results\". Shoryuken. 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2014/04/05/super-street-fighter-iv-cr-edition-commemoration-event-streaming-live-featuring-mczumehara-rzrfuudo-and-more/","url_text":"\"Super Street Fighter IV CR Edition Commemoration Event Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Id Global Tournament 2014 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Id%20Global%20Tournament%202014","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Id Global Tournament 2014 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Café ID Global Tournament Results\". Capcom Pro Tour. 4 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://capcomprotour.com/cafe-id-global-tournament-results/","url_text":"\"Café ID Global Tournament Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"ID Global Tournament 2014 results, battle logs and stream archives ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, Justin Wong, Bonchan, Mago, MadKOF and more\". Event Hubs. 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2014/mar/28/id-global-tournament-2014-live-stream-early-results-and-battle-logs-ft-tokido-fuudo-infiltration-justin-wong-bonchan-mago-madkof-and-more/","url_text":"\"ID Global Tournament 2014 results, battle logs and stream archives ft. Tokido, Fuudo, Infiltration, Justin Wong, Bonchan, Mago, MadKOF and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Topanga League 3 B Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 27 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Topanga%20League%203%20B","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - Topanga League 3 B Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2013 results and battle logs ft. Xian, Mago, Tokido, Gamerbee, Uryo, Clockw0rk, Luffy, and more\". Event Hubs. 13 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/oct/11/shadowloo-showdown-2013-streaming-live-today-ft-xian-mago-tokido-gamerbee-uryo-clockw0rk-louffy-and-more/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2013 results and battle logs ft. Xian, Mago, Tokido, Gamerbee, Uryo, Clockw0rk, Luffy, and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2013 Results\". Shoryuken. 13 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/10/13/shadowloo-showdown-2013-day-1-streaming-live-from-flemington-victoria/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2013 results and battle logs ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Mago, PR Balrog, Xiao Hai, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Ricky Ortiz, ChrisG and more\". Event Hubs. 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/sep/27/canada-cup-day-1-stream-ft-infiltration-tokido-mago-pr-balrog-xiao-hai-justin-wong-fuudo-ricky-ortiz-chrisg-and-more/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2013 results and battle logs ft. Infiltration, Tokido, Mago, PR Balrog, Xiao Hai, Justin Wong, Fuudo, Ricky Ortiz, ChrisG and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2013 Results\". Shoryuken. 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/09/29/canada-cup-2013-day-1-streaming-live-from-vancouver-british-columbia/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2013 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World\". Shoryuken. Ian \"iantothemax\" Walker. 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/07/14/evo-2013-the-largest-fighting-game-tournament-in-the-world-streaming-live-from-las-vegas/","url_text":"\"Evo 2013 Final Results – The Largest Fighting Game Tournament in the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2013 results feat. Daigo, Infiltration, ChrisG, Justin Wong, Fuudo\". Event Hubs. 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/jul/12/evo-2013-tournament-live-stream-and-early-results-featuring-daigo-infiltration-chris-g-justin-wong-fuudo-tokido-xian-and-many-many-more/","url_text":"\"EVO 2013 results feat. Daigo, Infiltration, ChrisG, Justin Wong, Fuudo\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Topanga Charity Cup tournament Super Street Fighter 4: Arcade Edition v2012 final results\". Event Hubs. 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/jul/05/3rd-topanga-charity-cup-tournament-super-street-fighter-4-arcade-edition-v2012-live-stream-and-results/","url_text":"\"3rd Topanga Charity Cup tournament Super Street Fighter 4: Arcade Edition v2012 final results\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 3rd TOPANGA Charity Cup Results\". Shoryuken. 6 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/07/06/the-3rd-topanga-charity-cup-streaming-live-tonight-at-11-pm-edt-8-pm-pdt/","url_text":"\"The 3rd TOPANGA Charity Cup Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Majors 2013 results and live stream featuring Tokido, Xian, Kazunoko, Justin Wong, Mike Ross, GamerBee and more\". Event Hubs. 23 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/jun/22/south-east-asia-majors-2013-live-stream-featuring-tokido-xian-kazunoko-justin-wong-mike-ross-gamerbee-and-more/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Majors 2013 results and live stream featuring Tokido, Xian, Kazunoko, Justin Wong, Mike Ross, GamerBee and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"South East Asia Major 2013 Results\". Shoryuken. 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/06/22/road-to-evo-2013-international-sea-major-this-weekend-in-singapore/","url_text":"\"South East Asia Major 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"April Duels 2 results, battle logs and more - featuring Mago, Tokido, Xian, Justin Wong, PR Balrog, Ricky Ortiz and more\". Event Hubs. 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/apr/06/april-duels-2-streaming-live-vancouver-justin-wong-tokido-xian-pr-balrog-ricky-ortiz-and-more/","url_text":"\"April Duels 2 results, battle logs and more - featuring Mago, Tokido, Xian, Justin Wong, PR Balrog, Ricky Ortiz and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"April Duels II Results\". Shoryuken. 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/04/07/april-duels-ii-in-vancouver-canada-streaming-live-featuring-mcztokido-mczmago-egpr-balrog-egjustin-wong-egricky-ortiz-dm-mczxian-and-more/","url_text":"\"April Duels II Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Game Cup 2013 results, battle logs, brackets and more\". Event Hubs. 3 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/mar/01/world-game-cup-2013-tournament-stream-brackets-and-notes/","url_text":"\"World Game Cup 2013 results, battle logs, brackets and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road to EVO 2013 International – World Game Cup 2013 Results\". Shoryuken. 3 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/03/03/road-to-evo-2013-international-world-game-cup-2013-streaming-live/","url_text":"\"Road to EVO 2013 International – World Game Cup 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"K.O. Fighting Game Festival results, battle logs and more - featuring Daigo, Mago, Tokido, Justin Wong and Xian\". Event Hubs. 9 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2013/feb/07/ko-fighting-game-festival-live-stream-featuring-daigo-mago-tokido-justin-wong-xian-and-more/","url_text":"\"K.O. Fighting Game Festival results, battle logs and more - featuring Daigo, Mago, Tokido, Justin Wong and Xian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwait Tournament K.O. Fighting Game Festival Results\". Shoryuken. 9 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/02/09/kuwait-tournament-k-o-fighting-game-festival-streaming-live-featuring-mcztokido-mczmago-egjustin-wong-ww-mczryan-hart-dm-mczxian-and-more/","url_text":"\"Kuwait Tournament K.O. Fighting Game Festival Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Da Ultimate Crushing 2K13 X GODSGARDEN EUROPE Results\". Shoryuken. 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2013/01/27/da-ultimate-crushing-2k13-x-godsgarden-europe-streaming-live/","url_text":"\"Da Ultimate Crushing 2K13 X GODSGARDEN EUROPE Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - TOPANGA Z League - MVC3 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/TOPANGA%20Z%20League%20-%20MVC3","url_text":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - TOPANGA Z League - MVC3 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Global Tournament Series Grand Finals Results\". Shoryuken. 8 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/12/08/street-fighter-25th-anniversary-global-tournament-series-grand-finals-streaming-live-saturday-at-1-pm-est-10-am-pst/","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Global Tournament Series Grand Finals Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Grand Finals results, battle logs and stream archives\". Event Hubs. 8 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/dec/08/street-fighter-25th-anniversary-grand-finals-stream-early-results-battle-logs-and-more/","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Grand Finals results, battle logs and stream archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2012 results, battle logs, stream archives and more\". Event Hubs. 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/oct/26/canada-cup-2012-live-streams-schedule-early-results-and-more/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2012 results, battle logs, stream archives and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2012 Results\". Shoryuken. 28 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/10/28/canada-cup-2012-streaming-live-this-weekend-from-calgary-alberta/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2012 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament Finals Results\". Shoryuken. 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/10/20/japans-street-fighter-25th-anniversary-tournament-finals-streaming-live-at-11-pm-edt-8-pm-pdt/","url_text":"\"Japan's Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament Finals Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament results and battle logs\". Event Hubs. 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/oct/19/japan-street-fighter-25th-anniversary-tournament-results-top-8-listings/","url_text":"\"Japan Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Tournament results and battle logs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: Brazil Street Fighter 25th anniversary tournament stream - AE v2012, SFxT, SF3 3s and SSF2T HDR results and stream archive\". Event Hubs. 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/oct/12/brazil-25th-anniversary-tournament-stream-ae-v2012-sfxt-sf3-3s-and-ssf2t-hdr/","url_text":"\"Updated: Brazil Street Fighter 25th anniversary tournament stream - AE v2012, SFxT, SF3 3s and SSF2T HDR results and stream archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Brazil Qualifier Results\". Shoryuken. 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/10/14/street-fighter-25th-anniversary-brazil-qualifiers-details-capcom-fighters-twitch-tv-channel-announced/","url_text":"\"Street Fighter 25th Anniversary Brazil Qualifier Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2012 World Championships – Complete Results\". Shoryuken. 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/07/06/evo-2012-is-now-streaming-live/","url_text":"\"EVO 2012 World Championships – Complete Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2012 results\". Shoryuken. 9 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/jul/06/evo-2012-results-streams-battle-logs-and-information/","url_text":"\"EVO 2012 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2012 results, battle logs and notes\". Event Hubs. 6 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/may/04/shadowloo-showdown-2012-super-street-fighter-4-ae-v2012-ultimate-marvel-vs-capcom-3-street-fighter-x-tekken-and-more-live-stream/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2012 results, battle logs and notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2012 Tournament Results\". Shoryuken. 5 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2012/05/05/shadowloo-showdown-2012-streaming-live/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2012 Tournament Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2nd TOPANGA Charity Cup summary\". Beast Note. 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://beastnote.blogspot.com/2012/04/topanga-charity-cup-2-summary.html","url_text":"\"The 2nd TOPANGA Charity Cup summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Topanga Charity Cup 2 Brackets provided by Akiki (Sako's wife)\". Twitpic (in Japanese). 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitpic.com/977pu5","url_text":"\"Topanga Charity Cup 2 Brackets provided by Akiki (Sako's wife)\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Game Cup 2012 results for teams and singles - SSF4 AE v2012, UMvC3, SFxT and more\". Event Hubs. 19 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2012/feb/17/world-game-cup-2012-live-stream-schedule-and-details/","url_text":"\"World Game Cup 2012 results for teams and singles - SSF4 AE v2012, UMvC3, SFxT and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - World Game Cup 2012 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 19 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/World%20Game%20Cup%202012","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE 2012 - World Game Cup 2012 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Cup 2011 results & battle logs, Super Street Fighter 4 AE, Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and more\". Event Hubs. 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/nov/04/canada-cup-team-canada-qualifiers-ssf4-ae-stream/","url_text":"\"Canada Cup 2011 results & battle logs, Super Street Fighter 4 AE, Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - Canada Cup 2011 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Canada%20Cup%202011","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - Canada Cup 2011 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Canada Cup 2011 - UMVC3 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Canada%20Cup%202011%20-%20UMVC3","url_text":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Canada Cup 2011 - UMVC3 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - Season's Beatings Velocity - AE Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 16 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Season%E2%80%99s%20Beatings%20Velocity%20-%20AE","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - Season's Beatings Velocity - AE Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 30 (Résultats et Vidéos – 23/09/2011)\". HitCombo (in French). 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitcombo.com/1news/nagoya-street-battle-30/","url_text":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 30 (Résultats et Vidéos – 23/09/2011)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best of Nagoya Street Battle 30 – Highlight Reel\". Shoryuken. 28 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2011/09/28/the-best-of-nagoya-street-battle-30-highlight-reel/","url_text":"\"The Best of Nagoya Street Battle 30 – Highlight Reel\""}]},{"reference":"\"GodsGarden #4 results Super Street Fighter 4 AE tournament\". Event Hubs. 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/aug/20/godsgarden-4-super-street-fighter-4-arcade-edition-live-stream/","url_text":"\"GodsGarden #4 results Super Street Fighter 4 AE tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - GodsGarden 4 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/GodsGarden%204","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4:AE - GodsGarden 4 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2011 results\". Event Hubs. 31 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/jul/29/evo-2011-live-stream-team-sp00ky-x-iplaywinner/","url_text":"\"EVO 2011 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2011 BlazBlue Continuum Shift II Top 8 Results\". Shoryuken. 31 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2011/07/31/evolution-2011-sunday-finals-updates/","url_text":"\"EVO 2011 BlazBlue Continuum Shift II Top 8 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2011 results, battle log and stream\". Event Hubs. 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/jun/24/live-stream-shadowloo-showdown-2011-australia/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2011 results, battle log and stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2011 Results\". Shoryuken. 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://shoryuken.com/2011/06/26/shadowloo-showdown-2011-results/","url_text":"\"Shadowloo Showdown 2011 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest XI, Jour 3\". Team AAA (in French). 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.team-aaa.com/news-18697-0-3-stunfest_xi_jour_3.html","url_text":"\"Stunfest XI, Jour 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Stunfest XI - SUPER Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Stunfest%20XI%20-%20SUPER","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Stunfest XI - SUPER Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Stunfest XI - UMVC3 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Stunfest%20XI%20-%20UMVC3","url_text":"\"SRK data - Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 - Stunfest XI - UMVC3 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"[2011-04-23] Topanga Cup SSFIVAE Team 5vs5 Final\". Youtube. 23 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVJqleS5kRw","url_text":"\"[2011-04-23] Topanga Cup SSFIVAE Team 5vs5 Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOPANGA Charity Cup, JP 5-on-5 AE Tournament, April 23\". NeoGAF. 23 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neogaf.com/threads/topanga-charity-cup-jp-5-on-5-ae-tournament-april-23.428228/","url_text":"\"TOPANGA Charity Cup, JP 5-on-5 AE Tournament, April 23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Round XIV results, stream archive and more\". Event Hubs. 13 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2011/mar/11/live-stream-final-round-xiv-tourney-team-sp00ky/","url_text":"\"Final Round XIV results, stream archive and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Final Round XIV - SUPER Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 11 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Final%20Round%20XIV%20-%20SUPER","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Final Round XIV - SUPER Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Beat By Contest 2011 - SUPER Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 20 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Beat%20By%20Contest%202011%20-%20SUPER","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Beat By Contest 2011 - SUPER Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Shadowloo Showdown 2010 - SUPER Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 11 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/Shadowloo%20Showdown%202010%20-%20SUPER","url_text":"\"SRK data - SSF4 - Shadowloo Showdown 2010 - SUPER Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"SoCal Regionals 2010 results, videos, battle logs and more\". Event Hubs. 7 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2010/nov/06/socal-regionals-live-stream/","url_text":"\"SoCal Regionals 2010 results, videos, battle logs and more\""}]},{"reference":"Nagoya Street Battle's official site (2010-09-18). \"NSB17 事前エントリー\". Nagoya Street Battle's official site. Retrieved 2010-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://nsb.blog.shinobi.jp/Entry/176/","url_text":"\"NSB17 事前エントリー\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 17 results, video, brackets and more\". Event Hubs. 23 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2010/sep/22/nagoya-street-battle-17-tonight-4-live-streams/","url_text":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 17 results, video, brackets and more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 15 SSFIV results\". Event Hubs. 4 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2010/jul/03/live-stream-nagoya-street-battle-15-ssf4-tourney/","url_text":"\"Nagoya Street Battle 15 SSFIV results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats STUNFEST X\". 3 Hit Combo (in French). 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://forum.3hitcombo.fr/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=2351","url_text":"\"Résultats STUNFEST X\""}]},{"reference":"\"STUNFEST 2010, big european tournament (special guest: Tokido)- Results and Vids\". Shoryuken. 10 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://forums.shoryuken.com/t/stunfest-2010-big-european-tournament-special-guest-tokido-results-and-vids/102048","url_text":"\"STUNFEST 2010, big european tournament (special guest: Tokido)- Results and Vids\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Jims (KE) vs Renegad (BO) Finale\". Youtube. 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ykr-RFtnbM","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Jims (KE) vs Renegad (BO) Finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Tokido (AK) vs Renegad (BO) Finale\". Youtube. 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nheVnpOLit8","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - SSF4 2vs2 Tokido (AK) vs Renegad (BO) Finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (1/2)\". Youtube. 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgZhTOah76M","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (1/2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (2/2)\". Youtube. 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9td5FbDIEE","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - SF3 Third Strike 3vs3 (PS2) Grande Finale (2/2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Super street fighter 2 X tournament : Milanea vs Tokido\". Youtube. 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TryvhyKMRhA","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Super street fighter 2 X tournament : Milanea vs Tokido\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - SF2HDR - Grand Final - Alucardo(Cammy)/Cuongster(Ken) vs NKI(Chun-Li)/Tokido(Claw)\". Youtube. 25 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ad8sGoIziM","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - SF2HDR - Grand Final - Alucardo(Cammy)/Cuongster(Ken) vs NKI(Chun-Li)/Tokido(Claw)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (1/3)\". Youtube. 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbd7PpBhDGA","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (1/3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (2/3)\". Youtube. 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=242k8xNqOC4","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (2/3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (3/3)\". Youtube. 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9AXdc2KQiU","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Grande Finale CVS2 Tokido vs Ichi (3/3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (1/2)\". Youtube. 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzp60Rd_t5U","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (1/2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (2/2)\". Youtube. 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymEcdOHygPE","url_text":"\"Stunfest X - Blazblue CS Grande Finale Chronoxir/Zero vs Karim/Tokido (2/2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GodsGarden #2 results and bracket for Street Fighter 4 tourney\". Event Hubs. 6 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2010/mar/05/friday-night-street-fighter-4-streams/","url_text":"\"GodsGarden #2 results and bracket for Street Fighter 4 tourney\""}]},{"reference":"\"SRK data - SF4 - GodsGarden 2 Tournament Details\". Shoryuken. 6 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://rank.shoryuken.com/rankings/tournament/byname/GodsGarden%202","url_text":"\"SRK data - SF4 - GodsGarden 2 Tournament Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: EVO World 2008 final results posted\". Event Hubs. 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eventhubs.com/news/2008/aug/08/evo-world-results-day-1/","url_text":"\"Updated: EVO World 2008 final results posted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2008 Results Thread! (updated as they come in)\". Shoryuken. 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://forums.shoryuken.com/t/evo-2008-results-thread-updated-as-they-come-in/45632","url_text":"\"Evo 2008 Results Thread! (updated as they come in)\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVO 2007 Super Turbo Grand Finals - Tokido vs John Choi\". Youtube. 16 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzqnk9e8yGk","url_text":"\"EVO 2007 Super Turbo Grand Finals - Tokido vs John Choi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evo 2006 LIVE RESULTS\". Shoryuken Forum. August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://forums.shoryuken.com/t/evo-2006-live-results-thread-updated-constantly/18063","url_text":"\"Evo 2006 LIVE RESULTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution 2006\". Shoryuken Wiki. August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.shoryuken.com/Evolution_2006","url_text":"\"Evolution 2006\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Love%E2%80%94Woman%27s_Suffering

Woman's Love—Woman's Suffering

["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]

1937 film Woman's Love-Woman's SufferingDirected byAugusto GeninaWritten byAugusto GeninaStarringMagda SchneiderIván PetrovichOskar SimaAnton PointnerCinematographyHerbert KörnerEdited byWaldemar GaedeMusic byPeter KreuderProductioncompanyCine-Allianz TonfilmDistributed byTobis-Sascha Film (Austria)Release date 19 February 1937 (1937-02-19) Running time99 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman Woman's Love—Woman's Suffering (German: Frauenliebe - Frauenleid) is a 1937 German drama film directed by Augusto Genina and starring Magda Schneider, Iván Petrovich and Oskar Sima. Cast Magda Schneider as Marie Haßler Iván Petrovich as Hans Martenrood Oskar Sima as Toni Huber Anton Pointner as Kriminalkommissar Düring Peter Bosse as Peter Ernst Behmer as Diener Johnson Anda Bori as Kitty Astor Heinrich Schroth as Oberarzt Maria Seidler as Krankenschwester Anita Mey as Die Gnädige Philipp Manning as Butler Erich Fiedler as Diener Gerhard Dammann as Hotelbesitzer Erich Kestin as Nachtportier Alexa von Porembsky as Frieda, Zimmermädchen Margarete Kupfer as Portierfrau Else Bötticher as Frau Mengel Claire Reigbert as Frau Brandner Eduard Bornträger as Direktor des Konzertsaals Maria Krahn as Ältere Frau Karl Harbacher as Älterer Herr Lilo Bergen as Junges Mädchen Erich Dunskus as Kassierer Müller Ursula Deinert as Tänzerin Walther Thiele as Konzertpianist Tina Zucchi References ^ Hake p.125 Bibliography Hake, Sabine. Popular Cinema of the Third Reich. University of Texas Press, 2001. External links Woman's Love—Woman's Suffering at IMDb vteThe films of Augusto Genina Goodbye Youth (1918) The Prince of the Impossible (1918) The Beautiful Wife (1924) The Hearth Turned Off (1925) The Last Lord (1926) Goodbye Youth (1927) The Prisoners of Shanghai (1927) The Story of a Little Parisian (1928) Scampolo (1928) Love's Masquerade (1928) Latin Quarter (1929) Miss Europe (1930) The Darling of Paris (1931) The Lovers of Midnight (1931) The Woman Dressed As a Man (1932) We Are Not Children (1934) Forget Me Not (1935) The White Squadron (1936) Flowers from Nice (1936) The Phantom Gondola (1936) The Kiss of Fire (1937) Woman's Love—Woman's Suffering (1937) Castles in the Air (1939) The Siege of the Alcazar (1940) Bengasi (1942) Heaven over the Marshes (1949) Devotion (1950) Three Forbidden Stories (1952) Maddalena (1954) Frou-Frou (1955) This article related to a German film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinjuku_Oak_Tower

Shinjuku Oak Tower

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°41′28.7″N 139°41′33″E / 35.691306°N 139.69250°E / 35.691306; 139.69250 Shinjuku Oak Tower The Shinjuku Oak Tower (新宿オークタワー) is a skyscraper located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Construction of the 184-metre, 38-storey skyscraper was finished in 2002. References ^ "Shinjuku Oak Tower, Tokyo". Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ "Sumitomo Fudosan Shinjuku Oak Tower, Tokyo - SkyscraperPage.com". Retrieved 15 March 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shinjuku Oak Tower. Official website (in Japanese) 35°41′28.7″N 139°41′33″E / 35.691306°N 139.69250°E / 35.691306; 139.69250 vteSkyscrapers and towers in TokyoList of tallest structures in TokyoCompletedOver 300 m Tokyo Skytree (634 m, 2012) Tokyo Tower (333 m, 1958) Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower (325 m, 2023) 200–300 m Toranomon Hills Station Tower (266 m, 2023) Toranomon Hills Mori Tower (255 m, 2014) Midtown Tower (248 m, 2007) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building No. 1 (243 m, 1991) Sunshine 60 (240 m, 1978) NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building (240 m, 2000) Tokyo Midtown Yaesu Yaesu Central Tower (240 m, 2022) Roppongi Hills Mori Tower (238 m, 2003) Shinjuku Park Tower (235 m, 1994) Tokyo Opera City Tower (234 m, 1996) Sumitomo Fudosan Roppongi Grand Tower (231 m, 2016) Shibuya Scramble Square (229 m, 2019) Tokyu Kabukicho Tower (225 m, 2023) Shinjuku Mitsui Building (225 m, 1974) Shinjuku Center Building (223 m, 1979) Saint Luke's Tower (221 m, 1994) Shiodome City Center (216 m, 2003) Dentsu Building (213 m, 2002) Shinjuku Sumitomo Building (210 m, 1974) Toshima Incineration Plant (210 m, 1999) Ark Hills Sengokuyama Mori Tower (207 m, 2012) GranTokyo North Tower (205 m, 2007) GranTokyo South Tower (205 m, 2007) Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower (204 m, 2008) Shinjuku Nomura Building (203 m, 1978) Izumi Garden Tower (201 m, 2002) 180–200 m Yomiuri Shimbun Building (200 m, 2013) JP Tower (200 m, 2012) Otemachi Tower (200 m, 2014) Otemachi One Tower (200 m, 2020) Shin-Marunouchi Building (198 m, 2007) Sumitomo Fudosan Shinjuku Grand Tower (196 m, 2011) Harumi Island Triton Square Tower X (195 m, 2001) Nihonbashi Mitsui Tower (195 m, 2005) Sannō Park Tower (195 m, 2000) Sky Tower West Tokyo (195 m, 1989) Sompo Japan Building (193 m, 1976) Nittele Tower (193 m, 2003) Sea Tower (192 m, 2008) Mid Tower (192 m, 2008) Kachidoki View Tower (192 m, 2010) Tomihisa Cross (191 m, 2015) Acty Shiodome (190 m, 2004) Brillia Tower Ikebukuro (189 m, 2015) Shinjuku I-Land Tower (189 m, 1994) Owl Tower (189 m, 2011) Atago Green Hills Mori Tower (188 m, 2001) Capital Gate Place (187 m, 2015) Cerulean Tower (184 m, 2001) Sumitomo Real Estate Shinjuku Oak Tower (184 m, 2002) Shibuya Hikarie (182.5 m, 2012) Nihonbashi 2-Chōme Redevelopment Block E (180 m, 2017) Century Park Tower (180 m, 1999) NEC Supertower (180 m, 1990) JA Building (180 m, 2009) Park City Toyosu Building A (180 m, 2008) Keio Plaza Hotel North Tower (180 m, 1971) Tokyo Garden Terrace (180 m, 2016) Shibuya Stream (180 m, 2018) 160–180 m Akasaka Biz Tower (179.3 m, 2008) Sumitomo Fudosan Mita Twin Buildings (179.3 m, 2006) Marunouchi Building (179 m, 2002) W-Comfort Towers (178.5 m, 2004) Marunouchi Trust Tower Main Building (178 m, 2008) Toshiba Building (165.9 m, 1984) Shiodome Media Tower (172.6 m, 2003) Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower (175.8 m, 2007) World Trade Center (Tokyo) (162.6 m, 1970) Tokyo Shiodome Building (173.2 m, 2005) Park Axis Aoyama 1-chome Tower (172.4 m, 2007) Royal Park Shiodome Tower (172 m, 2003) City Towers Toyosu The Twin (171.2 m, 2009) Marunouchi Park Building (170.1 m, 2009) JT Building (169.7 m, 1995) Bay City Harumi Sky Link Tower (169 m m, 2009) Central Park Tower La Tour Shinjuku (167.8 m, 2010) Capital Mark Tower (167.3 m, 2007) Sapia Tower (167.2 m, 2007) Yebisu Garden Place Tower (167 m, 1994) Kita-Shinjuku Area Redevelopment Plan Office Tower (166.5 m, 2011) Naka-Meguro Atlas Tower (165 m, 2009) Marunouchi Kitaguchi Building (147.4 m, 2004) Tokyo Twin Parks (165 m, 2002) Triton View Tower (165 m, 1998) Toyosu Center Building (165 m, 1992) Tokyo Building (164.1 m, 2005) Akasaka Tower Residence (162 m, 2008) Shinjuku Maynds Tower (161.1 m, 1995) Shibaura Island Cape Tower (161 m, 2006) Nippon Seimei Marunouchi Building (160 m, 2004) 150–160 m Concieria Nishi-Shinjuku Tower's West (159.8 m, 2008) Tornare Nihombashi-Hamacho (159.7 m, 2005) Roppongi Hills Residences (159 m, 2003) Brillia Tower Tokyo (158.9 m, 2006) Prudential Tower (158.4 m, 2002) Park Court Akasaka The Tower (157.3 m, 2009) Atago Green Hills Forest Tower (157 m, 2001) Kasumigaseki Common Gate East Tower (156 m, 2007) Kasumigaseki Building (156 m, 1968) Plaza Tower Kachidoki (155.2 m, 2004) The Toyosu Tower (155 m, 2008) Tokyo Dome Hotel (155 m, 2000) Tokyo Gas Co. Headquarters (155.7 m, 1984) KDDI Otemachi Building (155.4 m, 1990) Takanawa The Residence (153.9 m, 2005) Toranomon Towers Residence (153.5 m, 2006) Ark Mori Building (153.3 m, 1986) Toyosu 3-Chome Area 8-4 Plan (153 m, 2010) Station Garden Tower (153 m, 2008) Tokyo Sankei New Building (152.4 m, 2000) JPower Headquarters (153 m, 1987) Park Tower Gran Sky (152.9 m, 2010) Garden Air Tower (152.6 m, 2003) Shinagawa East One Tower (151.6 m, 2003) Shiba-Koen First Building (151.2 m, 2000) Futako-Tamagawa Rise Tower & Residence Tower East (151.1 m, 2010) Odakyu Southern Tower (150.8 m m, 1998) Air Rise Tower (150.5 m, 2007) JR East Japan Building (150.2 m, 1997) Nihon Keizai Shimbun Tokyo Headquarters Building (150 m, 2009) Kudanshita 3rd Government Building - Chiyoda Ward Office (150 m, 2007) Taiyo Seimei Shinagawa Building (150 m, 2003) Granpark Tower (150 m, 1996) 140–150 m Shinagawa Grand Central Tower (149.8 m, 2003) Pacific Century Place (149.8 m, 2001) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Building (148.5 m, 2003) Mitsubishi UFJ Trust & Banking Corporation Head Office (148.4 m, 2003) Canon S Tower (147.7 m, 2003) Shiroyama JT Trust Tower (147.7 m, 1991) Akihabara Dai Building (147.5 m, 2005) Toyosu Center Building Annex (147.4 m, 2006 BEACON Tower Residence (147 m, 2009) Meiji Yasuda Seimei Building (146.8 m, 2004) Fujisoft Akihabara Building (146.7 m, 2007) Bunkyo Civic Center (145.7 m, 1994) Canal First Tower (145.5 m, 2008) NTT DoCoMo Shinagawa Building (145.1 m, 2003) River City 21 East Towers (144.9 m, 2000) Sumitomo Fudosan Aobadai Tower (144.5 m, 2009) Shinagawa Intercity Towers (144.5 m, 1998) Hotel New Otani Tokyo Tower (144.5 m, 1974) Toyosu Ciel Tower (144.4 m, 2006) Apple Tower (143 m, 2007) Shinagawa V-Tower (143 m, 2003) Shinagawa Prince Hotel New Tower (143 m, 1994) Mizuho Bank Headquarters (142.5 m, 1980) Regale Nihombashi-Ningyocho (142.2 m, 2007) Shirokane Tower (141.9 m, 2005) Hikifune Station Front Area 1 Redevelopment (141.6 m, 2009) Akasaka Park Building (141 m, 1993) City Tower Shinagawa (140.9 m, 2008) ThinkPark Tower (140.5 m, 2007) Shinjuku Kokusai Building - Hilton Tokyo (141 m, 1984) NHK Broadcasting Center (140.1 m, 1973) 130–140 m Station Plaza Tower (139.9 m, 2009) Sumitomo Fudosan Nishi-Shinjuku Building (139.9 m, 2009) World City Towers (139.9 m, 2007) Olinas Tower (139.3 m, 2006) Kokusai Shin-Akasaka East Building (139.3 m, 1980) Toyosu ON Building (139 m, 1992) River City 21 Skylight Tower (139 m, 1990) Shibuya Cross Tower (134.1 m, 1975) World City Towers Aqua Tower (138.7 m, 2006) The Tower Grandia (138.7 m, 2004) Tokyo Times Tower (138.5 m, 2004) Roppongi T-CUBE (138.5 m, 2003) Venasis Kanamachi Tower Residence (138.2 m, 2009) Royal Parks Tower Minami-Senju (138 m, 2008) Kawadacho Comfo Garden (138 m, 2003) Otemachi Nomura Building (138 m, 1997) Proud Tower Chiyoda Fujimi (137 m, 2009) Cosmopolis Shinagawa (137 m, 2005) Bay Crest Tower (136.6 m, 2005) Renaissance Tower Ueno-Ikenohata (136.5 m, 2005) Nippon Express Headquarters (136.5 m, 2003) Crest Prime Tower Shiba (136.4 m, 2007) Century Tower (136 m, 1991) Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters (135.6 m, 1973) Chiyoda First Building West (135 m, 2004) NTT DoCoMo Sumida Building (135 m, 2003) Akasaka Intercity (134.8 m, 2005) Hotel New Otani Garden Court (134.7 m, 1991) Vanguard Tower (134.6 m, 2007) Riverside Sumida Center (134.4 m, 1994) The Garden Towers (134.3 m, 1998) Yoyogi Seminar Tower Obelisk (134 m, 2008) Nakano-Sakaue Sun Bright Twin (134 m, 1996) Moon Island Tower (133.8 m, 2002) Shinjuku NS Building (133.7 m, 1982) Shiodome Building (133.5 m, 2007) Tokyo ANA Tower (133 m, 1986) Kogakuin University Shinjuku Building (132.9 m, 1989) Sumitomo Realty Shiba-Koen Tower (132.6 m, 2001) NTT Data Shinagawa Building (132.3 m, 2003) River City 21 River Point Tower (132 m, 1989) Shin-Gofukubashi Building (132 m, 1979) City Tower Shinjuku Shintoshin (130.6 m, 2005) The Center Tokyo (130 m, 2007) River Harp Tower Building 2 (130 m, 2000) Tomin Tower Shinonome (130 m, 1996) Sunshine City Prince Hotel (130 m, 1980) Underconstruction Nihonbashi 1-Chōme Central District Redevelopment (284 m, 2026) Azabudai Hills Residence B (263 m, 2025) Shinjuku Station West Gate Redevelopment (260 m, 2029) Tokyo Ekimae Yaesu 1-Chōme East District Redevelopment (250 m, 2025) Azabudai Hills Residence A (237 m, 2023) World Trade Center North (235 m, 2027) Shibaura 1-Chōme South Tower (229 m, 2024) Mita 3-4 Chōme Redevelopment (215 m, 2023) Tokyo World Gate Akasaka (210 m, 2024) Grand City Tower Tsukishima (199 m, 2026) Park Tower Kachidoki South (195 m, 2023) World Tower Residence (190 m, 2026) Minami-Ikebukuro 2-Chōme District Redevelopment (190 m, 2025) Demolished Akasaka Prince Hotel (138.9 m, 1982-2013) Buildings listed in order of height and with year of completion Category Commons This article about a Japanese building- or structure-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_with_a_Parasol_-_Madame_Monet_and_Her_Son

Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son

["1 Description","2 History","3 Legacy","4 Provenance","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]

1875 painting by Claude Monet Woman With A Parasol - Madame Monet And Her SonFrench: La Femme à l'ombrelle — Madame Monet et son filsArtistClaude MonetYear1875TypeOilMediumCanvasDimensions100 cm × 81 cm (39 in × 32 in)LocationNational Gallery of Art, Washington, DC Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, sometimes known as The Stroll (French: La Promenade) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Claude Monet from 1875. The Impressionist work depicts his wife Camille Monet and their son Jean Monet in the period from 1871 to 1877 while they were living in Argenteuil, capturing a moment on a stroll on a windy summer's day. Description Monet's light, spontaneous brushwork creates splashes of colour. Mrs Monet's veil is blown by the wind, as is her billowing white dress; the waving grass of the meadow is echoed by the green underside of her parasol. She is seen as if from below, with a strong upward perspective, against fluffy white clouds in an azure sky. A boy, Monet's seven-year-old son Jean, is placed further away, concealed behind a rise in the ground and visible only from the waist up, creating a sense of depth.the moment using animated brush strokes full of vibrant color. The work is a genre painting of an everyday family scene, not a formal portrait. The work was painted outdoors, en plein air, and quickly, probably in a single period of a few hours. It measures 100 × 81 centimetres (39 × 32 in), Monet's largest work in the 1870s, and is signed "Claude Monet 75" in the lower right corner. History The painting was one of 18 works by Monet exhibited at the second Impressionist exhibition in April 1876, at the gallery of Paul Durand-Ruel. Ten years later, Monet returned to a similar subject, painting a pair of scenes featuring his second wife's daughter Suzanne Monet in 1886 with a parasol in a meadow at Giverny; they are in the Musée d'Orsay. John Singer Sargent saw the painting at the exhibition in 1876 and was later inspired to create a similar painting, Two Girls with Parasols at Fladbury, in 1889. Legacy The painting is one of Monet's most recognizable and revered works and of impressionism as a whole. Mary Mathews Gedo, in Monet and His Muse: Camille Monet in the Artist's Life, said that it was of "high quality" and had a "powerful impact." artchive.com described it as a "masterpiece" that "triumphs wonderfully in conveying the sensation of a snapshot in time." Mary Tompkins Lewis, in Critical Readings in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: An Anthology, said it was "his largest and most imposing" painting of the decade, as well as "haunting, deeply introspective." cmonetgallery.com viewed it as "representative of Monet and impressionism in many ways" and that "Monet was looking at the world and depicting it in way that had not been done before." Provenance Monet sold the painting to Georges de Bellio in November 1876 Monet's Homeopath who was regularly paid in Monet's paintings. It was inherited by de Bellio's daughter Victorine and her husband Ernest Donop de Monchy, acquired by Georges Menier in Paris, and sold in 1965 to Paul Mellon and his wife Bunny Mellon. He donated the painting to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, in 1983. Gallery Monet, Woman with a Parasol, facing left, 1886 Sketch Drawing Of Woman with a Parasol, facing left, 1886 Monet, Woman with a Parasol, facing right, 1886 John Singer Sargent, Two Girls with Parasols at Fladbury, 1889 See also List of paintings by Claude Monet References ^ a b "Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son". 1875. Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ "ARTWORKS BY CLAUDE MONET". Retrieved December 3, 2019. ^ a b "Monet Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son". Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ Gedo, Mary Mathews (30 September 2010). Monet and His Muse: Camille Monet in the Artist's Life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226284804. Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ "Monet, Claude". Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ Nord, Philip (15 March 2007). Critical Readings in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: An Anthology. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520250222. Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ a b "Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son by Claude Monet". June 6, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2019. vteClaude MonetList of paintingsPaintings View from Rouelles (1858) Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Paris / Moscow) (1865–1867) A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur (1865) Camille (1866) Women in the Garden (1866) Woman in the Garden (1866) Regatta at Sainte-Adresse (1867) The Beach at Sainte-Adresse (1867) Garden at Sainte-Adresse (1867) The Road in Front of Saint-Simeon Farm in Winter (1867) On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868) L'Enfant a la tasse (1868) The Magpie (1868) Interior, after Dinner (1868-69) The Red Cape (1868–73) Bain à la Grenouillère (1869) Houses on the Achterzaan (1871) Windmill at Zaandam (1871) Impression, Sunrise (1872) Regatta at Argenteuil (c. 1872) Springtime (1872) The Seine at Rouen (1872) Boulevard des Capucines (1873) Lilac Bush in the Sun (1873) The Seine at Asnières (1873) Resting Under a Lilac Bush (1873) The Seine at Argenteuil (1873) Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat (1874) The Grand Quai at Le Havre (1874) Snow at Argenteuil (1875) The Train in the Snow (1875) Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son (1875) A Corner in the Garden at Montgeron (1876) The Studio Boat (Le Bateau-atelier) (1876) La Japonaise (1876) Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) Waves Breaking (1881) Beach in Pourville (1882) Portrait of Père Paul (1882) The Cliff Walk at Pourville (1882) Anglers on the Seine at Poissy (1882) Stormy Sea at Étretat (1883) The Valley of the Nervia (1884) Garden at Bordighera, Morning (1884) Haystack Near Giverny (1884) The Pyramides at Port-Coton, Rough Sea (1886) Study of Rocks; Creuse (1889) The Valley of the Creuse, Sunset (1889) Boating on the River Epte (1890) Champ d'avoine aux coquelicots (1890) Le Jardin de l'artiste à Giverny (1900) San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk (1908) The Doge's Palace Seen from San Giorgio Maggiore (1908) Le Grand Canal (1908) Nymphéas en fleur (c. 1914–1917) Weeping Willow (1918) Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas (1919) Water Lilies (1919) Series Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) Cliffs at Étretat (1885–1886 - Massachusetts / Moscow) Haystacks (1890–91) Poplars (1891) Rouen Cathedral (1892–1894) Mount Kolsaas (1895) Charing Cross Bridge (1899–1904) Waterloo Bridge (1900–1904) Houses of Parliament (1900–1905) Le Grand Canal (1908) Le Palais Ducal (1908) San Giorgio Maggiore (1908–1912) Water Lilies (1897–1926) People Camille Doncieux (first wife) Alice Hoschedé (second wife) Jean Monet (son) Michel Monet (son) Suzanne Hoschedé (step-daughter) Blanche Hoschedé Monet (step-daughter and daughter-in-law) Theodore Earl Butler (son-in-law, married Monet's step-daughters, Suzanne and Marthe) Jacques-François Ochard (teacher) Eugène Boudin (teacher) Ernest Hoschedé (patron) Paul Durand-Ruel (dealer) Museums Fondation Monet – Giverny home, studio, and gardens Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Marmottan Monet Portrayals The Improvised Field Hospital (1865 painting) A Studio at Les Batignolles (1870 painting) Claude Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil (1873) Claude Monet Painting in his Studio (1874 painting) Portrait of the Painter Claude Monet (1875 painting) Monet: The Mystery of the Orangery (2000 video game) The Impressionists (2006 series) Related Pays des Impressionnistes Monet (crater) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"Camille Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Monet"},{"link_name":"Jean Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monet_(son_of_Claude_Monet)"},{"link_name":"Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGA-1"}],"text":"Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, sometimes known as The Stroll (French: La Promenade) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Claude Monet from 1875. The Impressionist work depicts his wife Camille Monet and their son Jean Monet in the period from 1871 to 1877 while they were living in Argenteuil, capturing a moment on a stroll on a windy summer's day.[1]","title":"Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"en plein air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_plein_air"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGA-1"}],"text":"Monet's light, spontaneous brushwork creates splashes of colour. Mrs Monet's veil is blown by the wind, as is her billowing white dress; the waving grass of the meadow is echoed by the green underside of her parasol. She is seen as if from below, with a strong upward perspective, against fluffy white clouds in an azure sky. A boy, Monet's seven-year-old son Jean, is placed further away, concealed behind a rise in the ground and visible only from the waist up, creating a sense of depth.the moment using animated brush strokes full of vibrant color.The work is a genre painting of an everyday family scene, not a formal portrait. The work was painted outdoors, en plein air, and quickly, probably in a single period of a few hours. It measures 100 × 81 centimetres (39 × 32 in), Monet's largest work in the 1870s, and is signed \"Claude Monet 75\" in the lower right corner.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Durand-Ruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Monet"},{"link_name":"Giverny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giverny"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"}],"text":"The painting was one of 18 works by Monet exhibited at the second Impressionist exhibition in April 1876, at the gallery of Paul Durand-Ruel. Ten years later, Monet returned to a similar subject, painting a pair of scenes featuring his second wife's daughter Suzanne Monet in 1886 with a parasol in a meadow at Giverny; they are in the Musée d'Orsay. John Singer Sargent saw the painting at the exhibition in 1876 and was later inspired to create a similar painting, Two Girls with Parasols at Fladbury, in 1889.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artstory-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMONET-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAHM-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRII-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMONET-3"}],"text":"The painting is one of Monet's most recognizable and revered works and of impressionism as a whole.[2][3] Mary Mathews Gedo, in Monet and His Muse: Camille Monet in the Artist's Life, said that it was of \"high quality\" and had a \"powerful impact.\"[4] artchive.com described it as a \"masterpiece\" that \"triumphs wonderfully in conveying the sensation of a snapshot in time.\"[5]\nMary Tompkins Lewis, in Critical Readings in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: An Anthology, said it was \"his largest and most imposing\" painting of the decade, as well as \"haunting, deeply introspective.\"[6] cmonetgallery.com viewed it as \"representative of Monet and impressionism in many ways\" and that \"Monet was looking at the world and depicting it in way that had not been done before.\"[3]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mellon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-7"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-7"}],"text":"Monet sold the painting to Georges de Bellio in November 1876 Monet's Homeopath who was regularly paid in Monet's paintings. It was inherited by de Bellio's daughter Victorine and her husband Ernest Donop de Monchy, acquired by Georges Menier in Paris, and sold in 1965 to Paul Mellon and his wife Bunny Mellon.[7] He donated the painting to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, in 1983.[7]","title":"Provenance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_Woman_with_a_Parasol,_facing_left,_1886_Sketch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monet-woman-with-a-parasol-right.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Girls_with_Parasols_at_Fladbury_by_John_Singer_Sargent_1889.jpeg"}],"text":"Monet, Woman with a Parasol, facing left, 1886\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSketch Drawing Of Woman with a Parasol, facing left, 1886\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonet, Woman with a Parasol, facing right, 1886\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Singer Sargent, Two Girls with Parasols at Fladbury, 1889","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of paintings by Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Claude_Monet"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordero_Channel

Cordero Channel

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°26′N 125°33′W / 50.433°N 125.550°W / 50.433; -125.550Strait in Strathcona RD, British ColumbiaCordero ChannelFrench: Canal CorderoDent Rapids, which flows east to west between the mainland coast and Sonora IslandCordero ChannelCordero Channel is part of a series of straits connecting the Strait of Georgia and Johnstone StraitLocationStrathcona RD, British ColumbiaCoordinates50°26′N 125°33′W / 50.433°N 125.550°W / 50.433; -125.550TypeStraitPrimary inflowsBute InletPrimary outflowsLoughborough Inlet Cordero Channel is a strait in British Columbia, Canada, located between the mainland and Vancouver Island, among the Discovery Islands north of the Strait of Georgia. Cordero Channel runs north of Sonora Island, East Thurlow Island, and part of West Thurlow Island. Its eastern end connects to the mouth of Bute Inlet and to Calm Channel, at Stuart Island. Its west end is marked by the mouth of Loughborough Inlet, beyond which the channel is called Chancellor Channel, which continues west to Johnstone Strait. There are four tidal rapids along Cordero Channel. The first is either Yuculta Rapids or Arran Rapids, depending on whether the channel is entered on the north or west side of Stuart Island. The following rapids from east to west are Gillard Passage Rapids, Dent Rapids, and Greene Point Rapids. Cordero Channel was named Canal de Cardero in 1792 during the Spanish expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores, in honor of José Cardero (sometimes called Josef Cardero), the expedition's artist and draftsman. Cardero sailed on board Valdés's ship, the Mexicana. He had sailed with Alessandro Malaspina from Spain on board the corvette Descubierta, possibly as a servant. After one of the official artists left Malaspina's expedition in Peru, Cardero began regularly producing drawings and was confirmed as an artist of the expedition in Mexico, in 1791. Like Galiano and Valdés, who had also been part of the Malaspina expedition, Cardero was detached from Malaspina's main mission in order to explore the Strait of Georgia. After they returned to Mexico, Cardero assisted Galiano in preparing reports, maps, and engravings. The name Canal de Cardero changed over time to the present form, Cordero Channel, and expanded in geographic scope to include a larger area. The form "Cardero" survives in the name of Cardero Street in Vancouver's West End. There is also a small fishing lodge named Camp Cordero located at the North end of the Channel. History The 1792 Spanish expedition of Galiano and Valdés used the term Canal de Cardero for only one part of today's Cordero Channel, that being the portion west of Phillips Arm. Their names for other parts of today's Cordero Channel include Canal de Remolinos (Yuculta Rapids), Angostura de los Commandantes (Arran Rapids), Canal de Carbajal (also Carvajal, north of Sonora Island), Canal del Engaño, and Canal de Olavide (both north of East Thurlow Island and east of Phillips Arm). Near Arran Rapids, which today marks the eastern end of Cordero Channel, the Spanish found a large village whose inhabitants were friendly. They warned the Spanish not to proceed through Arran Rapids because of strong currents and whirlpools. When the tide slackened the Spanish ships as well as a number of indigenous canoes passed through, entering Cordero Channel (this section of which the Spanish called Canal de Carbajal). By use of signs the natives indicated that the channel led to the sea. After making this discovery the Spanish returned to their base of operations where they met with the British expedition of George Vancouver for the last time before rejoining at Nootka Sound. The Spanish told Vancouver of their discovery of a passage to the sea and their intention to follow it. Soon after, a British scouting boat returned, having found Johnstone Strait. The two expeditions parted ways shortly afterwards, on July 13, 1792, with the British sailing through Discovery Passage and Johnstone Strait, while the Spanish went via Cordero Channel, Chancellor Channel, and Wellbore Channel. According to Galiano's report, Vancouver considered Cordero Channel too dangerous for his ships. From their anchorage between West Redonda Island and Cortes Island, the Spanish set sail for Cordero Channel on July 13, 1792. They sailed up Calm Channel and around the east side of Stuart Island before finally reaching Arran Rapids (Angostura de los Commandantes), the entrance of Cordero Channel, on July 18. They had difficulty entering and were set back several times. On July 19 they met another group of indigenous people who were catching large quantities of fish in the strait. With some guidance from the natives the Spanish came to better understand the nature of the currents and made a plan for passing through. When the tidal current slackened in the afternoon the Spanish ships entered, yet the current was still swift enough to render the ships incapable of steering. At one point Galiano's ship, the Sutil, was caught in a whirlpool, but managed to escape. In the late evening, somewhere near Dent Island, they anchored in a cove, which they gave the name Anclage del Refugio. They named the first part of Cordero Channel Angostura de Carvajal and Canal de Carvajal, in honor of Ciriaco Gonzales Carvajal, an auditor of the Spanish Navy in Mexico (who would preside over the audit of Galiano and Valdés's voyage upon their return). The Spanish had difficulty passing Dent Rapids, finally managing to do so on July 23. They were again visited by indigenous canoes of the same natives they had met at Arran Rapids (whom they called the "good Indians"). The natives again provided guidance regarding the currents and suggested a route the Spanish ships should take. In addition the natives made maps for the Spanish, showing which channels were closed inlets and which were straits that led to the sea. The maps were made by placing books on a bed and pencils on a piece of paper. Having reached the northern end of Nodales Channel between Sonora Island and East Thurlow Island, the Spanish decided to continue west along today's Cordero Channel. They called this section of the channel Canal del Engaño. They entered it on July 26 and made quick progress to another section of Cordero Channel they called Canal de Olavide. They were carried by the current into the section they called Canal de Cardero, unable to steer or make way with oars. At the end of the day they were able to anchor at the mouth of Loughborough Inlet (Canal de Salamanca). The Spanish ships left their anchorage at Viana on July 27, 1792, and entered what is today called Chancellor Channel, thus leaving today's Cordero Channel. When they reached Hardwicke Island they turned to the northwest, leaving Chancellor Channel for Wellbore Channel (Canal de Nuevos Remolinos), which took them to Sunderland Channel and finally Johnstone Strait. References ^ Geography from Base Map Online Store Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, TRIM 1:20,000 Digital Base Maps, British Columbia Integrated Land Management Bureau, Base Mapping and Geomatic Services ^ Hale, Robert (2007). Waggoner Cruising Guide 2007. Weatherly Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 978-0-935727-26-5. ^ a b Kendrick, John (1990). The Voyage of Sutil and Mexicana, 1792: The last Spanish exploration of the Northwest Coast of America. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 20, 22, 32–33, 138, 236–237. ISBN 0-87062-203-X. ^ a b c d Kendrick, John (1990). The Voyage of Sutil and Mexicana, 1792: The last Spanish exploration of the Northwest Coast of America. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 146–157, 161–167. ISBN 0-87062-203-X. External links "Cordero Channel". BC Geographical Names. vteHydrography of British ColumbiaRivers Columbia Cowichan Fraser Kootenay Liard Nanaimo Nass Nechako Peace Quesnel Skeena Stikine Thompson more... Lakes Atlin Babine Cowichan Great Central Harrison Kinbasket Kootenay Nechako Okanagan Shuswap Tagish Teslin Williston more... Coastal featuresHaida Gwaii Cumshewa Inlet Darwin Sound Laskeek Bay Masset Inlet Rennell Sound Skidegate Channel Skidegate Inlet North Coast Arthur Passage Burke Channel Chatham Sound Dixon Entrance Douglas Channel Finlayson Channel Fisher Channel Fitz Hugh Sound Gardner Canal Grenville Channel Hecate Strait Juan Perez Sound Lama Passage Laredo Channel Milbanke Sound Portland Inlet Prince Rupert Harbour Princess Royal Channel Principe Channel Queen Charlotte Sound Rivers Inlet Seaforth Channel Smith Inlet Smith Sound Wright Sound Central Coast Belize Inlet Bute Inlet Call Inlet Cordero Channel Drury Inlet Frederick Arm Goletas Channel Johnstone Strait Kingcome Inlet Knight Inlet Loughborough Inlet Nodales Channel Phillips Arm Pryce Channel Queen Charlotte Strait Seymour Inlet Sutlej Channel Wells Passage Salish Sea Active Pass Baynes Sound Boundary Bay Boundary Pass Burrard Inlet Calm Channel Captain Passage Desolation Sound Discovery Passage Haro Strait Homfray Channel Hoskyn Channel Howe Sound Jervis Inlet Malaspina Strait Okisollo Channel Port San Juan Ramsay Arm Saanich Inlet Sansum Narrows Satellite Channel Sechelt Inlet Stuart Channel Strait of Georgia Strait of Juan de Fuca Sutil Channel Toba Inlet Trincomali Channel Victoria Harbour Vancouver Island Barkley Sound Brooks Bay Checleset Bay Clayoquot Sound Hansen Bay Kyuquot Sound Nootka Sound Pachena Bay Quatsino Sound San Josef Bay

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Discovery Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Islands"},{"link_name":"Strait of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Sonora Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora_Island_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"East Thurlow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thurlow_Island"},{"link_name":"West Thurlow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Thurlow_Island"},{"link_name":"Bute Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bute_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Stuart Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Island_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Loughborough Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Johnstone Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone_Strait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dionisio Alcalá Galiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano"},{"link_name":"Cayetano Valdés y Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Vald%C3%A9s_y_Flores"},{"link_name":"José Cardero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cardero"},{"link_name":"Mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicana_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Malaspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"Descubierta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descubierta_and_Atrevida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick-3"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Camp Cordero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Cordero&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Strait in Strathcona RD, British ColumbiaCordero Channel is a strait in British Columbia, Canada, located between the mainland and Vancouver Island, among the Discovery Islands north of the Strait of Georgia. Cordero Channel runs north of Sonora Island, East Thurlow Island, and part of West Thurlow Island. Its eastern end connects to the mouth of Bute Inlet and to Calm Channel, at Stuart Island. Its west end is marked by the mouth of Loughborough Inlet, beyond which the channel is called Chancellor Channel, which continues west to Johnstone Strait.[1]There are four tidal rapids along Cordero Channel. The first is either Yuculta Rapids or Arran Rapids, depending on whether the channel is entered on the north or west side of Stuart Island. The following rapids from east to west are Gillard Passage Rapids, Dent Rapids, and Greene Point Rapids.[2]Cordero Channel was named Canal de Cardero in 1792 during the Spanish expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores, in honor of José Cardero (sometimes called Josef Cardero), the expedition's artist and draftsman. Cardero sailed on board Valdés's ship, the Mexicana. He had sailed with Alessandro Malaspina from Spain on board the corvette Descubierta, possibly as a servant. After one of the official artists left Malaspina's expedition in Peru, Cardero began regularly producing drawings and was confirmed as an artist of the expedition in Mexico, in 1791. Like Galiano and Valdés, who had also been part of the Malaspina expedition, Cardero was detached from Malaspina's main mission in order to explore the Strait of Georgia. After they returned to Mexico, Cardero assisted Galiano in preparing reports, maps, and engravings.[3] The name Canal de Cardero changed over time to the present form, Cordero Channel, and expanded in geographic scope to include a larger area. The form \"Cardero\" survives in the name of Cardero Street in Vancouver's West End. There is also a small fishing lodge named Camp Cordero located at the North end of the Channel.","title":"Cordero Channel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick-3"},{"link_name":"George Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Nootka Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootka_Sound"},{"link_name":"Discovery Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Passage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick2-4"},{"link_name":"West Redonda Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Redonda_Island"},{"link_name":"Cortes Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Island_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Sutil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutil_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kendrick2-4"}],"text":"The 1792 Spanish expedition of Galiano and Valdés used the term Canal de Cardero for only one part of today's Cordero Channel, that being the portion west of Phillips Arm. Their names for other parts of today's Cordero Channel include Canal de Remolinos (Yuculta Rapids), Angostura de los Commandantes (Arran Rapids), Canal de Carbajal (also Carvajal, north of Sonora Island), Canal del Engaño, and Canal de Olavide (both north of East Thurlow Island and east of Phillips Arm).[3]Near Arran Rapids, which today marks the eastern end of Cordero Channel, the Spanish found a large village whose inhabitants were friendly. They warned the Spanish not to proceed through Arran Rapids because of strong currents and whirlpools. When the tide slackened the Spanish ships as well as a number of indigenous canoes passed through, entering Cordero Channel (this section of which the Spanish called Canal de Carbajal). By use of signs the natives indicated that the channel led to the sea. After making this discovery the Spanish returned to their base of operations where they met with the British expedition of George Vancouver for the last time before rejoining at Nootka Sound. The Spanish told Vancouver of their discovery of a passage to the sea and their intention to follow it. Soon after, a British scouting boat returned, having found Johnstone Strait. The two expeditions parted ways shortly afterwards, on July 13, 1792, with the British sailing through Discovery Passage and Johnstone Strait, while the Spanish went via Cordero Channel, Chancellor Channel, and Wellbore Channel. According to Galiano's report, Vancouver considered Cordero Channel too dangerous for his ships.[4]From their anchorage between West Redonda Island and Cortes Island, the Spanish set sail for Cordero Channel on July 13, 1792. They sailed up Calm Channel and around the east side of Stuart Island before finally reaching Arran Rapids (Angostura de los Commandantes), the entrance of Cordero Channel, on July 18. They had difficulty entering and were set back several times. On July 19 they met another group of indigenous people who were catching large quantities of fish in the strait. With some guidance from the natives the Spanish came to better understand the nature of the currents and made a plan for passing through. When the tidal current slackened in the afternoon the Spanish ships entered, yet the current was still swift enough to render the ships incapable of steering. At one point Galiano's ship, the Sutil, was caught in a whirlpool, but managed to escape. In the late evening, somewhere near Dent Island, they anchored in a cove, which they gave the name Anclage del Refugio. They named the first part of Cordero Channel Angostura de Carvajal and Canal de Carvajal, in honor of Ciriaco Gonzales Carvajal, an auditor of the Spanish Navy in Mexico (who would preside over the audit of Galiano and Valdés's voyage upon their return).[4]The Spanish had difficulty passing Dent Rapids, finally managing to do so on July 23. They were again visited by indigenous canoes of the same natives they had met at Arran Rapids (whom they called the \"good Indians\"). The natives again provided guidance regarding the currents and suggested a route the Spanish ships should take. In addition the natives made maps for the Spanish, showing which channels were closed inlets and which were straits that led to the sea. The maps were made by placing books on a bed and pencils on a piece of paper.[4]Having reached the northern end of Nodales Channel between Sonora Island and East Thurlow Island, the Spanish decided to continue west along today's Cordero Channel. They called this section of the channel Canal del Engaño. They entered it on July 26 and made quick progress to another section of Cordero Channel they called Canal de Olavide. They were carried by the current into the section they called Canal de Cardero, unable to steer or make way with oars. At the end of the day they were able to anchor at the mouth of Loughborough Inlet (Canal de Salamanca).[4]The Spanish ships left their anchorage at Viana on July 27, 1792, and entered what is today called Chancellor Channel, thus leaving today's Cordero Channel. When they reached Hardwicke Island they turned to the northwest, leaving Chancellor Channel for Wellbore Channel (Canal de Nuevos Remolinos), which took them to Sunderland Channel and finally Johnstone Strait.","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Hale, Robert (2007). Waggoner Cruising Guide 2007. Weatherly Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 978-0-935727-26-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935727-26-5","url_text":"978-0-935727-26-5"}]},{"reference":"Kendrick, John (1990). The Voyage of Sutil and Mexicana, 1792: The last Spanish exploration of the Northwest Coast of America. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 20, 22, 32–33, 138, 236–237. ISBN 0-87062-203-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87062-203-X","url_text":"0-87062-203-X"}]},{"reference":"Kendrick, John (1990). The Voyage of Sutil and Mexicana, 1792: The last Spanish exploration of the Northwest Coast of America. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 146–157, 161–167. ISBN 0-87062-203-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87062-203-X","url_text":"0-87062-203-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Cordero Channel\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/40525.html","url_text":"\"Cordero Channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_Gedola_of_Passaic

Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic

["1 History","2 Faculty and staff","3 Noted alumni","4 References"]

Coordinates: 40°50′55″N 74°07′39″W / 40.8487°N 74.1274°W / 40.8487; -74.1274School in Passaic, New Jersey, USAYeshiva Gedola of PassaicAddress55 Ascension St.Passaic, New JerseyPassaic, New Jersey 07055USAInformationEstablished1973Rosh YeshivaRabbi Meir SternMashgiachRabbi Nosson WeissmanAffiliationOrthodoxBachurim160–180 Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic is an advanced yeshiva in the Passaic Park neighborhood of Passaic, New Jersey catering to post-high-school-age men. Founded in 1973 by Rabbis Chaim Davis and Gershon Weisenfeld, and further developed by Rabbi Meir Stern who replaced Rabbi Wiesenfeld when the latter became ill before the yeshiva's opening, it developed into one of the leading yeshiva gedolas (advanced Talmudic institutions) in the United States and revitalized the small Orthodox community of Passaic. History In 1973 Rabbi Shneur Kotler, rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha, Rabbi Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, mashgiach ruchani of Beth Medrash Govoha, and Rabbi Dov Lesser supported the idea of opening a community kollel in Passaic. These Gedolim chose Rabbi Chaim Davis, founder of the Toronto Community Kollel, and Rabbi Wiesenfeld, then a rosh mesivta (head) of Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College, to head the new institution. In mid-1973, however, Rabbi Wiesenfeld became seriously ill and was replaced by Rabbi Meir Stern. Rabbi Wiesenfeld died at age 49 on 24 September 1981. The Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic opened with 10 unmarried students in the yeshiva section and 10 married students in the kollel section. By the mid-1980s enrollment had reached nearly 100 students. In 1989 the yeshiva relocated to its own campus, including a beth midrash (study hall), dining room and dormitories. The growing yeshiva, together with the installation of an eruv and a mikveh, turned Passaic into a more desirable location for Orthodox Jewish families. Passaic's close proximity to New York also appealed to breadwinners who commuted to New York daily. Beginning in the mid-1980s, more and more Orthodox families began moving to Passaic. As of 2006, the Jewish community had mushroomed to 1300 families in a two-square-mile area, with a net gain of 80 families per year, making it the second fastest-growing Jewish community behind Lakewood, New Jersey. Faculty and staff Rabbi Meir Stern, rosh yeshiva Rabbi Nosson Weissman, mashgiach ruchani Rabbi Osher Dovid May, rosh kollel Rabbi Eliezer Breslauer, rosh kollel Noted alumni Rabbi Yissochor Fishman, administrator of the Hebrew Academy of Cleveland's yeshiva high school Rabbi Chaim Bin-Nun Rabbi Daniel Mechanic, founder and director of Project Chazon Rabbi Moshe Taub, former rabbi of Young Israel of Greater Buffalo, New York and currently a Rabbi in Queens New York, Rav Hamachshir of the Buffalo Vaad Hakashrut References ^ a b c d e f Rockove, Moshe (25 September 2001). "Passaic, NJ: A Profile of a Growing Torah Community". Dei'ah VeDibur. Retrieved 22 January 2011. ^ Helmreich, William B. (2000). The World of the Yeshiva: An intimate portrait of Orthodox Jewry. Ktav Publishing House. p. xix. ISBN 0-88125-642-0. ^ a b c d Berman, Rachel (22 November 2006). "Passaic/Clifton: The new Jewish boom town". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "משפתי ישנים". קובץ מורנו עם התורה (in Hebrew). Am HaTorah. 1985. p. 5. ^ "History". Bais Medrash L'Torah. Retrieved 22 January 2011. ^ "Rabbi Gershon Avroham Weisenfeld". kevarim.com. 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Administration". Hebrew Academy of Cleveland. 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "The Smilow Family Presents Pesach 2010". Smilow Vacations. 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Rabbi Moshe Taub". Buffalo Vaad Hakashrut. Retrieved 23 October 2014. 40°50′55″N 74°07′39″W / 40.8487°N 74.1274°W / 40.8487; -74.1274 vtePassaic, New JerseyEducation Passaic City School District Passaic High School Passaic Academy for Science and Engineering Collegiate School Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic Passaic County Community College Passaic campus Landmarks St. Mary's General Hospital History 1926 Passaic textile strike film Mayors Mayors This list is incomplete. vteYeshivas in New JerseyBergen County Torah Academy of Bergen County Frisch School Yeshiva Gedolah of Teaneck Yeshiva Ohr Simcha of Englewood Essex County Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy Rae Kushner Yeshiva High School Hudson County Yeshiva Gedolah of Bayonne Middlesex County Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Monmouth County Talmudical Academy of Central New Jersey Yeshiva Gedolah of Cliffwood Ocean County Beth Medrash Govoha Passaic County Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic Union County Bruriah High School for Girls Rav Teitz Mesivta Academy

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Passaic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_Park"},{"link_name":"Passaic, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Chaim Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gershon Weisenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gershon_Weisenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Meir Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Meir_Stern"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-3"}],"text":"School in Passaic, New Jersey, USAYeshiva Gedola of Passaic is an advanced yeshiva in the Passaic Park neighborhood of Passaic, New Jersey catering to post-high-school-age men. Founded in 1973 by Rabbis Chaim Davis and Gershon Weisenfeld, and further developed by Rabbi Meir Stern who replaced Rabbi Wiesenfeld when the latter became ill before the yeshiva's opening, it developed into one of the leading yeshiva gedolas (advanced Talmudic institutions) in the United States[1][2] and revitalized the small Orthodox community of Passaic.[3]","title":"Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shneur Kotler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shneur_Kotler"},{"link_name":"Beth Medrash Govoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha"},{"link_name":"Nosson Meir Wachtfogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosson_Meir_Wachtfogel"},{"link_name":"mashgiach ruchani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashgiach_ruchani"},{"link_name":"community kollel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel"},{"link_name":"Gedolim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedolim"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"rosh mesivta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_mesivta"},{"link_name":"Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Hatalmud_Rabbinical_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"kollel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"},{"link_name":"beth midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_midrash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"},{"link_name":"eruv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruv"},{"link_name":"mikveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-3"},{"link_name":"Lakewood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-3"}],"text":"In 1973 Rabbi Shneur Kotler, rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha, Rabbi Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, mashgiach ruchani of Beth Medrash Govoha, and Rabbi Dov Lesser supported the idea of opening a community kollel in Passaic. These Gedolim chose Rabbi Chaim Davis, founder of the Toronto Community Kollel, and Rabbi Wiesenfeld, then a rosh mesivta (head) of Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College,[4] to head the new institution. In mid-1973, however, Rabbi Wiesenfeld became seriously ill and was replaced by Rabbi Meir Stern.[5] Rabbi Wiesenfeld died at age 49 on 24 September 1981.[6]The Yeshiva Gedola of Passaic opened with 10 unmarried students in the yeshiva section and 10 married students in the kollel section. By the mid-1980s enrollment had reached nearly 100 students.[1]In 1989 the yeshiva relocated to its own campus, including a beth midrash (study hall), dining room and dormitories.[1]The growing yeshiva, together with the installation of an eruv and a mikveh, turned Passaic into a more desirable location for Orthodox Jewish families. Passaic's close proximity to New York also appealed to breadwinners who commuted to New York daily.[1][3] Beginning in the mid-1980s, more and more Orthodox families began moving to Passaic. As of 2006, the Jewish community had mushroomed to 1300 families in a two-square-mile area, with a net gain of 80 families per year, making it the second fastest-growing Jewish community behind Lakewood, New Jersey.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deiah-1"}],"text":"Rabbi Meir Stern, rosh yeshiva[3]\nRabbi Nosson Weissman, mashgiach ruchani[1]\nRabbi Osher Dovid May, rosh kollel[1]\nRabbi Eliezer Breslauer, rosh kollel","title":"Faculty and staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yissochor Fishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yissochor_Fishman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Academy of Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Academy_of_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Mechanic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Project Chazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Chazon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Moshe Taub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Taub#Moshe_Taub"},{"link_name":"Greater Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rav Hamachshir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashgiach"},{"link_name":"Vaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Rabbi Yissochor Fishman, administrator of the Hebrew Academy of Cleveland's yeshiva high school[7]\nRabbi Chaim Bin-Nun\n\nRabbi Daniel Mechanic, founder and director of Project Chazon[8]\n\nRabbi Moshe Taub, former rabbi of Young Israel of Greater Buffalo, New York and currently a Rabbi in Queens New York, Rav Hamachshir of the Buffalo Vaad Hakashrut[9]","title":"Noted alumni"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Rockove, Moshe (25 September 2001). \"Passaic, NJ: A Profile of a Growing Torah Community\". Dei'ah VeDibur. Retrieved 22 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5762/succos/apassaic.htm","url_text":"\"Passaic, NJ: A Profile of a Growing Torah Community\""}]},{"reference":"Helmreich, William B. (2000). The World of the Yeshiva: An intimate portrait of Orthodox Jewry. Ktav Publishing House. p. xix. ISBN 0-88125-642-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lFvQ79N9vIAC&q=yeshiva+gedolah+of+passaic&pg=PR19","url_text":"The World of the Yeshiva: An intimate portrait of Orthodox Jewry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-642-0","url_text":"0-88125-642-0"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Rachel (22 November 2006). \"Passaic/Clifton: The new Jewish boom town\". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishpressads.com/pageroute.do/19998/","url_text":"\"Passaic/Clifton: The new Jewish boom town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Press","url_text":"The Jewish Press"}]},{"reference":"\"משפתי ישנים\". קובץ מורנו עם התורה (in Hebrew). Am HaTorah. 1985. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=15060&pgnum=5","url_text":"קובץ מורנו עם התורה"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Bais Medrash L'Torah. Retrieved 22 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmtshul.org/?page=history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Gershon Avroham Weisenfeld\". kevarim.com. 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://kevarim.com/rabbi-gershon-avroham-weisenfeld/","url_text":"\"Rabbi Gershon Avroham Weisenfeld\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administration\". Hebrew Academy of Cleveland. 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hac1.org/administration.shtml","url_text":"\"Administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Smilow Family Presents Pesach 2010\". Smilow Vacations. 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://smilowvacations.com/lecturers","url_text":"\"The Smilow Family Presents Pesach 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Moshe Taub\". Buffalo Vaad Hakashrut. Retrieved 23 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bvkkosher.com/#!our-team/c85v","url_text":"\"Rabbi Moshe Taub\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen_station

Agen station

["1 Train services","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 44°12′30″N 0°37′15″E / 44.20833°N 0.62083°E / 44.20833; 0.62083Railway station in France Agen The station from the parkingGeneral informationLocationAgen, Lot-et-Garonne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine FranceLine(s)Bordeaux–Sète railway, Niversac-Agen railway, Agen-Auch railwayPlatforms5Tracks16Other informationStation code87586008HistoryOpened1856Services Preceding station SNCF Following station Bordeauxtowards Montparnasse TGV inOui Montaubantowards Toulouse Marmandetowards Bordeaux Intercités Montaubantowards Marseille Preceding station Ouigo Following station Bordeauxtowards Paris-Montparnasse Grande Vitesse Montaubantowards Toulouse Preceding station TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine Following station Laroque-Timbauttowards Périgueux 34 Terminus Port-Sainte-Marietowards Bordeaux 44 Preceding station TER Occitanie Following station Terminus 18 Lamagistèretowards Toulouse Agen station (French: Gare d'Agen) is a railway station in Agen, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station was opened in 1856 and is located on the Bordeaux–Sète railway, Niversac-Agen railway and Agen-Auch railway, which is used for freight. The station is served by TGV (high speed), Intercités (long distance, also night trains) and TER (local) services operated by SNCF. Train services The following services currently call at Agen: high speed services (TGV) Paris - Tours - Bordeaux - Toulouse intercity services (Intercités) Bordeaux - Toulouse - Montpellier - Marseille local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Bordeaux - Langon - Marmande - Agen local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Périgueux - Le Buisson - Monsempron-Libos - Agen local service (TER Occitanie) Agen - Montauban - Toulouse See also List of SNCF stations in Nouvelle-Aquitaine References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gare d'Agen. ^ "Plan du réseau TER en Nouvelle-Aquitaine" (PDF). www.ter.sncf.com (in French). Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ Timetable search, TER Occitanie ^ Le réseau régional de transport public, TER Occitanie, accessed 12 May 2022. 44°12′30″N 0°37′15″E / 44.20833°N 0.62083°E / 44.20833; 0.62083 This article about a railway station in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine région of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Agen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle-Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux–Sète railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux%E2%80%93S%C3%A8te_railway"},{"link_name":"Niversac-Agen railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niversac-Agen_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agen-Auch railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen-Auch_railway"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"Intercités","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercit%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"TER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_express_r%C3%A9gional"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"}],"text":"Railway station in FranceAgen station (French: Gare d'Agen) is a railway station in Agen, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station was opened in 1856 and is located on the Bordeaux–Sète railway, Niversac-Agen railway and Agen-Auch railway, which is used for freight. The station is served by TGV (high speed), Intercités (long distance, also night trains) and TER (local) services operated by SNCF.","title":"Agen station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The following services currently call at Agen:[1][2][3]high speed services (TGV) Paris - Tours - Bordeaux - Toulouse\nintercity services (Intercités) Bordeaux - Toulouse - Montpellier - Marseille\nlocal service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Bordeaux - Langon - Marmande - Agen\nlocal service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Périgueux - Le Buisson - Monsempron-Libos - Agen\nlocal service (TER Occitanie) Agen - Montauban - Toulouse","title":"Train services"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of SNCF stations in Nouvelle-Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SNCF_stations_in_Nouvelle-Aquitaine"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jytte_Klamer

Andrew Kerr (festival co-founder)

["1 Glastonbury Fair","2 Life","3 Autobiography","4 References"]

Andrew KerrBorn(1933-11-29)29 November 1933Ewell, Surrey, EnglandDied6 October 2014(2014-10-06) (aged 80)Pilton, Somerset, EnglandOccupationAuthorKnown forCo-founder of Glastonbury Fair (AKA Fayre) Andrew Kerr (29 November 1933 – 6 October 2014) was a co-founder of Glastonbury Fair, the 1971 forerunner of today's Glastonbury Festival. Kerr managed the festival site up to the mid-1980s, helping establish it as the UK's foremost music festival. Glastonbury Fair In June 1971, Kerr staged "Glastonbury Fair", along with Arabella Churchill and some other friends. Glastonbury Fair originated the use of the name 'Glastonbury', the June date, and the pyramid stage, inspired by the work of author John Michell. The position of the stage was dowsed by Kerr according with his belief in ley lines, and the 'Glastonbury' part of the festival's name was introduced. Kerr was inspired to put on a free festival after his experience at the commercial Isle of Wight Festival in 1970. His original motivation for staging a free festival was outlined in a leaflet published at the time: Man is fast ruining his environment. He is suffering from the effects of pollution; from the neurosis brought about by a basically urban industrial society: from the lack of spirituality in his life. The aims are, therefore: the conservation of our natural resources; a respect for nature and life; and a spiritual awakening. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Glastonbury Fair, at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival Kerr organised a 'Spirit of 71' stage, with a number of the original performers. 'Spirit of 71' was also incorporated into the 2013 festival. In his book Groovy Old Men author Nick Baker says of Kerr: His contribution to the British music scene is incontrovertibly huge. Without him there would be no Glastonbury Festival. Life Born in Ewell, Surrey, in 1933, Kerr's childhood during the war years was spent in south Oxfordshire, but he was evacuated to Ilfracombe for a period, and immediately afterwards the family was farming in the area. He was at school at Radley College. He spent his National Service as a stores assistant at Portsmouth in the Royal Navy, in which his father also served. Andrew Kerr has been a gardener, minicab driver, sailor, farmer, tv researcher and festival starter. He has met Jimi Hendrix, Princess Margaret, Winston Churchill and the Grateful Dead. He can build dry stone walls, shear sheep and navigate sea going vessels. He is enthusiastic about numerology and ley lines. For someone who was in at the start of the green movement he doesn't bang on about it. For ten years following 1958 he was employed as personal assistant to Randolph Spencer Churchill, who was writing the official biography of his father, Sir Winston Churchill. After organising Glastonbury Fair in 1971, Kerr continued to manage the Glastonbury Festival site up until the mid-1980s. In 1992, Kerr put on the Whole Earth Show in Dorset, promoting organic agriculture and sustainable technologies. BBC Radio 4 carried the first wind-powered broadcast from the show, while Tibetan priests blessed the site and those present. Kerr was a consistent advocate of the benefits of aerobic composting, and has spoken on TV and radio about composting and the potential of compost funerals. Kerr spent his last years in Pilton, Somerset, home of the Glastonbury Festival. Autobiography Kerr's autobiography Intolerably Hip: The Memoirs of Andrew Kerr was published in May 2011. References ^ Williamson, Marcus (8 October 2014). "Andrew Kerr, writer and festival organiser: The man who helped make Glastonbury Festival a stunning success". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2020. ^ "1971 | Glastonbury Festival". Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014. ^ Dearling, Alan. "Not only but also…some historical ramblings about the English festivals scene" (PDF). Retrieved 4 May 2011. ^ Youngs, Ian. "Meet the Glastonbury Survivors", BBC News, 24 June 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ Carol Clerk (2004). The saga of Hawkwind. Omnibus Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-84449-101-8. Retrieved 14 December 2010. ^ Youngs, Ian (24 June 2010). "Meet the Glastonbury survivors". BBC. Retrieved 14 December 2010. ^ Nick Baker (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9. ^ "The Spirit Of '71". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Nick Baker (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9. ^ "Andrew Kerr – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 8 October 2014. ^ a b c Adler, Mark (May 2011). "Spirit of '71 revived". Mendip Times. pp. 66–67. ^ Baker, Nick (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9. ^ "Intolerably Hip: The memoirs of Andrew Kerr". Frontier Publishing. May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011. vteGlastonbury Festival Michael Eavis Emily Eavis Andrew Kerr Arabella Churchill Events 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 AffiliationsArenas The Glade The Left Field Charities WaterAid Oxfam Greenpeace Children's World Management Festival Republic Live Nation UK Releases and publications Glastonbury Fayre (film) Glastonbury Fayre (album) Glastonbury the Movie Essential Glastonbury Glastonbury Anthems Glastonbury Stand as One – Live at Glastonbury 2016 Glastonbury 2000 (David Bowie album) Related articles Line-ups Worthy FM Radio Avalon Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States

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Kerr managed the festival site up to the mid-1980s, helping establish it as the UK's foremost music festival.","title":"Andrew Kerr (festival co-founder)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arabella Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella_Churchill_(charity_founder)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Michell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michell_(writer)"},{"link_name":"dowsed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing"},{"link_name":"ley lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"free festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2011 Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival_2011"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In June 1971, Kerr staged \"Glastonbury Fair\",[2] along with Arabella Churchill and some other friends. Glastonbury Fair originated the use of the name 'Glastonbury', the June date, and the pyramid stage,[3] inspired by the work of author John Michell. The position of the stage was dowsed by Kerr according with his belief in ley lines, and the 'Glastonbury' part of the festival's name was introduced.[4]Kerr was inspired to put on a free festival[5] after his experience at the commercial Isle of Wight Festival in 1970.[6] His original motivation for staging a free festival was outlined in a leaflet published at the time:Man is fast ruining his environment. He is suffering from the effects of pollution; from the neurosis brought about by a basically urban industrial society: from the lack of spirituality in his life. The aims are, therefore: the conservation of our natural resources; a respect for nature and life; and a spiritual awakening.[7]To mark the 40th anniversary of the Glastonbury Fair, at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival Kerr organised a 'Spirit of 71' stage, with a number of the original performers. 'Spirit of 71' was also incorporated into the 2013 festival.[8]In his book Groovy Old Men author Nick Baker says of Kerr:His contribution to the British music scene is incontrovertibly huge. Without him there would be no Glastonbury Festival.[9]","title":"Glastonbury Fair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewell"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Ilfracombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfracombe"},{"link_name":"Radley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_College"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Randolph Spencer Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Sir Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-11"},{"link_name":"Whole Earth Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whole_Earth_Show&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"composting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilton,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mt-11"}],"text":"Born in Ewell, Surrey, in 1933,[10] Kerr's childhood during the war years was spent in south Oxfordshire, but he was evacuated to Ilfracombe for a period, and immediately afterwards the family was farming in the area. He was at school at Radley College. He spent his National Service as a stores assistant at Portsmouth in the Royal Navy, in which his father also served.[11]Andrew Kerr has been a gardener, minicab driver, sailor, farmer, tv researcher and festival starter. He has met Jimi Hendrix, Princess Margaret, Winston Churchill and the Grateful Dead. He can build dry stone walls, shear sheep and navigate sea going vessels. He is enthusiastic about numerology and ley lines. For someone who was in at the start of the green movement he doesn't bang on about it.[12]For ten years following 1958 he was employed as personal assistant to Randolph Spencer Churchill, who was writing the official biography of his father, Sir Winston Churchill.[11]After organising Glastonbury Fair in 1971, Kerr continued to manage the Glastonbury Festival site up until the mid-1980s.In 1992, Kerr put on the Whole Earth Show in Dorset, promoting organic agriculture and sustainable technologies. BBC Radio 4 carried the first wind-powered broadcast from the show, while Tibetan priests blessed the site and those present.[citation needed]Kerr was a consistent advocate of the benefits of aerobic composting, and has spoken on TV and radio about composting and the potential of compost funerals.[citation needed]Kerr spent his last years in Pilton, Somerset,[11] home of the Glastonbury Festival.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Kerr's autobiography Intolerably Hip: The Memoirs of Andrew Kerr was published in May 2011.[13]","title":"Autobiography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Williamson, Marcus (8 October 2014). \"Andrew Kerr, writer and festival organiser: The man who helped make Glastonbury Festival a stunning success\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/andrew-kerr-writer-and-festival-organiser-the-man-who-helped-make-glastonbury-festival-a-stunning-9783179.html","url_text":"\"Andrew Kerr, writer and festival organiser: The man who helped make Glastonbury Festival a stunning success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160311131614/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/andrew-kerr-writer-and-festival-organiser-the-man-who-helped-make-glastonbury-festival-a-stunning-9783179.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1971 | Glastonbury Festival\". Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140906043745/http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/history/history-1971/","url_text":"\"1971 | Glastonbury Festival\""},{"url":"http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/history/history-1971/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dearling, Alan. \"Not only but also…some historical ramblings about the English festivals scene\" (PDF). Retrieved 4 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enablerpublications.co.uk/pdfs/notonly1.pdf","url_text":"\"Not only but also…some historical ramblings about the English festivals scene\""}]},{"reference":"Carol Clerk (2004). The saga of Hawkwind. Omnibus Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-84449-101-8. Retrieved 14 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tsDgJXmHJloC","url_text":"The saga of Hawkwind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-101-8","url_text":"978-1-84449-101-8"}]},{"reference":"Youngs, Ian (24 June 2010). \"Meet the Glastonbury survivors\". BBC. Retrieved 14 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10388645","url_text":"\"Meet the Glastonbury survivors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Nick Baker (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-020-9","url_text":"978-1-84831-020-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Spirit Of '71\". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021054003/http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/areas/the-spirit-of-71/","url_text":"\"The Spirit Of '71\""},{"url":"http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/areas/the-spirit-of-71/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nick Baker (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-020-9","url_text":"978-1-84831-020-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Kerr – obituary\". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 8 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11149237/Andrew-Kerr-obituary.html","url_text":"\"Andrew Kerr – obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Adler, Mark (May 2011). \"Spirit of '71 revived\". Mendip Times. pp. 66–67.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendip_Times","url_text":"Mendip Times"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Nick (2008). Groovy Old Men: A Spotter's Guide. Icon. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84831-020-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-020-9","url_text":"978-1-84831-020-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Intolerably Hip: The memoirs of Andrew Kerr\". Frontier Publishing. May 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://frontierpublishing.co.uk/latest_book/Intolerably_hip.php","url_text":"\"Intolerably Hip: The memoirs of Andrew Kerr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Frontier Publishing"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re:Ignition

Re:Ignition

["1 History","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

American rock band This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Re:Ignition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Re:Ignition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Re:IgnitionOriginBay Area, San Francisco, U.S.GenresHard rock, alternative metalYears active2004–presentLabelsCorporate PunishmentMembersDave MooreSteev EsquivelTim HowellSnakeMark HernandezWebsitereignitionmusic.com Re:Ignition is a five-piece hard rock/alternative metal music group from Bay Area, San Francisco. History Formed in 2004, the band composes Skinlab members lead vocals/guitarist Steev Esquivel and guitarist Steve "Snake" Green. The band released their debut album Empty Heart, Loaded Gun, on November 21, 2006 via Corporate Punishment Records. Metal Hammer UK described the band's music as "hard-hitting, driving rock tracks with a beefy weight behind them". Re:Ignition also featured in the magazine's "Top 100 bands to watch for in 2007" list. Discography Release date Title Label November 21, 2006 Empty Heart, Loaded Gun Corporate Punishment References ^ Metal Hammer UK, February 2007 Edition, pg. 73. External links Official website Re:Ignition at AllMusic

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnersbury_tube_station

Gunnersbury station

["1 History","2 Services","3 Arrangement","4 Connections","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°29′30″N 0°16′30″W / 51.4918°N 0.275°W / 51.4918; -0.275London Underground and London Overground station Gunnersbury GunnersburyLocation of Gunnersbury in Greater LondonLocationGunnersburyLocal authorityLondon Borough of HounslowManaged byLondon UndergroundOwnerNetwork RailStation codeGUNDfT categoryDNumber of platforms2Fare zone3London Underground annual entry and exit2018 5.25 million2019 5.52 million2020 2.18 million2021 1.97 million2022 3.87 millionNational Rail annual entry and exit2018–19 2.437 million2019–20 2.389 million2020–21 0.664 million2021–22 1.318 million2022–23 1.776 millionKey dates1 January 1869Opened (L&SWR)1 January 1869Started (NLR)1870Started and Ended (GWR)1 June 1877Started (MR and DR)1 January 1894Started (GWR)31 December 1906Ended (MR)31 December 1910Ended (GWR)1916Ended (L&SWR)Other informationExternal links TfL station info page Departures Layout Facilities Buses Coordinates51°29′30″N 0°16′30″W / 51.4918°N 0.275°W / 51.4918; -0.275 London transport portal Gunnersbury is a London Overground and London Underground station in Gunnersbury in London, England on the North London line. The station opened on 1 January 1869 and is served by District line trains to and from Richmond, and by Arriva Rail London on the London Overground network. On the District line the station is between Turnham Green and Kew Gardens, and on the North London line it is between South Acton and Kew Gardens. The station is located off Chiswick High Road (A315) and is in Travelcard Zone 3. History The station was opened as Brentford Road on 1 January 1869 by the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) on a new branch line to Richmond built from the West London Joint Railway starting north of Addison Road station (now Kensington (Olympia)). The line ran through Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith via a now closed curve and Grove Road station in Hammersmith (also now closed). A short connection was also made from the North & South Western Junction Railway (N&SWJR) line to Brentford meeting the L&SWR line immediately north of the station. This line was served by the North London Railway (NLR). Brentford Road station originally had four platforms; two on the line to Richmond and two serving a loop (the Chiswick Curve) which connected to the line through Kew Bridge station. Between 1 June 1870 and 31 October 1870 the Great Western Railway (GWR) briefly ran services from Paddington to Richmond via Hammersmith & City Railway (now the Hammersmith & City line) tracks to Grove Road then on the L&SWR tracks through Gunnersbury. The station was given its current name in 1871. On 1 June 1877, the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened a short extension from its terminus at Hammersmith to connect to the L&SWR tracks east of Ravenscourt Park station. The DR then began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond. On 1 October 1877, the Metropolitan Railway (MR, now the Metropolitan line) restarted the GWR's former service to Richmond via Grove Road station. The DR's service between Richmond, Hammersmith and central London was more direct than the NLR's route via Willesden Junction, the L&SWR's or the MR's routes via Grove Road station or the L&SWR's other route from Richmond via Clapham Junction. From 1 January 1894, the GWR began sharing the MR's Richmond service and served Gunnersbury once again, meaning that passengers from Gunnersbury could travel on the services of five operators. Following the electrification of the DR's own tracks north of Acton Town in 1903, the DR funded the electrification of the tracks through Gunnersbury. The tracks on the Richmond branch were electrified on 1 August 1905. Whilst DR services were operated with electric trains, the L&SWR, NLR, GWR and MR services continued to be steam hauled. MR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1906 and GWR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1910 leaving operations at Gunnersbury to the DR (by then known as the District Railway), the NLR and L&SWR. By 1916, the L&SWR's route through Hammersmith was being out-competed by the District to such a degree that the L&SWR withdrew its service between Richmond and Addison Road on 3 June 1916, leaving the District as the sole operator over that route. In 1932, the Chiswick Curve was closed and the tracks were later removed. The site of the curve is now known as a housing estate known as Chiswick Village. District line train for Richmond in 1955 vteLondon Overground Cheshunt Theobalds Grove Enfield TownTurkey StreetRomford Bush Hill ParkSouthburyEmerson Park Upminster Edmonton Green Silver StreetChingford White Hart LaneHighams Park Watford Junction Bruce GroveWood Street WatfordSeven Sisters Walthamstow Central High StreetHarringayBlackhorse Road Walthamstow Queen's Road Bushey Green Lanes Carpenders ParkCrouch HillSouth TottenhamSt. JamesLeyton Midland Road Hatch EndUpper ()Stamford HillStreetLeytonstone Headstone LaneHollowayStoke NewingtonClaptonHigh Road Harrow & Kentish Town WestRectory RoadWanstead Park () WealdstoneGospel OakCamden Road ()Hackney Woodgrange Park Kenton ()Caledonian RoadCanonburyDownsBarking South Kenton& BarnsburyBarking Riverside () North Highbury & IslingtonDalston KingslandHackneyCentral WembleyHampstead HeathDalston Wembley Finchley Road & Frognal ()JunctionLondon Fields CentralWest Hampstead ( )HaggerstonCambridgeHomerton StonebridgeBrondesburyHoxtonHeathHackney Wick ParkBrondesbury ParkShoreditch High StreetBethnal GreenStratford HarlesdenKensal Rise Kensal Green LiverpoolWhitechapel Willesden Queen's Park StreetShadwell () JunctionKilburn High RoadWapping South HampsteadRotherhithe Shepherd's Bush ()Euston ()Canada Water Kensington (Olympia) Surrey Quays West Brompton Battersea Park Imperial Wharf ()(limited service)New Cross Clapham Queens Road PeckhamNew Cross Gate Junction Peckham RyeBrockley Acton CentralWandsworth Road Denmark HillHonor Oak Park South Acton() ClaphamForest Hill Gunnersbury High StreetSydenham Kew Gardens Richmond Crystal PalacePenge West Anerley Norwood Junction West Croydon () Legend StationNational RailLiberty line Accessible stationThameslinkLioness line Interchange stationElizabeth lineMildmay line Accessible interchangeDocklands Light RailwaySuffragette line London UndergroundWeaver line Internal interchangeLondon TramsWindrush line Out-of-station interchangeLondon River Services The new London Overground line names and colours are to be introduced across the London rail network in autumn 2024 On 8 December 1954 the station was damaged by a tornado which ripped off the roof and injured six people. In the 1960s the station was redeveloped with just the two platforms it currently possesses. The London Overground and London Underground services share the same tracks. Services Gunnersbury currently has the following National Rail (London Overground) London Underground (District Line) services, which are operated by Class 378, and S Stock London Underground Off-peak: 6tph to Upminster 6tph to Richmond London Overground Off-peak (including Sundays): 4tph to Stratford 4tph to Richmond Arrangement London Underground is classed as an open access operator between Richmond and Acton Lane Junction with LU purchasing individual slots on the North London line from Network Rail. Connections London Buses routes 110, 237, 267, 440, H91 and night route N9 serve the station. References ^ "Safety boost as London Underground to take control of 11 Silverlink stations". Transport for London. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ a b c d e "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year. ^ "London Overground Signs Standard – Issue 3" (PDF). Transport for London. 3 August 2009. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ "The Little Known Story of the Tornado which Ripped Apart a London Underground Station". MyLondon. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ "History of UK Weather – 1954". University of Dundee. Archived from the original on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ "Tornado Hits London". British Pathe. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ Table 59 National Rail timetable, May 2016 ^ "Buses from Gunnersbury" (PDF). TfL. March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunnersbury station. Train times and station information for Gunnersbury station from National Rail London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Gunnersbury station, 1928 Gunnersbury station, 1955 View of platform, 2001 Station Entrance, 2001 Preceding station London Overground Following station Kew Gardenstowards Richmond North London line South Actontowards Stratford Preceding station London Underground Following station Kew Gardenstowards Richmond District lineRichmond branch Turnham Greentowards Upminster Former services Kew Gardenstowards Richmond London and South Western Railway(1869–1916) Turnham Greentowards West Brompton Metropolitan Railway(1877–1906) Turnham Greentowards Paddington Great Western Railway(1894–1910) Abandoned plans Preceding station London Underground Following station Kew Gardenstowards Richmond Central line(1913) Heathfield Terracetowards Liverpool Street Central line(1920) Turnham Greentowards Liverpool Street vteChiswickEaling   Acton Green St Alban's Church Duke of Sussex    Bedford Park (part) Architecture of Bedford Park British Queen Anne Revival architecture Jonathan Carr London Buddhist Vihara HounslowBedford Park (part) Arts Educational Schools Chiswick Playhouse † H. J. Mulliner & Co. St Michael and All Angels The Tabard Chiswick High Road † Chiswick Empire Old Fire Station Old Pack Horse Our Lady of Grace & St Edward Power House Grove Park Chiswick Lifeboat Station † Chiswick Park Cricket Ground Duke's Hollow Dukes Meadows King's House Sports Ground † Little Sutton St Michael's Church Gunnersbury Chiswick Business Park Gunnersbury Triangle Old Chiswick Chiswick House Architecture of Chiswick House † Chiswick Asylum Chiswick House Gardens Chiswick Mall Chiswick Eyot † Chiswick Press † John I. Thornycroft & Company Walpole House Chiswick School Embassy of Moldova Fuller's Brewery Fuller, Smith & Turner George and Devonshire Hogarth's House William Hogarth Mawson Arms St Nicholas Church Strand-on-the-Green Bull's Head Oliver's Island Turnham Green Battle of Turnham Green Christ Church Town Hall Transport Barnes Railway Bridge Chiswick Bridge Chiswick flyover Chiswick Park Footbridge Chiswick Roundabout Dukes Meadows Footbridge Hogarth Roundabout Kew Railway Bridge  Chiswick  South Acton  Chiswick Park  Gunnersbury  Turnham Green Other Administration Chiswick Urban District (1858–1927) Municipal Borough of Brentford and Chiswick (1927–1965) Brentford and Chiswick (UK Parliament constituency) Bollo Brook Chiswick (1799 ship) † Chiswick Records vteDistrict lineStations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley-by-Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway) Monument ( Bank) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St James's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington (Olympia) Rolling stock S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill & Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh-on-Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary's (Whitechapel Road) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 D78 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O/P/CO/CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge Upminster See alsoOther sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteLondon OvergroundNorth London andWest London lines(Mildmay line) Richmond Kew Gardens Gunnersbury South Acton Acton Central Clapham Junction Imperial Wharf West Brompton Kensington (Olympia) Shepherd's Bush Willesden Junction Kensal Rise Brondesbury Park Brondesbury West Hampstead Finchley Road & Frognal Hampstead Heath Gospel Oak Kentish Town West Camden Road (from Camden Town) Caledonian Road & Barnsbury Highbury & Islington Canonbury Dalston Kingsland Hackney Central Homerton Hackney Wick Stratford Other topicsFuture plansPlanned and proposed stations Brent Cross West Castle Green Thamesmead Abbey Wood East Brixton Maiden Lane Junction Road Surrey Canal Old Oak Common Lane Hythe Road Primrose Hill Planned and proposed routes R25 (London) West London Orbital Rolling stockCurrent Class 378 Class 710 Former Class 150 Class 172 Class 313 Class 315 Class 317 Class 508 Operations Arriva Rail London London Overground Night Service London Rail National Rail Network Rail Transport for London History East London line extension London Overground Rail Operations North London Railway Orbirail Overground Network Silverlink London transport portal vteMetropolitan lineStationsCentral London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King's Cross St Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow-on-the-Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section& branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stockPresent rolling stock S8 Stock HistoryFormer lines Brill Tramway 1863–1933 1933–1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith (Grove Road) Lord's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary's (Whitechapel Road) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley-by-Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith Highbury & Islington Kensington (Olympia) Kew Gardens Kilburn Kingsbury Ladbroke Grove Latimer Road New Cross New Cross Gate Mile End Neasden Old Street Paddington Plaistow Queensbury Ravenscourt Park Richmond Rotherhithe Royal Oak Shadwell Shepherd's Bush Stanmore Stepney Green Stoke Mandeville Surrey Quays Turnham Green Upton Park Wapping Wendover West Ham West Hampstead Whitechapel Willesden Green Abandoned plans Lothbury Clerkenwell Finchley Road Hampstead Watford Central Transferred lines Aylesbury line Bakerloo line East London line Hammersmith & City line Jubilee line Great Northern & City Railway Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units GN&C Stock S Stock T Stock Circle Stock O/P/CP/CO/P1 Stock F Stock Main Line Stock A60 and A62 Stock Former 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Gunnersbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnersbury"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"North London line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_line"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_(London)_station"},{"link_name":"Arriva Rail London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Rail_London"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-design-signs-8"},{"link_name":"Turnham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnham_Green_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"South Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Acton_railway_station_(England)"},{"link_name":"Chiswick High Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick_High_Road"},{"link_name":"A315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A315_road"},{"link_name":"Travelcard Zone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_3"}],"text":"London Underground and London Overground stationGunnersbury is a London Overground and London Underground station in Gunnersbury in London, England on the North London line. The station opened on 1 January 1869 and is served by District line trains to and from Richmond, and by Arriva Rail London on the London Overground network.[8] On the District line the station is between Turnham Green and Kew Gardens, and on the North London line it is between South Acton and Kew Gardens.The station is located off Chiswick High Road (A315) and is in Travelcard Zone 3.","title":"Gunnersbury station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"West London Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_Line"},{"link_name":"Kensington (Olympia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_(Olympia)_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Grove Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_(Grove_Road)_station"},{"link_name":"North & South Western Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_%26_South_Western_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"North London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kew Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_tube_station_(Bakerloo,_Circle_and_District_lines)"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith & City line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_%26_City_line"},{"link_name":"District Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ravenscourt Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscourt_Park_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway"},{"link_name":"Willesden Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_Junction_station"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification"},{"link_name":"Acton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Town_tube_station"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gunnersbury_Station,_with_District_Line_train_for_Richmond_geograph-2386618-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The station was opened as Brentford Road on 1 January 1869 by the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) on a new branch line to Richmond built from the West London Joint Railway starting north of Addison Road station (now Kensington (Olympia)). The line ran through Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith via a now closed curve and Grove Road station in Hammersmith (also now closed). A short connection was also made from the North & South Western Junction Railway (N&SWJR) line to Brentford meeting the L&SWR line immediately north of the station. This line was served by the North London Railway (NLR).Brentford Road station originally had four platforms; two on the line to Richmond and two serving a loop (the Chiswick Curve) which connected to the line through Kew Bridge station.Between 1 June 1870 and 31 October 1870 the Great Western Railway (GWR) briefly ran services from Paddington to Richmond via Hammersmith & City Railway (now the Hammersmith & City line) tracks to Grove Road then on the L&SWR tracks through Gunnersbury.The station was given its current name in 1871.On 1 June 1877, the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened a short extension from its terminus at Hammersmith to connect to the L&SWR tracks east of Ravenscourt Park station. The DR then began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond. On 1 October 1877, the Metropolitan Railway (MR, now the Metropolitan line) restarted the GWR's former service to Richmond via Grove Road station.The DR's service between Richmond, Hammersmith and central London was more direct than the NLR's route via Willesden Junction, the L&SWR's or the MR's routes via Grove Road station or the L&SWR's other route from Richmond via Clapham Junction. From 1 January 1894, the GWR began sharing the MR's Richmond service and served Gunnersbury once again, meaning that passengers from Gunnersbury could travel on the services of five operators.Following the electrification of the DR's own tracks north of Acton Town in 1903, the DR funded the electrification of the tracks through Gunnersbury. The tracks on the Richmond branch were electrified on 1 August 1905. Whilst DR services were operated with electric trains, the L&SWR, NLR, GWR and MR services continued to be steam hauled.MR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1906 and GWR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1910 leaving operations at Gunnersbury to the DR (by then known as the District Railway), the NLR and L&SWR. By 1916, the L&SWR's route through Hammersmith was being out-competed by the District to such a degree that the L&SWR withdrew its service between Richmond and Addison Road on 3 June 1916, leaving the District as the sole operator over that route.In 1932, the Chiswick Curve was closed and the tracks were later removed. The site of the curve is now known as a housing estate known as Chiswick Village.District line train for Richmond in 1955On 8 December 1954 the station was damaged by a tornado which ripped off the roof and injured six people.[9][10][11]In the 1960s the station was redeveloped with just the two platforms it currently possesses. The London Overground and London Underground services share the same tracks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Class 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_378"},{"link_name":"S Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_S7_and_S8_Stock"},{"link_name":"Upminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upminster_station"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_(London)_station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_station"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_(London)_station"}],"text":"Gunnersbury currently has the following National Rail (London Overground) London Underground (District Line) services, which are operated by Class 378, and S StockLondon UndergroundOff-peak:6tph to Upminster\n6tph to RichmondLondon OvergroundOff-peak (including Sundays):[12]4tph to Stratford\n4tph to Richmond","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open access operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_operator"}],"text":"London Underground is classed as an open access operator between Richmond and Acton Lane Junction with LU purchasing individual slots on the North London line from Network Rail.","title":"Arrangement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_110"},{"link_name":"237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_237"},{"link_name":"267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_267"},{"link_name":"440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_440"},{"link_name":"H91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_H91"},{"link_name":"N9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"London Buses routes 110, 237, 267, 440, H91 and night route N9 serve the station.[13]","title":"Connections"}]

[{"image_text":"District line train for Richmond in 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gunnersbury_Station%2C_with_District_Line_train_for_Richmond_geograph-2386618-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Gunnersbury_Station%2C_with_District_Line_train_for_Richmond_geograph-2386618-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Safety boost as London Underground to take control of 11 Silverlink stations\". Transport for London. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023532/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2006/december/safety-boost-as-london-underground-to-take-control-of-11-silverlink-stations","url_text":"\"Safety boost as London Underground to take control of 11 Silverlink stations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2006/december/safety-boost-as-london-underground-to-take-control-of-11-silverlink-stations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage\". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation","url_text":"Office of Rail Regulation"}]},{"reference":"\"London Overground Signs Standard – Issue 3\" (PDF). Transport for London. 3 August 2009. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/overground-signs-standard.pdf","url_text":"\"London Overground Signs Standard – Issue 3\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502140514/http://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/overground-signs-standard.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Little Known Story of the Tornado which Ripped Apart a London Underground Station\". MyLondon. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/little-known-story-tornado-ripped-17431530","url_text":"\"The Little Known Story of the Tornado which Ripped Apart a London Underground Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210162925/https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/little-known-story-tornado-ripped-17431530","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of UK Weather – 1954\". University of Dundee. Archived from the original on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060504234459/http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/1954_weather.htm","url_text":"\"History of UK Weather – 1954\""},{"url":"http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/1954_weather.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado Hits London\". British Pathe. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpathe.com/video/tornado-hits-london","url_text":"\"Tornado Hits London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210163641/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/tornado-hits-london","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Buses from Gunnersbury\" (PDF). TfL. March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/gunnersbury-a4-0322.pdf","url_text":"\"Buses from Gunnersbury\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Ironi_Dimona_F.C.

Hapoel Dimona F.C.

["1 History","2 Honours","2.1 League","3 References"]

Football clubHapoel DimonaFull nameHapoel Dimonaהפועל דימונהFounded1956 as Hapoel Dimona1965 (Merger)Dissolved2003GroundMunicipal Stadium, DimonaLeagueLiga Alef South2015–161st Home colours Away colours Hapoel Dimona (Hebrew: הפועל דימונה) was an Israeli football club based in Dimona. History Hapoel Dimona was founded in 1956 and joined Liga Gimel. The club won Liga Gimel Negev division in the 1963–64 season and had to play in a Promotion play-offs, which was previously decided by the Israel Football Association. However, they refused to play the match and claimed for discrimination, as other Liga Gimel champions were promoted without a play-off match. as a result, they lost by walkover, and remained in Liga Gimel. Prior to the 1965–66 season, Hapoel Dimona merged with Liga Bet club, Hapoel Avraham Be'er Sheva, which was a feeder club of top flight club, Hapoel Be'er Sheva, after Hapoel Be'er Sheva sold Hapoel Avraham to the municipality of Dimona. with the merger, the club advanced to Liga Bet, the third tier of Israeli football at the time. In the 1971–72 season, the club won Liga Bet South B division and promoted for the first time in their history to Liga Alef, the second tier at the time. The club's best placing in the second tier, was the fifth place in Liga Alef South division, which was achieved in both 1972–73 and 1974–75 seasons. In 1976, following the creation of Liga Artzit, Liga Alef became the third tier of Israeli football, where the club continued to play after they finished twelfth at the 1975–76 season. Dimona was relegated to Liga Bet (now the fourth tier) in both 1976–77 and 1982–83 seasons. However, the club made an immediate return to Liga Alef in both occasions. In the 1985–86 season, the club won Liga Alef South division, and promoted to Liga Artzit. However, the club spent only one season in Liga Artzit, as they finished bottom in the 1986–87 season, winning only four games, and relegated back to Liga Alef. In 1989–90, Dimona suffered further relegation and remained six seasons in Liga Bet before returning to Liga Alef. In the 1998–99 season the club won Liga Alef South, thirteen years after the previous time, and promoted to Liga Artzit (which became the third tier of Israeli football due to the formation of the Israeli Premier League in that season). Dimona was relegated back to Liga Alef, once more after one season only, as they finished second bottom in the 1999–2000 Liga Artzit. The 2002–03 Liga Alef season was their last as Hapoel Dimona, as the club folded afterwards, as a result of administrative and financial problems and restarted in Liga Gimel as F.C. Dimona. Differently, The Israel Football Association have approved Hapoel Dimona's youth section to be renamed to F.C. Dimona, without being relegated to a lower tier. Honours League Honour No. Years Third tier 3 1971–72, 1985–86, 1998–99 Fourth tier 3 1963–64, 1983–84, 1995–96 References ^ a b F.C. Dimona wants to be promoted to Liga Alef Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine mynet, 31.7.2008 (in Hebrew) ^ Teams dissolved – Teams founded Maariv, 30.12.1956, Historical Jewish Press (in Hebrew) ^ Hapoel Dimona's request to postpone Bet and Gimel league games was rejected Heruth, 6.10.1964, Historical Jewish Press (in Hebrew) ^ Farewell to former chairmen of football Archived 2016-02-25 at the Wayback Machine mynet, 12.4.2010 (in Hebrew) ^ News & Updates Archived 2016-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Livegames, 22.8.2008 (in Hebrew)

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Dimona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Dimona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hapoel Dimona was founded in 1956 and joined Liga Gimel.[2] The club won Liga Gimel Negev division in the 1963–64 season and had to play in a Promotion play-offs, which was previously decided by the Israel Football Association. However, they refused to play the match and claimed for discrimination, as other Liga Gimel champions were promoted without a play-off match. as a result, they lost by walkover, and remained in Liga Gimel.[3]Prior to the 1965–66 season, Hapoel Dimona merged with Liga Bet club, Hapoel Avraham Be'er Sheva, which was a feeder club of top flight club, Hapoel Be'er Sheva, after Hapoel Be'er Sheva sold Hapoel Avraham to the municipality of Dimona.[4] with the merger, the club advanced to Liga Bet, the third tier of Israeli football at the time.In the 1971–72 season, the club won Liga Bet South B division and promoted for the first time in their history to Liga Alef, the second tier at the time. The club's best placing in the second tier, was the fifth place in Liga Alef South division, which was achieved in both 1972–73 and 1974–75 seasons. In 1976, following the creation of Liga Artzit, Liga Alef became the third tier of Israeli football, where the club continued to play after they finished twelfth at the 1975–76 season. Dimona was relegated to Liga Bet (now the fourth tier) in both 1976–77 and 1982–83 seasons. However, the club made an immediate return to Liga Alef in both occasions. In the 1985–86 season, the club won Liga Alef South division, and promoted to Liga Artzit. However, the club spent only one season in Liga Artzit, as they finished bottom in the 1986–87 season, winning only four games, and relegated back to Liga Alef. In 1989–90, Dimona suffered further relegation and remained six seasons in Liga Bet before returning to Liga Alef. In the 1998–99 season the club won Liga Alef South, thirteen years after the previous time, and promoted to Liga Artzit (which became the third tier of Israeli football due to the formation of the Israeli Premier League in that season). Dimona was relegated back to Liga Alef, once more after one season only, as they finished second bottom in the 1999–2000 Liga Artzit.The 2002–03 Liga Alef season was their last as Hapoel Dimona, as the club folded afterwards, as a result of administrative and financial problems[1] and restarted in Liga Gimel as F.C. Dimona. Differently, The Israel Football Association have approved Hapoel Dimona's youth section to be renamed to F.C. Dimona, without being relegated to a lower tier.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdagird_(Bavandid_ruler)

Yazdagird (Bavandid ruler)

["1 Biography","2 Sources"]

Yazdagird (Persian: یزدگرد) was the ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 1271 to 1298. He was the cousin and successor of Ali of Tabaristan. Biography Yazdagird was the son of Shahriyar, who was the brother of the Bavand king Ardashir II of Tabaristan. During the reign of Yazdagird, his overlord, the Ilkhanate, were in a civil war. During this period, Yazdagird's kingdom experienced a period of relative prosperity and security. He is also known for building several madrassas in his capital, Amol. Yazdagird died in 1298, and was succeeded by his son Shahriyar V. Sources Madelung, W. (1984). "ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Preceded byAli II Bavand ruler 1271–1300 Succeeded byShahriyar V vteBavand dynastyKayusiyya branch (651–1074) Farrukhzad (651–665) Valash (usurper, 665–673) Surkhab I (673–717) Mihr Mardan (717–755) Surkhab II (755–772) Sharwin I (772–817) Shahriyar I (817–825) Shapur (825) Mazyar (usurper, 825–839) Qarin I (839–867) Rustam I (867–895) Sharwin II (896–930) Shahriyar II (930–964) Rustam II (964–979) al-Marzuban (979–986) Sharwin III (986) Shahriyar III (986-987) al-Marzuban (987–998) Shahriyar III (998) al-Marzuban (998–1006) Abu Ja'far Muhammad (???–1027) Qarin II (1057–1074) Ispahbadhiyya branch (1074–1210) Shahriyar IV (1074–1114) Qarin III (1114–1117) Rustam III (1117–1118) Ali I (1118–1142) Shah Ghazi Rustam (1142–1165) Hasan I (1165–1173) Ardashir I (1173–1205) Rustam V (1205–1210) Kinkhwariyya branch (1238–1349) Ardashir II (1238–1249) Muhammad (1249–1271) Ali II (1271) Yazdagird (1271–1300) Shahriyar V (1300–1310) Shah-Kaykhusraw (1310–1328) Sharaf al-Muluk (1328–1334) Hasan II (1334–1349) This biography of an Iranian ruler or member of a royal family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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(1984). \"ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS)\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.vteBavand dynastyKayusiyya branch (651–1074)\nFarrukhzad (651–665)\nValash (usurper, 665–673)\nSurkhab I (673–717)\nMihr Mardan (717–755)\nSurkhab II (755–772)\nSharwin I (772–817)\nShahriyar I (817–825)\nShapur (825)\nMazyar (usurper, 825–839)\nQarin I (839–867)\nRustam I (867–895)\nSharwin II (896–930)\nShahriyar II (930–964)\nRustam II (964–979)\nal-Marzuban (979–986)\nSharwin III (986)\nShahriyar III (986-987)\nal-Marzuban (987–998)\nShahriyar III (998)\nal-Marzuban (998–1006)\nAbu Ja'far Muhammad (???–1027)\nQarin II (1057–1074)\nIspahbadhiyya branch (1074–1210)\nShahriyar IV (1074–1114)\nQarin III (1114–1117)\nRustam III (1117–1118)\nAli I (1118–1142)\nShah Ghazi Rustam (1142–1165)\nHasan I (1165–1173)\nArdashir I (1173–1205)\nRustam V (1205–1210)\nKinkhwariyya branch (1238–1349)\nArdashir II (1238–1249)\nMuhammad (1249–1271)\nAli II (1271)\nYazdagird (1271–1300)\nShahriyar V (1300–1310)\nShah-Kaykhusraw (1310–1328)\nSharaf al-Muluk (1328–1334)\nHasan II (1334–1349)This biography of an Iranian ruler or member of a royal family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelfoi_Islets

Adelfoi Islets

["1 Nearest islands and islets","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°07′N 23°59′E / 39.12°N 23.98°E / 39.12; 23.98Adelfoi IsletsNative name: ΑδελφοίAdelfoi IsletsGeographyCoordinates39°07′N 23°59′E / 39.12°N 23.98°E / 39.12; 23.98ArchipelagoSporadesTotal islands2Highest elevation50 m (160 ft)AdministrationGreeceRegionThessalyRegional unitSporadesDemographicsPopulation11 (2001)Additional informationPostal code370 05Area code(s)24240Vehicle registrationBO The Adelfoi Islets (Greek: Αδελφοί, "brothers") are two Greek islands in the Sporades. They are located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east-southeast of the main island of Alonnisos and also administered by a municipality of the same main island name. The 2001 census reported a population of eleven inhabitants. Nearest islands and islets Its nearest islands and islets are Alonnisos and Peristera, Skantzoura to the east and Euboea further south. References External links Official website of Municipality of Aloníssos (in Greek) vteIslands of the Northern SporadesMain Skiathos Skopelos Skyros Alonnisos Other Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Argos Dasia Erinia (Rineia) Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skyropoula Tsoungria Valaxa Greek islands: Aegean Islands, Saronic Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Euboea, North Aegean Islands, Sporades, Ionian Islands, Echinades vteAegean SeaGeneralCountries  Greece  Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands Greek islands Turkish islands Aegean IslandsCyclades Ananes Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Daskalio Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Aegean SeaDodecanese Agathonisi Arkoi Armathia Alimia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi (Lipsi) Leros Levitha (Lebynthos) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Megalonisi (Nisiopi) Metalik Ada Oinousses Pasas Psara Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon (Spinalonga) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokythas Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso (Prasonisi) Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Ionian Islands Antikythera Kythira Euboea Makronisos

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Sporades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporades"},{"link_name":"Alonnisos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonnisos"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece"}],"text":"The Adelfoi Islets (Greek: Αδελφοί, \"brothers\") are two Greek islands in the Sporades. They are located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east-southeast of the main island of Alonnisos and also administered by a municipality of the same main island name. The 2001 census reported a population of eleven inhabitants.","title":"Adelfoi Islets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alonnisos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonnisos"},{"link_name":"Peristera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristera"},{"link_name":"Skantzoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skantzoura"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"}],"text":"Its nearest islands and islets are Alonnisos and Peristera, Skantzoura to the east and Euboea further south.","title":"Nearest islands and islets"}]

[{"image_text":"Aegean Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aegean_with_legends.svg/150px-Aegean_with_legends.svg.png"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokesh_Kumar_Singhal

Lokesh Kumar Singhal

["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Indian metallurgical engineer (born 1943) Lokesh Kumar SinghalBorn1943 (1943) (age 81)IndiaEducationBanares Hindu University in Varanasi, University of OxfordOccupationMetallurgical EngineerAwardsNational Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards (1987), National Metallurgist – Industry award (2008), Padma Shri (2012)WebsiteOfficial web site Lokesh Kumar Singhal is an Indian metallurgical engineer known for his expertise in steel making and for the innovations he brought into the steelmaking industry in India. He was honored by the Government of India in 2012 with the fourth highest Indian civilian award, the Padma Shri. Biography Lokesh Kumar Singhal was born in February 1943 and received his degree in engineering from Banares Hindu University, Varanasi. In his postgraduate studies, he received a doctoral degree from the University of Oxford. He has served a few notable steelmaking enterprises in India, such as Alloy Steel Plant in Durgapur of the Steel Authority of India as the head of the Research and Development, Tata Metals and Strips Limited, as the Chief Metallurgist of Navsari, and Salem Steel as the Assistant General Manager. He also worked in the Research and Development center of Steel Authority of India Limited as General Manager where he coordinated development of several special steels and high strength rails for which he received National Metallurgists' Day Award in 1987. He has also served as the Chairman and Managing Director of Mecon Limited, wherein he contributed towards indigenous development of certain process technologies and the design development of plant equipment for the first time in the country. He received National Metallurgist-Industry award in 2008. He has worked for the boards of Hindustan Copper, NRDC, CMPDIL & Jindal Iron & Steel Company. During his tenure at Jindal Stainless Ltd., Singhal is known to have contributed to introduction of some process technologies for development of several high performance stainless steels which were earlier imported leading to saving of foreign currency and several novel stainless steels developed by him have been exported in large tonnages. He has published 60 scientific papers, presented 50 conference papers and co-authored two books. See also Steel Authority of India Jindal Steel and Power Limited Mecon Limited India portal References ^ a b c d "Business Week". Business Week. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014. ^ a b "Web India". Web India. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2014. ^ "Padma Shri" (PDF). Padma Shri. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ "Duedil". Duedil. 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014. External links "Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri". Video. YouTube. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014. vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Science & Engineering1950s Kshitish Ranjan Chakravorty (1954) Habib Rahman (1955) Laxman Mahadeo Chitale (1957) Ram Prakash Gehlote (1957) Krishnaswami Ramiah (1957) Bal Raj Nijhawan (1958) Benjamin Peary Pal (1958) Navalpakkam Parthasarthy (1958) Surendranath Kar (1959) Om Prakash Mathur (1959) Homi Sethna (1959) 1960s Anil Kumar Das (1960) A. S. Rao (1960) M. G. K. Menon (1961) Brahm Prakash (1961) Man Mohan Suri (1961) Paramananda Acharya (1964) Vishnu Madav Ghatage (1965) Satish Dhawan (1966) Maganbhai Ramchhodbhai Patel (1967) Hermenegild Santapau (1967) M. S. Swaminathan (1967) Guduru Venkatachalam (1967) Raja Ramanna (1968) Nautam Bhatt (1969) Amrik Singh Cheema (1969) T. V. Mahalingam (1969) 1970s P. R. Pisharoty (1970) Moti Lal Dhar (1971) Zafar Futehally (1971) Devendra Lal (1971) Charles Correa (1972) N. Kesava Panikkar (1973) Govind Swarup (1973) Achyut Kanvinde (1974) Suchitra Mitra (1974) C. N. R. Rao (1974) Sitaram Rao Valluri (1974) Rajagopala Chidambaram (1975) Shambhu Dayal Sinvhal (1976) B. R. Deodhar (1976) B. V. Doshi (1976) Atmaram Bhairav Joshi (1976) Janaki Ammal (1977) Jugal Kishore Choudhury (1977) Prafulla Kumar Jena (1977) Vishwa Gopal Jhingran (1977) Sibte Hasan Zaidi (1977) 1980s Hari Krishan Jain (1981) Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (1981) Dinkar Gangadhar Kelkar (1981) Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1982) Satya Prakash (1982) V. Narayana Rao (1982) Saroj Raj Choudhury (1983) Hassan Nasiem Siddiquie (1983) María Renée Cura (1984) Vasant Gowarikar (1984) Pramod Kale (1984) Nilamber Pant (1984) Myneni Hariprasada Rao (1984) M. R. Srinivasan (1984) Predhiman Krishan Kaw (1985) P. V. S. Rao (1987) Ramadas P. Shenoy (1987) Saroj Ghose (1989) Palle Rama Rao (1989) 1990s Ram Narain Agarwal (1990) Laurie Baker (1990) M. R. Kurup (1990) Rakesh Bakshi (1991) B. L. Deekshatulu (1991) Narinder Kumar Gupta (1991) Shri Krishna Joshi (1991) Raghunath Anant Mashelkar (1991) Govindarajan Padmanaban (1991) Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna (1991) A. V. Rama Rao (1991) Ganeshan Venkataraman (1991) Madhava Ashish (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Kailash Sankhala (1992) Vinod Prakash Sharma (1992) Joseph Allen Stein (1992) Manmohan Attavar (1998) Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi (1998) Anil Kakodkar (1998) Aditya Narayan Purohit (1998) V. K. Saraswat (1998) Asis Datta (1999) Indira Nath (1999) M. S. Ramakumar (1999) M. V. Rao (1999) S. K. Sikka (1999) 2000s Vijay P. Bhatkar (2000) D. D. Bhawalkar (2000) Gurdev Khush (2000) Parasu Ram Mishra (2000) Sandip Kumar Basu (2001) Bisweswar Bhattacharjee (2001) V. K. Chaturvedi (2001) Ketayun Ardeshir Dinshaw (2001) Prem Shanker Goel (2001) Goverdhan Mehta (2001) C. G. Krishnadas Nair (2001) M. S. Raghunathan (2001) Sanjaya Rajaram (2001) T. V. Ramakrishnan (2001) Thirumalachari Ramasami (2001) Dasika Durga Prasada Rao (2001) Paul Ratnasamy (2001) Ashoke Sen (2001) Bikash Sinha (2001) Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme (2001) A. S. Arya (2002) Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan (2002) Padmanabhan Balaram (2002) Dorairajan Balasubramanian (2002) Ramanath Cowsik (2002) Chaitanyamoy Ganguly (2002) Kota Harinarayana (2002) Ashok Jhunjhunwala (2002) Amitav Malik (2002) Katuru Narayana (2002) A. Sivathanu Pillai (2002) I. V. Subba Rao (2002) B. N. Suresh (2002) Asok Kumar Barua (2003) Shivram Bhoje (2003) Jai Bhagwan Chaudhary (2003) Sarvagya Singh Katiyar (2003) Gyan Chandra Mishra (2003) Jai Pal Mittal (2003) Sundaram Ramakrishnan (2003) Baburao Govindrao Shirke (2003) Mahendra Singh Sodha (2003) Nagarajan Vedachalam (2003) Satish Kumar Kaura (2004) Nalini Ranjan Mohanty (2004) T. S. Prahlad (2004) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (2004) K. N. Shankara (2004) Lalji Singh (2004) Rajpal Singh Sirohi (2004) M. Vijayan (2004) Dipankar Banerjee (2005) Srikumar Banerjee (2005) Banwari Lal Chouksey (2005) Bhagavatula Dattaguru (2005) Vasudevan Gnana Gandhi (2005) Madhu Sudan Kanungo (2005) M. Mahadevappa (2005) Ramachandran Balasubramanian (2006) Harsh Gupta (2006) Seyed E. Hasnain (2006) Narendra Kumar (2006) B. V. Nimbkar (2006) Swaminathan Sivaram (2006) Thekkethil Kochandy Alex (2007) Rabi Narayan Bastia (2007) Dilip K. Biswas (2007) Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty (2007) Kiran Karnik (2007) Thanu Padmanabhan (2007) Baldev Raj (2007) Sudhir Kumar Sopory (2007) Khadg Singh Valdiya (2007) Kasturi Lal Chopra (2008) Joseph H. Hulse (2008) Bhavarlal Jain (2008) Kaleem Ullah Khan (2008) Sant Singh Virmani (2008) Pramod Tandon (2009) Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav (2009) 2010s Vijay Prasad Dimri (2010) Pucadyil Ittoop John (2010) Palpu Pushpangadan (2010) M. R. S. Rao (2010) Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath (2010) Ponisseril Somasundaran (2010) M. Annamalai (2011) Moni Lal Bhoumik (2011) Coimbatore Narayana Rao Raghavendran (2011) Suman Sahai (2011) G. Shankar (2011) E. A. Siddiq (2011) Subra Suresh (2011) V. Adimurthy (2012) Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai (2012) Krishna Lal Chadha (2012) Virander Singh Chauhan (2012) Y. S. Rajan (2012) Jagadish Shukla (2012) Vijaypal Singh (2012) Lokesh Kumar Singhal (2012) Manindra Agrawal (2013) Mustansir Barma (2013) Avinash Chander (2013) Sanjay Govind Dhande (2013) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (2013) Sharad P. Kale (2013) Sankar Kumar Pal (2013) Deepak B. Phatak (2013) Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju (2013) Ajay K. Sood (2013) K. VijayRaghavan (2013) Sekhar Basu (2014) Madhavan Chandradathan (2014) Jayanta Kumar Ghosh (2014) Ravi Grover (2014) Ramakrishna V. Hosur (2014) E. D. Jemmis (2014) A. S. Kiran Kumar (2014) Ajay Kumar Parida (2014) M. Y. S. Prasad (2014) Brahma Singh (2014) Vinod K. Singh (2014) Govindan Sundararajan (2014) Subbiah Arunan (2015) Jacques Blamont (2015) N. Prabhakar (2015) Prahlada (2015) S. K. Shivakumar (2015) Mylswamy Annadurai (2016) Dipankar Chatterji (2016) Satish Kumar (2016) Onkar Nath Srivastava (2016) Veena Tandon (2016) G. D. Yadav (2016) Jitendra Nath Goswami (2017) Chintakindi Mallesham (2017) Amitava Roy (2018) Vikram Chandra Thakur (2018) Rajagopalan Vasudevan (2018) Manas Bihari Verma (2018) Uddhab Bharali (2019) Baldev Singh Dhillon (2019) Rohini Godbole (2019) Subhash Kak (2019) 2020s Raman Gangakhedkar (2020) Sujoy K. Guha (2020) K. S. Manilal (2020) Vashishtha Narayan Singh (2020) Thalappil Pradeep (2020) H. C. Verma (2020) Sudhir K. Jain (2020) Rattan Lal (2021) Subbanna Ayyappan (2022) Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (2022) Aditya Prasad Dash (2022) Moti Lal Madan (2022) Anil K. Rajvanshi (2022) Ajay Kumar Sonkar (2022) Jyantkumar Maganlal Vyas (2022) Khadar Valli Dudekula (2023) Modadugu Vijay Gupta (2023) Ganesh Nagappa Krishnarajanagara (2023) Arvind Kumar (2023) Mahendra Pal (2023) Bakshi Ram (2023) Sujatha Ramdorai (2023) Abbareddy Nageswara Rao (2023)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-hursag

Ehursag

["1 See also","2 Notes"]

This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Part of a series onAncientMesopotamian religionChaos Monster and Sun God Religions of the ancient Near East Anatolia Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia Babylonia Sumer Iranian Semitic Arabia Canaan Primordial beings Tiamat and Abzu Lahamu and Lahmu Kishar and Anshar Mummu Seven gods who decree Four primary Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Three sky gods Inanna/Ishtar Nanna/Sin Utu/Shamash Other major deities Adad Dumuzid Enkimdu Enmesharra Ereshkigal Ki Kingu Geshtinanna Lahar Marduk Nergal Ninurta Šulpae Minor deities Agasaya Anunnaki Asaruludu Ashnan Ashgi Bel Dumuzi-abzu Enbilulu Erra Erragal Gibil Hendursaga Igigi Isimud Išum Kajamanu Lahar Laṣ Lisin Lugala'abba Mami/Nintu Mamitu Maštabba Nabu Namtar Nanshe Nindara Ninmarki Nisaba Ninazu Ningal Ningirida Ningirima Ninkasi Ninkilim Ninlil Ninmug Ninšar Ninsikila Ninšubur Ninsun Nuska Paniĝinĝarra Sarpanit Shul-utula Šubula Šulpae Tišpak Uttu Demigods and heroes Adapa Enkidu Enmerkar Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Shamhat Siduri Atra-Hasis Ziusudra Apkallu (seven sages) Spirits and monsters Udug Lamassu/Shedu Asag Edimmu Siris Anzû Ušum/Dragon Kuli-ana/Mermaid Bašmu Mušmaḫḫū Ušumgallu Seven-headed serpent Humbaba Hanbi Kur Lamashtu Lilu Pazuzu Rabisu Tales Mythology An = Anum Atra-Hasis Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enūma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh Terms Dingir Sukkal vte Eḫursag (Sumerian: 𒂍𒄯𒊕) is a Sumerian term meaning "house of the mountains". Sumerian ÉḪURSAG is written as a special ligature (ÉPAxGÍN 𒂍𒉺𒂅), sometimes etymologized as É.ḪAR.SAG (𒂍𒄯𒊕), written with the signs É "temple" (or "house"), ḪAR "mountain" and SAG "head". Ehursag is commonly associated with a temple of Enlil discovered by Sir. Charles Leonard Woolley during excavations at Ur in modern-day Iraq. He originally considered this to be a palace, a view that was later rejected in replace for a temple. The location of the royal palace at Ur remains unknown. No graves were discovered under the Ekursag during these excavations. Woolley eventually conceded that it was a "minor temple of some sort." Modern scholars still vary on their interpretations of it as a temple, palace, or administrative building. It has even been suggested to be a wing or annex of the main temple, having had some of its foundations destroyed. Stamped bricks used in the construction of the foundations revealed that they were built by Ur-Nammu of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Bricks from the pavement bore the stamp of his successor, Shulgi and later ones of the Isin-Larsa period after Ur was destroyed by Elamites. Ehursag is also the name or epithet of Ninhursag's temple at Hiza and has been suggested to have been an interchangeable word with Enamtila. The Ehursag at Ur was restored in 1961 using ancient and modern bricks, a 2008 report for the British Museum noted that this had collapsed in some areas, especially the northwest corner. See also Ziggurat of Ur Ur Ekur Enamtila Hursag Hubur Notes ^ a b A. R. George (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Eisenbrauns. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-931464-80-5. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (1998). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-3-11-017296-6. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ Tonia M. Sharlach (2004). Provincial taxation and the Ur III state. BRILL. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-90-04-13581-9. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ a b Harriet E. W. Crawford (2004). Sumer and the Sumerians. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ "Curtis, John., Rahee, Qais Hussein., Clarke, Hugo, Al Hamdani, Abdulamir M., Stone, Elizabeth., Van Ess, Margarete., Collins, Paul., Ali, Mehsin., An assessment of archaeological sites in June 2008: An Iraqi-British Project., p. 8, arxaiologia.gr, Iraq, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-09. This article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.Eḫursag (Sumerian: 𒂍𒄯𒊕) is a Sumerian term meaning \"house of the mountains\".[1]Sumerian ÉḪURSAG is written as a special ligature (ÉPAxGÍN 𒂍𒉺𒂅),[2] sometimes etymologized as É.ḪAR.SAG (𒂍𒄯𒊕), written with the signs É \"temple\" (or \"house\"), ḪAR \"mountain\" and SAG \"head\".Ehursag is commonly associated with a temple of Enlil discovered by Sir. Charles Leonard Woolley during excavations at Ur in modern-day Iraq. He originally considered this to be a palace, a view that was later rejected in replace for a temple. The location of the royal palace at Ur remains unknown. No graves were discovered under the Ekursag during these excavations.[3] Woolley eventually conceded that it was a \"minor temple of some sort.\" Modern scholars still vary on their interpretations of it as a temple, palace, or administrative building. It has even been suggested to be a wing or annex of the main temple, having had some of its foundations destroyed.[4] Stamped bricks used in the construction of the foundations revealed that they were built by Ur-Nammu of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Bricks from the pavement bore the stamp of his successor, Shulgi and later ones of the Isin-Larsa period after Ur was destroyed by Elamites.[4] Ehursag is also the name or epithet of Ninhursag's temple at Hiza and has been suggested to have been an interchangeable word with Enamtila.[1] The Ehursag at Ur was restored in 1961 using ancient and modern bricks, a 2008 report for the British Museum noted that this had collapsed in some areas, especially the northwest corner.[5]","title":"Ehursag"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-George1993_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-George1993_1-1"},{"link_name":"House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=31miWZGVevMC&pg=PA2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-931464-80-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-80-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EbelingMeissner1998_2-0"},{"link_name":"Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3q2DZPc-XCMC&pg=PA15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-017296-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017296-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharlach2004_3-0"},{"link_name":"Provincial taxation and the Ur III state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Sxz1ahiQQnsC&pg=PA9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-13581-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13581-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Crawford2004_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Crawford2004_4-1"},{"link_name":"Harriet E. W. 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R. George (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Eisenbrauns. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-931464-80-5. Retrieved 9 June 2011.\n\n^ Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (1998). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-3-11-017296-6. Retrieved 9 June 2011.\n\n^ Tonia M. Sharlach (2004). Provincial taxation and the Ur III state. BRILL. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-90-04-13581-9. Retrieved 9 June 2011.\n\n^ a b Harriet E. W. Crawford (2004). Sumer and the Sumerians. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6. Retrieved 9 June 2011.\n\n^ \"Curtis, John., Rahee, Qais Hussein., Clarke, Hugo, Al Hamdani, Abdulamir M., Stone, Elizabeth., Van Ess, Margarete., Collins, Paul., Ali, Mehsin., An assessment of archaeological sites in June 2008: An Iraqi-British Project., p. 8, arxaiologia.gr, Iraq, 2008\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-09.This article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Moynihan

Tim Moynihan

["1 References"]

American football player and coach (1907–1952) This article is about the football player. For the politician, see Timothy Moynihan. Tim MoynihanDate of birth(1907-09-23)September 23, 1907Place of birthChicago, Illinois, U.S.Date of deathApril 4, 1952(1952-04-04) (aged 44)Place of deathOrange, California, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)CenterUS collegeNotre DameCareer historyAs player1932–1933Chicago Cardinals Career highlights and awards National champion (1929) Third-team All-American (1928) Career statsPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Timothy Anthony Moynihan (September 23, 1907 – April 4, 1952) was an American football player and coach. He played professionally for two seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Cardinals. Moynihan played as a center at the University of Notre Dame under head coach Knute Rockne and was a member of the undefeated 1929 team. He served as an assistant football coach at Notre Dame, Texas, Denver, and Georgetown. He coached interscholastic football at St. Xavier College in Cincinnati. He coached baseball at the University of Denver. Moynihan was one of 11 All-American football players to appear in the 1930 film Maybe It's Love. He died in Los Angeles on April 4, 1952, from injuries sustained during an automobile accident. References ^ Georgetown University Goes Notre Dame, Times Daily, Mar 7, 1930. ^ Rochester Evening Journal, Mar 1, 1932. ^ Hubbard is selected for athletic director, The Spokesman-Review, May 18, 1941. ^ "Maybe It's Love". American Film Institute. ^ Notre Dame All-American Tim Moynihan Dies, The Pittsburgh Press, April 5, 1952. vteDenver Pioneers head baseball coaches Unknown (1880–1910) Thomas A. Barry (1911) Unknown (1912–1939) Tim Moynihan (1940) Unknown (1941–1946) Dan Stavely (1947) Cac Hubbard (1948) Unknown (1949) Paul McClung (1950) Hoyt Brawner (1951–1953) Tom Murphy (1954) William C. Heiss (1955–1959) Rusty Fairly (1960–1961) Jack Rose (1962–1997) vte1929 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football—national champions 18 Marchmont Schwartz 24 Frank Carideo Marty Brill Jack Cannon Tom Conley Carl Cronin Al Culver Al Gebert Tom Gorman Mike Koken John B. Law Bernie Leahy Frank Leahy Bert Metzger Tim Moynihan Larry Mullins John Rogers Joe Savoldi Tommy Yarr Head coach: Knute Rockne Assistants: Jack Chevigny Bill Jones Tom Lieb Tommy Mills

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph_(King_Crimson_song)

Epitaph (song)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","3.1 Sources","4 External links"]

1969 song by King Crimson For other songs, see Epitaph (disambiguation) § Songs. "Epitaph"Song by King Crimsonfrom the album In the Court of the Crimson King Released10 October 1969 (1969-10-10)Recorded30 July 1969Genre Symphonic rock folk rock progressive rock Length8:47LabelAtlanticComposer(s) Robert Fripp Michael Giles Greg Lake Ian McDonald Lyricist(s)Peter SinfieldProducer(s)King Crimson "Epitaph"UK picture sleeveSingle by King Crimsonfrom the album A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson B-side"21st Century Schizoid Man"ReleasedFebruary 1976Length8:47LabelAtlanticKing Crimson singles chronology "The Night Watch" (1974) "Epitaph" (1976) "Matte Kudasai" (1984) "Epitaph" is the third track on British progressive rock band King Crimson's 1969 album In the Court of the Crimson King. It was written by Robert Fripp, Ian McDonald, Greg Lake, and Michael Giles with lyrics written by Peter Sinfield. The song is noted for its heavy use of the Mellotron. As with the album's first track, "21st Century Schizoid Man", the song's lyrics have a distinctly dystopian feel to them and are presented as a protest to the Cold War. The song's title was used as the name for a live album of recordings done by the original King Crimson, Epitaph. Emerson, Lake & Palmer would later incorporate an excerpt from this song after the "Battlefield" portion of the live version of their song "Tarkus", from the Tarkus album, as documented in the live album Welcome Back My Friends to the Show That Never Ends... Ladies and Gentlemen. "Stripes" from Cage's album Hell's Winter samples a middle part of the song throughout its duration. Epitaph Records also took its name from the song. Track listing In 1976, "Epitaph" was released as a single with "21st Century Schizoid Man" as the B-side, a companion to the compilation A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson (1976). "Epitaph" (including "March for No Reason" and "Tomorrow and Tomorrow") (Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, Peter Sinfield) "21st Century Schizoid Man" (including "Mirrors") (Fripp, Giles, Lake, McDonald, Sinfield) Personnel Robert Fripp – acoustic guitar, electric guitar Greg Lake – bass guitar, vocals Ian McDonald – Mellotron, harpsichord, piano, flute, organ, clarinet, bass clarinet Michael Giles – drums, percussion, timpani Peter Sinfield – lyrics References ^ a b Macan (1997), p. 24. ^ "Great Rock Discography". p. 460. ^ a b Macan (1997), p. 23. ^ Martin (1998), p. 158–159. ^ Holm-Hudson (2008), p. 41. ^ Ayers (2006), p. 179. ^ Buhrmester, Jason (November 2010). "Against the Grain: The Oral History of Epitaph Records". Spin: 62. ISSN 0886-3032. Sources Ayers, Michael D. (2006). Cybersounds: Essays On Virtual Music Culture. Peter Lang. ISBN 082047861X. Holm-Hudson, Kevin (2008). Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754661399. Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195098870. Martin, Bill (1998). Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock, 1968–1978. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 081269368X. External links Official King Crimson's record label vteIn the Court of the Crimson KingSongsSide one "21st Century Schizoid Man" "I Talk to the Wind" "Epitaph" Side two "Moonchild" "The Court of the Crimson King" Box sets In the Court of the Crimson King (2010) The Complete 1969 Recordings Related King Crimson Live in Hyde Park King Crimson discography In the Court of the Crimson Queen "21st Century Supersister" vteKing Crimson Robert Fripp Mel Collins Tony Levin Pat Mastelotto Gavin Harrison Jakko Jakszyk Jeremy Stacey Peter Sinfield Michael Giles Greg Lake Ian McDonald Peter Giles Gordon Haskell Andy McCulloch Boz Burrell Ian Wallace Bill Bruford John Wetton David Cross Jamie Muir Adrian Belew Trey Gunn Bill Rieflin Studio albums In the Court of the Crimson King In the Wake of Poseidon Lizard Islands Larks' Tongues in Aspic Starless and Bible Black Red Discipline Beat Three of a Perfect Pair THRAK The Construkction of Light The Power to Believe ProjeKcts albums Space Groove Heaven and Earth A Scarcity of Miracles Extended plays VROOOM Happy with What You Have to Be Happy With Live albumsStandard release Earthbound USA The Great Deceiver B'Boom: Live in Argentina THRaKaTTaK Epitaph The Night Watch Absent Lovers: Live in Montreal Live in Mexico City The ProjeKcts Live at the Jazz Café Heavy ConstruKction VROOOM VROOOM Ladies of the Road EleKtrik: Live in Japan Live at the Orpheum Live in Toronto Radical Action to Unseat the Hold of Monkey Mind Live in Chicago Live in Vienna Meltdown: Live in Mexico City Music Is Our Friend: Live in Washington and Albany Collector's Club Live at the Marquee Live at Jacksonville The Beat Club, Bremen Live at Cap D'Agde On Broadway Live in San Francisco The Vrooom Sessions Live at Summit Studios Live in Central Park, NYC Live At Moles Club, Bath 1981 Live in Hyde Park Nashville Rehearsals Live at Plymouth Guildhall Live in Mainz Live in Berkeley, CA Live in Northampton, MA Live in Detroit, MI Live in Nashville Live at the Zoom Club The Champaign–Urbana Sessions Jazz Café Suite Live in Austin, TX Rehearsals & Blows Compilations A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson The Compact King Crimson Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson Cirkus: The Young Persons' Guide to King Crimson Live The Deception of the Thrush: A Beginners' Guide to ProjeKcts A Beginners' Guide to the King Crimson Collectors' Club The Power to Believe Tour Box The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson Volume One: 1969–1974 The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson Volume Two: 1981–2003 The Condensed 21st Century Guide to King Crimson: 1969–2003 The Elements of King Crimson Major Box Sets In the Court of the Crimson King Larks' Tongues in Aspic The Road to Red Starless THRAK On (and off) The Road Sailors' Tales Heaven & Earth The Complete 1969 Recordings Singles "The Court of the Crimson King" "Cat Food" "Epitaph" / "21st Century Schizoid Man" "Matte Kudasai" / "Elephant Talk" "Thela Hun Ginjeet" "Heartbeat" "Three of a Perfect Pair" "Sleepless" "People" "Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" Other songs "I Talk to the Wind" "Moonchild" "Islands" "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" "Fallen Angel" "Starless" Videos Déjà Vrooom Neal and Jack and Me Eyes Wide Open RelatedArticles Discography Members Discipline Global Mobile In the Court of the Crimson King: King Crimson at 50 Bands Giles, Giles and Fripp Yes McDonald and Giles Emerson, Lake & Palmer U.K. Bruford Levin Upper Extremities Tuner HoBoLeMa Stick Men TU 21st Century Schizoid Band Crimson Jazz Trio Crimson ProjeKct The Vicar Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal_Doktor_Kontrak

Hartal Doktor Kontrak

["1 Background","2 Timeline","2.1 Prestrike","2.2 Strike day","2.3 Poststrike","3 Action","4 See also","5 References"]

2021 workers' strike in Malaysia Hartal Doktor KontrakA group of government doctors began their peaceful protests at hospitals across the country at 11 a.m. to push for systemic reforms that prevented them from furthering their studies as well did not provide job security.Date26 July 2021 (UTC+8)LocationHospitals in MalaysiaCaused byProtest towards Malaysian contract medical officer appointment policyGoals Automatic absorption of contract medical officers into the national health system Transparency of the method of absorption of contract officers into permanent government officials Job security and post-contract study continuation Methods Strike action (hartal) Internet activism Parties Medical officers under contract  Malaysia Government of Malaysia Ministry of Health Public Service Department Royal Malaysian Police Number Estimation of 4,000 officers Hartal Doktor Kontrak (HDK) was a nationwide workers' strike organised by medical officers in Malaysia on 26 July 2021 in protest against the government's contract system in appointing medical officers which was implemented at the end of 2016. Background The Malaysian contract medical officer appointment policy is a policy enforced by the Malaysian government since December 2016 as a measure to appoint new medical officers into the country's healthcare system and career life in general. The plan was made following the surplus of medical graduates in Malaysia due to the excessive opening of institutions of higher learning, especially those of private. However, this contract appointment system received objections from various parties for several reasons. The main problem raised regarding this policy is the fate of government medical officers after the expiration of a five-year contract as there is no clear policy for the absorption of medical officers into permanent positions. Based on a statement given by the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba in May 2021, only about 3% (789 people) of contract medical officers were successfully appointed as permanent medical officers out of about 32,000 medical officers involved. Apart from that, several other issues were also raised including lower salaries, problems with employee leave and opportunities to further their studies to become specialised medical specialists. The main consequence of such an appointment system is the threat of a decline in the number of the country's medical officers. This policy's reaction is significantly seen with foreign medical students who are more determined to continue their studies in foreign countries than in Malaysia due to the uncertainties arising from this policy. The problem of a shortage of specialist doctors in Malaysia is also a threat addressed in this policy issue. Timeline Prestrike Five years after the implementation of the contract system, medical officers intimidated to carry out hartals (workers 'strikes) starting 26 July 2021, nationwide to demand the cessation of the policy and solution to the problem of absorption of medical officers into the country's healthcare system. This happened following a statement by the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba which is seen supporting the contract doctor policy as well as supporting the appointment of pro-Bumiputera which is discriminatory. Subsequently, the contract policy was reraised as a discussion in the Cabinet Meeting to find a solution to this problem. In addition, the government also introduced a special contract for one year which offers reappointment as a contract officer from 5 December 2021 to 4 December 2022. Within days before the strike, contract medical officers began resigning out of frustration and anger with their uncertain post-contract future. To reduce stress among medical officers, on 22 July 2021, the government reduced the mandatory employment period from 24 months to 18 months; this means that contract officers are given relaxation to retire after the 18th month. Throughout July 2021, activism were conducted online in an effort to spread awareness to the public on the issue of contract doctors. These include the introduction of the #HartalDoktorKontrak hashtag on social media, the waving of a black flag and the wearing of all black as a sign of solidarity. On 12 July 2021, a side campaign called Black Monday was organised as a sign of solidarity. Strike day The peak of the strike occurred on 26 July 2021 with actual strikes carried out by contract doctors across the country, with government hospitals being the focus. About more than 20 government hospitals were involved in the strike. Generally, the strike was carried out simultaneously at 11 in the morning, the usual break time for employees and protests stopped after that time to return to duty. The method of the strike was that the contract officers left the hospital as a sign of protest. Meanwhile, several government hospitals were not involved in the strike. Poststrike A few days after the strike, a representative of the hartal movement said that his movement would not hesitate to organise a similar strike again if their regards and demands were not given priority in next year's national budget. Action Generally, this protest was controlled by the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP). On the day of the strike, the police began investigating the organisers in the context of violating the rules in the country's Movement control order which banned any assembly event. In addition, there were allegations from contract doctors that warnings were given by hospital directors with further action to be taken against those who joined the strike. Through the Special Meeting of the Fourteenth Term Parliament on 27 July 2021, the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba assured that no action would be taken against the contract doctor who joined the hartal the day before. The decision was supported by several MPs including former Health Minister, Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad. See also Organised labour portalMedicine portalMalaysia portal Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia Healthcare in Malaysia List of hospitals in Malaysia References ^ a b "Stop probe against doctors involved in Code Black and Black Monday campaigns, MCA urges cops". The Star (Malaysia). 14 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ a b Mohd. Sulaiman, Mohd. Fadhli (30 July 2021). "Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan kali kedua jika tidak selesai sebelum Belanjawan 2022". Utusan Malaysia. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ "Contract medical officers' strike: What is it all about?". Malaysiakini. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ a b Ibrahim, Dr Hamdi (7 July 2021). "ULASAN | Masalah doktor kontrak hanya nanah dari lutut yang lama bengkak". Malaysiakini (in Malay). Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Hartal Doktor Kontrak, Polemik Tanpa Kesudahan Sektor Kesihatan". Getaran (in Malay). 27 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Diharapkan Isu 'Doktor Kontrak' Ada Jalan Penyelesaian Terbaik". GERAKAN (in Malay). 9 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ ALI, KHAIRUL MOHD (1 July 2021). "Mogok doktor: 'Berlaku adil kepada mereka'". Utusan Digital (in Malay). Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "HARTAL: Amukan Doktor Kontrak Terpinggir". Doktor Kontrak (in Malay). 2 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Isu Doktor Kontrak KKM Dibawa Ke Mesyuarat Jemaah Menteri – Dr Adham Baba". 30 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Health Ministry offers one-year, one-off contract to junior doctors". The Star. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Di tengah bantahan, KKM tawar lanjutan setahun buat doktor kontrak". Malaysiakini (in Malay). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Doctors quitting, giving 24 hours' notice, says group". Free Malaysia Today. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ K., Parkaran (22 July 2021). "Docs can leave govt service after 18 months now". 24 Julai 2021. ^ "MMA: Kami sokong Code Black dan Black Monday, bukan gerakan bendera hitam". Malaysiakini. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "'Code Black' Protest Launched Ahead Of Contract Doctors' Strike". CodeBlue. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021. ^ "Don't confuse 'Black Flag' with 'Code Black', MMA tells public". Free Malaysia Today. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan jam 11 pagi, lebih 20 hospital terlibat". Utusan Malaysia. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Noh, Mohamed Farid (26 July 2021). "'Kami berarak ketika waktu rehat' - Doktor kontrak ". Harian Metro. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Hartal Doktor Kontrak supporters organise silent demonstration at Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital". The Star. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ Ain Manaf (26 July 2021). "Tiada hartal doktor kontrak di HRPZ ll". Harakahdaily. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Ramli, Nik Sukry (26 July 2021). "Petugas kontrak HTAA tidak sertai Hartal Doktor Kontrak". Kosmo!. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Mokhtar, Nor Azizah (26 July 2021). "Polis pantau mogok doktor kontrak". Berita Harian. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ a b Alhadjri, Alyaa (25 July 2021). "'Dalam masa 6 jam, 20 amaran terhadap doktor kontrak dari pengarah hospital'". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ Daud, Ridauddin (27 July 2021). "Menteri Kesihatan jamin tiada tindakan terhadap doktor kontrak sertai hartal". www.astroawani.com. Retrieved 26 August 2021. vteCOVID-19 pandemic in MalaysiaTimeline 2020 2021 2022 2023 Statistics Locations Johor Kuala Lumpur Sabah Sarawak Selangor PeopleGovernment Muhyiddin Yassin Ismail Sabri Yaakob Mohamed Azmin Ali Fadillah Yusof Mohd Radzi Md Jidin Hishammuddin Hussein Khairy Jamaluddin Adham Baba Hamzah Zainuddin Wee Ka Siong Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg Hajiji Noor Douglas Uggah Embas Sim Kui Hian Experts Noor Hisham Abdullah Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud Government response Aid and relief efforts COVID-19 vaccination Ministry of Health Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang Malaysian movement control order MySejahtera State of emergency Society and economy Economic impact Politics 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis Social impact Lawan protests Hartal Doktor Kontrak Disease clusters 2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia 2020 Sabah state election Top Glove Data (templates) Cases Chart vte Protests in MalaysiaKuala Lumpur 1946–47 anti-Malayan Union protests 1947 All-Malaya Hartal 1967 Keranda 152 rally 1969 Malaysian students pre-election demonstrations 13 May 1969 riots 1969 PMUM Anti-Tunku demonstrations 1970 PMUM vs PBMUM Papan Tanda demonstrations 1971 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1983 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1998–2000s Reformasi demonstrations 2001 Kampung Medan riots 2007 BERSIH 1.0 rally 2007 HINDRAF rally 2008 Black 14 rally 2008 Malaysian fuel hike protests 2009 Keranda 152 rally 2009 anti-ISA rally 2009 anti-Menteri Besar Terengganu rally 2010 Water for People rally 2011 anti-Peaceful Assembly Act rally 2011 BERSIH 2.0 rally Occupy Dataran 2012 Free Anwar 901 rally 2012 BERSIH 3.0 rally 2012 anti-Lynas rally 2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration protests 2013 KL 112, People’s Uprising rally 2013 Blackout 505 rallies 2013 Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally 2014 Red Pencil protest 2014 May Day anti-GST rally 2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally 2015 Kita Lawan, May Day anti-GST rally 2015 #TangkapNajib rally 2015 Low Yat Plaza riot 2015 BERSIH 4.0 rally 2015 United People's rally 2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally 2016 anti-TPPA rally 2016 Keranda 152 rally 2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally 2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally 2016 BERSIH 5.0 rally 2018 anti-ICERD rally September 2019 climate strikes 2021 Lawan protests Perak 2009 Perak constitutional crisis 2009 1BLACKMalaysia protests Penang 1867 Penang riots 1967 Penang Hartal riot Sarawak 1946–50 anti-cession movement of Sarawak 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis Sarawak rainforest blockades 2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally Sabah 1986 Sabah riots Other 1963 anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations 1964 race riots in Singapore 1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations 1974 Baling demonstrations 1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations 1977 Kelantan riots 1985 Memali riots 1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations 1998 Kampung Rawa riots 2007 Terengganu riot 2009 cow's head protests 2009 anti-PPSMI rally 2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful 2012 Orange rally 2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya 2012 People's Lands rally 2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest 2015 Penang villagers protests 2018 Seafield temple riots Student activism in Malaysia The Big Durian (2003 film) Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka (2007 film) Malaysian Gods (2009 film) Tanda Putera (2013 film)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"workers' strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"medical officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Officer"}],"text":"Hartal Doktor Kontrak (HDK) was a nationwide workers' strike organised by medical officers in Malaysia on 26 July 2021 in protest against the government's contract system in appointing medical officers which was implemented at the end of 2016.","title":"Hartal Doktor Kontrak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country's healthcare system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Malaysian contract medical officer appointment policy is a policy enforced by the Malaysian government since December 2016 as a measure to appoint new medical officers into the country's healthcare system and career life in general. The plan was made following the surplus of medical graduates in Malaysia due to the excessive opening of institutions of higher learning, especially those of private.[3]However, this contract appointment system received objections from various parties for several reasons. The main problem raised regarding this policy is the fate of government medical officers after the expiration of a five-year contract as there is no clear policy for the absorption of medical officers into permanent positions.[4] Based on a statement given by the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba in May 2021, only about 3% (789 people) of contract medical officers were successfully appointed as permanent medical officers out of about 32,000 medical officers involved.[4] Apart from that, several other issues were also raised including lower salaries, problems with employee leave and opportunities to further their studies to become specialised medical specialists.[5]The main consequence of such an appointment system is the threat of a decline in the number of the country's medical officers.[6] This policy's reaction is significantly seen with foreign medical students who are more determined to continue their studies in foreign countries than in Malaysia due to the uncertainties arising from this policy. The problem of a shortage of specialist doctors in Malaysia is also a threat addressed in this policy issue.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hartals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal"},{"link_name":"Minister of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Adham Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adham_Baba"},{"link_name":"Bumiputera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"hashtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Prestrike","text":"Five years after the implementation of the contract system, medical officers intimidated to carry out hartals (workers 'strikes) starting 26 July 2021, nationwide to demand the cessation of the policy and solution to the problem of absorption of medical officers into the country's healthcare system. This happened following a statement by the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba which is seen supporting the contract doctor policy as well as supporting the appointment of pro-Bumiputera which is discriminatory.[8] Subsequently, the contract policy was reraised as a discussion in the Cabinet Meeting to find a solution to this problem.[9] In addition, the government also introduced a special contract for one year which offers reappointment as a contract officer from 5 December 2021 to 4 December 2022.[10][11] Within days before the strike, contract medical officers began resigning out of frustration and anger with their uncertain post-contract future.[12] To reduce stress among medical officers, on 22 July 2021, the government reduced the mandatory employment period from 24 months to 18 months; this means that contract officers are given relaxation to retire after the 18th month.[13]Throughout July 2021, activism were conducted online in an effort to spread awareness to the public on the issue of contract doctors. These include the introduction of the #HartalDoktorKontrak hashtag on social media, the waving of a black flag and the wearing of all black as a sign of solidarity.[14] On 12 July 2021, a side campaign called Black Monday was organised as a sign of solidarity.[15][16]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Strike day","text":"The peak of the strike occurred on 26 July 2021 with actual strikes carried out by contract doctors across the country, with government hospitals being the focus. About more than 20 government hospitals were involved in the strike.[17] Generally, the strike was carried out simultaneously at 11 in the morning, the usual break time for employees and protests stopped after that time to return to duty.[18] The method of the strike was that the contract officers left the hospital as a sign of protest.[19] Meanwhile, several government hospitals were not involved in the strike.[20][21]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Utusan-2"}],"sub_title":"Poststrike","text":"A few days after the strike, a representative of the hartal movement said that his movement would not hesitate to organise a similar strike again if their regards and demands were not given priority in next year's national budget.[2]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Malaysia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Movement control order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alhadjri-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alhadjri-23"},{"link_name":"Dzulkefly Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzulkefly_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Generally, this protest was controlled by the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP).[22] On the day of the strike, the police began investigating the organisers in the context of violating the rules in the country's Movement control order which banned any assembly event.[23] In addition, there were allegations from contract doctors that warnings were given by hospital directors with further action to be taken against those who joined the strike.[23] Through the Special Meeting of the Fourteenth Term Parliament on 27 July 2021, the Minister of Health, Dr Adham Baba assured that no action would be taken against the contract doctor who joined the hartal the day before. The decision was supported by several MPs including former Health Minister, Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad.[24]","title":"Action"}]

[]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"title":"Organised labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organised_labour"},{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"title":"Malaysia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Malaysia"},{"title":"Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia"},{"title":"Healthcare in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia"},{"title":"List of hospitals in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia"}]

[{"reference":"\"Stop probe against doctors involved in Code Black and Black Monday campaigns, MCA urges cops\". The Star (Malaysia). 14 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/14/stop-probe-against-doctors-involved-in-code-black-and-black-monday-campaigns-mca-urges-cops","url_text":"\"Stop probe against doctors involved in Code Black and Black Monday campaigns, MCA urges cops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star (Malaysia)"}]},{"reference":"Mohd. Sulaiman, Mohd. Fadhli (30 July 2021). \"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan kali kedua jika tidak selesai sebelum Belanjawan 2022\". Utusan Malaysia. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/terkini/2021/07/doktor-kontrak-tunjuk-perasaan-kali-kedua-jika-tidak-selesai-sebelum-belanjawan-2022/","url_text":"\"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan kali kedua jika tidak selesai sebelum Belanjawan 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utusan_Malaysia","url_text":"Utusan Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"\"Contract medical officers' strike: What is it all about?\". Malaysiakini. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/580874","url_text":"\"Contract medical officers' strike: What is it all about?\""}]},{"reference":"Ibrahim, Dr Hamdi (7 July 2021). \"ULASAN | Masalah doktor kontrak hanya nanah dari lutut yang lama bengkak\". Malaysiakini (in Malay). Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/582025","url_text":"\"ULASAN | Masalah doktor kontrak hanya nanah dari lutut yang lama bengkak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak, Polemik Tanpa Kesudahan Sektor Kesihatan\". Getaran (in Malay). 27 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getaran.my/artikel/semasa/7009/hartal-doktor-kontrak-polemik-tanpa-kesudahan-sektor-kesihatan","url_text":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak, Polemik Tanpa Kesudahan Sektor Kesihatan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diharapkan Isu 'Doktor Kontrak' Ada Jalan Penyelesaian Terbaik\". GERAKAN (in Malay). 9 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gerakan.org.my/diharapkan-isu-doktor-kontrak-ada-jalan-penyelesaian-terbaik/","url_text":"\"Diharapkan Isu 'Doktor Kontrak' Ada Jalan Penyelesaian Terbaik\""}]},{"reference":"ALI, KHAIRUL MOHD (1 July 2021). \"Mogok doktor: 'Berlaku adil kepada mereka'\". Utusan Digital (in Malay). Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/terkini/2021/07/mogok-doktor-berlaku-adil-kepada-mereka/","url_text":"\"Mogok doktor: 'Berlaku adil kepada mereka'\""}]},{"reference":"\"HARTAL: Amukan Doktor Kontrak Terpinggir\". Doktor Kontrak (in Malay). 2 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doktorkontrak.wordpress.com/2021/07/02/hartal-amukan-doktor-kontrak-terpinggir/","url_text":"\"HARTAL: Amukan Doktor Kontrak Terpinggir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isu Doktor Kontrak KKM Dibawa Ke Mesyuarat Jemaah Menteri – Dr Adham Baba\". 30 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://umno-online.my/2021/06/30/isu-doktor-kontrak-kkm-dibawa-ke-mesyuarat-jemaah-menteri-dr-adham-baba/","url_text":"\"Isu Doktor Kontrak KKM Dibawa Ke Mesyuarat Jemaah Menteri – Dr Adham Baba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health Ministry offers one-year, one-off contract to junior doctors\". The Star. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/06/health-ministry-offers-one-year-one-off-contract-to-junior-doctors","url_text":"\"Health Ministry offers one-year, one-off contract to junior doctors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Di tengah bantahan, KKM tawar lanjutan setahun buat doktor kontrak\". Malaysiakini (in Malay). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/581977","url_text":"\"Di tengah bantahan, KKM tawar lanjutan setahun buat doktor kontrak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctors quitting, giving 24 hours' notice, says group\". Free Malaysia Today. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/20/doctors-quitting-giving-24-hours-notice-says-group/","url_text":"\"Doctors quitting, giving 24 hours' notice, says group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Malaysia_Today","url_text":"Free Malaysia Today"}]},{"reference":"K., Parkaran (22 July 2021). \"Docs can leave govt service after 18 months now\". 24 Julai 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/22/docs-can-leave-govt-service-after-18-months-now/","url_text":"\"Docs can leave govt service after 18 months now\""}]},{"reference":"\"MMA: Kami sokong Code Black dan Black Monday, bukan gerakan bendera hitam\". Malaysiakini. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/581675","url_text":"\"MMA: Kami sokong Code Black dan Black Monday, bukan gerakan bendera hitam\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Code Black' Protest Launched Ahead Of Contract Doctors' Strike\". CodeBlue. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2021/06/28/code-black-protest-launched-ahead-of-contract-doctors-strike/","url_text":"\"'Code Black' Protest Launched Ahead Of Contract Doctors' Strike\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don't confuse 'Black Flag' with 'Code Black', MMA tells public\". Free Malaysia Today. 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/04/dont-confuse-black-flag-with-code-black-mma-tells-public/","url_text":"\"Don't confuse 'Black Flag' with 'Code Black', MMA tells public\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan jam 11 pagi, lebih 20 hospital terlibat\". Utusan Malaysia. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2021/07/doktor-kontrak-tunjuk-perasaan-jam-11-pagi-lebih-20-hospital-terlibat/","url_text":"\"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan jam 11 pagi, lebih 20 hospital terlibat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utusan_Malaysia","url_text":"Utusan Malaysia"}]},{"reference":"Noh, Mohamed Farid (26 July 2021). \"'Kami berarak ketika waktu rehat' - Doktor kontrak [METROTV]\". Harian Metro. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2021/07/734951/kami-berarak-ketika-waktu-rehat-doktor-kontrak","url_text":"\"'Kami berarak ketika waktu rehat' - Doktor kontrak [METROTV]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harian_Metro","url_text":"Harian Metro"}]},{"reference":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak supporters organise silent demonstration at Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital\". The Star. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/hartal-doktor-kontrak-supporters-organise-silent-demonstration-at-raja-permaisuri-bainun-hospital","url_text":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak supporters organise silent demonstration at Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Ain Manaf (26 July 2021). \"Tiada hartal doktor kontrak di HRPZ ll\". Harakahdaily. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/07/26/tiada-hartal-doktor-kontrak-di-hrpz-ll/","url_text":"\"Tiada hartal doktor kontrak di HRPZ ll\""}]},{"reference":"Ramli, Nik Sukry (26 July 2021). \"Petugas kontrak HTAA tidak sertai Hartal Doktor Kontrak\". Kosmo!. 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Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/584481","url_text":"\"'Dalam masa 6 jam, 20 amaran terhadap doktor kontrak dari pengarah hospital'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiakini","url_text":"Malaysiakini"}]},{"reference":"Daud, Ridauddin (27 July 2021). \"Menteri Kesihatan jamin tiada tindakan terhadap doktor kontrak sertai hartal\". www.astroawani.com. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/menteri-kesihatan-jamin-tiada-tindakan-terhadap-doktor-kontrak-sertai-hartal-310738","url_text":"\"Menteri Kesihatan jamin tiada tindakan terhadap doktor kontrak sertai hartal\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/14/stop-probe-against-doctors-involved-in-code-black-and-black-monday-campaigns-mca-urges-cops","external_links_name":"\"Stop probe against doctors involved in Code Black and Black Monday campaigns, MCA urges cops\""},{"Link":"https://www.utusan.com.my/terkini/2021/07/doktor-kontrak-tunjuk-perasaan-kali-kedua-jika-tidak-selesai-sebelum-belanjawan-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan kali kedua jika tidak selesai sebelum Belanjawan 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/580874","external_links_name":"\"Contract medical officers' strike: What is it all about?\""},{"Link":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/582025","external_links_name":"\"ULASAN | Masalah doktor kontrak hanya nanah dari lutut yang lama bengkak\""},{"Link":"https://www.getaran.my/artikel/semasa/7009/hartal-doktor-kontrak-polemik-tanpa-kesudahan-sektor-kesihatan","external_links_name":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak, Polemik Tanpa Kesudahan Sektor Kesihatan\""},{"Link":"https://gerakan.org.my/diharapkan-isu-doktor-kontrak-ada-jalan-penyelesaian-terbaik/","external_links_name":"\"Diharapkan Isu 'Doktor Kontrak' Ada Jalan Penyelesaian Terbaik\""},{"Link":"https://www.utusan.com.my/terkini/2021/07/mogok-doktor-berlaku-adil-kepada-mereka/","external_links_name":"\"Mogok doktor: 'Berlaku adil kepada mereka'\""},{"Link":"https://doktorkontrak.wordpress.com/2021/07/02/hartal-amukan-doktor-kontrak-terpinggir/","external_links_name":"\"HARTAL: Amukan Doktor Kontrak Terpinggir\""},{"Link":"https://umno-online.my/2021/06/30/isu-doktor-kontrak-kkm-dibawa-ke-mesyuarat-jemaah-menteri-dr-adham-baba/","external_links_name":"\"Isu Doktor Kontrak KKM Dibawa Ke Mesyuarat Jemaah Menteri – Dr Adham Baba\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/06/health-ministry-offers-one-year-one-off-contract-to-junior-doctors","external_links_name":"\"Health Ministry offers one-year, one-off contract to junior doctors\""},{"Link":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/581977","external_links_name":"\"Di tengah bantahan, KKM tawar lanjutan setahun buat doktor kontrak\""},{"Link":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/20/doctors-quitting-giving-24-hours-notice-says-group/","external_links_name":"\"Doctors quitting, giving 24 hours' notice, says group\""},{"Link":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/22/docs-can-leave-govt-service-after-18-months-now/","external_links_name":"\"Docs can leave govt service after 18 months now\""},{"Link":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/581675","external_links_name":"\"MMA: Kami sokong Code Black dan Black Monday, bukan gerakan bendera hitam\""},{"Link":"https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2021/06/28/code-black-protest-launched-ahead-of-contract-doctors-strike/","external_links_name":"\"'Code Black' Protest Launched Ahead Of Contract Doctors' Strike\""},{"Link":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/07/04/dont-confuse-black-flag-with-code-black-mma-tells-public/","external_links_name":"\"Don't confuse 'Black Flag' with 'Code Black', MMA tells public\""},{"Link":"https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2021/07/doktor-kontrak-tunjuk-perasaan-jam-11-pagi-lebih-20-hospital-terlibat/","external_links_name":"\"Doktor kontrak tunjuk perasaan jam 11 pagi, lebih 20 hospital terlibat\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2021/07/734951/kami-berarak-ketika-waktu-rehat-doktor-kontrak","external_links_name":"\"'Kami berarak ketika waktu rehat' - Doktor kontrak [METROTV]\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/07/26/hartal-doktor-kontrak-supporters-organise-silent-demonstration-at-raja-permaisuri-bainun-hospital","external_links_name":"\"Hartal Doktor Kontrak supporters organise silent demonstration at Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/07/26/tiada-hartal-doktor-kontrak-di-hrpz-ll/","external_links_name":"\"Tiada hartal doktor kontrak di HRPZ ll\""},{"Link":"https://www.kosmo.com.my/2021/07/26/petugas-kontrak-htaa-tidak-sertai-hartal-doktor-kontrak/","external_links_name":"\"Petugas kontrak HTAA tidak sertai Hartal Doktor Kontrak\""},{"Link":"https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/07/843233/polis-pantau-doktor-mogok/","external_links_name":"\"Polis pantau mogok doktor kontrak\""},{"Link":"https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/584481","external_links_name":"\"'Dalam masa 6 jam, 20 amaran terhadap doktor kontrak dari pengarah hospital'\""},{"Link":"https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/menteri-kesihatan-jamin-tiada-tindakan-terhadap-doktor-kontrak-sertai-hartal-310738","external_links_name":"\"Menteri Kesihatan jamin tiada tindakan terhadap doktor kontrak sertai hartal\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gregory_(DD-82)

USS Gregory (DD-82)

["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Service history","2.1 World War I","2.2 Inter-War period","2.3 World War II","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]

Wickes-class destroyer For other ships with the same name, see USS Gregory. USS Gregory (DD-82), circa in 1919 History United States NameUSS Gregory BuilderFore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts Laid down25 August 1917 Launched27 January 1918 Commissioned1 June 1918 Decommissioned7 July 1922 ReclassifiedHigh-speed transport, APD-3, 2 August 1940 Recommissioned4 November 1940 Stricken2 October 1942 FateSunk 5 September 1942 General characteristics Class and typeWickes-class destroyer Displacement1,191 tons Length314 ft 4 in (95.81 m) Beam30 ft 11 in (9.42 m) Draft9 ft 2 in (2.79 m) Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) Complement141 officers and enlisted Armament4 × 4"/50 (102 mm) guns, 1 3"/25 (76 mm), 4 × 3 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes USS Gregory (DD-82/APD-3) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and, as APD-3 World War II. She was named for Admiral Francis Gregory USN (1780–1866). She was converted into a high-speed transport during World War II and was sunk by Japanese warships. Construction and commissioning Gregory was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, on 25 August 1917, launched on 27 January 1918 by Mrs. George S. Trevor, great-granddaughter of Admiral Gregory, and commissioned on 1 June 1918, Commander Arthur P. Fairfield in command. Service history World War I Joining a convoy at New York, Gregory sailed for Brest, France, 25 June 1918. She spent the final summer of the war escorting convoys from the French port to various Allied ports in Britain and France. As the war neared its close, Gregory was assigned to the patrol squadron at Gibraltar 2 November 1918. In addition to patrolling in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, Gregory carried passengers and supplies to the Adriatic and aided in the execution of the terms of the Austrian armistice. After six months of this duty, the flush-deck destroyer joined naval forces taking part in relief missions to the western Mediterranean 28 April 1919. In company with the battleship Arizona, Gregory carried supplies and passengers to Smyrna, Constantinople, and Batum. She then sailed for Gibraltar with the American consul from Tiflis, Russia and some British army officers. She offloaded her passengers on the rocky fortress; Gregory sailed for New York reaching the United States 13 June 1919. Inter-War period Gregory after conversion to a high-speed transport. After brief tours in reserve at Tompkinsville, New York, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and the Philadelphia Navy Yard; Gregory sailed to Charleston, South Carolina, 4 January 1921. A year of local training operations out of the southern port ended 12 April 1922, when Gregory entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She decommissioned 7 July 1922 and went into reserve. As war broke again over Europe, threatening to involve the United States, Gregory and three other four-stackers were taken out of mothballs for conversion to high-speed transports. The destroyers were stripped of virtually all their armament to make room for boats, while other important modifications were made for troops and cargo (such as removing two forward boiler rooms and their stacks). Gregory recommissioned 4 November 1940 as APD-3 and joined Little, Colhoun, and McKean to form Transport Division 12 (TransDiv 12). Gregory and her sister APDs trained along the East Coast for the following year perfecting landing techniques with various Marine divisions. None of these ships survived through the Pacific war, as all but McKean were lost during the Solomon Islands campaign. World War II On 27 January 1942 she departed Charleston for Pearl Harbor. Exercises in Hawaiian waters kept TransDiv 12 in the Pacific through the spring, after which they returned to San Diego for repairs. They sailed for the Pacific again on 7 June, reaching Pearl Harbor a week later to train for the upcoming invasion of Guadalcanal, America's first offensive effort in the Pacific campaign. Departing Nouméa on 31 July 1942, Gregory joined Task Force 62 (TF 62) (under Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher) and steamed for Guadalcanal. After sending her Marines ashore in the first assault waves 7 August, Gregory and her sister APDs remained in the area. The ships patrolled the waters around the hotly contested islands, waters which were to gain notoriety as "Iron Bottom Sound", and brought up ammunition & supplies from Espiritu Santo. On 4 September, Gregory and Little were returning to their anchorage at Tulagi after transferring a Marine Raider Battalion to Savo Island. The night was inky-black with a low haze obscuring all landmarks, and the captains decided to remain on patrol rather than risk threading their way through the dangerous channel. As they steamed between Guadalcanal and Savo Island at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), Yūdachi, Hatsuyuki and Murakumo entered the Slot undetected to deliver a "Tokyo Express" package of troops and supplies to Guadalcanal. After completing the delivery, the crews prepared to bombard Henderson Field at Lunga Point. At 00:56 on 5 September, Gregory and Little saw flashes of gunfire which they assumed came from a Japanese submarine until radar showed four targets; apparently a cruiser had joined the three destroyers. While the two outgunned ships were debating whether to close for action or depart quietly and undetected, the decision was taken out of their hands. Gregory and USS Little on 30 July 1942. A Navy pilot had also seen the gunfire and, assuming it came from a Japanese submarine, dropped a string of five flares almost on top of the two APDs. Gregory and Little, silhouetted against the blackness, were spotted immediately by the Japanese destroyers, which opened fire at 01:00. Gregory brought all her guns to bear but was overmatched and less than 3 minutes after the flares had been dropped was dead in the water and beginning to sink. Two boilers had burst and her decks were a mass of flames. Her skipper, Lieutenant Commander Harry F. Bauer, himself seriously wounded, gave the word to abandon ship, and Gregory's crew took to the water. Bauer ordered two companions to aid another crewman yelling for help and was never seen again; for his conduct, he posthumously received the Silver Star. The U.S. Navy subsequently named a ship, Harry F. Bauer, in recognition of his gallant action. At 01:23, with all of Gregory's and most of Little's crew in the water, the Japanese ships began shelling again—aiming not at the crippled ships but at their helpless crews in the water. Gregory sank stern first some 40 minutes after the firing had begun, and was followed two hours later by Little. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, in praising the courageous crews after their loss, wrote that "both of these small vessels fought as well as possible against the overwhelming odds ... With little means, they performed duties vital to the success of the campaign." 24 officers and men, including the commanding officer, from Gregory were killed. Petty Officer First Class Charles French swam 6–8 hours in shark-infested waters near Guadalcanal while towing a life raft with 15 of the Gregory's survivors to avoid capture and possible execution by Japanese forces on land. Gregory's name was struck from the Navy List 2 October 1942. Awards Gregory received two battle stars for her World War II service. References ^ "Roll of Honour". maritimequest.com. Retrieved 21 August 2023. ^ Wigo, Bruce. "The story of Charles Jackson French" (PDF). ISHOF.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2020.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Gregory (DD-82). NavSource photos Official photos vteWickes-class destroyers Wickes Philip Woolsey Evans Little Kimberly Sigourney Gregory Stringham Dyer Colhoun Stevens McKee Robinson Ringgold McKean Harding Gridley Fairfax Taylor Bell Stribling Murray Israel Luce Maury Lansdale Mahan Schley Champlin Mugford Chew Hazelwood Williams Crane Hart Ingraham Ludlow Rathburne Talbot Waters Dent Dorsey Lea Lamberton Radford Montgomery Breese Gamble Ramsay Tattnall Badger Twiggs Babbitt DeLong Jacob Jones Buchanan Aaron Ward Hale Crowninshield Tillman Boggs Kilty Kennison Ward Claxton Hamilton Tarbell Yarnall Upshur Greer Elliot Roper Breckinridge Barney Blakeley Biddle Du Pont Bernadou Ellis Cole J. Fred Talbott Dickerson Leary Schenck Herbert Palmer Thatcher Walker Crosby Meredith Bush Cowell Maddox Foote Kalk (ex-Rodgers) Burns Anthony Sproston Rizal MacKenzie Renshaw O'Bannon Hogan Howard Stansbury Hopewell Thomas Haraden Abbot Bagley (later Doran) World War II operators Royal Navypart of Town class Bath (ex-Hopewell) Brighton (ex-Cowell) Caldwell (ex-Hale) Campbeltown (ex-Buchanan) Castleton (ex-Aaron Ward) Charlestown (ex-Abbot) Chelsea (ex-Crowninshield) Georgetown (ex-Maddox) Hamilton (ex-Kalk) Lancaster (ex-Philip) Leamington (ex-Twiggs) Lincoln (ex-Yarnall) Mansfield (ex-Evans) Montgomery (ex-Wickes) Newark (ex-Ringgold) Newmarket (ex-Robinson) Newport (ex-Sigourney) Richmond (ex-Fairfax) Roxborough (ex-Foote) Salisbury (ex-Claxton) St Albans (ex-Thomas) St. Mary's (ex-Bagley) Wells (ex-Tillman)  Royal Canadian Navypart of Town class Annapolis (ex-MacKenzie) Caldwell Chelsea Columbia (ex-Haraden) Georgetown Hamilton Leamington Lincoln Mansfield Montgomery Niagara (ex-Thatcher) Richmond Salisbury St. Clair (ex-Williams)  Royal Netherlands Navy Campbeltown  Royal Norwegian Navy Bath Lincoln Mansfield Newport St Albans  Soviet Navy Doblestnyi (ex-Roxborough) Dostoinyi (ex-St Albans) Druzhny (ex-Lincoln) Derzkiy (ex-Chelsea) Zharki (ex-Brighton) Zhguchi (ex-Leamington) Zhivuchi (ex-Richmond) Zhostki (ex-Georgetown) Preceded by: Caldwell class Followed by: Clemson class List of destroyers of the United States Navy vte"Flush-decker" destroyer high speed transport conversionsCaldwell-class conversion Manley Wickes-class conversions Colhoun Gregory Little McKean Stringham Talbot Waters Dent Schley Kilty Ward Crosby Tattnall Roper Dickerson Herbert Rathburne Clemson-class conversions Brooks Gilmer Humphreys Sands Kane Overton Noa McFarlandX Williamson HulbertX Barry DecaturX Clemson Goldsborough George E. Badger Belknap Osmond Ingram Greene Preceded by: None Followed by: Charles Lawrence class X Planned conversion to high speed transport cancelled List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1942Shipwrecks 1 Sep: U-756 2 Sep: U-222 3 Sep: U-162, U-705 4 Sep: Kashino, Kaimei Maru 5 Sep: USS Gregory, USS Little 6 Sep: Anshun 7 Sep: HMCS Raccoon 8 Sep: USS YP-74 9 Sep: USCGC Muskeget, YP-346 10 Sep: American Leader, Arno 11 Sep: HMCS Charlottetown, Empire Dawn, Yayoi 12 Sep: Hektoria, RMS Laconia, U-88 13 Sep: Empire Beaumont, Oliver Ellsworth, Oregonian, Stalingrad 14 Sep: Atheltemplar, HMS Coventry, Mary Luckenbach, HMCS Ottawa, HMS Sikh, U-589 15 Sep: U-261, USS Wasp 16 Sep: HMS Talisman, U-457 17 Sep: Mae 19 Sep: USS O'Brien 20 Sep: Empire Hartebeeste 21 Sep: U-446 22 Sep: RFA Gray Ranger 23 Sep: HMAS Siesta 24 Sep: Antinous 25 Sep: Empire Bell, HMS Somali, U-253, HMAS Voyager 26 Sep: I-33, HMS Veteran 27 Sep: Stephen Hopkins, Stier, U-165 30 Sep: Empire Avocet Other incidents 2 Sep: U-626 3 Sep: USS Wakefield 8 Sep: USS Wakefield 10 Sep: Kuroshio Maru 13 Sep: USS S-31 15 Sep: USS O'Brien 20 Sep: HMS Somali 23 Sep: HMAS Voyager 28 Sep: USS Snapper 1941 1942 1943 August 1942 October 1942

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Wickes-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickes-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Francis Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gregory"},{"link_name":"high-speed transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_transport"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Gregory.USS Gregory (DD-82/APD-3) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and, as APD-3 World War II. She was named for Admiral Francis Gregory USN (1780–1866). She was converted into a high-speed transport during World War II and was sunk by Japanese warships.","title":"USS Gregory (DD-82)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fore River Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_River_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Quincy, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arthur P. Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_P._Fairfield"}],"text":"Gregory was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, on 25 August 1917, launched on 27 January 1918 by Mrs. George S. Trevor, great-granddaughter of Admiral Gregory, and commissioned on 1 June 1918, Commander Arthur P. Fairfield in command.","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic"},{"link_name":"Austrian armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Batum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batum"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"Joining a convoy at New York, Gregory sailed for Brest, France, 25 June 1918. She spent the final summer of the war escorting convoys from the French port to various Allied ports in Britain and France. As the war neared its close, Gregory was assigned to the patrol squadron at Gibraltar 2 November 1918. In addition to patrolling in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, Gregory carried passengers and supplies to the Adriatic and aided in the execution of the terms of the Austrian armistice. After six months of this duty, the flush-deck destroyer joined naval forces taking part in relief missions to the western Mediterranean 28 April 1919. In company with the battleship Arizona, Gregory carried supplies and passengers to Smyrna, Constantinople, and Batum. She then sailed for Gibraltar with the American consul from Tiflis, Russia and some British army officers. She offloaded her passengers on the rocky fortress; Gregory sailed for New York reaching the United States 13 June 1919.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Gregory_(APD-3)_in_early_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tompkinsville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkinsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Little_(DD-79)"},{"link_name":"Colhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Colhoun_(DD-85)"},{"link_name":"McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McKean_(DD-90)"},{"link_name":"Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign"}],"sub_title":"Inter-War period","text":"Gregory after conversion to a high-speed transport.After brief tours in reserve at Tompkinsville, New York, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and the Philadelphia Navy Yard; Gregory sailed to Charleston, South Carolina, 4 January 1921. A year of local training operations out of the southern port ended 12 April 1922, when Gregory entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She decommissioned 7 July 1922 and went into reserve.As war broke again over Europe, threatening to involve the United States, Gregory and three other four-stackers were taken out of mothballs for conversion to high-speed transports. The destroyers were stripped of virtually all their armament to make room for boats, while other important modifications were made for troops and cargo (such as removing two forward boiler rooms and their stacks). Gregory recommissioned 4 November 1940 as APD-3 and joined Little, Colhoun, and McKean to form Transport Division 12 (TransDiv 12). Gregory and her sister APDs trained along the East Coast for the following year perfecting landing techniques with various Marine divisions. None of these ships survived through the Pacific war, as all but McKean were lost during the Solomon Islands campaign.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"invasion of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Pacific campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"Frank Jack Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Iron Bottom Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bottom_Sound"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"link_name":"Tulagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulagi"},{"link_name":"Marine Raider Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Raider_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Savo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo_Island"},{"link_name":"Savo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo_Island"},{"link_name":"Yūdachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Y%C5%ABdachi_(1936)"},{"link_name":"Hatsuyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsuyuki_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Murakumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Murakumo_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Express"},{"link_name":"Henderson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Gregory_(APD-3)_and_USS_Little_(APD-4)_underway_during_practice_landings_in_the_Fiji_Islands_on_30_July_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Little_(DD-79)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Bauer"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Harry_F._Bauer"},{"link_name":"Fleet Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chester Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Nimitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Petty Officer First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_Officer_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Charles French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jackson_French"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishof-2"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"On 27 January 1942 she departed Charleston for Pearl Harbor. Exercises in Hawaiian waters kept TransDiv 12 in the Pacific through the spring, after which they returned to San Diego for repairs. They sailed for the Pacific again on 7 June, reaching Pearl Harbor a week later to train for the upcoming invasion of Guadalcanal, America's first offensive effort in the Pacific campaign.Departing Nouméa on 31 July 1942, Gregory joined Task Force 62 (TF 62) (under Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher) and steamed for Guadalcanal. After sending her Marines ashore in the first assault waves 7 August, Gregory and her sister APDs remained in the area. The ships patrolled the waters around the hotly contested islands, waters which were to gain notoriety as \"Iron Bottom Sound\", and brought up ammunition & supplies from Espiritu Santo.On 4 September, Gregory and Little were returning to their anchorage at Tulagi after transferring a Marine Raider Battalion to Savo Island. The night was inky-black with a low haze obscuring all landmarks, and the captains decided to remain on patrol rather than risk threading their way through the dangerous channel. As they steamed between Guadalcanal and Savo Island at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), Yūdachi, Hatsuyuki and Murakumo entered the Slot undetected to deliver a \"Tokyo Express\" package of troops and supplies to Guadalcanal. After completing the delivery, the crews prepared to bombard Henderson Field at Lunga Point. At 00:56 on 5 September, Gregory and Little saw flashes of gunfire which they assumed came from a Japanese submarine until radar showed four targets; apparently a cruiser had joined the three destroyers. While the two outgunned ships were debating whether to close for action or depart quietly and undetected, the decision was taken out of their hands.Gregory and USS Little on 30 July 1942.A Navy pilot had also seen the gunfire and, assuming it came from a Japanese submarine, dropped a string of five flares almost on top of the two APDs. Gregory and Little, silhouetted against the blackness, were spotted immediately by the Japanese destroyers, which opened fire at 01:00. Gregory brought all her guns to bear but was overmatched and less than 3 minutes after the flares had been dropped was dead in the water and beginning to sink. Two boilers had burst and her decks were a mass of flames. Her skipper, Lieutenant Commander Harry F. Bauer, himself seriously wounded, gave the word to abandon ship, and Gregory's crew took to the water. Bauer ordered two companions to aid another crewman yelling for help and was never seen again; for his conduct, he posthumously received the Silver Star. The U.S. Navy subsequently named a ship, Harry F. Bauer, in recognition of his gallant action.At 01:23, with all of Gregory's and most of Little's crew in the water, the Japanese ships began shelling again—aiming not at the crippled ships but at their helpless crews in the water. Gregory sank stern first some 40 minutes after the firing had begun, and was followed two hours later by Little. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, in praising the courageous crews after their loss, wrote that \"both of these small vessels fought as well as possible against the overwhelming odds ... With little means, they performed duties vital to the success of the campaign.\" 24 officers and men, including the commanding officer, from Gregory were killed.[1]Petty Officer First Class Charles French swam 6–8 hours in shark-infested waters near Guadalcanal while towing a life raft with 15 of the Gregory's survivors to avoid capture and possible execution by Japanese forces on land.[2]Gregory's name was struck from the Navy List 2 October 1942.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"}],"text":"Gregory received two battle stars for her World War II service.","title":"Awards"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_long-beaked_echidna

Eastern long-beaked echidna

["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Ecology","4 Reproduction","5 References","6 External links"]

Species of monotreme Eastern long-beaked echidna replica at MUSE - Science Museum in Trento Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix II (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Monotremata Family: Tachyglossidae Genus: Zaglossus Species: Z. bartoni Binomial name Zaglossus bartoni(Thomas, 1907) The eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is one of three species from the genus Zaglossus to occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in the eastern half at elevations between 2,000 and 3,000 metres (6,600 and 9,800 ft). Description The eastern long-beaked echidna can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet: it has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. Its weight varies from 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 lb); its body length ranges from 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 in); it has no tail. It has dense black fur. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense. They have a lifespan of roughly 30 years. Like the closely related platypus, echidnas have spurs on their hind legs. Unlike the platypus, echidna spurs are not venomous. All eastern long-beaked echidnas start with spurs on their hind feet and spur sheaths that cover them. Females typically lose their spurs later in life while males keep them. Females are also generally larger than males. Body mass tends to remain consistent most of their life, making it difficult to distinguish between adult and juvenile with body mass alone. Taxonomy All long-beaked echidnas were classified as a single species, until 1998 when Tim Flannery published an article identifying several new species and subspecies. These species were then recognized based on various attributes such as body size, skull morphology, and the number of toes on the front and back feet. There are four recognized subspecies of Zaglossus bartoni. The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated. The subspecies are: Zaglossus bartoni bartoni (Thomas, 1907) – nominate subspecies, found in the Highlands Region. Zaglossus bartoni clunius Thomas and W. Rothschild, 1922 – endemic to the Huon Peninsula of the Morobe Province. Z. b. clunius has five digits on each foot, rather than just the forefeet. It is isolated from conspecifics by the lowlands of the Markham Valley. The distinctiveness of this subspecies supports the high endemism of mammals in Huon. Zaglossus bartoni smeenki Flannery and Groves, 1998 – the smallest subspecies. Z. b. smeenki has five digits on each foot, rather than just the forefeet. It is endemic to the Nanneau Mountain Range of the Oro Province. Zaglossus bartoni diamondi Flannery and Groves, 1998 – the largest subspecies, and the largest extant monotreme. It is found throughout the mountains of central New Guinea, from the Paniai Lakes in Indonesia's Central Papua Province to the Kratke Range in Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highlands Province. Ecology Eastern long-beaked echidnas are mainly insect eaters, or insectivores. The long snout proves essential for the echidna's survival because of its ability to get in between hard-to-reach places and scavenge for smaller insect organisms such as larvae and ticks. Along with this snout, they have a specific evolutionary adaptation in their tongues for snatching up various earthworms, which are its main type of food source. Zaglossus bartoni habitats include tropical hill forests to sub-alpine forests, upland grasslands and scrub. The species has been found in locations up to an elevation of around 4,150 m (that is, the highest elevations available on New Guinea). Zaglossus bartoni is currently listed as "vulnerable" on the Red List, improved from "critically endangered" until 2016. Deforestation is one of the factors leading to the decline of this species. Humans are the main factor in diminishing populations of eastern long-beaked echidnas. Locals in areas surrounding regions that these organisms inhabit often prey upon them for food. Feral dogs are known to occasionally consume this species. These mammals dig burrows, providing some protection from predation. Factors of deforestation also impact this species negatively. There are four isolated subspecies that inhabit specific geographical regions. Reproduction The eastern long-beaked echidna is a member of the order Monotremata. Although monotremes have some of the same mammal features such as hair and mammary glands, they do not give birth to live young, they lay eggs. Like birds and reptiles, monotremes have a single opening, the cloaca. The cloaca allows for the passage of urine and feces, the transmission of sperm, and the laying of eggs. Little is actually known about the breeding behaviors of this animal, due to the difficulty of finding and tracking specimens. The way the spines on the echidna lie make it difficult to attach tracking devices, in addition to the difficulty in finding the animals themselves, as they are mainly nocturnal. References ^ a b Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Monotremata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ a b c Leary, T.; Seri, L.; Flannery, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Helgen, K.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Allison, A.; James, R.; Aplin, K.; Salas, L.; Dickman, C. (2016). "Zaglossus bartoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136552A21964496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136552A21964496.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ Belov, Katherine; Whittington, Camilla; Whittington, Camilla M.; Belov, Katherine (April 2014). "Tracing monotreme venom evolution in the genomics era". Toxins. 6 (4): 1260–1273. doi:10.3390/toxins6041260. PMC 4014732. PMID 24699339. ^ a b c Opiang, Muse (April 2009). "Home ranges, movement, and den use in long-beaked echidnas, Zaglossus bartoni, from Papua New Guinea". Journal of Mammalogy. 9 (2): 340–346. doi:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-108.1. ^ a b c d e f Flannery, T. F.; Groves, C. P. (Jan 1998). "A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies". Mammalia. 6 (3): 367–396. doi:10.1515/mamm.1998.62.3.367. S2CID 84750399. ^ Wilson, Don E. "Zaglossus bartoni". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 October 2013. ^ "Barton's Long-beaked Echidna - Zaglossus bartoni - Details - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-11-05. ^ Lagassé, Paul (2013). "Monotreme". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. EBSCOhost. ISBN 9780787650155.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zaglossus bartoni. EDGE of Existence (Zaglossus spp.) – Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species vteExtant Monotremata species by family Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia (unranked) Australosphenida Tachyglossidae(Echidnas)Tachyglossus Short-beaked echidna (T. aculeatus) Zaglossus(Long-beaked echidnas) Attenborough's long-beaked echidna (Z. attenboroughi) Eastern long-beaked echidna (Z. bartoni) Western long-beaked echidna (Z. bruijni) OrnithorhynchidaeOrnithorhynchus Platypus (O. anatinus) Category Taxon identifiersZaglossus bartoni Wikidata: Q809557 Wikispecies: Zaglossus bartoni BioLib: 133250 CoL: 7GC5K EoL: 1000240 GBIF: 2433385 iNaturalist: 43248 IRMNG: 10001851 ITIS: 709358 IUCN: 136552 MDD: 1000004 MSW: 10300012 NCBI: 1684342 Open Tree of Life: 3615201 Paleobiology Database: 166661 Species+: 8784 Acanthoglossus bruijnii bartoni Wikidata: Q41170450 ZooBank: C4954D26-6AA1-447C-B8E6-0C32ED42465B

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaglossus"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"}],"text":"The eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is one of three species from the genus Zaglossus to occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in the eastern half at elevations between 2,000 and 3,000 metres (6,600 and 9,800 ft).","title":"Eastern long-beaked echidna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opiang2009-5"}],"text":"The eastern long-beaked echidna can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet: it has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. Its weight varies from 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 lb); its body length ranges from 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 in); it has no tail. It has dense black fur. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense. They have a lifespan of roughly 30 years.Like the closely related platypus, echidnas have spurs on their hind legs. Unlike the platypus, echidna spurs are not venomous.[4] All eastern long-beaked echidnas start with spurs on their hind feet and spur sheaths that cover them. Females typically lose their spurs later in life while males keep them. Females are also generally larger than males. Body mass tends to remain consistent most of their life, making it difficult to distinguish between adult and juvenile with body mass alone.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Flannery"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Highlands Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_Region"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"},{"link_name":"Huon Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huon_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Morobe Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morobe_Province"},{"link_name":"Markham Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Valley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"},{"link_name":"Oro Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"monotreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme"},{"link_name":"Paniai Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniai_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Central Papua Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Papua"},{"link_name":"Kratke Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratke_Range"},{"link_name":"Eastern Highlands Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flannery1998-6"}],"text":"All long-beaked echidnas were classified as a single species, until 1998 when Tim Flannery published an article identifying several new species and subspecies.[6] These species were then recognized based on various attributes such as body size, skull morphology, and the number of toes on the front and back feet.[6]There are four recognized subspecies of Zaglossus bartoni.[1][7] The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated. The subspecies are:Zaglossus bartoni bartoni (Thomas, 1907) – nominate subspecies, found in the Highlands Region.[6]\nZaglossus bartoni clunius Thomas and W. Rothschild, 1922 – endemic to the Huon Peninsula of the Morobe Province. Z. b. clunius has five digits on each foot, rather than just the forefeet. It is isolated from conspecifics by the lowlands of the Markham Valley. The distinctiveness of this subspecies supports the high endemism of mammals in Huon.[6]\nZaglossus bartoni smeenki Flannery and Groves, 1998 – the smallest subspecies. Z. b. smeenki has five digits on each foot, rather than just the forefeet. It is endemic to the Nanneau Mountain Range of the Oro Province.[6]\nZaglossus bartoni diamondi Flannery and Groves, 1998 – the largest subspecies, and the largest extant monotreme. It is found throughout the mountains of central New Guinea, from the Paniai Lakes in Indonesia's Central Papua Province to the Kratke Range in Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highlands Province.[6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insectivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-2"},{"link_name":"Deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Eastern long-beaked echidnas are mainly insect eaters, or insectivores. The long snout proves essential for the echidna's survival because of its ability to get in between hard-to-reach places and scavenge for smaller insect organisms such as larvae and ticks. Along with this snout, they have a specific evolutionary adaptation in their tongues for snatching up various earthworms, which are its main type of food source.Zaglossus bartoni habitats include tropical hill forests to sub-alpine forests, upland grasslands and scrub. The species has been found in locations up to an elevation of around 4,150 m (that is, the highest elevations available on New Guinea).[2]Zaglossus bartoni is currently listed as \"vulnerable\" on the Red List, improved from \"critically endangered\" until 2016.[2] Deforestation is one of the factors leading to the decline of this species.Humans are the main factor in diminishing populations of eastern long-beaked echidnas. Locals in areas surrounding regions that these organisms inhabit often prey upon them for food. Feral dogs are known to occasionally consume this species. These mammals dig burrows, providing some protection from predation. Factors of deforestation also impact this species negatively. There are four isolated subspecies that inhabit specific geographical regions.[8]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monotremata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme"},{"link_name":"cloaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaca"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opiang2009-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opiang2009-5"}],"text":"The eastern long-beaked echidna is a member of the order Monotremata. Although monotremes have some of the same mammal features such as hair and mammary glands, they do not give birth to live young, they lay eggs. Like birds and reptiles, monotremes have a single opening, the cloaca. The cloaca allows for the passage of urine and feces, the transmission of sperm, and the laying of eggs.[9]Little is actually known about the breeding behaviors of this animal, due to the difficulty of finding and tracking specimens.[5] The way the spines on the echidna lie make it difficult to attach tracking devices, in addition to the difficulty in finding the animals themselves, as they are mainly nocturnal.[5]","title":"Reproduction"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Pensioner

Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms

["1 Formation","2 Duties","3 Officers and administration","4 Membership and age limits","5 Uniform","6 Standard","7 Battle honours","8 Captains of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Bodyguard of the British monarch This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) His Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at ArmsBadge of the Gentlemen-at-ArmsActive1509-CountryEnglandTypeDismounted bodyguardRoleRoyal Body GuardSizeOne TroopPart ofSovereign's Body GuardGarrison/HQLondonMarchThe Nearest GuardEngagementsGuinegate, BoulogneCommandersColonel in ChiefHM The KingCaptainThe Baroness Williams of TraffordChief Whip in the House of LordsInsigniaCollar badgePortcullisPlumeWhiteMilitary unitHis Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms is a bodyguard to the British Monarch. Until 17 March 1834, they were known as The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. Formation The corps was formed as the Troop of Gentlemen in 1509 by King Henry VIII to act as a mounted escort, armed with spear and lance to protect the sovereign, in battle or elsewhere. Henry decided to have "this new and sumptuous Troop of Gentlemen composed of cadets of noble families and the highest order of gentry as his personal Body Guard or 'Nearest Guard'", cadets being the younger sons of nobles. As his Body Guard, it accompanied Henry to France in 1513 and took part in the Battle of Guinegate (better known as the Battle of the Spurs) and then at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. In 1526, they became a dismounted bodyguard armed with battleaxes. They last saw service in battle during the English Civil War, during which a Gentleman Matthews saved the Prince of Wales at the Battle of Edgehill (1642) from one of the Earl of Essex's troopers. They were always intended as a primarily ceremonial unit, but were on regular duty until the 19th century. Under Henry VIII, the Troop of Gentlemen varied in size, according to funding available. As the "Nearest Guard" to the Monarch, the unit attracted an aristocratic and aspiring membership, which could be utilised as a cadre of young officers when levies were raised for overseas service. Duties Gentlemen at Arms marching alongside the coffin of Her late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, as part of the procession following her funeral. Today, the duties are purely ceremonial: the Gentlemen accompany and attend the sovereign at various events and occasions, including state visits by heads of state, the opening of parliament, and ceremonies involving the various orders of chivalry, including the Order of the Garter. The Gentlemen now parade for the opening of parliament, state visits, royal garden parties, the Garter service, receptions of the diplomatic corps, royal weddings, coronations, the Investiture of the Prince of Wales, lyings in state and State Funerals. They also have three mess dinners annually. Officers and administration The Corps today consists of five Officers (the Captain, the Lieutenant, the Standard Bearer, the Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant and the Harbinger) and 27 Gentlemen. The senior Officer is the Captain, a political appointee who is now always the Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords. The senior permanent officer is the Lieutenant. The Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant issues all orders to the Corps. The Harbinger runs the Mess and assists the Clerk. The Mess, at St. James's Palace, is run by a permanent Axekeeper and Butler also assisted by the house keeper. All Officers (except the Captain) must have served in the Corps prior to promotion to officer rank. In the 17th century, there was also the office of Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms and Co-Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms. Membership and age limits All subordinate officers, and all Gentlemen, must be under the age of 55 years on joining, and are on average 52. The Gentlemen retain their prior military ranks (currently most rank between major and colonel). They must retire at 70 years. Although all Gentlemen are retired officers, uniquely one recent member is also a clergyman. Colonel the Reverend Richard ("Dick") H. Whittington, MBE joined the Corps in 1999 after retiring from the Corps of Royal Engineers. He was ordained a deacon in 1993 and a priest in 1994. He was Chaplain of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 2001 to 2013. Another notable Gentleman was Major Walter Clopton Wingfield, one of the pioneers of lawn tennis, who served from 1870 to 1909. Uniform The uniform of the Gentlemen at Arms, depicted on a cigarette card produced for the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937. The uniform is that of a Dragoon Guards officer of the 1840s. It has a skirted red coatee with Garter blue velvet cuffs and facings embroidered with the Tudor royal badge of the portcullis. Helmets with white swan feather plumes are worn when on duty, even in church. Officers wear, in addition, gold aiguillettes, and carry sticks of office—gold for the Captain, silver for the Lieutenant, Standard Bearer and Clerk of the Cheque, and ivory for the Harbinger—which they receive from the Sovereign on appointment. Cavalry swords are worn, and long ceremonial battle-axes, over 300 years old, are carried by all the Gentlemen. The uniforms are produced by the royal warrant holder Gieves & Hawkes from Savile Row in London, with the helmets handcrafted and maintained by the royal warrant holder Thomas Lyte at their goldsmithing and silversmithing workshops, also in London. Standard The corps carries a standard, similar to that carried by cavalry and infantry regiments of the British Army, upon which is mounted the corps' various accoutrements and a selection of its battle honours. In the case of the Gentlemen at Arms, this is a swallowtailed standard of crimson edged in gold. The cross of St George is at the hoist. Next to this is the Royal Cipher of the reigning monarch, with the name of the corps ("Gentlemen at Arms") put diagonally from top to bottom. Between the two pieces of text is the corps' portcullis badge, while at the end of the standard are a selection of battle honours. In 2009, at a celebration of the Corps' 500 years of personal service to the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II presented a special riband to be displayed on the Standard. Battle honours 1513 Guinegate 1520 Field of Cloth of Gold 1544 Siege of Boulogne Honours in bold are displayed on the corps' standard. Captains of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms Main article: Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms See also Spatharios Rynda References ^ Chandler, David; Beckett, I.F.W., eds. (7 November 1996). The Oxford History of the British Army (New ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-19-285333-3. ^ "Leading Liverpool light moves to Chelsea". 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2016-07-28. ^ Gentlemen at Arms ^ Gentlemen at Arms speech, 4 June 2009 - British Monarchy ^ The Field of Cloth of Gold was not actually a battle, but is listed by the Corps as a battle honour External links Gentlemen at Arms vteSovereign's Bodyguard His Majesty's Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (Captain) King's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard (Captain) Royal Company of Archers, The King's Bodyguard for Scotland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"British Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy"}],"text":"Military unitHis Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms is a bodyguard to the British Monarch. Until 17 March 1834, they were known as The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.","title":"Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance"},{"link_name":"cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guinegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1513)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Field of Cloth of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Cloth_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"battleaxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_axe"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edgehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill"},{"link_name":"Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The corps was formed as the Troop of Gentlemen in 1509 by King Henry VIII to act as a mounted escort, armed with spear and lance to protect the sovereign, in battle or elsewhere. Henry decided to have \"this new and sumptuous Troop of Gentlemen composed of cadets of noble families and the highest order of gentry as his personal Body Guard or 'Nearest Guard'\", cadets being the younger sons of nobles.As his Body Guard, it accompanied Henry to France in 1513 and took part in the Battle of Guinegate (better known as the Battle of the Spurs) and then at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. In 1526, they became a dismounted bodyguard armed with battleaxes. They last saw service in battle during the English Civil War, during which a Gentleman Matthews saved the Prince of Wales at the Battle of Edgehill (1642) from one of the Earl of Essex's troopers. They were always intended as a primarily ceremonial unit, but were on regular duty until the 19th century.Under Henry VIII, the Troop of Gentlemen varied in size, according to funding available. As the \"Nearest Guard\" to the Monarch, the unit attracted an aristocratic and aspiring membership, which could be utilised as a cadre of young officers when levies were raised for overseas service.[1]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Funeral_19_09_2022-84_(52369804939).jpg"},{"link_name":"state visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit"},{"link_name":"opening of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"opening of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"state visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit"},{"link_name":"royal garden parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_party"},{"link_name":"Garter service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_service"},{"link_name":"diplomatic corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_corps"},{"link_name":"coronations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"Investiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"lyings in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state"},{"link_name":"State Funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Funeral"}],"text":"Gentlemen at Arms marching alongside the coffin of Her late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, as part of the procession following her funeral.Today, the duties are purely ceremonial: the Gentlemen accompany and attend the sovereign at various events and occasions, including state visits by heads of state, the opening of parliament, and ceremonies involving the various orders of chivalry, including the Order of the Garter. The Gentlemen now parade for the opening of parliament, state visits, royal garden parties, the Garter service, receptions of the diplomatic corps, royal weddings, coronations, the Investiture of the Prince of Wales, lyings in state and State Funerals. They also have three mess dinners annually.","title":"Duties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_the_Gentlemen-at-Arms"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Standard Bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Bearer"},{"link_name":"Harbinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbinger_(office)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Mess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess"},{"link_name":"St. James's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Axekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axekeeper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen_at_Arms"}],"text":"The Corps today consists of five Officers (the Captain, the Lieutenant, the Standard Bearer, the Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant and the Harbinger) and 27 Gentlemen. The senior Officer is the Captain, a political appointee who is now always the Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords. The senior permanent officer is the Lieutenant. The Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant issues all orders to the Corps. The Harbinger runs the Mess and assists the Clerk. The Mess, at St. James's Palace, is run by a permanent Axekeeper and Butler also assisted by the house keeper. All Officers (except the Captain) must have served in the Corps prior to promotion to officer rank. In the 17th century, there was also the office of Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms and Co-Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms.","title":"Officers and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyman"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"Royal Hospital Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Walter Clopton Wingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield"},{"link_name":"lawn tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_tennis"}],"text":"All subordinate officers, and all Gentlemen, must be under the age of 55 years on joining, and are on average 52. The Gentlemen retain their prior military ranks (currently most rank between major and colonel). They must retire at 70 years.Although all Gentlemen are retired officers, uniquely one recent member is also a clergyman. Colonel the Reverend Richard (\"Dick\") H. Whittington, MBE joined the Corps in 1999 after retiring from the Corps of Royal Engineers. He was ordained a deacon in 1993 and a priest in 1994. He was Chaplain of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 2001 to 2013.[2]Another notable Gentleman was Major Walter Clopton Wingfield, one of the pioneers of lawn tennis, who served from 1870 to 1909.","title":"Membership and age limits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Player%27s_cigarettes_31_Gentlemen-at-arms.jpg"},{"link_name":"cigarette card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_card"},{"link_name":"Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon_guards"},{"link_name":"coatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatee"},{"link_name":"Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"portcullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis"},{"link_name":"swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan"},{"link_name":"aiguillettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguillette"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"Gieves & Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lyte"}],"text":"The uniform of the Gentlemen at Arms, depicted on a cigarette card produced for the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937.The uniform is that of a Dragoon Guards officer of the 1840s. It has a skirted red coatee with Garter blue velvet cuffs and facings embroidered with the Tudor royal badge of the portcullis. Helmets with white swan feather plumes are worn when on duty, even in church. Officers wear, in addition, gold aiguillettes, and carry sticks of office—gold for the Captain, silver for the Lieutenant, Standard Bearer and Clerk of the Cheque, and ivory for the Harbinger—which they receive from the Sovereign on appointment. Cavalry swords are worn, and long ceremonial battle-axes, over 300 years old, are carried by all the Gentlemen.The uniforms are produced by the royal warrant holder Gieves & Hawkes from Savile Row in London, with the helmets handcrafted and maintained by the royal warrant holder Thomas Lyte at their goldsmithing and silversmithing workshops, also in London.","title":"Uniform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honours"},{"link_name":"swallowtailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowtail_(flag)"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_flag#Standard"},{"link_name":"cross of St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(flag)"},{"link_name":"Royal Cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cipher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"riband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riband"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The corps carries a standard, similar to that carried by cavalry and infantry regiments of the British Army, upon which is mounted the corps' various accoutrements and a selection of its battle honours. In the case of the Gentlemen at Arms, this is a swallowtailed standard of crimson edged in gold. The cross of St George is at the hoist. Next to this is the Royal Cipher of the reigning monarch, with the name of the corps (\"Gentlemen at Arms\") put diagonally from top to bottom. Between the two pieces of text is the corps' portcullis badge, while at the end of the standard are a selection of battle honours.[3] In 2009, at a celebration of the Corps' 500 years of personal service to the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II presented a special riband to be displayed on the Standard.[4]","title":"Standard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Field of Cloth of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Cloth_of_Gold"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Siege of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Boulogne_(1544%E2%80%931546)"}],"text":"1513 Guinegate\n1520 Field of Cloth of Gold[5]\n1544 Siege of BoulogneHonours in bold are displayed on the corps' standard.","title":"Battle honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Captains of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms"}]

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[{"title":"Spatharios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatharios"},{"title":"Rynda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rynda"}]

[{"reference":"Chandler, David; Beckett, I.F.W., eds. (7 November 1996). The Oxford History of the British Army (New ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-19-285333-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gLqG9UMxqWYC&pg=PA25","url_text":"The Oxford History of the British Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3","url_text":"0-19-285333-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Leading Liverpool light moves to Chelsea\". 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chelsea-pensioners.co.uk/news/leading-liverpool-light-moves-chelsea","url_text":"\"Leading Liverpool light moves to Chelsea\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand_Cathedral

Härnösand Cathedral

["1 History","2 Gallery","3 References"]

Coordinates: 62°37′52″N 17°56′30″E / 62.63111°N 17.94167°E / 62.63111; 17.94167 Church in Härnösand, SwedenHärnösand CathedralHärnösand Cathedral in August 200562°37′52″N 17°56′30″E / 62.63111°N 17.94167°E / 62.63111; 17.94167LocationHärnösandCountrySwedenDenominationChurch of SwedenHistoryConsecrated28 June 1846 (28 June 1846)AdministrationDioceseDiocese of HärnösandClergyBishop(s)Tuulikki Koivunen Bylund Härnösand Cathedral (Swedish: Härnösands domkyrka) serves the Diocese of Härnösand of the Church of Sweden. It is located in Härnösand in Västernorrland County, Sweden. From atop the 46 metres tall tower, the entire town of Härnösand can be viewed. History Härnösand city's first church was built 1593. The four chandeliers are from the 17th century. In 1721 the church was burned down by Russian troops, and a new church was erected, and that church was eventually destroyed. The present church was inaugurated on 28 June 1846 and built according to plans by Johan Adolf Hawerman (1812-1885). The present church is located in the same location as the original and is Sweden's smallest cathedral. The altar painting is by David von Coln (1689–1763). The baptismal font is a Spanish rococo work in silver and manufactured 1777. The organ was built in 1975 by the Danish firm of Bruno Christensen & Sønner Orgelbyggeri and has 57 stops. The organ facade is from the 1700s Cahman organ that was saved from the original church. The cathedral contains a 37-bell carillon, built by the Bergholtz Bellfoundry  in 1981. Gallery Baptismal font Pulpit Choir organ Interior Sanctuary Crucifix References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Härnösands domkyrka. ^ "Härnösands domkyrka". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 28 August 2011. (subscription required) ^ Västernorrland, P4 (4 July 2016). "Från toppen av domkyrkan syns hela Härnösand". Sveriges radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 15 October 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Bodil Mascher (2014). "Härnösands domkyrka" (PDF) (in Swedish). Västernorrland County Museum. p. 7. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ "Härnösands domkyrka" (in Swedish). Church of Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ "Hawerman, John (1812-1885)". KulturNav. Retrieved 1 January 2020. ^ "David von Coln". artnet.com. Retrieved 1 January 2020. ^ "Bruno Christensen & Sønner Orgelbyggeri". bruno-christensen.dk. Retrieved 1 January 2020. ^ "Härnösands domkyrka" (in Swedish). Church of Sweden. Retrieved 14 October 2017. ^ "Svenske konsertklokkespill" . Nordisk selskap for campanologi og klokkespill (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 July 2022. vteChurch of SwedenArchbishop of Uppsala (List)Dioceses Archdiocese of Uppsala Gothenburg Härnösand Karlstad Linköping Luleå Lund Skara Stockholm Strängnäs Visby Västerås Växjö Historical Kalmar Mariestad Cathedrals Uppsala Gothenburg Härnösand Karlstad Linköping Luleå Lund Skara Stockholm Strängnäs Visby Västerås Växjö No longer the seat of a bishop but still officially called cathedrals: Kalmar Mariestad Assembly Elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Nominating groups Alternative for Sweden Centre Party Christian Democrats in the Church of Sweden (linked to the Christian Democrats) Greens in the Church of Sweden (linked to the Green Party) Elävä seurakunta – Levande församling Frimodig kyrka Kyrklig samverkan i Visby stift Left-wing in the Church of Sweden (linked to the Left Party) Liberals in the Church of Sweden Non-partisans in the Church of Sweden Right-wing Alternative (linked to the Moderate Party) Senior Citizen Interest Party Social Democrats Sweden Democrats Öppen kyrka – en kyrka för alla Monasteries Alsike Convent Daughters of Mary Sisters of Saint Francis Östanbäck Monastery See also Church of Sweden Abroad Swedish Evangelical Mission Bibeltrogna Vänner Church of Sweden Youth Pro Fide et Christianismo Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place Structurae

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Härnösand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand"},{"link_name":"Church of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Härnösand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Church in Härnösand, SwedenHärnösand Cathedral (Swedish: Härnösands domkyrka) serves the Diocese of Härnösand of the Church of Sweden.\nIt is located in Härnösand in Västernorrland County, Sweden.\nFrom atop the 46 metres tall tower, the entire town of Härnösand can be viewed.[1][2]","title":"Härnösand Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Johan Adolf Hawerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Adolf_Hawerman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Bergholtz Bellfoundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Härnösand city's first church was built 1593. The four chandeliers are from the 17th century. In 1721 the church was burned down by Russian troops, and a new church was erected, and that church was eventually destroyed. The present church was inaugurated on 28 June 1846[3] and built according to plans by Johan Adolf Hawerman (1812-1885).[4] The present church is located in the same location as the original and is Sweden's smallest cathedral.[5]The altar painting is by David von Coln (1689–1763). The baptismal font is a Spanish rococo work in silver and manufactured 1777. The organ was built in 1975 by the Danish firm of Bruno Christensen & Sønner Orgelbyggeri and has 57 stops. The organ facade is from the 1700s Cahman organ that was saved from the original church.[6][7][8]The cathedral contains a 37-bell carillon, built by the Bergholtz Bellfoundry [sv] in 1981.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_baptismal_font.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_pulpit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_choir_organ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_interior.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_sanctuary.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harnosands_domkyrka_crucifix.jpg"}],"text":"Baptismal font\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPulpit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChoir organ\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSanctuary\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrucifix","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Polska_Cerekiew

Gmina Polska Cerekiew

[]

Coordinates: 50°13′45″N 18°7′38″E / 50.22917°N 18.12722°E / 50.22917; 18.12722Gmina in Opole Voivodeship, PolandGmina Polska CerekiewGemeinde Groß Neukirch Polska Cerekiew CommuneGminaRoad in Zakrzów FlagCoat of armsCoordinates (Polska Cerekiew): 50°13′45″N 18°7′38″E / 50.22917°N 18.12722°E / 50.22917; 18.12722Country PolandVoivodeshipOpoleCountyKędzierzyn-KoźleSeatPolska CerekiewArea • Total60.85 km2 (23.49 sq mi)Population (2019-06-30) • Total4,021 • Density66/km2 (170/sq mi)Websitehttp://polskacerekiew.pl Gmina Polska Cerekiew (German: Gemeinde Groß Neukirch) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Polska Cerekiew (Groß Neukirch), which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Kędzierzyn-Koźle and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Opole. The gmina covers an area of 60.85 square kilometres (23.5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 4,021. Since 2011 the commune has been bilingual in German and Polish, and has its signs in two languages. These signs celebrate the multicultural past of the region, which was prior to 1945 part of Germany and still maintains a large German population. Administrative divisions The commune contains the villages and settlements of: Polska Cerekiew Ciężkowice Dzielawy Grzędzin Jaborowice Koza Łaniec Ligota Mała Mierzęcin Połowa Witosławice Wronin Zakrzów Neighbouring gminas Gmina Polska Cerekiew is bordered by the gminas of Baborów and Rudnik. Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Gmina Polska Cerekiew is twinned with: Rieste, Germany Světlá Hora, Czech Republic Gallery Church in Grzędzin Ciężkowice References ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14. ^ "Home Page" (in Polish). Gmina Polska Cerekiew. Retrieved 2020-09-26. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gmina Polska Cerekiew. vteGmina Polska CerekiewSeat Polska Cerekiew Other villages Ciężkowice Dzielawy Grzędzin Jaborowice Koza Łaniec Ligota Mała Mierzęcin Połowa Witosławice Wronin Zakrzów vteGminas of Kędzierzyn-Koźle CountyUrban gminas Kędzierzyn-Koźle (seat) Rural gminas Gmina Bierawa Gmina Cisek Gmina Pawłowiczki Gmina Polska Cerekiew Gmina Reńska Wieś

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisreh

Meisreh

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 34°59′29″N 36°14′11″E / 34.991340°N 36.236515°E / 34.991340; 36.236515Village in Hama, SyriaMeisreh المعيصرةVillageMeisrehLocation in SyriaCoordinates: 34°59′29″N 36°14′11″E / 34.991340°N 36.236515°E / 34.991340; 36.236515Country SyriaGovernorateHamaDistrictMasyaf DistrictSubdistrictWadi al-Uyun NahiyahPopulation (2004) • Total330Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)City Qrya PcodeC3422 Meisreh (Arabic: المعيصرة) is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Meisreh had a population of 330 in the 2004 census. References ^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2014-07-10. Asia portal vte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict Hama Abu Dardah Abu Mansaf Adabas al-Alamein Amarat Aslan Arzah Awja al-Janah Ayyo Bahra Bayad Besirin al-Buraq Billin al-Daminah Ghawr al-Assi al-Hashimiyah Hawayiz Umm Jurn Hawir al-Salib Jahiyah Jarjara Jarjisa Jibrin Jinan Jumaqliyah Juziyah Kafraa Kafr Amim Kafr Buhum Kafr al-Tun Kasun Eljabal Khala al-Khalidiyah Khitab Maar Daftein Maarin al-Jabal Maar Shuhur al-Mubattan Madbaa Maqtaa al-Hajar Matnin Mubarakat Muraywid Al-Narjis al-Nazaza Qamhana Qubaybat al-Assi al-Rabiaa Raabun al-Ruqaita Safinah Samrah Sawa Shihat Hama Shiraaya Surayhin Suwak al-Shamali al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah Taqsis Tayzin Tishrin Tuwaym Tell al-Nahr Tell Qartal Umm al-Amad Umm al-Tuyour Zabada Zor Abu Dardah Zor al-Sarmiyah Zor Taqsis HirbnafsahSubdistrict Hirbnafsah Aqrab Akrad Ibrahim Baja Birin Bisin al-Biyah Bulous Deir al-Fardis al-Humayri Jidrin al-Jafiah Kafr Qadah Khirbet Aref Khirbet al-Jami Khirbet al-Qasr al-Muah Musa al-Houla Qufaylun al-Rawda Suma'ah Talaf al-Tulaysiyah al-Janubiyah Toumin Zara'a SuranSubdistrict Suran Atshan Buwaydah Fan Shamali al-Junaynah Kawkab Khafsin Khirbet al-Hajama Lahaya Maardis Maarkaba Ma'an Masasneh Murak Qasr Abu Samrah Qasr al-Makhram Qubaybat Abu al-Huda Shatheh Taybat al-Imam Taybat al-Ism al-Tulaysiyah Umm Haratayn Zor Abu Zayd Zor al-Haysa al-Sharqiyah HamraaSubdistrict Al-Hamraa Abu Ajwa al-Ala al-Anz Arfa Aziziyah Baroudiyah Bayud Dali Duma Fayda Halabiyah Huways Ibn Hadib Haymaniyah al-Hazim Janat al-Sawarnah Jubb al-Uthman Jubb al-Safa Junaynah Jadduah Shamaliyah Kharsan Maaloula Muwaylah al-Sirwana Maar Shamali Qanater Qasr Ali Qasr Ibn Wardan Rabda Rasm Anz Rasm al-Daheriyah Rasm al-Ward Ruhayyah Shihat al-Hamraa al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah Suruj Tarfawi Tharwat Tulayhat Tuwal Dabaghin Umm Habes Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah Umm Zahmak al-Zughbah Al-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict Al-Suqaylabiyah Abr Bayt Sayf Abu Klifun Ammurin Anab Ayn al-Kurum Ayn Waridah Ballunah Breij al-Hurra Hawrat Ammurin Hayalin Jurniyat al-Tar Karamah al-Khandaq al-Gharbi al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah Khansaa Maksar Mashta' al-Shalahmah Nabi al-Tib Qalaat Jaras Rawdat al-Tar al-Rihana Saidiyah Salba Saqiyat Najm Shahta al-Shajar Tahunat al-Halawa Tell Kumbatri Tell al-Titeen Uwaynah ShathahSubdistrict Shathah Ayn Jurjin Farikah Haydariyah Jubb al-Ghar Jurin Mashta Mahfuz Maradash Na'ur Jurin Nubl al-Khatib Qatrat al-Rihan Rihana Tell SalhabSubdistrict Tell Salhab Abu Qubays Abu Faraj Al-Asharinah Birat al-Jabal Ayn al-Jurn Hawayeq Hawr al-Mawsil Kanayes al-Kashati Khareb al-Latma Mazhal Nahr al-Bared Ras al-Jurn Tamaza Tubah ZiyarahSubdistrict Al-Ziyarah al-Amara al-Amqiyah Tahta al-Ankawi Awja al-Tuba al-Bahsa Barakah Duqmaq Duwayr al-Akrad Ayn al-Hamaam Fawru Khirbet al-Naqus Mansura Maarana Mashik al-Qahira Qarqur Qastal al-Burayj Qastun Qulaydin al-Safsafa Sirmaniyah al-Sindiyana Tell Wasit Zayzun al-Zaqum Qalaat al-MadiqSubdistrict Qalaat al-Madiq Ashrafiyah al-Bani al-Aziziyah Bab al-Taqa al-Barid Deir Sunbul al-Huwayz al-Huwayz al-Shamali al-Hamra al-Hawash al-Humayrat al-Hurriyah Hawijah Fauqa Hawijah Sayyad Hawijat al-Sallah Jamasat Udayat al-Jayyid Kafr Nabudah al-Karim Kawri al-Kurkat Mastarihat Afamiyah Midan Ghazal Qabr Fidda al-Qahirah Qiratah al-Ramlah al-Rasif Salihiyah Sahariyah Shahranaz al-Sha'irah Tell Huwash Tamana al-Ghab al-Thuwarah al-Tuwayni al-Zitiyah Masyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict Masyaf Anbura al-Bayda al-Bayyadiyah Biqraqa al-Bustan Biqasqas Deir Huwayt Deir Mama Deir al-Salib al-Findara Hayalin al-Haylunah al-Hurayf Jobet Kalakh Kafr Aqid al-Laqbah Mashta Deir Mama Matna al-Nahda Qabu Shamsiyah Qayrun Qurtuman Rabu al-Rusafa al-Shamsiyah al-Shiha Sighata al-Suwaydah Tayr Jamlah Tayr Jubbah Tell Afar al-Zamaliyah al-Zaynah AwjSubdistrict Awj Akakir Baarin Bishanin Huwayr al-Turukman Kafr Kamra Khirbet Nisaf Khanazir Nisaf Qarmas Qasraya Ta'unah Zor Baarin Ayn HalaqimSubdistrict Ain Halaqim Ayn al-Shams Aq Duqar Asheq Omar Ba'amrah Barshin Bayt Atiq Bayt Natar al-Dulaybah Hermel Hikr Bayt Atiq Kahf al-Habash Khirbet Hazur al-Majawi al-Mashrafah Qasr al-Ayan Tin al-Sabil Jubb RamlahSubdistrict Jubb Ramlah Alamiyah Asilah Deir Shamil Dimu Hanjur Hizanu Julaymadun Jarajis Kanafu Khan Jalaymadun Maarin Mahrusah Mushashin Qurayyat Qurin Sarmiyah Sulukiyah Uqayrabah Zahraa Zawi Wadi al-UyunSubdistrict Wadi al-Uyun Ammuriyah Ayn al-Bayda Ayn Farraj Ayn al-Karam Bashawi Bayt Raqata Barayzah Bir al-Wadi Birat al-Jurd Duwayr al-Mashayekh Jabita Kafr Laha Kamaliyah Marha Maysara Naqir Qussiyah al-Sindiyana Tamarqiyah Zaytuna Mahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict Mahardah Abu Ubaydah Abu Rubays al-Arid Halfaya Huwat al-Judaydah Kafr Hud Khirbet Subin Khunayzir Maarzaf (al-Qubeir) al-Majdal Shaizar Shir Safsafiyah Tell Malah Tell Sikkin Tremseh Zilaqiat Zawr al-Qaadah Kafr ZitaSubdistrict Kafr Zita Arba'in Hamamiyat Latmin al-Sayyad al-Zakah KarnazSubdistrict Karnaz al-Asman al-Jalamah Jubbayn al-Lataminah al-Mughayr Shaykh Hadid Salamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict Salamiyah Ali Kasun Bardunah Buwaydah Dunaybah Danin Duwaybah Fan Qibli Fan Wastani al-Ghawi Halban Jamala al-Kafat Karim Khafiyah Khunayfis Kaytalun al-Malih Marj Mattar Nawa Qablahat Qubbat al-Kurdi al-Rubbah al-Sabil Safawi Samnah Shakara Shaykh Ali Sibaa Shaykh Rih Smakh Sunaydah Tell Ada Tell Dahab Tell Hasan Basha Tell Khaznah Tell Sinan Taldara Tirad Thawra Thayl al-Jal Tiba al-Turki Tuba Tulul al-Humur Umm al-Amad Umm Tuwaynah al-Uwayr Zighrin BarriSubdistrict Barri Sharqi Abu Hanaya Abu Habilat Akash Arshunah Barri al-Gharbi Furaytan al-Hardanah al-Khurayjah Mafkar al-Gharbi Mafkar Sharqi Salam Gharbi Tell al-Tut Tell Jadid Umm Mil SabburahSubdistrict Sabburah Abu Khanadiq Aqarib Fawrah al-Judaydah Jadduah Jubb Zurayq Jissin Khunayfis al-Dawsa Mabujah Qanafath Qubaybat Salba Samiriyah Shahba Shuhayb Tell Abd al-Aziz Tell al-Ghir Tell al-Shih Umm Khurayzah UqayribatSubdistrict Uqayribat Abu Dali Abu Hakfa Abu al-Fashafish Bustan al-Subeih Dakhilah Hamada al-Omar Hanutah Haddaj Jani al-Albawi Jubb Abyad Jubb Dakhilah Jayruh Makhbuta Masud Mashrafah Na'imiyah Makaymin Shamali Qastal Rasm al-Abid Rasm Elahmar Rasm al-Bardakana Ruwaydah Suha Tabara al-Hamra Tahmaz SaanSubdistrict Al-Saan Abu Hurayk Abu al-Ghor Abu al-Qusur Amya Aniq Bajra al-Ayah Baghadid Harat al-Sharqiyah Hasu al-Qiblawi Ithriya Jakuziyah Jubb Khasara Makharib Mawilah Qabasin al-Arab Rahjan Rasm al-Ahmar Rasm Amun Sarha Shaykh Hilal al-Suwayah Umm Mayal This article about a location in Hama Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Foot_in_Hell

One Foot in Hell

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

For the 1960 film, see One Foot in Hell (film). 1986 studio album by Cirith UngolOne Foot in HellCover art by Michael WhelanStudio album by Cirith UngolReleasedAugust 12, 1986GenrePower metaldoom metalLength35:33LabelMetal BladeProducerBrian Slagel, Cirith UngolCirith Ungol chronology King of the Dead(1984) One Foot in Hell(1986) Paradise Lost(1991) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicMetal Reviews90/100Rock Hard One Foot in Hell is the third studio album by the American heavy metal band Cirith Ungol. The original LP was produced by Brian Slagel and Cirith Ungol. It was released in August 1986 on Metal Blade Records and re-released in March 1999 by Metal Blade Records on CD. It is the last album to feature guitarist Jerry Fogle and bassist Michael "Flint" Vujea. Greg Lindstrom said in an interview: It's an excellent album although I thought the songs overall were not as strong as King of the Dead, and Flint's bass seems to have gotten lost in the mix. The song "Nadsokor" was covered by the Italian epic doom metal band Doomsword. Track listing All songs by Cirith Ungol, except where indicated. "Blood & Iron" – 3:52 "Chaos Descends" – 4:55 "The Fire" – 3:37 "Nadsokor" – 4:43 "100 MPH" (Cirith Ungol, Greg Lindstrom) – 3:26 "War Eternal" – 5:12 "Doomed Planet" – 4:38 "One Foot in Hell" – 5:10 Personnel Tim Baker – vocals Jerry Fogle – guitars Michael Vujea – bass Robert Garven – drums References ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Cirith Ungol – One Foot in Hell". AllMusic. Retrieved May 23, 2012. ^ Thomas. "Cirith Ungol – One Foot in Hell". Metal Reviews. Metal Reviews. Retrieved September 28, 2013. ^ Stratmann, Holger. "Cirith Ungol – One Foot In Hell". Rock Hard (in German). Retrieved September 28, 2013. vteCirith Ungol Tim Baker Greg Lindstrom Robert Garven Jim Barraza Jarvis Leatherby Neal Beattie Jerry Fogle Michael Vujea Bob Warrenburg Vernon Green Studio albums Frost and Fire King of the Dead One Foot in Hell Paradise Lost Forever Black Compilations Servants of Chaos Related Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehsinghrao_Gaekwad

Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad

["1 Notes","2 External links"]

Last titular Maharaja of Baroda from 1951–1971 For the earlier Maratha general (1751-1789), see Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad. Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad IIMaharaja of BarodaMaharaja Fatehsingh Rao GaekwadBaroda StateTenure1951 – 1971Coronation1951PredecessorPratap Singh Rao GaekwadSuccessorTitle abolished Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad (Titular)Member of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office1957–1962Preceded byIndubhai AminSucceeded byPashabhai PatelIn office1971–1980Preceded byPashabhai PatelSucceeded byRanjitsinh GaekwadConstituencyBaroda Personal detailsBorn2 April 1930Died1 September 1988Political partyIndian National CongressParentsPratap Singh Rao Gaekwad (father)Maharani Shantadevi Gaekwad (mother) Cricket informationBattingRight-handedCareer statistics Competition First-class Matches 28 Runs scored 831 Batting average 21.30 100s/50s 0/5 Top score 99 Balls bowled 120 Wickets 1 Bowling average 58.00 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match 0 Best bowling 1/8 Catches/stumpings 8/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 13 April 2023 Fatehsinghrao Prataprao Gaekwad II (2 April 1930 – 1 September 1988) was an Indian politician, cricketer, and titular Maharaja of Baroda from 1951 until 1988. In the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses). Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad II as a child, by Raja Ravi Verma Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad was born to Pratap Singh Gaekwad, the last ruling Maharaja of Baroda and his first wife, Maharani Shantadevi Sahib Gaekwad (1914–2002). He succeeded as titular Maharaja of Baroda in 1951 when his father was deposed by the Government of India. He served in public office as a Member of Parliament for Vadodara, from 1957 to 1967, and 1971 to 1980, representing various Congress factions. In 1967 he did not contest Lok Sabha elections, and was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Sayajiganj seat. During his tenure in Lok Sabha, he served as Parliamentary Secretary of the Defense Ministry, Minister of Health, Fisheries and Jails, Chancellor of the Maharaja Sayajirao University in Baroda, and Chairman of the Board of Governors, National Institute of Sports in 1962-63. He was also the author of the book The Palaces of India (1980). As a cricketer, Gaekwad represented Baroda in the Ranji Trophy between 1946 and 1958 and had a highest score of 99 in his first season. He was an attacking right-handed batsman. He played against the touring teams on various occasions between 1948 and 1954. He was an expert cricket commentator in radio and was made an honorary life member by the MCC. Gaekwad was the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India from 1963 to 1966, after serving as Vice-President from 1959 to 1960 and again in 1962-63. He was the manager of the Baroda Cricket Association from 1960. Known in England as "Jackie Baroda", he managed the Indian tour of England in 1959 and of Pakistan in 1978-79 and 1982-83. He still holds the record of being the youngest president of BCCI. He died in the Breach Candy Hospital in Bombay on 1 September 1988 at the age of fifty-eight, to be succeeded as titular Maharaja of Baroda by his younger brother, Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad. Notes ^ "The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 9 November 2011 ^ 1. Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian princes and their states. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-521-26727-4. Retrieved 6 November 2011., "Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles, privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted." (p 278). 2. Naipaul, V. S. (2003), India: A Wounded Civilization, Random House Digital, Inc., p. 37, ISBN 978-1-4000-3075-0 Quote: "The princes of India – their number and variety reflecting to a large extent the chaos that had come to the country with the break up of the Mughal empire – had lost real power in the British time. Through generations of idle servitude they had grown to specialize only in style. A bogus, extinguishable glamour: in 1947, with Independence, they had lost their state, and Mrs. Gandhi in 1971 had, without much public outcry, abolished their privy purses and titles." (pp 37–38). 3. Schmidt, Karl J. (1995), An atlas and survey of South Asian history, M.E. Sharpe, p. 78, ISBN 978-1-56324-334-9 Quote: "Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses." (page 78). 4. Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai (1995), Consuming modernity: public culture in a South Asian world, U of Minnesota Press, p. 84, ISBN 978-0-8166-2306-8, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "The third stage in the political evolution of the princes from rulers to citizens occurred in 1971, when the constitution ceased to recognize them as princes and their privy purses, titles, and special privileges were abolished." (page 84). 5. Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, HarperCollins, p. 441, ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9 Quote: "Her success at the polls emboldened Mrs. Gandhi to act decisively against the princes. Through 1971, the two sides tried and failed to find a settlement. The princes were willing to forgo their privy purses, but hoped at least to save their titles. But with her overwhelming majority in Parliament, the prime minister had no need to compromise. On 2 December she introduced a bill to amend the constitution and abolish all princely privileges. It was passed in the Lok Sabha by 381 votes to six, and in the Rajya Sabha by 167 votes to seven. In her own speech, the prime minister invited 'the princes to join the elite of the modern age, the elite which earns respect by its talent, energy and contribution to human progress, all of which can only be done when we work together as equals without regarding anybody as of special status.' " (page 441). 6. Cheesman, David (1997). Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind, 1865-1901. London: Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7007-0470-5. Quote: "The Indian princes survived the British Raj by only a few years. The Indian republic stripped them of their powers and then their titles." (page 10). 7. Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997), Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, Merriam-Webster, p. 520, ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9 Quote: "Indian States: "Various (formerly) semi-independent areas in India ruled by native princes .... Under British rule ... administered by residents assisted by political agents. Titles and remaining privileges of princes abolished by Indian government 1971." (page 520). 8. Ward, Philip (September 1989), Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide, Pelican Publishing, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-88289-753-0 Quote: "A monarchy is only as good as the reigning monarch: thus it is with the princely states. Once they seemed immutable, invincible. In 1971 they were "derecognized," their privileges, privy purses and titles all abolished at a stroke" (page 91) Obituary in Indian Cricket 1988 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fatehsinhrao Gaikwad II. Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad at ESPNcricinfo Indian Princely States : Genealogy of the rulers of Baroda Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad Titular Maharaja of Baroda Titles in pretence Preceded byPratap Singh Rao Gaekwad — TITULAR — Maharaja of Baroda 1951–1988Reason for succession failure:Titles, privileges, and remuneration abolished in 1971 Succeeded byRanjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad vtePresidents of the BCCI1928–1950 R. E. Grant Govan (1928–1933) Sikandar Hayat Khan (1933–1935) Hamidullah Khan (1935–1937) Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji (1937–1938) P. Subbarayan (1938–1946) Anthony S. D'Mello (1946–1951) 1951–1975 J. C. Mukherjee (1951–1954) Maharajkumar of Vizianagram (1954–1956) Surjit Singh Majithia (1956–1958) R. K. Patel (1958–1960) M. A. Chidambaram (1960–1963) Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad (1963–1966) Zal Irani (1966–1969) A. N. Ghosh (1969–1972) Purushottam Rungta (1972–1975) 1976–2000 Ramprakash Mehra (1975–1977) M. Chinnaswamy (1977–1980) S. K. Wankhede (1980–1982) N. K. P. Salve (1982–1985) S. Sriraman (1985–1988) B. N. Dutt (1988–1990) Madhavrao Scindia (1990–1993) Inderjit Singh Bindra (1993–1996) Raj Singh Dungarpur (1996–1999) A. C. Muthiah (1999–2001) 2001–present Jagmohan Dalmiya (2001–2004) Ranbir Singh Mahendra (2004–2005) Sharad Pawar (2005–2008) Shashank Manohar (2008–2011) N. Srinivasan (2011–2013) Jagmohan Dalmiya (2013) N. Srinivasan (2013–2014) Sunil Gavaskar (2014) Shivlal Yadav (2014) Jagmohan Dalmiya (2014–2015) Shashank Manohar (2015–2016) Anurag Thakur (2016–2017) C. K. Khanna (2017–2019) Sourav Ganguly (2019–2022) Roger Binny (2022–present)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Singh_Rao_Gaekwad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"princely India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"privy purses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maharaja_fatehsingh_rao_Gaekwad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raja Ravi Verma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Verma"},{"link_name":"Pratap Singh Gaekwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratap_Singh_Gaekwad"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Vadodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Sayajirao University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda"},{"link_name":"Baroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroda_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Ranji Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranji_Trophy"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Board of Control for Cricket in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India"},{"link_name":"Baroda Cricket Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroda_Cricket_Association"},{"link_name":"tour of England in 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1959"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"BCCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjitsinhrao_Gaekwad"}],"text":"For the earlier Maratha general (1751-1789), see Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad.Fatehsinghrao Prataprao Gaekwad II (2 April 1930 – 1 September 1988) was an Indian politician, cricketer, and titular Maharaja of Baroda from 1951 until 1988. In the 26th amendment[1] to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses).[2]Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad II as a child, by Raja Ravi VermaFatehsinghrao Gaekwad was born to Pratap Singh Gaekwad, the last ruling Maharaja of Baroda and his first wife, Maharani Shantadevi Sahib Gaekwad (1914–2002). He succeeded as titular Maharaja of Baroda in 1951 when his father was deposed by the Government of India.He served in public office as a Member of Parliament for Vadodara, from 1957 to 1967, and 1971 to 1980, representing various Congress factions. In 1967 he did not contest Lok Sabha elections, and was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha from Sayajiganj seat. During his tenure in Lok Sabha, he served as Parliamentary Secretary of the Defense Ministry, Minister of Health, Fisheries and Jails, Chancellor of the Maharaja Sayajirao University in Baroda, and Chairman of the Board of Governors, National Institute of Sports in 1962-63. He was also the author of the book The Palaces of India (1980).As a cricketer, Gaekwad represented Baroda in the Ranji Trophy between 1946 and 1958 and had a highest score of 99 in his first season. He was an attacking right-handed batsman. He played against the touring teams on various occasions between 1948 and 1954. He was an expert cricket commentator in radio and was made an honorary life member by the MCC.Gaekwad was the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India from 1963 to 1966, after serving as Vice-President from 1959 to 1960 and again in 1962-63. He was the manager of the Baroda Cricket Association from 1960. Known in England as \"Jackie Baroda\", he managed the Indian tour of England in 1959 and of Pakistan in 1978-79 and 1982-83. He still holds the record of being the youngest president of BCCI.He died in the Breach Candy Hospital in Bombay on 1 September 1988 at the age of fifty-eight, to be succeeded as titular Maharaja of Baroda by his younger brother, Ranjitsinhrao Gaekwad.","title":"Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ramusack, Barbara N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ramusack"},{"link_name":"The Indian princes and their states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA278"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-26727-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26727-4"},{"link_name":"Naipaul, V. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul"},{"link_name":"India: A Wounded Civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT37"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4000-3075-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3075-0"},{"link_name":"An atlas and survey of South Asian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FzmkFXSgxqgC&pg=PA78"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56324-334-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-334-9"},{"link_name":"Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Breckenridge"},{"link_name":"Consuming modernity: public culture in a South Asian world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C&pg=PA84"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-2306-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2306-8"},{"link_name":"Guha, Ramachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramchandra_Guha"},{"link_name":"India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2fvd-CaFdqYC&pg=PA441"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-095858-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095858-9"},{"link_name":"Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind, 1865-1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rtBi1MgVD0AC&pg=PA10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7007-0470-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0470-5"},{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA520"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87779-546-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"},{"link_name":"Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88289-753-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88289-753-0"},{"link_name":"Indian Cricket 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cricket_(annual)"}],"text":"^ \"The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971\", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 9 November 2011\n\n^ 1. Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian princes and their states. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-521-26727-4. Retrieved 6 November 2011., \"Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles, privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted.\" (p 278). 2. Naipaul, V. S. (2003), India: A Wounded Civilization, Random House Digital, Inc., p. 37, ISBN 978-1-4000-3075-0 Quote: \"The princes of India – their number and variety reflecting to a large extent the chaos that had come to the country with the break up of the Mughal empire – had lost real power in the British time. Through generations of idle servitude they had grown to specialize only in style. A bogus, extinguishable glamour: in 1947, with Independence, they had lost their state, and Mrs. Gandhi in 1971 had, without much public outcry, abolished their privy purses and titles.\" (pp 37–38). 3. Schmidt, Karl J. (1995), An atlas and survey of South Asian history, M.E. Sharpe, p. 78, ISBN 978-1-56324-334-9 Quote: \"Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses.\" (page 78). 4. Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai (1995), Consuming modernity: public culture in a South Asian world, U of Minnesota Press, p. 84, ISBN 978-0-8166-2306-8, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: \"The third stage in the political evolution of the princes from rulers to citizens occurred in 1971, when the constitution ceased to recognize them as princes and their privy purses, titles, and special privileges were abolished.\" (page 84). 5. Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, HarperCollins, p. 441, ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9 Quote: \"Her success at the polls emboldened Mrs. Gandhi to act decisively against the princes. Through 1971, the two sides tried and failed to find a settlement. The princes were willing to forgo their privy purses, but hoped at least to save their titles. But with her overwhelming majority in Parliament, the prime minister had no need to compromise. On 2 December she introduced a bill to amend the constitution and abolish all princely privileges. It was passed in the Lok Sabha by 381 votes to six, and in the Rajya Sabha by 167 votes to seven. In her own speech, the prime minister invited 'the princes to join the elite of the modern age, the elite which earns respect by its talent, energy and contribution to human progress, all of which can only be done when we work together as equals without regarding anybody as of special status.' \" (page 441). 6. Cheesman, David (1997). Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind, 1865-1901. London: Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7007-0470-5. Quote: \"The Indian princes survived the British Raj by only a few years. The Indian republic stripped them of their powers and then their titles.\" (page 10). 7. Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997), Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, Merriam-Webster, p. 520, ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9 Quote: \"Indian States: \"Various (formerly) semi-independent areas in India ruled by native princes .... Under British rule ... administered by residents assisted by political agents. Titles and remaining privileges of princes abolished by Indian government 1971.\" (page 520). 8. Ward, Philip (September 1989), Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide, Pelican Publishing, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-88289-753-0 Quote: \"A monarchy is only as good as the reigning monarch: thus it is with the princely states. Once they seemed immutable, invincible. In 1971 they were \"derecognized,\" their privileges, privy purses and titles all abolished at a stroke\" (page 91)Obituary in Indian Cricket 1988","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bone

Alex Bone

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Alex Bone may refer to: Alex Bone (footballer), a Scottish retired footballer Alex Bone (musician), a British saxophonist, record producer and composer Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Alex Bone.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%E2%80%99Arte_Moderna

Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna

["1 History","2 The museum","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°55′01″N 12°28′56″E / 41.9170°N 12.4821°E / 41.9170; 12.4821Museum of 19th and 20th century art in RomeGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna e ContemporaneaThe Galleria Nazionale on the edge of Villa BorgheseClick on the map for a fullscreen viewEstablished1883LocationRomeCoordinates41°55′01″N 12°28′56″E / 41.9170°N 12.4821°E / 41.9170; 12.4821TypeMuseum of 19th and 20th century artDirectorCristiana ColluWebsitelagallerianazionale.com The Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea ("national gallery of modern and contemporary art"), also known as La Galleria Nazionale, is an art museum in Rome. It was founded in 1883 on the initiative of the then minister Guido Baccelli and is dedicated to modern and contemporary art. History Interior, Sala di Canova The present building, at 113 Via delle Belle Arti (near the Villa Giulia), was designed by Cesare Bazzani and was built between 1911 and 1915. On the façade are friezes by Ermenegildo Luppi, Adolfo Laurenti and Giovanni Prini, with four figures of Fame holding bronze wreaths sculpted by Adolfo Pantaresi and Albino Candoni. The museum was expanded and doubled in size by Bazzani in 1934. A new building by Luigi Cosenza was inaugurated in 1988, but closed ten years later over safety concerns. A project developed by architects Diener & Diener between 1999 and 2000 was put on hold in 2003. In 2018 work was done to make the Cosenza building safe to use. The museum The museum displays about 1100 paintings and sculptures of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, of which it has the largest collection in Italy. Among the Italian artists represented are Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Alberto Burri, Antonio Canova, Giorgio de Chirico, Lucio Fontana, Amedeo Modigliani, Giacomo Manzù, Vittorio Matteo Corcos, and Giorgio Morandi.: 169  The museum also holds some works by foreign artists, among them Braque, Calder, Cézanne, Degas, Duchamp, Giacometti, Kandinsky, Mondrian, Monet, Jackson Pollock, Rodin, and Van Gogh. The Museo Boncompagni Ludovisi per le arti decorative, the Museo Hendrik C. Andersen, the Raccoltà Manzù, and the Museo Mario Praz form part of the Galleria Nazionale. See also List of national galleries List of museums in Italy References ^ Luisa Cardilli Alloisi, Francesco Margotti, Antonio Simbolotti (1991). La Capitale a Roma: 1870–1945 (in Italian). ^ Cinzia Dal Maso (7 September 2015). Lo scultore romano Adolfo Pantaresi (in Italian). Specchio Romano. Accessed August 2017. ^ Erweiterung der Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna, Rom, 1999–2000 (in German). Diener & Diener. Accessed August 2017. ^ "The National Gallery". medium.com. 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ^ (it) Encyclopedia Treccani, Il quadro del C. intitolato Sogni (Roma, Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna) ^ Darwin Porter, Danforth Prince (2007). Frommer's Italy 2008. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780470138205. ^ Gli artisti e le opere (in Italian). Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna e contemporanea. Accessed January 2016. ^ Soprintendenza alla Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (in Italian). Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo: Direzione generale Belle Arti e Paesaggio. Accessed August 2017. External links Official website Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna travel guide from Wikivoyage Media related to Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons vteMuseums and art galleries in RomeList of museums in RomeNationalmuseums Galleria Borghese Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Galleria Spada MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria National Museum of Oriental Art Pigorini National Museum Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Corsini Museo Nazionale Romano (Palazzo Massimo) Baths of Diocletian Civic museums Capitoline Museums Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Ara Pacis Other Casa di Goethe Doria Pamphilj Gallery Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Jewish Museum of Rome Keats-Shelley Memorial House Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museum of the Liberation of Rome Palazzo Colonna Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Vatican Museums Modern Religious Art Museo Pio Cristiano Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel Vatican Historical Museum Preceded byGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Landmarks of RomeGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Succeeded byGiorgio de Chirico House Museum vteLandmarks of RomeWalls and gates Aurelian Walls Ardeatina Asinaria Latina Maggiore Metronia Nomentana Pia Pinciana Popolo Portese San Pancrazio San Paolo San Giovanni San Sebastiano Settimiana Tiburtina Leonine Wall Cavalleggeri Pertusa Santo Spirito Castra Praetoria Janiculum Wall Terreus Wall Romuli Wall Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk Flaminian Obelisk Obelisk of Minerveo Obelisk of Montecitorio Ancient RomanlandmarksTriumphal arches Arch of Constantine Arch of Dolabella Arch of Drusus Arch of Gallienus Arch of Janus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Titus Arcus Novus Aqueducts Aqua Appia Aqua Alexandrina Aqua Anio Vetus Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Claudia Aqua Julia Aqua Marcia Aqua Tepula Sewers Cloaca Maxima Cloaca Circi Maximi Public baths Baths of Agrippa Baths of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian Baths of Nero Baths of Trajan Religious Ara Pacis Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Apollo Palatinus Temple of Apollo Sosianus Temple of Hadrian Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Janus Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of Jupiter Tonans Temple of Minerva Medica Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta House of the Vestals Largo di Torre Argentina Lupercal Pantheon Porta Maggiore Basilica Fora Roman Forum Imperial fora Forum of Augustus Forum of Caesar Forum of Nerva Forum of Vespasian Trajan's Forum Forum Boarium Forum Holitorium Civic Basilica Argentaria Basilica Julia Basilica of Junius Bassus Basilica of Maxentius Basilica of Neptune Basilica Ulpia Comitium Curia Julia Portico Dii Consentes Porticus Octaviae Tabularium Entertainment Circus Maximus Circus of Maxentius Circus of Nero Colosseum Ludus Magnus Gardens of Maecenas Gardens of Sallust Stadium of Domitian Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Palaces and villae Domus Augustana Domus Aurea Domus Transitoria Flavian Palace House of Augustus Palace of Domitian Villa Gordiani Villa of Livia Insula dell'Ara Coeli Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Column monuments Column of Antoninus Pius Column of Marcus Aurelius "Column of Phocas" Trajan's Column Five-Columns Monument Commerce Porticus Aemilia Trajan's Market Tombs Casal Rotondo Catacombs of Domitilla Catacombs of Rome Catacombs of San Sebastiano Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas Mausoleum of Augustus Mausoleum of Helena Mausoleum of Maxentius Pyramid of Cestius Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus Tomb of the Haterii Tomb of the Scipios Tombs of Via Latina Tomb of Priscilla Vigna Randanini Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Roman Catholicbasilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican S. Lorenzo fuori le mura S. Agnese fuori le mura S. Agostino S. Anastasia al Palatino S. Andrea delle Fratte S. Andrea della Valle S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana S. Apollinare alle Terme Ss. Apostoli S. Balbina S. Bartolomeo all'Isola Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio S. Camillo de Lellis S. Carlo al Corso S. Cecilia in Trastevere Ss. Celso e Giuliano S. Clemente Ss. Cosma e Damiano S. Crisogono S. Croce in Via Flaminia S. Croce in Gerusalemme S. Eugenio S. Eustachio S. Francesca Romana S. Giovanni a Porta Latina S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini Ss. Giovanni e Paolo S. Lorenzo in Damaso S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Maria Ausiliatrice S. Marco S. Maria degli Angeli S. Maria in Montesanto S. Maria in Cosmedin S. Maria in Domnica S. Maria in Aracoeli S. Maria del Popolo S. Maria sopra Minerva S. Maria in Trastevere S. Maria in Via S. Maria in Via Lata S. Maria della Vittoria S. Martino ai Monti Ss. Nereo e Achilleo S. Nicola in Carcere S. Pancrazio Pantheon S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Prassede S. Pudenziana Ss. Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Other churches List of churches in Rome Castles and palaces Arx Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Castel Sant'Angelo Domus Internationalis Paulus VI Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari Palazzo Borghese Palazzo della Cancelleria Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Colonna Palazzo della Consulta Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini Palazzo Giustinani Lateran Palace Palazzo Madama Palazzo Malta Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Palazzo Mattei Palazzo del Quirinale Palazzo Pamphilj Palazzo Poli Palazzo Riario Palazzo Ruspoli Palazzo Spada Palazzo Valentini Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palazzo del Viminale Palazzo Wedekind Palazzo Zuccari Villa Farnesina Villa Giulia Villa Madama Fountains Api Acqua Felice Acqua Paola Babuino Barcaccia Il Facchino Marforio Moro Nasone Navicella Neptune Nettuno del Pantheon Pianto di Piazza d'Aracoeli di Piazza Colonna di Piazza Farnese della Piazza dei Quiriti di Piazza Nicosia in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere di Ponte Sisto Quattro Fiumi Quattro Fontane Tartarughe Trevi Fountain Tritons Tritone Other landmarks Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy) Campo Verano Capocci Tower Column of the Immaculate Conception Conti Tower Hospital of the Holy Spirit Milizie Tower Sisto Bridge Spanish Steps Squares, streetsand public spaces Appian Way Campo de' Fiori Clivus Capitolinus Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza San Pietro Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Via dei Coronari Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Parks, gardensand zoos Bioparco Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Museums andart galleries Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Capitoline Museums Casa di Goethe Doria Pamphilj Gallery Galleria Borghese Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Galleria Spada Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Nazionale Romano Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Museum of the Liberation of Rome National Museum of Oriental Art Palazzo Colonna Palazzo delle Esposizioni Pigorini National Museum Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus LandscapeSeven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Tiber Island Monte Testaccio Metropolitan Cityof Rome Capital Appian Way Regional Park Capo di Bove Castello Orsini-Odescalchi Frascati Hadrian's Villa Ostia Antica Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Enclave Vatican City Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Catalonia Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"Guido Baccelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Baccelli"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"}],"text":"Museum of 19th and 20th century art in RomeThe Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (\"national gallery of modern and contemporary art\"), also known as La Galleria Nazionale, is an art museum in Rome. It was founded in 1883 on the initiative of the then minister Guido Baccelli and is dedicated to modern and contemporary art.","title":"Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galleria_nazionale_d%27arte_moderna,_sala_di_canova_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Villa Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Cesare Bazzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Bazzani"},{"link_name":"friezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Ermenegildo Luppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenegildo_Luppi"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Laurenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Laurenti"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Prini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Prini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luisa-1"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Pantaresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Pantaresi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albino Candoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albino_Candoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinzia-2"},{"link_name":"Luigi Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Cosenza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diener & Diener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diener_%26_Diener"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diener-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Interior, Sala di CanovaThe present building, at 113 Via delle Belle Arti (near the Villa Giulia), was designed by Cesare Bazzani and was built between 1911 and 1915. On the façade are friezes by Ermenegildo Luppi, Adolfo Laurenti and Giovanni Prini,[1] with four figures of Fame holding bronze wreaths sculpted by Adolfo Pantaresi and Albino Candoni.[2]The museum was expanded and doubled in size by Bazzani in 1934. A new building by Luigi Cosenza was inaugurated in 1988, but closed ten years later over safety concerns. A project developed by architects Diener & Diener[3] between 1999 and 2000 was put on hold in 2003. In 2018 work was done to make the Cosenza building safe to use.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giacomo Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Balla"},{"link_name":"Umberto Boccioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni"},{"link_name":"Alberto Burri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Burri"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Giorgio de Chirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico"},{"link_name":"Lucio Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fontana"},{"link_name":"Amedeo Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Manzù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Manz%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Matteo Corcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Matteo_Corcos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Morandi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frommer-6"},{"link_name":"Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"},{"link_name":"Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Giacometti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti"},{"link_name":"Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Mondrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian"},{"link_name":"Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnam-7"},{"link_name":"Museo Boncompagni Ludovisi per le arti decorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Boncompagni_Ludovisi_per_le_arti_decorative"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mibact-8"}],"text":"The museum displays about 1100 paintings and sculptures of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, of which it has the largest collection in Italy. Among the Italian artists represented are Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Alberto Burri, Antonio Canova, Giorgio de Chirico, Lucio Fontana, Amedeo Modigliani, Giacomo Manzù, Vittorio Matteo Corcos,[5] and Giorgio Morandi.[6]: 169The museum also holds some works by foreign artists, among them Braque, Calder, Cézanne, Degas, Duchamp, Giacometti, Kandinsky, Mondrian, Monet, Jackson Pollock, Rodin, and Van Gogh.[7]The Museo Boncompagni Ludovisi per le arti decorative, the Museo Hendrik C. Andersen, the Raccoltà Manzù, and the Museo Mario Praz form part of the Galleria Nazionale.[8]","title":"The museum"}]

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[{"title":"List of national galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_galleries"},{"title":"List of museums in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farzana_Raja

Farzana Raja

["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 References"]

Pakistani politician Farzana RajaChairperson of the Benazir Income Support ProgrammeIn office2008–2013Prime MinisterYousaf Raza Gillani Raja Pervez AshrafMember of the National Assembly of PakistanIn office2008–2013ConstituencyReserved seat for women Personal detailsBorn (1965-01-02) 2 January 1965 (age 59)Gujrat, Punjab, PakistanPolitical partyPakistan Peoples Party Farzana Raja is a Pakistani politician who served as chair of the Benazir Income Support Programme and has been a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Early life and education She was born on 2 January 1965. She received her early education from Government High School in Chaklala, Rawalpindi and completed her college education from Viqar-u-Nisa College in Rawalpindi before obtaining a bachelor's degree from Punjab University in 1989. Political career She was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party on a reserved seat for women in 2002 Pakistani general election. She was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party on a reserved seat for women from Punjab in 2008 Pakistani general election. She became chairwoman of the Benazir Income Support Programme in 2008. In 2012, she was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani without portfolio and was give the status of a federal minister. She was retained in the federal cabinet of incoming Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf. References ^ a b c d e f "Farzana Raja". DAWN.COM. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ a b c "Profile". www.pap.gov.pk. Punjab Assembly. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ Khan, Iftikhar A. (7 March 2008). "Three major parties short of two-thirds majority". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "BISP embezzlement case: NAB summons PPP's Farzana Raja". www.pakistantoday.com.pk. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "BISP embezzlement case: NAB summons PPP's Farzana Raja". The Nation. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ Raza, Syed Irfan (17 April 2012). "Four new ministers of state sworn in". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ "Raja Pervaiz Ashraf elected prime minister, new cabinet sworn in". DAWN.COM. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2017. Farzana Raja Was Chairman BISP

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Kovalyov

Valentin Kovalyov

["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]

Russian politician In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Alekseyevich and the family name is Kovalyov. Valentin KovalyovВалентин КовалёвMinister of JusticeIn officeJanuary 5, 1995 – July 2, 1997ActingPresidentBoris YeltsinPreceded byYury KalmykovSucceeded bySergei Stepashin Personal detailsBorn (1944-01-10) 10 January 1944 (age 80)Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, USSRPolitical partyCommunist PartyAlma materLomonosov Moscow State University Valentin Alekseyevich Kovalyov (Russian: Валенти́н Алексе́евич Ковалёв; born January 10, 1944) is a Russian statesman, Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation (1995-1997). Career Graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow State University, Higher School of Public Administration of Harvard University. Doctor of Law, Professor. In December 1993, he was elected to the State Duma of the first convocation on the list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, from January 1994 to January 1995 he was one of the four Vice-Chairmen of the State Duma, and from December 1994 he headed the State Duma headquarters on the situation with the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. He was a member of the Observatory on the organization of the negotiation process with the Chechen Republic and the chairman of the United Trilateral Human Rights Commission in Chechnya. On January 5, 1995, he was appointed Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation. One of the first members of the Government who visited (freed January 29, 1995) the liberated Grozny and the Presidential Palace of Dudayev. In February 1999, he was arrested on charges of misappropriating funds from a public foundation under the Russian Ministry of Justice when he was minister, as well as illegal possession of weapons and ammunition. In August 2000, the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation approved the bill of indictment and sent the court a criminal case on charges of accepting bribes and taking money from Kovalyov. On October 3, 2001, by the decision of the Moscow Court, he was sentenced to 9 years of imprisonment with a probation period of 5 years. Kovalyov was found guilty of embezzling entrusted property and repeatedly receiving bribes on a large scale. Also, in accordance with the verdict of the court, Valentin Kovalyov was deprived of the rank of State Adviser of Justice of the Russian Federation previously assigned to him and the honorary title Honoured Lawyer of Russia. He authored the book Version of the Minister of Justice, published in 2002. References ^ Биография Валентина Ковалёва // peoples.ru ^ Самый главный российский юрист с обвинительным приговором // pravo.ru ^ 22—28 июня // profile.ru ^ А министр-то голый // compromat.ru ^ Из банного дела вышел весь пар. Но кости ломит // Trud ^ Larisa Kislinskaya. Не в бане дело // sovsekretno.ru ^ Экс-министр юстиции Валентин Ковалёв получил девять лет условно Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine // lenta.ru ^ Представление книги «Версия министра юстиции» // Echo of Moscow ISBN 5880931080 External links Валентин Ковалёв. Дикие деньги Бывший министр юстиции Российской Федерации Ковалёв vteMinisters of Justice of RussiaRussian Empire Gavriil Derzhavin Pyotr Lopukhin Ivan Dmitriev Dmitry Troshchinsky Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky Alexey Dolgorukov Dmitry Dashkov Dmitry Bludov Viktor Panin Dmitry Zamyatnin Sergey Urusov Konstantin von der Pahlen Dmitry Nabokov Nikolay Manasein Nikolay Muraviev Sergey Manukhin Mikhail Akimov Ivan Shcheglovitov Aleksandr Khvostov Alexander Makarov Nikolay Dobrovolsky Russian Republic Alexander Kerensky Pavel Pereverzev Ivan Yefremov Alexander Zarudny Alexander Demyanov Pavel Malyantovich Russian SFSR Georgy Oppokov Pēteris Stučka Isaac Steinberg Pēteris Stučka Dmitry Kursky Nikolai Janson Nikolai Krylenko Ivan Bulat Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko Yakov Dmitriyev Konstantin Gorshenin Ivan Basavin Fyodor Belayev Anatoly Rubichev Vladimir Boldyrev Alexey Kruglov Vladimir Blinov Alexander Sukharev Vladimir Abolentsev Nikolay Fyodorov Russian Federation Nikolay Fyodorov Yury Kalmykov Valentin Kovalyov Sergei Stepashin Pavel Krasheninnikov Yury Chaika Vladimir Ustinov Alexander Konovalov Konstantin Chuychenko Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut,_Armenia

Kut, Armenia

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°10′51″N 45°54′06″E / 40.18083°N 45.90167°E / 40.18083; 45.9016740°10′51″N 45°54′06″E / 40.18083°N 45.90167°E / 40.18083; 45.90167 Place in Gegharkunik, ArmeniaKut ԿութKutShow map of ArmeniaKutShow map of GegharkunikCoordinates: 40°10′51″N 45°54′06″E / 40.18083°N 45.90167°E / 40.18083; 45.90167CountryArmeniaProvinceGegharkunikMunicipalityVardenisFounded1801Population (2011) • Total193Time zoneUTC+4 (AMT)Kut, Armenia at GEOnet Names Server Kut (Armenian: Կութ) is a village in the Vardenis Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. References ^ Statistical Committee of Armenia. "The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia" (PDF). External links Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, Statistical Committee of Armenia Kiesling, Brady (June 2000). Rediscovering Armenia: An Archaeological/Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2021. vte Gegharkunik ProvinceCapital: GavarUrban settlements Chambarak Gavar Martuni Sevan Vardenis Chambarak Municipality Antaramej Artsvashen Aygut Barepat Chapkut Dprabak Dzoravank Getik Kalavan Martuni (village) Ttujur Vahan Gavar Municipality Berdkunk Gandzak Gegharkunik Hayravank Karmirgyugh Lanjaghbyur Lchap Noratus Sarukhan Tsaghkashen Tsovazard Martuni Municipality Artsvanist Astghadzor Dzoragyugh Geghhovit Lernakert Lichk Madina Nerkin Getashen Nshkhark Tsakkar Tsovasar Tsovinar Vaghashen Vardadzor Vardenik Verin Getashen Yeranos Zolakar Sevan Municipality Chkalovka Ddmashen Gagarin Geghamavan Lchashen Norashen Semyonovka Tsaghkunk Tsovagyugh Varser Zovaber Shoghakat Municipality Aghberk Artanish Drakhtik Jil Shoghakat Tsapatagh Vardenis Municipality Akhpradzor Akunk Areguni Arpunk Avazan Ayrk Azat Daranak Geghakar Geghamabak Geghamasar Jaghatsadzor Kakhakn Karchaghbyur Khachaghbyur Kut Kutakan Lchavan Lusakunk Makenis Mets Masrik Nerkin Shorzha Norabak Norakert Pambak Pokr Masrik Shatjrek Shatvan Sotk Torfavan Tretuk Tsovak Vanevan Verin Shorzha Zariver Portal: Geography This article about a location in Gegharkunik Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruyr_Sevak,_Armenia

Paruyr Sevak, Armenia

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 39°46′N 44°56′E / 39.767°N 44.933°E / 39.767; 44.93339°46′N 44°56′E / 39.767°N 44.933°E / 39.767; 44.933 Place in Ararat, ArmeniaParuyr Sevak Պարույր ՍևակThe road leading to Paruyr Sevak.Paruyr SevakShow map of ArmeniaParuyr SevakShow map of AraratCoordinates: 39°46′N 44°56′E / 39.767°N 44.933°E / 39.767; 44.933CountryArmeniaProvinceAraratMunicipalityAraratFounded1978Population (2001) • Total623Time zoneUTC+4 • Summer (DST)UTC+5 Paruyr Sevak (Armenian: Պարույր Սևակ) is a village in the Ararat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia. The village was founded in 1978 and is named in honour of the poet Paruyr Sevak. References Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, Statistical Committee of Armenia vte Ararat ProvinceCapital: ArtashatUrban settlements Ararat Artashat Masis Vedi Ararat Municipality Ararat (village) Armash Avshar Tigranashen Lanjar Noyakert Paruyr Sevak Surenavan Urtsalanj Vardashat Yeraskh Zangakatun Artashat Municipality Abovyan Araksavan Arevshat Aygepat Aygestan Aygezard Azatavan Baghramyan Bardzrashen Berdik Berkanush Burastan Byuravan Dalar Deghdzut Dimitrov Ditak Dvin Getazat Hnaberd Hovtashen Jrashen Kaghtsrashen Kakavaberd Kanachut Lanjazat Masis (village) Mkhchyan Mrganush Mrgavan Mrgavet Narek Norashen Nshavan Shahumyan Vardashen Verin Artashat Vostan Masis Municipality Arbat Arevabuyr Argavand Ayntap Azatashen Darakert Darbnik Dashtavan Geghanist Getapnya Ghukasavan Hayanist Hovtashat Jrahovit Khachpar Marmarashen Nizami Nor Kharberd Nor Kyurin Norabats Noramarg Ranchpar Sayat-Nova Sipanik Sis Zorak Vedi Municipality Aralez Aygavan Dashtakar Ginevet Goravan Lanjanist Lusarat Lusashogh Nor Kyank Nor Ughi Pokr Vedi Shaghap Sisavan Taperakan Urtsadzor Vanashen Vosketap Yeghegnavan Verin Dvin Municipality Verin Dvin This article about a location in Ararat Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brudenell,_Lyndoch_and_Raglan

Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan

["1 Communities","2 Demographics","3 Notable stories","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°19′N 77°24′W / 45.317°N 77.400°W / 45.317; -77.400"Letterkenny, Ontario" redirects here. For the fictional town in the eponymous TV show, see Letterkenny (TV series). Township in Ontario, CanadaBrudenell, Lyndoch and RaglanTownship (lower-tier)Township of Brudenell, Lyndoch and RaglanNear Latchford BridgeBrudenell, Lyndoch and RaglanShow map of Renfrew CountyBrudenell, Lyndoch and RaglanShow map of Southern OntarioCoordinates: 45°19′N 77°24′W / 45.317°N 77.400°W / 45.317; -77.400Country CanadaProvince OntarioCountyRenfrewEstablishedJanuary 1, 2000Government • MayorValerie Jahn • Federal ridingRenfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke • Prov. ridingRenfrew—Nipissing—PembrokeArea • Land706.24 km2 (272.68 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total1,503 • Density2.1/km2 (5/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Postal Code FSAK0JArea code(s)613, 343Websitewww.blrtownship.ca Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan is a township in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. It was formed on January 1, 1999, through the merger of Brudenell and Lyndoch Township with Raglan Township. Communities The township comprises the smaller communities of Bruceton, Brudenell, Copp, Hardwood Lake, Harriets Corners, Jewellville, Latchford Bridge, Letterkenny, Lost Nation, Palmer Rapids, Quadeville, Rockingham, Schutt, Wingle and Wolfe. Brudenell The Madawaska River at Palmer Rapids. Schutt Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan had a population of 1,552 living in 694 of its 998 total private dwellings, a change of 3.3% from its 2016 population of 1,503. With a land area of 701.29 km2 (270.77 sq mi), it had a population density of 2.2/km2 (5.7/sq mi) in 2021. Canada census – Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan community profile 202120162011 Population1,552 (+3.3% from 2016)1,503 (-9.3% from 2011)1,658 (10.8% from 2006) Land area701.29 km2 (270.77 sq mi)706.24 km2 (272.68 sq mi)705.83 km2 (272.52 sq mi) Population density2.2/km2 (5.7/sq mi)2.1/km2 (5.4/sq mi)2.3/km2 (6.0/sq mi) Median age55.6 (M: 56.0, F: 55.6)53.5 (M: 54.0, F: 52.8) Private dwellings998 (total)  694 (occupied)963 (total)  1031 (total)  Median household income$62,000$51,072 References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier Mother tongue (2006): English as first language: 90.5% French as first language: 0.7% English and French as first language: 0% Other as first language: 8.8% Population trend: Population in 2016: 1,503 Population in 2011: 1,658 Population in 2006: 1,497 Population in 2001: 1,565 Population total in 1996: 1,611 Brudenell and Lyndoch (township): 791 Raglan (township): 820 Population in 1991: Brudenell and Lyndoch (township): 778 Raglan (township): 837 Notable stories "Al Capone's Hideout", an Upper Madawaska Theatre Group production, is a musical comedy based on the story of Al Capone's stay in the area in 1942, when he and his gang allegedly hid out near Quadeville, Ontario. See also List of townships in Ontario References ^ a b c "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan, Township". Statistics Canada. Retrieved June 4, 2019. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022. ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19. ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2018-02-19. ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2012-02-13. ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019. ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021. ^ Statistics Canada 2006 Census - Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan community profile ^ Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 census ^ "The Pembroke Library History Project". www.pembrokelibrary.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. External links Official website Places adjacent to Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan Hastings Highlands Madawaska Valley, Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards Bonnechere Valley Carlow/Mayo Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan Greater Madawaska Addington Highlands vteRenfrew County, OntarioCities Pembroke1 Towns Arnprior Deep River Laurentian Hills Petawawa Renfrew Townships Admaston/Bromley Bonnechere Valley Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan Greater Madawaska Head, Clara and Maria Horton Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards Laurentian Valley Madawaska Valley McNab/Braeside North Algona Wilberforce Whitewater Region First Nations Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn Indian reserves Pikwakanagan (Golden Lake 39) See also Communities in Renfrew County Census divisions of Ontario 1 Separated municipality but remains a census subdivision of the county Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

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[]

[{"title":"List of townships in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Ontario"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_There,_Universe

Hello There, Universe

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1970 studio album by Mose AllisonHello There, UniverseStudio album by Mose AllisonReleased1970RecordedOctober 16 & 21, 1969 and January 22 & 29, 1970Regent Sound StudioGenreJazzLength36:22LabelAtlanticSD 1550ProducerJoel DornMose Allison chronology I've Been Doin' Some Thinkin'(1968) Hello There, Universe(1970) Western Man(1971) Hello There, Universe is an album by American pianist, vocalist and composer Mose Allison released on the Atlantic label in 1970. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars with its review by Scott Yanow calling it "a gap-filler rather than an essential recording". Track listing All compositions by Mose Allison except as indicated "Somebody Gotta Move" – 2:13 "Monsters of the Id" – 4:53 "I Don't Want Much" – 2:37 "Hello There, Universe" – 3:48 "No Exit" – 3:39 "Wild Man on the Loose" – 2:24 "Blues in the Night" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 4:52 "I'm Smashed" – 2:53 "Hymn to Everything" – 6:17 "On the Run" – 2:17 Personnel Mose Allison – piano, organ, vocals Jimmy Nottingham, Richard Williams – trumpet Jerome Richardson – flute, alto saxophone Joe Farrell (tracks 1, 3–7, 9 & 10), Joe Henderson (tracks 2 & 8) – tenor saxophone Pepper Adams (tracks 1, 2, 8 & 9) Seldon Powell (tracks 3–7 & 10) – baritone saxophone Bob Cranshaw (tracks 2 & 8), John Williams (tracks 1, 3–7, 9 & 10) – bass Joe Cocuzzo – drums References ^ Atlantic Records Catalog: 1500 series accessed September 25, 2015 ^ Mose Allison discography accessed September 25, 2015 ^ a b Yanow, Scott. Hello There, Universe – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved September 25, 2015. vteMose AllisonStudio albums Back Country Suite (1957) Local Color (1957) Young Man Mose (1958) Ramblin' with Mose (1958) Creek Bank (1958) Autumn Song (1959) The Word from Mose (1964) The Best of Mose Allison (1988) Allison Wonderland Anthology (1994) Tell Me Something: The Songs of Mose Allison (1996) Songs "Parchman Farm" "Young Man Blues" vtePepper AdamsAlbums as leader Baritones and French Horns/Dakar (1957) Critics' Choice (1957) Pepper Adams Quintet (1957) The Cool Sound of Pepper Adams (1957) The Pepper-Knepper Quintet (1958) Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus (1963) Mean What You Say (1966) Encounter! (1968) Ephemera (1973) Julian (1975) Twelfth & Pingree (1975) Baritone Madness (1977) Reflectory (1978) Be-Bop? The Master (1980) Urban Dreams (1981) California Cookin' (1983) Conjuration: Fat Tuesday's Session (1983) Generations (1985) The Adams Effect (1985) With Donald Byrd 10 to 4 at the 5 Spot (1958) Off to the Races (1959) Byrd in Hand (1959) At the Half Note Cafe (1960) Motor City Scene (1960) Out of This World (1961) Chant (1961) The Cat Walk (1961) Royal Flush (1961) The Creeper (1967)

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Mirabello

San Paolo, Mirabello

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 44°49′31″N 11°27′40″E / 44.8254°N 11.4610°E / 44.8254; 11.4610Church of Saint Paul in Mirabello. The Church of Saint Paul (Italian: San Paolo Di Mirabello) is a church in Mirabello, Ferrara, Italy. It was damaged in the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes. References ^ Ioannides, M.; Fink, E.; Moropoulou, A.; Hagedorn-Saupe, M.; Fresa, A.; Liestøl, G.; Rajcic, V.; Grussenmeyer, P. (2016). Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection: 6th International Conference, EuroMed 2016, Nicosia, Cyprus, October 31 – November 5, 2016, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing. p. 55 quote)The case study is the Church of Saint Paul in Mirabello, Italy, built in 1795–1804, demolished in 1929, reconstructed in 1943 and partially collapsed due to the earthquake of May 20, 2012 that hit the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Emphasis ... ISBN 978-3-319-48496-9. Retrieved 4 June 2019. External links Official website Portals: Architecture Catholicism Italy 44°49′31″N 11°27′40″E / 44.8254°N 11.4610°E / 44.8254; 11.4610 This article about a Roman Catholic church building in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_railway_station,_Perth

Midland railway station, Perth

["1 History","1.1 Redevelopment","2 Platforms and services","3 Bus routes","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 31°53′30″S 116°00′05″E / 31.891605°S 116.001399°E / -31.891605; 116.001399Railway station in Perth, Western Australia MidlandEnd of line view in July 2014General informationLocationHelena Street, MidlandCoordinates31°53′30″S 116°00′05″E / 31.891605°S 116.001399°E / -31.891605; 116.001399Owned byPublic Transport AuthorityOperated byTransperthLine(s)     Midland lineDistance16.00 kilometres from PerthPlatforms3 (1 side, 2 bay)Tracks6ConnectionsBusConstructionStructure typeGroundParkingYesAccessibleYesOther informationStatusStaffedStation codeMMDFare zone2HistoryOpened8 October 1968ElectrifiedYesPassengers2013-141,125,120 Services Preceding station Transperth Following station Woodbridgetowards Perth Midland line Terminus Preceding station Transwa Following station Terminus AvonLink Toodyaytowards Northam East PerthTerminus MerredinLink Northamtowards Merredin Prospector Toodyaytowards Kalgoorlie LocationLocation of Midland railway station Midland railway station is the terminus of the Midland line in Perth. Western Australia. It is operated by Transperth and is connected with the feeder bus services that utilise the adjacent bus terminal in Midland. History Midland station was opened on 8 October 1968 by Minister for Transport & Railways Ray O'Connor as a replacement for Midland Junction station when the main Eastern Railway was being converted to dual gauge. It originally had four narrow gauge platform faces, three terminating and one through. A separate platform was provided for the standard gauge line 150 metres away. One of the terminating lines was lifted in the 1990s and in February 2001, the through line converted to dual gauge allowing The Prospector to call at the main station. Redevelopment In the 2010s the former Midland Redevelopment Authority (MRA) had advocated the relocation of the station east to be in line with Cale Street, the site of the original Midland Junction station. The MRA also desired an extension of the Midland line to Bellevue, which would take on a primarily park and ride function, to allow for land around Midland station to be redeveloped. There have been previous attempts to extend the line to Bellevue. As part of Metronet, Midland Station will be demolished and replaced with a new station located between Helena and Cale streets. The relocation of the station was required to accommodate the extension to Bellevue, where a new railcar manufacturing facility is located. A multi-storey car park with over 600 bays and a 12 stand bus interchange will be built at the location of the current station. As part of the project, the level crossing at Helena Street will close and will be replaced with a new crossing at Cale Street. Construction began on 23 July 2023. Platforms and services Track layout Legend 1 3 2 Source The station has a single through standard gauge side platform served by Transwa's AvonLink, MerredinLink and Prospector services, and Journey Beyond's Indian Pacific and two narrow gauge bay platforms used by Transperth Midland line services. The station saw 1,125,120 Transperth passengers in the 2013-14 financial year. Midland station platforms Stop Platform Line Stopping pattern Destination Notes 95026 1 Prospector Kalgoorlie MerredinLink Merredin Merredin services stop at several stations between Northam and Merredin AvonLink Northam Northam services also stop at Toodyay 99531 2 Midland All stations Perth 99532 3 Midland All stations Perth Bus routes Stop Route Destination / description Notes Stand 1 811 Geraldton via Northam and MullewaTranswa services 879, GPE1 Kalbarri or Geraldton via Eneabba 891, 851 Geraldton via Moora EP3, EP5 Esperance via Kulin or via Hyden Stand 2 301 to Midland Health Campus 901 Rail replacement service to Perth Stand 3 314 Jane Brook Circular (clockwise) via Talbot Road and Morrison Road 315 Stratton Circular (clockwise) via Blackadder Road and Morrison Road Stand 4 313 to Jane Brook via Morrison Road, Talbot Road and Jane Brook Drive 323 to Swan View via Morrison Road, Innamlncka Road and Welbourn Road 324 Jane Brook Circular (anti-clockwise) via Morrison Road and Talbot Road 325 Stratton Circular (anti-clockwise) via Morrison Road and Blackadder Road 326 Midvale Circular (anti-clockwise) via Victoria Parade 327 to Swan View via Morrison Road and Blanchard Road Stand 5 277 to High Wycombe Station via Midland Road and Newburn Road 278 to High Wycombe Station via Abernethy Road and Wittenoom Road 300 Midland Gate Circular (anti-clockwise) Stand 6 290 to Redcliffe Station via Great Eastern Highway 291 to Redcliffe Station via Serpentine Drive and Barker Road Stand 7 307 to Kalamunda bus station via Military Road and Helena Valley 321 to Glen Forrest via Great Eastern Highway, Old York Road, Hillsden Road and Ryecroft RoadSelected trips extend to Mundaring 322 to Glen Forrest via Koongamia, Coulston Road and Ryecroft RoadSelected trips deviate via Hillsden Road or extend to Mundaring Stand 8 320 to Mundaring via Great Eastern Highway, Old York Road and Strettle RoadSelected trips extend to Sawyers Valley or further to Chidlow) 328 to Chidlow via Great Eastern Highway, Old York Road, Parkerville, Stoneville and Keane Street EastSelected trips extend to Wooroloo or further to Wundowie 684 to Crown Perth, Burswood School Specials Stand 9 310 to Upper Swan via Hamersley Street and Great Northern Highway 311 to Bullsbrook via Hamersley Street and Great Northern Highway 312 Baskerville Circular (clockwise) via Lefroy Avenue and Campersic Road 335 to Ellenbrook Town Centre via Great Northern Highway, West Swan Road and Henley Brook Bus Station References ^ a b "Question On Notice No. 4247 asked in the Legislative Assembly on 25 June 2015 by Mr M. Mcgowan". Parliament of Western Australia. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Our History". Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "History of stations on the Midland line" (PDF). Righttrack WA. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Way and Works". Australian Railway History. No. 76. Australian Railway Historical Society. 2 April 2001. pp. 156–158. ^ Future vision for Midland city centre unveiled Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Midland Redevelopment Authority 8 September 2014 ^ Station move planned in Midland's future vision Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine inmycommunity.com 14 October 2014 ^ "Hansard". Western Australia Legislative Assembly. 3 April 1996. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "New Midland Station". METRONET. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Site chosen for METRONET's Midland Station relocation". Government of Western Australia. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020. ^ "$160m to be spent replacing 51-year-old Midland train station amid City of Swan's 'rise and rise'". The West Australian. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "New Midland Station fact sheet" (PDF). METRONET. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "New Midland Station project overview". METRONET. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "Joint media statement - Construction starts on the New Midland Station". Media Statements. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ Clarke, Tim (23 July 2023). "Start of major works on new $330 million train station in Midland, wielded by Roger Cook and Rita Saffioti". The West Australian. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ "Manual – Rail Access" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 19 August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022. ^ "AvonLink and MerredinLink Timetable" (PDF). Transwa. Public Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Prospector Timetable" (PDF). Transwa. Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Indian Pacific timetable". Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions. 1 April 2021. ^ Farrell, Michael. "SmartRider". Metrodroid Wiki. GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "Stops Near You (99531)". Transperth. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "Midland Line Train Timetable" (PDF). Transperth. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ "Midland Stn Transwa Midland". OpenMobilityData. 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022. ^ Timetable N3. Transwa. ^ Timetable N1. Transwa. ^ Timetable N2. Transwa. ^ Timetable GE2. Transwa. ^ "Route 301". Bus Timetable 95 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 314". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 315". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 313". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 323". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 324". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 325". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 326". Bus Timetable 86 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 327". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 . ^ "Route 277". Bus Timetable 110 (PDF). Transperth. 12 January 2024 . ^ "Route 278". Bus Timetable 110 (PDF). Transperth. 12 January 2024 . ^ "Route 300". Bus Timetable 92 (PDF). Transperth. 22 January 2018 . ^ "Route 290". Bus Timetable 111 (PDF). Transperth. 28 August 2023 . ^ "Route 291". Bus Timetable 111 (PDF). Transperth. 28 August 2023 . ^ "Route 307". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 . ^ "Route 321". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 . ^ "Route 322". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 . ^ "Route 320". Bus Timetable 97 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 310". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 311". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 312". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . ^ "Route 335". Bus Timetable 98 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 . External links Media related to Midland railway station at Wikimedia Commons New Midland Station website page. vtePublic Transport Authority of Western Australia railway stations Railways in Perth List of Transperth railway stations List of Transwa railway stations List of closed railway stations in Perth Transperth services and stationsMidland line Perth McIver Claisebrook East Perth Mount Lawley Maylands Meltham Bayswater Ashfield Bassendean Success Hill Guildford East Guildford Woodbridge Midland   Airport   Armadale   Fremantle   Joondalup   Mandurah   Midland   Morley–Ellenbrook   Thornlie Transwa services and stationsAvonLink Midland Toodyay Northam MerredinLink East Perth Midland Toodyay Northam Meckering Cunderdin Tammin Kellerberrin Doodlakine Hines Hill Merredin Prospector East Perth Midland Toodyay Northam Meckering Cunderdin Tammin Kellerberrin Doodlakine Hines Hill Merredin Burracoppin Carrabin Bodallin Moorine Rock Southern Cross Koolyanobbing Bonnie Vale Kalgoorlie      Australind      AvonLink      MerredinLink      Prospector Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction Stations in (brackets) are uncommon stops for the listed service vteBuses in Perth List of Transperth bus stations Transperth Trolleybuses in Perth Operators Metropolitan Transport Trust (1958–1998) Path Transit (1996–present) Swan Transit (1996–present) Transdev WA (1996–present) Bus stations Booragoon Causeway Curtin Central Curtin University Elizabeth Quay Henley Brook Kalamunda Karrinyup Kwinana Mirrabooka Morley Perth Busport Perth Stadium Scarborough Beach Bus-train stations Armadale Aubin Grove Bassendean Bayswater Bull Creek Butler Canning Bridge Cannington Claremont Clarkson Cockburn Central Cottesloe Fremantle Glendalough Gosnells High Wycombe Joondalup Kelmscott Kenwick Kwinana Lakelands Leederville Maddington Mandurah Midland Murdoch Oats Street Redcliffe Rockingham Shenton Park Stirling Subiaco Thornlie Warnbro Warwick Wellard Whitfords Future stations Alkimos Byford Eglinton Ellenbrook Malaga Morley Nicholson Road Noranda Ranford Road Whiteman Park Yanchep Former stations Ellenbrook transfer station Murdoch Park 'n' Ride Rockingham bus station Roe Street bus station Success Park 'n' Ride Wellington Street bus station Bus routes Central Area Transit (CAT) CircleRoute List of bus routes

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It is operated by Transperth and is connected with the feeder bus services that utilise the adjacent bus terminal in Midland.","title":"Midland railway station, Perth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Midland Junction station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"dual gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gauge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dual gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_gauge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Midland station was opened on 8 October 1968 by Minister for Transport & Railways Ray O'Connor as a replacement for Midland Junction station when the main Eastern Railway was being converted to dual gauge.[2][3]It originally had four narrow gauge platform faces, three terminating and one through. A separate platform was provided for the standard gauge line 150 metres away. One of the terminating lines was lifted in the 1990s and in February 2001, the through line converted to dual gauge allowing The Prospector to call at the main station.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronet_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Redevelopment","text":"In the 2010s the former Midland Redevelopment Authority (MRA) had advocated the relocation of the station east to be in line with Cale Street, the site of the original Midland Junction station.[5][6] The MRA also desired an extension of the Midland line to Bellevue, which would take on a primarily park and ride function, to allow for land around Midland station to be redeveloped. There have been previous attempts to extend the line to Bellevue.[7]As part of Metronet, Midland Station will be demolished and replaced with a new station located between Helena and Cale streets.[8] The relocation of the station was required to accommodate the extension to Bellevue, where a new railcar manufacturing facility is located.[9][10] A multi-storey car park with over 600 bays and a 12 stand bus interchange will be built at the location of the current station.[11] As part of the project, the level crossing at Helena Street will close and will be replaced with a new crossing at Cale Street.[12]Construction began on 23 July 2023.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa"},{"link_name":"AvonLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AvonLink"},{"link_name":"MerredinLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MerredinLink"},{"link_name":"Prospector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transwa_Prospector"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avonlink-and-merredinlink-timetable-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prospector-timetable-17"},{"link_name":"Journey Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Beyond"},{"link_name":"Indian Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth_Trains"},{"link_name":"Midland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_line,_Perth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013-14_passengers-1"}],"text":"The station has a single through standard gauge side platform served by Transwa's AvonLink, MerredinLink and Prospector services,[16][17] and Journey Beyond's Indian Pacific[18] and two narrow gauge bay platforms used by Transperth Midland line services.The station saw 1,125,120 Transperth passengers in the 2013-14 financial year.[1]","title":"Platforms and services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bus routes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Question On Notice No. 4247 asked in the Legislative Assembly on 25 June 2015 by Mr M. Mcgowan\". Parliament of Western Australia. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/pquest.nsf/viewLAPQuestByDate/BB931DC99ED6DEC648257E6E00292A38","url_text":"\"Question On Notice No. 4247 asked in the Legislative Assembly on 25 June 2015 by Mr M. Mcgowan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918130737/https://parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/pquest.nsf/viewLAPQuestByDate/BB931DC99ED6DEC648257E6E00292A38","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/about-us/our-role/our-history#1976-to-2000-25","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225653/http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/about-us/our-role/our-history#1976-to-2000-25","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of stations on the Midland line\" (PDF). Righttrack WA. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080721030410/http://www.righttrack.wa.gov.au/Portals/3/media/History_Midland.pdf","url_text":"\"History of stations on the Midland line\""},{"url":"http://www.righttrack.wa.gov.au/Portals/3/media/History_Midland.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Way and Works\". Australian Railway History. No. 76. Australian Railway Historical Society. 2 April 2001. pp. 156–158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Railway_History","url_text":"Australian Railway History"}]},{"reference":"\"Hansard\". Western Australia Legislative Assembly. 3 April 1996. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/16ab30a0303e54f448256bf7002049e8/e5036b70e3b0c478482578f60017a815?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Hansard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226080309/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/16ab30a0303e54f448256bf7002049e8/e5036b70e3b0c478482578f60017a815?OpenDocument","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Midland Station\". METRONET. 23 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/projects/midland-station","url_text":"\"New Midland Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225835/http://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/projects/midland-station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Site chosen for METRONET's Midland Station relocation\". Government of Western Australia. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/01/Site-chosen-for-METRONET%E2%80%99s-Midland-Station-relocation.aspx","url_text":"\"Site chosen for METRONET's Midland Station relocation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118100437/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2020/01/Site-chosen-for-METRONET%E2%80%99s-Midland-Station-relocation.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"$160m to be spent replacing 51-year-old Midland train station amid City of Swan's 'rise and rise'\". The West Australian. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/news/transport/160m-to-be-spent-replacing-51-year-old-midland-train-station-amid-city-of-swans-rise-and-rise-ng-b881432788z","url_text":"\"$160m to be spent replacing 51-year-old Midland train station amid City of Swan's 'rise and rise'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200114142030/https://thewest.com.au/news/transport/160m-to-be-spent-replacing-51-year-old-midland-train-station-amid-city-of-swans-rise-and-rise-ng-b881432788z","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Midland Station fact sheet\" (PDF). METRONET. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/Portals/31/Project%20Documents/Midland%20Station/Midland%20Station%20Project%20Overview%20fact%20sheet.pdf","url_text":"\"New Midland Station fact sheet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203304/https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/Portals/31/Project%20Documents/Midland%20Station/Midland%20Station%20Project%20Overview%20fact%20sheet.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Midland Station project overview\". METRONET. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/projects/midland-station#project-features","url_text":"\"New Midland Station project overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201418/https://www.metronet.wa.gov.au/projects/midland-station#project-features","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Joint media statement - Construction starts on the New Midland Station\". Media Statements. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Cook-Labor-Government/Joint-media-statement---Construction-starts-on-the-New-Midland-Station--20230723","url_text":"\"Joint media statement - Construction starts on the New Midland Station\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Tim (23 July 2023). \"Start of major works on new $330 million train station in Midland, wielded by Roger Cook and Rita Saffioti\". The West Australian. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/news/urban-planning/start-of-major-works-on-new-330-million-train-station-in-midland-wielded-by-roger-cook-and-rita-saffioti-c-11360812","url_text":"\"Start of major works on new $330 million train station in Midland, wielded by Roger Cook and Rita Saffioti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manual – Rail Access\" (PDF). Public Transport Authority. 19 August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/About_us/Working%20with%20PTA/Safety%20resources/8800-400-001%20-%20Manual%20-%20Rail%20Access%20(RAM).pdf","url_text":"\"Manual – Rail Access\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220901093331/https://www.pta.wa.gov.au/Portals/15/AA_DOCUMENTS/About_us/Working%20with%20PTA/Safety%20resources/8800-400-001%20-%20Manual%20-%20Rail%20Access%20(RAM).pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AvonLink and MerredinLink Timetable\" (PDF). Transwa. Public Transport Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transwa.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Timetables/2930-200-006%20-%20AvonLink%20Timetable.pdf?ver=2019-09-24-093009-967","url_text":"\"AvonLink and MerredinLink Timetable\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200313155539/https://www.transwa.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Timetables/2930-200-006%20-%20AvonLink%20Timetable.pdf?ver=2019-09-24-093009-967","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prospector Timetable\" (PDF). Transwa. Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200618070420/https://www.transwa.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Timetables/2930-200-007%20-%20Prospector%20Timetable.pdf?ver=2019-09-24-094924-633","url_text":"\"Prospector Timetable\""},{"url":"https://www.transwa.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Timetables/2930-200-007%20-%20Prospector%20Timetable.pdf?ver=2019-09-24-094924-633","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Pacific timetable\". Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions. 1 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://journeybeyondrail.com.au/guest-information/fares-and-timetables/indian-pacific-2021-fares-timetable/","url_text":"\"Indian Pacific timetable\""}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Michael. \"SmartRider\". Metrodroid Wiki. GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/metrodroid/metrodroid/wiki/SmartRider","url_text":"\"SmartRider\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041349/https://github.com/metrodroid/metrodroid/wiki/SmartRider","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stops Near You (99531)\". Transperth. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Journey-Planner/Stops-Near-You?locationtype=stop&location=99531","url_text":"\"Stops Near You (99531)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915100843/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Journey-Planner/Stops-Near-You?locationtype=stop&location=99531","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Midland Line Train Timetable\" (PDF). Transperth. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Midland%20Line%2020190721.pdf","url_text":"\"Midland Line Train Timetable\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412085250/https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Midland%20Line%2020190721.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Midland Stn Transwa Midland\". OpenMobilityData. 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://transitfeeds.com/p/transperth/2/latest/stop/95026","url_text":"\"Midland Stn Transwa Midland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915101201/https://transitfeeds.com/p/transperth/2/latest/stop/95026","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 301\". Bus Timetable 95 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2095%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 95"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 314\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 315\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 313\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 323\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 324\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 325\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 326\". Bus Timetable 86 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2086%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 86"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 327\". Bus Timetable 87 (PDF). Transperth. 27 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2087%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 87"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 277\". Bus Timetable 110 (PDF). Transperth. 12 January 2024 [effective from 4 February 2024].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%20110%2020240204.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 110"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 278\". Bus Timetable 110 (PDF). Transperth. 12 January 2024 [effective from 4 February 2024].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%20110%2020240204.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 110"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 300\". Bus Timetable 92 (PDF). Transperth. 22 January 2018 [effective from 31 January 2016].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2092%2020160131.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 92"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 290\". Bus Timetable 111 (PDF). Transperth. 28 August 2023 [effective from 20 November 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%20111%2020231120.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 111"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 291\". Bus Timetable 111 (PDF). Transperth. 28 August 2023 [effective from 20 November 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%20111%2020231120.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 111"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 307\". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 [effective from 4 February 2024].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2096%2020240204.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 96"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 321\". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 [effective from 4 February 2024].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2096%2020240204.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 96"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 322\". Bus Timetable 96 (PDF). Transperth. 16 January 2024 [effective from 4 February 2024].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2096%2020240204.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 96"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 320\". Bus Timetable 97 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2097%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 97"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 310\". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2091%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 91"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 311\". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2091%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 91"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 312\". Bus Timetable 91 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2091%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 91"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 335\". Bus Timetable 98 (PDF). Transperth. 26 April 2023 [effective from 12 June 2023].","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/timetablepdfs/Bus%20Timetable%2098%2020230612.pdf","url_text":"Bus Timetable 98"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family_Cathedral,_Kuwait

Holy Family Co-Cathedral, Kuwait

["1 Overview","2 References","3 External links"]

Cathedral in Kuwait CityHoly Family Cathedral, Kuwait City. Holy Family Co-Cathedral, formerly known as Holy Family Cathedral, is a Catholic co-cathedral in Kuwait City. The church is situated in the east side of Kuwait City, in the Qibla area. The land was donated by the government of Kuwait. Architect Emilio Tenca designed the cathedral, The first stone was laid on January 27, 1957 and the cathedral was consecrated on March 16, 1961. The church contains a statue of Our Lady of Arabia, a smaller replica of the 1949 cedar statue enshrined at the Catholic church in Ahmadi, Kuwait. Overview Until recently, the Holy Family Cathedral was the seat of the bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia. However, with the construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Arabia in Bahrain, the Holy Family Cathedral was renamed Holy Family Co-Cathedral. In order to satisfy the 140,000 Catholics residing in Kuwait mass is held at the Cathedral throughout the week in multiple languages, including, English, Arabic (Maronite, Coptic and Latin), Tagalog, Sinhala, Malayalam (Syro Malabar, Syro Malankara and Latin), Tamil, Konkani and Spanish. In availability of priests, holy mass is also celebrated in Bengali, Hindi and Korean. Sunday is a weekday in Kuwait. Hence, Friday, the Muslim prayer day,is a weekend. Therefore, Sunday masses of the following week are given in advance on the Friday or Saturday of the previous week. Currently, there are eight priests at the Holy Family Cathedral. Catechism classes are also offered at the Cathedral, preparing children and teenagers for their Baptism, First Communion and Confirmation. Additionally, Marriage preparation courses are also offered at the Parish. References ^ Scudder, Lewis R. (1998). The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son - Lewis R. Scudder - Google Books. ISBN 9780802846167. Retrieved 2014-04-21. ^ a b "The Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia". ^ "Welcome to AVONA (Holy Family Cathedral Parish, Kuwait City)". avona.org. Retrieved 28 January 2021. ^ Santoro, Nicholas Joseph (12 August 2011). Mary In Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus ... - Nicholas J. Santoro - Google Books. ISBN 9781462040223. Retrieved 2014-04-21. ^ "The Catholic Church in Kuwait". ^ "Mass Timings Holy Family Cathedral Parish Kuwait". ^ "Kuwait Cathecism". External links Official parish website Official Youtube Channel This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a building or structure in Kuwait is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere,_Inc._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board

Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB

["1 Background","2 Opinion of the Court","3 Significance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1992 United States Supreme Court caseLechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations BoardSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued November 12, 1991Decided January 27, 1992Full case nameLechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations BoardCitations502 U.S. 527 (more)112 S. Ct. 841; 117 L. Ed. 2d 79; 1992 U.S. LEXIS 555; 60 U.S.L.W. 4145; 120 Lab. Cas. (CCH) ¶ 11,066; 139 L.R.R.M. 2225; 92 Cal. Daily Op. Service 743; 92 Daily Journal DAR 1235Case historyPriorOn appeal from the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 914 F.2d 313 (1st Cir. 1990); cert. granted, 499 U.S. 918 (1991).HoldingStore owner did not commit an unfair labor practice under § 8(a)(1) of National Labor Relations Act by barring nonemployee union organizers from parking lot.Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices Byron White · Harry BlackmunJohn P. Stevens · Sandra Day O'ConnorAntonin Scalia · Anthony KennedyDavid Souter · Clarence Thomas Case opinionsMajorityThomas, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, SouterDissentWhite, joined by BlackmunDissentStevensLaws appliedNational Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 157 Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 502 U.S. 527 (1992), is a US labor law case of the Supreme Court of the United States on union rights and private property rights. It forbids nonemployee union organizers from soliciting support on private property unless no reasonable alternatives exist. Background Lechmere, Inc. owned a retail store in a shopping plaza in Newington, Connecticut, a metropolitan area near Hartford, and it also was part owner of the plaza's parking lot. Employees of Lechmere, Inc. who drove to work used the lot to park their vehicles during their shifts. The parking lot was separated from a public highway by a strip of land that was almost entirely public property. Local union organizers, not employees of Lechmere, Inc., attempted to organize Lechmere employees by placing promotional handbills on the windshields of cars parked in the employee area of the lot. Lechmere then denied the organizers access to the lot. This act caused the organizers instead to distribute their handbills from the aforementioned strip of public land between the lot and the highway. Local 919 of the United Food and Commercial Workers filed an unfair labor practice charge to the NLRB (the National Labor Relations Board), claiming that Lechmere had violated §7 of the NLRA (the National Labor Relations Act) by barring them access to the parking lot. The applicable language of the law cited was the guarantee of the NLRA that employees have "the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations" (§7) and that it is an unfair labor practice for an employer "to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees" in exercising their §7 rights. The NLRB affirmed the union's grievance, and the Court of Appeals enforced the NLRB's decision. Opinion of the Court The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision based on three primary faults observed with the complaint: The NLRA "confers rights only on employees, not on unions or their nonemployee organizers." They reasoned that the NLRA guarantees that employees would be free to organize if they so chose, but the employer is not obligated to allow nonemployee union representatives access to their private property. §7 of the NLRA does not apply to nonemployee union organizers unless "the inaccessibility of employees makes ineffective the reasonable attempts by nonemployees to communicate with them through the usual channels." The Court reasoned it was improper to even begin a balancing test and private property rights unless "reasonable access to employees is infeasible." The union failed in demonstrating that there were any "unique obstacles" that prevented reasonable union access to the employees. The employees did not live in the shopping plaza and so they were not beyond the union's reach, and the Court further reasoned that the mere size of the city itself did not render the employees "inaccessible." The Court cited the fact that the union had been able to contact at least 20 employees directly regarding the organization. The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice Thomas, who was joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy and Souter. Justice White filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Blackmun. Justice Stevens filed a separate dissenting opinion. Significance After the decision, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the NLRB to consider whether the Lechmere Company had violated Section 8(a)(1) by directing the non-employee union organizers to leave the public grassy area. The NLRB reaffirmed its previous ruling, holding that "the Supreme Court's vindication of the private-property rights, if anything, elevates the gravity of attempt to bar union access to public property." See also US labor law List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 502 List of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court Notes ^ Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 502 U.S. 527 (1992).  This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document. ^ Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 914 F.2d 313 (1st Cir. 1990). External links Text of Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, 502 U.S. 527 (1992) is available from: CourtListener  Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio)  vteMontgomery WardSubsidiaries Lechmere Facilities Montgomery Park Montgomery Ward Building (Burlington, Vermont) Montgomery Ward Building (Evansville, Indiana) Montgomery Ward Building (Idaho Falls, Idaho) Montgomery Ward Building (Lewistown, Pennsylvania) Montgomery Ward Building (Pueblo, Colorado) Montgomery Ward Building (San Angelo, Texas) Montgomery Ward Company Complex Montgomery Ward Warehouse: Henkel-Duke Mercantile Company Warehouse Montgomery Plaza Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store Virginia Building People Aaron Montgomery Ward Subsidiaries Airline Riverside Related Colony Brands Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US labor law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_labor_law"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"union rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions"},{"link_name":"private property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1992 United States Supreme Court caseLechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 502 U.S. 527 (1992), is a US labor law case of the Supreme Court of the United States on union rights and private property rights. It forbids nonemployee union organizers from soliciting support on private property unless no reasonable alternatives exist.[1]","title":"Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lechmere, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere"},{"link_name":"Newington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford"},{"link_name":"United Food and Commercial Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lechmere, Inc. owned a retail store in a shopping plaza in Newington, Connecticut, a metropolitan area near Hartford, and it also was part owner of the plaza's parking lot. Employees of Lechmere, Inc. who drove to work used the lot to park their vehicles during their shifts. The parking lot was separated from a public highway by a strip of land that was almost entirely public property. Local union organizers, not employees of Lechmere, Inc., attempted to organize Lechmere employees by placing promotional handbills on the windshields of cars parked in the employee area of the lot. Lechmere then denied the organizers access to the lot. This act caused the organizers instead to distribute their handbills from the aforementioned strip of public land between the lot and the highway.Local 919 of the United Food and Commercial Workers filed an unfair labor practice charge to the NLRB (the National Labor Relations Board), claiming that Lechmere had violated §7 of the NLRA (the National Labor Relations Act) by barring them access to the parking lot. The applicable language of the law cited was the guarantee of the NLRA that employees have \"the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations\" (§7) and that it is an unfair labor practice for an employer \"to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees\" in exercising their §7 rights. The NLRB affirmed the union's grievance, and the Court of Appeals enforced the NLRB's decision.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Justice Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice Rehnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"Justices O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Scalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"},{"link_name":"Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Souter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Souter"},{"link_name":"Justice White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_White"},{"link_name":"Justice Blackmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackmun"},{"link_name":"Justice Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens"}],"text":"The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision based on three primary faults observed with the complaint:The NLRA \"confers rights only on employees, not on unions or their nonemployee organizers.\" They reasoned that the NLRA guarantees that employees would be free to organize if they so chose, but the employer is not obligated to allow nonemployee union representatives access to their private property.\n§7 of the NLRA does not apply to nonemployee union organizers unless \"the inaccessibility of employees makes ineffective the reasonable attempts by nonemployees to communicate with them through the usual channels.\" The Court reasoned it was improper to even begin a balancing test and private property rights unless \"reasonable access to employees is infeasible.\"\nThe union failed in demonstrating that there were any \"unique obstacles\" that prevented reasonable union access to the employees. The employees did not live in the shopping plaza and so they were not beyond the union's reach, and the Court further reasoned that the mere size of the city itself did not render the employees \"inaccessible.\" The Court cited the fact that the union had been able to contact at least 20 employees directly regarding the organization.The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice Thomas, who was joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy and Souter. Justice White filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Blackmun. Justice Stevens filed a separate dissenting opinion.","title":"Opinion of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"public property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_property"}],"text":"After the decision, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the NLRB to consider whether the Lechmere Company had violated Section 8(a)(1) by directing the non-employee union organizers to leave the public grassy area. The NLRB reaffirmed its previous ruling, holding that \"the Supreme Court's vindication of the [employer's] private-property rights, if anything, elevates the gravity of [the employer's] attempt to bar union access to public property.\"","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechmere,_Inc._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board"},{"link_name":"502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_502"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/502/527/"},{"link_name":"public domain material from this U.S government document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"914 F.2d 313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/914/313/242512/"}],"text":"^ Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 502 U.S. 527 (1992).  This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document.\n\n^ Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 914 F.2d 313 (1st Cir. 1990).","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"Lechmere, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Hamilton,_1st_Baronet,_of_Woodbrook

Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Woodbrook

["1 Early career","2 Napoleonic Wars","3 Notes","4 References"]

For other people named John Hamilton, see John Hamilton (disambiguation). Sir John HamiltonBorn4 August 1755Strabane, County TyroneDied24 December 1835Tunbridge Wells, KentAllegiance Honourable East India Company United Kingdom Kingdom of PortugalService/branch British ArmyYears of service1771–1835RankBritish Army Lieutenant GeneralBattles/warsInvasion of Cooch BeharFirst Anglo-Maratha War• Capture of Lahar• Capture of Gwalior• Capture of BijaigarhSecond Mysore War• Capture of BangaloreFrench Revolutionary Wars• Haitian RevolutionNapoleonic Wars• Battle of Albuera• Second Siege of Badajoz• Defence of Alba de Tormes• Battle of NivelleAwardsBaronetcy of Woodbrook Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and SwordBritish knighthood Lieutenant-General Sir John James Hamilton, 1st Baronet (4 August 1755 – 24 December 1835) was a British officer of the Honourable East India Company, the British Army and during the Napoleonic Wars the Portuguese Army who saw action across the world from India to the West Indies and was honoured for his service by both the British and Portuguese royal families. Of noble Irish descent, related by birth to the first Earl Castle Stewart and by marriage to the Earl of Tyrone, Hamilton's extensive career and brave service was widely recognised during his life and after his death. Early career John Hamilton was born in Woodbrook near Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland to James and Elinor Hamilton in 1755. His mother was the niece of the Earl Castle Stewart and through family connections young Hamilton was able to secure a commission in the army of the Honourable East India Company aged only 16 in 1771. Taking a Bengal cadetship and joining the Bengal Light Infantry in 1772, Hamilton was almost immediately pressed into action, participating the British invasion of Cooch Behar at the invitation its rulers who were facing a simultaneous invasion from the Bhutanese to the north. In 1778 Hamilton was promoted to lieutenant and in 1780 was once again in action during the First Anglo-Maratha War, where his troops participated in the storm and capture of Lahar, Gwalior and Bijaigarh from the Maratha Empire. In 1781 at the war's conclusion, Hamilton was promoted again, to captain. In 1788, seeking advancement, Hamilton transferred to the regular British Army, being attached to the new 76th Regiment of Foot in Calcutta as captain. With this formation, Hamilton was engaged in 1794 during the Second Mysore War fought against the Tipu Sultan, when his troops captured the city of Bangalore which later became part of British East India. The same year, Hamilton married Emily Sophia Monck, the daughter of George Paul Monck and Lady Aramita Beresford, daughter of Marcus Beresford, Earl of Tyrone. Hamilton was promoted to brevet major in the aftermath of this operation and in 1795 was sent as a lieutenant colonel with the 81st Regiment of Foot to the West Indies during the British attempt to capture San Domingo. The effort failed due to the ongoing Haitian Revolution, but Hamilton again distinguished himself during the campaign. Napoleonic Wars In 1798 Hamilton was sent to the Cape Colony in South Africa which had only recently been captured from the Dutch. There he and his regiment formed part of the garrison until the Peace of Amiens when he returned to Britain, briefly returning to the Cape at the fresh outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 before being made a brigadier-general and appointed to the staff in Ireland. Tiring of working in Ireland, Hamilton volunteered in 1809 to be attached to the Portuguese Army, a formation shattered by the French invasion of 1808. In 1809 as he trained and organised a division of Portuguese infantry, Hamilton was promoted to major-general and in his new rank was made Inspector-General of Portuguese Infantry. Hamilton was an efficient officer and with his division, attached himself to Sir Arthur Wellesley's British army on campaign in 1810. In 1811 the Portuguese formation underwent its first major action at the Battle of Albuera, Hamilton's division acting as a ready reserve and being called into the height of the battle to reinforce the Allied centre. Hamilton's forces had in fact been drawn into the fight on the left of the Allied line and took some time to be extracted. In the aftermath of the battle, Hamilton's troops were the steadiest and freshest available and immediately returned to the ultimately unsuccessful Second Siege of Badajoz. It has been said of Hamilton that he "evinced the utmost steadiness and courage" at Albuera. Hamilton commanded the division until 1813, his troops seeing further action defending the town of Alba de Tormes against an army under Marshal Soult in November 1812. In 1813 after four years continuous campaigning, Hamilton was forced to return to England on sick leave and during his absence he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword by the Portuguese monarchy and was knighted by the Prince Regent as well as being made honorary colonel of the 2nd Ceylon Regiment. Hamilton returned to his division in late 1813 and commanded them during the last of the fighting in the Peninsula War, seeing action at the Battle of Nivelle. Following the Peace of Fontainebleau, Hamilton returned to the British Army, was made lieutenant general in recognition of his service and placed in the quiet command of Duncannon Fort. In December 1814, Hamilton was further rewarded with a baronetcy and retirement to his family estates. In 1823 he was made the Colonel-in-chief of 69th Regiment of Foot. He died in 1835 at Tunbridge Wells and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London, survived by his wife, five daughters and son Sir John James Hamilton, 2nd Baronet. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Hamilton, Sir John, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, H. M. Chichester, Retrieved 27 November 2007 ^ "No. 16752". The London Gazette. 13 July 1813. p. 5. References Chichester, H. M. (2004). "Hamilton, Sir John". In Boyden, Peter B (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12111. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Chichester, Henry Manners (1890). "Hamilton, John (1755-1835)" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Military offices Preceded byWilliam Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford Colonel of the 69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot 1823–1836 Succeeded byJohn Vincent Baronetage of the United Kingdom New creation Baronet(of Woodbrook) 1814–1835 Succeeded byJohn Hamilton

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hamilton (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Honourable East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Earl Castle Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone"}],"text":"For other people named John Hamilton, see John Hamilton (disambiguation).Lieutenant-General Sir John James Hamilton, 1st Baronet (4 August 1755 – 24 December 1835) was a British officer of the Honourable East India Company, the British Army and during the Napoleonic Wars the Portuguese Army who saw action across the world from India to the West Indies and was honoured for his service by both the British and Portuguese royal families. Of noble Irish descent, related by birth to the first Earl Castle Stewart and by marriage to the Earl of Tyrone, Hamilton's extensive career and brave service was widely recognised during his life and after his death.","title":"Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Woodbrook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Earl Castle Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Honourable East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Bengal Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Cooch Behar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooch_Behar"},{"link_name":"Bhutanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"First Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"Lahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Bijaigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayana"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"76th Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Second Mysore War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mysore_War"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"British East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(UK)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"81st Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"San Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Haitian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"John Hamilton was born in Woodbrook near Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland to James and Elinor Hamilton in 1755. His mother was the niece of the Earl Castle Stewart and through family connections young Hamilton was able to secure a commission in the army of the Honourable East India Company aged only 16 in 1771.[1] Taking a Bengal cadetship and joining the Bengal Light Infantry in 1772, Hamilton was almost immediately pressed into action, participating the British invasion of Cooch Behar at the invitation its rulers who were facing a simultaneous invasion from the Bhutanese to the north. In 1778 Hamilton was promoted to lieutenant and in 1780 was once again in action during the First Anglo-Maratha War, where his troops participated in the storm and capture of Lahar, Gwalior and Bijaigarh from the Maratha Empire. In 1781 at the war's conclusion, Hamilton was promoted again, to captain.[1]In 1788, seeking advancement, Hamilton transferred to the regular British Army, being attached to the new 76th Regiment of Foot in Calcutta as captain. With this formation, Hamilton was engaged in 1794 during the Second Mysore War fought against the Tipu Sultan, when his troops captured the city of Bangalore which later became part of British East India. The same year, Hamilton married Emily Sophia Monck, the daughter of George Paul Monck and Lady Aramita Beresford, daughter of Marcus Beresford, Earl of Tyrone.[1] Hamilton was promoted to brevet major in the aftermath of this operation and in 1795 was sent as a lieutenant colonel with the 81st Regiment of Foot to the West Indies during the British attempt to capture San Domingo. The effort failed due to the ongoing Haitian Revolution, but Hamilton again distinguished himself during the campaign.[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Peace of Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"brigadier-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"French invasion of 1808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_War#Napoleon's_campaign_(October_1808_%E2%80%93_January_1809)"},{"link_name":"major-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Wellesley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Battle of Albuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera"},{"link_name":"Second Siege of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Siege_of_Badajoz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Alba de Tormes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_de_Tormes"},{"link_name":"Marshal Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jean_de_Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Portuguese monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Prince Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2nd Ceylon Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Ceylon_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG1-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nivelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle"},{"link_name":"Peace of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"Duncannon Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncannon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetcy"},{"link_name":"69th Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Kensal Green Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Sir John James Hamilton, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_James_Hamilton,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"In 1798 Hamilton was sent to the Cape Colony in South Africa which had only recently been captured from the Dutch. There he and his regiment formed part of the garrison until the Peace of Amiens when he returned to Britain, briefly returning to the Cape at the fresh outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 before being made a brigadier-general and appointed to the staff in Ireland. Tiring of working in Ireland, Hamilton volunteered in 1809 to be attached to the Portuguese Army, a formation shattered by the French invasion of 1808. In 1809 as he trained and organised a division of Portuguese infantry, Hamilton was promoted to major-general and in his new rank was made Inspector-General of Portuguese Infantry.[1]Hamilton was an efficient officer and with his division, attached himself to Sir Arthur Wellesley's British army on campaign in 1810. In 1811 the Portuguese formation underwent its first major action at the Battle of Albuera, Hamilton's division acting as a ready reserve and being called into the height of the battle to reinforce the Allied centre. Hamilton's forces had in fact been drawn into the fight on the left of the Allied line and took some time to be extracted. In the aftermath of the battle, Hamilton's troops were the steadiest and freshest available and immediately returned to the ultimately unsuccessful Second Siege of Badajoz. It has been said of Hamilton that he \"evinced the utmost steadiness and courage\" at Albuera.[1]Hamilton commanded the division until 1813, his troops seeing further action defending the town of Alba de Tormes against an army under Marshal Soult in November 1812. In 1813 after four years continuous campaigning, Hamilton was forced to return to England on sick leave and during his absence he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword by the Portuguese monarchy and was knighted by the Prince Regent as well as being made honorary colonel of the 2nd Ceylon Regiment.[2] Hamilton returned to his division in late 1813 and commanded them during the last of the fighting in the Peninsula War, seeing action at the Battle of Nivelle. Following the Peace of Fontainebleau, Hamilton returned to the British Army, was made lieutenant general in recognition of his service and placed in the quiet command of Duncannon Fort.[1]In December 1814, Hamilton was further rewarded with a baronetcy and retirement to his family estates. In 1823 he was made the Colonel-in-chief of 69th Regiment of Foot. He died in 1835 at Tunbridge Wells and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London, survived by his wife, five daughters and son Sir John James Hamilton, 2nd Baronet.[1]","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-7"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Sir John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12111?docPos=12"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LG1_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"No. 16752\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16752/page/5"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Hamilton, Sir John, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, H. M. Chichester, Retrieved 27 November 2007\n\n^ \"No. 16752\". The London Gazette. 13 July 1813. p. 5.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facos,_Michelle

Michelle Facos

["1 Early life","2 Academic career","3 Business career","4 Honors and awards","5 Books","6 References","7 External links"]

American art historian Michelle FacosBorn (1955-02-25) February 25, 1955 (age 68)NationalityAmericanOccupationProfessor of Art History at Indiana University, BloomingtonAwardsFulbright Fellowship in 1993;Academic backgroundEducationKirkland (Hamilton) CollegeAlma materNew York University Institute of Fine ArtsThesis'Nationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Art of the 1890s' (1998)Doctoral advisorKirk Varnedoe Michelle Facos (born February 25, 1955) is an American writer and art historian. Early life A native of Buffalo, New York, Facos graduated from Kirkland (Hamilton) College in 1976 with a B.A. in art history and comparative literature. Upon graduation, she worked as a paralegal in New York City at Debevoise & Plimpton and White & Case. Academic career After working as a paralegal, Facos continued her art historical studies at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts, where she studied under H.W. Janson, Robert Rosenblum, Gert Schiff and her advisor, Kirk Varnedoe. Her dissertation, inspired by the exhibition "Northern Light: Realism and Symbolism in Scandinavian Painting, 1880-1910" (The Brooklyn Museum, 1982–83), was the first doctoral dissertation on Swedish painting written by a North American; It was completed in 1989 and revised and published in 1998 as Nationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Art of the 1890s. In 1996, Dr. Facos was the only art historian and non-Scandinavian invited to join the research project Cultural Processes in Nordic Forest Communities, led by Ingar Kaldal of Trondheim University. She has lectured, taught, and written widely on the subject of Scandinavian art and culture, especially in Sweden. Her most recent books, Symbolist Art in Context and An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art, are read in classrooms around the globe. Since 2015, Facos also serves as the Academic Dean and Program Director of GGE Summer School, a pre-college summer enrichment program for international high school students in Greifswald, Germany. Business career Dr. Facos’s experience of living and working in Sweden ignited a passion for Scandinavian culture and nature, which expanded into an internet business, NordArtDesign (2006-2009), selling jewelry, apparel, and handicraft inspired and made by Sweden’s native Sami (Lapp) inhabitants. In 2015, she co-founded MooseBooties, LLC, a company manufacturing and selling luxury infant footwear from Scandinavian moose leather. Honors and awards Facos received a Fulbright Fellowship in 1993, and fellowships from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (1996), the American-Scandinavian Foundation (2007), the Alfried Krupp Foundation (2010), and the Mercator Foundation (2015). She has received grants from the American Philosophical Society (1994) and the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (2015). In 2006 she was a guest professor at Hamburg University, Germany, in 2013 a visiting professor at East China Normal University, Shanghai, in 2014 at Warsaw University, Poland, and in 2011/2012 and 2015 a visiting professor at Greifswald University, Germany. Since 2012 she has been Editor-in-Chief of ARTS, an open access scholarly arts journal from MDPI . Books A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Art, editor (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2019) Symbolist Roots of Modern Art, co-editor with Thor J. Mednick (London: Ashgate, 2015) An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art (London: Routledge, 2011) Symbolist Art in Context (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2009) Culture and National Identity in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, coeditor with Sharon Hirsh (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003) Nationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Art of the 1890s (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1998) According to WorldCat, the book is held in 1761 libraries References ^ a b c Indiana University: "CV Michelle Facos". ^ Inc., Indigo Books & Music,. "Into the Light: The Paintings Of William Blair Bruce (1859 , 1906), Book by Tobi Bruce (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca". www.chapters.indigo.ca. ^ Kaldal, Ingar. "Michelle Facos: Picturing the Nordic Forest". www.kaldal.net. ^ Team, UofL Web. "Lecture by Michelle Facos: Size Counts, Titles Matter". University of Louisville. ^ "Homepage - GGE Summer School". ggesummerschool. ^ "About Us – MooseBooties". Archived from the original on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2016-02-02. ^ "404 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. www.wiko-greifswald.de. ^ "Facos, Michelle ". www.worldcat.org. External links Indiana University Faculty Profile of Dr. Facos www.19thcenturyart-facos.com www.michellefacos.com Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Michelle Facos (born February 25, 1955) is an American writer and art historian.","title":"Michelle Facos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kirkland (Hamilton) College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Debevoise & Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debevoise_%26_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"White & Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%26_Case"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiana.edu-1"}],"text":"A native of Buffalo, New York, Facos graduated from Kirkland (Hamilton) College in 1976 with a B.A. in art history and comparative literature. Upon graduation, she worked as a paralegal in New York City at Debevoise & Plimpton and White & Case.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University Institute of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Institute_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"H.W. 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Janson, Robert Rosenblum, Gert Schiff and her advisor, Kirk Varnedoe.[1] Her dissertation, inspired by the exhibition \"Northern Light: Realism and Symbolism in Scandinavian Painting, 1880-1910\" (The Brooklyn Museum, 1982–83), was the first doctoral dissertation on Swedish painting written by a North American;[2] It was completed in 1989 and revised and published in 1998 as Nationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Art of the 1890s.[1] In 1996, Dr. Facos was the only art historian and non-Scandinavian invited to join the research project Cultural Processes in Nordic Forest Communities, led by Ingar Kaldal of Trondheim University.[3] She has lectured, taught, and written widely on the subject of Scandinavian art and culture, especially in Sweden. Her most recent books, Symbolist Art in Context and An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art, are read in classrooms around the globe.[4]Since 2015, Facos also serves as the Academic Dean and Program Director of GGE Summer School,[5] a pre-college summer enrichment program for international high school students in Greifswald, Germany.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_culture"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dr. Facos’s experience of living and working in Sweden ignited a passion for Scandinavian culture and nature, which expanded into an internet business, NordArtDesign (2006-2009), selling jewelry, apparel, and handicraft inspired and made by Sweden’s native Sami (Lapp) inhabitants. In 2015, she co-founded MooseBooties, LLC, a company manufacturing and selling luxury infant footwear from Scandinavian moose leather.[6]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulbright Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hadassah-Brandeis Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadassah-Brandeis_Institute"},{"link_name":"Hamburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_University"},{"link_name":"East China Normal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Normal_University"},{"link_name":"Warsaw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University"},{"link_name":"Greifswald University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswald_University"},{"link_name":"MDPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mdpi.com/journal/arts"}],"text":"Facos received a Fulbright Fellowship in 1993, and fellowships from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (1996), the American-Scandinavian Foundation (2007), the Alfried Krupp Foundation (2010),[7] and the Mercator Foundation (2015). She has received grants from the American Philosophical Society (1994) and the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (2015). In 2006 she was a guest professor at Hamburg University, Germany, in 2013 a visiting professor at East China Normal University, Shanghai, in 2014 at Warsaw University, Poland, and in 2011/2012 and 2015 a visiting professor at Greifswald University, Germany.Since 2012 she has been Editor-in-Chief of ARTS, an open access scholarly arts journal from MDPI [1].","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Art, editor (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2019)\nSymbolist Roots of Modern Art, co-editor with Thor J. Mednick (London: Ashgate, 2015)\nAn Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art (London: Routledge, 2011)\nSymbolist Art in Context (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2009)\nCulture and National Identity in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, coeditor with Sharon Hirsh (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003)\nNationalism and the Nordic Imagination: Swedish Art of the 1890s (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1998) According to WorldCat, the book is held in 1761 libraries[8]","title":"Books"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_DeSoto_County,_Florida

National Register of Historic Places listings in DeSoto County, Florida

[]

Location of DeSoto County in Florida This is a detailed table of the district on the National Register of Historic Places in DeSoto County, Florida, United States. The location of the National Register district for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 5 listings on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024. Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Contents: Counties in Florida   (non-linked contain no National Register listings) Alachua - Baker - Bay - Bradford - Brevard - Broward - Calhoun - Charlotte - Citrus - Clay - Collier - Columbia - DeSoto - Dixie - Duval - Escambia - Flagler - Franklin - Gadsden - Gilchrist - Glades - Gulf - Hamilton - Hardee - Hendry - Hernando - Highlands - Hillsborough (Tampa) - Holmes - Indian River - Jackson - Jefferson - Lafayette - Lake - Lee - Leon - Levy - Liberty - Madison - Manatee - Marion - Martin - Miami-Dade (Miami) - Monroe - Nassau - Okaloosa - Okeechobee - Orange - Osceola - Palm Beach - Pasco - Pinellas - Polk - Putnam - St. Johns - St. Lucie - Santa Rosa - Sarasota - Seminole - Sumter - Suwannee - Taylor - Union - Volusia - Wakulla - Walton - Washington Current listing Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Arcadia Historic District Arcadia Historic District More images May 10, 1984(#84000842) Roughly bounded by Lee and Miles Avenues and Imogene, Cypress, Pine, and Magnolia Streets 27°12′57″N 81°51′37″W / 27.215833°N 81.860278°W / 27.215833; -81.860278 (Arcadia Historic District) Arcadia 2 Johnson-Smith House Johnson-Smith House More images April 16, 2013(#13000163) 1519 N. Arcadia Ave. 27°14′10″N 81°51′29″W / 27.236199°N 81.857989°W / 27.236199; -81.857989 (Johnson-Smith House) Arcadia 3 Pine Level Archeological District Pine Level Archeological District September 17, 2014(#14000618) Address Restricted 27°16′00″N 82°00′00″W / 27.266667°N 82°W / 27.266667; -82 (Pine Level Archeological District) Arcadia 4 William Oswell Ralls House William Oswell Ralls House More images February 14, 2011(#11000001) 640 West Whidden Street 27°13′13″N 81°52′01″W / 27.220278°N 81.866944°W / 27.220278; -81.866944 (William Oswell Ralls House) Arcadia 5 Micajah T. Singleton House Micajah T. Singleton House More images August 6, 2013(#13000578) 711 West Hickory Street 27°13′11″N 81°52′08″W / 27.2195853°N 81.8689501°W / 27.2195853; -81.8689501 (Micajah T. Singleton House) Arcadia See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in DeSoto County, Florida. List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida References ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in FloridaListsby county Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami-Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Lists by city Miami Tampa Other lists Black Public Schools Bridges Multiple Property Submissions National Historic Landmarks Woman's clubhouses Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteMunicipalities and communities of DeSoto County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: ArcadiaCity Arcadia CDP Southeast Arcadia Unincorporatedcommunities Brownville Cubitis Fort Ogden Hull Lake Suzy Lansing Nocatee Platt Southfort Ghost towns Liverpool Pine Level Florida portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Crook,_Nebraska

Offutt Air Force Base

["1 History","1.1 Fort Crook","1.2 Offutt Field","1.3 Glenn L. Martin Bomber Plant","1.4 Postwar use","1.5 Strategic Air Command","1.6 U.S. Strategic Command","1.7 President Bush Offutt Conference on 11 September 2001","1.8 Whistleblower suit","1.9 Previous names","1.10 Major commands to which assigned","1.11 Major units assigned","1.12 Intercontinental ballistic missile facilities","1.13 1983 killings","1.14 2019 shooting","2 Role and operations","2.1 55th Wing","2.2 595th Command and Control Group","2.3 557th Weather Wing","2.4 United States Strategic Command","3 Based units","3.1 United States Air Force","3.2 Department of Defense","4 General's Row","5 Radio transmissions","6 Demographics","7 Geography","8 Education","9 Offutt in popular culture","10 See also","11 References","12 Other sources","13 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°07′10″N 095°54′31″W / 41.11944°N 95.90861°W / 41.11944; -95.90861US Air Force base near Omaha, Nebraska "Offutt Field" redirects here. For the Pennsylvania athletic field, see Offutt Field (Greensburg). Offutt Air Force BaseOmaha, Nebraska in the United StatesAn aerial view of Offutt AFB during 2007.Offutt AFBShow map of North AmericaOffutt AFBShow map of the United StatesOffutt AFBShow map of NebraskaCoordinates41°07′10″N 095°54′31″W / 41.11944°N 95.90861°W / 41.11944; -95.90861TypeU.S. Air Force BaseSite informationOwnerDepartment of DefenseOperatorUnited States Air ForceControlled byAir Combat Command (ACC)ConditionOperationalWebsitewww.offutt.af.milSite historyBuilt1921 (1921) (as part of Fort Crook)In use1921 – presentGarrison informationCurrentcommanderColonel Mark HowardGarrison55th Wing (Host Wing)Airfield informationIdentifiersIATA: OFF, ICAO: KOFF, FAA LID: OFF, WMO: 725540Elevation319.7 metres (1,049 ft) AMSL Runways Direction Length and surface 12/30 3,567 metres (11,703 ft) Concrete Source: Federal Aviation Administration Offutt Air Force Base /ˈɒfʌt/ (IATA: OFF, ICAO: KOFF, FAA LID: OFF) is a U.S. Air Force base south of Omaha, adjacent to Bellevue in Sarpy County, Nebraska. It is the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), the 557th Weather Wing, and the 55th Wing (55 WG) of the Air Combat Command (ACC), the latter serving as the host unit. Aviation use at Offutt began in September 1918 during World War I as an Army Air Service balloon field. Originally named Fort Crook, it was renamed in honor of World War I pilot and Omaha native 1st Lt. Jarvis Offutt in 1924. Offutt AFB's legacy includes the construction of the Enola Gay and Bockscar, the planes that dropped Little Boy and Fat Man over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. Offutt served over 40 years as the headquarters for the former Strategic Air Command (SAC) and home for its associated ground and aerial command centers for the United States in the case of nuclear war during the Cold War. The population was 8,901 at the 2000 census. History Offutt AFB is named in honor of First Lieutenant Jarvis Jenness Offutt (26 October 1894 – 13 August 1918). The first native of Omaha to become a casualty in World War I, Lieutenant Offutt died of injuries sustained when his SE-5 fighter crashed during a training flight near Valheureux, France. The airfield portion of Fort Crook was designated Offutt Field on 6 May 1924. Fort Crook Offutt's history began with the commissioning by the War Department in 1890 of Fort Crook. Located some 10 miles south of Omaha and two miles west of the Missouri River, the fort was constructed between 1894 and 1896. The fort's namesake was Major General George Crook, a Civil War veteran and Indian fighter. It was first used as a dispatch point for Indian conflicts on the Great Plains. Troops from Fort Crook fought during the Spanish–American War when the 22nd Regiment under Charles A. Wikoff was dispatched to Cuba. The regiment suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of El Caney. Only 165 of the 513 regiment members survived with most succumbing to tropical diseases after the battle. The oldest surviving portion of Fort Crook is the parade grounds and surrounding red brick buildings that were constructed between 1894 and 1896. These structures are still in active use today as squadron headquarters, living quarters for high-ranking generals (Generals Row), and Nebraska's oldest operational jail. Offutt Field Offutt Field in October 1936, before the construction of hard runways and permanent facilities In 1918, the 61st Balloon Company of the Army Air Corps was assigned to Fort Crook at the close of World War I, which performed combat reconnaissance training. In the spring of 1921, the plowing, leveling, and seeding of 260 acres of land at Fort Crook created an airfield suitable for frequent takeoffs and landings and as a refueling stop for mail and transcontinental flights. The first permanent aircraft hangars were completed in 1921. Other known organizations assigned to the field were the 74th Balloon Company in November 1918; 60th Balloon Company in December 1918. On 6 May 1924, the airfield was officially named "Offutt Field". The field accommodated interim reserve flying training and regular Post Office Department airmail flights during the 1920s and 1930s; a small detachment of enlisted men (detached service) from Marshall Field and Fort Riley, Kansas, constituted the only military presence on the field between 1935 and 1940. Glenn L. Martin Bomber Plant Main article: Glenn L. Martin Bomber Plant Offutt in the mid-1940s as a war production plant for the Glenn L. Martin company In 1940 as American involvement in World War II loomed, the Army Air Corps chose Offutt Field as the site for a new bomber plant that was to be operated by the Glenn L. Martin Company. The plant's construction included a two-mile (3.2 km)-long concrete runway, six large hangars, and a 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) aircraft-assembly building. Production switched to B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombers in 1944, and 531 Superfortresses were produced before the end of World War II. Among these were the Enola Gay and Bockscar, the B-29s that dropped the first atomic weapons to be used in a military action (against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan). Production ended on 18 September 1945, when the last B-29 rolled out of the assembly building. With the manufacturing plant's closure, custody of the airfield and ground facilities were assumed by the 4131st Army Air Force Base Unit, Air Materiel Command. Postwar use 3902nd Air Base Wing insignia In the initial months after the end of World War II, Offutt was used by the 2474th Separation Processing squadron to demobilize service members out of the armed forces after their return from overseas duty. In June 1946, the Army Air Force re-designated Fort Crook and the Martin-Nebraska facilities as Offutt Field. It became the headquarters for the Air Defense Command Second Air Force on 6 June. In 1947, the airfield opened for operational use, with the 381st Bombardment Group being assigned to the field with one squadron of B-29 Superfortresses, although the facility remained primarily a separation center. The newly established United States Air Force took control of the facility in September 1947, and on 13 January 1948, it was renamed Offutt Air Force Base. Later that same year, on 26 September, the 3902nd Air Base Group (later Wing) became the host unit at Offutt. Strategic Air Command Strategic Air Command insignia On 9 November 1948, Offutt became the host base for Headquarters Strategic Air Command, which was moved from Andrews AFB, Maryland. Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington chose to locate the Air Force's long-range atomic strike force at Offutt primarily because the base was centrally located on the North American continent, placing it well beyond the existing range of long-range, nuclear-armed bombers to (then) stay safely out of range of hostile missiles or bomber aircraft. Offutt's population and facilities grew dramatically to keep pace with the increased operational demands during the Cold War. Several new dormitories and more than 2,000 family housing units – built in the late 1950s and 1960s under incremental Wherry and Capehart projects – quickly replaced the old quarters of Fort Crook. Headquarters SAC moved from the Martin-Nebraska complex to Building 500 in 1957, and new base facilities in the 1960s and 1970s included a hospital, main exchange, commissary, and library. During the late 1950s, Offutt housed a Royal Air Force facility for servicing Avro Vulcans, which visited the air base frequently while on exercise with SAC. Operational use of Offutt Air Force Base included the basing of alert tankers in the late 1950s and 1960s, support for intercontinental ballistic missile sites in Nebraska and Iowa in the 1960s, and worldwide reconnaissance from the mid-1960s to the present. To provide air defense of the base, the United States Army established the Offutt AFB Defense Area, and Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missile sites were constructed during 1959. Sites were located near Cedar Creek, Nebraska (OF-60) 40°59′00″N 096°05′28″W / 40.98333°N 96.09111°W / 40.98333; -96.09111, and Council Bluffs, Iowa (OF-10) 41°13′47″N 095°41′58″W / 41.22972°N 95.69944°W / 41.22972; -95.69944. They were operational between November 1960 and March 1966. The missiles were operated by the 6th Battalion, 43rd Artillery. During the Cold War, a general and various support personnel from the base were airborne 24 hours a day on an EC-135 from 3 February 1961 to 24 July 1990 in Operation Looking Glass, creating an airborne command post in case of war. The 3902d Air Base Wing was inactivated on 1 March 1986, and the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing assumed host-unit responsibilities for Offutt. Increased defense spending during the 1980s brought additional operational improvements to Offutt, including the Bennie Davis Aircraft Maintenance Hangar, and a new command center for Headquarters SAC. U.S. Strategic Command Gen. Curtis E. LeMay Building,U.S. Strategic Command Headquarters Offutt again faced changes in 1992 when the easing of world tensions allowed the United States to reorganize the Air Force. The Strategic Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, succeeded by the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), a Unified Combatant Command of the Department of Defense. The 55th Strategic Wing then became the 55th Wing, under the newly created Air Combat Command. In 1998, the Strategic Air and Space Museum moved 30 miles (48 km) southwest to Ashland, just off Interstate 80, midway between Omaha and Lincoln. In 2005, Offutt began several major renovations. The on-base Wherry housing area was demolished for replacement with new housing. A new fire house, AAFES mini-mall, and U.S. Post Office were completed in 2006. Additionally, the Air Force Weather Agency broke ground on a new facility which was completed in 2008. The new headquarters for STRATCOM, the Command and Control Facility (C2F), is expected to be operational in September 2018. The base sustained significant damage in the spring of 2019 as a result of the Missouri River flooding; at one point, almost half of the base's runway was underwater. Flight operations and some support staff were temporarily relocated to nearby Lincoln Air National Guard Base while repairs (as well as some pre-planned construction projects) were undertaken. President Bush Offutt Conference on 11 September 2001 On 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush conducted one of the first major strategy sessions for the response to the September 11 attacks from a bunker at the base. Bush, who was in Florida at the Emma Booker Elementary School in Sarasota at the time of the attacks, first flew from Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport to Barksdale AFB in Louisiana and then to Offutt en route back to Washington, DC. Bush arrived at 2:50pm, conducted a video conference in an underground command bunker and left for Washington, DC at 4:30pm.President George W. Bush at the Offutt AFB command bunker on 11 September 2001 Air Force One left Barksdale AFB for Offutt AFB around 1:30pm. The Air Force One entourage was pared down to a few essential staffers such as Ari Fleischer, Andrew Card, Karl Rove, Dan Bartlett, Brian Montgomery, and Gordon Johndroe, plus about five reporters. During the flight, Bush remained in "continuous contact" with both the White House Situation Room and Vice President Dick Cheney in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. Air Force One landed at Offutt shortly before 3:00pm. At 3:06pm, Bush passed through security to the US Strategic Command Underground Command Center (41°06′50″N 095°55′04″W / 41.11389°N 95.91778°W / 41.11389; -95.91778) and was taken into an underground bunker designed to withstand a nuclear blast. There, he held a teleconference call with Vice President Cheney, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, CIA Director George Tenet, Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta, and others. The meeting lasted about an hour. Rice recalled that during the meeting, Tenet told Bush, "Sir, I believe it's al-Qaeda. We're doing the assessment but it looks like, it feels like, it smells like al-Qaeda." The White House staff was preparing for Bush to address the nation from the Offutt bunker, but Bush decided instead to return to Washington. Air Force One left Offutt around 4:30pm. Whistleblower suit In May 2011, base civilian employee George Sarris successfully settled with the government over claims that he was subjected to retaliation for talking to the media in 2008 about poor maintenance of RC-135 aircraft at the base. After Sarris' allegations appeared in the Kansas City Star, base officials revoked his security clearance and reassigned him to menial duties. Later investigations by the government substantiated many of Sarris' claims. As part of the settlement, the USAF agreed to pay Sarris his full salary until he retired in 2014 and paid $21,000 of his attorney's fees. After retiring, Sarris published a book titled, Cowardice in Leadership – A Lesson in Harassment, Intimidation, and Reprisals. Ten years after Sarris blew the whistle, the Omaha World Herald published a three-part series titled "In-flight emergency", which confirmed his earlier claims. Previous names Fort Crook, 3 March 1891 Offutt Flying Field, Fort Crook, 1920 Offutt Field, 6 May 1924 Space Shuttle Atlantis being shuttled through Offutt following a mission on 1 July 2007 Major commands to which assigned Seventh Corps Area, United States Army, 1920 Army Air Forces Materiel Command, 13 October 1942 Army Air Forces Materiel and Services Command, 1944 Redesignated: AAF Technical Service Comd, 31 August 1944 Redesignated: Air Technical Service Command, 1945 Redesignated: Air Materiel Command, 9 March 1946 : The United States Army Seventh Service Command exercised overall jurisdiction until 11 June 1946 Air Defense Command, 11 June 1946 Strategic Air Command, 1 October 1948 Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 Major units assigned Second Air Force, 6 June 1946 – 1 July 1948 381st Bombardment Group, 24 July 1947 – 27 June 1949 Tenth Air Force, 1 July – 24 August 1948 3902d Air Base Group (later Wing), 26 September 1948 – 1 March 1986 Strategic Air Command, 8 November 1948 – 1 June 1992 438th Troop Carrier Wing, 27 June 1949 – 14 March 1951 5th Air Division, 14 January – 25 May 1951 1st Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1956 544th Strategic Intelligence Wing, 12 April 1952 – 1 June 1992 3d Weather Wing, 8 October 1956 – 1 June 1992 34th Air Refueling Squadron, 1 October 1958 – 25 June 1966 4321st Strategic Wing, 1 October 1959 – 1 January 1963 549th Strategic Missile Squadron, 1 July 1961 – 15 December 1964 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing, 1 January 1963 – 15 December 1964 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (and subsequent redesignations), 16 August 1966 – present Air Force Global Weather Center (and subsequent redesignations), 8 July 1969 – present 1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron (and subsequent redesignations), 1 July 1977 – present United States Strategic Command, 1 June 1992 – present 55th Electronic Combat Group, 1 April 1992 – present General Curtis Lemay Offutt Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol 595th Command and Control Group 1st Air COMM Group, then 1st Air Comm Wing, then 1st Air Information Systems Wing at least August 1984 – April 1988. The Squadrons were 390th, 1850th, 1851st, and the 1853rd. Intercontinental ballistic missile facilities SM-65D Atlas Missile Sites The 549th Strategic Missile Squadron operated three SM-65D Atlas ICBM sites (1 October 1960 – 15 December 1964). Each site was composed of three missile silos (9 total). 549-A, 3.4 mi SE of Mead, NE 41°11′37″N 096°26′23″W / 41.19361°N 96.43972°W / 41.19361; -96.43972 (549-A) 549-B, 3.6 mi NE of Arlington, NE 41°29′17″N 096°17′59″W / 41.48806°N 96.29972°W / 41.48806; -96.29972 (549-B) 549-C, 4.3 mi SE of Missouri Valley, IA 41°31′15″N 095°49′09″W / 41.52083°N 95.81917°W / 41.52083; -95.81917 (549-C) Beginning in 1958, the Army Corps of Engineers began planning for the sites, and construction began in 1959. The construction project was completed on 28 July 1960. In April and May 1961, the three complexes became the last Atlas D missiles to go on alert. The missiles were manned by the 549th Strategic Missile Squadron which was activated on 1 October 1960. The squadron began to phase down with the inactivation of the Atlas-D on 1 October 1964, and was inactivated 14 December 1964. Confusingly, the squadron was originally the 566th but on 1 July 1961 SAC swapped designators with the 549th at F.E. Warren AFB. The 549th SMS was under the 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing. Site "A" was abandoned for many years, until the late 1970s when the Nebraska National Guard took over ownership of the site to establish a training area called the Mead Training Site. The site is managed by the Camp Ashland Training Site Command. The training area has been used by the National Guard, United States Air Force, local law enforcement, and other entities as a training site for many years. 3/209th RTI out of Camp Ashland began using Mead Training Site in 2008 as the primary training facility for their 88M military occupational specialty reclassification school and continues to use the site year round. A MOUT site (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) was constructed at the site in 2009. Two Nebraska National Guard armories were built directly alongside the training area in 2012. Many other National Guard units use the site for drill weekends and annual trainings. Airmen out of Offutt Air Force Base practice Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) Training at the site several weekends a year. Site "B" is in use for agricultural storage. Site "C" has been demolished, with only the access roads remaining. 1983 killings Serial killer John Joubert murdered two boys while stationed at the base in 1983. 2019 shooting In September 2019, a shooting took place in Offutt's private housing community, killing Sgt. Zachary Firlik and his wife Kari Firlik. The case was identified as a murder-suicide; the shooter, Zachary Firlik, was an active off-duty airman, who afterwards killed himself. Role and operations Offutt Air Force Base is the host station for the 55th Wing (55 WG), the largest wing of the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command. Additionally, the base is home to many significant associate units, including US Strategic Command Headquarters, the 557th Weather Wing, the Omaha operating location of the Defense Finance and Accounting Service, and many others. 55th Wing A Boeing RC-135S 'Cobra Ball' of the 55th Wing based at Offutt AFB. The 55th Wing is composed of five groups at Offutt AFB and at various locations worldwide: 55th Operations Group The 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command's (ACC) largest group, has operational control over 11 squadrons and two detachments worldwide. The group consists of approximately 3,200 personnel. It employs 46 aircraft, including 13 models of seven different types. The 55th Operations Group uses the tail code OF for its aircraft 38th Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135) 343d Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135) 45th Reconnaissance Squadron (OC-135, RC-135, TC-135, WC-135) 338th Combat Training Squadron (Simulator) 82d Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135) Operates from Kadena AB, Japan 95th Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135) Operates from: RAF Mildenhall, England 55th Electronic Combat Group The 55th Electronic Combat Group, stationed at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, is an operations group and geographically separated unit (GSU) of the 55th Wing. It consists of 5 squadrons, 3 flying squadrons, 1 support squadron and 1 maintenance squadron. All 3 flying squadrons utilize various models of the EC-130 aircraft. 41st Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS) 42d Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS) 43d Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS) 755th Operations Support Squadron (OSS) 755th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS) 55th Maintenance Group The 55th Maintenance Operations Squadron provides centralized direction of all maintenance staff functions providing support to world-wide aircraft reconnaissance missions. 55th Mission Support Group The 55th Mission Support Group provides mission support for Offutt AFB through engineering, security, mission support, services, supply, transportation, contracting & deployment readiness programs. 55th Communications Group The 55th Communications Group provides worldwide command, control, communications and computer (C4) systems, information management and combat support to warfighting and national leadership. It also provides communications technology and support to the 55th Wing and 44 tenant units. 55th Medical Group The 55th Medical Group serves 28K enrolled patients with outpatient clinic capabilities, and ancillary support. 595th Command and Control Group A Boeing E-4B of the 1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron seen at Offutt AFB in 2012. The 595th Command and Control Group (C2G) was activated in a ceremony held on 6 October 2016. The mission of the 595th C2G is to consolidate the Air Force's portion of the nuclear triad, including Air Force nuclear command and control communications, under the auspices of Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). Previously, portions of the Air Force's command and control of nuclear operations had been divided among AFGSC, Air Combat Command, and the Twentieth Air Force. The 595th Command and Control Group is composed of four squadrons: 1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron 595th Strategic Communications Squadron 595th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 625th Strategic Operations Squadron 557th Weather Wing The 557th Weather Wing, formerly the Air Force Weather Agency, is headquartered at Offutt AFB. It is the lead weather center of the United States Air Force. United States Strategic Command United States Strategic Command Offutt AFB is the headquarters of United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) which is one of the ten Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). USSTRATCOM was established in 1992 as a successor to Strategic Air Command (SAC). It is charged with space operations (such as military satellites), information operations (such as information warfare), missile defense, global command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), global strike and strategic deterrence (the United States nuclear arsenal), and combating weapons of mass destruction. Based units Flying and notable non-flying units based at Offutt Air Force Base. Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Offutt, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location. United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC) Sixteenth Air Force 55th Wing (Host Wing) 55th Operations Group 38th Reconnaissance Squadron – RC-135V/W Rivet Joint, TC-135W 45th Reconnaissance Squadron – OC-135B Open Skies, RC-135S Cobra Ball, RC-135U Combat Sent, TC-135W, WC-135W Constant Phoenix 55th Intelligence Support Squadron 55th Operations Support Squadron 97th Intelligence Squadron 338th Combat Training Squadron – RC-135, OC-135, WC-135 343rd Reconnaissance Squadron – RC-135V/W Rivet Joint, TC-135W 390th Intelligence Squadron 488th Intelligence Squadron 55th Communications Group 55th Communications Squadron 55th Strategic Communications Squadron 55th Maintenance Group 55th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 55th Maintenance Squadron 55th Medical Group 55th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron 55th Dental Squadron 55th Medical Operations Squadron 55th Medical Support Squadron 55th Mission Support Group 55th Civil Engineering Squadron 55th Contracting Squadron 55th Force Support Squadron 55th Logistics Readiness Flight 55th Security Forces Squadron 363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing 363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group 20th Intelligence Squadron (GSU) 557th Weather Wing 1st Weather Group 2nd Weather Group 2nd Weather Squadron 2nd Weather Support Squadron 2nd Systems Operations Squadron 16th Weather Squadron American Forces Network Weather Center Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) Eighth Air Force 595th Command and Control Group 1st Airborne Command Control Squadron – E-4B Advanced Airborne Command Post 595th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 595th Strategic Communications Squadron 625th Strategic Operations Squadron Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) Tenth Air Force 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group 49th Intelligence Squadron (GSU) 755th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group 820th Intelligence Squadron (GSU) 960th Cyberspace Wing 960th Cyberspace Operations Group 52nd Network Warfare Squadron (GSU) Air National Guard (ANG) Nebraska Air National Guard 170th Group 170th Operations Support Squadron 238th Combat Training Squadron – RC-135, OC-135, WC-135 Department of Defense United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) Headquarters United States Strategic Command Global Operations Center Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) Headquarters Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency General's Row Most of the high-ranking officials at Offutt live on General's Row, a row of 4-story duplexes that was built in 1895. Radio transmissions Because of its central position in the US, radio traffic to and from Offutt is often heard by shortwave listeners on 11175 kHz, USB. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20205,363—U.S. Decennial Census CDP in Nebraska, United StatesOffutt AFB, NebraskaCDPLocation of Offutt AFB, NebraskaU.S. Census MapCountryUnited StatesStateNebraskaCountySarpyArea • Total4.17 sq mi (10.80 km2) • Land3.96 sq mi (10.27 km2) • Water0.20 sq mi (0.53 km2)Elevation988 ft (301 m)Population (2020) • Total5,363 • Density1,352.93/sq mi (522.35/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code31-35945GNIS feature ID0837659Websitewww.stratcom.mil As of the census of 2000, there were 8,901 people, 2,304 households, and 2,255 families residing on the base. The population density was 2,113.1 people per square mile (816.3/km2). There were 2,429 housing units at an average density of 576.6/sq mi (222.8/km2). The racial makeup of the base was 78.0% White, 10.4% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population. There were 2,304 households, out of which 79.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.5% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.1% were non-families. 1.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.61 and the average family size was 3.64. On the base the population was spread out, with 41.9% under the age of 18, 16.8% from 18 to 24, 39.7% from 25 to 44, 1.4% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.7 males. The median income for a household on the base was $36,742, and the median income for a family was $36,619. Males had a median income of $25,391 versus $21,593 for females. The per capita income for the base was $11,580. About 4.4% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Geography Offutt Air Force Base is located at 41°06′49″N 95°55′42″W / 41.11361°N 95.92833°W / 41.11361; -95.92833. According to the United States Census Bureau, the base has a total area of 4.3 square miles (11.3 km2), of which, 4.2 square miles (10.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.4 km2) of it (3.22%) is water. Education Most of the base is in the Bellevue Public Schools school district. A portion is in the Papillion-La Vista School District. Offutt in popular culture Offutt was brought to popular attention during its SAC period when the command was depicted in the 1955 film Strategic Air Command starring Jimmy Stewart, the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles starring Rock Hudson, and 1964's Fail-Safe starring Henry Fonda (which not only claimed to show portions of the base but also a nearby Omaha neighborhood) and Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb starring Peter Sellers (which depicts a nuclear first strike from a mad general at the fictional Burpelson Air Force Base). Offutt appeared in the Star Trek episode "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" (identified as 'the Omaha installation'), when a fighter pilot stationed there detects the approaching USS Enterprise and is transported aboard. The Dale Brown novel Plan of Attack saw nuclear missiles launched by Russian bombers attacking multiple bomber bases all over the U.S, including Offutt, which is destroyed by four Kh-15 (AS-17 Kickback) missiles. Only one Boeing E-4 NEACP escapes in time, and the officials of the Eighth Air Force and STRATCOM are eliminated in the process. Pat Frank's iconic Cold War novel Alas, Babylon (1959) has Air Force Colonel Mark Bragg, the brother of the protagonist Randy Bragg, stationed at Offutt. In the 1983 post apocalyptic feature film for television, "The Day After", Offutt is represented as a SAC Aircraft departs the field as the cameras then change focus to the countryside as the credits roll. Offutt is also mentioned in Strike Three, a post-apocalyptic novel, by Joy V. Smith. An aerial view of Offutt is used as a photographic reference on an SCPF Secure Facility Dossier for Site-19. See also Nebraska World War II Army Airfields SAC Elite Guard David Wade, Strategic Air Command chief of staff at Offutt in middle 1950s References ^ "Airport Diagram – Offutt AFB (KOFF)" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019. ^ World War I Group, Historical Division, Special Staff, United States Army, Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919) ^ "History of Offutt Air Force Base" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 129. ^ "Corporal Elmore Nelson". Emmitsburg Area Historical Society. Retrieved 11 January 2007. ^ "MAJOR GENERAL A.J. BECK". Air Force e-Publishing. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008. ^ " Vulcan Development". AirVectors. Retrieved 17 March 2010. ^ "Lincoln Air Force Base Online Museum". www.lincolnafb.org. ^ Axe, Dave (10 July 2018). "The US Military Has a New Facility for Overseeing Nuclear War". Vice Media. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. ^ Olberding, Matt (15 February 2019). "Lincoln Airport approves deal with Air Force for Offutt planes". JournalStar.com. ^ Losey, Stephen (19 March 2019). "Floodwaters overwhelm one-third of Offutt; nine aircraft evacuated". Air Force Times. ^ a b c d e Cline, Austin. "September 11, 2001: Timeline of Events". About.com Guide. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2006. ^ "Offutt Air Force Base". Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Kohn, David (11 September 2014). "Bush's Press Secretary Live-Tweets 9/11 From His Perspective". mashable.com. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ a b c d Langely, William. "Revealed: what really went on during Bush's 'missing hours". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Kohn, David (2 September 2003). "Bush on 9/11: Moment To Moment". CBS News. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ McGraw, Mike. "Air Force whistleblower settles claims". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Sarris, George. "Cowardice in Leadership". Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ "In-flight emergency: An investigation into flight safety at Offutt's 55th Wing". Omaha.com. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2019. ^ a b Wade, Jessica; Cole, Kevin (30 September 2019). "2 dead in shooting near Offutt identified as active-duty service member, spouse". Omaha.com. ^ THAYER, ROSE L. "Father confirms daughter's death in Offutt Air Force Base shooting". Stars and Stripes. ^ Liewer, Steve (9 October 2019). "Offutt couple's deaths being investigated as murder-suicide, court documents say". Omaha.com. ^ "Units". www.offutt.af.mil. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ "Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" (PDF). www.dtic.mil/. Pentagon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ^ Hammes, SRA Rachel (4 October 2016). "595th Command and Control Group activates at Offutt" (Press release). Air Force History Index. ^ "Aircraft and Squadrons of the US Air Force". United States Air Force Air Power Review 2018. Key Publishing: 84–86. 2018. ^ "55th Wing". Offutt AFB. US Air Force. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "Units". 557th Weather Wing. US Air Force. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "595th Command and Control Group". 8th Air Force. US Air Force. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "About". US Strategic Command. Department of Defense. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "Wing Fact Sheet 655th ISRW" (PDF). 10 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022. ^ "20 Intelligence Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "Units". ^ "USAF High Frequency Global Communications System - The RadioReference Wiki". wiki.radioreference.com. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2016. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 September 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 January 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sarpy County, NE" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022. ^ Filipp, Scientist. "Secure Facility Dossier: Site-19 - SCP Sandbox III". scp-sandbox-3.wikidot.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023. Other sources  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency  This article incorporates public domain material from Offutt Air Force Base. United States Air Force. Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1). Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Mueller, Robert. Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Offutt Air Force Base. US Strategic Command, official web site Offutt AFB history at Strategic-Air-Command.com Offutt AFB at GlobalSecurity.org The short film Air Force Special Film Project 416,"Power of Decision" (1958) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive. FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective January 25, 2024 FAA Terminal Procedures for OFF, effective January 25, 2024 Resources for this U.S. military airport: FAA airport information for OFF AirNav airport information for KOFF ASN accident history for OFF NOAA/NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KOFF Historic American Engineering Record documentation, filed under Bellevue, Sarpy County, NE: HAER No. NE-9-A, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post", 9 photos, 1 measured drawing, 44 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-B, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Looking Glass Aircraft", 18 photos, 2 measured drawings, 5 data pages, 3 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-C, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Operational & Hangar Access Aprons", 4 photos, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-D, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Blast Deflector Fences", 4 photos, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-E, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Traffic Check House", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-F, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Nose Docks", 25 photos, 5 data pages, 3 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-G, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Aerospace Ground Equipment Storage Facility", 8 photos, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-H, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Vehicle Refueling Station", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-I, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Vehicle Refueling Shop", 6 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-J, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Squadron Operations Building", 7 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-K, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Water Supply Building", 4 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page HAER No. NE-9-L, "Offutt Air Force Base, Looking Glass Airborne Command Post, Hydraulic Fluid Buildings", 8 photos, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-M, "Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters & Command Center, Headquarters Building", 86 photos, 6 measured drawings, 62 data pages, 9 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-N, "Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters & Command Center, Command Center", 15 photos, 9 data pages, 3 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-O, "Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters & Command Center, Traffic Check House", 1 photo, 3 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-P, "Offutt Air Force Base, Glenn L. Martin-Nebraska Bomber Plant, Building A", 10 photos, 5 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-Q, "Offutt Air Force Base, Glenn L. Martin-Nebraska Bomber Plant, Building C", 10 photos, 5 data pages, 2 photo caption pages HAER No. NE-9-R, "Offutt Air Force Base, Glenn L. Martin-Nebraska Bomber Plant, Building D", 31 photos, 7 measured drawings, 50 data pages, 8 photo caption pages vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Air Staff Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Director of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four-star generals Three-star generals 1940–1959 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces StructureCommands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE–AFAFRICA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Expeditionary Fifteenth Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-Second Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Personnel Rank officers cadets enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training: Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Aircraft Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces "The U.S. Air Force" Air Force Band Airman's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One / Air Force Two Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Air & Space Forces Association Category vte Air Combat CommandAir Forces First (Northern) Ninth (Central) Twelfth (Southern) Fifteenth Sixteenth (Cyber) Centers 601st Air Operations 609th Air Operations 612th Air Operations 616th Operations Air Force Technical Applications Cyberspace Capabilities United States Air Force Warfare Bases Beale Creech Davis–Monthan Grand Forks Langley–Eustis (Langley) Moody Mountain Home Nellis Offutt Seymour Johnson Shaw Tonopah Tyndall WingsComposite 23rd 53rd 55th 57th 355th 432nd Fighter 1st 4th 20th 325th 366th 388th Cyberspace 67th 688th Other 9th Reconnaissance 70th ISR 93rd Air Ground Operations 99th Air Base 319th Reconnaissance 363rd ISR 461st Air Control 480th ISR 505th Command and Control 552nd Air Control 557th Weather 633rd Air Base Links to related articles vte Strategic Air Command (SAC)Basesactive(MAJCOM)CONUS Altus (AETC) Andersen (PACAF) Andrews (AMC) Barksdale (ACC) Beale (ACC) Bolling (AFDW) Cannon (AFSOC) Cape Cod (USSF) Columbus (AETC) Davis-Monthan (ACC) Dyess (ACC) Eielson (PACAF) Ellsworth (ACC) Eglin (AFMC) F. 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Nebraska, United StatesCounty seat: PapillionCities Bellevue Gretna La Vista Papillion Springfield Map of Nebraska highlighting Sarpy CountyCDPs Beacon View Chalco La Platte Linoma Beach Melia Offutt AFB Richfield Othercommunities Avery Gilmore Meadow Portal Nebraska portal United States portal vte City of OmahaTopics Culture Cuisine Theatre Music Economy Businesses Port Tourism Transportation Railroads Metro Transit Omaha station Omaha Bus Station Media Hospitals Cemeteries Geography Metropolitan area Landmarks Parks Trails Neighborhoods Streets Boulevards History Timeline Founders Historic companies Civil Rights Movement Civil unrest Racial tension Mall shooting Government Mayors City Council Police Crime Education Public schools List Catholic schools Higher education People Churches Synagogues Ethnic groups Category Buildings vteMetropolitan area of Omaha–Council BluffsPrimary citiesNebraska Omaha Iowa Council Bluffs Cities over 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Bellevue La Vista Papillion Cities of 5,000 to 10,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Blair Gretna Plattsmouth Ralston Iowa Glenwood Cities of 1,000 to 5,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Arlington Ashland Eagle Louisville Springfield Valley Wahoo Weeping Water Yutan Iowa Avoca Carter Lake Dunlap Logan Malvern Missouri Valley Oakland Woodbine Census-designated placesNebraska Chalco Offutt AFB Cities and villagesof fewer than 1,000(per 2010 census)Nebraska Alvo Avoca Bennington Boys Town Cedar Bluffs Cedar Creek Ceresco Colon Elmwood Fort Calhoun Greenwood Herman Ithaca Kennard Leshara Malmo Manley Mead Memphis Morse Bluff Murdock Murray Nehawka Prague South Bend Union Valparaiso Washington Waterloo Weston Iowa Carson Crescent Emerson Hancock Hastings Henderson Little Sioux Macedonia Magnolia McClelland Minden Mineola Modale Mondamin Neola Pacific Junction Persia Pisgah Shelby Silver City Treynor Underwood Walnut CountiesNebraska Cass Douglas Sarpy Saunders Washington Iowa Harrison Mills Pottawattamie Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other NARA 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Offutt Field (Greensburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_Field_(Greensburg)"},{"link_name":"/ˈɒfʌt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Sarpy County, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarpy_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"U.S. Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"557th Weather Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/557th_Weather_Wing"},{"link_name":"55th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Offutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Offutt"},{"link_name":"Enola Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola_Gay"},{"link_name":"Bockscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockscar"},{"link_name":"Little Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy"},{"link_name":"Fat Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000"}],"text":"US Air Force base near Omaha, Nebraska\"Offutt Field\" redirects here. For the Pennsylvania athletic field, see Offutt Field (Greensburg).Offutt Air Force Base /ˈɒfʌt/ (IATA: OFF, ICAO: KOFF, FAA LID: OFF) is a U.S. Air Force base south of Omaha, adjacent to Bellevue in Sarpy County, Nebraska. It is the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), the 557th Weather Wing, and the 55th Wing (55 WG) of the Air Combat Command (ACC), the latter serving as the host unit.Aviation use at Offutt began in September 1918 during World War I as an Army Air Service balloon field.[2] Originally named Fort Crook, it was renamed in honor of World War I pilot and Omaha native 1st Lt. Jarvis Offutt in 1924.Offutt AFB's legacy includes the construction of the Enola Gay and Bockscar, the planes that dropped Little Boy and Fat Man over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. Offutt served over 40 years as the headquarters for the former Strategic Air Command (SAC) and home for its associated ground and aerial command centers for the United States in the case of nuclear war during the Cold War. The population was 8,901 at the 2000 census.","title":"Offutt Air Force Base"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Lieutenant Jarvis Jenness Offutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Offutt"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"SE-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_S.E.5"},{"link_name":"Valheureux, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Offutt AFB is named in honor of First Lieutenant Jarvis Jenness Offutt (26 October 1894 – 13 August 1918). The first native of Omaha to become a casualty in World War I, Lieutenant Offutt died of injuries sustained when his SE-5 fighter crashed during a training flight near Valheureux, France. The airfield portion of Fort Crook was designated Offutt Field on 6 May 1924.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"George Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crook"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"veteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Wikoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Wikoff"},{"link_name":"Battle of El Caney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney"},{"link_name":"tropical diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"parade grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(military)"}],"sub_title":"Fort Crook","text":"Offutt's history began with the commissioning by the War Department in 1890 of Fort Crook. Located some 10 miles south of Omaha and two miles west of the Missouri River, the fort was constructed between 1894 and 1896. The fort's namesake was Major General George Crook,[4] a Civil War veteran and Indian fighter.It was first used as a dispatch point for Indian conflicts on the Great Plains. Troops from Fort Crook fought during the Spanish–American War when the 22nd Regiment under Charles A. Wikoff was dispatched to Cuba. The regiment suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of El Caney. Only 165 of the 513 regiment members survived with most succumbing to tropical diseases after the battle.[5]The oldest surviving portion of Fort Crook is the parade grounds and surrounding red brick buildings that were constructed between 1894 and 1896. These structures are still in active use today as squadron headquarters, living quarters for high-ranking generals (Generals Row), and Nebraska's oldest operational jail.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offutt_field_-_October_1936.jpg"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Post Office Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department"}],"sub_title":"Offutt Field","text":"Offutt Field in October 1936, before the construction of hard runways and permanent facilitiesIn 1918, the 61st Balloon Company of the Army Air Corps was assigned to Fort Crook at the close of World War I, which performed combat reconnaissance training. In the spring of 1921, the plowing, leveling, and seeding of 260 acres of land at Fort Crook created an airfield suitable for frequent takeoffs and landings and as a refueling stop for mail and transcontinental flights. The first permanent aircraft hangars were completed in 1921. Other known organizations assigned to the field were the 74th Balloon Company in November 1918; 60th Balloon Company in December 1918.On 6 May 1924, the airfield was officially named \"Offutt Field\". The field accommodated interim reserve flying training and regular Post Office Department airmail flights during the 1920s and 1930s; a small detachment of enlisted men (detached service) from Marshall Field and Fort Riley, Kansas, constituted the only military presence on the field between 1935 and 1940.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offutt_field_-_1940s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glenn L. Martin Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Enola Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola_Gay"},{"link_name":"Bockscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockscar"},{"link_name":"first atomic weapons to be used in a military action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"}],"sub_title":"Glenn L. Martin Bomber Plant","text":"Offutt in the mid-1940s as a war production plant for the Glenn L. Martin companyIn 1940 as American involvement in World War II loomed, the Army Air Corps chose Offutt Field as the site for a new bomber plant that was to be operated by the Glenn L. Martin Company. The plant's construction included a two-mile (3.2 km)-long concrete runway, six large hangars, and a 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) aircraft-assembly building.Production switched to B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombers in 1944, and 531 Superfortresses were produced before the end of World War II. Among these were the Enola Gay and Bockscar, the B-29s that dropped the first atomic weapons to be used in a military action (against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan).Production ended on 18 September 1945, when the last B-29 rolled out of the assembly building. With the manufacturing plant's closure, custody of the airfield and ground facilities were assumed by the 4131st Army Air Force Base Unit, Air Materiel Command.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wing_3902nd_Air_Base.gif"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Second Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"381st Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/381st_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Postwar use","text":"3902nd Air Base Wing insigniaIn the initial months after the end of World War II, Offutt was used by the 2474th Separation Processing squadron to demobilize service members out of the armed forces after their return from overseas duty. In June 1946, the Army Air Force re-designated Fort Crook and the Martin-Nebraska facilities as Offutt Field. It became the headquarters for the Air Defense Command Second Air Force on 6 June. In 1947, the airfield opened for operational use, with the 381st Bombardment Group being assigned to the field with one squadron of B-29 Superfortresses, although the facility remained primarily a separation center.The newly established United States Air Force took control of the facility in September 1947, and on 13 January 1948, it was renamed Offutt Air Force Base. Later that same year, on 26 September, the 3902nd Air Base Group (later Wing) became the host unit at Offutt.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAC_Shield.svg"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Andrews AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_AFB"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Stuart Symington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Symington"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Avro Vulcans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Offutt AFB Defense Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_AFB_Defense_Area"},{"link_name":"Nike-Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"40°59′00″N 096°05′28″W / 40.98333°N 96.09111°W / 40.98333; -96.09111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=40_59_00_N_096_05_28_W_"},{"link_name":"41°13′47″N 095°41′58″W / 41.22972°N 95.69944°W / 41.22972; -95.69944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_13_47_N_095_41_58_W_"},{"link_name":"43rd Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"EC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_EC-135"},{"link_name":"Operation Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Glass_(airplane)"},{"link_name":"55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Bennie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_L._Davis"}],"sub_title":"Strategic Air Command","text":"Strategic Air Command insigniaOn 9 November 1948, Offutt became the host base for Headquarters Strategic Air Command, which was moved from Andrews AFB, Maryland. Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington chose to locate the Air Force's long-range atomic strike force at Offutt primarily because the base was centrally located on the North American continent, placing it well beyond the existing range of long-range, nuclear-armed bombers to (then) stay safely out of range of hostile missiles or bomber aircraft.Offutt's population and facilities grew dramatically to keep pace with the increased operational demands during the Cold War. Several new dormitories and more than 2,000 family housing units – built in the late 1950s and 1960s under incremental Wherry and Capehart projects – quickly replaced the old quarters of Fort Crook. Headquarters SAC moved from the Martin-Nebraska complex to Building 500 in 1957, and new base facilities in the 1960s and 1970s included a hospital, main exchange, commissary, and library.During the late 1950s, Offutt housed a Royal Air Force facility for servicing Avro Vulcans, which visited the air base frequently while on exercise with SAC.[7]Operational use of Offutt Air Force Base included the basing of alert tankers in the late 1950s and 1960s, support for intercontinental ballistic missile sites in Nebraska and Iowa in the 1960s, and worldwide reconnaissance from the mid-1960s to the present.To provide air defense of the base, the United States Army established the Offutt AFB Defense Area, and Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missile sites were constructed during 1959. Sites were located near Cedar Creek, Nebraska (OF-60) 40°59′00″N 096°05′28″W / 40.98333°N 96.09111°W / 40.98333; -96.09111, and Council Bluffs, Iowa (OF-10) 41°13′47″N 095°41′58″W / 41.22972°N 95.69944°W / 41.22972; -95.69944. They were operational between November 1960 and March 1966. The missiles were operated by the 6th Battalion, 43rd Artillery.[8]During the Cold War, a general and various support personnel from the base were airborne 24 hours a day on an EC-135 from 3 February 1961 to 24 July 1990 in Operation Looking Glass, creating an airborne command post in case of war.The 3902d Air Base Wing was inactivated on 1 March 1986, and the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing assumed host-unit responsibilities for Offutt. Increased defense spending during the 1980s brought additional operational improvements to Offutt, including the Bennie Davis Aircraft Maintenance Hangar, and a new command center for Headquarters SAC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeMaybldg.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"U.S. Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"USSTRATCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSTRATCOM"},{"link_name":"Unified Combatant Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"55th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Wherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry"},{"link_name":"AAFES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAFES"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-9"},{"link_name":"Missouri River flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Midwestern_U.S._floods"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Airport_(Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"U.S. Strategic Command","text":"Gen. Curtis E. LeMay Building,U.S. Strategic Command HeadquartersOffutt again faced changes in 1992 when the easing of world tensions allowed the United States to reorganize the Air Force. The Strategic Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, succeeded by the U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), a Unified Combatant Command of the Department of Defense. The 55th Strategic Wing then became the 55th Wing, under the newly created Air Combat Command.In 1998, the Strategic Air and Space Museum moved 30 miles (48 km) southwest to Ashland, just off Interstate 80, midway between Omaha and Lincoln.In 2005, Offutt began several major renovations. The on-base Wherry housing area was demolished for replacement with new housing. A new fire house, AAFES mini-mall, and U.S. Post Office were completed in 2006. Additionally, the Air Force Weather Agency broke ground on a new facility which was completed in 2008.The new headquarters for STRATCOM, the Command and Control Facility (C2F), is expected to be operational in September 2018.[9]The base sustained significant damage in the spring of 2019 as a result of the Missouri River flooding; at one point, almost half of the base's runway was underwater. Flight operations and some support staff were temporarily relocated to nearby Lincoln Air National Guard Base while repairs (as well as some pre-planned construction projects) were undertaken.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Emma Booker Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Booker_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Sarasota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-12"},{"link_name":"Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota-Bradenton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Barksdale AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barksdale_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-house-offutt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Force One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ari Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Andrew Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Card"},{"link_name":"Karl Rove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rove"},{"link_name":"Dan Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Gordon Johndroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Johndroe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mashable-14"},{"link_name":"White House Situation Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Situation_Room"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Presidential Emergency Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-12"},{"link_name":"41°06′50″N 095°55′04″W / 41.11389°N 95.91778°W / 41.11389; -95.91778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_06_50_N_095_55_04_W_"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-15"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"Donald Rumsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld"},{"link_name":"Richard Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(politician)"},{"link_name":"George Tenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tenet"},{"link_name":"Norman Mineta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mineta"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-15"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60min-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-12"}],"sub_title":"President Bush Offutt Conference on 11 September 2001","text":"On 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush conducted one of the first major strategy sessions for the response to the September 11 attacks from a bunker at the base.Bush, who was in Florida at the Emma Booker Elementary School in Sarasota[12] at the time of the attacks, first flew from Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport to Barksdale AFB in Louisiana and then to Offutt en route back to Washington, DC. Bush arrived at 2:50pm, conducted a video conference in an underground command bunker and left for Washington, DC at 4:30pm.[12]President George W. Bush at the Offutt AFB command bunker on 11 September 2001Air Force One left Barksdale AFB for Offutt AFB around 1:30pm.[13] The Air Force One entourage was pared down to a few essential staffers such as Ari Fleischer, Andrew Card, Karl Rove, Dan Bartlett, Brian Montgomery, and Gordon Johndroe, plus about five reporters.[14] During the flight, Bush remained in \"continuous contact\" with both the White House Situation Room and Vice President Dick Cheney in the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.[15]Air Force One landed at Offutt shortly before 3:00pm.[12] At 3:06pm, Bush passed through security to the US Strategic Command Underground Command Center (41°06′50″N 095°55′04″W / 41.11389°N 95.91778°W / 41.11389; -95.91778)[12] and was taken into an underground bunker designed to withstand a nuclear blast.[15] There, he held a teleconference call with Vice President Cheney, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, CIA Director George Tenet, Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta, and others.[15] The meeting lasted about an hour. Rice recalled that during the meeting, Tenet told Bush, \"Sir, I believe it's al-Qaeda. We're doing the assessment but it looks like, it feels like, it smells like al-Qaeda.\"[16] The White House staff was preparing for Bush to address the nation from the Offutt bunker, but Bush decided instead to return to Washington.[15] Air Force One left Offutt around 4:30pm.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Star"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Omaha World Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Whistleblower suit","text":"In May 2011, base civilian employee George Sarris successfully settled with the government over claims that he was subjected to retaliation for talking to the media in 2008 about poor maintenance of RC-135 aircraft at the base. After Sarris' allegations appeared in the Kansas City Star, base officials revoked his security clearance and reassigned him to menial duties. Later investigations by the government substantiated many of Sarris' claims. As part of the settlement, the USAF agreed to pay Sarris his full salary until he retired in 2014 and paid $21,000 of his attorney's fees.[17] After retiring, Sarris published a book titled, Cowardice in Leadership – A Lesson in Harassment, Intimidation, and Reprisals.[18] Ten years after Sarris blew the whistle, the Omaha World Herald published a three-part series titled \"In-flight emergency\", which confirmed his earlier claims.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Offutt-atlantis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis"}],"sub_title":"Previous names","text":"Fort Crook, 3 March 1891\nOffutt Flying Field, Fort Crook, 1920\nOffutt Field, 6 May 1924Space Shuttle Atlantis being shuttled through Offutt following a mission on 1 July 2007","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"}],"sub_title":"Major commands to which assigned","text":"Seventh Corps Area, United States Army, 1920\nArmy Air Forces Materiel Command, 13 October 1942\nArmy Air Forces Materiel and Services Command, 1944Redesignated: AAF Technical Service Comd, 31 August 1944\nRedesignated: Air Technical Service Command, 1945\nRedesignated: Air Materiel Command, 9 March 1946\n: The United States Army Seventh Service Command exercised overall jurisdiction until 11 June 1946Air Defense Command, 11 June 1946\nStrategic Air Command, 1 October 1948\nAir Combat Command, 1 June 1992","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"381st Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/381st_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"Tenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"438th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/438th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"5th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"544th Strategic Intelligence Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/544th_Strategic_Intelligence_Wing"},{"link_name":"34th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"4321st Strategic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4321st_Strategic_Wing"},{"link_name":"549th Strategic Missile Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/549th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron"},{"link_name":"385th Strategic Aerospace Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/385th_Strategic_Aerospace_Wing"},{"link_name":"55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Strategic_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Force Global Weather Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Weather_Agency"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Command_and_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"55th Electronic Combat Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Electronic_Combat_Group"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"595th Command and Control Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/595th_Command_and_Control_Group"},{"link_name":"1st Air COMM Group, then 1st Air Comm Wing, then 1st Air Information Systems Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Air_COMM_Group,_then_1st_Air_Comm_Wing,_then_1st_Air_Information_Systems_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Major units assigned","text":"Second Air Force, 6 June 1946 – 1 July 1948\n381st Bombardment Group, 24 July 1947 – 27 June 1949\nTenth Air Force, 1 July – 24 August 1948\n3902d Air Base Group (later Wing), 26 September 1948 – 1 March 1986\nStrategic Air Command, 8 November 1948 – 1 June 1992\n438th Troop Carrier Wing, 27 June 1949 – 14 March 1951\n5th Air Division, 14 January – 25 May 1951\n1st Weather Group, 20 April 1952 – 8 October 1956\n544th Strategic Intelligence Wing, 12 April 1952 – 1 June 1992\n3d Weather Wing, 8 October 1956 – 1 June 1992\n34th Air Refueling Squadron, 1 October 1958 – 25 June 1966\n\n\n4321st Strategic Wing, 1 October 1959 – 1 January 1963\n549th Strategic Missile Squadron, 1 July 1961 – 15 December 1964\n385th Strategic Aerospace Wing, 1 January 1963 – 15 December 1964\n55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (and subsequent redesignations), 16 August 1966 – present\nAir Force Global Weather Center (and subsequent redesignations), 8 July 1969 – present\n1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron (and subsequent redesignations), 1 July 1977 – present\nUnited States Strategic Command, 1 June 1992 – present\n55th Electronic Combat Group, 1 April 1992 – present\nGeneral Curtis Lemay Offutt Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol\n595th Command and Control Group1st Air COMM Group, then 1st Air Comm Wing, then 1st Air Information Systems Wing at least August 1984 – April 1988. The Squadrons were 390th, 1850th, 1851st, and the 1853rd.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:549th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron_-_SM-65D_Atlas_Missile_Sites.png"},{"link_name":"549th Strategic Missile Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/549th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron"},{"link_name":"SM-65D Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas"},{"link_name":"41°11′37″N 096°26′23″W / 41.19361°N 96.43972°W / 41.19361; -96.43972 (549-A)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_11_37_N_096_26_23_W_&title=549-A"},{"link_name":"41°29′17″N 096°17′59″W / 41.48806°N 96.29972°W / 41.48806; -96.29972 (549-B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_29_17_N_096_17_59_W_&title=549-B"},{"link_name":"41°31′15″N 095°49′09″W / 41.52083°N 95.81917°W / 41.52083; -95.81917 (549-C)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_31_15_N_095_49_09_W_&title=549-C"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Atlas-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas-D"},{"link_name":"Camp Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ashland"},{"link_name":"Camp Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Ashland"},{"link_name":"MOUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOUT"},{"link_name":"Military Operations in Urban Terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Operations_in_Urban_Terrain"},{"link_name":"Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape"}],"sub_title":"Intercontinental ballistic missile facilities","text":"SM-65D Atlas Missile SitesThe 549th Strategic Missile Squadron operated three SM-65D Atlas ICBM sites (1 October 1960 – 15 December 1964). Each site was composed of three missile silos (9 total).549-A, 3.4 mi SE of Mead, NE 41°11′37″N 096°26′23″W / 41.19361°N 96.43972°W / 41.19361; -96.43972 (549-A)\n549-B, 3.6 mi NE of Arlington, NE 41°29′17″N 096°17′59″W / 41.48806°N 96.29972°W / 41.48806; -96.29972 (549-B)\n549-C, 4.3 mi SE of Missouri Valley, IA 41°31′15″N 095°49′09″W / 41.52083°N 95.81917°W / 41.52083; -95.81917 (549-C)Beginning in 1958, the Army Corps of Engineers began planning for the sites, and construction began in 1959. The construction project was completed on 28 July 1960. In April and May 1961, the three complexes became the last Atlas D missiles to go on alert.The missiles were manned by the 549th Strategic Missile Squadron which was activated on 1 October 1960. The squadron began to phase down with the inactivation of the Atlas-D on 1 October 1964, and was inactivated 14 December 1964. Confusingly, the squadron was originally the 566th but on 1 July 1961 SAC swapped designators with the 549th at F.E. Warren AFB. The 549th SMS was under the 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing.Site \"A\" was abandoned for many years, until the late 1970s when the Nebraska National Guard took over ownership of the site to establish a training area called the Mead Training Site. The site is managed by the Camp Ashland Training Site Command. The training area has been used by the National Guard, United States Air Force, local law enforcement, and other entities as a training site for many years. 3/209th RTI out of Camp Ashland began using Mead Training Site in 2008 as the primary training facility for their 88M military occupational specialty reclassification school and continues to use the site year round. A MOUT site (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) was constructed at the site in 2009. Two Nebraska National Guard armories were built directly alongside the training area in 2012. Many other National Guard units use the site for drill weekends and annual trainings. Airmen out of Offutt Air Force Base practice Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) Training at the site several weekends a year.Site \"B\" is in use for agricultural storage. Site \"C\" has been demolished, with only the access roads remaining.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Joubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joubert_(serial_killer)"}],"sub_title":"1983 killings","text":"Serial killer John Joubert murdered two boys while stationed at the base in 1983.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shootingrepor1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shootingrepor1-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2019 shooting","text":"In September 2019, a shooting took place in Offutt's private housing community, killing Sgt. Zachary Firlik and his wife Kari Firlik.[20][21] The case was identified as a murder-suicide; the shooter, Zachary Firlik, was an active off-duty airman,[20] who afterwards killed himself.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"55th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"}],"text":"Offutt Air Force Base is the host station for the 55th Wing (55 WG), the largest wing of the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command. Additionally, the base is home to many significant associate units, including US Strategic Command Headquarters, the 557th Weather Wing, the Omaha operating location of the Defense Finance and Accounting Service, and many others.","title":"Role and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_RC-135S_(717-158),_USA_-_Air_Force_AN1318719.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing RC-135S 'Cobra Ball'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"55th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Wing"},{"link_name":"55th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"38th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"343d Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343d_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"45th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"338th Combat Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/338th_Combat_Training_Squadron"},{"link_name":"82d Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82d_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Kadena AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_AB"},{"link_name":"95th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"RAF Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"55th Electronic Combat Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Electronic_Combat_Group"},{"link_name":"Davis–Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"operations group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"EC-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC-130"},{"link_name":"41st Electronic Combat Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Electronic_Combat_Squadron"},{"link_name":"42d Electronic Combat Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42d_Electronic_Combat_Squadron"},{"link_name":"43d Electronic Combat Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43d_Electronic_Combat_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C4-24"}],"sub_title":"55th Wing","text":"A Boeing RC-135S 'Cobra Ball' of the 55th Wing based at Offutt AFB.The 55th Wing is composed of five groups at Offutt AFB and at various locations worldwide:55th Operations GroupThe 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command's (ACC) largest group, has operational control over 11 squadrons[23] and two detachments worldwide. The group consists of approximately 3,200 personnel. It employs 46 aircraft, including 13 models of seven different types. The 55th Operations Group uses the tail code OF for its aircraft\n38th Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135)\n343d Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135)\n45th Reconnaissance Squadron (OC-135, RC-135, TC-135, WC-135)\n338th Combat Training Squadron (Simulator)\n82d Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135)\nOperates from Kadena AB, Japan\n95th Reconnaissance Squadron (RC-135)\nOperates from: RAF Mildenhall, England55th Electronic Combat GroupThe 55th Electronic Combat Group, stationed at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, is an operations group and geographically separated unit (GSU) of the 55th Wing. It consists of 5 squadrons, 3 flying squadrons, 1 support squadron and 1 maintenance squadron. All 3 flying squadrons utilize various models of the EC-130 aircraft.\n41st Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS)\n42d Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS)\n43d Electronic Combat Squadron (ECS)\n755th Operations Support Squadron (OSS)\n755th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS)55th Maintenance GroupThe 55th Maintenance Operations Squadron provides centralized direction of all maintenance staff functions providing support to world-wide aircraft reconnaissance missions.55th Mission Support GroupThe 55th Mission Support Group provides mission support for Offutt AFB through engineering, security, mission support, services, supply, transportation, contracting & deployment readiness programs.55th Communications GroupThe 55th Communications Group provides worldwide command, control, communications and computer (C4)[24] systems, information management and combat support to warfighting and national leadership. It also provides communications technology and support to the 55th Wing and 44 tenant units.55th Medical GroupThe 55th Medical Group serves 28K enrolled patients with outpatient clinic capabilities, and ancillary support.","title":"Role and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:75-0125_Boeing_747_(_E-4B_)_United_States_Of_America_(7517136476).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-4B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Command_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"595th Command and Control Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/595th_Command_and_Control_Group"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-595thActivates-25"},{"link_name":"Air Force Global Strike Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Command_and_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"625th Strategic Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/625th_Strategic_Operations_Squadron"}],"sub_title":"595th Command and Control Group","text":"A Boeing E-4B of the 1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron seen at Offutt AFB in 2012.The 595th Command and Control Group (C2G) was activated in a ceremony held on 6 October 2016.[25]The mission of the 595th C2G is to consolidate the Air Force's portion of the nuclear triad, including Air Force nuclear command and control communications, under the auspices of Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). Previously, portions of the Air Force's command and control of nuclear operations had been divided among AFGSC, Air Combat Command, and the Twentieth Air Force.The 595th Command and Control Group is composed of four squadrons:1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron\n595th Strategic Communications Squadron\n595th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron\n625th Strategic Operations Squadron","title":"Role and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"557th Weather Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/557th_Weather_Wing"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Strategic_Command.svg"},{"link_name":"United States Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"}],"sub_title":"557th Weather Wing","text":"The 557th Weather Wing, formerly the Air Force Weather Agency, is headquartered at Offutt AFB. It is the lead weather center of the United States Air Force.United States Strategic Command","title":"Role and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"USSTRATCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSTRATCOM"},{"link_name":"Unified Combatant Commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"USSTRATCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSTRATCOM"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"information warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare"}],"sub_title":"United States Strategic Command","text":"Offutt AFB is the headquarters of United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) which is one of the ten Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). USSTRATCOM was established in 1992 as a successor to Strategic Air Command (SAC).It is charged with space operations (such as military satellites), information operations (such as information warfare), missile defense, global command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), global strike and strategic deterrence (the United States nuclear arsenal), and combating weapons of mass destruction.","title":"Role and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Flying and notable non-flying units based at Offutt Air Force Base.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Offutt, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.","title":"Based units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Sixteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"55th Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Wing"},{"link_name":"55th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"38th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"RC-135V/W Rivet Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"45th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"OC-135B Open Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_OC-135B_Open_Skies"},{"link_name":"RC-135S Cobra Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"RC-135U Combat Sent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"WC-135W Constant Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"97th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"338th Combat Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/338th_Combat_Training_Squadron"},{"link_name":"343rd Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343rd_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363rd_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363rd_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"20th Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"557th Weather Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/557th_Weather_Wing"},{"link_name":"1st Weather Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Weather_Group"},{"link_name":"2nd Weather Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Weather_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Air Force Global Strike Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"595th Command and Control Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/595th_Command_and_Control_Group"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Command Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Command_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"E-4B Advanced Airborne Command Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4"},{"link_name":"625th Strategic Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/625th_Strategic_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Tenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/655th_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/655th_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"755th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/755th_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"960th Cyberspace Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=960th_Cyberspace_Wing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"960th Cyberspace Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/960th_Cyberspace_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"170th Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170th_Group"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"United States Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_POW/MIA_Accounting_Agency"}],"sub_title":"United States Air Force","text":"Air Combat Command (ACC)\n\nSixteenth Air Force\n55th Wing (Host Wing)\n55th Operations Group\n38th Reconnaissance Squadron – RC-135V/W Rivet Joint, TC-135W\n45th Reconnaissance Squadron – OC-135B Open Skies, RC-135S Cobra Ball, RC-135U Combat Sent, TC-135W, WC-135W Constant Phoenix\n55th Intelligence Support Squadron\n55th Operations Support Squadron\n97th Intelligence Squadron\n338th Combat Training Squadron – RC-135, OC-135, WC-135\n343rd Reconnaissance Squadron – RC-135V/W Rivet Joint, TC-135W\n390th Intelligence Squadron\n488th Intelligence Squadron\n55th Communications Group\n55th Communications Squadron\n55th Strategic Communications Squadron\n55th Maintenance Group\n55th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron\n55th Maintenance Squadron\n55th Medical Group\n55th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron\n55th Dental Squadron\n55th Medical Operations Squadron\n55th Medical Support Squadron\n55th Mission Support Group\n55th Civil Engineering Squadron\n55th Contracting Squadron\n55th Force Support Squadron\n55th Logistics Readiness Flight\n55th Security Forces Squadron\n363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing\n363rd Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group\n20th Intelligence Squadron (GSU)\n557th Weather Wing\n1st Weather Group\n2nd Weather Group\n2nd Weather Squadron\n2nd Weather Support Squadron\n2nd Systems Operations Squadron\n16th Weather Squadron\nAmerican Forces Network Weather Center\n\n\nAir Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC)\n\nEighth Air Force\n595th Command and Control Group\n1st Airborne Command Control Squadron – E-4B Advanced Airborne Command Post\n595th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron\n595th Strategic Communications Squadron\n625th Strategic Operations Squadron\nAir Force Reserve Command (AFRC)\n\nTenth Air Force\n655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing\n655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group\n49th Intelligence Squadron (GSU)\n755th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group\n820th Intelligence Squadron (GSU)\n960th Cyberspace Wing\n960th Cyberspace Operations Group\n52nd Network Warfare Squadron (GSU)[33]\nAir National Guard (ANG)\n\nNebraska Air National Guard\n170th Group\n170th Operations Support Squadron\n238th Combat Training Squadron – RC-135, OC-135, WC-135\nDepartment of Defense[edit]\nUnited States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM)\n\nHeadquarters United States Strategic Command\nGlobal Operations Center\nDefense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA)\n\nHeadquarters Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency","title":"Based units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Most of the high-ranking officials at Offutt live on General's Row, a row of 4-story duplexes that was built in 1895.[citation needed]","title":"General's Row"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shortwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Because of its central position in the US, radio traffic to and from Offutt is often heard by shortwave listeners on 11175 kHz, USB.[34]","title":"Radio transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-37"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"CDP in Nebraska, United StatesAs of the census[37] of 2000, there were 8,901 people, 2,304 households, and 2,255 families residing on the base. The population density was 2,113.1 people per square mile (816.3/km2). There were 2,429 housing units at an average density of 576.6/sq mi (222.8/km2). The racial makeup of the base was 78.0% White, 10.4% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population.There were 2,304 households, out of which 79.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.5% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.1% were non-families. 1.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.61 and the average family size was 3.64.On the base the population was spread out, with 41.9% under the age of 18, 16.8% from 18 to 24, 39.7% from 25 to 44, 1.4% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.7 males.The median income for a household on the base was $36,742, and the median income for a family was $36,619. Males had a median income of $25,391 versus $21,593 for females. The per capita income for the base was $11,580. About 4.4% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°06′49″N 95°55′42″W / 41.11361°N 95.92833°W / 41.11361; -95.92833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Offutt_Air_Force_Base&params=41_06_49_N_95_55_42_W_region:US-NE_type:airport"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-39"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Offutt Air Force Base is located at 41°06′49″N 95°55′42″W / 41.11361°N 95.92833°W / 41.11361; -95.92833.[39]According to the United States Census Bureau, the base has a total area of 4.3 square miles (11.3 km2), of which, 4.2 square miles (10.9 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.4 km2) of it (3.22%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellevue Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Papillion-La Vista School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papillion-La_Vista_School_District"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Most of the base is in the Bellevue Public Schools school district. A portion is in the Papillion-La Vista School District.[40]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart"},{"link_name":"A Gathering of Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gathering_of_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Fail-Safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-Safe_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove_or:_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_the_Bomb"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow Is Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_Is_Yesterday"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)"},{"link_name":"Dale Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Brown"},{"link_name":"Kh-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-15"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4"},{"link_name":"Pat Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Frank"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Alas, Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas,_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCP_Secure_Facility_Dossier:_Site-19-41"}],"text":"Offutt was brought to popular attention during its SAC period when the command was depicted in the 1955 film Strategic Air Command starring Jimmy Stewart, the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles starring Rock Hudson, and 1964's Fail-Safe starring Henry Fonda (which not only claimed to show portions of the base but also a nearby Omaha neighborhood) and Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb starring Peter Sellers (which depicts a nuclear first strike from a mad general at the fictional Burpelson Air Force Base).Offutt appeared in the Star Trek episode \"Tomorrow Is Yesterday\" (identified as 'the Omaha installation'), when a fighter pilot stationed there detects the approaching USS Enterprise and is transported aboard.The Dale Brown novel Plan of Attack saw nuclear missiles launched by Russian bombers attacking multiple bomber bases all over the U.S, including Offutt, which is destroyed by four Kh-15 (AS-17 Kickback) missiles. Only one Boeing E-4 NEACP escapes in time, and the officials of the Eighth Air Force and STRATCOM are eliminated in the process. Pat Frank's iconic Cold War novel Alas, Babylon (1959) has Air Force Colonel Mark Bragg, the brother of the protagonist Randy Bragg, stationed at Offutt.In the 1983 post apocalyptic feature film for television, \"The Day After\", Offutt is represented as a SAC Aircraft departs the field as the cameras then change focus to the countryside as the credits roll.Offutt is also mentioned in Strike Three, a post-apocalyptic novel, by Joy V. Smith.An aerial view of Offutt is used as a photographic reference on an SCPF Secure Facility Dossier for Site-19.[41]","title":"Offutt in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.afhra.af.mil/"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Offutt Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.offutt.af.mil/"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912799-02-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912799-12-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9"}],"text":"This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency\n This article incorporates public domain material from Offutt Air Force Base. United States Air Force.\nMaurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1).\nRavenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.\nMueller, Robert. Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989","title":"Other sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Offutt Field in October 1936, before the construction of hard runways and permanent facilities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Offutt_field_-_October_1936.jpg/220px-Offutt_field_-_October_1936.jpg"},{"image_text":"Offutt in the mid-1940s as a war production plant for the Glenn L. Martin company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Offutt_field_-_1940s.jpg/220px-Offutt_field_-_1940s.jpg"},{"image_text":"3902nd Air Base Wing insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wing_3902nd_Air_Base.gif/125px-Wing_3902nd_Air_Base.gif"},{"image_text":"Strategic Air Command insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SAC_Shield.svg/125px-SAC_Shield.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Gen. Curtis E. LeMay Building,U.S. Strategic Command Headquarters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LeMaybldg.jpg/220px-LeMaybldg.jpg"},{"image_text":"President George W. Bush at the Offutt AFB command bunker on 11 September 2001","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/White-house-offutt.jpg/220px-White-house-offutt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Space Shuttle Atlantis being shuttled through Offutt following a mission on 1 July 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Offutt-atlantis.jpg/220px-Offutt-atlantis.jpg"},{"image_text":"SM-65D Atlas Missile Sites","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/549th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron_-_SM-65D_Atlas_Missile_Sites.png/400px-549th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron_-_SM-65D_Atlas_Missile_Sites.png"},{"image_text":"A Boeing RC-135S 'Cobra Ball' of the 55th Wing based at Offutt AFB.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Boeing_RC-135S_%28717-158%29%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN1318719.jpg/220px-Boeing_RC-135S_%28717-158%29%2C_USA_-_Air_Force_AN1318719.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Boeing E-4B of the 1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron seen at Offutt AFB in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/75-0125_Boeing_747_%28_E-4B_%29_United_States_Of_America_%287517136476%29.jpg/220px-75-0125_Boeing_747_%28_E-4B_%29_United_States_Of_America_%287517136476%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"United States Strategic Command","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Seal_of_the_United_States_Strategic_Command.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Strategic_Command.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Nebraska highlighting Sarpy County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Sarpy_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Sarpy_County.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Nebraska World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"SAC Elite Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAC_Elite_Guard"},{"title":"David Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wade_(Louisiana_general)"}]

[{"reference":"\"Airport Diagram – Offutt AFB (KOFF)\" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://aeronav.faa.gov/d-tpp/1909/00544ad.pdf#nameddest=(OFF)","url_text":"\"Airport Diagram – Offutt AFB (KOFF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Offutt Air Force Base\" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offutt.af.mil/Portals/97/Documents/AFD-130718-033.pdf?ver=2016-02-17-122154-040","url_text":"\"History of Offutt Air Force Base\""}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 129.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n128","url_text":"129"}]},{"reference":"\"Corporal Elmore Nelson\". Emmitsburg Area Historical Society. 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Omaha.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omaha.com/news/metro/bellevue/offutt-couple-s-deaths-being-investigated-as-murder-suicide-court/article_f9d7555b-895e-552f-876a-d357cd09791e.html","url_text":"\"Offutt couple's deaths being investigated as murder-suicide, court documents say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Units\". www.offutt.af.mil. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071239/http://www.offutt.af.mil/Units.aspx","url_text":"\"Units\""},{"url":"http://www.offutt.af.mil/Units.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms\" (PDF). www.dtic.mil/. Pentagon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. 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Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offutt.af.mil/Units/55th-Wing/","url_text":"\"55th Wing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Units\". 557th Weather Wing. US Air Force. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.557weatherwing.af.mil/Units/","url_text":"\"Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"595th Command and Control Group\". 8th Air Force. US Air Force. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.8af.af.mil/Units/595th-Command-and-Control-Group/","url_text":"\"595th Command and Control Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". US Strategic Command. Department of Defense. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stratcom.mil/About/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wing Fact Sheet 655th ISRW\" (PDF). 10 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.445aw.afrc.af.mil/Portals/117/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/AFR%20Wing%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20655%20ISRW_April%202019.pdf","url_text":"\"Wing Fact Sheet 655th ISRW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828033027/https://www.445aw.afrc.af.mil/Portals/117/Documents/Fact%20Sheets/AFR%20Wing%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20655%20ISRW_April%202019.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Intelligence Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862205/20-intelligence-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"20 Intelligence Squadron (ACC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Units\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.960cyber.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/Units/","url_text":"\"Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"USAF High Frequency Global Communications System - The RadioReference Wiki\". wiki.radioreference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/USAF_High_Frequency_Global_Communications_System","url_text":"\"USAF High Frequency Global Communications System - The RadioReference Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sarpy County, NE\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st31_ne/schooldistrict_maps/c31153_sarpy/DC20SD_C31153.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sarpy County, NE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004012037/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st31_ne/schooldistrict_maps/c31153_sarpy/DC20SD_C31153.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Filipp, Scientist. \"Secure Facility Dossier: Site-19 - SCP Sandbox III\". scp-sandbox-3.wikidot.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://scp-sandbox-3.wikidot.com/collab:scp-site-19","url_text":"\"Secure Facility Dossier: Site-19 - SCP Sandbox III\""}]},{"reference":"Offutt Air Force Base. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Canale,_Tortona

Santa Maria Canale, Tortona

["1 History","2 References"]

Santa Maria Canale is a Romanesque-style Roman Catholic church located in Tortona, Province of Alessandria, region of Piedmont, Italy. History A church at the site is documented from 1151, and some of the structural elements of that church persist. The rectangular apse and the chapels date from the mid 1500s. The facade underwent restoration in 1853. The interior has some 15th-century frescoes, but most of the decoration was added by Rodolfo Gambini in 1918. The church has a 17th-century Annunciation by Fiamminghino; paintings by a pupil of Bernardino Campi named Brandimarte della Torre, by the 17th-century painter Giuseppe Vermiglio and by the 20th-century Gambini. References ^ Comune of Tortona website, entry on church. This article about a Roman Catholic church building in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Santa Maria Canale, Tortona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodolfo Gambini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Gambini"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Campi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Campi"},{"link_name":"Brandimarte della Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandimarte_della_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Vermiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Vermiglio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A church at the site is documented from 1151, and some of the structural elements of that church persist. The rectangular apse and the chapels date from the mid 1500s. The facade underwent restoration in 1853. The interior has some 15th-century frescoes, but most of the decoration was added by Rodolfo Gambini in 1918. The church has a 17th-century Annunciation by Fiamminghino; paintings by a pupil of Bernardino Campi named Brandimarte della Torre, by the 17th-century painter Giuseppe Vermiglio and by the 20th-century Gambini.[1]","title":"History"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Rouge,_Quebec_City

Cap-Rouge, Quebec City

["1 First permanent establishments","2 Geography","3 Attractions","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References"]

Coordinates: 46°45′N 71°21′W / 46.750°N 71.350°W / 46.750; -71.350Neighbourhood in Quebec City, Canada Cap-Rouge in Quebec CityOld Village's Church Cap-Rouge is a former city in central Quebec, Canada, since 2002 within the borough Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge in Quebec City. The site of the first attempted permanent French settlement in North America, Charlesbourg-Royal, is located at the confluence of the Rivière du Cap Rouge and the Saint Lawrence River. Its population was 13,153 as of the Canada 2011 Census. First permanent establishments In 1635, the first seigneurie was granted on the territory of Cape-Rouge, but revoked the following year by the Company of One Hundred Associates. However, by 1638 Paul Le Jeune, a missionary Jesuit, had noted in The Jesuit Relations the presence of some families in the valley. Between 1647 and 1652, the seigneuries of Maur, on the west, and Gaudarville, in the east, were established on the territory. From that moment, based on taxable citizens, the settlement on the lands of Cap-Rouge are established. The village formed is served by the parishes of Ancienne-Lorette in (1678) to the north; of Saint-Augustin in (1691) on the west; and of Sainte-Foy (1698) in the eEast. Geography The beach of Plage Jacques Cartier and the cliffs of Cap-Rouge The name of Cap-Rouge, meaning "red cape", comes from its cliffs facing the Saint-Lawrence river and made of schist rock bearing a reddish tint. The other main topographic feature of Cap-Rouge is the Rivière du Cap Rouge valley where are concentrated some historic buildings as well the archeological remains of a pottery workshop active from 1860 to 1892. It is believed that until the end of its operations the workshop mainly used imported clay rather than the local one, which has a rather red hue. The Cap-Rouge area is located to the south of the Canadian Shield and Laurentian Mountains, at the confluence of the geological regions of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and of the northern Appalachians. It mostly sits at the western foot of the Quebec promontory, in the way of the Logan's Line - an inactive fracture in the Earth's crust first documented by William Edmond Logan. Attractions The railway trestle In addition to its long history, the main attraction of Cap-Rouge is the towering Cap-Rouge trestle (French: Tracel) rail-road bridge. Built in 1907-1908, the steel trestle was constructed under the authority of the National Transcontinental as part of the National Transcontinental Railway. It spans 3,335 feet at an average of 172 feet above ground and is still in use today. Notable people Laurent Torregrossa (born in 1964), painter Marie Philippe, singer Jonathan Marchessault, NHL player, Conn Smythe trophy winner See also Charlesbourg-Royal History of French colonization of the Americas References ^ Banque de noms de lieux du Québec, entrée Cap-Rouge ^ "Cap-Rouge : une ville, au naturel". Continuité (in French). Érudit. 1996. ^ "Poterie de Cap-Rouge". Ville de Québec (in French). ^ "Geoscape - Québec. Upper Town, Lower Town: A Major Geological Fault". Canadian Geoscience Education Network. ^ Banque de noms de lieux du Québec, entrée Cap-Rouge p.3 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cap-Rouge. vte Quebec CityBoroughs La Cité-Limoilou Les Rivières Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge Charlesbourg Beauport La Haute-Saint-Charles Laurentien (defunct) Flag of Quebec CityDistricts Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire (Old Quebec, Parliament Hill, Petit Champlain) Saint-Jean-Baptiste Saint-Roch Maizerets Vanier Sainte-Foy Sillery (Sillery Heritage Site) Cap-Rouge Lac-Saint-Charles Saint-Émile Loretteville Val-Bélair Agglomeration Quebec Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures Enclaves L'Ancienne-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Anges Wendake See also: List of articles about Quebec City History of Quebec City Quebec Urban Community (1970-2001) Quebec Metropolitan Community 2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec Regional county municipalities in Capitale-Nationale: Charlevoix Charlevoix-Est La Côte-de-Beaupré La Jacques-Cartier L'Île-d'Orléans Portneuf Equivalent territories: Quebec (TE) Independent parishes: Notre-Dame-des-Anges Native reserves: Wendake Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany Israel United States 46°45′N 71°21′W / 46.750°N 71.350°W / 46.750; -71.350

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The site of the first attempted permanent French settlement in North America, Charlesbourg-Royal, is located at the confluence of the Rivière du Cap Rouge and the Saint Lawrence River. Its population was 13,153 as of the Canada 2011 Census.","title":"Cap-Rouge, Quebec City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seigneurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneurie"},{"link_name":"Company of One Hundred Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates"},{"link_name":"Paul Le Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Le_Jeune"},{"link_name":"The Jesuit Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesuit_Relations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topony-1"},{"link_name":"Ancienne-Lorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancienne-Lorette"},{"link_name":"Saint-Augustin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Foy,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[a 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-page3-2"}],"text":"In 1635, the first seigneurie was granted on the territory of Cape-Rouge, but revoked the following year by the Company of One Hundred Associates. However, by 1638 Paul Le Jeune, a missionary Jesuit, had noted in The Jesuit Relations the presence of some families in the valley.[1] Between 1647 and 1652, the seigneuries of Maur, on the west, and Gaudarville, in the east, were established on the territory. From that moment, based on taxable citizens, the settlement on the lands of Cap-Rouge are established. The village formed is served by the parishes of Ancienne-Lorette in (1678) to the north; of Saint-Augustin in (1691) on the west; and of Sainte-Foy (1698) in the eEast.[a 1]","title":"First permanent establishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_de_la_Plage-Jacques-Cartier.jpg"},{"link_name":"schist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"Rivière du Cap Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_du_Cap_Rouge"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Laurentian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"Appalachians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Quebec promontory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promontory_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"William Edmond Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The beach of Plage Jacques Cartier and the cliffs of Cap-RougeThe name of Cap-Rouge, meaning \"red cape\", comes from its cliffs facing the Saint-Lawrence river and made of schist rock bearing a reddish tint. The other main topographic feature of Cap-Rouge is the Rivière du Cap Rouge valley where are concentrated some historic buildings as well the archeological remains of a pottery workshop active from 1860 to 1892.[2] It is believed that until the end of its operations the workshop mainly used imported clay rather than the local one, which has a rather red hue.[3]The Cap-Rouge area is located to the south of the Canadian Shield and Laurentian Mountains, at the confluence of the geological regions of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and of the northern Appalachians. It mostly sits at the western foot of the Quebec promontory, in the way of the Logan's Line - an inactive fracture in the Earth's crust first documented by William Edmond Logan.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CapRouge_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cap-Rouge trestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Rouge_trestle"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"trestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trestle_bridge"},{"link_name":"National Transcontinental Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transcontinental_Railway"}],"text":"The railway trestleIn addition to its long history, the main attraction of Cap-Rouge is the towering Cap-Rouge trestle (French: Tracel) rail-road bridge. Built in 1907-1908, the steel trestle was constructed under the authority of the National Transcontinental as part of the National Transcontinental Railway. It spans 3,335 feet at an average of 172 feet above ground and is still in use today.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurent Torregrossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurent_Torregrossa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Philippe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Marchessault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Marchessault"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Conn Smythe trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn_Smythe_trophy"}],"text":"Laurent Torregrossa (born in 1964), painter\nMarie Philippe, singer\nJonathan Marchessault, NHL player, Conn Smythe trophy winner","title":"Notable people"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker,_North_Dakota

Baker, North Dakota

["1 References"]

Unincorporated community in North Dakota, United StatesBaker, North DakotaUnincorporated communityBaker, North DakotaLocation within the state of North DakotaCoordinates: 48°09′38″N 99°38′51″W / 48.16056°N 99.64750°W / 48.16056; -99.64750CountryUnited StatesStateNorth DakotaCountyBensonElevation1,644 ft (501 m)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)Area code701GNIS feature ID1027787 Baker is an unincorporated community in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Baker, North Dakota vteMunicipalities and communities of Benson County, North Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: MinnewaukanCities Brinsmade Esmond Knox Leeds Maddock Minnewaukan Oberon Warwick York Map of North Dakota highlighting Benson CountyTownships Albert Arne Aurora Beaver Broe Butte Valley East Fork Eldon Esmond Hesper Impark Iowa Irvine Isabel Knox Lake Ibsen Lallie Leeds Lohnes McClellan Minco Mission Normania North Viking Oberon Pleasant Lake Rich Valley Riggin Rock South Viking Twin Lake Twin Tree Warwick West Antelope West Bay Wood Lake York CDP Fort Totten Unincorporatedcommunities Baker Fillmore Flora Harlow Hesper Isabel Josephine Lallie Niles Pleasant Lake Saint Michael Tokio Indian reservation Spirit Lake Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties North Dakota portal United States portal This North Dakota location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia

Geography of Liberia

["1 Area and boundaries","2 Physical geography","2.1 Extreme points","3 Borders and maritime claims","4 Terrain","4.1 Elevation extremes","5 Natural resources","5.1 Mining","6 Land use and agriculture","6.1 Irrigated land","6.2 Natural hazards","7 Environmental issues","7.1 Climate change","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 6°30′N 9°30′W / 6.500°N 9.500°W / 6.500; -9.500 Geography of LiberiaContinentAfricaRegionWest AfricaCoordinates6°30′N 9°30′W / 6.500°N 9.500°W / 6.500; -9.500AreaRanked 102nd • Total111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) • Land86.49% • Water13.51%Coastline680 km (420 mi)Borders986 km (613 mi)Highest pointWologizi Range 1,440 meters (4,720 ft)Lowest pointAtlantic Ocean 0 meters (0 ft)Longest riverCavalla River 515 km (320 mi)Largest lakeLake Piso 103 km2 (40 sq mi)Exclusive economic zone249,734 km2 (96,423 sq mi) Topographic map of Liberia Location of Liberia in western Africa Köppen climate classification map of Liberia Liberia is a sub-Saharan nation in West Africa located at 6 °N, 9 °W. Area and boundaries Area total: 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) country rank in the world: 102nd land: 96,300 square kilometers (37,190 sq mi) water: 15,000 square kilometers (5,810 sq mi) Area — comparative Australia comparative: approximately 3/5 larger than Tasmania Canada comparative: approximately twice the size of Nova Scotia United Kingdom comparative: slightly more than 2/5 larger than Scotland United States comparative: slightly larger than Virginia EU comparative: approximately the size of Bulgaria Land boundaries total: 987 kilometers (613 mi) border countries: Sierra Leone (298 kilometers (185 mi)), Guinea (591 kilometers (367 mi)), Ivory Coast (777 kilometers (483 mi)) Coastline Atlantic Ocean 580 kilometers (360 mi) Physical geography Liberia extends from between 4.21°N and 8.34°N to 7.27°W and 11.31°W. It is roughly rectangular measuring about 510 km (317 mi) in length from northwest to southeast, with a width of about 275 km (171 mi). The coastline is about 680 km (423 mi), including river mouths ad inlets up to one kilometre wide. Drainage of the whole country is direct to the sea, with a series of short rivers flowing directly into the sea. These are, from west to east, the Mano River on the border with Sierra Leone, the Mafa River, the Lofa River, the Saint Paul River, the Mesurado River, the Farmington River, the Saint John River, the Timbo River, the Cestos River, the Sehnkwehn River, the Sinoe River, the Dugbe River, the Dubo River, the Grand Cess River and the Cavalla River on the border with Ivory Coast. In the west, the coast is low and sandy, but in the central and eastern parts of the country it is sandy and rocky and of moderate relief, frequently broken by the mouths of the rivers. The coastal plain varies in width, being narrow between Monrovia and Buchanan, but being much wider in the west and in the Cestos Valley in the centre, narrowing again in the eastern end of the country. Further inland the land rises, sometimes with escarpments, to a plateau some 300 to 400 m (1,000 to 1,300 ft) above sea level. This is divided by the river valleys and there are hilly ridges between some of the river valleys. The land rises further in the north and northwest of the country, with mountains that exceed 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in several places, the highest point in the country being in the Wologizi Range at 1,440 m (4,724 ft). Extreme points This is a list of the extreme points of Liberia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Guinea in the Sodia river immediately north of the town of Voinjama, Lofa County. Easternmost point – unnamed headland at the confluence of the Cavally river and the Hana river, River Gee County. Southernmost point – Kablaké headland, Maryland County. Westernmost point - unnamed headland immediately west of the town of Sewulu at the mouth of the Mano River, Grand Cape Mount County. Borders and maritime claims The total length of Liberia's land borders is 1,587 kilometers (986 mi): 310 kilometers (190 mi) with Sierra Leone on the northwest, 560 kilometers (350 mi) with Guinea to the north, and 716 kilometers (445 mi) with Ivory Coast. Liberia claims an Exclusive Economic Zone of 249,734 km2 (96,423 sq mi) and 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi). Terrain Liberia has a mostly hilly terrain, it also has rolling plains along the coast to a rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast. Elevation extremes The lowest point on Liberia is at sea level on the Atlantic Ocean. The highest point on Liberia is 1,440 metres or 4,724 feet above sea level at Mount Wuteve. Natural resources Natural resources that are found in Liberia include iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold and hydropower. Mining This section is an excerpt from Mining industry of Liberia. Iron ore mining The mining industry of Liberia has witnessed a revival after the civil war which ended in 2003. Gold, diamonds, and iron ore form the core minerals of the mining sector with a new Mineral Development Policy and Mining Code being put in place to attract foreign investments. In 2013, the mineral sector accounted for 11% of GDP in the country and the World Bank projected a further increase in the sector by 2017. Mining sector is considered the prime mover for the economic growth of the country and its exploitation has to be appropriately balanced with sustainable environmental preservation of its rich biodiversity. Apart from iron ore extractions, cement, diamond, gold, and petroleum resources have also been given due importance to enrich the economy of the country. Land use and agriculture arable land: 5.2% permanent crops: 2.1% permanent pastures: 20.8% forest: 44.6% other: 27.3% (2011) Irrigated land 30 square kilometres of Liberia's land was irrigated as of 2012. Natural hazards The natural hazard that occurs in Liberia is a dust-laden harmattan wind that blows from the Sahara (December to March). Environmental issues This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in Liberia. A Liberian tropical forest. Environmental issues in Liberia include the deforestation of tropical rainforest, the hunting of endangered species for bushmeat, the pollution of rivers and coastal waters from industrial run-off and raw sewage, and the burning and dumping of household waste. Like other countries in Africa, Liberia is also especially vulnerable to climate change, exacerbating existing environmental issues. Climate change This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Liberia. Population density and low elevation coastal zones. Monrovia is especially vulnerable to sea level rise. Climate change in Liberia causes many problems as Liberia is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Like many other countries in Africa, Liberia both faces existing environmental issues, as well as sustainable development challenges. Because of its location in Africa, it is vulnerable to extreme weather, the coastal effects of sea level rise, and changing water systems and water availability. Climate change is expected to severely impact the economy of Liberia, especially agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Liberia has been an active participant in international and local policy changes related to climate change. In March 2024, the World Bank released the Liberia Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR), which highlights the severe threat posed by global climate change to Liberia's stability and economic growth. The report outlines the country's vulnerabilities, including its reliance on natural resources, limited fiscal space, and inadequate infrastructure. It warns that without proactive intervention, climate change could shrink Liberia's economy by 15% and push an additional 1.3 million people into poverty by 2050. Conversely, the report suggests that targeted adaptation efforts could significantly improve resilience for up to 800,000 individuals. The CCDR details a strategy for climate action, focusing on four main themes: climate risks and readiness, essential infrastructure, human development, and sustainable land management. It also calls for improved access to finance, leveraging both concessional funding and private sector investment, to support Liberia's pursuit of inclusive growth and poverty reduction. See also Administrative divisions of Liberia List of cities in Liberia List of rivers of Liberia List of Liberian national forests References ^ a b c Philip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International. p. 100. ISBN 0-540-05831-9. ^ a b Hughes, R.H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 385–386. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5. ^ "Liberia". Natural Resource Governance Institute. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ "Mining in Liberia- Overview". mbendi.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ "Quick-Action Helps Maintain Key Mining Industries during Ebola Outbreak". USGS. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ "Coordinating Mining Conservation Efforts in Liberia". World Bank. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ "Building effective climate governance in Liberia - Liberia". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2020-05-21. ^ "Climate Risk Profile: Liberia". Climatelinks. Retrieved 2020-05-21. ^ Blackmore, R.D. Lorna Doone. Ryerson Press. ISBN 0-665-26503-4. OCLC 1084383140. ^ “World Bank Group. 2024. Liberia Country Climate Development Report. CCDR Series. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/41241 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.” ^ "Liberia Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-04-02. External links  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.vteLiberia articlesHistory Colonization (1821–1847) Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980) 1871 coup d'état 1980 coup d'état Samuel Doe era (1980–1989) 1985 coup attempt First Civil War (1989–1997) 1994 coup attempt 1998 Monrovia clashes Second Civil War (1999–2003) 2014 Ebola virus epidemic 2020 coronavirus pandemic Geography Cities Borders Environmental issues (Climate change) Forests Islands Mountains Rivers Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Cabinet Foreign relations Government ministries Human rights LGBT Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Military Chief of Staff Parliament Police Political parties President Vice President Economy Agriculture Central bank Communications Dollar (currency) Energy Mining Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Gender inequality Health Languages Public holidays Religion Squatting Women Culture Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Media Music Polygamy Sport OutlineIndex Category Portal vteGeography of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara vteClimate of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Topographic_map_of_Liberia-en.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationLiberia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBR_present.svg"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"}],"text":"Topographic map of LiberiaLocation of Liberia in western AfricaKöppen climate classification map of LiberiaLiberia is a sub-Saharan nation in West Africa located at 6 °N, 9 °W.","title":"Geography of Liberia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas-1"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"}],"text":"Area\n\ntotal: 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi)[1]\ncountry rank in the world: 102nd\nland: 96,300 square kilometers (37,190 sq mi)\nwater: 15,000 square kilometers (5,810 sq mi)Area — comparative\n\nAustralia comparative: approximately 3/5 larger than Tasmania\nCanada comparative: approximately twice the size of Nova Scotia\nUnited Kingdom comparative: slightly more than 2/5 larger than Scotland\nUnited States comparative: slightly larger than Virginia\nEU comparative: approximately the size of BulgariaLand boundaries\n\ntotal: 987 kilometers (613 mi)\nborder countries: Sierra Leone (298 kilometers (185 mi)), Guinea (591 kilometers (367 mi)), Ivory Coast (777 kilometers (483 mi))Coastline\n\nAtlantic Ocean 580 kilometers (360 mi)","title":"Area and boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-2"},{"link_name":"Mano River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_River"},{"link_name":"Mafa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mafa_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lofa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa_River"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_River"},{"link_name":"Mesurado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesurado_River"},{"link_name":"Farmington River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_River"},{"link_name":"Saint John River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Liberia)"},{"link_name":"Timbo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timbo_River_(Liberia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cestos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestos_River"},{"link_name":"Sehnkwehn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sehnkwehn_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinoe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoe_River"},{"link_name":"Dugbe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugbe_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dubo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubo_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Cess River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Cess_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cavalla River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalla_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas-1"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan,_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlas-1"},{"link_name":"escarpments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment"},{"link_name":"Wologizi Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wologizi_Range&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-2"}],"text":"Liberia extends from between 4.21°N and 8.34°N to 7.27°W and 11.31°W. It is roughly rectangular measuring about 510 km (317 mi) in length from northwest to southeast, with a width of about 275 km (171 mi). The coastline is about 680 km (423 mi), including river mouths ad inlets up to one kilometre wide.[2]Drainage of the whole country is direct to the sea, with a series of short rivers flowing directly into the sea. These are, from west to east, the Mano River on the border with Sierra Leone, the Mafa River, the Lofa River, the Saint Paul River, the Mesurado River, the Farmington River, the Saint John River, the Timbo River, the Cestos River, the Sehnkwehn River, the Sinoe River, the Dugbe River, the Dubo River, the Grand Cess River and the Cavalla River on the border with Ivory Coast.[1]In the west, the coast is low and sandy, but in the central and eastern parts of the country it is sandy and rocky and of moderate relief, frequently broken by the mouths of the rivers. The coastal plain varies in width, being narrow between Monrovia and Buchanan, but being much wider in the west and in the Cestos Valley in the centre, narrowing again in the eastern end of the country.[1]Further inland the land rises, sometimes with escarpments, to a plateau some 300 to 400 m (1,000 to 1,300 ft) above sea level. This is divided by the river valleys and there are hilly ridges between some of the river valleys. The land rises further in the north and northwest of the country, with mountains that exceed 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in several places, the highest point in the country being in the Wologizi Range at 1,440 m (4,724 ft).[2]","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Lofa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofa_County"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Cavally river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalla_River"},{"link_name":"River Gee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gee_County"},{"link_name":"Maryland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_County"},{"link_name":"Mano River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_River"},{"link_name":"Grand Cape Mount County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cape_Mount_County"}],"sub_title":"Extreme points","text":"This is a list of the extreme points of Liberia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with Guinea in the Sodia river immediately north of the town of Voinjama, Lofa County.\nEasternmost point – unnamed headland at the confluence of the Cavally river and the Hana river, River Gee County.\nSouthernmost point – Kablaké headland, Maryland County.\nWesternmost point - unnamed headland immediately west of the town of Sewulu at the mouth of the Mano River, Grand Cape Mount County.","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Exclusive Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"}],"text":"The total length of Liberia's land borders is 1,587 kilometers (986 mi): 310 kilometers (190 mi) with Sierra Leone on the northwest, 560 kilometers (350 mi) with Guinea to the north, and 716 kilometers (445 mi) with Ivory Coast. Liberia claims an Exclusive Economic Zone of 249,734 km2 (96,423 sq mi) and 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi).","title":"Borders and maritime claims"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Liberia has a mostly hilly terrain, it also has rolling plains along the coast to a rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast.","title":"Terrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Wuteve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wuteve"}],"sub_title":"Elevation extremes","text":"The lowest point on Liberia is at sea level on the Atlantic Ocean. The highest point on Liberia is 1,440 metres or 4,724 feet above sea level at Mount Wuteve.","title":"Terrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"},{"link_name":"diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"}],"text":"Natural resources that are found in Liberia include iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold and hydropower.","title":"Natural resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mining industry of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Liberia&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S.DOC(1965)_Liberia._Iron_ore_is_its_major_export.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mining_industry_of_Liberia_Resource-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mining_industry_of_Liberia_Bendi-4"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mining_industry_of_Liberia_Sector-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mining_industry_of_Liberia_Bank-6"}],"sub_title":"Mining","text":"This section is an excerpt from Mining industry of Liberia.[edit]\nIron ore mining\nThe mining industry of Liberia has witnessed a revival after the civil war which ended in 2003.[3] Gold, diamonds, and iron ore form the core minerals of the mining sector with a new Mineral Development Policy and Mining Code being put in place to attract foreign investments.[4] In 2013, the mineral sector accounted for 11% of GDP in the country and the World Bank projected a further increase in the sector by 2017.[5]\n\nMining sector is considered the prime mover for the economic growth of the country and its exploitation has to be appropriately balanced with sustainable environmental preservation of its rich biodiversity.[6] Apart from iron ore extractions, cement, diamond, gold, and petroleum resources have also been given due importance to enrich the economy of the country.","title":"Natural resources"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"arable land:\n5.2%\npermanent crops:\n2.1%\npermanent pastures:\n20.8%\nforest:\n44.6%\nother:\n27.3% (2011)","title":"Land use and agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Irrigated land","text":"30 square kilometres of Liberia's land was irrigated as of 2012.","title":"Land use and agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"}],"sub_title":"Natural hazards","text":"The natural hazard that occurs in Liberia is a dust-laden harmattan wind that blows from the Sahara (December to March).","title":"Land use and agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environmental issues in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Liberia&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberia_tropical_forest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"bushmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmeat"},{"link_name":"especially vulnerable to climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in Liberia.[edit]\nA Liberian tropical forest.\nEnvironmental issues in Liberia include the deforestation of tropical rainforest, the hunting of endangered species for bushmeat, the pollution of rivers and coastal waters from industrial run-off and raw sewage, and the burning and dumping of household waste.\n\nLike other countries in Africa, Liberia is also especially vulnerable to climate change, exacerbating existing environmental issues.","title":"Environmental issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate change in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Liberia&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monrovia,_Liberia_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_(5457306759).jpg"},{"link_name":"Climate change in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"vulnerable to climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability"},{"link_name":"other countries in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"extreme weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather"},{"link_name":"sea level rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Liberia_:0-8"},{"link_name":"economy of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldbank.org/en/publication/country-climate-development-reports"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"fiscal space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_space"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"sustainable land management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_land_management"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate change","text":"This section is an excerpt from Climate change in Liberia.[edit]\nPopulation density and low elevation coastal zones. Monrovia is especially vulnerable to sea level rise.\nClimate change in Liberia causes many problems as Liberia is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Like many other countries in Africa, Liberia both faces existing environmental issues, as well as sustainable development challenges.[7] Because of its location in Africa, it is vulnerable to extreme weather, the coastal effects of sea level rise, and changing water systems and water availability.[8] Climate change is expected to severely impact the economy of Liberia, especially agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Liberia has been an active participant in international and local policy changes related to climate change.[9]\n\nIn March 2024, the World Bank released the Liberia Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR), which highlights the severe threat posed by global climate change to Liberia's stability and economic growth. The report outlines the country's vulnerabilities, including its reliance on natural resources, limited fiscal space, and inadequate infrastructure. It warns that without proactive intervention, climate change could shrink Liberia's economy by 15% and push an additional 1.3 million people into poverty by 2050. Conversely, the report suggests that targeted adaptation efforts could significantly improve resilience for up to 800,000 individuals. The CCDR details a strategy for climate action, focusing on four main themes: climate risks and readiness, essential infrastructure, human development, and sustainable land management. It also calls for improved access to finance, leveraging both concessional funding and private sector investment, to support Liberia's pursuit of inclusive growth and poverty reduction.[10][11]","title":"Environmental issues"}]

[{"image_text":"Topographic map of Liberia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Topographic_map_of_Liberia-en.svg/300px-Topographic_map_of_Liberia-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Liberia in western Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LocationLiberia.svg/220px-LocationLiberia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Köppen climate classification map of Liberia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBR_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LBR_present.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Iron ore mining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/U.S.DOC%281965%29_Liberia._Iron_ore_is_its_major_export.jpg/220px-U.S.DOC%281965%29_Liberia._Iron_ore_is_its_major_export.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Liberian tropical forest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liberia_tropical_forest.jpg/400px-Liberia_tropical_forest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population density and low elevation coastal zones. Monrovia is especially vulnerable to sea level rise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monrovia%2C_Liberia_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306759%29.jpg/350px-Monrovia%2C_Liberia_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306759%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Administrative divisions of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Liberia"},{"title":"List of cities in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Liberia"},{"title":"List of rivers of Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Liberia"},{"title":"List of Liberian national forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liberian_national_forests"}]

[{"reference":"Philip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International. p. 100. ISBN 0-540-05831-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-05831-9","url_text":"0-540-05831-9"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, R.H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 385–386. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA385","url_text":"A Directory of African Wetlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5","url_text":"978-2-88032-949-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberia\". Natural Resource Governance Institute. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.resourcegovernance.org/countries/africa/liberia/overview","url_text":"\"Liberia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mining in Liberia- Overview\". mbendi.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001206141400/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/li/p0005.htm","url_text":"\"Mining in Liberia- Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/li/p0005.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quick-Action Helps Maintain Key Mining Industries during Ebola Outbreak\". USGS. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4183&from=rss#.VWdmQUYYPGI","url_text":"\"Quick-Action Helps Maintain Key Mining Industries during Ebola Outbreak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coordinating Mining Conservation Efforts in Liberia\". World Bank. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/04/28/coordinating-mining-conservation-efforts-in-liberia","url_text":"\"Coordinating Mining Conservation Efforts in Liberia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Building effective climate governance in Liberia - Liberia\". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/building-effective-climate-governance-liberia","url_text":"\"Building effective climate governance in Liberia - Liberia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Risk Profile: Liberia\". Climatelinks. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-change-risk-profile-liberia","url_text":"\"Climate Risk Profile: Liberia\""}]},{"reference":"Blackmore, R.D. Lorna Doone. Ryerson Press. ISBN 0-665-26503-4. OCLC 1084383140.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1084383140","url_text":"Lorna Doone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-26503-4","url_text":"0-665-26503-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084383140","url_text":"1084383140"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberia Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR)\". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia/publication/afw-liberia-country-and-climate-development-report-ccdr","url_text":"\"Liberia Country and Climate Development Report (CCDR)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luan_Chagas

Luan Chagas

["1 Background","2 Mixed martial arts career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Ultimate Fighting Championship","3 Fighting style","4 Personal life","5 Mixed martial arts record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter Luan ChagasBorn (1993-06-17) 17 June 1993 (age 30)Navirai, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilOther namesTarzanNationalityBrazilianHeight5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight168 lb (76 kg; 12 st 0 lb)DivisionWelterweightReach75 in (191 cm)TeamGile Ribeiro TeamNoguchi TeamTeacher(s)Gile RibeiroRankBlack belt in Brazilian Jiu-JitsuBlack belt in KarateYears active2012–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal19Wins15By knockout6By submission9Losses3By knockout1By submission2Draws1 Other informationMixed martial arts record from Sherdog Luan Chagas (born 9 November 1989) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competed in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Background Chagas was born in Navirai, Brazil and he attended Karate classes at the early age and was the children's champion in the sport in Brazil. He started training BJJ at Gile Ribeiro gym after he moved to Curitiba where he received his black belt in 2015. He transitioned to MMA later and started competing in MMA and won the welterweight championship for Curitiba Fight Pro. Mixed martial arts career Early career Chagas stated his professional MMA career on 28 July 2012 and he fought all his fights in Brazil. He was the Curitiba Fight Pro middleweight champion and amassed a record of 14-1 prior signed by UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship In his UFC debut, Chagas faced Sérgio Moraes as a late replacement, on 14 May 2016 at UFC 198 in Curitiba, Brazil. Chagas started the fight with a barrage of punches on round one and dropped Moraes on round two with a leg kick. Moraes took down Chagas but was not able to score a submission. After three rounds, the fight was declared a draw. His next UFC fight was in September 2016 against Erick Silva at UFC Fight Night: Cyborg vs. Lansberg. He lost the fight via submission on round three. The fight earned him the Fight of the Night award. On 3 June 2017, he faced Jim Wallhead at UFC 212. He submitted Wallhead via a rear-naked choke on round two and won the fight. Chagas was scheduled to face Niko Price on 28 October 2017 UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Machida. on 6 October 2017, it was announced that Chagas has fractured his foot and was pulled out from the bout. Chagas faced Siyar Bahadurzada on 21 April 2018 at UFC Fight Night 128. He lost the fight via knockout in round two. With his last bout being the last of his UFC contract, Chagas became a free agent. Fighting style With his Karate and Muay Thai background, Chagas use kicking for his fighting strategy. He throws sharp chopping low kicks and also utilizes wheel and head kicks to try to score a knockdown. He is a competent wrestler and enjoy throwing flurry lunging strikes on the early round. Personal life Chagas moniker "Tarzan" was coined after where he was from, Navirai, Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil where 65% of the Brazilian Pantanal, a natural region encompassing largest tropical wetland area in the world. Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 19 matches 15 wins 3 losses By knockout 6 1 By submission 9 2 Draws 1 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 15–3–1 Siyar Bahadurzada KO (kick to the body and punch) UFC Fight Night: Barboza vs. Lee 21 April 2018 2 2:40 Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States Win 15–2–1 Jim Wallhead Submission (rear-naked choke) UFC 212 3 June 2017 2 4:48 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Loss 14–2–1 Erick Silva Submission (rear-naked choke) UFC Fight Night: Cyborg vs. Lansberg 24 September 2016 3 3:57 Brasília, Brazil Fight of the Night. Draw 14–1–1 Sérgio Moraes Draw (split) UFC 198 14 May 2016 3 5:00 Curitiba, Brazil Win 14–1 Eduardo Garvon Submission (rear-naked choke) Imortal Fighting Championship 2 13 December 2015 1 4:14 São José dos Pinhais, Brazil Win 13–1 Edvald de Oliveira TKO Frontline Fight Series 1 19 September 2015 2 0:00 São José dos Pinhais, Brazil Win 12–1 Julio Cesar Andrade Submission (armbar) Max Fight 15 4 July 2015 2 1:27 Ilha Comprida, Brazil Win 11–1 Julio Cesar Bilik Submission (rear-naked choke) Curitiba Fight Pro 7 March 2015 1 4:22 Curitiba, Brazil Won vacant Curitiba Fight Pro Welterweight Championship. Win 10–1 Christian Ferreira Submission (armbar) Power Fight Extreme 12 13 December 2014 2 1:59 Curitiba, Brazil Win 9–1 Allan Simon TKO (punches) Curitiba Fight Pro 9 August 2014 1 2:16 Curitiba, Brazil Win 8–1 Roberto Ordza Submission (triangle choke) Samurai Fighting Championship: Power Fight Extreme 10 30 November 2013 1 1:42 Curitiba, Brazil Win 7–1 Silas Robson de Oliveira TKO (punches and knees) Watch Out Combat Show 28 10 August 2013 3 5:00 Curitiba, Brazil Win 6–1 Edson Lopes Submission (rear-naked choke) Power Fight Extreme 9 29 June 2013 1 4:57 Curitiba, Brazil Loss 5–1 Lorival Lourenco Jr. Submission (rear-naked choke) Gladiator Combat Fight 6 April 2013 2 1:46 Curitiba, Brazil Win 5–0 Jose Luiz Domingues da Silva Submission Adventure Tournament 4 9 March 2013 1 2:22 Curitiba, Brazil Win 4–0 Everton Souza TKO (punches) Striker's House Cup 23 23 February 2013 1 1:29 Curitiba, Brazil Win 3–0 Cassio Pit Submission (rear-naked choke) Striker's House Cup 22 8 December 2012 1 2:02 Curitiba, Brazil Win 2–0 Adriano Carvalho TKO (punches) G1: Open Fight 14 15 September 2012 1 0:45 Siqueira Campos, Brazil Win 1–0 Alex Morales TKO (punches) Face the Danger 3 28 July 2012 1 N/A Curitiba, Brazil See also List of current UFC fighters List of male mixed martial artists References ^ "Luan Chagas". Tapology. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ a b c d e "Luan Chagas - Official UFC® Profile". www.ufc.com. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ a b Sherdog.com. "Luan". Sherdog. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Luan Chagas tenta a sua primeira vitória no UFC". notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ a b "UFC Brasília: Luan Chagas enfrentará Shinsho Anzai!". Nocaute na Rede (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 August 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Oponente se lesiona, e Serginho Moraes encara estreante Luan Chagas no UFC 198". UFC. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "UFC 198 results: Sergio Moraes and Luan Chagas battle to split draw". MMAjunkie. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Sergio Moraes vs Luan Chagas UFC 198 Full Fight Part 1 MMA Video". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Sergio Moraes vs Luan Chagas UFC 198 Full Fight Part 3 MMA Video". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Sergio Moraes vs Luan Chagas UFC 198 Full Fight Part 2 MMA Video". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Luan Chagas elogia Erick Silva, mas avisa: "Supero ele em todas as áreas"". sportv.globo.com/site/combate (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "UFC Fight Night 95 results: Erick Silva chokes out Luan Chagas in third with sneaky step-behind move". MMAjunkie. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Erick Silva vs Luan Chagas UFC Fight Night 95 Full Fight Part 3 MMA Video". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "UFC Fight Night 95 bonuses: Eric Spicely's huge upset of 8-1 favorite Thiago 'Marreta' Santos worth $50,000". MMAjunkie. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017. ^ "Report: Luan Chagas vs. Jim Wallhead booked for UFC 212 in Rio de Janeiro". MMAjunkie. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "UFC 212 results: Luan Chagas chokes out Jim Wallhead for first UFC win". MMAjunkie. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Luan Chagas vs Jim Wallhead Full Fight UFC 212 MMA Video". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "3 bouts featuring Brazilian fighters official for UFC Fight Night 119 in Sao Paulo". MMAjunkie. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Luan Chagas sofre fratura no pé e está fora do UFC São Paulo". MMA Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017. ^ DNA, MMA (February 2018). "Siyar Bahadurzada treft Luan Chagas tijdens UFC Atlantic City". mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2 February 2018. ^ "UFC Fight Night 128 results: Siyar Bahadurzada KOs Luan Chagas with nasty body kick, uppercut". MMAjunkie. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018. ^ Cruz, Guilherme (21 April 2018). "On last fight of his UFC contract, Luan Chagas ignores extra pressure against Bahadurzada". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ "Usman injured, UFC signs new WW for Moraes at 198". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ Sherdog.com. "Luan". Sherdog. Retrieved 15 April 2018. External links Luan Chagas at UFC Professional MMA record for Luan Chagas from Sherdog

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Moraes took down Chagas but was not able to score a submission. After three rounds, the fight was declared a draw.[7][8][9][10]His next UFC fight was in September 2016 against Erick Silva at UFC Fight Night: Cyborg vs. Lansberg.[11] He lost the fight via submission on round three.[12][13] The fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.[14]On 3 June 2017, he faced Jim Wallhead at UFC 212.[15] He submitted Wallhead via a rear-naked choke on round two and won the fight.[16][17]Chagas was scheduled to face Niko Price on 28 October 2017 UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Machida.[18] on 6 October 2017, it was announced that Chagas has fractured his foot and was pulled out from the bout.[19]Chagas faced Siyar Bahadurzada on 21 April 2018 at UFC Fight Night 128.[20] He lost the fight via knockout in round two.[21]With his last bout being the last of his UFC contract, Chagas became a free agent.[22]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"With his Karate and Muay Thai background, Chagas use kicking for his fighting strategy. He throws sharp chopping low kicks and also utilizes wheel and head kicks to try to score a knockdown. He is a competent wrestler and enjoy throwing flurry lunging strikes on the early round.[23]","title":"Fighting style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navirai"},{"link_name":"Mato Grosso do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Pantanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal"},{"link_name":"natural region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_region"},{"link_name":"wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nocautenaredebackground-5"}],"text":"Chagas moniker \"Tarzan\" was coined after where he was from, Navirai, Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil where 65% of the Brazilian Pantanal, a natural region encompassing largest tropical wetland area in the world.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"[24]","title":"Mixed martial arts record"}]

[]

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Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mma-core.com/videos/Sergio_Moraes_vs_Luan_Chagas_UFC_198_Part_2/10129089","url_text":"\"Sergio Moraes vs Luan Chagas UFC 198 Full Fight Part 2 MMA Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luan Chagas elogia Erick Silva, mas avisa: \"Supero ele em todas as áreas\"\". sportv.globo.com/site/combate (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportv.globo.com/site/combate/noticia/2016/09/luan-chagas-elogia-erick-silva-mas-avisa-supero-ele-em-todas-areas.html","url_text":"\"Luan Chagas elogia Erick Silva, mas avisa: \"Supero ele em todas as áreas\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Fight Night 95 results: Erick Silva chokes out Luan Chagas in third with sneaky step-behind move\". MMAjunkie. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/09/ufc-fight-night-95-results-erick-silva-chokes-out-luan-chagas-in-third-with-sneaky-step-behind-move","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 95 results: Erick Silva chokes out Luan Chagas in third with sneaky step-behind move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erick Silva vs Luan Chagas UFC Fight Night 95 Full Fight Part 3 MMA Video\". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mma-core.com/videos/Erick_Silva_vs_Luan_Chagas_UFC_Fight_Night_95_Full_Fight_Part_3/10141215","url_text":"\"Erick Silva vs Luan Chagas UFC Fight Night 95 Full Fight Part 3 MMA Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC Fight Night 95 bonuses: Eric Spicely's huge upset of 8-1 favorite Thiago 'Marreta' Santos worth $50,000\". MMAjunkie. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/09/ufc-fight-night-95-bonuses-eric-spicelys-huge-upset-of-8-1-favorite-thiago-marreta-santos-worth-50000","url_text":"\"UFC Fight Night 95 bonuses: Eric Spicely's huge upset of 8-1 favorite Thiago 'Marreta' Santos worth $50,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Luan Chagas vs. Jim Wallhead booked for UFC 212 in Rio de Janeiro\". MMAjunkie. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2017/04/report-luan-chagas-vs-jim-wallhead-booked-for-ufc-212-in-rio-de-janeiro","url_text":"\"Report: Luan Chagas vs. Jim Wallhead booked for UFC 212 in Rio de Janeiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFC 212 results: Luan Chagas chokes out Jim Wallhead for first UFC win\". MMAjunkie. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mmajunkie.com/2017/06/ufc-212-results-luan-chagas-chokes-out-jim-wallhead-for-first-ufc-win","url_text":"\"UFC 212 results: Luan Chagas chokes out Jim Wallhead for first UFC win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luan Chagas vs Jim Wallhead Full Fight UFC 212 MMA Video\". MMA-Core. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mma-core.com/videos/Luan_Chagas_vs_Jim_Wallhead_Full_Fight_UFC_212/10177261","url_text":"\"Luan Chagas vs Jim Wallhead Full Fight UFC 212 MMA Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 bouts featuring Brazilian fighters official for UFC Fight Night 119 in Sao Paulo\". MMAjunkie. 15 September 2017. 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Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/4/21/17202118/last-fight-ufc-contract-luan-chagas-ignores-extra-pressure-siyar-bahadurzada","url_text":"\"On last fight of his UFC contract, Luan Chagas ignores extra pressure against Bahadurzada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman injured, UFC signs new WW for Moraes at 198\". Bloody Elbow. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2016/5/3/11583166/ufc-198-signs-luan-chagas-vs-sergio-moraes-kamaru-usman-tuf-winner-injury-mma-news","url_text":"\"Usman injured, UFC signs new WW for Moraes at 198\""}]},{"reference":"Sherdog.com. \"Luan\". Sherdog. Retrieved 15 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Luan-Chagas-113505","url_text":"\"Luan\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_de_Lux

Dux de Lux

["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 2011 earthquake","3 Architecture","4 Heritage registration","5 See also","6 References"]

Residential, converted to a restaurant and bar in Christchurch, New ZealandDux de LuxDux de Lux in 2010Former namesLlanmaesGeneral informationTypeResidential, converted to a restaurant and barArchitectural styleEnglish Domestic Revival styleLocationcorner Hereford and Montreal Streets, Christchurch Central CityAddress41 Hereford StreetTown or cityChristchurchCountryNew ZealandCoordinates43°31′54″S 172°37′49″E / 43.5318°S 172.6302°E / -43.5318; 172.6302Current tenantsnil (closed due to earthquake damage)Completed1883Renovated1928/29ClientJohn LewisOwnerArt Centre TrustLandlordArt Centre Trust BoardTechnical detailsFloor counttwoDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Francis PetreRenovating teamArchitect(s)Collins and HarmanWebsiteofficial website Heritage New Zealand – Category 2Official nameArts Centre of Christchurch Old Student Union BuildingDesignated26 November 1981Reference no.4907 References"Dux de Lux". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 4 June 2011. The Dux de Lux (Latin: Masters of the Finest), originally called Llanmaes, was a popular beer garden and restaurant in Christchurch, New Zealand, that was part of the Arts Centre. The building, initially a private home, became the home of the student union of the University of Canterbury at this central city site before the tertiary institution moved to the suburb of Ilam. It is listed as a Category II heritage building (register number 4907) by Heritage New Zealand. The building was closed following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with the restaurant and bar moving to various suburban premises. Geography Llanmaes, ca 1920 The Dux de Lux is located in a stand-alone building, on the corner of Hereford and Montreal Streets in the central city. It is these days part of the Arts Centre that occupies that whole block and is thus located in the cultural precinct. History Charles Chilton in ca 1895 The merchant John Lewis commissioned the building with Francis Petre as his private residence, and it was constructed in 1883, in a Tudor Revival style similar to Pinner House in Dunedin, another Petre design. Lewis gave it the Welsh name of Llanmaes, which means 'the church in the meadow'. The house changed ownership to Dr Colin Graham Campbell in 1899, who onsold it to Dr Charles Chilton in 1904. Chilton was a zoologist, the first rector to be appointed in Australasia, and the first person to be awarded a D.Sc. degree in New Zealand. He lived in the building until 1911 and sold it to Eliza Vincent. When Vincent died, the building was purchased by the university in 1926. For the next three years, the building was used as the rector's residence. Canterbury College, from which the University of Canterbury developed, was first established in 1872. Either in 1875–1876 on in 1877, the Benjamin Mountfort-designed clock tower was the first building erected by the college on the block bounded by Worcester, Rolleston, Hereford and Montreal Streets. Llanmaes was the last building on the block purchased by the college. The Canterbury Students' Association was formed in 1894. An immediate issue was to find a suitable place for students to meet, but it was not until 1921 that a tearoom was set aside for this purpose. Regarded as a temporary solution, the students pursued the idea to have their own building. V. R. J. Hearn won a design competition with his entry in Gothic Revival style, in keeping with the college's older buildings. The estimated cost of £30,000 proved to put this aim out of reach. The board of the university suggested that Llanmaes, which had just been purchased, could be used by the students. Although the Students' Association rejected the idea, the architects Collins and Harman were tasked with developing plans for extending the building. The architects were sympathetic to the original design and continued with the original style of English Domestic Revival style architecture. An addition, low brick walls around the street frontage, was made in 1928–1929 by Collins and Harman. From 1929, the building served as the Student Union. While a 1954 fire damaged much of the interior, construction in 1955–1956 added a dining room and three meeting rooms. After the student union had moved out, the building was converted into a bar, music venue, and restaurant. The Dux de Lux, which is Latin for Masters of the Finest, opened in late 1978. New Zealand band Salmonella Dub will release the single Same Home Town in 2013 in honour of their 20th birthday. The single is dedicated to the Dux de Lux as their early Christchurch venue. 2011 earthquake As a result of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the Dux de Lux closed due to structural damage. The wider Arts Centre was forced to close all its buildings due to severe damage, meaning the famous vegetarian and seafood establishment, alongside other tenants, was evicted. In late 2011 the music venue Dux Live! opened in Addington. Then 2012 saw the opening of Dux Dine in the neighbouring suburb Riccarton. The Dux Brewing Company continues to manufacture and supply craft beer, such as the Ginger Tom. Architecture Dux de Lux bar The building's English Cottage style is Tudor influenced. There are several interconnected wings. At the west end, there is a 2-storey Brew Bar with offices above. At the north end, there is a single-storey Tavern Bar. In the northeast corner, there is a 2-storey plus part single storey wing, which includes a restaurant and Function Room. In the southeast corner, a 2-storey section contains stairs, amenities, and an office. Its construction includes slate tile roof cladding, timber rafters, and a timber framed flat roof. Both the first floor and ground floor are timber framed. The exterior load bearing walls, as well as some of the interior walls, are of double brick. The interior finishing is of lath and plaster. A brick chimney is situated in the west wall, while the north wall has a bay window. Other notable features are the stained glass windows, three large panels and three small panels, and brick arches at the north and south entries. In 1929, it had rimu panelling and wallpaper in 'quiet shades'. Heritage registration The Dux de Lux was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage building on 26 November 1981 with registration number 4907. It is an example of Francis Petre's domestic work, who is better known for the design of basilicas, including the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch. The building is significant, as it housed the student union of the University of Canterbury for four decades; it is thus considered part of the social fabric of the university by many alumni. Many consider the building to be the heart of the former university. See also New Zealand portalCompanies portalFood portal List of restaurants in New Zealand References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dux de Lux. ^ a b Gilmore, Brett (5 April 2011). "Preliminary Post-Earthquake Structural Assessment Report" (PDF). Structex Metro Ltd. pp. 5–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011. ^ "Maps". Cultural Precinct. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Dux de Lux". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 3 June 2011. ^ a b "Chronology of the site". The Arts Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011. ^ "Llanmaes, corner of Hereford and Montreal Streets, Christchurch". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 3 June 2011. ^ Dux de Lux, Christchurch City - Eventfinda ^ "Dux charm endures in Christchurch". The Press. Christchurch. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Anderson, Vicki (26 July 2013). "Salmonella Dub". Go, The Press. Christchurch. pp. 8–9. ^ Gates, Charlie (1 June 2011). "Bid to save Dux de Lux". The Press. Christchurch. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ "Dux Live - View our gig guide here | duxlive.co.nz". Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ Turner, Anna (15 November 2012). "Dux Dine opens in Riccarton". The Press. Christchurch. Retrieved 12 April 2013. ^ "The Dux Brewing Co". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013. vteChristchurch earthquakesEarthquakesLocated in or near Christchurch June 1869 September 2010 Boxing Day 2010 February 2011 June 2011 December 2011 February 2016 Located elsewhere causingdamage in Christchurch 1855 Wairarapa 1881 Castle Hill 1888 North Canterbury 1901 Cheviot 1922 Motunau 2016 Kaikōura BuildingsLost Bus Exchange Christchurch Central Library Te Pae Convention Centre Crowne Plaza The Civic Clarendon Tower Cranmer Centre Cranmer Court CTV Building Durham Street Methodist Church Excelsior Hotel Guthrey Centre Hornby Clocktower Hotel Grand Chancellor Linwood House Lyttelton Borough Council Chambers Lyttelton Road Tunnel Administration Building Lyttelton Times Building Majestic Theatre Manchester Courts Oxford Terrace Baptist Church PGC building Press Building St John's Church St Luke's Church St Paul's Church Warner's Hotel Weston House Westpac Canterbury Centre Wharetiki House Demolition Implosion of Radio Network House Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament Central Police Station Lancaster Park Music Centre of Christchurch Twinkle Toes Damaged withuncertain future Antonio Hall Odeon Theatre Remaining Antigua Boat Sheds Arts Centre (Dux de Lux, Registry Building) Bridge of Remembrance Canterbury Club Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings Chief Post Office Christchurch Art Gallery Christ Church Cathedral Christchurch Club St Michael Church Citizens' War Memorial City Mall Curator's House Forsyth Barr Building Godley Statue Isaac Theatre Royal Knox Church McDougall Art Gallery McLean's Mansion Midland Club Building New Brighton Pier New Regent Street Lyttelton Timeball Station Old Government Building Our City Peterborough Centre Public Trust Building Riccarton House Rolleston Statue Scott Statue Shand's Emporium Sign of the Kiwi St Saviour's Chapel Town Hall Trinity Congregational Church Victoria Clock Tower Victoria Mansions Worcester Chambers New 185 empty chairs (unofficial memorial) Cardboard Cathedral Christchurch Catholic Cathedral Pallet Pavilion Re:START Lists historic places tall buildings LandCategories Central City Red Zone Residential red zone (East Lake) TC3 Suburbs worst affected Central City Avonside Avondale Dallington Bexley Southshore Brooklands Kaiapoi PeopleAssociated with earthquakes Ann Brower Gerry Brownlee Kaila Colbin Clayton Cosgrove Ruth Dyson Antony Gough John Hamilton Andrew Holden Warwick Isaacs Sam Johnson André Lovatt Neil MacLean Tony Marryatt John Ombler Bob Parker Nigel Priestley Mark Quigley Alan Reay Ken Ring Gerald Shirtcliff Roger Sutton Deon Swiggs Coralie Winn Died in earthquake Jo Giles Amanda Hooper Recovery Plan (1) The Frame (Margaret Mahy Playground) (2) Te Pae Convention Centre (3) Christchurch Stadium (4) Metro Sports Facility (5) Bus Interchange (6) Avon River Precinct (7) Te Puna Ahurea Cultural Centre (8) The Square (9) Performing Arts Precinct (10) Justice and Emergency Services Precinct (11) Health Precinct (12) Cricket Oval (13) Residential Demonstration Project (14) Tūranga (Central Library) (15) Innovation Precinct (16) Retail Precinct Earthquake Memorial (official) OrganisationsPublic sector CCDU CERA Christchurch City Council Civil Defence Regenerate Christchurch SCIRT Selwyn District Council Waimakariri District Council Private and voluntary sector Farmy Army Gap Filler Greening the Rubble Ministry of Awesome Student Volunteer Army The Press Services Christchurch Recovery Map The Shuttle Legislation Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act 2010 Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011 Commission of Inquiry Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission Mark Cooper (chair) Ron Carter (commissioner) Richard Fenwick (commissioner)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"University of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"central city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Central_City"},{"link_name":"Ilam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"2011 Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake"}],"text":"Residential, converted to a restaurant and bar in Christchurch, New ZealandThe Dux de Lux (Latin: Masters of the Finest), originally called Llanmaes, was a popular beer garden and restaurant in Christchurch, New Zealand, that was part of the Arts Centre.The building, initially a private home, became the home of the student union of the University of Canterbury at this central city site before the tertiary institution moved to the suburb of Ilam. It is listed as a Category II heritage building (register number 4907) by Heritage New Zealand. The building was closed following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with the restaurant and bar moving to various suburban premises.","title":"Dux de Lux"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llanmaes,_ca_1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilmore2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Llanmaes, ca 1920The Dux de Lux is located in a stand-alone building,[1] on the corner of Hereford and Montreal Streets in the central city. It is these days part of the Arts Centre that occupies that whole block and is thus located in the cultural precinct.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Chilton,_1895c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis Petre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Petre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"Tudor Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Charles Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chilton_(zoologist)"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"D.Sc. degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts_Centre_chronology-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920_photo-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts_Centre_chronology-4"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Mountfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mountfort"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Collins and Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armson,_Collins_and_Harman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Event_Finder-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Salmonella Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_Dub"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20th_birthday-8"}],"text":"Charles Chilton in ca 1895The merchant John Lewis commissioned the building with Francis Petre as his private residence, and it was constructed in 1883,[3] in a Tudor Revival style similar to Pinner House in Dunedin, another Petre design. Lewis gave it the Welsh name of Llanmaes, which means 'the church in the meadow'. The house changed ownership to Dr Colin Graham Campbell in 1899, who onsold it to Dr Charles Chilton in 1904. Chilton was a zoologist, the first rector to be appointed in Australasia, and the first person to be awarded a D.Sc. degree in New Zealand. He lived in the building until 1911 and sold it to Eliza Vincent. When Vincent died, the building was purchased by the university in 1926.[3][4] For the next three years, the building was used as the rector's residence.[5]Canterbury College, from which the University of Canterbury developed, was first established in 1872. Either in 1875–1876[3] on in 1877,[4] the Benjamin Mountfort-designed clock tower was the first building erected by the college on the block bounded by Worcester, Rolleston, Hereford and Montreal Streets. Llanmaes was the last building on the block purchased by the college.[3]The Canterbury Students' Association was formed in 1894. An immediate issue was to find a suitable place for students to meet, but it was not until 1921 that a tearoom was set aside for this purpose. Regarded as a temporary solution, the students pursued the idea to have their own building. V. R. J. Hearn won a design competition with his entry in Gothic Revival style, in keeping with the college's older buildings. The estimated cost of £30,000 proved to put this aim out of reach. The board of the university suggested that Llanmaes, which had just been purchased, could be used by the students. Although the Students' Association rejected the idea, the architects Collins and Harman were tasked with developing plans for extending the building. The architects were sympathetic to the original design and continued with the original style of English Domestic Revival style architecture. An addition, low brick walls around the street frontage, was made in 1928–1929 by Collins and Harman. From 1929, the building served as the Student Union.[3] While a 1954 fire damaged much of the interior, construction in 1955–1956 added a dining room and three meeting rooms.[3] After the student union had moved out, the building was converted into a bar, music venue, and restaurant. The Dux de Lux, which is Latin for Masters of the Finest,[6] opened in late 1978.[7]New Zealand band Salmonella Dub will release the single Same Home Town in 2013 in honour of their 20th birthday. The single is dedicated to the Dux de Lux as their early Christchurch venue.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dux_Live!-10"},{"link_name":"Riccarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccarton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dux_Brewing_Company-12"}],"sub_title":"2011 earthquake","text":"As a result of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the Dux de Lux closed due to structural damage. The wider Arts Centre was forced to close all its buildings due to severe damage, meaning the famous vegetarian and seafood establishment, alongside other tenants, was evicted.[9] In late 2011 the music venue Dux Live! opened in Addington.[10] Then 2012 saw the opening of Dux Dine in the neighbouring suburb Riccarton.[11] The Dux Brewing Company[12] continues to manufacture and supply craft beer, such as the Ginger Tom.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dux_de_Lux_bar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"bay window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_window"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilmore2011-1"},{"link_name":"rimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"}],"text":"Dux de Lux barThe building's English Cottage style is Tudor influenced. There are several interconnected wings. At the west end, there is a 2-storey Brew Bar with offices above. At the north end, there is a single-storey Tavern Bar. In the northeast corner, there is a 2-storey plus part single storey wing, which includes a restaurant and Function Room. In the southeast corner, a 2-storey section contains stairs, amenities, and an office. Its construction includes slate tile roof cladding, timber rafters, and a timber framed flat roof. Both the first floor and ground floor are timber framed. The exterior load bearing walls, as well as some of the interior walls, are of double brick. The interior finishing is of lath and plaster. A brick chimney is situated in the west wall, while the north wall has a bay window.[1] Other notable features are the stained glass windows, three large panels and three small panels, and brick arches at the north and south entries. In 1929, it had rimu panelling and wallpaper in 'quiet shades'.[3]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-register-3"}],"text":"The Dux de Lux was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage building on 26 November 1981 with registration number 4907. It is an example of Francis Petre's domestic work, who is better known for the design of basilicas, including the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch.[3]The building is significant, as it housed the student union of the University of Canterbury for four decades; it is thus considered part of the social fabric of the university by many alumni. Many consider the building to be the heart of the former university.[3]","title":"Heritage registration"}]

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[{"reference":"Gilmore, Brett (5 April 2011). \"Preliminary Post-Earthquake Structural Assessment Report\" (PDF). Structex Metro Ltd. pp. 5–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324233339/http://www.saveourdux.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Structural-Eng-Report-Dux.pdf","url_text":"\"Preliminary Post-Earthquake Structural Assessment Report\""},{"url":"http://www.saveourdux.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Structural-Eng-Report-Dux.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maps\". Cultural Precinct. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100605011247/http://www.culturalprecinct.co.nz/maps","url_text":"\"Maps\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalprecinct.co.nz/maps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dux de Lux\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 3 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/4907/4907","url_text":"\"Dux de Lux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of the site\". The Arts Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110530014208/http://www.artscentre.org.nz/heritage-and-history/chronology","url_text":"\"Chronology of the site\""},{"url":"http://www.artscentre.org.nz/heritage-and-history/chronology","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Llanmaes, corner of Hereford and Montreal Streets, Christchurch\". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 3 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Photos/Disc16/IMG0018.asp","url_text":"\"Llanmaes, corner of Hereford and Montreal Streets, Christchurch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_City_Libraries","url_text":"Christchurch City Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Dux charm endures in Christchurch\". The Press. Christchurch. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/644798/Dux-charm-endures-in-Christchurch","url_text":"\"Dux charm endures in Christchurch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Vicki (26 July 2013). \"Salmonella Dub\". Go, The Press. Christchurch. pp. 8–9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch","url_text":"Christchurch"}]},{"reference":"Gates, Charlie (1 June 2011). \"Bid to save Dux de Lux\". The Press. Christchurch. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/rebuilding-christchurch/5082645/Bid-to-save-Dux-de-Lux","url_text":"\"Bid to save Dux de Lux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Dux Live - View our gig guide here | duxlive.co.nz\". Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507072552/http://www.duxlive.co.nz/","url_text":"\"Dux Live - View our gig guide here | duxlive.co.nz\""},{"url":"http://www.duxlive.co.nz/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Anna (15 November 2012). \"Dux Dine opens in Riccarton\". The Press. Christchurch. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/eat-and-drink/7954975/Dux-Dine-opens-in-Riccarton","url_text":"\"Dux Dine opens in Riccarton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dux Brewing Co\". Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518064130/http://duxbrew.co.nz/","url_text":"\"The Dux Brewing Co\""},{"url":"http://www.duxbrew.co.nz/","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lu%C3%B4ng

Mỹ Luông

[]

Coordinates: 20°52′N 105°40′E / 20.867°N 105.667°E / 20.867; 105.667Township in An Giang, VietnamMỹ LuôngTownshipMỹ LuôngLocation in VietnamCoordinates: 20°52′N 105°40′E / 20.867°N 105.667°E / 20.867; 105.667Country VietnamProvinceAn GiangDistrictChợ MớiEstablished17 October 2003Area • Total3.12 sq mi (8.08 km2)Population (2003) • Total15,540 • Density4,980/sq mi (1,923/km2)Time zoneUTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) Mỹ Luông is a township (thị trấn Mỹ Luông) and town of the Chợ Mới District of An Giang Province, Vietnam. vteAn Giang province Capital: Long Xuyên Long Xuyên Mỹ Bình Mỹ Long Mỹ Xuyên Bình Khánh Mỹ Phước Đông Xuyên Mỹ Quý Mỹ Thạnh Mỹ Thới Bình Đức Mỹ Hòa Mỹ Hòa Hưng Mỹ Khánh Châu Đốc Châu Phú A Châu Phú B Núi Sam Vĩnh Mỹ Vĩnh Nguơn Vĩnh Châu Vĩnh Tế Tân Châu Long Phú Long Châu Long Hưng Long Sơn Long Thạnh Châu Phong Lê Chánh Long An Phú Lộc Phú Vĩnh Tân An Tân Thạnh Vĩnh Hòa Vĩnh Xương An Phú District An Phú Long Bình Đa Phước Khánh An Khánh Bình Nhơn Hội Phú Hội Phú Hữu Phước Hưng Quốc Thái Vĩnh Hậu Vĩnh Hội Đông Vĩnh Lộc Vĩnh Trường Châu Phú District Cái Dầu Bình Chánh Bình Long Bình Mỹ Bình Phú Bình Thủy Đào Hữu Cảnh Khánh Hòa Mỹ Đức Mỹ Phú Ô Long Vĩ Thạnh Mỹ Tây Vĩnh Thạnh Trung Châu Thành District An Châu An Hòa Bình Hòa Bình Thạnh Cần Đăng Hòa Bình Thạnh Tân Phú Vĩnh An Vĩnh Bình Vĩnh Hanh Vĩnh Lợi Vĩnh Nhuận Vĩnh Thành Chợ Mới District Chợ Mới Mỹ Luông An Thạnh Trung Bình Phước Xuân Hòa An Hòa Bình Hội An Kiến An Kiến Thành Long Điền A Long Điền B Long Giang Long Kiến Mỹ An Mỹ Hiệp Mỹ Hội Đông Nhơn Mỹ Tấn Mỹ Phú Tân District Phú Mỹ Chợ Vàm Bình Thạnh Đông Hiệp Xương Hòa Lạc Long Hòa Phú An Phú Bình Phú Hiệp Phú Hưng Phú Lâm Phú Thành Phú Thạnh Phú Thọ Phú Long Phú Xuân Tân Hòa Tân Trung Thoại Sơn District Núi Sập Óc Eo Phú Hòa An Bình Bình Thành Định Mỹ Định Thành Mỹ Phú Đông Phú Thuận Tây Phú Thoại Giang Vĩnh Chánh Vĩnh Khánh Vĩnh Phú Vĩnh Trạch Vọng Đông Vọng Thê Tịnh Biên District Tịnh Biên Chi Lăng Nhà Bàng An Cư An Hảo An Nông An Phú Nhơn Hưng Núi Voi Tân Lập Tân Lợi Thới Sơn Văn Giáo Vĩnh Trung Tri Tôn District Tri Tôn Ba Chúc An Tức Châu Lăng Cô Tô Lạc Quới Lê Trì Lương An Trà Lương Phi Núi Tô Ô Lâm Tà Đảnh Tân Tuyến Vĩnh Gia Vĩnh Phước This article about a location in An Giang province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_H%C3%B2a,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_An,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_B%C3%ACnh,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Hiệp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Hi%E1%BB%87p,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_H%C6%B0ng,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Lâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_L%C3%A2m,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Thành","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%C3%A0nh,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Thạnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BA%A1nh,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Thọ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Long,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Phú Xuân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Tân 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Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Ph%C3%BA_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Phú Thuận","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Thu%E1%BA%ADn,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Tây Phú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ph%C3%BA,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Thoại Giang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_Giang"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Chánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ch%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Khánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Kh%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Phú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BA,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Trạch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Tr%E1%BA%A1ch,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Vọng Đông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Vọng Thê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dng_Th%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Tịnh Biên District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Bi%C3%AAn_District"},{"link_name":"Tịnh Biên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Bi%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Chi Lăng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_L%C4%83ng,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Nhà Bàng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_B%C3%A0ng"},{"link_name":"An Cư","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_C%C6%B0,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"An Hảo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_H%E1%BA%A3o"},{"link_name":"An Nông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%B4ng,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"An Phú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ph%C3%BA,_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Bi%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Nhơn Hưng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C6%A1n_H%C6%B0ng,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Núi Voi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Voi"},{"link_name":"Tân Lập","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_L%E1%BA%ADp,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Tân Lợi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%A3i,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Thới Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Bi_S%C6%A1n,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Văn Giáo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A1o"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Trung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Trung,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Tri Tôn District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_T%C3%B4n_District"},{"link_name":"Tri Tôn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_T%C3%B4n"},{"link_name":"Ba Chúc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc"},{"link_name":"An Tức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%E1%BB%A9c"},{"link_name":"Châu Lăng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_L%C4%83ng"},{"link_name":"Cô Tô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4_T%C3%B4,_An_Giang"},{"link_name":"Lạc Quới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Qu%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Lê Trì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Tr%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Lương An Trà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_An_Tr%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Lương Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Phi"},{"link_name":"Núi Tô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_T%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Ô Lâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_L%C3%A2m"},{"link_name":"Tà Đảnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3nh"},{"link_name":"Tân Tuyến","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Tuy%E1%BA%BFn"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Gia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Gia"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Phước","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc,_An_Giang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Giang_in_Vietnam.svg"},{"link_name":"An Giang province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Giang_province"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%B9_Lu%C3%B4ng&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AnGiang-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AnGiang-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AnGiang-geo-stub"}],"text":"Township in An Giang, VietnamMỹ Luông is a township (thị trấn Mỹ Luông) and town of the Chợ Mới District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.vteAn Giang province\nCapital: Long Xuyên\nLong Xuyên\nMỹ Bình\nMỹ Long\nMỹ Xuyên\nBình Khánh\nMỹ Phước\nĐông Xuyên\nMỹ Quý\nMỹ Thạnh\nMỹ Thới\nBình Đức\nMỹ Hòa\nMỹ Hòa Hưng\nMỹ Khánh\nChâu Đốc\nChâu Phú A\nChâu Phú B\nNúi Sam\nVĩnh Mỹ\nVĩnh Nguơn\nVĩnh Châu\nVĩnh Tế\nTân Châu\nLong Phú\nLong Châu\nLong Hưng\nLong Sơn\nLong Thạnh\nChâu Phong\nLê Chánh\nLong An\nPhú Lộc\nPhú Vĩnh\nTân An\nTân Thạnh\nVĩnh Hòa\nVĩnh Xương\nAn Phú District\nAn Phú\nLong Bình\nĐa Phước\nKhánh An\nKhánh Bình\nNhơn Hội\nPhú Hội\nPhú Hữu\nPhước Hưng\nQuốc Thái\nVĩnh Hậu\nVĩnh Hội Đông\nVĩnh Lộc\nVĩnh Trường\nChâu Phú District\nCái Dầu\nBình Chánh\nBình Long\nBình Mỹ\nBình Phú\nBình Thủy\nĐào Hữu Cảnh\nKhánh Hòa\nMỹ Đức\nMỹ Phú\nÔ Long Vĩ\nThạnh Mỹ Tây\nVĩnh Thạnh Trung\nChâu Thành District\nAn Châu\nAn Hòa\nBình Hòa\nBình Thạnh\nCần Đăng\nHòa Bình Thạnh\nTân Phú\nVĩnh An\nVĩnh Bình\nVĩnh Hanh\nVĩnh Lợi\nVĩnh Nhuận\nVĩnh Thành\nChợ Mới District\nChợ Mới\nMỹ Luông\nAn Thạnh Trung\nBình Phước Xuân\nHòa An\nHòa Bình\nHội An\nKiến An\nKiến Thành\nLong Điền A\nLong Điền B\nLong Giang\nLong Kiến\nMỹ An\nMỹ Hiệp\nMỹ Hội Đông\nNhơn Mỹ\nTấn Mỹ\nPhú Tân District\nPhú Mỹ\nChợ Vàm\nBình Thạnh Đông\nHiệp Xương\nHòa Lạc\nLong Hòa\nPhú An\nPhú Bình\nPhú Hiệp\n Phú Hưng\nPhú Lâm\nPhú Thành\nPhú Thạnh\nPhú Thọ\nPhú Long\nPhú Xuân\nTân Hòa\nTân Trung\nThoại Sơn District\nNúi Sập\nÓc Eo\nPhú Hòa\nAn Bình\nBình Thành\nĐịnh Mỹ\nĐịnh Thành\nMỹ Phú Đông\nPhú Thuận\nTây Phú\nThoại Giang\nVĩnh Chánh\nVĩnh Khánh\nVĩnh Phú\nVĩnh Trạch\nVọng Đông\nVọng Thê\nTịnh Biên District\nTịnh Biên \nChi Lăng\nNhà Bàng\nAn Cư\nAn Hảo\nAn Nông\nAn Phú\nNhơn Hưng\nNúi Voi\nTân Lập\nTân Lợi\nThới Sơn\nVăn Giáo\nVĩnh Trung\nTri Tôn District\nTri Tôn\nBa Chúc \nAn Tức\nChâu Lăng\nCô Tô\nLạc Quới\nLê Trì\nLương An Trà\nLương Phi\nNúi Tô\nÔ Lâm\nTà Đảnh\nTân Tuyến\nVĩnh Gia\nVĩnh PhướcThis article about a location in An Giang province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Mỹ Luông"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_VI_of_Kongo

Álvaro VI of Kongo

["1 See also","2 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Álvaro VI of Kongo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manikongo Álvaro VIManikongoÁlvaro VI of KongoReign1636 - 1641PredecessorÁlvaro VSuccessorGarcia IIDied(1641-02-22)22 February 1641DynastyKinlaza dynasty Álvaro VI of Kongo, sometimes called Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba (in the Kikongo language), was a ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo. He was the first member of the Kinlaza kanda, and like his brother, Garcia II established the line in power. At the death of his predecessor, Alvaro IV an eleven year old candidate from the House of Kwilu, was overthrown by the ambitious Daniel da Silva, Duke of Mbamba. Alvaro VI and his brother Garcia defended the young king. In gratitude Alvaro V awarded the future Alvaro VI with the duchy of Mbamba in 1634. Alvaro IV died shortly after and was succeeded by his half brother, Alvaro V who was then himself poisoned. Jealous members of the house of Kwilu, led by Gregorio, a court noble tried to engineer a coup to defeat Alvaro VI and his brother Garcia, but failed, and they stormed the capital and installed Alvaro VI as king on 26 February 1636. Gregorio, in turn went eastward and recruited the Duke of Mbata to assist in a counterattack, which failed. He was descended through the female line of Anna Ntumba from King Afonso I. He was not supportive of Dutch comment in Soyo, and eventually forced the Count, Paulo to force them out. During his six-year reign he abandoned the marquisate of Makuta to the Count of Soyo (in 1637) and fought with the Dutch in against the Portuguese at Luanda. Álvaro died on January or February 22, 1641; his brother succeeded him as Garcia II of Kongo. See also Kingdom of Kongo List of rulers of Kongo Preceded byÁlavaro V Manikongo 1636–1641 Succeeded byGarcia II vteRulers of the Kingdom of KongoAwenekongo of the Kilukeni kanda (1390–1567) Lukeni lua Nimi Nanga of Kongo Nlaza of Kongo Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo João I of Kongo Afonso I of Kongo Pedro I of Kongo Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi Afonso II of Kongo Bernardo I of Kongo Henrique I of Kongo Awenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1567–1622) Álvaro I of Kongo Álvaro II of Kongo Bernardo II of Kongo Álvaro III of Kongo Awenekongo of the Nkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626) Pedro II of Kongo Garcia I of Kongo Mwenekongo of the Kwilu kanda (1626–1636) Ambrósio I of Kongo Álvaro IV of Kongo Awenekongo of the Kimpanzu kanda (1636) Álvaro V of Kongo Awenekongo of the Kinlaza kanda (1636–1665) Álvaro VI of Kongo Garcia II of Kongo António I of Kongo Civil War Awenekongo (1665–1678) Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo Álvaro VII of Kongo Álvaro VIII of Kongo Pedro III of Kongo Álvaro IX of Kongo Rafael I of Kongo Afonso III of Kongo Daniel I of Kongo Post-Civil War states Garcia III of Kibangu André I of Kibangu Manuel I of Kibangu Álvaro X of Kibangu Pedro IV of Kongo Pedro III of Kongo João II of Lemba Manuel II of Kongo Awenekongo after the recapture of São Salvador (1709–1891) Pedro IV of Kongo Manuel II of Kongo Garcia IV of Kongo Nicolau I of Kongo Afonso IV of Kongo António II of Kongo Sebastião I of Kongo "Pedro V" Álvaro XI of Kongo José I of Kongo Afonso V of Kongo Álvaro XII of Kongo Aleixo I of Kongo Joaquim I of Kongo Henrique II of Kongo Garcia V of Kongo André II of Kongo Henrique III of Kongo Álvaro XIII of Kongo Pedro V of Kongo Awenekongo after 1881 vassalage treaty with Portugal (1891–1914) Álvaro XIV of Kongo Henrique IV of Kongo Pedro VI of Kongo Manuel Nkomba of Kongo Manuel III of Kongo Pretenders to the Kongo throne since 1914 Alvaro XV of Kongo Pedro VII of Kongo António III of Kongo Isabel Maria da Gama, Q of Kongo (regent) Pedro VIII of Kongo Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (regent) References ^ Thornton, John (2020). A History of Central Africa to 1850. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-1-107-127159. This biography of a member of an African royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_II_of_Kongo"},{"title":"António I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Civil_War"},{"title":"Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Kongo_and_Nkondo"},{"title":"Álvaro VII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_VII_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Álvaro VIII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_VIII_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Pedro III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_III_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Álvaro IX of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_IX_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Rafael I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Afonso III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Daniel I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Garcia III of Kibangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_III_of_Kibangu"},{"title":"André I of Kibangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_I_of_Kibangu"},{"title":"Manuel I of Kibangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Kibangu"},{"title":"Álvaro X of Kibangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_X_of_Kibangu"},{"title":"Pedro IV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_IV_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Pedro III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_III_of_Kongo"},{"title":"João II of Lemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_II_of_Lemba"},{"title":"Manuel II of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Pedro IV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_IV_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Manuel II of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Garcia IV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_IV_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Nicolau I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Afonso IV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afonso_IV_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"António II of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_II_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sebastião I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"\"Pedro V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Kongo_(Usurper)"},{"title":"Álvaro XI of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_XI_of_Kongo"},{"title":"José I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Afonso V of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Álvaro XII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_XII_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Aleixo I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleixo_I_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Joaquim I of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_I_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Henrique II of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_II_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Garcia V of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_V_of_Kongo"},{"title":"André II of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_II_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Henrique III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_III_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Álvaro XIII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_XIII_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Pedro V of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Álvaro XIV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_XIV_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Henrique IV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_IV_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Pedro VI of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_VI_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Manuel Nkomba of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Nkomba_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Manuel III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_of_Kongo"},{"title":"Alvaro XV of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvaro_XV_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pedro VII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_VII_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"António III of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_III_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Isabel Maria da Gama, Q of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Maria_da_Gama,_Q_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pedro VIII of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_VIII_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Maria_da_Gama_of_Kongo&action=edit&redlink=1"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_capacity_test

Work Capacity Test

["1 Pre-test training","2 Arduous pack test","3 Moderate field test","4 Light walk test","5 Warning","6 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Work Capacity Test" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Work Capacity Test (WCT), known informally as the pack test, is a U.S. Forest Service physical test for wildland firefighters. The pack test is intentionally stressful as it tests the capacity of muscular strength and aerobic endurance of the firefighter. There are three tests known as arduous, moderate, and light. The pack test may be given as part of the S-130/S-190 basic wildland firefighter course. The pack test replaced as of the late 1990s an earlier physical fitness test called the step test, which measured physical fitness based on beginning and ending heart rate after a short workout on a set of stairs. It was believed that the pack test more accurately measures the ability to perform arduous labor for a sustained period of time (e.g. 45 minutes) than the step test. Besides the U.S. Forest Service, all other federal and most other state and private agencies also use the pack test although there are a few state and private agencies which still use the step test. Pre-test training Before a firefighter can begin training for the test, they must fill out a Health Screening Questionnaire (HSQ). This must be done prior to conditioning for, or taking, any level of the Work Capacity Tests (WCT). The HSQ is reviewed by a Human Resource Office and they will determine whether a person is cleared to start conditioning. This is very important because heart attacks due to stressful physical activity are a leading cause of firefighter deaths on the firelines. Once cleared for training, the firefighter will need to train a minimum of 4 weeks before the test with the boots and gear needed for the job. It is recommended that the firefighter train for the arduous test by building up their aerobic fitness, first by hiking 3 miles with no pack, then by jogging on a flat course without a pack, then later add the pack and hike hills to build leg strength. Increase weight slowly until the firefighter can hike 3 miles in 45 minutes while carrying 45 pounds. Arduous pack test Arduous: involves field work calling for above-average endurance and superior conditioning. All firefighters are required to perform arduous duty. This test level is required by the U.S. Forest Service and most other agencies to fight fire in the United States. Also in the Australian States of NSW, Vic, SA and Tas for Arduous Duty and Remote Area Firefighters. Requirements: 3-mile hike with 45 lb pack in 45 minutes. No jogging or running. Moderate field test Moderate: involves field work requiring complete control of physical faculties and may include considerable walking, standing, and lifting 25-50 lbs. Safety officers and fire behavior analysts are examples of moderate duty positions. This test level is accepted by most states and by the U.S. Forest Service under some cooperative agreements. Requirements: 2-mile walk with 25 lb pack in 30 minutes. No jogging or running. Light walk test Light: involves mainly office-type work with occasional field activity. Examples include staging area and helibase managers. Although it is part of the pack test, there is no pack for the light test. Requirements: 1-mile hike with no pack in 16 minutes. No jogging or running. Warning The USFS warns that "before you begin to train for testing or substantially increase your level of activity, consult your physician. This is especially important if you are over 40 and have been inactive, have a history of a heart condition or chest pain or loss of balance, or have a joint or bone problem that could be made worse by a change in physical activity." References http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/safety/wct/2002/pack_test_info_sheet.pdf http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/safety/wct/wct_index.html http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/safety/wct/pdf03512805dpi300.pdf

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upano_Valley_sites

Upano Valley sites

["1 Excavation history","2 Description of sites","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 2°08′S 78°05′W / 2.13°S 78.09°W / -2.13; -78.09Network of ancient cities Upano Valley sitesLIDAR image revealing the settlementsLocationMorona-Santiago Province, EcuadorRegionUpano River valleyCoordinates2°08′S 78°05′W / 2.13°S 78.09°W / -2.13; -78.09Area300 km2 (120 sq mi)HistoryFoundedc. 500 BCAbandonedbetween 300 AD and 600 ADCulturesKilamope, Upano The Upano Valley sites are a cluster of archaeological sites in the Amazon rainforest. They are located in the Upano River valley in Morona-Santiago Province in eastern Ecuador. The sites comprise several cities; they are believed to have been inhabited as early as 500 BC, predating any other known complex Amazonian society by over a millennium. Excavation history The earliest evidence of premodern settlement in the Upano Valley region was found in the 1970s. Stéphen Rostain , an archaeologist with France's National Center for Scientific Research, began excavations in the region during the 1990s. Exploration of the sites accelerated after the government of Ecuador funded a LIDAR survey of the Upano Valley in 2015, facilitating the discovery of many more settlements than had been previously uncovered. Rostain's team published their findings from the LIDAR survey in Science in January 2024. Description of sites The known sites spread across 300 square kilometres (120 square miles) in the Upano River valley. Rostain's team reported the discovery of fifteen settlements, five of which were described as "large settlements"; they especially prioritized the excavation of two settlements known as Kilamope and Sangay. The core area of Kilamope covers an area comparable in size to the Giza Plateau or the main avenue of Teotihuacan. The typical construction pattern at the sites centered around rectangular platforms that had been constructed by excavating and flattening the tops of hills. Around 6,000 of these platforms were discovered, upon which structures were built in groups of three to six. The structures are believed to be primarily residential, though some are thought to have held ceremonial purposes. Hearths and pits were found in the platforms, as well as jars, stones to grind plants, and burned seeds. They measure about 20 metres (66 feet) by 10 metres (33 feet) and are 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 feet) high. One complex at Kilamope had a platform that measures 140 metres (460 feet) by 40 metres (130 feet). A system of roads, extending as far as 25 kilometres (16 miles), connected the valley's residential areas. Ditches and road obstructions were observed around some of the settlements, suggesting that they might have needed to defend against threats. The urbanized areas of the Upano Valley sites were found to be surrounded by agricultural land, including fields and hillside terraces, that grew crops such as corn, manioc, and sweet potato. These agricultural lands were bounded by a network of drainage ditches and canals. Rostain speculates that the nearby Sangay volcano provided the region with rich soil for cultivation. The Upano Valley sites were first inhabited around 500 BC, and are believed to have been abandoned between 300 AD and 600 AD. Rostain theorizes that the decline of the sites may be linked to eruptions of the Sangay volcano. The population of the region is debated; Antoine Dorison, a co-author on the Science paper, estimates that the cluster's population peaked at around 15,000 to 30,000 people, while it has been reported that others hypothesize that the region may have been home to over 100,000. Archaeologists have labeled the inhabitants of the sites as members of the Kilamope and Upano cultures. The society and cultural practices of these groups are still little understood. Material culture that has been found at the sites includes painted pottery, as well as jugs containing the residue of chicha, a maize-based alcoholic drink common in pre-Columbian South America. See also Llanos de Moxos Lost city Lost City of Z El Dorado References ^ a b Rostain, Stéphen; Dorison, Antoine; de Saulieu, Geoffroy; Prümers, Heiko; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Mejía Mejía, Fernando; Freire, Ana Maritza; Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Descola, Philippe (12 January 2024). "Two thousand years of garden urbanism in the Upper Amazon". Science. 383 (6679): 183–189. Bibcode:2024Sci...383..183R. doi:10.1126/science.adi6317. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 38207020. S2CID 266933753. ^ a b c Orie, Amarachi (12 January 2024). "Huge network of ancient cities uncovered in the Amazon rainforest". CTV. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f g Wade, Lizzie (11 January 2024). "Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago". Science. doi:10.1126/science.zzti03q. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ a b c d e Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024). "Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ a b Gao, Larissa (12 January 2024). "The Amazon's ancient complex of 'lost cities' flourished for a thousand years". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ a b c "Valley of lost cities that flourished 2,000 years ago found in Amazon". The Guardian. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ a b Smith, Kiona N. (11 January 2024). "Ancient Amazon Civilization Developed Unique Form of 'Garden Urbanism'". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.

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The sites comprise several cities; they are believed to have been inhabited as early as 500 BC, predating any other known complex Amazonian society by over a millennium.[3]","title":"Upano Valley sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"Stéphen Rostain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phen_Rostain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Rostain"},{"link_name":"National Center for Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-5"},{"link_name":"LIDAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIDAR"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rostain_et_al-1"}],"text":"The earliest evidence of premodern settlement in the Upano Valley region was found in the 1970s.[4] Stéphen Rostain [fr], an archaeologist with France's National Center for Scientific Research, began excavations in the region during the 1990s.[3][5] Exploration of the sites accelerated after the government of Ecuador funded a LIDAR survey of the Upano Valley in 2015, facilitating the discovery of many more settlements than had been previously uncovered. Rostain's team published their findings from the LIDAR survey in Science in January 2024.[3][1]","title":"Excavation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-5"},{"link_name":"Giza Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Teotihuacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Hearths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTV-2"},{"link_name":"terraces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn"},{"link_name":"manioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc"},{"link_name":"sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"Sangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciAm-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sci.org-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Sangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciAm-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTV-2"},{"link_name":"Material culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture"},{"link_name":"chicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicha"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_South_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"}],"text":"The known sites spread across 300 square kilometres (120 square miles) in the Upano River valley.[3] Rostain's team reported the discovery of fifteen settlements, five of which were described as \"large settlements\";[5] they especially prioritized the excavation of two settlements known as Kilamope and Sangay. The core area of Kilamope covers an area comparable in size to the Giza Plateau or the main avenue of Teotihuacan.[3] The typical construction pattern at the sites centered around rectangular platforms that had been constructed by excavating and flattening the tops of hills. Around 6,000 of these platforms were discovered, upon which structures were built in groups of three to six.[6] The structures are believed to be primarily residential, though some are thought to have held ceremonial purposes. Hearths and pits were found in the platforms, as well as jars, stones to grind plants, and burned seeds. They measure about 20 metres (66 feet) by 10 metres (33 feet) and are 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 feet) high. One complex at Kilamope had a platform that measures 140 metres (460 feet) by 40 metres (130 feet).[4] A system of roads, extending as far as 25 kilometres (16 miles), connected the valley's residential areas.[4] Ditches and road obstructions were observed around some of the settlements, suggesting that they might have needed to defend against threats.[2]The urbanized areas of the Upano Valley sites were found to be surrounded by agricultural land, including fields and hillside terraces, that grew crops such as corn, manioc, and sweet potato.[3] These agricultural lands were bounded by a network of drainage ditches and canals. Rostain speculates that the nearby Sangay volcano provided the region with rich soil for cultivation.[7]The Upano Valley sites were first inhabited around 500 BC, and are believed to have been abandoned between 300 AD and 600 AD.[3][6] Rostain theorizes that the decline of the sites may be linked to eruptions of the Sangay volcano.[7] The population of the region is debated; Antoine Dorison, a co-author on the Science paper, estimates that the cluster's population peaked at around 15,000 to 30,000 people,[6] while it has been reported that others hypothesize that the region may have been home to over 100,000.[4]Archaeologists have labeled the inhabitants of the sites as members of the Kilamope and Upano cultures.[2] The society and cultural practices of these groups are still little understood. Material culture that has been found at the sites includes painted pottery, as well as jugs containing the residue of chicha, a maize-based alcoholic drink common in pre-Columbian South America.[4]","title":"Description of sites"}]

[]

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Retrieved 12 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-amazon-civilization-developed-unique-form-of-garden-urbanism/","url_text":"\"Ancient Amazon Civilization Developed Unique Form of 'Garden Urbanism'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240111233823/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-amazon-civilization-developed-unique-form-of-garden-urbanism/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Kusatsu

Clyde Kusatsu

["1 Early life and education","2 Acting career","3 Labor activities","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 Video games","6 References","7 External links"]

American actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Clyde Kusatsu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Clyde KusatsuBorn (1948-09-13) September 13, 1948 (age 75)Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, U.S.Alma materNorthwestern UniversityOccupationActorYears active1973–presentSpouse Gayle Kusatsu ​(m. 1976)​Children2Websiteclydekusatsu.com Clyde Kusatsu (born September 13, 1948) is an American actor. A prolific character actor, he has appeared in over 300 film and television productions since his debut in 1970. He is the Secretary of the SAG-AFTRA Foundation, after previously serving as a four-term President of the SAG-AFTRA Los Angeles Local and National Vice President Los Angeles, from 2013 through 2020. Early life and education Kusatsu was born in Hilo, Hawaii in 1948 to Japanese American parents. He attended ʻIolani School where he began acting and in Honolulu summer stock. He attended Northwestern University as a theatre major, during which time he was the only Asian-American student enrolled at the school. He graduated in 1970, and then joined the East West Players, the oldest Asian-American theatre company in Los Angeles. Acting career After several years of stage acting, Kusatsu got his first TV role on Kung Fu where was in four episodes. On M*A*S*H he played three roles in four episodes. Kusatsu also played Rev. Chong on several episodes of All in the Family. Kusatsu has been a regular on several television series, beginning with Bring 'Em Back Alive on CBS (1982–83) and the Hawaii-set medical drama Island Son on CBS (1989–90), playing the Richard Chamberlain character's best friend, Dr. Kenji Fushida. His many television movies have included the film adaptation of Farewell to Manzanar (1976) about Japanese-American internment during World War II. (Kusatsu also guest-starred on an episode of Lou Grant about Japanese internment in the U.S.) Other television films and mini-series have been And The Sea Will Tell, and American Tragedy playing Judge Lance Ito. He was in the Baa Baa Black Sheep episode "Prisoners of War" as a downed Japanese fighter pilot in the Pacific (1976); Golden Land (1988), a Hollywood-set drama based on a William Faulkner story; and the AIDS docudrama And the Band Played On (1993). Kusatsu also had a recurring role as Vice Admiral Nakamura on Star Trek: The Next Generation. In comedy he also portrayed Principal Shimata in several episodes of the 1990s ABC situation comedy Family Matters, the usual foil of that series' main protagonist Steve Urkel. He later was in Margaret Cho's short-lived ABC series All American Girl (1994–1995), the first Asian-American family sitcom in the U.S., as Cho's character's father. In films he has worked with Toshiro Mifune in Midway (1976) and again in John Frankenheimer's Black Sunday (1977) and The Challenge (1981). Kusatsu had roles in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), In the Line of Fire (1993), and in American Pie (1999). Other films include Shopgirl as Mr. Agasa, and in Sydney Pollack's The Interpreter (2005) as Lee Wu, chief of security for the United Nations Headquarters. He also had a role opposite Glenn Close in Bruce Beresford's World War II drama Paradise Road (1997). In soap operas he had the recurring role of Dr. Dennis Okamura on The Young and the Restless on CBS as well as guest appearances on The Bold and the Beautiful, General Hospital, and Days of Our Lives. He also appeared as four different characters on Magnum, P.I., including the Vietnamese Colonel Ki character who severely wounds Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck), and in another two episodes he played HPD Detective Gordon Katsumoto. In the CBS Movie of the Week, he was the original Wong in Dr. Strange (1978). Labor activities In 2012 the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Actors (AFTRA), the two labor unions for actors, merged into SAG-AFTRA, and in 2013 Kusatsu became the first elected President of the new SAG-AFTRA Local in Los Angeles. He was also elected the first National Vice President Los Angeles and was re-elected to that office four times, until 2021 when Michelle Hurd was elected to the position. He remains a vocal supporter of union issues, particularly those related to the Film and Television industries. His roles during this period included a part in The Grinder and the father-in-law of Ken Jeong's character in Dr. Ken, and in film, commercials, and voice-over animation, such as The Grocer in Curious George, Netflix' Blue Eye Samurai and Phaeton on AMC+. Kusatsu guest-starred on the second season of Dirty John: The Betty Broderick Story. He was Grandpa Ted in Season 2 of Netflix' Never Have I Ever, and was in episodes of Young Rock, Days of Our Lives, and The United States of Al. Personal life Kusatsu has been married to his wife, Gayle (nee Shuffler), since 1976. They have two sons, Kevin and Andrew, together. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1974 Airport 1975 Passenger Uncredited 1976 Alex & the Gypsy X-Ray Technician Midway Commander Watanabe Yasumasa 1977 Black Sunday Freighter Captain Oh, God! Supermarket Employee Uncredited The Choirboys Officer Francis Tanaguchi 1978 Go Tell the Spartans Colonel Minh 1979 The Frisco Kid Mr. Ping Meteor Yamashiro 1981 ...All the Marbles Clyde Yamashito 1982 The Challenge Go Lookin' to Get Out Parking Attendant 1984 Gimme an 'F' Japanese Businessman 1985 Volunteers Souvanna 1986 Shanghai Surprise Joe Go 1989 Turner & Hooch Kevin Williams Wired Thomas Noguchi Gross Anatomy Interviewing Professor 1990 Bird on a Wire Mr. Takawaki 1991 The Perfect Weapon Detective Wong Pizza Man Yasuhiro Nakasone 1993 Silent Cries Saburo Saigo Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story History Teacher Hot Shots! Part Deux Prime Minister Soto Uncredited Made in America Bob Takashima In the Line of Fire Secret Service Agent Jack Okura Rising Sun Shoji Tanaka Dream Lover Judge Kurita 1995 Top Dog Captain Ken Callahan 1996 Spy Hard Noggin Aladdin and the King of Thieves Asian Thief 1997 Paradise Road Sergeant "The Snake" Tomiashi 1998 Godzilla Japanese Tanker Captain 1999 American Pie English Teacher 2001 Recess: School's Out Mr. Yamashiro Voice Dr. Dolittle 2 Bee Voice 2002 A Ribbon of Dreams Fred 2003 The Singing Detective Japanese Doctor The United States of Leland Judge Bachelorman Mr. Yi Hollywood Homicide Dr. Owen Chung 2004 Gas Mr. Sang Paparazzi Dr. Hanson 2005 Pretty Persuasion Judge Carl Munro The Interpreter Lee Wu Extreme Dating Joe Shopgirl Mr. Agasa Rumor Has It Conference Attendee 2007 Drive-Thru Fred Fukizaki Broken Angel Dondi 2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Mr. Lee 2009 Love Happens Cab Driver Why Am I Doing This? Himself 2010 Sex Tax: Based on a True Story Judge A Nanny for Christmas Mr. Halligan 2012 Any Day Now Dr. Nakahura 2013 The Face of Love Sushi Chef The Moment Dr. Nunakawa 47 Ronin Drunken Official 2021 The Summit of the Gods Sherpa (voice) English dub Television Year Title Role Notes 1973–1974 Kung Fu Lama Campo Kushog / Han Su Lok / Po San / Ying's Son 5 episodes 1973–1982 M*A*S*H Kwang Duk / Captain Paul Yamato / Sergeant Michael Yee 4 episodes 1974 Tenafly Airline Attendant Episode: "Man Running" Ironside Parking Attendant Episode: "Friend or Foe" Get Christie Love! Police Sketch Artist Episode: "Deadly Betrayal" Mannix Japanese Attache Episode: "Enter Tami Okada" 1975 Harry O The Coroner Episode: "The Acolyte" Ellery Queen Mateo Episode: "The Adventure of the Blunt Instrument" 1976 The Blue Knight Eng Episode: "The Great Wall of Chinatown" Farewell to Manzanar Teddy Wakatsuki Television film Spencer's Pilots Jesse Episode: "The Code" Delvecchio Medical Examiner Episode: "Board of Rights" Alice Herb Tanaguchi Episode: "Mother-in-Law: Part 1" Baa Baa Black Sheep Captain Tenyu Araki Episode: "Prisoners of War" Hawaii Five-O Jerry Quan Episode: "Yes, My Deadly Daughter" 1976–1978 All in the Family Reverend Chong 3 episodes 1977 Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected Kenji Episode: "The Mask of Adonis" The Rockford Files Nguyen Episode: "New Life, Old Dragons" 1977–1981 Quincy, M.E. Dr. Randolph Mitzubi / Hokaido 2 episodes 1977–1982 Lou Grant Ken Watanabe / Ralph Tumora 2 episodes 1978 Dr. Strange Wong Television film Taxi Paul Episode: "Come as You Aren't" 1979 Supertrain Shimaju Fukuda Episode: "The Green Girl" 1980 Hello, Larry Hotel Clerk Episode: "The Rock Star: Part 2" A Perfect Match Dr. Tommy Chang Television film Benson Stan Episode: "Thick as Thieves" 1980–1987 Magnum, P.I. Detective Gordon Katsumoto / Dr. Long Tang / Colonel Ki / Colonel Ky In Flashback / Naval Medical Examiner 8 episodes 1981 Knots Landing Dr. Akura 2 episodes 1982 The Powers of Matthew Star Lee Episode: "Experiments" 1982–1983 Bring 'Em Back Alive Ali 14 episodes 1982–1984 Simon & Simon Mr. Tao / Gerald 2 episodes 1983 We Got It Made Marcel Episode: "Mickey Goes Topless" Webster Doctor Episode: "Travis" Masquerade Sushi Episode: "Girls for Sale" 1984 Velvet Dr. Yashima Television film Cagney & Lacey Raulino Episode: "Unusual Occurrence" Crazy Like a Fox Nick Episode: "Pilot" 1985 Three's a Crowd Mr. Katsumura Episode: "A Case of Sour Grapes" Dallas Dr. Albert Matsuda Episode: "Bail Out" T. J. Hooker Tran Tam Episode: "Outcall" Hunter Lieutenant Raymond Lau Episode: "Night of the Dragons" 1985–1986 MacGyver Sam / Anek Episode 1.2 "The Golden Triangle"/1 episodes 1986 Remington Steele San Francisco Episode: "Steele, Inc." The Fall Guy Billy Lok Episode: "Trial by Fire" Trapper John, M.D. Dr. Sung Kang Episode: "Heart and Seoul" Alfred Hitchcock Presents Detective Episode: "The Creeper" Intimate Encounters Professor Ikeda Television film Together We Stand Chao Episode: "Betrothal" ALF Skydiver Episode: "Jump" 1987 Dynasty Dr. Chen Episode: "A Love Remembered" Shell Game Daniel Cho Episode: "Pai Gow" Sidekicks Dr. Tosh Episode: "The Patusani Always Rings Twice" L.A. Law Judge T.S. Masuoka Episode: "Sparky Brackman R.I.P." Stingray Attending Surgeon Episode: "Anytime, Anywhere" The Highwayman Chairman Morotana Episode: "The Highwayman" The Facts of Life "Budget Bob" Episode: "Down and Out in Malibu: Part 2" Laguna Heat The Coroner Television film Mistress Miki Television film 1988 Wiseguy Kenny Sushia 3 episodes Tour of Duty LTC Tho Episode: "Angel of Mercy" Who's the Boss? Kim Lee Episode: "The Two Tonys" Run Till You Fall Fujimoto Television film Murphy's Law Derva Episode: "The Room Above the Indian Grocery" Thirtysomething Dr. Richards Episode: "The Mike Van Dyke Show" 1989 Annie McGuire Ambassador Kukla Episode: "Soft Hearted Annie" The Hogan Family Sam Matsuda Episode: "Secretarial Poole" The Road Raiders Shimoto Television film Small Wonder Mr. Saito Episode: "Thy Neighbor's Wife" The Smurfs Additional Voices Episode: "Smurfs That Time Forgot" 1989–1990 Island Son Dr. Kenji Fushida 19 episodes 1989–1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation Admiral Tujiro Nakamura 3 episodes 1990 Revealing Evidence: Stalking the Honolulu Strangler Lieutenant Arioto Television film Parker Lewis Can't Lose Mr. Loopman Episode: "Pilot" In the Line of Duty: A Cop for the Killing Matsumo Television film 1991 Dear John Officer #2 Episode: "John and Kirk's Excellent Adventure" A Different World Kinishiwa Representative Episode: "The Cash Isn't Always Greener" And the Sea Will Tell Enoki Television film Good & Evil Tensing Episode: "Pilot" Lies Before Kisses Lieutenant Hand Television film Jailbirds Lieutenant Hand Television film Baby of the Bride Dr. Chang Television film 1991–1992 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Dr. Chang (voice) 3 episodes 1991–1994 Family Matters Principal Edgar Shimata 3 episodes 1992 The Legend of Prince Valiant Chung Ling-Su (voice) Episode: "The Dawn of Darkness" Civil Wars Toshio Furukawa Episode: "Denise and De Nuptials" Raven Ken Tanaka Episode: "Return of the Black Dragon" Designing Women Lewis Episode: "Trial and Error" The Streets of Beverly Hills Gudmunssen Television film 1992–1999 Beverly Hills, 90210 Coroner / Frank 2 episodes 1993 Class of '96 Professor Ashira Episode: "Midterm Madness" Sirens Billy Cota Episode: "Everybody Lies" And the Band Played On Blood Bank Executive Television film Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Public Affairs Officer Episode: "Pilot" Mighty Max Hanuman (voice) Episode: "The Maxnificent Seven" 1994 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. Roy Shimamura Episode: "Brooklyn Dodgers" Deconstructing Sarah Officer Okawa Television film SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron Islander Voice, episode: "Volcanus Erupts!/The Origin of Dr. Viper" All-American Girl Benny Kim 18 episodes 1994–1995 Fantastic Four Karnak / Dr. Neville Voice, 4 episodes 1994–1997 Walker, Texas Ranger Detective Danny Cho / Dr. Sweeney 2 episodes 1995 Ellen Judge Mitchell Sung Episode: "Three Strikes" Phantom 2040 Akira Voice, episode: "Down the Line" Marker Detective Akida Episode: "Discovery" The Wayans Bros. Mr. Mitsumoto Episode: "Brazilla vs. Rodney" Favorite Deadly Sins Saint Peter Television film 1995–1999 The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Mr. Kim / Soh Fishimene Voice, 2 episodes 1996 Maybe This Time Noriyukio Episode: "Break a Leg" Gargoyles Kai / Dr. Arnada Voice, 2 episodes Mighty Ducks Tai Quack Do Episode: "Power Play" Murder One Dr. Yamashita Episode: "Chapter Two, Year Two" 1996–1997 The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Dr. Zin / Guard Voice, 4 episodes 1997 Touched by an Angel Dr. Robertson Episode: "Forget-Me-Not" Bruno the Kid Engineer / Chang Voice, 2 episodes Party of Five Judge Michael A. Katsu Episode: "Past Imperfect" Total Security Seiji Ingawa Episode: "The Never Bending Story" Pinky and the Brain Hama Voice, episode: "Big in Japan" City Guys Dr. Mortia Episode: "Future Shock" Extreme Ghostbusters Various Characters Voice, 2 episodes City Guys Dr. Mortia Episode: "Future Shock" 1998 The Closer Ted Kasahara Episode: "Pilot" Adventures from the Book of Virtues Rich Man / Servant Voice, episode: "Gratitude" Superman: The Animated Series Dr. Cornell Voice, episode: "Little Girl Lost" Stressed Eric Kanagawa-San Voice, episode: "Tidy" Babylon 5: Thirdspace Bill Morishi Television film The Net Greg Lin Episode: "Kill the Buddha" Histeria! Hongxi / Peking Man Voice, 2 episodes Buddy Faro Lieutenant Wong Episode: "Touched by an Amnesiac" Chicago Hope Frank Fenton Episode: "Viagra-Vated Assault" Maggie Assisting Surgeon Episode: "Art History" Vengeance Unlimited Judge Clyde Kurosawa Episode: "Legalese" Godzilla: The Series Japanese Border Patrol Agent Voice, episode: "Competition" Mickey Mouse Works Additional Voices Episode: #1.1" 1998–2002 The Practice Judge Stephen Chin 2 episodes 1999 Rude Awakening Mr. Tranh Episode: "Trude Awakening" Dharma & Greg Al Episode: "Welcome to the Hotel Calamari" Any Day Now Judge C. Eastlake Episode: "It's Not You, It's Me" For Your Love Mr. Sato Episode: "The Couple's Court" 1999–2000 Batman Beyond Coach Fitz, Mr. Tan, Jimmy Lin, Mr. Fong Voice, 4 episodes 1999–2002 Providence Pediatrician / Henry Yamada 2 episodes 2000 The West Wing Joe Episode: "Lord John Marbury" Rugrats Mr. Hasagawa Voice, episode: "Incredible Shrinking Babies/Miss Manners" Pepper Ann Mayor Kim Voice, episode: "The Sellout/The Telltale Fuzzy" The Pretender Li Ho Episode: "The Agent of Year Zero" Ally McBeal Dr. Myron Okubo 2 episodes Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Ranger #1 / Warden Yung Voice, 2 episodes Malcolm in the Middle Ice Cream Man Episode: "Traffic Jam" American Tragedy Judge Lance Ito Miniseries JAG Senator Theodore Fujiwara / Captain Morimoto 2 episodes 2001 The Division Unknown Episode: "Secrets and Lies" Citizen Baines Grant Tanaka 4 episodes The Wild Thornberrys: The Origin of Donnie Sun Bear Voice, television film The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Japanese Scientist / Japanese Business Guy Voice, episode: "Smell of Vengeance/Fiend Is Like Friend Without the 'r'" Jackie Chan Adventures Gang Leader Voice, episode: "Mother of All Battles" Heavy Gear: The Animated Series Kusunoki Tachi Voice, 5 episodes Justice League Japanese Ambassador Voice, episode: "Secret Origins" Family Law Judge Paul Hamawaki 2 episodes 2001–2003 Samurai Jack Father / Old Man / Dad / Grand Master Voice, 3 episodes 2002 Even Stevens "Tex" Nagita Episode: "The King Sloppy" Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future Dagg / Ling / Equinox Voice, 3 episodes 2003 Days of Our Lives Nobu Episode: "#9569" What's New, Scooby-Doo? Dr. Akira Onodera / Fisherman / Desk Clerk Voice, episode: "Big Appetite in Little Tokyo" Nip/Tuck Dr. Hiroshi Episode: "Adelle Coffin" The Lyon's Den Judge Episode: "Ex" One on One Yoon Episode: "East Meets East Coast" 2003–2005 Lilo & Stitch: The Series Mr. Wong / Bald Tourist / Luau Host / Mayor Kim Voice, 7 episodes 2004 Everwood Edward Ogawa Episode: "Your Future Awaits" The Librarian: Quest for the Spear Head Monk Television film Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama Nakasumi Voice, television film 2004–2006 Still Standing Johnny 3 episodes 2005 The Closer Dr. Tanaka Episode: "Pilot" Strong Medicine Dr. Stan Liem Episode: "Rhythm of the Heart" Avatar: The Last Airbender Monk Pasang / Calm Man / Storyteller Voice, 4 episodes Numbers Antiquities Dealer Episode: "Bones of Contention" 2006 Charmed Lo Pan Episode: "12 Angry Zen" Monk Judge Rienzo Episode: "Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty" Maya & Miguel Maggie's Dad Voice, episode: "After School" Hellboy: Sword of Storms Additional Voices Television film Shark Judge Chudacoff Episode: "Déjà Vu All Over Again" Boston Legal Judge Matsumura 2 episodes 2006–2007 Eloise: The Animated Series Mr. Takahashi Voice, 4 episodes 2006–2021 Curious George The Grocer / Mr. Okano / Hideki / Radio Announcer Voice, 9 episodes 2006–2012 The Young and the Restless Dr. Dennis Okamura 27 episodes 2007 Pandemic Dr. Kenji Ito Miniseries ER Review Board Doctor #1 Episode: "Dying is Easy" A.T.O.M. Master Kwan Voice, 2 episodes Fugly Doctor Television film 2008 The Spectacular Spider-Man Ted Twaki Voice, episode: "Reaction" Chuck Morimoto Episode: "Chuck Versus Tom Sawyer" 2009 Back at the Barnyard Wise One Voice, episode: "Pig Amok/Sun Cow" The Secret Saturdays Chong Voice, episode: "Curse of the Stolen Tiger" Dollhouse Dr. Makido Episode: "Belonging" Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas The Grocer Voice, television film 2009–2016 NCIS Mr. Rin / Benjamin Franklin 2 episodes 2010–2011 Law & Order: LA Judge Bradley Rumford 2 episodes 2010–2012 The Bold and the Beautiful Judge Clayton 4 episodes 2011 $#*! My Dad Says Mortimer Foo Episode: "The Better Father" Hawaii Five-0 Judge Kamalei Episode: "Loa Aloh" Fairly Legal Joseph Chang Episode: "My Best Friend's Prenup" 2011–2015 The Penguins of Madagascar Shingen Voice, 2 episodes 2012 New Girl Judge Episode: "Jess & Julia" The Legend of Korra Additional Voices Episode: "The Voice in the Night" Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Picnicker Voice, episode: "Heart of Evil" 2013 Ben and Kate Mr. Su Episode: "Father-Daughter Dance" Franklin & Bash Judge Marcus Koh Episode: "Out of the Blue" Raising Hope Mr. Lee Episode: "Burt Bucks" 2015 General Hospital Judge Chan Episode: "#13256" Major Lazer Store Owner Voice, episode: "Fizzy Fever" The Grinder Joseph Yao Episode: "Giving Thanks, Getting Justice" 2015–2016 Dr. Ken Jerry 2 episodes 2016 24: Legacy Senator Episode: "12:00 p.m.-1:00 p.m." 2017 Doubt Dr. Benjamin Lau Episode: "Then and Now" Madam Secretary Choden Gyatso Episode: "Swept Away" Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Mr. Kagawa Voice, episode: "The Curse of Kaniaku" Dice Judge Smith Episode: "The Trial" 2018 Designated Survivor Japanese Finance Minister Omono Episode: "In the Dark" The Cool Kids Norman Episode: "Thanksgiving at Murray's" 2019 The Lion Guard Domog Voice, episode: "Ghost of the Mountain" 2021 Never Have I Ever Ted Yoshida 2 episodes 2022 The Really Loud House Mr. Yanaga Episode: "The Banana Split Decision" 2003, 2022–present Days of Our Lives Nobu / Mr. Wei Shin Video games Year Title Role 2007 Driver '76 Mr. Zhou Spider-Man 3 Dragon Tail Leader / Additional Voices References ^ a b "Clyde Kusatsu". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. ^ "SAG-AFTRA Foundation Board | SAG-AFTRA Foundation". SAG-AFTRA Foundation. July 5, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2024. ^ "Fran Drescher Elected SAG-AFTRA President". COP Communications Inc. Fall–Winter 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Clyde Kusatsu (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved October 1, 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information. ^ Sumo Digital; Ubisoft Reflections. Driver 76. Ubisoft. Scene: Ending credits, 2:32:09 in, Voice Actors.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Clyde Kusatsu at IMDb Clyde Kusatsu 2008 interview on Asiance Magazine online Clyde Kusatsu 2013 interview with BlankmanInc Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other SNAC

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A prolific character actor, he has appeared in over 300 film and television productions since his debut in 1970.[1] He is the Secretary of the SAG-AFTRA Foundation, after previously serving as a four-term President of the SAG-AFTRA Los Angeles Local and National Vice President Los Angeles, from 2013 through 2020.[2]","title":"Clyde Kusatsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilo, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Japanese American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American"},{"link_name":"ʻIolani School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_School"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"East West Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Players"}],"text":"Kusatsu was born in Hilo, Hawaii in 1948 to Japanese American parents. He attended ʻIolani School where he began acting and in Honolulu summer stock. He attended Northwestern University as a theatre major, during which time he was the only Asian-American student enrolled at the school. He graduated in 1970, and then joined the East West Players, the oldest Asian-American theatre company in Los Angeles.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"M*A*S*H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"All in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Family"},{"link_name":"Island Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Son"},{"link_name":"Richard Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Farewell to Manzanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_to_Manzanar"},{"link_name":"Lou Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Grant_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lance Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Ito"},{"link_name":"Baa Baa Black Sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"And the Band Played On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cho"},{"link_name":"All American Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Girl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Toshiro Mifune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiro_Mifune"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon:_The_Bruce_Lee_Story"},{"link_name":"In the Line of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Bruce Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Beresford"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_operas"},{"link_name":"The Bold and the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Days of Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Magnum, P.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum,_P.I."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strange_(1978_film)"}],"text":"After several years of stage acting, Kusatsu got his first TV role on Kung Fu where was in four episodes. On M*A*S*H he played three roles in four episodes. Kusatsu also played Rev. Chong on several episodes of All in the Family.Kusatsu has been a regular on several television series, beginning with Bring 'Em Back Alive on CBS (1982–83) and the Hawaii-set medical drama Island Son on CBS (1989–90), playing the Richard Chamberlain character's best friend, Dr. Kenji Fushida. His many television movies have included the film adaptation of Farewell to Manzanar (1976) about Japanese-American internment during World War II. (Kusatsu also guest-starred on an episode of Lou Grant about Japanese internment in the U.S.) Other television films and mini-series have been And The Sea Will Tell, and American Tragedy playing Judge Lance Ito. He was in the Baa Baa Black Sheep episode \"Prisoners of War\" as a downed Japanese fighter pilot in the Pacific (1976); Golden Land (1988), a Hollywood-set drama based on a William Faulkner story; and the AIDS docudrama And the Band Played On (1993). Kusatsu also had a recurring role as Vice Admiral Nakamura on Star Trek: The Next Generation. In comedy he also portrayed Principal Shimata in several episodes of the 1990s ABC situation comedy Family Matters, the usual foil of that series' main protagonist Steve Urkel. He later was in Margaret Cho's short-lived ABC series All American Girl (1994–1995), the first Asian-American family sitcom in the U.S., as Cho's character's father.In films he has worked with Toshiro Mifune in Midway (1976) and again in John Frankenheimer's Black Sunday (1977) and The Challenge (1981). Kusatsu had roles in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), In the Line of Fire (1993), and in American Pie (1999). Other films include Shopgirl as Mr. Agasa, and in Sydney Pollack's The Interpreter (2005) as Lee Wu, chief of security for the United Nations Headquarters. He also had a role opposite Glenn Close in Bruce Beresford's World War II drama Paradise Road (1997).In soap operas he had the recurring role of Dr. Dennis Okamura on The Young and the Restless on CBS as well as guest appearances on The Bold and the Beautiful, General Hospital, and Days of Our Lives. He also appeared as four different characters on Magnum, P.I., including the Vietnamese Colonel Ki character who severely wounds Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck), and in another two episodes he played HPD Detective Gordon Katsumoto.[citation needed] In the CBS Movie of the Week, he was the original Wong in Dr. Strange (1978).","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Hurd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ken Jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Jeong"},{"link_name":"Dr. Ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Ken"}],"text":"In 2012 the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Actors (AFTRA), the two labor unions for actors, merged into SAG-AFTRA, and in 2013 Kusatsu became the first elected President of the new SAG-AFTRA Local in Los Angeles. He was also elected the first National Vice President Los Angeles and was re-elected to that office four times, until 2021 when Michelle Hurd was elected to the position.[3] He remains a vocal supporter of union issues, particularly those related to the Film and Television industries. His roles during this period included a part in The Grinder and the father-in-law of Ken Jeong's character in Dr. Ken, and in film, commercials, and voice-over animation, such as The Grocer in Curious George, Netflix' Blue Eye Samurai and Phaeton on AMC+. Kusatsu guest-starred on the second season of Dirty John: The Betty Broderick Story. He was Grandpa Ted in Season 2 of Netflix' Never Have I Ever, and was in episodes of Young Rock, Days of Our Lives, and The United States of Al.","title":"Labor activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kusatsu has been married to his wife, Gayle (nee Shuffler), since 1976. They have two sons, Kevin and Andrew, together.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bestia_in_calore

La Bestia in calore

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Style","5 Release","6 Reception","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Sources","8 External links"]

1977 Italian exploitation film La Bestia in caloreDirected byLuigi BatzellaScreenplay byLuigi BatzellaStory byLuigi BatzellaStarringMacha MagallCinematographyUgo BrunelliEdited byLuigi BatzellaMusic byGiuliano SorginiProductioncompanyEterna FilmDistributed byIndipendenti RegionaliRelease date 1977 (1977) CountryItaly La Bestia in calore (lit. 'The Beast in Heat') is a 1977 Italian exploitation film starring Macha Magall, and directed, written, and edited by Luigi Batzella. Plot A beautiful yet nefarious female SS officer/doctor, Ellen Kratsch (Magall), creates a genetic, incubus-like mutant human beast (Baccaro) in a castle in occupied Europe. The beast is a rapacious, squat sex fiend, which she uses to torture and molest female prisoners as part of a new medical experiment. The dwarfish beast is kept on a diet of mega-aphrodisiacs. In addition to the beast, as the Nazis battle a local insurgency, captives of both genders are stripped naked and forced to endure various torture and interrogation, including electric shocks, systematic rape by the beast, finger-nail pulling, castration, and beatings. During the film's climax, the partisans attack the castle, and Kratsch is given to the beast in revenge. Cast Macha Magall as Dr. Ellen Kratsch Gino Turini as Drago (as John Brawn) Edilio Kim as Capt. Hardinghauser (as Kim Gatti) Xiro Papas as Lupo (as Xiros Papas) Brad Harris as Don Lorenzo Michel Qisi as young child Salvatore Baccaro as The Beast (as Sal Boris) Brigitte Skay as Irene (uncredited) Production Most, if not all, of the battle scenes showing partisans attacking the Germans were taken from a previous war film directed by Batzella, Quando suona la campana. Style La bestia in calore was part of a sub-genre of exploitation films created in the early 1970s called Naziploitation. These films were primarily produced in the United States and Italy. Among the films, particularly the ones produced in Italy such as Captive Women 4, Gestapo's Last Orgy and La bestia in calore often include pornographic scenes, but were described by author Michael D. Richardson as perhaps "better classified as horror films, given the excessive and graphic violence that dominated the screen." Release The film was passed by Italian censors on 10 June 1977. Along with Batzella's other nazi-themed film, Kaput Lager - Gli ultimi giorni delle SS, the film was released in 1977. The film's theatrical release in the United States was heavily edited. The film has been released under the titles SS Hell Camp, SS Experiment Part 2 and Horrifying Experiments of SS Last Days. Reception Tim Lucas wrote in Sight & Sound that the film was "so reprehensible that there's not a single real name associated with it" noting the director Paolo Solvay credited as Ivan Kathansky and that the film "doesn't have anything as impressive to offer as the prodigiously endowed torso of Dyanne Thorne in the 'Ilsa' concentration-camp series, so its cup runneth over with mayhem instead. A woman's hand is manacled to a table, covered in blood, as a Nazi torturer uses pliers to pluck one fingernail after another." Danny Shipka, author of Perverse Titilation, a book about European exploitation cinema described the film a "patchwork of bad editing, bad acting and hilarious plot ideas all designed to entertain." References Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g "La bestia in calore (1977)". Archiviodelcinemaitaliano.it (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ a b c Shipka 2011, p. 168. ^ a b c Richardson 2012, p. 44. ^ Richardson 2012, p. 45. ^ Curti 2017, p. 129. ^ a b Lucas, Tim (June 2007). "10 Picks from the Grindhouse". Sight & Sound. Vol. XVII, no. 6. pp. 25–27. ISSN 0037-4806. ^ Paul 2005, p. 316. Sources Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970-1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476629605. Paul, Louis (2005). Italian Horror Film Directors. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8749-3. Richardson, Michael D. (2012). "Sexual Deviance and the Naked Body in Cinematic Representations of Nazis". In Magilow, Daniel H.; Bridges, Elizabeth; Vander Lugt, Kristin T. (eds.). Naziploitation!: The Nazi Image in Low-Brow Cinema and Culture. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1441183590. Shipka, Danny (2011). Perverse Titillation: The Exploitation Cinema of Italy, Spain and France, 1960–1980. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4888-3. External links La Bestia in calore at IMDb

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During the film's climax, the partisans attack the castle, and Kratsch is given to the beast in revenge.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macha Magall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macha_Magall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gino Turini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Turini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edilio Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edilio_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiro Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiro_Papas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brad Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Harris"},{"link_name":"Michel Qisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Qisi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Baccaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Baccaro"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Skay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Skay"}],"text":"Macha Magall as Dr. Ellen Kratsch\nGino Turini as Drago (as John Brawn)\nEdilio Kim as Capt. Hardinghauser (as Kim Gatti)\nXiro Papas as Lupo (as Xiros Papas)\nBrad Harris as Don Lorenzo\nMichel Qisi as young child\nSalvatore Baccaro as The Beast (as Sal Boris)Brigitte Skay as Irene (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipka2011168-2"}],"text":"Most, if not all, of the battle scenes showing partisans attacking the Germans were taken from a previous war film directed by Batzella, Quando suona la campana.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exploitation films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_films"},{"link_name":"Naziploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziploitation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201244-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201244-3"},{"link_name":"Captive Women 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_Women_4"},{"link_name":"Gestapo's Last Orgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo%27s_Last_Orgy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201244-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201245-4"}],"text":"La bestia in calore was part of a sub-genre of exploitation films created in the early 1970s called Naziploitation.[3] These films were primarily produced in the United States and Italy.[3] Among the films, particularly the ones produced in Italy such as Captive Women 4, Gestapo's Last Orgy and La bestia in calore often include pornographic scenes, but were described by author Michael D. Richardson as perhaps \"better classified as horror films, given the excessive and graphic violence that dominated the screen.\"[3][4]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archivio-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti2017129-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sightsound-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul2005316-7"}],"text":"The film was passed by Italian censors on 10 June 1977.[1] Along with Batzella's other nazi-themed film, Kaput Lager - Gli ultimi giorni delle SS, the film was released in 1977.[5] The film's theatrical release in the United States was heavily edited.[6] The film has been released under the titles SS Hell Camp, SS Experiment Part 2 and Horrifying Experiments of SS Last Days.[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Sight & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound"},{"link_name":"Paolo Solvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Solvay"},{"link_name":"Dyanne Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanne_Thorne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sightsound-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipka2011168-2"}],"text":"Tim Lucas wrote in Sight & Sound that the film was \"so reprehensible that there's not a single real name associated with it\" noting the director Paolo Solvay credited as Ivan Kathansky and that the film \"doesn't have anything as impressive to offer as the prodigiously endowed torso of Dyanne Thorne in the 'Ilsa' concentration-camp series, so its cup runneth over with mayhem instead. A woman's hand is manacled to a table, covered in blood, as a Nazi torturer uses pliers to pluck one fingernail after another.\"[6] Danny Shipka, author of Perverse Titilation, a book about European exploitation cinema described the film a \"patchwork of bad editing, bad acting and hilarious plot ideas all designed to entertain.\"[2]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraharitirtha

Narahari Tirtha

["1 Life","2 Works and legacy","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]

Dvaita philosopher Narahari TirthaPersonalBornŚyama Śastri 1243Kalinga, modern day Odisha or Bijapur district, modern day Karnataka or Andhra PradeshDied1333HampiReligionHinduismOrganizationOrderVedantaPhilosophyDvaitaReligious careerGuruMadhvacharya Disciples Madhava Tirtha Part of a series onVaishnavism Supreme deity Vishnu / Krishna / Rama Important deities Dashavatara Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parasurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other forms Dhanvantari Guruvayurappan Hayagriva Jagannath Mohini Nara-Narayana Prithu Shrinathji Venkateshvara Vithoba Consorts Lakshmi Bhumi Sita Radha Rukmini Alamelu Related Garuda Hanuman Shesha Shasta Holy scriptures Vedas Upanishads Vaikhanasa Pancharatra Bhagavad Gita Mahabharata Ramayana Harivamsa Divya Prabandha Gita Govinda Puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Agni Sampradayas Sri (Vishishtadvaita) Rudra (Śuddhādvaita) Kumara (Dvaitadvaita) Brahma (Tattvavada or (Dvaita)), Acintyabhedabheda) Others Ekasarana Dharma Mahanubhava Pranami Radha Vallabha Ramsnehi Sant Mat Swaminarayan Vaishnava-Sahajiya Warkari Teachers—acharyas Chaitanya Chakradhara Dadu Dayal Harivansh Jayatirtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvara Kabir Madhavdev Madhvacharya Manavala Mamunigal Namadeva Nammalvar Nathamuni Nimbarka Padmanabha Tirtha Pillai Lokacharya Purandara Dasa Raghuttama Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ravidas Satyanatha Tirtha Satyabhinava Tirtha Satyabodha Tirtha Satyadharma Tirtha Satyadhyana Tirtha Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Swaminarayan Sripadaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vallabha Vedanta Desika Vidyapati Vishnuswami Viṭṭhalanātha Vyasatirtha Vadiraja Tirtha Yamunacharya Related traditions Bhagavatism Vaikhanasas Pancharatra Tenkalai Vadakalai Munitraya Krishnaism Jagannathism Haridasa Sahajiya Baul Pushtimarg Gaudiya ISKCON Ramanandi Kapadi Balmiki Kabir panth Dadu panth Mahanam vte Part of a series onDvaita Saints Madhvacharya Padmanabha Tirtha Narahari Tirtha Akshobhya Tirtha Jayatirtha Sripadaraja Vyasatirtha Vadiraja Tirtha Raghuttama Tirtha Vijayindra Tirtha Sudhindra Tirtha Satyanatha Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha Sumatindra Tirtha Haridasas Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Literature List of works by Madhvacharya List of works by Jayatirtha List of works by Vijayindra Tirtha List of works by Raghuttama Tirtha List of works by Vadiraja Tirtha List of works by Satyanatha Tirtha Mathas Ashta Mathas of Udupi Uttaradi Math Vyasaraja Math Raghavendra Matha Sripadaraja Matha Holy places Mantralayam Pajaka Udupi Tirupati Kumbakonam Nava Brindavana Hinduism portalvte Narahari Tirtha (c. 1243 - c. 1333) was a Dvaita philosopher, scholar, statesman and one of the disciples of Madhvacharya. He is considered to be the progenitor of the Haridasa movement along with Sripadaraja. Though only two of his scholarly works are extant, they are characterised by their verbosity and lack of digressions. A few songs of his survive under the pen name Raghukulatilaka. As a minister of considerable influence to the Eastern Ganga rulers and later as the pontiff of the Madhvacharya matha, Narahari converted the Simhachalam temple into an educational establishment of renown and a religious centre for Vaishnavism. Life Nothing is known about his early life except that he served as a minister in the Eastern Ganga Kingdom in Kalinga (modern day Odisha) and later as a regent in the stead of Narasimha Deva II before his ordination as a monk. Information about his life is derived from a hagiography called Narahariyatistotra, Narayana Pandita's Madhva Vijaya and inscriptions from the Srikurmam and Simhachalam temples, all of which attest to his regency. The inscriptions also allude to his expertise in scriptures and swordsmanship. Sharma conjectures from the presence and contents of the inscriptions that post 1281 C.E., he was "the virtual overlord of the country". At the height of his power, he built the Yogananda Narasimha Temple in Srikurmam and defended the city from attacks of vandals. There is also evidence that he was patronised by Bhanudeva I and his ward Narasimha Deva II and also that he disseminated the philosophy of Madhva throughout Kalinga. His mortal remains rest at Charkratirtha near Hampi. Works and legacy Narahari's treatise on the Gita Bhashya of Madhva called Bhavaprakashika is considered to be an important work in the Dvaita canon, being referenced by Jayatirtha and Raghavendra Tirtha. Sharma notes that Narahari expands upon the obscure passages in the source text and directs polemical barbs against the commentaries by Sankara and Ramanuja. Though presumably not of Kannada origin, many of his works were in that language although only three of his compositions in Kannada survive. Narahari and Sripadaraja are considered to be the forerunners of the Haridasa movement by penning songs and hymns, mostly containing the teachings of Madhva in simplified terms and set to music in the vernacular Kannada language. Traditionally, Narahari is also considered to be the founder of Yakshagana and Bayalaata, a dance form which still flourishes in parts of Karnataka and Kasargod in present-day Kerala. Notes 1.^ The songs are yanthu marulade nanenthu and hariye idu sariye. References ^ S. A. Jeelani (2006). Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bijapur District (Bagalkot District Included). Karnataka Gazetteer Department. p. 718. It was Naraharitirtha who hailed from Bijapur district in the 12th century and Madhavatirtha who laid firm foundation for the Haridasa movement and literature. ^ Sharma 2000, p. 297. ^ Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 11. Andhra Historical Research Society. 1938. p. 155. Sri Narahari tirtha is known to have died in 1333 A.D, at the ripe old age of ninety. Obviously, he was born in 1243 A.D. ^ S. Settar (1976). Archaeological Survey of Mysore, Annual Reports: 1906-1909. Department of History and Archaeology, Karnatak University. p. 70. He is said to have died at the ripe age of ninety. ^ Sharma 2000, p. 227. ^ Rice 1982, p. 77. ^ a b Sharma 2000, p. 299. ^ Sundaram 1969, p. 77. ^ Sharma 2000, p. 296. ^ Sharma 2000, p. 298. ^ Banerji 1930, p. 271. ^ Rao 1901, p. 44. Bibliography Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759. Rice, E.P (1982). A History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services,India. ISBN 978-8120600638. Sundaram, K (1969). The Simhachalam Temple. Simhachalam Devasthanam. Rao, R. Subba (1901). Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society. Andhra Historical Research Society. Banerji, R. D (1930). History of Orissa: From Earliest Times to the British Period. Chatterjee. External links Biography of Narahari Tirtha vteMadhva religious figures Madhvacharya (1199–1278) Naraharitirtha (1243–1333) Akshobhya Tirtha (1282–1350) Jayatirtha (c. 1345 – c. 1388) Sripadaraya (Sripadaraja) (1404–1502) Vyasatirtha (1460–1539) Vadirajatirtha (1480–1600) Vijayendra Tirtha (1514–1593) Purandara Dasa (1484–1564) Kanaka Dasa (1509–1609) Raghuttama Tirtha (1548–1595) Raghavendra Swami (1595–1671) Satyanatha Tirtha (1648–1674) Vijaya Dasa (1682–1755) Gopala Dasa (1721–1769) Jagannatha Dasa (1728–1809) vteChaitanya (Gaudiya) SampradayaSampradaya acharyaspre-Chaitanya Kṛṣṇa Brahmā Nārada Vyāsa Madhvācārya Padmanābha Tīrtha Narahari Tīrtha Mādhava Tīrtha Akṣobhya Tīrtha Jaya Tīrtha Vyāsa Tīrtha Mādhavendra Purī Īśvara Purī Pancha-tattva Chaitanya Nityananda Advaita Acharya Gadadhara Pandita Srivasa Thakura Post-Chaitanya Six Goswamis (Rupa, Sanatana, Jiva, Raghunatha dasa, Gopala Bhatta, Raghunatha Bhatta) Baladeva Vidyabhushana Gopalas Haridasa Thakur Krishnadasa Narottama Svarupa Damodara Visvanatha Chakravarti Modern Bhaktivinoda Bijoy Krishna Bon Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami Gaurakiṣora Govinda Haridas Shastri Harikesa Swami Jayapataka Swami Kailasa Candra Keshava Krishna Prem Narayana Paramadwaiti Puri Sadananda Sarasvati Satyanarayana Shrivatsa Goswami Sridhar Swami (Prabhupada) Tirtha Vamandas Organizations Gaudiya Math Gaudiya Mission Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti ISKCON ISKCON Revival Movement Science of Identity Foundation Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust World Vaisnava Association Famous bhaktas Hanuman Arjuna Prahlada Narada Haridasa Writers Vrindavana Dasa Thakura Vyasa Valmiki Avataras of God Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parashurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Dhanvantari Kapila Caitanya Topics Bhakti Supreme Personality of Godhead Sampradaya Parampara Japa Yoga Meditation Hare Krishna Achintya Bheda Abheda Mantras Puja Arati Bhajan Kirtan Sattvic diet Ahimsa Rishis Tilaka Guru Diksha Holy texts Bhagavad Gita Shrimad Bhagavatam Vedas Chaitanya Charitamrita Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Upanishads Chaitanya Bhagavata Spiritual abodes Goloka Vrindavan Vaikuntha Holy attributes Lotus Sudarshana Chakra Narayanastra Kaumodaki Nandaki Sharangam Shankha Holy days Rama Navami Janmashtami Gaura-purnima Ekadashi Names of Godhead List of titles and names of Krishna List of names of Vishnu Hari Govinda Gopala Vāsudeva Worship Karatalas Mridangam Harmonium Incense of India Om Hindu temple Japamala Comparative study Nastika Advaita Adevism Anti-Hinduism Criticism of Hinduism Persecution of Hindus Asura Hinduism and other religions (Buddhism and Hinduism * Gautama Buddha in Hinduism Jainism and Hinduism Rama in Jainism Hindu–Islamic relations Hinduism and Judaism Hinduism and Sikhism Bahá'í Faith and Hinduism Christianity in India) Reincarnation Karma Diet in Hinduism God in Hinduism Moksha Samsara Vegetarianism Astika Offshoots Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Mahanam Sampraday Other Jagannatha Narayana Brahman Paramatma Bhagavan Tulasi Devis list Tridevi Radharani Sita Deva Demigods list Trimurti Indian philosophy Dharma Artha Arthashastra Kama Indian idealism Varna Ashrama Swami Goswami Krishnology Hinduism by country Hindu cosmology Hindu units of time Hindu views on evolution Hindu calendar Hindu astrology List of numbers in Hindu scriptures Hinduism portal

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He is considered to be the progenitor of the Haridasa movement along with Sripadaraja.[6] Though only two of his scholarly works are extant, they are characterised by their verbosity and lack of digressions.[7] A few songs of his survive under the pen name Raghukulatilaka. 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Information about his life is derived from a hagiography called Narahariyatistotra, Narayana Pandita's Madhva Vijaya and inscriptions from the Srikurmam and Simhachalam temples, all of which attest to his regency. The inscriptions also allude to his expertise in scriptures and swordsmanship.[9] Sharma conjectures from the presence and contents of the inscriptions that post 1281 C.E., he was \"the virtual overlord of the country\".[10] At the height of his power, he built the Yogananda Narasimha Temple in Srikurmam and defended the city from attacks of vandals.[11] There is also evidence that he was patronised by Bhanudeva I and his ward Narasimha Deva II and also that he disseminated the philosophy of Madhva throughout Kalinga.[12] His mortal remains rest at Charkratirtha near Hampi.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madhva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhva"},{"link_name":"Dvaita canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Literature"},{"link_name":"Jayatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayatirtha"},{"link_name":"Raghavendra Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000299-7"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Sripadaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sripadaraja"},{"link_name":"Haridasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridasa"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Yakshagana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana"},{"link_name":"Bayalaata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayalaata"},{"link_name":"Kasargod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasargod"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"}],"text":"Narahari's treatise on the Gita Bhashya of Madhva called Bhavaprakashika is considered to be an important work in the Dvaita canon, being referenced by Jayatirtha and Raghavendra Tirtha. Sharma notes that Narahari expands upon the obscure passages in the source text and directs polemical barbs against the commentaries by Sankara and Ramanuja.[7] Though presumably not of Kannada origin, many of his works were in that language although only three of his compositions in Kannada survive.[1] Narahari and Sripadaraja are considered to be the forerunners of the Haridasa movement by penning songs and hymns, mostly containing the teachings of Madhva in simplified terms and set to music in the vernacular Kannada language. 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A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.\nRice, E.P (1982). A History of Kannada Literature. Asian Educational Services,India. ISBN 978-8120600638.\nSundaram, K (1969). The Simhachalam Temple. Simhachalam Devasthanam.\nRao, R. Subba (1901). Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society. Andhra Historical Research Society.\nBanerji, R. D (1930). History of Orissa: From Earliest Times to the British Period. Chatterjee.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_North_Holland

Provincial Council of North Holland

["1 Current composition","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Provincial Council of North HollandTypeTypeProvincial council LeadershipPresidentArthur van Dijk (VVD) SecretaryKatja Bolt Seats55ElectionsLast election15 March 2023Meeting placeMeeting place of the Provincial Council of North Holland in HaarlemWebsitewww.noord-holland.nl/Bestuur/Provinciale_Staten The Provincial Council of North Holland (Dutch: Provinciale Staten van Noord-Holland, pronounced ), also known as the States of North Holland, is the provincial council of North Holland, Netherlands. It forms the legislative body of the province. Its 55 seats are distributed every four years in provincial elections. Current composition Since the 2023 provincial elections, the distribution of seats of the Provincial Council of North Holland has been as follows: 24772412288332PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–Farmer–Citizen Movement161,87613.64New8NewPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy151,45412.76–1.768–1GroenLinks135,20511.40–3.867–2Labour Party131,56611.09+1.317+1Democrats 6687,9107.41–2.534–2Party for the Animals86,8577.32+1.254+1JA2164,6065.45New3NewParty for Freedom55,8904.71–0.8930Volt53,4484.50New2NewChristian Democratic Appeal47,4294.00–2.812–2Forum for Democracy41,6853.51–11.822–7Socialist Party40,1043.38–1.732–150PLUS36,2343.05+0.292+1Christian Union24,7532.09–1.0410DENK14,7111.24–1.160–1BVNL13,6031.15New0NewIndependent Politics-NH11,9161.00New0NewGeneral Water Board Party8,9310.75New0NewPirate Party6,4060.54New0NewCode Orange4,9150.41–1.0200Netherlands with a PLAN3,5180.30New0NewOn behalf of North-Hollanders2,3370.20New0NewJesus Lives1,1580.10New0NewTotal1,186,512100.00–55–Valid votes1,186,51299.32Invalid votes3,6840.31Blank votes4,4480.37Total votes1,194,644100.00Registered voters/turnout2,102,29856.83+0.49Source: Kiesraad See also States of Holland and West Friesland Provincial politics in the Netherlands References External links Official website (in Dutch) vteProvincial councils of the Netherlands Drenthe Flevoland Friesland Gelderland Groningen Limburg North Brabant North Holland Overijssel South Holland Utrecht Zeeland

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.G._Vowles

W. G. Vowles

["1 Early life","2 Origins of his practice","3 Career","4 Personal life","5 Some Vowles organs","6 References"]

The 1867 Vowles organ in St Peter's Church, Stourton, Wiltshire English organ builder (1826–1912) This article is about the Bristol organ-builder. For the Australian politician, see William Vowles. William Gibbons Vowles (usually known as W. G. Vowles or Vowles) (1826 – 25 February 1912) was an English pipe organ maker and refurbisher in Bristol, who established his practice in 1856, although with antecedents dating back to 1753. On his retirement in 1908, the firm was incorporated as W. G. Vowles Ltd. That successor firm was acquired by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1958. Most Vowles organs were installed in the South West of England. Early life Vowles was born in Bristol in 1826, the son of Reuben Vowles, a glazier, and his first wife Louisa (née Hopkins). Origins of his practice Brice Seede (1709–1790) was an architect and woodcarver who settled in Bristol in 1753, becoming an organ-builder. He was succeeded by his son Richard Seede (1743–1823). In turn, the younger Seede was succeeded by his apprentice, John Smith (1781–1847). Smith was succeeded by his nephew, Joseph Monday (1798–1856). Some notable organs have survived from Vowles's predecessor practices. One of the Seedes, as well as Smith, Monday and Vowles, all worked on the 1719 Renatus Harris organ at Bristol Cathedral, with Vowles rebuilding it in 1861. The 1794 Brice Seede organ at Powderham Castle is still extant, albeit slightly modified. The 1785 Richard Seede organ at Lulworth Castle is also still extant. The 1830 John Smith organ in the Lord Mayor's Chapel in Bristol is another survivor, with modifications by Vowles and Percy Daniel. Career Vowles was trained as an organ-builder by Joseph Monday (also spelt Munday), whose daughter he married. He founded his own firm in 1856, on Monday's death. Vowles retired in 1908, at which point the practice was incorporated as a limited company, W. G. Vowles Ltd. The firm suffered a factory fire in 1924, but continued to trade, until it was taken over by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1958. Personal life In 1848 he married Eliza Matilda Rowles Monday, daughter of the organ-builder Joseph Monday. They had three sons and two daughters; two of the sons followed their father in the organ-building trade. Some Vowles organs Few organs by Vowles have survived in their original specification. Many have been lost. Notable losses include that in the former Catholic Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Apostles, Bristol. The 1707 Renatus Harris organ at Christ Church, Bristol, rebuilt by Vowles in 1869 and 1889 A survivor, although much modified by Roger Taylor in 1997, is the 1707 Renatus Harris organ in Christ Church, Bristol, rebuilt by Vowles in 1869 and 1889. The church describes the organ in its current specification as "immensely satisfying to play". Another survivor, little modified, is Vowles's organ in St Benet's Catholic church in Beccles, Suffolk, originally built for the Catholic church in nearby Bungay. Not all opinions about Vowles's organs were positive. In 1909 the 1867 Vowles organ in St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol was regarded as "impossibly obsolete" (and was replaced by a new-build by Harrison & Harrison). In the 1980s, Mander Organs entirely rebuilt the Vowles organ in the chapel at Mill Hill School, London, describing it as "inaccessible, unreliable and uninspiring". References ^ a b c d e f g "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N00232". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No D02590". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No D04663". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N10507". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N15062". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N03814". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N03813". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No R01675". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No N03807". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "Christ Church City, Bristol: The Organ". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "National Pipe Organ Register Entry No D05529". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "Ampion Recordings: English Organ Music from St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol". Retrieved 6 September 2021. ^ "Mander Organs: Mill Hill School London". 27 January 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2021.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Vowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vowles"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Walker_%26_Sons_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"}],"text":"English organ builder (1826–1912)This article is about the Bristol organ-builder. For the Australian politician, see William Vowles.William Gibbons Vowles (usually known as W. G. Vowles or Vowles) (1826 – 25 February 1912) was an English pipe organ maker and refurbisher in Bristol, who established his practice in 1856, although with antecedents dating back to 1753. On his retirement in 1908, the firm was incorporated as W. G. Vowles Ltd. That successor firm was acquired by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1958. Most Vowles organs were installed in the South West of England.[1]","title":"W. G. Vowles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"}],"text":"Vowles was born in Bristol in 1826, the son of Reuben Vowles, a glazier, and his first wife Louisa (née Hopkins).","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"},{"link_name":"Renatus Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Harris"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Powderham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lulworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Brice Seede (1709–1790) was an architect and woodcarver who settled in Bristol in 1753, becoming an organ-builder.[1] He was succeeded by his son Richard Seede (1743–1823).[2] In turn, the younger Seede was succeeded by his apprentice, John Smith (1781–1847).[1] Smith was succeeded by his nephew, Joseph Monday (1798–1856).[1]Some notable organs have survived from Vowles's predecessor practices. One of the Seedes, as well as Smith, Monday and Vowles, all worked on the 1719 Renatus Harris organ at Bristol Cathedral, with Vowles rebuilding it in 1861.[3] The 1794 Brice Seede organ at Powderham Castle is still extant, albeit slightly modified.[4] The 1785 Richard Seede organ at Lulworth Castle is also still extant.[5] The 1830 John Smith organ in the Lord Mayor's Chapel in Bristol is another survivor, with modifications by Vowles and Percy Daniel.[6] [7]","title":"Origins of his practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"},{"link_name":"J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Walker_%26_Sons_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-x1-1"}],"text":"Vowles was trained as an organ-builder by Joseph Monday (also spelt Munday), whose daughter he married. He founded his own firm in 1856, on Monday's death.[1] Vowles retired in 1908, at which point the practice was incorporated as a limited company, W. G. Vowles Ltd.[1] The firm suffered a factory fire in 1924, but continued to trade, until it was taken over by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd in 1958. [1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1848 he married Eliza Matilda Rowles Monday, daughter of the organ-builder Joseph Monday. They had three sons and two daughters; two of the sons followed their father in the organ-building trade.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Apostles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Church_with_St_Ewen,_Bristol,_organ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renatus Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renatus_Harris"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Beccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccles"},{"link_name":"Bungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"St Mary Redcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Redcliffe"},{"link_name":"Harrison & Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_%26_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mander Organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mander_Organs"},{"link_name":"Mill Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hill_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Few organs by Vowles have survived in their original specification. Many have been lost. Notable losses include that in the former Catholic Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Apostles, Bristol.[8]The 1707 Renatus Harris organ at Christ Church, Bristol, rebuilt by Vowles in 1869 and 1889A survivor, although much modified by Roger Taylor in 1997, is the 1707 Renatus Harris organ in Christ Church, Bristol, rebuilt by Vowles in 1869 and 1889.[9] The church describes the organ in its current specification as \"immensely satisfying to play\".[10] Another survivor, little modified, is Vowles's organ in St Benet's Catholic church in Beccles, Suffolk, originally built for the Catholic church in nearby Bungay.[11]Not all opinions about Vowles's organs were positive. In 1909 the 1867 Vowles organ in St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol was regarded as \"impossibly obsolete\" (and was replaced by a new-build by Harrison & Harrison).[12] In the 1980s, Mander Organs entirely rebuilt the Vowles organ in the chapel at Mill Hill School, London, describing it as \"inaccessible, unreliable and uninspiring\".[13]","title":"Some Vowles organs"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_1100

Renault 8

["1 Renault 8","1.1 Launch","1.2 Automatic transmission","1.3 Engine upgrades","1.4 Facelift","1.5 End of production","1.6 Hino Contessa","2 Gallery","3 Alconi","4 In competition","4.1 European Rally victories","4.2 South African Motorsport","4.3 Australian Motorsport","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Motor vehicle Renault 81971 Renault 8OverviewManufacturerRenaultAlso calledDacia 1100Bulgarrenault 8Production1962–1973 1965–1976 (Spain) 1966–1970 (Bulgaria, Bulgarrenault)1968–1971 (Romania, Dacia)AssemblyFrance: FlinsAlgeria: Algiers (CARAL)Australia: HeidelbergBulgaria: PlovdivCanada: Quebec, St. Bruno (SoMA)Mexico: Ciudad SahagúnMorocco: CasablancaNew Zealand: Thames (Campbell Industries)Romania: MioveniSpain: ValladolidPortugal: GuardaVenezuela: MariaraBody and chassisClassSmall family car (C-segment)Body style4-door saloonLayoutRear-engine, rear-wheel-driveRelatedRenault 10PowertrainEngine956 cc Cléon-Fonte I41108 cc Cléon-Fonte I41255 cc Cléon-Fonte I4Transmission3-speed manual4-speed manual5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,270 mm (89.4 in)Length4,000 mm (157.5 in)Width1,490 mm (58.7 in)Height1,375 mm (54.1 in)ChronologyPredecessorRenault DauphineSuccessorRenault 12 The Renault 8 (Renault R8 until 1964) is a rear-engined, rear-wheel drive small family car produced by the French manufacturer Renault in the 1960s and early 1970s. It also formed the basis for the larger Renault 10, introduced in 1965. The 8 was launched in 1962 and ceased production and sales in France in 1973. By then the related Renault 10 had already been replaced, two years earlier, by the front wheel drive Renault 12. They were produced in Bulgaria until 1970 (see Bulgarrenault), and an adapted version of the Renault 8 continued to be produced in Spain until 1976. In Romania, a version of the 8 was produced under license between 1968 and 1972 as the Dacia 1100. In total 37,546 Dacia 1100s were built. Renault 8 Launch The R8 (model R1130) was released in June 1962 and was based on the Renault Dauphine, with which it shared its basic architecture and its 2,270 mm (89.4 in) wheelbase. The style, closely following that of the first prototype produced, at unusually short notice, by Philippe Charbonneaux, was fashionably boxy; however, while the Renault 8 was actually 30 mm (1.2 in) narrower than the Dauphine, the manufacturer was able to install thick cushioned front seats that were actually each 60 mm (2.4 in) wider, at 560 mm (22.0 in), than those fitted in the Dauphine. The 8 was powered by an all new 956 cc Cléon-Fonte engine developing 44 PS (32 kW; 43 hp). The R8's engine followed the pioneering example of the recently introduced Renault 4 by incorporating a sealed for life cooling system. A distinctive innovation on the French produced cars was the fitting of four-wheel disc brakes, a first for a saloon car of this size. However, when in 1965 Renault's Spanish affiliate introduced their own version of the Renault 8 for the (then tariff-shielded) Spanish market, it came with rear drum brakes. The 8 was sold in the United States with an unusual marketing approach that acknowledged that the previous Dauphine had many shortcomings for American owners, and that the 8 was an improvement. While an all new engine was built that was more powerful, and many changes were made, most of the criticism summarized the 8's shortcomings when driving on the recently constructed United States Interstate Highway System as the car was built for French driving conditions which were much more localized. When driving the 8 in city environments, it is nimble and easy to get around crowded conditions. France did not begin to build the Autoroutes of France until French Law 55-435 was passed April 18, 1955, to create a similar highway system previously built in Germany, called the Autobahn during the 1930s. Automatic transmission For 1963 (initially only in France), Renault offered an automatic transmission of unique design, developed and produced by Jaeger. It was first shown at the September 1962 Paris Motor Show. Although it was described as a form of automatic transmission at the time, in retrospect it was more realistically a form of automatic clutch, inspired by the German Saxomat device which appeared as an option on several mainstream German cars in the 1950s and 60s. The clutch in the system was replaced by a powder ferromagnetic coupler, developed from a Smiths design. The transmission itself was a three-speed mechanical unit similar to that of the Dauphine, but from the beginning with synchromesh on all gears in this version. 1971 Renault 8 rear view The system used a dash-mounted push button control panel where the driver could select forward or reverse and a governor that sensed vehicle speed and throttle position. A "relay case" containing electromagnetic switches received signals from the governor and push buttons and then controlled a coupler, a decelerator to close the throttle during gear changes, and a solenoid to select operation of the reverse-first or second-third shift rail, using a reversible electric motor to engage the gears. The system was thus entirely electromechanical, without hydraulics, pneumatics or electronics. The relay case was located in the front trunk. On cold days, with no source of heat in the trunk area, the relays would freeze and required the "Open, Push, Whack, and Jump". Essentially, the driver had to open the trunk, push the Drive button on the dashboard, whack the relay box, and jump back into the moving vehicle. On extremely cold days, the relay box was unreliable and intermittent, seemingly having a mind of its own. Benefits included comparable fuel economy to the manual transmission version, and easy adaptability to the car. Drawbacks included performance loss (with only three available gears) and a somewhat jerky operation during gear changes. Renault 8 Gordini The transmission was also used in the Dauphine and the Caravelle. Engine upgrades A more powerful model, the 8 Major (model R1132), was released in 1964, featuring an 1108 cc engine developing 50 PS (37 kW; 49 hp). A still more powerful version, the 8 model R1134 Gordini, was also released that year, with a tuned engine of the same capacity but developing 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp). The extra power was obtained by a cross-flow head and twin dual-choke 40mm side-draft Solex carburetors. A four-speed close ratio manual transmission, dual rear shock absorbers and uprated springs were fitted. The R1134 Gordini was originally available only in blue, with two stick-on white stripes. It was also distinguishable from the 8 Major by the bigger 200 mm headlamp units. In 1965, the Renault 10 Major, a more luxurious version of the 8 with different front and rear styling, was released, replacing the 8 Major. Facelift A Renault 8 TS in Tenerife, Spain In 1967, the R8 Gordini (model R1135) received a facelift including two additional headlights (in effect Cibie Oscar driving lights), and its engine upgraded to a 1255 cc unit rated at 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp). The R1134 Gordini cross-flow head design was retained, and twin dual-choke 40mm Weber side-draft carburetors. Both the 8 and the 10 were heavily revised for 1969. Some of the 10's features being incorporated in the 8, resulting in a new 8 Major which replaced the basic model. The changes also saw the addition of the 8S, a sportier model with a 1108 cc engine rated at 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp). The 8S model also had the same twin headlights as the R1135 Gordini – the middle ones were for high beam only. The car was delivered with black "RENAULT 8S" tapes, intended for the rear wings but their fixing was left to the customer. The Romanian sport version was named Dacia 1100 S. End of production Alongside the new Renault 10, less powerful versions of the Renault 8 continued in production at the Flins plant. The 8 was still sold in France as late as 1973. FASA-Renault, the company's Spanish arm, continued to produce models 8 and 8TS (similar to the French-built 8S) until 1976 for the Spanish market, and components for the 8S and 8TS assembled in Mexico. Hino Contessa In 1964, Hino and Renault had a partnership, where Hino was manufacturing a licensed version of the Renault 8 while making some changes to the updated Contessa. Configuration and engineering changes were made on the Contessa, and it was also built as a 2-door coupé. Gallery Renault R8 in 1963 Renault R8 Gordini (1964) Renault R8 S (1967) Renault R8 Dacia 1100 Alconi 1965 Renault 8 Alconi Through their South African subsidiary, Renault Africa Ltd, a special performance version of the 1108cc '8' (model 1132) and '10' (model 1190) was assembled at their East London assembly plant. It sold in that country only as a Renault Alconi, a combination the names of the developers, John Conchie and Eric 'Puddles' Adler, who traded as "Alconi Developments". Engine upgrades resulted in 68 bhp (net) and a performance close to that of the R8 Gordini '1100' and midway between the standard Renault 8 and the 1255cc Gordini. The Alconis offered 0–60 mph in 11.9sec, top speed of 97 mph, (according to "Car" magazine road test) and sold for about 10% over the standard car. It was sold new through their dealer network in South Africa and covered by their factory warranty. The local concept was intended to increase vehicle sales to a racing mad South African public by taking advantage of their race-track successes in local "Sprint" and "Endurance" races. About 400–500 vehicles seem to have been sold. As well, many hundreds of performance kits to upgrade the standard vehicles were sold over their parts counters. In competition European Rally victories The car has won the Tour de Corse, Rally Poland, Rallye Açores, Rali Vinho da Madeira, Boucles de Spa and Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski. South African Motorsport Renault (Africa) managed good sales penetration increases amongst the madly motor sport minded South African public with their active racing and rallying participation and sponsorship program, offering a multitude of Gordini and Alconi race components. During the years 1963–69 when the R8 model was sold, they won seven overall 1st Saloon car to finish trophies in the annual Kyalami International 9-hour Endurance Races (3 x 4th overall, 1 x 5th overall, 3 x 9th overall). The competition included many international purpose built sports cars (Ferraris, Jaguars, Porsches, Cobras). Also three overall wins in the annual International Total Lourenco Marques Rallies. Lap 1, A Renault Alconi on way to winning the race and 1966 Kyalami Onex Trophy title performance compononts of the Alconi kit Between the years 1963 and 1969, South African motor sport sponsorship by Renault (Africa) Ltd and private driver enthusiasm resulted in class and endurance race and rally domination (including frequent wins) by the R8 and Gordini R8, which enhanced market penetration and popularity of the vehicles Renault R8 and Gordini also won the 1968 and 1970 South African Saloon Car Championship. The car also won the Rallye Côte d'Ivoire and Rallye du Maroc. Australian Motorsport Bob Watson won the 1970 Australian Rally Championship and was runner-up in the 1971 Australian Rally Championship driving an R8 Gordini. R8s also competed in the 1966 Australian Touring Car Championship, 1979 Australian Rallycross Championship, 1973 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 and 1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race. In 1963 the Renault 8 was awarded Wheels Magazine Australia's Car of the Year Award. See also Alfa Romeo Tipo 103 – An influential prototype car constructed in 1960, approximately two years before the June 1962 launch of the Renault 8, and with similar styling. References ^ "Somaca Casablanca". Somaca.e-monsite.com. Retrieved 19 April 2010. ^ a b c d e f "Automobilia". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1962 (Salon Paris October 1961). 19. Paris: Histoire & collections: 57. 2001. ^ The Dacia Output by Models at daciagroup.com ^ FASA-Renault was a partnership between Renault and Spain which produced cars for the Spanish market subject to government requirements for a high proportion of local content which meant, at this stage, that Spanish-built Renaults were not considered suitable for other European markets. Things changed after the death of Francisco Franco when Spain joined the EEC and the Spanish auto-market was integrated into that of the rest of western Europe ^ "1956-1968 Renault Dauphine". How Things work. 20 August 2007. ^ Dubois Dumée, A. (October 1998). Renault, 100 ans moteur d'ideés: Le magazine du centenaire. Renault. ^ a b Blunsden, John (October 1962). "Paris salongen" . Illustrerad Motor Sport (in Swedish). No. 10. Lerum, Sweden. p. 12. ^ The history of Dacia 1100 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian) ^ Dacia 1100 at automobileromanesti.ro (in Romanian) ^ See Shell S.A. Technical bulletin 43...Paragraph 6.. Renault Africa's technical department and the partners in Alconi Developments...months of experimenting and testing came up with the Renault 8 Alconi. ^ 1967 Alconi, R10 and Gordini road-test ^ Renault Model 8 & 10 Alconi Renault Alconi ^ Comparison tests of R8, R10, Alconi, Gordini 1100 and Gordini 1255 w 5 speed ^ The Renault Alconi Story ^ ^ Renault R8 motorsport achievements in South Africa ^ list of many of the R8 South African endurance and rally successes ^ South African Saloon car champions p5 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renault 8. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia 1100. Team RedBackRacing in Australia Pages: Renault 8 Gordini and Renault Sport Spider Réné's Renault Pages: Renault 8 and 10 El Rincón del Renault 8 "RENAULT 10 (1966 - 1969)". 2005. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. "Shell" bulletin on the contents of the R8 Alconi kit, with fitting instructions "Shell" bulletin 43 with Components of the Alconi Kit vteRenaultCurrent modelsCars 5 E-Tech Clio/Lutecia Logan Mégane Megane E-Tech Sandero Taliant Twingo Pickup trucks Alaskan Oroch MPVs Triber Crossovers/SUVs Arkana / Mégane Conquest Austral Captur Duster Espace Kardian Kiger Koleos Kwid Rafale Scenic E-Tech Symbioz Vans Express Kangoo Kangoo (Latin America) Master Trafic Future models Bigster 4 (EV) Niagara Discontinued modelsNumeric 3 4 5 6 7 8 and 10 9 and 11 12 14 15 and 17 16 18 19 20 and 30 21 25 1970–present Alliance Avantime Captur (GA) Dokker Encore Fluence Fluence Z.E. Fuego Grand Espace Grand Modus Grand Scénic Kadjar Kangoo Z.E. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear-engined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-engined"},{"link_name":"rear-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"small family car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_family_car"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Renault 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_10"},{"link_name":"Renault 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_12"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgarrenault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarrenault"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_(car)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Renault 8 (Renault R8 until 1964) is a rear-engined, rear-wheel drive small family car produced by the French manufacturer Renault in the 1960s and early 1970s. It also formed the basis for the larger Renault 10, introduced in 1965.The 8 was launched in 1962 and ceased production and sales in France in 1973. By then the related Renault 10 had already been replaced, two years earlier, by the front wheel drive Renault 12.They were produced in Bulgaria until 1970 (see Bulgarrenault), and an adapted version of the Renault 8 continued to be produced in Spain until 1976. In Romania, a version of the 8 was produced under license between 1968 and 1972 as the Dacia 1100. In total 37,546 Dacia 1100s were built.[3]","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automobilia1962-2"},{"link_name":"Renault Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automobilia1962-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automobilia1962-2"},{"link_name":"Cléon-Fonte engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Cl%C3%A9on-Fonte_engine"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"Renault 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automobilia1962-2"},{"link_name":"saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(car)"},{"link_name":"car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automobilia1962-2"},{"link_name":"Renault's Spanish affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASA-Renault"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howthings-5"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Autoroutes of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoroutes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"}],"sub_title":"Launch","text":"The R8 (model R1130) was released in June 1962[2] and was based on the Renault Dauphine, with which it shared its basic architecture and its 2,270 mm (89.4 in) wheelbase. The style, closely following that of the first prototype produced, at unusually short notice, by Philippe Charbonneaux, was fashionably boxy; however,[2] while the Renault 8 was actually 30 mm (1.2 in) narrower than the Dauphine, the manufacturer was able to install thick cushioned front seats that were actually each 60 mm (2.4 in) wider, at 560 mm (22.0 in), than those fitted in the Dauphine.[2]The 8 was powered by an all new 956 cc Cléon-Fonte engine developing 44 PS (32 kW; 43 hp). The R8's engine followed the pioneering example of the recently introduced Renault 4 by incorporating a sealed for life cooling system.[2] A distinctive innovation on the French produced cars was the fitting of four-wheel disc brakes, a first for a saloon car of this size.[2] However, when in 1965 Renault's Spanish affiliate[4] introduced their own version of the Renault 8 for the (then tariff-shielded) Spanish market, it came with rear drum brakes.The 8 was sold in the United States with an unusual marketing approach that acknowledged that the previous Dauphine had many shortcomings for American owners, and that the 8 was an improvement.[5] While an all new engine was built that was more powerful, and many changes were made, most of the criticism summarized the 8's shortcomings when driving on the recently constructed United States Interstate Highway System as the car was built for French driving conditions which were much more localized. When driving the 8 in city environments, it is nimble and easy to get around crowded conditions. France did not begin to build the Autoroutes of France until French Law 55-435 was passed April 18, 1955, to create a similar highway system previously built in Germany, called the Autobahn during the 1930s.","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMS1062-7"},{"link_name":"Saxomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxomat"},{"link_name":"ferromagnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetism"},{"link_name":"Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMS1062-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_8_(1971)_-_8905476450.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R8_Gordini2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Caravelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Caravelle"}],"sub_title":"Automatic transmission","text":"For 1963 (initially only in France), Renault offered an automatic transmission of unique design, developed and produced by Jaeger.[6] It was first shown at the September 1962 Paris Motor Show.[7] Although it was described as a form of automatic transmission at the time, in retrospect it was more realistically a form of automatic clutch, inspired by the German Saxomat device which appeared as an option on several mainstream German cars in the 1950s and 60s.The clutch in the system was replaced by a powder ferromagnetic coupler, developed from a Smiths design.[7] The transmission itself was a three-speed mechanical unit similar to that of the Dauphine, but from the beginning with synchromesh on all gears in this version.1971 Renault 8 rear viewThe system used a dash-mounted push button control panel where the driver could select forward or reverse and a governor that sensed vehicle speed and throttle position.A \"relay case\" containing electromagnetic switches received signals from the governor and push buttons and then controlled a coupler, a decelerator to close the throttle during gear changes, and a solenoid to select operation of the reverse-first or second-third shift rail, using a reversible electric motor to engage the gears. The system was thus entirely electromechanical, without hydraulics, pneumatics or electronics. The relay case was located in the front trunk. On cold days, with no source of heat in the trunk area, the relays would freeze and required the \"Open, Push, Whack, and Jump\". Essentially, the driver had to open the trunk, push the Drive button on the dashboard, whack the relay box, and jump back into the moving vehicle. On extremely cold days, the relay box was unreliable and intermittent, seemingly having a mind of its own.Benefits included comparable fuel economy to the manual transmission version, and easy adaptability to the car. Drawbacks included performance loss (with only three available gears) and a somewhat jerky operation during gear changes.Renault 8 GordiniThe transmission was also used in the Dauphine and the Caravelle.","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordini"}],"sub_title":"Engine upgrades","text":"A more powerful model, the 8 Major (model R1132), was released in 1964, featuring an 1108 cc engine developing 50 PS (37 kW; 49 hp). A still more powerful version, the 8 model R1134 Gordini, was also released that year, with a tuned engine of the same capacity but developing 90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp). The extra power was obtained by a cross-flow head and twin dual-choke 40mm side-draft Solex carburetors. A four-speed close ratio manual transmission, dual rear shock absorbers and uprated springs were fitted. The R1134 Gordini was originally available only in blue, with two stick-on white stripes. It was also distinguishable from the 8 Major by the bigger 200 mm headlamp units. In 1965, the Renault 10 Major, a more luxurious version of the 8 with different front and rear styling, was released, replacing the 8 Major.","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classic_Cars_in_Tenerife_2021_562.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Facelift","text":"A Renault 8 TS in Tenerife, SpainIn 1967, the R8 Gordini (model R1135) received a facelift including two additional headlights (in effect Cibie Oscar driving lights), and its engine upgraded to a 1255 cc unit rated at 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp). The R1134 Gordini cross-flow head design was retained, and twin dual-choke 40mm Weber side-draft carburetors. Both the 8 and the 10 were heavily revised for 1969. Some of the 10's features being incorporated in the 8, resulting in a new 8 Major which replaced the basic model. The changes also saw the addition of the 8S, a sportier model with a 1108 cc engine rated at 60 PS (44 kW; 59 hp). The 8S model also had the same twin headlights as the R1135 Gordini – the middle ones were for high beam only. The car was delivered with black \"RENAULT 8S\" tapes, intended for the rear wings but their fixing was left to the customer. The Romanian sport version was named Dacia 1100 S.[8][9]","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flins plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flins_Renault_Factory"}],"sub_title":"End of production","text":"Alongside the new Renault 10, less powerful versions of the Renault 8 continued in production at the Flins plant. The 8 was still sold in France as late as 1973. FASA-Renault, the company's Spanish arm, continued to produce models 8 and 8TS (similar to the French-built 8S) until 1976 for the Spanish market, and components for the 8S and 8TS assembled in Mexico.","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Motors"},{"link_name":"Contessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Contessa#PD_series_(1964-1967)"}],"sub_title":"Hino Contessa","text":"In 1964, Hino and Renault had a partnership, where Hino was manufacturing a licensed version of the Renault 8 while making some changes to the updated Contessa. Configuration and engineering changes were made on the Contessa, and it was also built as a 2-door coupé.","title":"Renault 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_R8.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R8_Gordini_Pegomas-Tanneron_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gordini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_R8_1130_1963.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault8rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bu%C8%99teni2008k.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Dacia"}],"text":"Renault R8 in 1963\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault R8 Gordini (1964)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault R8 S (1967)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenault R8\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDacia 1100","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_8_Alconi.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Renault_Alconi_Story-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"performance kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_tuning"}],"text":"1965 Renault 8 AlconiThrough their South African subsidiary, Renault Africa Ltd, a special performance version of the 1108cc '8' (model 1132) and '10' (model 1190) was assembled at their East London assembly plant. It sold in that country only as a Renault Alconi, a combination the names of the developers, John Conchie and Eric 'Puddles' Adler, who traded as \"Alconi Developments\".[10]Engine upgrades resulted in 68 bhp (net) and a performance close to that of the R8 Gordini '1100' and midway between the standard Renault 8 and the 1255cc Gordini.[11][12] The Alconis offered 0–60 mph in 11.9sec, top speed of 97 mph,[13] (according to \"Car\" magazine road test) and sold for about 10% over the standard car.It was sold new through their dealer network in South Africa and covered by their factory warranty.[14] The local concept was intended to increase vehicle sales to a racing mad South African public by taking advantage of their race-track successes in local \"Sprint\" and \"Endurance\" races.About 400–500 vehicles seem to have been sold.[15] As well, many hundreds of performance kits to upgrade the standard vehicles were sold over their parts counters.","title":"Alconi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Corse"},{"link_name":"Rally Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Poland"},{"link_name":"Rallye Açores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_A%C3%A7ores"},{"link_name":"Rali Vinho da Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rali_Vinho_da_Madeira"},{"link_name":"Boucles de Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucles_de_Spa"},{"link_name":"Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajdowe_Samochodowe_Mistrzostwa_Polski"}],"sub_title":"European Rally victories","text":"The car has won the Tour de Corse, Rally Poland, Rallye Açores, Rali Vinho da Madeira, Boucles de Spa and Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski.","title":"In competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_8_Alconi_wins_1966_Kyalami_Onyx_Production_Car_Race_(cropped).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alconi_kit.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rallye Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Rallye du Maroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_du_Maroc"}],"sub_title":"South African Motorsport","text":"Renault (Africa) managed good sales penetration increases amongst the madly motor sport minded South African public with their active racing and rallying participation and sponsorship program, offering a multitude of Gordini and Alconi race components. During the years 1963–69 when the R8 model was sold, they won seven overall 1st Saloon car to finish trophies in the annual Kyalami International 9-hour Endurance Races (3 x 4th overall, 1 x 5th overall, 3 x 9th overall). The competition included many international purpose built sports cars (Ferraris, Jaguars, Porsches, Cobras). Also three overall wins in the annual International Total Lourenco Marques Rallies.[16]Lap 1, A Renault Alconi on way to winning the race and 1966 Kyalami Onex Trophy titleperformance compononts of the Alconi kitBetween the years 1963 and 1969, South African motor sport sponsorship by Renault (Africa) Ltd and private driver enthusiasm resulted in class and endurance race and rally domination (including frequent wins) by the R8 and Gordini R8, which enhanced market penetration and popularity of the vehicles[17] Renault R8 and Gordini also won the 1968 and 1970 South African Saloon Car Championship.[18] The car also won the Rallye Côte d'Ivoire and Rallye du Maroc.","title":"In competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970 Australian Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"1971 Australian Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Australian_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"1966 Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"1979 Australian Rallycross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Australian_Rallycross_Championship"},{"link_name":"1973 Hardie-Ferodo 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Hardie-Ferodo_1000"},{"link_name":"1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_International_6_Hour_Touring_Car_Race"},{"link_name":"Wheels Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheels_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Australian Motorsport","text":"Bob Watson won the 1970 Australian Rally Championship and was runner-up in the 1971 Australian Rally Championship driving an R8 Gordini. R8s also competed in the 1966 Australian Touring Car Championship, 1979 Australian Rallycross Championship, 1973 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 and 1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race.In 1963 the Renault 8 was awarded Wheels Magazine Australia's Car of the Year Award.","title":"In competition"}]

[{"image_text":"1971 Renault 8 rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Renault_8_%281971%29_-_8905476450.jpg/220px-Renault_8_%281971%29_-_8905476450.jpg"},{"image_text":"Renault 8 Gordini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/R8_Gordini2.JPG/220px-R8_Gordini2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Renault 8 TS in Tenerife, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Classic_Cars_in_Tenerife_2021_562.jpg/220px-Classic_Cars_in_Tenerife_2021_562.jpg"},{"image_text":"1965 Renault 8 Alconi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Renault_8_Alconi.jpg/220px-Renault_8_Alconi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lap 1, A Renault Alconi on way to winning the race and 1966 Kyalami Onex Trophy title","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Renault_8_Alconi_wins_1966_Kyalami_Onyx_Production_Car_Race_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Renault_8_Alconi_wins_1966_Kyalami_Onyx_Production_Car_Race_%28cropped%29.png"},{"image_text":"performance compononts of the Alconi kit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Alconi_kit.jpg/220px-Alconi_kit.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Alfa Romeo Tipo 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Tipo_103"}]

[{"reference":"\"Somaca Casablanca\". Somaca.e-monsite.com. Retrieved 19 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://somaca.e-monsite.com/","url_text":"\"Somaca Casablanca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Automobilia\". Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1962 (Salon Paris October 1961). 19. Paris: Histoire & collections: 57. 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1956-1968 Renault Dauphine\". How Things work. 20 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1968-renault-dauphine.htm/printable","url_text":"\"1956-1968 Renault Dauphine\""}]},{"reference":"Dubois Dumée, A. (October 1998). Renault, 100 ans moteur d'ideés: Le magazine du centenaire. Renault.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blunsden, John (October 1962). \"Paris salongen\" [The Paris Salon]. Illustrerad Motor Sport (in Swedish). No. 10. Lerum, Sweden. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"RENAULT 10 (1966 - 1969)\". 2005. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091019002953/http://es.geocities.com/carrocolombiano7/renault10/renault_10.htm","url_text":"\"RENAULT 10 (1966 - 1969)\""},{"url":"http://es.geocities.com/carrocolombiano7/renault10/renault_10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://somaca.e-monsite.com/","external_links_name":"\"Somaca Casablanca\""},{"Link":"http://www.daciagroup.com/en/press/press-releases/2005/2500000-vehicles-manufactured-by-the-dacia-plant-in-pitesti","external_links_name":"The Dacia Output by Models"},{"Link":"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1968-renault-dauphine.htm/printable","external_links_name":"\"1956-1968 Renault Dauphine\""},{"Link":"http://1100club.ro/istoric.html","external_links_name":"The history of Dacia 1100"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150211172223/http://1100club.ro/istoric.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.automobileromanesti.ro/Dacia/Dacia_1100/","external_links_name":"Dacia 1100"},{"Link":"https://alconi.blogspot.ca/2013/05/the-renault-alconi-kit-for-renaults.html","external_links_name":"See Shell S.A. Technical bulletin 43...Paragraph 6.. Renault Africa's technical department and the partners in Alconi Developments...months of experimenting and testing came up with the Renault 8 Alconi."},{"Link":"http://alconi.blogspot.ca/2013/05/renault-r10-alconi-roadtest-car.html","external_links_name":"1967 Alconi, R10 and Gordini road-test"},{"Link":"http://alconi.blogspot.ca/2013/05/renault-r10-alconi-roadtest-car.html","external_links_name":"Comparison tests of R8, R10, Alconi, Gordini 1100 and Gordini 1255 w 5 speed"},{"Link":"http://alconi.blogspot.ca/","external_links_name":"The Renault Alconi Story"},{"Link":"http://alconiandgordinir8.blogspot.ca/","external_links_name":"Renault R8 motorsport achievements in South Africa"},{"Link":"http://alconiandgordinir8.blogspot.ca/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://cdn.entelectonline.co.za/wm-122183-cmsimages/SOUTHAFRICANCHAMPIONS.pdf","external_links_name":"South African Saloon car champions p5"},{"Link":"http://www.redbackracing.com.au/","external_links_name":"Team RedBackRacing in Australia Pages: Renault 8 Gordini and Renault Sport Spider"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000302193504/http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Show/9396/index8.htm","external_links_name":"Réné's Renault Pages: Renault 8 and 10"},{"Link":"http://www.mallorcaweb.net/renault8/","external_links_name":"El Rincón del Renault 8"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091019002953/http://es.geocities.com/carrocolombiano7/renault10/renault_10.htm","external_links_name":"\"RENAULT 10 (1966 - 1969)\""},{"Link":"http://es.geocities.com/carrocolombiano7/renault10/renault_10.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://alconi.blogspot.ca/2013/05/the-renault-alconi-kit-for-renaults.html","external_links_name":"\"Shell\" bulletin 43 with Components of the Alconi Kit"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph701980&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornet_(Gobots)

List of GoBots characters

["1 Bad Boy","1.1 Animated series","1.2 Fun Publications","1.3 Toys","2 Bent Wing","3 Blaster","3.1 Animated series","4 Bug Bite","5 Bugsie","6 BuggyMan","6.1 Animated series","7 Cop-Tur","8 Crasher","9 Creepy","9.1 Animated series","9.2 Comics","9.3 Toys","10 Dozer","10.1 Animated series","11 Dumper","11.1 Reception","11.2 Animated series","11.3 Books","11.4 Toys","12 Fitor","13 Geeper-Creeper","13.1 Animated series","14 Grungy","14.1 Reception","15 Herr Fiend","15.1 Animated series","15.2 Toys","16 Hornet","17 Leader-1","18 Loco","18.1 Animated series","18.2 Eagle Comics","18.3 Toy","19 Monstrous","20 Night Ranger","20.1 Reception","21 Pincher","21.1 Animated series","22 Psycho","22.1 Animated series","22.2 Books","23 Pumper","23.1 Reception","24 Puzzler","24.1 Animated series","25 Rest-Q","25.1 Animated series","25.2 Eagle Comics","26 Road Ranger","26.1 Animated series","26.2 Fun Publications","26.3 Books","26.4 Eagle Comics","26.5 Toys","27 Scooter","28 Scorp","28.1 Animated series","29 Small Foot","29.1 Animated series","29.2 Fun Publications","29.3 Toys","30 Spay-C","31 Spoons","31.1 Animated series","32 Staks","32.1 Animated series","33 Tank","33.1 Animated series","33.2 Eagle Comics","34 Tork","34.1 Reception","35 Treds","35.1 Animated series","35.2 Fun Publications","35.3 Toys","36 Turbo","37 Vamp","37.1 Animated series","37.2 Comics","37.3 Eagle Comics","38 Water Walk","38.1 Reception","39 Zeemon","39.1 Animated series","40 Zod","40.1 Animated series","40.2 Robo Machines","40.3 Toys","41 See also","42 References"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Incomprehensible content. Please help improve this article if you can. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is an alphabetical list of GoBots characters with information on their appearances, fictional biographies and histories. Bad Boy Fictional character Bad BoyChallenge of the Gobots and Transformers characterLast appearanceWithered HopeJapanese nameFairchild RoboRelease numberGB-55In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeFairchild A-10 Thunderbolt Bad Boy is one of Cy-Kill's minions. He is a rough street punk always ready with an insult and looking for a fight. He is actually smarter than he lets on, preferring to let others underestimate him. Like most Gobots, Bad Boy can change form, his alternate mode being a combat jet. He also has hand-blasters. His built-in repair systems can repair most injuries to his body if given enough energy. Animated series Bad Boy is featured extensively in "Wolf in the Fold" episode #30. Using an image simulator circuit invented by Herr Fiend, Bad Boy is able to go under cover as the Guardian Heat Seeker. From inside the Guardians Bad Boy is able to leak information to the Renegades. Once it is discovered that there is a traitor among the Guardians Bad Boy tries to frame Leader-1 as the traitor, but he is uncovered by Scooter. Thanks to timely use of the astrobeam he escapes the Guardians. Bad Boy appears in "Cy-Kill Escapes" episode #41 as he and Herr Fiend send a stealth device to the escaping renegades on the Gobot Prison Moon to cover their escape in a hidden ship. Bad Boy appears in "The Fall of Gobotron" episode #43 as he and Block Head try to pick a fight with Turbo. Bad Boy appears in "Flight to Earth" episode #44 where he and Block Head collect the Guardians on Gobotron and take them to prison. Bad Boy appears in "The Third Column" episode #50 where he sides with Zero, who tries to take over the Renegades from Cy-Kill. Bad Boy and Cop-Tur are sent to attack Unicom bases and distract the Guardians while Cy-Kill, Crasher and Scorp attempt to take the Power Suits from the Strategic Command Center. Fun Publications Bad Boy has a cameo in Transcendent by Fun Publications which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus. Bad Boy is a main character appearing in Withered Hope, a text and comic based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. While on Cybertron Bad Boy becomes friends with the Malignus gang. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind. Toys Two toys were produced for Bad Boy. The first was released as a Gobot, based on the Machine Robo line from Japan. The second was a recolor of the Transformer Powerglide, released in Japan as an ehobby exclusive. Bent Wing Bent Wing was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Blaster Fictional character BlasterChallenge of the Gobots characterJapanese nameMissile Tank RoboRelease numberGB-23, GB-35In-universe informationNicknameRocketManSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeMissile Launcher Blaster, also known as RocketMan, is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a missile launcher. Animated series Blaster appeared in the episode "The Third Column" where he works in a Guardian weapons facility that was attacked by the Renegades. The attack was turned away by automated defenses. Bug Bite Bug Bite is a Renegade who has also appeared in the Transformers franchise as a recolor of the Autobot Bumblebee. Bug Bite is also a Yellow VW Beetle like Bumblebee, but larger and he carries a blaster that attaches to his cabin in car mode. Bugsie Bugsie was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. BuggyMan Fictional character BuggyManChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"The Battle for Gobotron"Last appearance"Scooter Enhanced"Japanese nameBuggy RoboRelease numberGB-08, GB-39In-universe informationAliasBuggy BoySpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeDune buggy BuggyMan is a Renegade Gobot who turns into a dune buggy. Some fiction refers to him as "Buggy Boy". Animated series BuggyMan appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots episode #5, "The Final Conflict" where he was among the Renegades captured on Gobotron. BuggyMan appears in "Flight to Earth" episode #44. He and Geeper-Creeper chase Scooter and Sparky on Gobotron. Scooter and Small Foot join Nick and A.J. to watch a car stunt show which is attacked by Crasher, BuggyMan and Fly Trap. Small Foot fights BuggyMan and defeats him, but the Renegades regain the upper hand until the Guardians are rescued by Leader-1 and Turbo who arrive in their Power Suits Cop-Tur Coptur is an evil blue helicopter in the employ of Cykill and is featured in a children's book with Crasher and Cykill in an adventure where they first come to Earth, allying with a human with his own plans for world domination. Crasher Crasher is a black race car, tho she has also been redone as a white one and is an evil Renegade employed by Cykill and obsessed with destruction. Creepy Fictional character CreepyChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"Quest for New Earth"Japanese nameGildis RoboRelease numberGB-56In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeGildis Creepy is a renegade loyal to Cy-Kill who turns into a scorpion-like monster. Animated series Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided Stron-Domez the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar. Comics Creepy appeared in the story "Scooter's Mighty Magnet" as one of Cy-Kill's minions. Toys While a purple version of Creepy was sold in stores, a special green version was offered as a mail-away exclusive by sending in UPCs from four Gobots. Dozer Fictional character DozerChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"The Final Conflict"Last appearanceGobots: Battle of the Rock LordsJapanese nameBulldozer RoboRelease numberGB-11In-universe informationAliasBulldozerMan, DozerMan, BulldozerSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeBulldozer BulldozerMan, or simply DozerMan, Bulldozer or Dozer, was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Animated series The Guardians set up a lab to test their power suits on Earth. With Defendor and Blaster patrolling the lab Baron Von Joy and Path Finder test a new suit on Dozer. Dozer appeared in the episode "The Third Column." Dumper Fictional character Gobot-DumperChallenge of the Gobots, Machine Robo and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"It's The Thought That Counts"Japanese nameDump RoboRelease numberGB-09In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeDump truck Gobot-Dumper, is a fictional character in the Gobots toyline, and the subsequent Challenge of the Gobots cartoon that transforms from a Guardian into a dump truck. Dumper was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Reception Dumper was chosen as the 9th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Animated series The Guardians set up a lab to test their power suits on Earth. Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attacked the lab, but it was defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians were winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allowed the Renegades to escape. Books Dumper was featured in the 1986 children's book Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge Of Gobots where he fought the Renegade Gobot Crasher. Toys Gobots Dumper (1983) Fitor This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2020) Geeper-Creeper Fictional character Geeper-Creeper the Gobot-JeepChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"The Battle for Gobotron"Last appearance"Et Tu, Cy-Kill"Japanese nameJeep RoboRelease numberGB-28In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeMitsubishi Jeep CJ-3B Geeper-Creeper the Gobot-Jeep was one of the Renegade followers of Cy-Kill. Geeper Creeper is also green and resembles Hound of Transformers G1 Autobots. Animated series Geeper-Creeper first appears in the series pilot. Geeper-Creeper appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots episode #5, "The Final Conflict" where he was among the Renegades captured on Gobotron. In "It's The Thought That Counts" episode #6, Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack a lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians are winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape. In "The Fall of Gobotron" episode #43 after Cy-Kill takes over Gobotron, Geeper-Creeper and Slicks are assigned to guard the modifier. They are lured away by Scooter and lead into a Guardian ambush by Turbo, Small Foot and Sparky. Geeper-Creeper appears in "Flight to Earth" episode #44. He and BuggyMan chase Scooter and Sparky on Gobotron. In "Destroy All Guardians" episode #47, Geeper-Creeper and Tank are seen among Cy-Kill's guards on the Roguestar. He also appears in "Escape from Elba" episode #48. In "Clutch of Doom" episode #50, Geeper-Creeper is among the Renegades who put the captured Guardians Blaster and Van Guard in prison. Geeper-Creeper appears in "The Third Column" episode #51 where he sides with Zero, who tries to take over the Renegades from Cy-Kill. Grungy Grungy Courageous is a Power Warrior and the Renegade copy and brother of Courageous forged by Renegade-augmenting Power Suits and their central spaceship. Reception Grungy was chosen as the 3rd goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Herr Fiend Fictional character Herr FiendChallenge of the Gobots, Machine Robo and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"Battle for Gobotron Part 1"Last appearanceGoBots: Battle of the Rock LordsVoiced byPhilip L. ClarkeRelease numberSGB-027In-universe informationAliasDoctor GoSpeciesGobotGenderMaleTitleHerr, DoctorAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modePorsche 928S Herr Fiend is the name of a fictional character from the various Gobots series. He is an evil Renegade scientist and also known as Doctor Go. Herr Fiend is one of the Renegades. He is the resident Renegade mad scientist, and is depicted as speaking with a thick German accent. His alternate mode of a Porsche 928 is identical to the Decepticon Transformers named Dead End. Animated series In the animated Gobots series Herr Fiend is given the name "Doctor Go." Doctor Go appears in "Battle for Gobotron" episode #1. Due to animation errors the Renegade Doctor Go appears identical to Zeemon in the pilot series. In "Doppleganger" episode #23 Cy-Kill has Doctor Go program robot duplicates of the Guardians using recordings he made of the real Guardians. When demonstrating the Space Bender weapon to Unicom, Leader-1 learns that the Renegades are attacking Washington. The Renegades ambush Leader-1 and replace him with his duplicate. Leading the Command Center back to Gobotron and getting rid of Scooter and Small Foot the Renegades then release duplicates of Path Finder, Rest-Q, Van Guard and Turbo. Small Foot and Scooter are able to capture the Turbo duplicate and learn where their friends are being held. Cy-Kill then replaces Good Night. Using the duplicate Turbo the Guardians infiltrate the Renegade base, free the captured Guardians and escape from Spoons and Fitor. Although blocked by the Renegades, Scooter uses a hologram of Zod to make the Renegades flee. Making it back to Gobotron the Guardians are attacked by the Guardian duplicates. The real Guardians are able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Cy-Kill then arrives in the Thruster with more duplicates, but Small Foot is able to stop with robots using the Space Bender device, which fuses their robot brains. Doctor Go and Bad Boy send a stealth device to the escaping renegades on the Gobot Prison Moon to cover their escape in a hidden ship. Doctor Go appears in the feature film GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords where he uses the brain stormer on the female Rock Lord Solitaire. Due to animation errors in the film Doctor Go appears to resemble Baron Von Joy in the film, meanwhile in some scenes the Guardian Zeemon appears is occasionally depicted like Doctor Go. Toys Gobots Super Gobot Herr Fiend (1984) Based on the Machine Robo line. Turns into a Porsche 928S. Hornet Hornet was among the Renegade Gobot forces who aided the Rock Lord Magmar on the planet Quartex. Leader-1 Leader-1 is the name of several fictional characters from the Go-Bots, Robo Machines and Transformers media properties. In the GoBots universe, Leader-1 is the leader of the Guardians. In the Transformers universe Leader-1 was the partnered Mini-Con to Megatron. Leader 1 is also the designation for an American transforming model kit that transforms into an Alpha Fighter from Robotech Anime, and is white/ light grey in color, requiring glue to assemble. Loco Fictional character Gobot-LocoChallenge of the Gobots and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"Conquest of Earth"Last appearance"Et Tu, Cy-Kill"Japanese nameSteam RoboRelease numberGB-05In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeJNR Class D51 Gobot-Loco is one of the soldiers of Cy-Kill. The word "loco" means "crazy" in Spanish. Loco was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Animated series Loco was a long-serving Renegade, fighting in the defence of the Renegades' fortress on Gobotron. He was used sporadically after that, most notably helping the cyborg arms dealer Trident hijack a shipment of UNICOM materials. Loco appeared in "Renegade Carnival" episode 52. Eagle Comics Loco appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Renegade Robo Machines working for Strom Domez. Toy Loco's toy was a re-release of the Machine Robo Steam Robo figure (MR-05). It was first issued in 1983, and was available until the end of 1984. It was also released in Europe. Monstrous Monstrous, or Monsterous with an "E", is a Renegade made up of six Renegades who combine to turn into a monster. Night Ranger Night Ranger, also known as HarleyMan, is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a police motorcycle. This toy was the inspiration for the Transformers character Backtrack. Reception Night Ranger was chosen as the 10th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Pincher Fictional character PincherChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"Flight to Earth"Last appearanceGobots: Battle of the Rock LordsVoiced byPeter CullenJapanese nameFalgos RoboRelease numberGB-48In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeFalgos Pincher is a Renegade Gobot spy voiced by Peter Cullen. Pincher was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Animated series Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack a lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians were winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape. Pincher was possibly once a Guardian, but then, it was captured and remade by Herr Fiend. Pincher was among the Renegade Gobot forces who aided the Rock Lord Magmar on the planet Quartex. Psycho Fictional character Duke PsychoChallenge of the Gobots characterImage of Psycho from the toy patentFirst appearance"Target Earth"Release numberSGB-030In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modePsychoroid Duke Psycho is a Renegade technologist. He was changed into a GoBot, along with his partners Cobra and Lady Andromeda, in the manga series Cobra, which later became the anime series Space Cobra. Animated series Psycho cameo in "The Battle for Gobotron", and a short but memorable scene in "The Gobotron Saga", where he got to conduct the disassembling of Leader-1. He also appeared on the cover to the VHS release of "Cy-Kill's Shrinking Ray." Books Psycho is ordered by Cy-Kill to issue the Renegade retreat. Pumper Gobot-Pumper is a Guardian who turns into a fire engine and served on Command Center 6. Reception Pumper was chosen as the 8th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Puzzler Fictional character Gobot-PuzzlerChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"Auto Madic"In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeSix robots Gobot-Puzzler is a Renegade Gobot made up of six other Renegade cars who combine into one gigantic robot. Puzzler was initially solicited as a Guardian. Animated series Puzzler appears in "Auto Madic" episode #28, where the Guardians don Power Suits to form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeats Puzzler. Rest-Q Fictional character Rest-Q the Gobot-AmbulanceChallenge of the Gobots and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"It's The Thought That Counts"Last appearanceGoBots: Battle of the Rock LordsVoiced byFrank WelkerJapanese nameAmbulance RoboRelease numberMR-26In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeAmbulance Rest-Q the Gobot-Ambulance is a Guardian medic. Animated series In "It's The Thought That Counts" episode 6 Scooter is briefly captured by the Renegades. After being freed Rest-Q checks out Scooter, but Scooter refused to be examined, secretly being brainwashed by the Renegades. Rest-Q appeared in "Ultra Zod" episode 14, where he donned a Power Suit and helped form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeated Ultra Zod. In "Doppleganger" episode 23 leading the Command Center back to Gobotron and getting rid of Scooter and Small Foot the Renegades then released duplicates of Path Finder, Rest-Q, Van Guard and Turbo. Later the real Guardians were able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Rest-Q appeared in "Cy-Kill Escapes" episode 41. He repaired Hans-Cuff, who was injured in the Renegade prison break. In "The Fall of Gobotron" episode 43 Rest-Q repaired Small Foot. Rest-Q appeared in "Flight to Earth" episode 44. Captured by the Renegades, Rest-Q was not even allowed to repair the other prisoner Guardians, instead being threatened by Twin Spin with his blades. He was later rescued by Scooter and Sparky. Rest-Q appeared in GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords. Eagle Comics Rest-Q appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Security Force Robo Machines. Road Ranger Fictional character Road Ranger the Gobot-TruckChallenge of the Gobots Machine Robo, Robo Machines and Transformers characterFirst appearanceChallenge of the Gobots episode "Wolf in the Fold"Last appearanceWithered HopeJapanese nameTruck RoboRelease numberGB-18In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeFlatbed trailer truck Road Ranger the Gobot-Truck is a fictional character from the various Gobots series and later became part of the Transformers series. He is a heroic Guardian Gobot who turns into a flatbed trailer truck and was introduced in 1984. Road Ranger is one of the Guardians Go-Bots, he later disguises himself as an Autobot. Road Ranger's alternate mode is that of a semi-trailer truck. He can fly in robot mode and has hand-mounted blasters. Animated series Road Ranger first appears in "Wolf in the Fold" episode #30 of Challenge of the Gobots. Road Ranger appears in "The Third Column" episode #42, where he works in a Guardian weapons facility that was attacked by the Renegades. The attack was turned away by automated defenses. In episode #58, "It's The Thought That Counts" Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack the lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians are initially winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape. Fun Publications Road Ranger has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus. Road Ranger, is a main character appearing in Fun Publications fiction Withered Hope, a text and comic based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind. Books Road Ranger appeared in the 1985 Robo Machine book The Wagner Sirens. Eagle Comics Road Ranger appeared under the name Truck in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Security Force Robo Machines. Toys Gobots Road Ranger (1984) Turns into a semi-truck with flatbed. Generation 1 Mini-Vehicle Road Ranger (2004) Road Ranger is an e-hobby exclusive. He is a redeco of Generation 1 Huffer. Scooter Scooter is one of the three main protagonists of Challenge of the Gobots. He transforms into a motor scooter. He is also very quick and light and mostly a scout type character with a friendly nature. Scorp Fictional character ScorpChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"Quest for the Creator"Last appearance"Quest for New Earth"Japanese nameZarios RoboRelease numberGB-47In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeZarios Scorp is a Renegade Gobot loyal to the Master Renegade. Animated series Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar. Small Foot Fictional character Small FootChallenge of the Gobots and Transformers characterFirst appearance"Trident's Triple Threat"Last appearanceWithered HopeVoiced byB.J. WardJapanese nameOffroad RoboRelease numberGB-14In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderFemaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeToyota Hilux SR5 Small Foot is a fictional character from the various Gobots series and later became part of the Transformers universes. Her name is a parody of the famous monster truck Bigfoot. Small Foot is a female Gobot. Small Foot is one of Leader-1's most trusted soldiers. A tracker, what she lacks in size she more than makes up for in heart and determination. Small Foot can often be seen kicking around with Scooter but she idolizes Leader-1 and is often found fighting by his side. Trouble often finds her wherever she is. Sometimes with all of her determination Small Foot becomes impulsive and eager to please the older and more experienced Guardian soldiers. In robot mode, she can fire energy shots from the two lamps on her chest. She converts into a Toyota Hilux SR5. She uses a tow cable with a hook in both modes. Small Foot was featured in one of the early Gobots commercials. The Autobot Small Foot is based on the Gobots characters of the same name. Animated series Small Foot makes her debut in the episode "Trident's Triple Threat". Small Foot's impulsiveness runs away with her in this episode when she tries to take on three Renegades at once. Crasher, and Cop-Tur beat her up so severely that Turbo has to carry her back to their base in his arms. Fun Publications Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots (including Small Foot) are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind. Small Foot has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. She can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus. Toys Gobots Small Foot (1985) Turns into a Toyota Hilux. Generation 1 Mini-Bot Small Foot (2004) Small Foot is an e-hobby exclusive. She was a redeco of Generation 1 Gears. Spay-C Spay-C the Gobot-Shuttle is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a Space Shuttle. Spoons Fictional character SpoonsChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"Doppleganger"Japanese nameForklift RoboRelease numberGB-31In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeForklift Spoons is one of the soldiers of the Renegade leader Cy-Kill. He turns into a forklift. Spoons was the inspiration for the Transformers Decepticon Deadlift. Animated series Spoons appears in the episode #23, called "Doppelganger". He worked with Doctor Go (aka Herr Fiend) in transporting a robot duplicate of Leader-1 the doctor had created. Later when the Guardians are escaping Renegade capture Fitor and Spoons try to stop them, but fail. Staks Staks is the ruler of the Guardians who turns into a semi-trailer truck. Animated series Staks appears in "Auto Madic" episode #28, where he dons a Power Suit and helped form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeats Puzzler. Tank Fictional character Gobot-TankChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"The Battle for Gobotron"Voiced byPeter CullenJapanese nameBattle RoboRelease numberGB-02In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (formerly), Renegade Gobot (currently)Alternate modeTank Gobot-Tank is one of Cy-Kill's minons. His great physical strength and firepower mean he is often used to support the Renegades' operations. Tank is larger than most Gobots, and has considerable firepower. In tank mode, he can drive through walls or over cars without it even slowing him. His physical attributes are outweighed by his low intelligence. Animated series Tank first appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots series pilot. He was placed in command of the mind-controlled US. Army during Cy-Kill's first attempt to invade Earth, but was unable to successfully hunt down Turbo and Scooter in New York. Soon afterwards, he returned to Gobotron and was captured along with the other Renegades based in their fortress. Tank appeared in "Flight to Earth" episode 44. Tank appeared in "Return of Gobotron" episode 45. In "Destroy All Guardians" episode 47 Geeper-Creeper and Tank were seen among Cy-Kill's guards on the Roguestar. Eagle Comics Tank appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Renegade Robo Machines working for Strom Domez. Tork Tork is a Guardian and one of the Secret Riders who turns into a Ford Ranger. Reception Tork was chosen as the 5th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Treds Fictional character TredsChallenge of the Gobots and Transformers characterImage of the Treds from the US patent for his second toyFirst appearance"Et Tu Cy-Kill?"Last appearanceWithered HopeJapanese nameAbrams RoboRelease numberGB-62In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian Gobot (originally and currently), Renegade Gobot (briefly)Alternate modeM1 Abrams tank, M551 Sheridan light tank Treds, also spelled "Treads", is one of the Guardian Gobots. He was featured in a 1986 Gobots commercial where he was named as one of the new Guardians along with Mr. Moto. He turns into a M1 Abrams tank, and later a M551 Sheridan light tank. Animated series Treds appears in "Et Tu Cy-Kill?" episode #60, where he and Tri-Trak help Leader-1's team track down the Renegades on an alien planet. Fun Publications Treds is a main character appearing in Fun Publications fiction Withered Hope, a text and comic-based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. Treds was chosen to imitate a Decepticon so he could keep an eye on the Renegades Bad Boy and Bug Bite. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind. Treds has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus. Toys Two toys were produced for Treds. The first was released as a Gobot. The second as a Transformer, which was a recolor of the Autobot Warpath. Turbo Turbo is one of the three main protagonists of Challenge of the Gobots. He transforms into a supercar. Turbo is badly damaged in the children's book where they first arrive on Earth when Leader 1 takes and brings 3 astronauts to their base and repair him. The stories feature him with a human like face complete with a mouth, however, the toy itself has a unit similar to that of Optimus Prime or Darth Vader, a breathing mask type apparatus. Vamp Fictional character VampChallenge of the Gobots and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"Quest for the Creator"Last appearance"Quest for New Earth"Japanese nameCasmodon RoboRelease numberGB-46, SGB-034In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderFemaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeCasmodon Vamp is a female Renegade Gobot who works for Cy-Kill. She can fire blasts of energy from her eyes. Vamp and Scooter were featured on the cover of issue #2 of the Gobots Magazine. Animated series Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar. Comics Vamp appeared in the story "Scooter's Mighty Magnet" as one of Cy-Kill's minions. Eagle Comics Vamp appeared Casmodon in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He was one of the Devil Invaders. Water Walk Water Walk was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine. Reception Water Walk was chosen as the 6th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot. Zeemon Fictional character ZeemonChallenge of the Gobots characterFirst appearance"The Battle For Gobotron"Last appearanceGoBots: Battle of the Rock LordsVoiced byFrank WelkerRelease numberSGB-026In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, flight, shapeshifting, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationGuardian GobotAlternate modeNissan 280ZX Zeemon is one of the Guardians. He is a prominent Guardian leader. Animated series Zeemon first appears in the Challenge of the Gobots series pilot. He is among the leaders of the Guardians planning to stop the Renegades. Due to animation errors the Renegade Herr Fiend appears identical to Zeemon in the pilot series. Zeemon appears in "Lost on Gobotron" episode #11. Zeemon appears in "Genius and Son" episode #17. He plans to surrender the planet to Cy-Kill to avoid it being destroyed by the Renegade. In "Doppleganger" episode #23, the real Guardians were able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Zeemon appears in "Nova Beam" episode #54 working with Staks and Pathfinder on Gobotron when information came in that the sun of the planet Nirolac had become unstable. Zeemon appears in "Et Tu Cy-Kill?" episode 60. Zeemon appears in GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords. Due to animation errors he sometimes is depicted as the Renegade Herr Fiend. Zod Fictional character Zod MonsterChallenge of the Gobots and Robo Machines characterFirst appearance"The Battle for Gobotron"Last appearance"Cy-Kill's Cataclysmic Trap"In-universe informationSpeciesGobotGenderMaleAbilitiesEnergy blasts, superhuman durability, superhuman strengthAffiliationRenegade GobotAlternate modeRobosaurus The Zod Monster is a fictional character in the Gobots and Machine Robo story and toy line. Zod is a giant, even among his fellow Gobots. Savage and bestial, he is one of Cy-Kill's pets and most powerful weapons. Zod is considered the Godzilla-like deity of the Gobots. Zod has a toy that approaches in a lurching motion and can only be stopped by pushing the red button on his chest, deactivating the battery operation and stopping him in his tracks. Animated series Zod is left on Gobotron during Cy-Kill's initial trip to Earth. He orders Fitor to not use Zod against the Guardians, as he will have use of him later. The Power Warrior Courageous defeats Ultra Zod. Scooter used a hologram of Zod to make the Renegades flee. Robo Machines In the Eagle comic strip Robo Machines, Cy-Kill performed an operation on his master to convert him into Zod. Zod attacked the Command Centre, shooting down Royal-T, and later killing Carry-All. Zod still possessed the intellect of Stron-Domez, and was able to design the Devil Invaders, and oversee construction of the first Casmodon. However, soon after his stabilisers were disabled after being attacked by the Security Forces, and Cy-Kill abandoned him. Toys Gobots Zod A motorized toy. Came with a lance that could deactivate him by pressing a button on his chest. See also Lists of Transformers characters References ^ Gobots episode "Wolf in the Fold" ^ Gobots episode "Cy-Kill Escapes" ^ Gobots episode "The Fall of Gobotron" ^ Gobots episode "Flight to Earth" ^ Gobots episode "The Third Column" ^ Written by Jeff Segal, Kelly Ward and Mark Young (November 24, 1985). "Scooter Enhanced". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 55. First-run syndication. ^ a b c d S. Trent Troop & Greg Sepelak (2008). Withered Hope. The Transformers Collector’s Club. ^ a b c d e f g "YS Compo Challenge of the Gobots". Your Sinclair. 1 (20): 77. ^ a b c Written by Jeff Segal, Kelly Ward and John Loy (December 13, 1985). "Quest for New Earth". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 61. First-run syndication. ^ a b Jay Itzkowitz (w), Paul Kirchner (a). "Scooter's Mighty Magnet" (Spring 1986). Telepictures Publications. ^ GoBots Toy Commercial 3. YouTube. 11 September 2007. ^ a b c "It's The Thought That Counts". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 6. First-run syndication. ^ The Great Robot Book by Texe W. Marrs, Wanda J. Marrs - 1985, ISBN 978-0-671-60243-7 ^ Going, Going, Gobots by Matt Carara, Toyfare Magazine #123, November 2007, page 80-82 ^ a b Robinson, Iann (December 13, 2010). "The Top Ten Gobots I'd Like To See In A Movie, No really, we are totally serious about this". ^ a b c d Bellomo, Mark (2010). Totally Tubular '80s. Krause Publications. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-1-4402-1282-6. ^ "The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names". 2010-11-09. ^ Hanna-Barbera (1986). Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge of the Gobots. Egmont Books. ISBN 978-0-7235-7858-1. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2016-06-26. ^ a b c Written by Alan Burnett, Jeff Segal and Tom Ruegger (September 8, 1984). "The Battle for Gobotron". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication. ^ a b c d e "The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names - Topless Robot - Nerd news, humor and self-loathing". Topless Robot. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2012-08-17. ^ The New Yorker, Volume 61, Page 118 ^ "Battle for Gobotron Part 1". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication. ^ a b "Doppleganger". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 23. First-run syndication. ^ "Cy-Kill Escapes". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 41. First-run syndication. ^ a b Ray Patterson (Director), Kay Wright (Producer), Jeff Segal (Writer) (1986-03-21). GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords (Motion picture). Clubhouse Pictures. ^ a b c d Caracappa, Matt (November 2007). "Going, Going, Gobots". Toyfare. 1 (123): 80–82. ^ "Loco | Spanish to English Translation". SpanishDict. Retrieved 2017-06-09. ^ "Patent USD279305 - Toy robot convertible into steam locomotive - Google Patents". Retrieved 2012-08-17. ^ a b "8 Things You Didn't Know About GoBots (and Probably Didn't Care)". Topless Robot. 2011-04-04. ^ Robin Snyder (1984). War of the Gobots. Illustrated by Steve Ditko. Western Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-307-11376-4. ^ Tonka- The Magic Is Here! 1985 Catalog. Tonkja Corporationtion. 1985. pp. 14–15. ^ "It's The Thought That Counts". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 58. First-run syndication. ^ The Wagner Sirens. World International Publishing. 1985. ISBN 978-0-7235-7813-0. ^ Gobots - Series 2 Regular Gobots Commercial. YouTube. 13 November 2007. ^ Gobots - 1986 Commercial. YouTube. 27 October 2007. ^ "News". Computer & Video Games. 1 (61): 8. ^ Written by Alan Burnett, Jeff Segal and Tom Ruegger (September 8, 1984). "The Battle for Gobotron". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication. ^ Written by Jim Bertges (September 25, 1985). "Ultra Zod". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 14. First-run syndication. ^ Texe W. Marrs, Wanda J. Marrs (1985). The Great Robot Book. Little Simon. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-671-60243-7. vteTonka GoBotsCharactersMedia Challenge of the GoBots (TV series) GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords Related articles Machine Robo Rock Lords Robo Machine Robo Machines (comics) Transformers

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GoBots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoBots"}],"text":"This is an alphabetical list of GoBots characters with information on their appearances, fictional biographies and histories.","title":"List of GoBots characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterBad Boy is one of Cy-Kill's minions. He is a rough street punk always ready with an insult and looking for a fight. He is actually smarter than he lets on, preferring to let others underestimate him.Like most Gobots, Bad Boy can change form, his alternate mode being a combat jet. He also has hand-blasters. His built-in repair systems can repair most injuries to his body if given enough energy.","title":"Bad Boy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herr Fiend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herr_Fiend"},{"link_name":"Leader-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-segal1985-6"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Bad Boy is featured extensively in \"Wolf in the Fold\" episode #30. Using an image simulator circuit invented by Herr Fiend, Bad Boy is able to go under cover as the Guardian Heat Seeker. From inside the Guardians Bad Boy is able to leak information to the Renegades. Once it is discovered that there is a traitor among the Guardians Bad Boy tries to frame Leader-1 as the traitor, but he is uncovered by Scooter. Thanks to timely use of the astrobeam he escapes the Guardians.[1]Bad Boy appears in \"Cy-Kill Escapes\" episode #41 as he and Herr Fiend send a stealth device to the escaping renegades on the Gobot Prison Moon to cover their escape in a hidden ship.[2]Bad Boy appears in \"The Fall of Gobotron\" episode #43 as he and Block Head try to pick a fight with Turbo.[3]Bad Boy appears in \"Flight to Earth\" episode #44 where he and Block Head collect the Guardians on Gobotron and take them to prison.[4]Bad Boy appears in \"The Third Column\" episode #50 where he sides with Zero, who tries to take over the Renegades from Cy-Kill.[5]Bad Boy and Cop-Tur are sent to attack Unicom bases and distract the Guardians while Cy-Kill, Crasher and Scorp attempt to take the Power Suits from the Strategic Command Center.[6]","title":"Bad Boy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fun Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Publications"},{"link_name":"Withered Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withered_Hope"},{"link_name":"Airazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airazor"},{"link_name":"Cheetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetor"},{"link_name":"Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Weirdwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirdwolf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformers2008-7"}],"sub_title":"Fun Publications","text":"Bad Boy has a cameo in Transcendent by Fun Publications which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus.Bad Boy is a main character appearing in Withered Hope, a text and comic based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. While on Cybertron Bad Boy becomes friends with the Malignus gang. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind.[7]","title":"Bad Boy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Two toys were produced for Bad Boy. The first was released as a Gobot, based on the Machine Robo line from Japan. The second was a recolor of the Transformer Powerglide, released in Japan as an ehobby exclusive.","title":"Bad Boy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Bent Wing was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Bent Wing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterBlaster, also known as RocketMan, is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a missile launcher.","title":"Blaster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Blaster appeared in the episode \"The Third Column\" where he works in a Guardian weapons facility that was attacked by the Renegades. The attack was turned away by automated defenses.","title":"Blaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee_(Transformers)"}],"text":"Bug Bite is a Renegade who has also appeared in the Transformers franchise as a recolor of the Autobot Bumblebee. Bug Bite is also a Yellow VW Beetle like Bumblebee, but larger and he carries a blaster that attaches to his cabin in car mode.","title":"Bug Bite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Bugsie was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Bugsie"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterBuggyMan is a Renegade Gobot who turns into a dune buggy. Some fiction refers to him as \"Buggy Boy\".","title":"BuggyMan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Small Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Foot_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Leader-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader-1"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"BuggyMan appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots episode #5, \"The Final Conflict\" where he was among the Renegades captured on Gobotron.BuggyMan appears in \"Flight to Earth\" episode #44. He and Geeper-Creeper chase Scooter and Sparky on Gobotron.Scooter and Small Foot join Nick and A.J. to watch a car stunt show which is attacked by Crasher, BuggyMan and Fly Trap. Small Foot fights BuggyMan and defeats him, but the Renegades regain the upper hand until the Guardians are rescued by Leader-1 and Turbo who arrive in their Power Suits","title":"BuggyMan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Coptur is an evil blue helicopter in the employ of Cykill and is featured in a children's book with Crasher and Cykill in an adventure where they first come to Earth, allying with a human with his own plans for world domination.","title":"Cop-Tur"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Crasher is a black race car, tho she has also been redone as a white one and is an evil Renegade employed by Cykill and obsessed with destruction.","title":"Crasher"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterCreepy is a renegade loyal to Cy-Kill who turns into a scorpion-like monster.","title":"Creepy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication1985-9"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided Stron-Domez the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar.[9]","title":"Creepy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telepictures1986-10"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"Creepy appeared in the story \"Scooter's Mighty Magnet\" as one of Cy-Kill's minions.[10]","title":"Creepy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"While a purple version of Creepy was sold in stores, a special green version was offered as a mail-away exclusive by sending in UPCs from four Gobots.[11]","title":"Creepy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Fictional characterBulldozerMan, or simply DozerMan, Bulldozer or Dozer, was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Dozer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defendor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendor_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Blaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Baron Von Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Von_Joy"},{"link_name":"Dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozer_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication2-12"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"The Guardians set up a lab to test their power suits on Earth. With Defendor and Blaster patrolling the lab Baron Von Joy and Path Finder test a new suit on Dozer.[12]Dozer appeared in the episode \"The Third Column.\"","title":"Dozer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobots"},{"link_name":"Challenge of the Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Gobots"},{"link_name":"dump truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2010_90%E2%80%9393-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Fictional characterGobot-Dumper, is a fictional character in the Gobots toyline, and the subsequent Challenge of the Gobots cartoon that transforms from a Guardian into a dump truck.[13][14][15][16]Dumper was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Dumper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Dumper was chosen as the 9th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[17]","title":"Dumper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Geeper-Creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeper-Creeper"},{"link_name":"Pincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Snoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Road Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Ranger_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication2-12"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"The Guardians set up a lab to test their power suits on Earth. Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attacked the lab, but it was defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians were winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allowed the Renegades to escape.[12]","title":"Dumper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Dumper was featured in the 1986 children's book Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge Of Gobots where he fought the Renegade Gobot Crasher.[18]","title":"Dumper"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Gobots Dumper (1983)","title":"Dumper"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fitor"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterGeeper-Creeper the Gobot-Jeep was one of the Renegade followers of Cy-Kill. Geeper Creeper is also green and resembles Hound of Transformers G1 Autobots.","title":"Geeper-Creeper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burnett1984-19"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Geeper-Creeper first appears in the series pilot.[19]Geeper-Creeper appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots episode #5, \"The Final Conflict\" where he was among the Renegades captured on Gobotron.In \"It's The Thought That Counts\" episode #6, Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack a lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians are winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape.In \"The Fall of Gobotron\" episode #43 after Cy-Kill takes over Gobotron, Geeper-Creeper and Slicks are assigned to guard the modifier. They are lured away by Scooter and lead into a Guardian ambush by Turbo, Small Foot and Sparky.Geeper-Creeper appears in \"Flight to Earth\" episode #44. He and BuggyMan chase Scooter and Sparky on Gobotron.In \"Destroy All Guardians\" episode #47, Geeper-Creeper and Tank are seen among Cy-Kill's guards on the Roguestar. He also appears in \"Escape from Elba\" episode #48. In \"Clutch of Doom\" episode #50, Geeper-Creeper is among the Renegades who put the captured Guardians Blaster and Van Guard in prison. Geeper-Creeper appears in \"The Third Column\" episode #51 where he sides with Zero, who tries to take over the Renegades from Cy-Kill.","title":"Geeper-Creeper"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Grungy Courageous is a Power Warrior and the Renegade copy and brother of Courageous forged by Renegade-augmenting Power Suits and their central spaceship.","title":"Grungy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot2-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Grungy was chosen as the 3rd goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[20]","title":"Grungy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobots"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2010_90%E2%80%9393-16"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-15"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Fictional characterHerr Fiend is the name of a fictional character from the various Gobots series. He is an evil Renegade scientist and also known as Doctor Go.[16]Herr Fiend is one of the Renegades. He is the resident Renegade mad scientist, and is depicted as speaking with a thick German accent.[15][21]His alternate mode of a Porsche 928 is identical to the Decepticon Transformers named Dead End.","title":"Herr Fiend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Path Finder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_Finder_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Rest-Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest-Q"},{"link_name":"Van Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Guard"},{"link_name":"Good Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Night_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Spoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoons_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Zod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zod_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Zeemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeemon"},{"link_name":"Hans-Cuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Cuff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doppleganger-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cy-Kill_Escapes-24"},{"link_name":"GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoBots:_Battle_of_the_Rock_Lords"},{"link_name":"Baron Von Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Von_Joy"},{"link_name":"Zeemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeemon"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"In the animated Gobots series Herr Fiend is given the name \"Doctor Go.\"Doctor Go appears in \"Battle for Gobotron\" episode #1. Due to animation errors the Renegade Doctor Go appears identical to Zeemon in the pilot series.[22]In \"Doppleganger\" episode #23 Cy-Kill has Doctor Go program robot duplicates of the Guardians using recordings he made of the real Guardians. When demonstrating the Space Bender weapon to Unicom, Leader-1 learns that the Renegades are attacking Washington. The Renegades ambush Leader-1 and replace him with his duplicate. Leading the Command Center back to Gobotron and getting rid of Scooter and Small Foot the Renegades then release duplicates of Path Finder, Rest-Q, Van Guard and Turbo. Small Foot and Scooter are able to capture the Turbo duplicate and learn where their friends are being held. Cy-Kill then replaces Good Night. Using the duplicate Turbo the Guardians infiltrate the Renegade base, free the captured Guardians and escape from Spoons and Fitor. Although blocked by the Renegades, Scooter uses a hologram of Zod to make the Renegades flee. Making it back to Gobotron the Guardians are attacked by the Guardian duplicates. The real Guardians are able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Cy-Kill then arrives in the Thruster with more duplicates, but Small Foot is able to stop with robots using the Space Bender device, which fuses their robot brains.[23]Doctor Go and Bad Boy send a stealth device to the escaping renegades on the Gobot Prison Moon to cover their escape in a hidden ship.[24]Doctor Go appears in the feature film GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords where he uses the brain stormer on the female Rock Lord Solitaire. Due to animation errors in the film Doctor Go appears to resemble Baron Von Joy in the film, meanwhile in some scenes the Guardian Zeemon appears is occasionally depicted like Doctor Go.","title":"Herr Fiend"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Gobots Super Gobot Herr Fiend (1984)Based on the Machine Robo line. Turns into a Porsche 928S.","title":"Herr Fiend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Lord"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patterson1986-25"}],"text":"Hornet was among the Renegade Gobot forces who aided the Rock Lord Magmar on the planet Quartex.[25]","title":"Hornet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Go-Bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Bots"},{"link_name":"Robo Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robo_Machine"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(toyline)"},{"link_name":"Mini-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Con"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"}],"text":"Leader-1 is the name of several fictional characters from the Go-Bots, Robo Machines and Transformers media properties. In the GoBots universe, Leader-1 is the leader of the Guardians. In the Transformers universe Leader-1 was the partnered Mini-Con to Megatron. Leader 1 is also the designation for an American transforming model kit that transforms into an Alpha Fighter from Robotech Anime, and is white/ light grey in color, requiring glue to assemble.","title":"Leader-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caracappa80-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Fictional characterGobot-Loco is one of the soldiers of Cy-Kill.[26] The word \"loco\" means \"crazy\" in Spanish.[27]Loco was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Loco"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Loco was a long-serving Renegade, fighting in the defence of the Renegades' fortress on Gobotron. He was used sporadically after that, most notably helping the cyborg arms dealer Trident hijack a shipment of UNICOM materials. Loco appeared in \"Renegade Carnival\" episode 52.","title":"Loco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Comics"}],"sub_title":"Eagle Comics","text":"Loco appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Renegade Robo Machines working for Strom Domez.","title":"Loco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Machine Robo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Robo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Toy","text":"Loco's toy was a re-release of the Machine Robo Steam Robo figure (MR-05). It was first issued in 1983, and was available until the end of 1984. It was also released in Europe.[28]","title":"Loco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caracappa80-26"}],"text":"Monstrous, or Monsterous with an \"E\", is a Renegade made up of six Renegades who combine to turn into a monster.[26]","title":"Monstrous"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Night Ranger, also known as HarleyMan, is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a police motorcycle. This toy was the inspiration for the Transformers character Backtrack.","title":"Night Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot2-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Night Ranger was chosen as the 10th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[20]","title":"Night Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caracappa80-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Fictional characterPincher is a Renegade Gobot spy voiced by Peter Cullen.[26]Pincher was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Pincher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Geeper-Creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeper-Creeper"},{"link_name":"Pincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Snoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Dumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumper_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Road Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Ranger_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication2-12"},{"link_name":"Rock Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Lord"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patterson1986-25"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack a lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians were winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape.[12]\nPincher was possibly once a Guardian, but then, it was captured and remade by Herr Fiend.Pincher was among the Renegade Gobot forces who aided the Rock Lord Magmar on the planet Quartex.[25]","title":"Pincher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Space Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cobra"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot1-29"}],"text":"Fictional characterDuke Psycho is a Renegade technologist. He was changed into a GoBot, along with his partners Cobra and Lady Andromeda, in the manga series Cobra, which later became the anime series Space Cobra.[29]","title":"Psycho"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Psycho cameo in \"The Battle for Gobotron\", and a short but memorable scene in \"The Gobotron Saga\", where he got to conduct the disassembling of Leader-1. He also appeared on the cover to the VHS release of \"Cy-Kill's Shrinking Ray.\"","title":"Psycho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Psycho is ordered by Cy-Kill to issue the Renegade retreat.[30]","title":"Psycho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine"}],"text":"Gobot-Pumper is a Guardian who turns into a fire engine and served on Command Center 6.","title":"Pumper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot2-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Pumper was chosen as the 8th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[20]","title":"Pumper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caracappa80-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Fictional characterGobot-Puzzler is a Renegade Gobot made up of six other Renegade cars who combine into one gigantic robot.[26]Puzzler was initially solicited as a Guardian.[31]","title":"Puzzler"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Puzzler appears in \"Auto Madic\" episode #28, where the Guardians don Power Suits to form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeats Puzzler.","title":"Puzzler"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterRest-Q the Gobot-Ambulance is a Guardian medic.","title":"Rest-Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"In \"It's The Thought That Counts\" episode 6 Scooter is briefly captured by the Renegades. After being freed Rest-Q checks out Scooter, but Scooter refused to be examined, secretly being brainwashed by the Renegades. Rest-Q appeared in \"Ultra Zod\" episode 14, where he donned a Power Suit and helped form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeated Ultra Zod. In \"Doppleganger\" episode 23 leading the Command Center back to Gobotron and getting rid of Scooter and Small Foot the Renegades then released duplicates of Path Finder, Rest-Q, Van Guard and Turbo. Later the real Guardians were able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Rest-Q appeared in \"Cy-Kill Escapes\" episode 41. He repaired Hans-Cuff, who was injured in the Renegade prison break. In \"The Fall of Gobotron\" episode 43 Rest-Q repaired Small Foot. Rest-Q appeared in \"Flight to Earth\" episode 44. Captured by the Renegades, Rest-Q was not even allowed to repair the other prisoner Guardians, instead being threatened by Twin Spin with his blades. He was later rescued by Scooter and Sparky.Rest-Q appeared in GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords.","title":"Rest-Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eagle Comics","text":"Rest-Q appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Security Force Robo Machines.","title":"Rest-Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobots"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"}],"text":"Fictional characterRoad Ranger the Gobot-Truck is a fictional character from the various Gobots series and later became part of the Transformers series. He is a heroic Guardian Gobot who turns into a flatbed trailer truck and was introduced in 1984.Road Ranger is one of the Guardians Go-Bots, he later disguises himself as an Autobot. Road Ranger's alternate mode is that of a semi-trailer truck. He can fly in robot mode and has hand-mounted blasters.","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Geeper-Creeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeper-Creeper"},{"link_name":"Pincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Snoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Leader-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader-1"},{"link_name":"Baron Von Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Von_Joy"},{"link_name":"Dumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumper_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Road Ranger first appears in \"Wolf in the Fold\" episode #30 of Challenge of the Gobots.Road Ranger appears in \"The Third Column\" episode #42, where he works in a Guardian weapons facility that was attacked by the Renegades. The attack was turned away by automated defenses.In episode #58, \"It's The Thought That Counts\" Cy-Kill, Cop-Tur, Crasher, Geeper-Creeper, Pincher, and Snoop attack the lab, but it is defended by Leader-1, Baron Von Joy, Blaster, Dozer, Dumper, Road Ranger, Scooter, Scratch and Turbo. Although the Guardians are initially winning the battle, an accidental backfire from Baron Von Joy's weapon allows the Renegades to escape.[32]","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Withered Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withered_Hope"},{"link_name":"Fun Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Publications"},{"link_name":"Airazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airazor"},{"link_name":"Cheetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetor"},{"link_name":"Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Weirdwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirdwolf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformers2008-7"}],"sub_title":"Fun Publications","text":"Road Ranger has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus.Road Ranger, is a main character appearing in Fun Publications fiction Withered Hope, a text and comic based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind.[7]","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Road Ranger appeared in the 1985 Robo Machine book The Wagner Sirens.[33]","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Comics"}],"sub_title":"Eagle Comics","text":"Road Ranger appeared under the name Truck in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Security Force Robo Machines.","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2010_90%E2%80%9393-16"},{"link_name":"Huffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffer_(Transformers)"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Gobots Road Ranger (1984)Turns into a semi-truck with flatbed.[16]Generation 1 Mini-Vehicle Road Ranger (2004)Road Ranger is an e-hobby exclusive. He is a redeco of Generation 1 Huffer.","title":"Road Ranger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Challenge of the Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Gobots"},{"link_name":"motor scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_scooter"}],"text":"Scooter is one of the three main protagonists of Challenge of the Gobots. He transforms into a motor scooter. He is also very quick and light and mostly a scout type character with a friendly nature.","title":"Scooter"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterScorp is a Renegade Gobot loyal to the Master Renegade.","title":"Scorp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication1985-9"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar.[9]","title":"Scorp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobots"},{"link_name":"Transformers universes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_universes"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_(truck)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2010_90%E2%80%9393-16"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot1-29"},{"link_name":"soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"Scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(Gobots)"},{"link_name":"Leader-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Fictional characterSmall Foot is a fictional character from the various Gobots series and later became part of the Transformers universes. Her name is a parody of the famous monster truck Bigfoot.[16]Small Foot is a female Gobot.[29] Small Foot is one of Leader-1's most trusted soldiers. A tracker, what she lacks in size she more than makes up for in heart and determination. Small Foot can often be seen kicking around with Scooter but she idolizes Leader-1 and is often found fighting by his side. Trouble often finds her wherever she is. Sometimes with all of her determination Small Foot becomes impulsive and eager to please the older and more experienced Guardian soldiers.In robot mode, she can fire energy shots from the two lamps on her chest. She converts into a Toyota Hilux SR5. She uses a tow cable with a hook in both modes.Small Foot was featured in one of the early Gobots commercials.[34]The Autobot Small Foot is based on the Gobots characters of the same name.","title":"Small Foot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasher_(Gobots)"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Small Foot makes her debut in the episode \"Trident's Triple Threat\". Small Foot's impulsiveness runs away with her in this episode when she tries to take on three Renegades at once. Crasher, and Cop-Tur beat her up so severely that Turbo has to carry her back to their base in his arms.","title":"Small Foot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airazor"},{"link_name":"Cheetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetor"},{"link_name":"Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Weirdwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirdwolf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformers2008-7"}],"sub_title":"Fun Publications","text":"Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots (including Small Foot) are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes they obtain. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind.[7]Small Foot has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. She can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus.","title":"Small Foot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota Hilux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Hilux"},{"link_name":"Gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_(Transformers)"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Gobots Small Foot (1985)Turns into a Toyota Hilux.Generation 1 Mini-Bot Small Foot (2004)Small Foot is an e-hobby exclusive. She was a redeco of Generation 1 Gears.","title":"Small Foot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spay-C the Gobot-Shuttle is a Guardian Gobot who turns into a Space Shuttle.","title":"Spay-C"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterSpoons is one of the soldiers of the Renegade leader Cy-Kill. He turns into a forklift. Spoons was the inspiration for the Transformers Decepticon Deadlift.","title":"Spoons"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Spoons appears in the episode #23, called \"Doppelganger\". He worked with Doctor Go (aka Herr Fiend) in transporting a robot duplicate of Leader-1 the doctor had created. Later when the Guardians are escaping Renegade capture Fitor and Spoons try to stop them, but fail.","title":"Spoons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Staks is the ruler of the Guardians who turns into a semi-trailer truck.","title":"Staks"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Staks appears in \"Auto Madic\" episode #28, where he dons a Power Suit and helped form the Power Warrior Courageous, which defeats Puzzler.","title":"Staks"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterGobot-Tank is one of Cy-Kill's minons. His great physical strength and firepower mean he is often used to support the Renegades' operations. Tank is larger than most Gobots, and has considerable firepower. In tank mode, he can drive through walls or over cars without it even slowing him. His physical attributes are outweighed by his low intelligence.","title":"Tank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burnett1984-19"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Tank first appeared in the Challenge of the Gobots series pilot.[19]He was placed in command of the mind-controlled US. Army during Cy-Kill's first attempt to invade Earth, but was unable to successfully hunt down Turbo and Scooter in New York. Soon afterwards, he returned to Gobotron and was captured along with the other Renegades based in their fortress.Tank appeared in \"Flight to Earth\" episode 44. Tank appeared in \"Return of Gobotron\" episode 45. In \"Destroy All Guardians\" episode 47 Geeper-Creeper and Tank were seen among Cy-Kill's guards on the Roguestar.","title":"Tank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Comics"}],"sub_title":"Eagle Comics","text":"Tank appeared in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He is a member of the Renegade Robo Machines working for Strom Domez.","title":"Tank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Ranger"}],"text":"Tork is a Guardian and one of the Secret Riders who turns into a Ford Ranger.","title":"Tork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot2-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Tork was chosen as the 5th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[20]","title":"Tork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"M551 Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M551_Sheridan"}],"text":"Fictional characterTreds, also spelled \"Treads\", is one of the Guardian Gobots. He was featured in a 1986 Gobots commercial where he was named as one of the new Guardians along with Mr. Moto.[35] He turns into a M1 Abrams tank, and later a M551 Sheridan light tank.","title":"Treds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Treds appears in \"Et Tu Cy-Kill?\" episode #60, where he and Tri-Trak help Leader-1's team track down the Renegades on an alien planet.","title":"Treds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fun Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Publications"},{"link_name":"Airazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airazor"},{"link_name":"Cheetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetor"},{"link_name":"Swindle, Swindle and Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Weirdwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirdwolf"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformers2008-7"}],"sub_title":"Fun Publications","text":"Treds is a main character appearing in Fun Publications fiction Withered Hope, a text and comic-based story. Sent to investigate the effect the destroying their universe six Gobots are reformatted to look like an Autobots and Decepticons and sent through the Interfacer to the source of the disturbance - the 22nd level. Treds was chosen to imitate a Decepticon so he could keep an eye on the Renegades Bad Boy and Bug Bite. They accidentally arrive on Transtech Cybertron where they are kept against their will in the city of Axiom Nexus. Bug Bite escapes without his allies using an astro beam device. The remaining Gobots run afoul of the Transtech Decepticon General Demolishor in a criminal investigation but are aided by Airazor, Crystal Widow and Cheetor. The Gobots receive upgrades from the shop of Swindle, Swindle and Swindle and are able to leave the dimension thanks to stolen transit passes. Once they arrive on Earth of the 22nd level where they find Bug Bite and his new Decepticon allies Weirdwolf and Dreadwind.[7]Treds has a cameo in Transcendent which occurred at the same time as Withered Hope. He can be seen standing in line for processing in Axiom Nexus.","title":"Treds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Two toys were produced for Treds. The first was released as a Gobot. The second as a Transformer, which was a recolor of the Autobot Warpath.","title":"Treds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Challenge of the Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Gobots"},{"link_name":"supercar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercar"}],"text":"Turbo is one of the three main protagonists of Challenge of the Gobots. He transforms into a supercar. Turbo is badly damaged in the children's book where they first arrive on Earth when Leader 1 takes and brings 3 astronauts to their base and repair him. The stories feature him with a human like face complete with a mouth, however, the toy itself has a unit similar to that of Optimus Prime or Darth Vader, a breathing mask type apparatus.","title":"Turbo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterVamp is a female Renegade Gobot who works for Cy-Kill. She can fire blasts of energy from her eyes.Vamp and Scooter were featured on the cover of issue #2 of the Gobots Magazine.","title":"Vamp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syndication1985-9"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Creepy, Scorp and Vamp aided the Master Renegade from escaping his imprisonment by Cy-Kill on Roguestar.[9]","title":"Vamp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telepictures1986-10"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"Vamp appeared in the story \"Scooter's Mighty Magnet\" as one of Cy-Kill's minions.[10]","title":"Vamp"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eagle Comics","text":"Vamp appeared Casmodon in the Eagle Comics story The Robo Machines. He was one of the Devil Invaders.","title":"Vamp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldofspectrum77-8"}],"text":"Water Walk was one of the names in a word find that had to be solved to win a copy of the Challenge of the Gobots video game from Your Sinclair magazine.[8]","title":"Water Walk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Topless Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topless_Robot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toplessrobot2-20"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Water Walk was chosen as the 6th goofiest Gobot name by Topless Robot.[20]","title":"Water Walk"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fictional characterZeemon is one of the Guardians. He is a prominent Guardian leader.","title":"Zeemon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burnett1984-19"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Zeemon first appears in the Challenge of the Gobots series pilot. He is among the leaders of the Guardians planning to stop the Renegades. Due to animation errors the Renegade Herr Fiend appears identical to Zeemon in the pilot series.[19]Zeemon appears in \"Lost on Gobotron\" episode #11. Zeemon appears in \"Genius and Son\" episode #17. He plans to surrender the planet to Cy-Kill to avoid it being destroyed by the Renegade. In \"Doppleganger\" episode #23, the real Guardians were able to defeat their duplicates with the aid of the real Zeemon, Hans-Cuff and Rest-Q. Zeemon appears in \"Nova Beam\" episode #54 working with Staks and Pathfinder on Gobotron when information came in that the sun of the planet Nirolac had become unstable. Zeemon appears in \"Et Tu Cy-Kill?\" episode 60. Zeemon appears in GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords. Due to animation errors he sometimes is depicted as the Renegade Herr Fiend.","title":"Zeemon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobots"},{"link_name":"Machine Robo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Robo"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Fictional characterThe Zod Monster is a fictional character in the Gobots and Machine Robo story and toy line.Zod is a giant, even among his fellow Gobots. Savage and bestial, he is one of Cy-Kill's pets and most powerful weapons. Zod is considered the Godzilla-like deity of the Gobots.[36] Zod has a toy that approaches in a lurching motion and can only be stopped by pushing the red button on his chest, deactivating the battery operation and stopping him in his tracks.","title":"Zod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doppleganger-23"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Zod is left on Gobotron during Cy-Kill's initial trip to Earth. He orders Fitor to not use Zod against the Guardians, as he will have use of him later.[37]The Power Warrior Courageous defeats Ultra Zod.[38]Scooter used a hologram of Zod to make the Renegades flee.[23]","title":"Zod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(comic)"},{"link_name":"Robo Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robo_Machines_(comic)"}],"sub_title":"Robo Machines","text":"In the Eagle comic strip Robo Machines, Cy-Kill performed an operation on his master to convert him into Zod. Zod attacked the Command Centre, shooting down Royal-T, and later killing Carry-All. Zod still possessed the intellect of Stron-Domez, and was able to design the Devil Invaders, and oversee construction of the first Casmodon. However, soon after his stabilisers were disabled after being attacked by the Security Forces, and Cy-Kill abandoned him.","title":"Zod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Gobots ZodA motorized toy. Came with a lance that could deactivate him by pressing a button on his chest.[39]","title":"Zod"}]

[]

[{"title":"Lists of Transformers characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Transformers_characters"}]

[{"reference":"Written by Jeff Segal, Kelly Ward and Mark Young (November 24, 1985). \"Scooter Enhanced\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 55. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"S. Trent Troop & Greg Sepelak (2008). Withered Hope. The Transformers Collector’s Club.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"YS Compo Challenge of the Gobots\". Your Sinclair. 1 (20): 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldofspectrum.org/archive/magazines/your-sinclair/20#77","url_text":"\"YS Compo Challenge of the Gobots\""}]},{"reference":"Written by Jeff Segal, Kelly Ward and John Loy (December 13, 1985). \"Quest for New Earth\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 61. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Segal","url_text":"Jeff Segal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ward","url_text":"Kelly Ward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"GoBots Toy Commercial 3. YouTube. 11 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV1BSPjbg5A","url_text":"GoBots Toy Commercial 3"}]},{"reference":"\"It's The Thought That Counts\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 6. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Iann (December 13, 2010). \"The Top Ten Gobots I'd Like To See In A Movie, No really, we are totally serious about this\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.craveonline.com/comedy/previews/131410-the-top-ten-gobots-id-like-to-see-in-a-movie","url_text":"\"The Top Ten Gobots I'd Like To See In A Movie, No really, we are totally serious about this\""}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2010). Totally Tubular '80s. Krause Publications. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-1-4402-1282-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-1282-6","url_text":"978-1-4402-1282-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names\". 2010-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toplessrobot.com/2010/11/the_20_goofiest_gobot_names.php","url_text":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names\""}]},{"reference":"Hanna-Barbera (1986). Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge of the Gobots. Egmont Books. ISBN 978-0-7235-7858-1. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2016-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521190903/http://www.redshirt.co.uk/media/collision-course-comet/","url_text":"Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge of the Gobots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7235-7858-1","url_text":"978-0-7235-7858-1"},{"url":"http://www.redshirt.co.uk/media/collision-course-comet/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Written by Alan Burnett, Jeff Segal and Tom Ruegger (September 8, 1984). \"The Battle for Gobotron\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names - Topless Robot - Nerd news, humor and self-loathing\". Topless Robot. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2012-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toplessrobot.com/2010/11/the_20_goofiest_gobot_names.php","url_text":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names - Topless Robot - Nerd news, humor and self-loathing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle for Gobotron Part 1\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"\"Doppleganger\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 23. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"\"Cy-Kill Escapes\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 41. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"Ray Patterson (Director), Kay Wright (Producer), Jeff Segal (Writer) (1986-03-21). GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords (Motion picture). Clubhouse Pictures.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Patterson_(animator)","url_text":"Ray Patterson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubhouse_Pictures","url_text":"Clubhouse Pictures"}]},{"reference":"Caracappa, Matt (November 2007). \"Going, Going, Gobots\". Toyfare. 1 (123): 80–82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Loco | Spanish to English Translation\". SpanishDict. Retrieved 2017-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/loco","url_text":"\"Loco | Spanish to English Translation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent USD279305 - Toy robot convertible into steam locomotive - Google Patents\". Retrieved 2012-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/USD279305","url_text":"\"Patent USD279305 - Toy robot convertible into steam locomotive - Google Patents\""}]},{"reference":"\"8 Things You Didn't Know About GoBots (and Probably Didn't Care)\". Topless Robot. 2011-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toplessrobot.com/2011/04/8_things_you_didnt_know_about_gobots_and_probably.php","url_text":"\"8 Things You Didn't Know About GoBots (and Probably Didn't Care)\""}]},{"reference":"Robin Snyder (1984). War of the Gobots. Illustrated by Steve Ditko. Western Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-307-11376-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/warofgobots00snyd","url_text":"War of the Gobots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko","url_text":"Steve Ditko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-11376-4","url_text":"978-0-307-11376-4"}]},{"reference":"Tonka- The Magic Is Here! 1985 Catalog. Tonkja Corporationtion. 1985. pp. 14–15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"It's The Thought That Counts\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 58. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"The Wagner Sirens. World International Publishing. 1985. ISBN 978-0-7235-7813-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7235-7813-0","url_text":"978-0-7235-7813-0"}]},{"reference":"Gobots - Series 2 Regular Gobots Commercial. YouTube. 13 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnrEvJaFA1Q","url_text":"Gobots - Series 2 Regular Gobots Commercial"}]},{"reference":"Gobots - 1986 Commercial. YouTube. 27 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtoMg8lUNA","url_text":"Gobots - 1986 Commercial"}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Computer & Video Games. 1 (61): 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldofspectrum.org/archive/magazines/computer--video-games/61#8","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"Written by Alan Burnett, Jeff Segal and Tom Ruegger (September 8, 1984). \"The Battle for Gobotron\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 1. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"Written by Jim Bertges (September 25, 1985). \"Ultra Zod\". Challenge of the GoBots. Season 1. Episode 14. First-run syndication.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_GoBots","url_text":"Challenge of the GoBots"}]},{"reference":"Texe W. Marrs, Wanda J. Marrs (1985). The Great Robot Book. Little Simon. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-671-60243-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-60243-7","url_text":"978-0-671-60243-7"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_GoBots_characters&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://worldofspectrum.org/archive/magazines/your-sinclair/20#77","external_links_name":"\"YS Compo Challenge of the Gobots\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV1BSPjbg5A","external_links_name":"GoBots Toy Commercial 3"},{"Link":"http://www.craveonline.com/comedy/previews/131410-the-top-ten-gobots-id-like-to-see-in-a-movie","external_links_name":"\"The Top Ten Gobots I'd Like To See In A Movie, No really, we are totally serious about this\""},{"Link":"https://www.toplessrobot.com/2010/11/the_20_goofiest_gobot_names.php","external_links_name":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521190903/http://www.redshirt.co.uk/media/collision-course-comet/","external_links_name":"Collision Course Comet - Robo Machine Featuring The Challenge of the Gobots"},{"Link":"http://www.redshirt.co.uk/media/collision-course-comet/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.toplessrobot.com/2010/11/the_20_goofiest_gobot_names.php","external_links_name":"\"The 20 Goofiest GoBot Names - Topless Robot - Nerd news, humor and self-loathing\""},{"Link":"https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/loco","external_links_name":"\"Loco | Spanish to English Translation\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/USD279305","external_links_name":"\"Patent USD279305 - Toy robot convertible into steam locomotive - Google Patents\""},{"Link":"http://www.toplessrobot.com/2011/04/8_things_you_didnt_know_about_gobots_and_probably.php","external_links_name":"\"8 Things You Didn't Know About GoBots (and Probably Didn't Care)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/warofgobots00snyd","external_links_name":"War of the Gobots"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnrEvJaFA1Q","external_links_name":"Gobots - Series 2 Regular Gobots Commercial"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtoMg8lUNA","external_links_name":"Gobots - 1986 Commercial"},{"Link":"https://worldofspectrum.org/archive/magazines/computer--video-games/61#8","external_links_name":"\"News\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)

Worsley (UK Parliament constituency)

["1 Boundaries","1.1 Boundary review","2 Members of Parliament","3 Elections","3.1 Elections in the 1980s","3.2 Elections in the 1990s","3.3 Elections in the 2000s","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 53°31′N 2°25′W / 53.51°N 2.41°W / 53.51; -2.41Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1983–2010 WorsleyFormer County constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Worsley in Greater Manchester for the 2005 general electionLocation of Greater Manchester within EnglandCountyGreater Manchester1983–2010SeatsOneCreated fromLeighNewtonFarnworthReplaced byWorsley and Eccles SouthLeigh Worsley was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Boundaries 1983–1997: The City of Salford wards of Cadishead, Irlam, Little Hulton, Walkden North, Walkden South, and Worsley and Boothstown, and the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan wards of Bedford-Astley and Tyldesley East. 1997–2010: The City of Salford wards of Little Hulton, Walkden North, Walkden South, and Worsley and Boothstown, and the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan wards of Bedford-Astley, Hindsford, and Tyldesley East. The constituency was created in 1983 from parts of the seats of Leigh, Newton and Farnworth. This was a safe Labour seat including mostly working-class areas from the boroughs of Salford and Wigan, including Walkden, Little Hulton, Astley and Irlam. The only Tory areas of strength here ironically were Worsley itself and Boothstown. Boundary review Following its review of parliamentary representation in Greater Manchester, the Boundary Commission for England recommended that Worsley be merged into a new constituency of Worsley and Eccles South. That constituency was first fought at the 2010 general election. The previous link between Salford and Wigan for parliamentary purposes has been broken, hence the requirement to alter the existing Worsley seat. The Wigan Borough wards were returned to the Leigh constituency. Members of Parliament Election Member Party 1983 Terry Lewis Labour 2005 Barbara Keeley Labour 2010 constituency abolished: see Worsley and Eccles South Elections Elections in the 1980s General election 1983: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Terry Lewis 21,675 40.3 Conservative Stanley Windle 17,536 32.6 SDP John Roper 14,545 27.1 Majority 4,139 7.7 Turnout 53,756 74.7 Labour win (new seat) General election 1987: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Terry Lewis 27,157 48.1 +7.8 Conservative Veronica Horman 19,820 35.1 +2.5 Liberal David Cowpe 9,507 16.8 −10.3 Majority 7,337 13.0 +5.3 Turnout 56,484 77.2 +2.5 Labour hold Swing +2.7 Elections in the 1990s General election 1992: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Terry Lewis 29,418 52.4 +4.3 Conservative Neil St. C. Cameron 19,406 34.6 −0.5 Liberal Democrats Robert D. Boyd 6,490 11.6 −5.2 Green Philip J. Connolly 677 1.2 New Natural Law Gregg D. Phillips 176 0.3 New Majority 10,012 17.8 +4.8 Turnout 56,167 77.7 +0.5 Labour hold Swing +2.4 General election 1997: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Terry Lewis 29,083 62.2 +9.8 Conservative Damien R.L. Garrido 11,342 24.2 −10.4 Liberal Democrats Robert Bleakley 6,356 13.6 +2.0 Majority 17,741 38.0 +20.2 Turnout 46,781 67.8 -9.9 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 2000s General election 2001: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Terry Lewis 20,193 57.1 −5.1 Conservative Tobias Ellwood 8,406 23.8 −0.4 Liberal Democrats Robert Bleakley 6,188 17.5 +3.9 Socialist Labour Dorothy Entwistle 576 1.6 New Majority 11,787 33.3 -4.7 Turnout 35,363 51.0 −16.8 Labour hold Swing General election 2005: Worsley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Barbara Keeley 18,859 51.0 −6.1 Conservative Graham Evans 9,491 25.7 +1.9 Liberal Democrats Richard M. Clayton 6,902 18.7 +1.2 UKIP Bernard Gill 1,694 4.6 New Majority 9,368 25.4 −7.9 Turnout 36,946 53.1 +2.1 Labour hold Swing −4.0 See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester References Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "W" (part 5) ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Retrieved 6 December 2010. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. vteConstituencies in North West England (75)Labour (41) Ashton-under-Lyne Birkenhead Blackburn Blackley and Broughton Blackpool South Bolton South East Bootle Bury South City of Chester Denton and Reddish Ellesmere Port and Neston Garston and Halewood Halton Knowsley Lancaster and Fleetwood Liverpool Riverside Liverpool Walton Liverpool Wavertree Liverpool West Derby Makerfield Manchester Central Manchester Gorton Manchester Withington Oldham East and Saddleworth Oldham West and Royton Preston St Helens South and Whiston Salford and Eccles Sefton Central Stalybridge and Hyde Stockport Stretford and Urmston Wallasey Warrington North Weaver Vale West Lancashire Wigan Wirral South Wirral West Worsley and Eccles South Wythenshawe and Sale East Conservative (28) Altrincham and Sale West Barrow and Furness Blackpool North and Cleveleys Bolton North East Bolton West Burnley Bury North Carlisle Cheadle Congleton Copeland Crewe and Nantwich Eddisbury Heywood and Middleton Hyndburn Leigh Macclesfield Morecambe and Lunesdale Pendle Penrith and The Border Ribble Valley Rossendale and Darwen South Ribble Southport Tatton Warrington South Workington Wyre and Preston North Independent (3) Fylde Hazel Grove St Helens North Liberal Democrats (1) Westmorland and Lonsdale Speaker (1) Chorley Workers (1) Rochdale East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber North West England portal Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. 53°31′N 2°25′W / 53.51°N 2.41°W / 53.51; -2.41

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[]

[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Greater_Manchester"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%C4%87a_Lake

Peruća Lake

["1 Location","2 Building of the dam","3 Croatian War of Independence","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°51′N 16°31′E / 43.850°N 16.517°E / 43.850; 16.517Artificial lake in Split-Dalmatia County, DalmatiaPeruća LakePerućko jezero (Croatian)Peruća LakeLocationSplit-Dalmatia County, DalmatiaCoordinates43°51′N 16°31′E / 43.850°N 16.517°E / 43.850; 16.517Typeartificial lakePrimary inflowsCetinaPrimary outflowsCetinaCatchment area3,700 km2 (1,400 sq mi)Basin countriesCroatiaMax. length18 km (11 mi)Max. width3 km (1.9 mi)Surface area13.0 km2 (5.0 sq mi)Max. depth64 m (210 ft)Water volume565 hm3 (458,000 acre⋅ft)Surface elevation360 m (1,180 ft) Lake Peruća or Peruča (Croatian: Jezero Peruča or Perućko jezero) is the second largest artificial lake in Croatia, after Lake Dubrava. It is located in the Split-Dalmatia County. Location Located in inland Dalmatia, south of the source of the River Cetina, northeast of the State route D1 between the towns of Sinj and Vrlika. The Lake is on the course of the River Cetina, bounded by Svilaja mountain to the southwest and Dinara mountain to the northeast. Building of the dam The Lake is fed by water from the Cetina River, and drains an area of 3,700 km2, while the total catchment area of the Cetina is around 12,000 km2. The annual discharge is around 105 m3 s−1 as a consequence of a mean annual rainfall of 1380 mm. This is why the artificial lake was created by building a dam on Cetina River in 1958, some 25 km downstream. The Peruća lake was the first large reservoir created in karst and the first remote reservoir in the Cetina Hydropower System that makes use of its 390 m total elevation drop. The reservoir was impounded in the Cetina canyon upstream of the Hrvatačko Polje (a karst field) by the construction of the 63 m high Peruća earth dam and grout curtain. The Peruća lake reservoir active storage is about 37% of the mean annual inflow, and it considerably affects the Cetina flow regulation at the downstream power plants between Sinjsko Polje (field) and the Adriatic. The head concentration which is the result of Peruća Dam construction is used by the Peruća Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Peruća lake reservoir's active storage is 565 million m3 at the maximum operating level at an elevation of 361.50 m.a.s.l. The maximum reservoir flood level is 362.00 m.a.s.l. This was considered a great achievement at that time. The majority of the catchment drains calcareous are rocks of the Cretaceous period, predominantly limestone. Peruća lake is the third largest lake in Croatia by size. It is spread over 10–20 km², and is 60–70 m at its maximum depth, depending on quantity of rain/snow in winter. Building the dam on the Cetina and creating the lake, has limited flooding downstream. Dalmatia has secured a greater energy supply. Before it was built, the State of SFRY nationalised land which belonged to the inhabitants of the neighbouring settlements of Vrlika, Garjak, Kosore, Ježević, Laktac, Dabar, Vučipolje, Zasiok, Bitelić, Rumin, Hrvace, Satrić, Potravlje, Maljkovo, Otišić and Maovice. In the middle of the lake, there was an old Orthodox Dragović Monastery. Before the artificial lake for the hydroelectric power station at Peruća was created, the Dragović monastery was moved to a hill not far from the old fortress at Gradina. Croatian War of Independence Peruća Lake The Peruća Dam was gravely damaged during the Croatian War of Independence, when on January 28, 1993, in the aftermath of Operation Maslenica, at 10:48 a.m., the dam was blown up in an intentional effort to destroy it by Serbian/Yugoslav army forces. They mined it with 30 tons of explosive and detonated the charges with the intention of harming thousands of Croatian civilians downstream. The explosion caused heavy damage, but ultimately failed to demolish the dam. The Croatian communities in the Cetina valley (from Sinj to Omiš) were nevertheless in great danger of being flooded by water from Peruća lake. The actions of the UNPROFOR officer Mark Nicholas Gray (Major in the British Royal Marines) prevented the disaster at the Dam because before the explosion he had raised the spillway channel and reduced the level of water in the lake by four meters. This prevented total collapse of the dam and engineers were quickly able to maintain the integrity of the dam. Subsequently, the Croatian forces intervened and recovered the dam and the surrounding area. On January 29, a small Croatian army team, supported by engineers previously employed in dam maintenance, verified that the main outlet valve could be accessed. It was accessible but stuck due to two years of neglect, loaded with 700 tons of hydrostatic pressure. The engineers then refilled the oil in the hydraulic pumps and used an UNPROFOR engine to restart them. This allowed for the lake to finally drain into Cetina, at a rate of 187 m3/s. In August 1993, HEP started to repair the dam. The works on the dam were completed some time after the war ended, in May 1996. In 2002, Colonel Gray was awarded the MBE (although not for his actions at Peruća). In 2011, Croatian President Ivo Josipović decorated four Croatian soldiers for valor in combat at Peruća. On 27 January 2013, the 20th anniversary of the HV recapture of the Peruća dam, Gray was awarded Order of Duke Domagoj by president Josipović. See also Lakes portal List of lakes in Croatia List of dam failures Notes Monster of Peruća lake is a snake Elaphe quatuorlineata (Croatian: Kravosas or dalmatinski udav), which can grow to more than 3 m in length. It appears rarely on the lake. Every 10 to 15 years there is an eyewitness who claims its existence. It is the biggest European snake. References ^ a b c d e Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2015). "Geographical and meteorological data". Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 49. ISSN 1333-3305. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija, vol 16, p. 31, ISBN 978-953-7224-16-5 ^ Mrla, Domagoj (2019-09-25). Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči (bachelor thesis) (in Croatian). University of Zagreb. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. pp. 14–22. ^ "Water Conflict Chronology" (PDF). Pacific Institute, Oakland, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2008-12-16. ^ James Gow (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries. C. Hurst. p. 157. ISBN 9781850656463. ^ Tom Wilkie (1995-09-16). "Unsung army officer saved 20,000 lives". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2011-02-01. ^ "Petnaesta obljetnica operacije Peruča - Spriječena katastrofa". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). February 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2011-01-24. ^ "Kako smo prije 16 godina spašavali Peruču". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2011-02-01. ^ Hrvatska elektroprivreda (2010-01-28). "Sedamnaest godina od oslobađanja brane Peruća". Strukovni sindikat. Retrieved 2011-02-01. ^ "Military honours: Royal Navy". BBC News. 2002-06-14. Retrieved 2011-02-01. ^ "Ivo Josipović na Peruči: Slučaj Purda treba nam biti dobra pouka". Večernji list (in Croatian). 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-01-28. ^ Slavica Vuković (27 January 2013). "Časnik Gray riskirao život, tajno pustio vodu i spasio dolinu Cetine" . Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 27 January 2013. ^ "Čudovište iz Peruče". 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2009-02-16. External links Media related to Peruća Lake at Wikimedia Commons vteHydrography of CroatiaRiversBlack Sea Basin Bednja Bijela Bosut Česma Danube Dobra Drava Glina Glogovnica Ilova Karašica Karašica Korana Krapina Kupa Kupčina Lika Lonja Mrežnica Mura Odra Orljava Pakra Plitvica Sava Slunjčica Spačva Studva Sunja Sutla Trnava Una Vuka Adriatic Basin Bijela Boljunčica Cetina Dragonja Gacka Jadro Krka Mirna Neretva Ombla Raša Rječina Zrmanja Lakes Baćina Dubrava Krušćica Lovke Peruća Plitvice Prokljan Trakošćan Varaždin Vrana (Cres) Vrana (Dalmatia) Valleys, estuaries, canyons, wetlands Kopački Rit Lim Lonjsko Polje Neretva Delta Paklenica Spačva basin Waterfalls Galovački buk Skradinski buk Roški slap Štrbački buk Large waterfall (Plitvice) Canals Bobota Canal Danube-Sava Canal (proposed) Sava-Odra-Sava Canal Adriatic Sea Kvarner Gulf Bay of Bakar Bay of Mali Ston Novsko Ždrilo Split Channel Split Gates Gulf of Piran Brač Channel Hvar Channel Velebit Channel Vinodol Channel St. Anthony Channel Zavratnica Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearbook-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"artificial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lake"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Lake Dubrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Dubrava"},{"link_name":"Split-Dalmatia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-Dalmatia_County"}],"text":"Artificial lake in Split-Dalmatia County, DalmatiaLake Peruća or Peruča (Croatian: Jezero Peruča[1] or Perućko jezero[2]) is the second largest artificial lake in Croatia, after Lake Dubrava. It is located in the Split-Dalmatia County.","title":"Peruća Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South"},{"link_name":"source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)"},{"link_name":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina"},{"link_name":"D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Sinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinj"},{"link_name":"Vrlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlika"},{"link_name":"Svilaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilaja"},{"link_name":"Dinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara"}],"text":"Located in inland Dalmatia, south of the source of the River Cetina, northeast of the State route D1 between the towns of Sinj and Vrlika.The Lake is on the course of the River Cetina, bounded by Svilaja mountain to the southwest and Dinara mountain to the northeast.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Hrvatačko Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrvata%C4%8Dko_Polje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"karst field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polje"},{"link_name":"grout curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grout_curtain"},{"link_name":"inflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"Sinjsko Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjsko_Polje"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearbook-1"},{"link_name":"energy supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_supply"},{"link_name":"SFRY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFRY"},{"link_name":"Vrlika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrlika"},{"link_name":"Garjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garjak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kosore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ježević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Je%C5%BEevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laktac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktac"},{"link_name":"Dabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabar,_Split-Dalmatia_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vučipolje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vu%C4%8Dipolje,_Split-Dalmatia_County&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zasiok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zasiok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bitelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biteli%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumin,_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hrvace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvace"},{"link_name":"Satrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satri%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Potravlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potravlje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maljkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maljkovo"},{"link_name":"Otišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oti%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Maovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maovice"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Dragović Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragovi%C4%87_Monastery"}],"text":"The Lake is fed by water from the Cetina River, and drains an area of 3,700 km2, while the total catchment area of the Cetina is around 12,000 km2. The annual discharge is around 105 m3 s−1 as a consequence of a mean annual rainfall of 1380 mm. This is why the artificial lake was created by building a dam on Cetina River in 1958, some 25 km downstream. The Peruća lake was the first large reservoir created in karst and the first remote reservoir in the Cetina Hydropower System that makes use of its 390 m total elevation drop.[3] The reservoir was impounded in the Cetina canyon upstream of the Hrvatačko Polje (a karst field) by the construction of the 63 m high Peruća earth dam and grout curtain. The Peruća lake reservoir active storage is about 37% of the mean annual inflow, and it considerably affects the Cetina flow regulation at the downstream power plants between Sinjsko Polje (field) and the Adriatic. The head concentration which is the result of Peruća Dam construction is used by the Peruća Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Peruća lake reservoir's active storage is 565 million m3 at the maximum operating level at an elevation of 361.50 m.a.s.l. The maximum reservoir flood level is 362.00 m.a.s.l. This was considered a great achievement at that time. The majority of the catchment drains calcareous are rocks of the Cretaceous period, predominantly limestone. Peruća lake is the third largest lake in Croatia by size.[1] It is spread over 10–20 km², and is 60–70 m at its maximum depth, depending on quantity of rain/snow in winter.Building the dam on the Cetina and creating the lake, has limited flooding downstream. Dalmatia has secured a greater energy supply.Before it was built, the State of SFRY nationalised land which belonged to the inhabitants of the neighbouring settlements of Vrlika, Garjak, Kosore, Ježević, Laktac, Dabar, Vučipolje, Zasiok, Bitelić, Rumin, Hrvace, Satrić, Potravlje, Maljkovo, Otišić and Maovice. \nIn the middle of the lake, there was an old Orthodox Dragović Monastery. Before the artificial lake for the hydroelectric power station at Peruća was created, the Dragović monastery was moved to a hill not far from the old fortress at Gradina.","title":"Building of the dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeeP1030003.JPG"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Operation Maslenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maslenica"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinj"},{"link_name":"Omiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"UNPROFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNPROFOR"},{"link_name":"Mark Nicholas Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Nicholas_Gray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_elektroprivreda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Croatian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ivo Josipović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Josipovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Order of Duke Domagoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Duke_Domagoj"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Peruća LakeThe Peruća Dam was gravely damaged during the Croatian War of Independence, when on January 28, 1993, in the aftermath of Operation Maslenica, at 10:48 a.m., the dam was blown up in an intentional effort to destroy it by Serbian/Yugoslav army forces.[4] They mined it with 30 tons of explosive and detonated the charges with the intention of harming thousands of Croatian civilians downstream. The explosion caused heavy damage, but ultimately failed to demolish the dam. The Croatian communities in the Cetina valley (from Sinj to Omiš) were nevertheless in great danger of being flooded by water from Peruća lake.[5] The actions of the UNPROFOR officer Mark Nicholas Gray (Major in the British Royal Marines) prevented the disaster at the Dam because before the explosion he had raised the spillway channel and reduced the level of water in the lake by four meters.[6] This prevented total collapse of the dam and engineers were quickly able to maintain the integrity of the dam.\nSubsequently, the Croatian forces intervened and recovered the dam and the surrounding area.[7] On January 29, a small Croatian army team, supported by engineers previously employed in dam maintenance, verified that the main outlet valve could be accessed. It was accessible but stuck due to two years of neglect, loaded with 700 tons of hydrostatic pressure. The engineers then refilled the oil in the hydraulic pumps and used an UNPROFOR engine to restart them. This allowed for the lake to finally drain into Cetina, at a rate of 187 m3/s.[8]In August 1993, HEP started to repair the dam. The works on the dam were completed some time after the war ended, in May 1996.[9]In 2002, Colonel Gray was awarded the MBE[10] (although not for his actions at Peruća). In 2011, Croatian President Ivo Josipović decorated four Croatian soldiers for valor in combat at Peruća.[11] On 27 January 2013, the 20th anniversary of the HV recapture of the Peruća dam, Gray was awarded Order of Duke Domagoj by president Josipović.[12]","title":"Croatian War of Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elaphe quatuorlineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphe_quatuorlineata"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Monster of Peruća lake is a snake Elaphe quatuorlineata (Croatian: Kravosas or dalmatinski udav), which can grow to more than 3 m in length. It appears rarely on the lake. Every 10 to 15 years there is an eyewitness who claims its existence. It is the biggest European snake.[13]","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Peruća Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/SeeP1030003.JPG/220px-SeeP1030003.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Lakes portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lakes"},{"title":"List of lakes in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Croatia"},{"title":"List of dam failures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dam_failures"}]

[{"reference":"Ostroški, Ljiljana, ed. (December 2015). \"Geographical and meteorological data\". Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 [Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015] (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia (in Croatian and English). Vol. 47. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. p. 49. ISSN 1333-3305. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2015/sljh2015.pdf","url_text":"Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1333-3305","url_text":"1333-3305"}]},{"reference":"Mrla, Domagoj (2019-09-25). Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči (bachelor thesis) (in Croatian). University of Zagreb. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. pp. 14–22.","urls":[{"url":"https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:235:015652","url_text":"Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči"}]},{"reference":"\"Water Conflict Chronology\" (PDF). Pacific Institute, Oakland, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2008-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090305051717/http://www.worldwater.org/conflictchronology.pdf","url_text":"\"Water Conflict Chronology\""},{"url":"http://worldwater.org/conflictchronology.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Gow (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries. C. Hurst. p. 157. ISBN 9781850656463.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAbMi9yeGsC&pg=PA157","url_text":"The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850656463","url_text":"9781850656463"}]},{"reference":"Tom Wilkie (1995-09-16). \"Unsung army officer saved 20,000 lives\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2011-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003123/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4740175.html","url_text":"\"Unsung army officer saved 20,000 lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4740175.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Petnaesta obljetnica operacije Peruča - Spriječena katastrofa\". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). February 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110109063657/http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/1232007/peruca.asp","url_text":"\"Petnaesta obljetnica operacije Peruča - Spriječena katastrofa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatski_vojnik","url_text":"Hrvatski vojnik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Croatia)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence (Croatia)"},{"url":"http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/1232007/peruca.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kako smo prije 16 godina spašavali Peruču\". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 2009-01-28. Retrieved 2011-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Kultura/tabid/81/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/39885/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Kako smo prije 16 godina spašavali Peruču\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija","url_text":"Slobodna Dalmacija"}]},{"reference":"Hrvatska elektroprivreda (2010-01-28). \"Sedamnaest godina od oslobađanja brane Peruća\". Strukovni sindikat. Retrieved 2011-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_elektroprivreda","url_text":"Hrvatska elektroprivreda"},{"url":"http://www.heptehnos.hr/hot.asp?Stranica=13","url_text":"\"Sedamnaest godina od oslobađanja brane Peruća\""}]},{"reference":"\"Military honours: Royal Navy\". BBC News. 2002-06-14. Retrieved 2011-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2002/birthday_honours_2002/2045290.stm","url_text":"\"Military honours: Royal Navy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ivo Josipović na Peruči: Slučaj Purda treba nam biti dobra pouka\". Večernji list (in Croatian). 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/ivo-josipovic-peruci-slucaj-purda-treba-nam-biti-dobra-pouka-clanak-245564","url_text":"\"Ivo Josipović na Peruči: Slučaj Purda treba nam biti dobra pouka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list","url_text":"Večernji list"}]},{"reference":"Slavica Vuković (27 January 2013). \"Časnik Gray riskirao život, tajno pustio vodu i spasio dolinu Cetine\" [Officer Gray risked his life secretly draining water and saving the Cetina River valley]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/casnik-gray-riskirao-zivot-tajno-pustio-vodu-i-spasio-dolinu-cetine-clanak-502768","url_text":"\"Časnik Gray riskirao život, tajno pustio vodu i spasio dolinu Cetine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list","url_text":"Večernji list"}]},{"reference":"\"Čudovište iz Peruče\". 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2009-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080627155834/http://www.vrilo.com/index.php/Zanimljivosti/EUDOVISTE-IZ-PERUEE.html","url_text":"\"Čudovište iz Peruče\""},{"url":"http://www.vrilo.com/index.php/Zanimljivosti/EUDOVISTE-IZ-PERUEE.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrth_Prize_of_Jeunesses_Musicales_Germany

Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany

["1 Recipients","2 References"]

German music award AwardWürth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales GermanyAwarded forartists, ensembles or projects who implement JMD's values and objectives in an exemplary mannerLocationKünzelsauCountryGermanyPresented byJeunesses Musicales Germany , WürthHosted byWürthReward(s)€25,000First awarded1991 The Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany (German: Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland) has been awarded since 1991 to artists, ensembles or projects who implement Jeunesses Musicales Germany 's (JMD) values and objectives in an exemplary manner. Together with the Würth Foundation, the JMD has been honoring individual personalities, ensembles and projects every year. The prize is presented in Künzelsau and endowed with 25,000 euros (As of 2022). The jury is made up of representatives from the Würth Foundation and Jeunesses Musicales Germany and is advised by the Deutscher Musikrat (German Music Council). The JMD is the German section of the Jeunesses Musicales International (JMI). It was founded during the Second World War to encourage encounters between young musicians. Recipients Source: 1991 – Dennis Russell Davies 1992 – Arcis Quintet 1993 – Philip Glass 1994 – Nicaragua project of Dietmar Schönherr "Casa de los tres Mundos" 1995 – Tölzer Knabenchor, Poznań Nightingales, Kühn Children's Choir Prague 1996 – Yakov Kreizberg 1997 – Junge Deutsche Philharmonie 1998 – Henry W. Meyer  1999 – Tabea Zimmermann 2000 – National Children's Orchestra of Venezuela 2001 – Claudio Abbado 2002 – Ensemble Resonanz 2003 – Theo Geißler  2004 – Education Programm of the Berlin Philharmonic 2005 – Philharmonie der Nationen 2006 – Michael Kaufmann  2007 – Artemis Quartet 2008 – Gustavo Dudamel 2009 – Arab-Jewish Youth Orchestra Israel 2010 – Martin Grubinger 2011 – Bundesjugendorchester 2012 – Sol Gabetta 2013 – Bruno Weil 2014 – Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen 2015 – vision string quartet 2016 – Lars Vogt 2017 – Christian Tetzlaff 2018 – STEGREIF.orchester 2019 – Patricia Kopatchinskaja 2020 – Junge Norddeutsche Philharmonie  2021 – Jörg Widmann 2022 – Notos Quartet 2023 – Deutsche Streicherphilharmonie References ^ a b c Bildstein, Käthe. "Würth-Preis der JMD". Jeunesses Musicales Germany (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ a b "News – 27. Sept. 2022 – Notos Quartett erhält den Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland 2022". miz.org (in German). 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022. ^ "Kulturpreise.de : Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschlands". Handbuch der Kulturpreise – Handbook of Cultural Awards (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ a b c "Junge Norddeutsche Philharmonie erhält Würth-Musikpreis – neue musikzeitung". nmz (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ Bildstein, Käthe. "Preisträger des Würth Preises". jmd (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Lars Vogt erhält Würth-Musikpreis". Pizzicato (in German). 14 October 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Messages through the centuries: Christian Tetzlaff has been awarded with the Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany 2017". Würth. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland 2019". WÜRTH (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany – Würth Foundation". Würth-Gruppe 2019 (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Frischer Wind für die Klassik – Die junge norddeutsche philharmonie erhält den Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland 2020". WÜRTH (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Widmann erhält Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Würth-Preis für deutsche Streicher". FAZ.NET (in German). 17 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023. vteClassical music awardsAsia Arthur Rubinstein International Piano Master Competition Hamamatsu International Piano Competition Isang Yun Competition Singapore International Violin Competition Suntory Music Award Toru Takemitsu Composition Award EuropeEastern Enescu Prize International Chopin Piano Competition International Tchaikovsky Competition Fryderyk (Polish Grammys) Northern Birgit Nilsson Prize Classic Brit Awards Elgar Medal Gramophone Classical Music Awards Harriet Cohen International Music Award International Opera Awards Leeds International Piano Competition Léonie Sonning Music Prize Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal Royal Philharmonic Society Music Awards Sibelius Medal Queen's Medal for Music Walter Willson Cobbett Medal Wihuri Sibelius Prize Western ARD International Music Competition Arnold Schönberg Prize Bach Medal Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Beethoven Prize Beethoven Ring Brahms-Preis Cannes Classical Awards Diapason d'Or Echo Klassik Edison Award Ernst von Siemens Music Prize European Piano Contest Bremen Franco Abbiati Prize Gaudeamus International Composers Award Gaudeamus International Interpreters Award Handel Prize Heidelberger Frühling Music Award Herbert von Karajan Music Prize Herbert von Karajan Prize Hindemith Prize Hindemith Prize of the City of Hanau International Arthur Grumiaux Competition for Young Violinists International Classical Music Awards International Franz Liszt Piano Competition Matthijs Vermeulen Award Mauricio Kagel Music Prize Mendelssohn Scholarship Nederlandse Muziekprijs Prize of the Christoph and Stephan Kaske Foundation Queen Elisabeth Competition Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau Salzburg Music Prize Schneider-Schott Music Prize Telemann Prize Viotti International Music Competition Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany NorthAmerica Avery Fisher Prize Grammies Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition Jules Léger Prize for New Chamber Music Leventritt Competition Marie-Josée Kravis Prize for New Music Nemmers Prize in Music Composition Primrose International Viola Competition Pulitzer Prize for Music Richard Tucker Award Stoeger Prize Van Cliburn International Piano Competition

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Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_W._Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Meyer_(Musiker)"},{"link_name":"Tabea Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"Claudio Abbado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Abbado"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Resonanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Resonanz"},{"link_name":"Theo Geißler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theo_Gei%C3%9Fler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Gei%C3%9Fler"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Philharmonie der Nationen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonie_der_Nationen"},{"link_name":"Michael Kaufmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Kaufmann_(cultural_manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kaufmann_(Kulturmanager)"},{"link_name":"Artemis Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Dudamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel"},{"link_name":"Martin Grubinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Grubinger"},{"link_name":"Bundesjugendorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesjugendorchester"},{"link_name":"Sol Gabetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Gabetta"},{"link_name":"Bruno Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Weil"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Kammerphilharmonie_Bremen"},{"link_name":"Lars Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Vogt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pizzicato_2016-6"},{"link_name":"Christian Tetzlaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Tetzlaff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christian_Tetzlaff_2017-7"},{"link_name":"Patricia Kopatchinskaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Kopatchinskaja"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG_3-9"},{"link_name":"Junge Norddeutsche Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junge_Norddeutsche_Philharmonie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Norddeutsche_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmz-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KG_2-10"},{"link_name":"Jörg Widmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZEIT_ONLINE-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miz.org_2022-2"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Streicherphilharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Streicherphilharmonie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAZ_m392-12"}],"text":"Source:[5]1991 – Dennis Russell Davies\n1992 – Arcis Quintet\n1993 – Philip Glass\n1994 – Nicaragua project of Dietmar Schönherr \"Casa de los tres Mundos\"\n1995 – Tölzer Knabenchor, Poznań Nightingales, Kühn Children's Choir Prague\n1996 – Yakov Kreizberg\n1997 – Junge Deutsche Philharmonie\n1998 – Henry W. Meyer [de]\n1999 – Tabea Zimmermann\n2000 – National Children's Orchestra of Venezuela\n2001 – Claudio Abbado\n2002 – Ensemble Resonanz\n2003 – Theo Geißler [de]\n2004 – Education Programm of the Berlin Philharmonic\n2005 – Philharmonie der Nationen\n2006 – Michael Kaufmann [de]\n2007 – Artemis Quartet\n2008 – Gustavo Dudamel\n2009 – Arab-Jewish Youth Orchestra Israel\n2010 – Martin Grubinger\n2011 – Bundesjugendorchester\n2012 – Sol Gabetta\n2013 – Bruno Weil\n2014 – Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen\n2015 – vision string quartet\n2016 – Lars Vogt[6]\n2017 – Christian Tetzlaff[7]\n2018 – STEGREIF.orchester\n2019 – Patricia Kopatchinskaja[8][9]\n2020 – Junge Norddeutsche Philharmonie [de][4][10]\n2021 – Jörg Widmann[11]\n2022 – Notos Quartet[2]\n2023 – Deutsche Streicherphilharmonie[12]","title":"Recipients"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael

Fort Saint Michael

["1 Construction and history","2 Destruction","3 References"]

This article is about the fort in Malta. For other uses, see Fort St. Michael (disambiguation). Fort Saint MichaelForti San MikielPart of the fortifications of SengleaSenglea, Malta St Michael Cavalier shortly before its demolitionMap of Senglea's land front, showing the location of Fort St. MichaelCoordinates35°53′4.7″N 14°31′7.5″E / 35.884639°N 14.518750°E / 35.884639; 14.518750TypeCavalierSite informationOwnerGovernment of MaltaConditionPart of base survivesSite historyBuilt1552–1581Built byOrder of Saint JohnMaterialsLimestoneFatePartially demolished, 1921Battles/warsGreat Siege of MaltaGarrison informationPastcommandersPierre de Monte (1565) Fort Saint Michael (Maltese: Forti San Mikiel) was a small fort in the land front of the city of Senglea, Malta. It was originally built in the 1552 and played a significant role in the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Following the siege, it was rebuilt as Saint Michael Cavalier (Maltese: Kavallier ta' San Mikiel), and was completed in 1581. The cavalier was partially demolished in the 20th century, and only a part of its base remains today. Construction and history In 1537 d’Homedes renovated a villa and surrounded it with a casemate. In 1551, the Ottomans attacked Malta and later invaded Gozo. This prompted the Order's Grand Master, Juan de Homedes y Coscon, to strengthen the defences of the island. Two new forts were needed, one on the Sciberras Peninsula, and one on the smaller peninsula then known as Isola di San Michele, which was formed by Dockyard Creek and French Creek in Grand Harbour. The first stone of the fort on l'Isola was laid on 8 May 1552 by de Homedes himself. Fort Saint Michael was built to a design by the military engineer Pedro Pardo d’Andrera. The second fort, located on the Sciberras Peninsula, was called Fort Saint Elmo. Both new forts were built in the remarkably short period of six months in 1552. Photo of the Senglea land front in 1846, with St Michael Cavalier partially visible at the extreme left Fort Saint Michael was extended to a fortified city named Senglea by Grand Master Claude de la Sengle during the Knights' preparations for the anticipated Great Siege of Malta. The siege eventually came in 1565, and St Michael was one of three forts defending the Knights stronghold in Grand Harbour, along with Fort St Angelo and Fort St Elmo. The latter fell, but Fort St Michael and Fort St Angelo both withstood the siege. Fort St Michael was severely damaged, as it had been the scene of some of the most desperate fighting and bombardment of the siege. It withstood 10 assaults from the Ottoman attackers. The fortifications of Senglea was rebuilt after the siege, and the redevelopment continued until 1581. Fort St. Michael was converted to a cavalier, consisting of a tower with a casemated interior, which had a terrace platform with ten embrasures. In 1687, Don Carlos de Grunenbergh visited the fort and recommended the addition of a faussebraye. He decided to finance the expenses himself. Destruction The clock tower and school, with the remains of the cavalier used as the clock tower's base St. Michael Cavalier was largely dismantled in 1921 to make way for a school. A small part of the structure's lower section was retained and was used as the base of a clock tower. Today, the bastion at Senglea Point, which is known as "the Spur", is often mistakenly referred to as Fort Saint Michael, although the fort was actually located at the opposite end of the city. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Saint Michael. ^ https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51888/21/Orizzont_Dawra%20kulturali%20mal-Port%20il-Kbir%20%2821%29.PDF ^ Castagna, P. P. (1865). Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha (in Maltese). Vol. 1. p. 87. ^ Abela, Joe. "Juan d'Homedes (1494–1553)". Senglea Local Council. Retrieved 12 September 2014. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Portelli, John. "Fort St. Michael". Senglea History. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. ^ a b "St Michael Cavalier - Senglea" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015. ^ Ellul, Michael (1988). "Punti d'incontro nell' architettura a Malta e in Sicilia" (PDF). Journal of Maltese Studies (in Italian). 18: 189–196. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2019. ^ DeMartino, Giov (7 March 2012). "Senglea fort misplaced". Times of Malta. Retrieved 12 September 2014. vte Sovereign Military Order of Malta topics Catholic order of chivalry and sovereign subject of international law, founded in 1099 in Jerusalem,  Kingdom of JerusalemOrganisation Grand Master Governance Sovereign Council Chapter General Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, Commanderies, Associations Langues Foreign relations Diplomatic missions of Diplomatic missions to European Union United Nations Auxiliaries Malteser International Order of Malta Ambulance Corps Military Corps: Air Force (Historically: Navy) Ships of the line Society and culture Maltese cross Flag and coat of arms Anthem Orders, decorations, and medals Passports Currency Postal system History,includingmajorsites,commanderies,premises,and battlesRome Palazzo Malta (capital) (1869) Villa del Priorato di Malta (1869) MaltaFortifications Birgu ( Fort St Angelo (2001)) Senglea (Fort St Michael)^ Mdina Valletta (Fort St Elmo) Cittadella Floriana Lines Santa Margherita Lines Cottonera Lines Fort Ricasoli Fort Manoel Fort Chambray Fort Tigné others Palaces Grand Master's Palace Vilhena Palace Verdala Palace San Anton Palace Churches St John (Conventual Church) Our Lady of Liesse Our Lady of Pilar Our Lady of Victory St Barbara St Catherine St Lawrence AubergesBirgu Allemagne^ Angleterre Aragon Auvergne et Provence Castille et Portugal France Italie^ Valletta Allemagne^ Aragon Auvergne^ Bavière Castille France^ Italie Provence Rhodes Fortifications Palace of the Grand Master Anatolia: Bodrum Castle Holy Land Saint John d'Acre Arqa Abu Ghosh Belvoir Fortress Chastel Rouge Church of Saint John the Baptist Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Coliath^ Gibelacar Krak des Chevaliers Margat Mount Tabor^ Other regions Tripoli Principality of Heitersheim Colonization of the Americas MilitaryhistoryCrusades 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Battles Siege of Jerusalem (1187) Battle of Arsuf (1191) Siege of Acre (1291) Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310) Sieges of Rhodes 1444 1480 1522 Invasion of Gozo (1551) Siege of Tripoli (1551) Great Siege of Malta (1565) Battle of Lepanto (1571) Raid on Żejtun (1614) Battle of Damietta (1732) Loss of Malta (1798) Extant extraterritoriality (with year of proclamation) World Heritage Site, UNESCO ^ Demolished or sparse remains Catholicism portal vteForts in Malta 16th century Fort St. Angelo Fort St. Elmo Fort St. Michael 17th century Fort Ricasoli 18th century Fort Chambray Fort Manoel Fort Rohan Fort San Salvatore Fort Tigné 19th century Fort Binġemma Fort Delimara Fort Leonardo Fort Madalena Fort Mosta Fort Pembroke Fort San Lucian Fort St. Rocco Fort Tas-Silġ Fort Verdala 20th century Fort Benghisa Fort Campbell Fort Mellieħa Built by: Order of St. John of Jerusalem  British Empire Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort St. Michael (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._Michael_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"Senglea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senglea"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Great Siege of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the fort in Malta. For other uses, see Fort St. Michael (disambiguation).Fort Saint Michael (Maltese: Forti San Mikiel) was a small fort in the land front of the city of Senglea, Malta. It was originally built in the 1552 and played a significant role in the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Following the siege, it was rebuilt as Saint Michael Cavalier (Maltese: Kavallier ta' San Mikiel), and was completed in 1581. 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This prompted the Order's Grand Master, Juan de Homedes y Coscon, to strengthen the defences of the island. Two new forts were needed, one on the Sciberras Peninsula, and one on the smaller peninsula then known as Isola di San Michele, which was formed by Dockyard Creek and French Creek in Grand Harbour.The first stone of the fort on l'Isola was laid on 8 May 1552 by de Homedes himself.[3] Fort Saint Michael was built to a design by the military engineer Pedro Pardo d’Andrera. The second fort, located on the Sciberras Peninsula, was called Fort Saint Elmo.[4] Both new forts were built in the remarkably short period of six months in 1552.Photo of the Senglea land front in 1846, with St Michael Cavalier partially visible at the extreme leftFort Saint Michael was extended to a fortified city named Senglea by Grand Master Claude de la Sengle during the Knights' preparations for the anticipated Great Siege of Malta. The siege eventually came in 1565, and St Michael was one of three forts defending the Knights stronghold in Grand Harbour, along with Fort St Angelo and Fort St Elmo. The latter fell, but Fort St Michael and Fort St Angelo both withstood the siege. Fort St Michael was severely damaged, as it had been the scene of some of the most desperate fighting and bombardment of the siege. It withstood 10 assaults from the Ottoman attackers.[5]The fortifications of Senglea was rebuilt after the siege, and the redevelopment continued until 1581. Fort St. Michael was converted to a cavalier, consisting of a tower with a casemated interior, which had a terrace platform with ten embrasures.[6]In 1687, Don Carlos de Grunenbergh visited the fort and recommended the addition of a faussebraye. He decided to finance the expenses himself.[7]","title":"Construction and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Saint_Michael_-_Senglea_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicpmi-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The clock tower and school, with the remains of the cavalier used as the clock tower's baseSt. Michael Cavalier was largely dismantled in 1921 to make way for a school. A small part of the structure's lower section was retained and was used as the base of a clock tower.[6]Today, the bastion at Senglea Point, which is known as \"the Spur\", is often mistakenly referred to as Fort Saint Michael, although the fort was actually located at the opposite end of the city.[8]","title":"Destruction"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State_House_of_Assembly

Cross River State House of Assembly

["1 History","2 Functions","3 References"]

The Cross River State House of Assembly is the legislative chamber of Cross River State in Nigeria. Elvert Ayambem is the current speaker of the 10th state assembly. History In 2021, the legislative complex was renovated. In May 2022, the assembly was occupied by protestors. Functions The assembly has three main functions. Law Making Representative Function Deliberative Function References ^ "Cross River State Legislative Complex Calabar Gets Long-Overdue Facelift". CrossRiverWatch. 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2022-06-09. ^ Abe, Bankole (2022-03-22). "Why we took over Cross River house of assembly complex - Police". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 2022-06-09. ^ admin (2014-04-07). "Functions of The State House of Assembly". CrossRiverWatch. Retrieved 2022-06-09. vteLegislatures of NigeriaNational Assembly Senate House of Representatives State Houses of Assembly Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Local government councils (lists) Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu FCT Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Defunct legislaturesNationwide Legislative Council(colonial-era) Regional Legislative Assemblies(Houses of Chiefs • Houses of Assembly) Eastern Region HOC HOA Mid-Western Region HOC HOA Northern Region HOC HOA Western Region HOC HOA State Houses of Assembly Bendel Gongola Other legislatures Ibadan City Council (colonial-era) Lagos City Council (colonial-era) This article about government in Nigeria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Herbert

A. P. Herbert

["1 Early life and education","2 First World War service, 1914–1918","3 Interwar career, 1918–1935","4 Early parliamentary career, 1935–1939","5 Second World War service, 1939–1945","6 Later parliamentary career, 1945–1950","7 Personal life","7.1 The Thames","8 Death","9 References by other authors","10 \"Misleading cases\"","11 Novels and other writings","12 Selected filmography","13 Publications","13.1 General","13.2 Drama and musicals","13.3 Poetry","14 Styles","15 References","16 Sources","17 External links"]

English politician (1890–1971) SirA. P. HerbertCHHerbert in a 1910s illustrationMember of Parliamentfor Oxford UniversityIn office14 November 1935 – 23 February 1950Serving with Lord Hugh Cecil (1910–1937)Sir Arthur Salter (1937–1950)Preceded bySir Charles OmanSucceeded byConstituency abolished Personal detailsBornAlan Patrick Herbert(1890-09-24)24 September 1890Ashtead, Surrey, EnglandDied11 November 1971(1971-11-11) (aged 81)London, EnglandPolitical partyIndependentSpouse(s)Gwendolyn, Lady Herbert (née Quilter)Alma materNew College, OxfordMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited KingdomBranch/serviceRoyal NavyYears of service1914–19181939–1945RankSub-Lieutenant (WWI)Petty Officer (WWII)UnitRoyal Naval DivisionRoyal Naval Auxiliary PatrolCommandsWater GipsyBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War II Sir Alan Patrick Herbert CH (known as A. P. Herbert; 24 September 1890 – 11 November 1971), was an English humorist, novelist, playwright, law reformist, and, from 1935 to 1950, an independent Member of Parliament for Oxford University. Born in Ashtead, Surrey, he attended Winchester College and New College, Oxford, receiving a starred first in jurisprudence in 1914. He joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a seaman in the First World War, becoming an officer in the Royal Naval Division. He fought in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, as a battalion adjutant in 1917, before injury removed him from the front line. After the war he published The Secret Battle and in 1924 joined the staff of Punch. As an MP he campaigned for private-member rights, piloted the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 through Parliament, opposed Entertainments Duty and campaigned against the Oxford Group. He joined the River Emergency Service in 1938, captaining a boat on the River Thames in the Second World War as a petty officer in the Royal Naval Auxiliary Patrol. In 1943, he joined a parliamentary commission on the future of the Dominion of Newfoundland. Early life and education Herbert was born at Ashtead Lodge, Ashtead, Surrey, on 24 September 1890. His father, Patrick Herbert Coghlan Herbert (1849–1915), was a civil servant (assistant secretary of the Judicial and Public Department) in the India Office, of Irish origin, and his mother, Beatrice Eugenie (née Selwyn), was the daughter of Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn, a Lord Justice of Appeal. His two younger brothers both died in battle: Owen William Eugene, Second lieutenant, Royal Field Artillery, killed at Mons in 1914, and Sidney Jasper, Captain R.N., killed 1941 aboard HMS Hood. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was eight, shortly before he left for The Grange in Folkestone, a preparatory school. Herbert then attended Winchester College, winning the King's Medal for English Verse and the King's Medal for English Speech, presented by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. He took an active part in the college debating and Shakespeare societies. As a Winchester student, Herbert sent verses to the offices of Punch and received notes of encouragement and suggestions from the editor, Owen Seaman. Herbert was also Captain of Houses, one of the college's three football divisions. Herbert went to New College, Oxford as an exhibitioner. He made his first public speech at the Kensington branch of the Tariff Reform League, speaking extempore on home rule. His first contribution to Punch was printed on 24 August 1910: a set of verses entitled "Stones of Venus". He went up to Oxford in October and made his first speech at the Oxford Union in November. His work began appearing not only in Punch, but in The Observer, the Pall Mall Gazette and Vanity Fair. Herbert received a "not very good Second" in Honour Moderations, and apparently disenchanted with Classics, changed his degree to Law. He went into lodgings with Walter Monckton and others and was good friends with the notables Duff Cooper, Harold Macmillan and Philip Guedalla. Herbert finished at Oxford in 1914 with "a very good First" in Jurisprudence. He then decided to join his friend Jack Parr as a volunteer at Oxford House in Bethnal Green for a year. He spent the time "doing what I could:" washing dishes, sweeping floors, running errands and collecting money. First World War service, 1914–1918 On 5 September 1914, Herbert enlisted at Lambeth Pier as an ordinary seaman in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, which later became one of the constituent bodies of the Royal Naval Division. In early October, news reached him that his brother, Owen Herbert, had been posted "missing, believed killed" in the retreat from Mons. Herbert reached the rank of acting leading seaman before being commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in early 1915, when he was posted to Hawke Battalion of the Royal Naval Division (later to come under army command as part of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division). "C" and "D" companies of the Hawke Battalion left for Gallipoli in early 1915, briefly stopping in Malta before arriving at the Moudros on 17 May, and finally reaching Gallipoli on 27 May. Herbert took command of No. 11 Platoon, "C" Company, composed mostly of Tynesiders and also two men from a remote Durham mining town. A week after his arrival, the battalion suffered heavy casualties at the Third Battle of Krithia. In July 1915, Herbert went down with illness and had to spend time recovering in a military hospital. When he was passed "fit for light duty", he was seconded to the Naval Intelligence Division at Whitehall. It was then that he decided to rent No. 12 Hammersmith Terrace as a dwelling. Soldiers of the Royal Naval Division training to leave a trench during Gallipoli, 1915 In summer 1916, when he was passed fit for duty, Herbert returned to Hawke Battalion at their base camp in Abbeville, where he was made assistant adjutant. The battalion moved to the front line at Souchez in July 1916, and in mid-November it took part in an attack on Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre during the Battle of the Ancre, which saw almost the entire battalion wiped out. Herbert was one of only two officers to come out unscathed from the attack. When the battalion returned to the front line at Pozières in February 1917, Herbert was made the battalion's adjutant, but he was later injured from shrapnel during an attack on Gavrelle, west of Arras. On medical leave back in England after the injury, Herbert began writing his first book, The Secret Battle, which he finished "in a few weeks". He was elected a member of the Savage Club and raised by Punch to the "exclusive group of its contributors who were allowed to attach their initials to their work." On 2 October 1918, Herbert sailed from Liverpool in a convoy for Alexandria, as assistant to the Commodore. After arriving at Port Said, he was given a free pass to Cairo and allowed to make a number of unaccompanied incursions inland. He was able to visit several places on the North African coast, and from Tunis took a train to Constantine, Algeria and then to Algiers. On 11 November, he went by train from Oran to Tlemcen. Exactly at 11 am, he heard that the Armistice had been signed. As he wrote, "I must have been the only Englishman for at least 80 miles." Herbert was granted shore leave at Gibraltar and took the chance to travel to Seville, then to Córdoba. He arrived in Madrid on 22 November and dined with the Embassy's naval attaché, Captain John Harvey, as well as Filson Young and others, before making the return journey to Gibraltar. Interwar career, 1918–1935 The Secret Battle was recommended to Methuen Publishing by E. V. Lucas and announced in their spring list in 1919. It was "read all night" by Prime Minister Lloyd George, who brought it to the attention of Churchill, then Secretary of State for War. Montgomery saw it as "the best story of front line war" and Herbert himself believed that court-martial arrangements were subsequently "altered in some way" as a result of the book. However, the book had no great commercial success, which his biographer Reginald Pound puts down to the fact that "Readers, it seems, were tired of war as a dramatic theme." Herbert was called to the Bar by Inner Temple in 1919 and entered the chambers of Leslie Scott. He was joined by two Oxford friends, Walter Monckton and Henry Strauss, who were called on the same day. Although he spent time at Inner Temple, he never practised law and did not enter a legal career. He later said he was "forever sorry" not to be "of the proud and faithful brotherhood who serve the laws of England." Unable to sustain himself on Punch's "eccentric rates of payment", Herbert wrote his second book, The House by the River, in two months. It was published in 1920. He handed his literary business to A. P. Watt, who sold the American rights to The House by the River and published a collection of his prose submissions to Punch under the title Light Articles Only. In January 1924, Owen Seaman, the editor of Punch, invited Herbert to join its staff. Herbert accepted and his accession meant he would receive a salary of £50 a week. In 1925, Herbert attended the Third Imperial Press Conference on behalf of Punch, where he made his first speech in front of a large audience in Melbourne, where it was described as "delectably witty" by Sir Harry Brittain. In 1926, Herbert was invited by Nigel Playfair to write "an entertainment" for the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. The result was Riverside Nights, performed at the Lyric in April 1926. His next play, The White Witch, was performed at Haymarket Theatre in September 1926. Blue plaque, 12 Hammersmith Terrace Early parliamentary career, 1935–1939 Herbert first encountered Parliament in 1934, when he brought the Kitchen Committee of the House of Commons to court for selling liquor without a licence. Hewart, LCJ ruled that the court would not hear the complaint because the matter fell within parliamentary privilege. Since the decision was never challenged in a higher court, it led to a unique situation of uncertainty as to "the extent to which statute law applies to either House of Parliament." The following year Herbert published Uncommon Law, and Hewart contributed a generous introduction. Herbert first had the idea of standing for Parliament a few weeks before the 1935 general election, when he ran into Frederick Lindemann, who had just been rejected as Conservative candidate for Oxford University. Herbert decided to stand as an Independent, aided by Frank Pakenham as his election agent. Herbert wrote an "unconventional" 5,000-word election address, which included the statement, "Agriculture: I know nothing about agriculture." Herbert was elected as an Independent supporter of the National Government. Defying the advice of more experienced members, including Austen Chamberlain, he made his maiden speech on 4 December 1935, the second day of the opening session of the new Parliament. He protested to Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on a motion that would give precedence to government bills over private member's bills. He went into the "No" lobby alongside the members of the Independent Labour Party and fellow University member Eleanor Rathbone, but the motion was passed by 232 to 5. Churchill praised Herbert for his "composure and aplomb" and famously said: "Call that a maiden speech? It was a brazen hussy of a speech. Never did such a painted lady of a speech parade itself before a modest Parliament." During the speech, Herbert promised to introduce his Matrimonial Causes Bill into law by the end of the Parliament. Herbert's novel Holy Deadlock (1934) deals at length with the inconsistencies of English divorce law. Malavika Rajkotia writes that "This novel sparked off the first divorce law reform movement in England, which led to the passing of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937". In 1936, Herbert failed to be drawn in the private members' ballot but managed to get the Conservative Rupert De la Bère to sponsor the bill. On 20 November, Herbert made a speech in its favour and it passed its second reading by 78 votes to 12. It was given a third reading in the House of Lords on 19 July 1937 and passed by 79 votes to 28. It was passed, somewhat strengthened by the House of Lords, in 1938 as the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937. It allowed divorce to be given without requiring proof of adultery, but fake adulteries and bizarre rules about collusion persisted until the Divorce Reform Act 1969 came into force in 1971. During the prewar period, Herbert drafted a number of bills that were printed on the Order Paper, including a Betting and Bookmakers Bill, a Public Refreshment Bill and a Spring (Arrangements) Bill, which was written in verse. Herbert made numerous attacks on the Entertainments Duty, which had been introduced as a "temporary, war-time tax" in 1916. In his campaign against the duty, Herbert worked closely with William Mabane, and they made some headway when in 1939 the Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon reduced the duty. Herbert also spoke out against the proposed Population (Statistics) Bill in 1937 by making a speech that was received with "loud laughter" in the Commons chamber, making it, according to Punch, "an astonishing occasion". Herbert and others brought in several amendments to the bill before it reached the statute book in 1938. Herbert was also a fervent opponent of the Oxford Group and its leader, Frank Buchman. In particular, he opposed the use of "Oxford" in its name and its supposed association with the University of Oxford. He was supported by the university in his endeavours, particularly by the Oxford Union, which unanimously passed a resolution in support of him. Support for Herbert was also expressed by H. A. L. Fisher, the Warden of New College, Oxford, and Douglas Veale, the Registrar of the University of Oxford. Second World War service, 1939–1945 On 3 November 1938, Herbert enrolled himself and his boat, the Water Gipsy, in the River Emergency Service, which was under the control of the Port of London Authority. Over the summer of 1939, he had taken part in exercises involving simulated air raids and casualty retrieval. In early September 1939, the River Emergency Service reported to its war stations. Herbert's own crew consisted of Darcy Braddell, vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Victor Pasmore, Magnus Pyke and John Pudney. At the sounding of the first air-raid siren in London in 1939, the Water Gipsy was anchored off the Speaker's Steps by Westminster Bridge. A number of MPs left the Commons following the sirens and cheered the Water Gipsy as the only naval vessel in sight before they saluted it. During the Second World War, Herbert was the only non-commissioned officer in the House of Commons, and he wore his uniform on any and every occasion during the war. He turned down efforts to persuade him to apply for a commission, although he once appeared before a selection board against his will. He also turned down the offer of a role in Churchill's war cabinet when asked by saying, "No, thank you, sir. I'm quite happy where I am." Herbert was sent to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1943 with Derrick Gunston and Charles Ammon as members of a parliamentary commission to investigate the future of the dominion. Of the alternatives, he supported independence, rather than Confederation with Canada. Later parliamentary career, 1945–1950 After his re-election in the 1945 general election on 5 July, Herbert noted of the new Parliament that "the surge of Socialism into the House of Commons was something to see." The Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, had won 393 seats and the Conservatives had won only 197. Herbert said of the newly elected Labour MPs, "Arrogance, I am sorry to say, remained. There was such a concerto of nastiness and hate and imbecile yelling, that I thanked God, many times, that I was an Independent and could be silent without disloyalty". Herbert campaigned to ensure that the newly elected MPs realised the significance of private members' time. He prepared a number of private member's bills, including ones covering betting reform, legal aid for the poor, a fairer voting system, and the abolition of decree nisi. However, he was unsuccessful in his first attempt to guarantee private members' time, which was restored later in the Parliament. In autumn 1945, George Orwell had the essay Notes on Nationalism published in the magazine Polemic and named Herbert as one of the followers of "neo-Toryism", who were marked by a "desire not to recognise that British power and influence have declined." Herbert's biographer, Reginald Pound, noted, "APH would have rejected the Tory affiliation, though his inclinations were with the Right." From July 1945 to 1946, Herbert worked on the libretto for Charles B. Cochran's new musical, Big Ben. It opened at the Adelphi Theatre on 17 July 1946 and was watched on its opening night by Churchill, Montgomery, Attlee and Herbert, but Cochran himself was too ill to attend. During its first three months, it took an average of £4,000 a week at the box office, but the running costs were also high and so there was no fortune in it for Cochran or for Herbert. Its run was over at the end of 1946, after 172 performances. Cochran commissioned Herbert to write another musical, Bless the Bride, which opened at the Adelphi on 26 April 1947. It ran for two-and-a-quarter years, was the source of "an accretion of cash" for Herbert, and was Cochran's most successful musical. It includes the hit song 'Ma Belle Marguerite'. Herbert sat on the Supreme Court Committee on Practice and Procedures, chaired by Raymond Evershed, investigating the cost of litigation. He also chaired the Literary Sub-Committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, which judged the literary compositions of 29 nations in their own languages. He accepted an invitation to serve on the Council of the Festival of Britain to be held in 1951. At the time, he was already a member of the Thames Conservancy Board, a trustee of the National Maritime Museum, president of the Inland Waterways Association and a vice president of the Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety. In addition he authored a critical study of royal commissions for the Institute of Economic Affairs, which was dismissed for its "light touch". Herbert commented: "Had it included graphs and tables and been written in a heavy style it would have been accepted as a major contribution to the practice of sound administration." Herbert was re-elected in the 1945 general election and continued as an MP until University seats were abolished in 1950 under the Representation of the People Act 1948. Herbert's last speech, on 23 November 1949, was strongly in favour of the Festival of Britain. He was knighted in 1945 in Winston Churchill's Resignation Honours. The Times noted "his individual niche in the parliamentary temple as the doughty vindicator of the private member's rights, including not least the right to legislate." In 1951, Herbert published a memoir of his service in the House of Commons: Independent Member (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1951). Ten years later he was the subject of a This Is Your Life TV programme in 1961, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Personal life 12 Hammersmith Terrace Herbert first met his future wife, Gwendolyn Harriet Quilter, daughter of Harry Quilter, in the summer of 1914. They became engaged in December 1914 and were married in the first week of 1915 by Frederic Iremonger, Vicar of St James the Great in Bethnal Green. Herbert wore his formal dress uniform as an Acting Leading Seaman for the wedding. They spent their honeymoon in a room in Fulham Road. Gwendolyn lived to the age of 97, dying in 1986. Lady Herbert was elected in 1966 as the first President of Hammersmith Chess Club and was a well-known face on the chess circuit. They had four children: Crystal, Lavender, Jocelyn and John. The Thames Herbert loved the River Thames. He lived beside it at Hammersmith, West London. He was a member of the Thames Conservancy Board and a Freeman of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen. In 1966, he wrote a book, The Thames (Weidenfeld & Nicolson), in which he explored the "machinery" of the river in all its aspects. Death In the last days of 1970, Herbert was taken to Middlesex Hospital in Fitzrovia, after a seizure that affected his left side and arm. Within six weeks, he was home again, but over many months his physical powers waned. In August 1971, he wrote his last letter to The Times, an appeal for parliamentary good manners in refraining from "witty derision of the literary exertions of Mr Harold Wilson" and of the "marine activities" of Edward Heath. By then, he was describing himself as "a recumbent nuisance". A. P. Herbert died on 11 November 1971. Obituaries were published in The Times and in Punch. The Times accompanied its obituary notice with a leading article, saying he had done "more than any man of his day to add to the gaiety of the nation." A memorial service on 6 December in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields which was "crowded to overflowing". On 7 December, the Congressional Record of the US House of Representatives appeared with four pages of tributes to Herbert by congressmen from Ohio, Missouri, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Robert H. Land, chief of the Reference Department of the Library of Congress, later said that there was " record or recollection of a similar tribute to another English writer in the proceedings of Congress." References by other authors In a 1957 article entitled "Over Seventy", lamenting the decline of the humorist, P. G. Wodehouse wrote: "I want to see an A. P. Herbert on every street corner, an Alex Atkinson in every local." The title of Alexandra Fuller's 2001 memoir Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight: An African Childhood is taken from a Herbert quote, "Don't let's go to the dogs tonight, for Mother will be there." "Misleading cases" Uncommon Law, collecting Misleading Cases in the Common Law Further information: Uncommon Law Starting in 1910, he contributed regularly to Punch. One series of his that it took was Misleading Cases in the Common Law – the work for which he is best remembered. These were satirical pieces in the form of "law reports" or "legal judgments" on various aspects of the English legal and judicial system. Many featured the exploits of Albert Haddock, a tireless and veteran litigant. One of the best-known and most colourful is Board of Inland Revenue v Haddock, also known as "The Negotiable Cow". Even the title is a humorous allusion to the entirely serious "Smith's Leading Cases". Herbert often referred to himself as "A. P. Haddock" in skits in Punch magazine, whether or not these had a courtroom setting. Thanks to their realism, Herbert's satires were on several occasions mistakenly reported by newspapers, both in Britain and elsewhere, as factual. One of the "cases", supposedly establishing a novel crime of "doing what you like", was sharply criticised by an American law review article, whose author failed to note its entire absurdity. As such, Herbert's contributions are examples of the literary technique known as false document. Whereas in these fictitious law reports, the fictitious judges and lawyers regularly cited various real and venerable authorities, such as Henry de Bracton, they were prone also to citing texts of Herbert's own imagining, such as "Wedderburn on Water Courses" and "A. Capone's Handbook for Bootleggers". More importantly, the cases were Herbert's vehicles for law-reform work. Beneath their satire, they often made cogent legal or political points that tied into his personal crusades against obsolescent legislation. Although fictional, they are consequently sometimes quoted in judicial decisions, and are also the subject of academic research. Over his lifetime Herbert published five collections, entitled Misleading Cases in the Common Law, More Misleading Cases, Still More Misleading Cases, Codd's Last Case and Bardot M.P.?. Stray cases also appear in his collections of miscellaneous humorous essays, such as General Cargo. Virtually all the cases were assembled into two omnibus volumes, Uncommon Law in 1935 and More Uncommon Law in 1982. A shorter selection, Wigs at Work, appeared in 1966. The BBC successfully adapted these for television, as three series of A P Herbert's Misleading Cases (1967, 1968 and 1971), with Roy Dotrice as Haddock and Alastair Sim as the judge, Mr Justice Swallow. Novels and other writings Herbert wrote eight novels, including The Water Gipsies (1930) and Number Nine (1951), about a post-war civil service, a weekend selection and 15 plays, including the light operas Tantivy Towers (1931) and Big Ben (1946), and the comedy Bless the Bride (1947), which ran for two-and-a-quarter years in London. Herbert published three comic epistolary novels featuring a slangy flapper named Topsy: The Trials of Topsy (1928) Topsy, MP (1929), and Topsy Turvy (1947). They originated as letters published in Punch, and were published together in 1949 as The Topsy Omnibus, and later in a bowdlerized edition, The Voluble Topsy, 1928-1947 (2023). In addition to his fiction, Herbert wrote What a Word! in 1935, continuing his campaign in Punch for better use of English, including a section on "Plain English", more than a decade ahead of Sir Ernest Gowers's more celebrated work. Characteristically, Herbert uses humour to make his serious points about good writing. He authored the lyrics of the patriotic song "Song of Liberty", set in 1940 to the music of Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4. In 1944, a set of posters by Eric Kennington, a personal friend, called Seeing It Through, were accompanied by Herbert poems. They describe the work of certain professionals in London in the war. After the war he wrote a booklet, "The War Story of Southend Pier", detailing when the pier was taken over by the Royal Navy in World War II. In 1967, Herbert published Sundials Old and New; or, Fun with the Sun; a book describing in detail his long fascination with and experiments in sundial technology. In the book, he describes all manner of sundials, and recounts many of his experiments in designing and building different models, including a few that could be used to tell your position on the earth as well as the local time. In 1970 Herbert published A.P.H., His Life and Times, dedicated to "My dear wife, for our 56th anniversary". Selected filmography Tell England (1931) Waltz Time (1933) Publications General The Secret Battle, 1919, Methuen (A novel about a soldier executed for cowardice) The House by the River, 1921, Methuen (A novel about a war poet who commits a murder.) Film: House by the River (1950) Little Rays of Moonshine (1921), also known as Light articles only (1922) The Man About Town (1923) The Old Flame (1925) Misleading Cases in the Common Law (1927) Honeybubble & Co. (1928) Topsy, M.P., 1929, Ernest Benn The Water Gipsies, 1930, Methuen No Boats on the River, 1932, Methuen What a Word!, 1935, Methuen Holy Deadlock, 1934, Methuen Uncommon Law, 1935, Methuen; 1969 (new edition), Methuen Mild and Bitter, 1936, Methuen The Ayes Have It: The Story of the Marriage Bill, 1937, Methuen Sip!: Swallow! (1938) General Cargo (1940) A Better Sky: Or, Name This Star (1944) Astronomy The War Story of Southend Pier, 1945, County Borough of Southend-on-Sea The Point of Parliament (1946) Topsy Turvy (1947) The Topsy Omnibus, 1949, Ernest Benn Independent Member, 1950, Methuen; republished October 1970 (ISBN 0-09-308880-9) Number Nine, 1951, Methuen (ISBN 978-1125619834) Codd's Last Case, 1952, Methuen Why Waterloo?, 1952, Methuen Made for Man, 1958, Methuen (Novel) Look Back and Laugh (1960) Bardot, M.P., 1964, Methuen The Thames (1966), Weidenfeld & Nicolson Wigs at Work, 1966 Sundials Old and New: Or, Fun with the Sun, 1967, Methuen The Singing Swan: A Yachtsman's Yarn, 1968 (Novel) In The Dark; The Summer Time Story and The Painless Plan, 1970, The Bodley Head A.P.H., His Life and Times, 1970, Heinemann More Uncommon Law, 1982 The voluble Topsy, with an introduction by Kate Macdonald, Bath, United Kingdom : Handheld Press, 2023, ISBN 978-1-912766-46-8 Drama and musicals Double Demon, an Absurdity in One Act (1926) The Red Pen, radio opera, music by Geoffrey Toye, BBC broadcast, 7 February 1927 Fat King Melon and Princess Caraway: A Drama in Five Scenes (1927), music arranged by Dennis Arundell Derby Day: A Comic Opera in Three Acts , music by Alfred Reynolds Tantivy Towers: A Light Opera in Three Acts (1931), music by Thomas Dunhill Home and Beauty, (1937) coronation revue, music by Nicholas Brodzsky, produced by C B Cochran, Adelphi Theatre Big Ben: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1946), music by Vivian Ellis Bless the Bride: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1947), music by Vivian Ellis Poetry A.T.I. 'There is no need for alarm' (1944) with drawings by John Nicolson Play Hours with Pegasus (1912) Half-hours at Helles (1916) The Bomber Gypsy, and Other Poems (1919) The Wherefore and the Why; Some New Rhymes for Old Children (1921) Laughing Ann, and Other Poems (1925) Plain Jane (1927) Poems and plays in verse Ballads for Broadbrows (1930) A Book of Ballads, Being the Collected Light Verse of A. P. Herbert (1931) Let Us be Glum Siren Song (1941) Well, Anyhow... or Little Talks (1942) Bring Back the Bells (1943) Less Nonsense! (1944) Light the Lights (1945) Leave my Old Morale Alone (1948) Includes: Siren song / Let us be glum / Bring back the bells / Well, Anyhow... or Little Talks / Less nonsense! / Light the lights Full Enjoyment and Other Verses (1952) Silver Stream: A Beautiful Tale of Hare & Hound for Young & Old (1962) The Spider Styles 1890–1914: Mr Alan Patrick Herbert 1914–1914: Ordinary Seaman A. P. Herbert 1914–1914: Able Seaman A. P. Herbert 1914–1915: Acting Leading Seaman A. P. Herbert 1915–1918: Sub-Lieutenant A. P. Herbert RNVR 1918–1935: Mr A. P. Herbert 1935–1939: A. P. Herbert MP 1939–1945: Petty Officer A. P. Herbert MP 1945–1950: Sir A. P. Herbert MP 1950–1970: Sir A. P. Herbert 1970–1971: Sir A. P. Herbert CH References ^ The India List and India Office List, p. 519. ^ A. P. Herbert: A Biography, Reginald Pound, 1976, p. 17. ^ Pound, Reginald (2004). "Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1890–1971), author and politician: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – oi". In Mullin, Katherine (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31222. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Pound, pp. 16–17. ^ "H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Roll of Honour, Memorial to Captain (E) Sidney Jasper Herbert". Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018. ^ Pound, pp. 21–22. ^ Pound, pp. 22–26. ^ Pound, pp. 25–33. ^ Pound, pp. 33–36. ^ Pound, pp. 40–43. ^ Pound, pp. 43–39. ^ a b "British war poetry: The Bathe". The Daily Telegraph. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ Pound, pp. 50–53. ^ Pound, pp. 54–55. ^ Pound, pp. 57–59. ^ Pound, pp. 60–61. ^ Pound, pp. 64–65. ^ Pound, pp. 65–66. ^ Pound, pp. 66–67. ^ Pound, pp. 84–85. ^ "Parliamentary Privilege – Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege". Parliament. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ a b c Seatrobe, J. B. "They were also MPs: AP Herbert". Total Politics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ^ Pound, p. 135. ^ Pound, pp. 135–136. ^ Herbert, p. 38. ^ Rajkotia, Malavika (2017). Intimacy Undone: Marriage, Divorce and Family Law in India. Speaking Tiger Books. ISBN 9354472974. ^ Herbert, pp. 41–42. ^ Herbert, p. 91. ^ Herbert, p. 95. ^ Pound, pp. 151–153. ^ Pound, pp. 155–156. ^ Herbert, p. 113. ^ Pound, pp. 158–159. ^ Pound, p. 178. ^ Pound, pp. 197–98. ^ Orwell, George. "Notes on Nationalism". Orwell.ru. Retrieved 12 September 2016. ^ Pound, p. 208. ^ Pound, pp. 199–201. ^ Pound, p. 207. ^ Pound, p. 211. ^ Richard Traubner (16 October 2003), Operetta: a theatrical history, ISBN 9780203509029 ^ Pound, pp. 212–214. ^ Herbert, p. 31. ^ "No. 37227". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1945. pp. 4183–4184. ^ "none", The Times, p. 5, 14 August 1945 ^ Pound, p. 37. ^ Pound, pp. 42–43. ^ Chess Club site ^ "A Brief History of Hammersmith Chess Club – Hammersmith Chess Club". ^ a b Pound, pp. 299–301. ^ Cited from epigraph. ^ Uncommon Law, Rex v Haddock: Is it a free country?, 5, pp. 24–29. Haddock is arrested for jumping into the River Thames from Hammersmith Bridge. When questioned about his motive, Haddock replies, "For fun." The judge sums up: "The appellant made the general answer that this was a free country and a man can do what he likes if he does nobody any harm.... It cannot be too clearly understood that this is not a free country, and it will be an evil day for the legal profession when it is... and least of all may they do unusual actions 'for fun'. People must not do things for fun. There is no reference to fun in any Act of Parliament." ^ See for example Messing v Bank of America Archived 19 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine(2002) at paragraph 1, and Victor Chandler International Ltd v The Commissioners of Custom and Excise and Teletext Limited 1999 EWHC Ch 214, para 11, where Mr Justice Lightman stated that a document, in the context of the Betting and Gaming Duties Act 1981 (Q100161290), "must be inanimate: neither a person nor A. P. Herbert's 'negotiable cow' can constitute a document" ^ Sweeney, Joseph C. (October 2000), "Rumpelheimer v. Haddock: Port to Port", J. Maritime Law & Commerce, 31 (4), University of Texas, archived from the original on 13 April 2001, retrieved 21 August 2018 ^ Uncommon Law, Rumpelheimer v Haddock: Port to Port, 37, pp. 237–242. A misleading case hangs on the question of right of way when a car collides with Haddock's dinghy on a flooded road. The English use left-hand traffic, but the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea dictate right-hand traffic. ^ Kate Macdonald, “Introduction,” The Voluble Topsy, 1928-1947 (Bath: Handheld Press, 2023), x. ^ An editorial note reads: “Some words have been silently deleted or replaced where they would cause offence to modern readers, with the permission of the Executors” (p. viii). Sources Reginald Pound (1976), A. P. Herbert: A Biography, London: Michael Joseph A. P. Herbert (1950), Independent Member, London: Methuen External links Wikiquote has quotations related to A. P. Herbert. Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. P. Herbert. A. P. Herbert Collection at the Harry Ransom Center Works by A. P. Herbert at Project Gutenberg Works by or about A. P. Herbert at Internet Archive Works by A. P. Herbert at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Time profile, 1952 Checklist of known Misleading Cases Pathé News (1946) Meet – Sir Alan Herbert. Issue date 14/10/1946 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byLord Hugh Cecil and Sir Charles Oman Member of Parliament for Oxford University 1935–1950 With: Lord Hugh Cecil, 1910–1937Sir Arthur Salter, from 1937 University constituencies abolished Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Artists MusicBrainz 2 People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ashtead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtead"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"The Secret Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Battle"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Matrimonial Causes Act 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1937"},{"link_name":"Oxford Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Group"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Dominion of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"}],"text":"Sir Alan Patrick Herbert CH (known as A. P. Herbert; 24 September 1890 – 11 November 1971), was an English humorist, novelist, playwright, law reformist, and, from 1935 to 1950, an independent Member of Parliament for Oxford University.Born in Ashtead, Surrey, he attended Winchester College and New College, Oxford, receiving a starred first in jurisprudence in 1914. He joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a seaman in the First World War, becoming an officer in the Royal Naval Division. He fought in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, as a battalion adjutant in 1917, before injury removed him from the front line. After the war he published The Secret Battle and in 1924 joined the staff of Punch. As an MP he campaigned for private-member rights, piloted the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 through Parliament, opposed Entertainments Duty and campaigned against the Oxford Group. He joined the River Emergency Service in 1938, captaining a boat on the River Thames in the Second World War as a petty officer in the Royal Naval Auxiliary Patrol. In 1943, he joined a parliamentary commission on the future of the Dominion of Newfoundland.","title":"A. P. Herbert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashtead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"India Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jasper_Selwyn"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"R.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"H. H. Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Owen Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Seaman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"exhibitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibitioner"},{"link_name":"Tariff Reform League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League"},{"link_name":"extempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_tempore"},{"link_name":"home rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule"},{"link_name":"Oxford Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Honour Moderations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Moderations"},{"link_name":"Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Walter Monckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Monckton"},{"link_name":"Duff Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Philip Guedalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Guedalla"},{"link_name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Oxford House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_House_(settlement)"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Herbert was born at Ashtead Lodge, Ashtead, Surrey, on 24 September 1890. His father, Patrick Herbert Coghlan Herbert (1849–1915), was a civil servant (assistant secretary of the Judicial and Public Department)[1][2] in the India Office, of Irish origin,[3] and his mother, Beatrice Eugenie (née Selwyn), was the daughter of Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn, a Lord Justice of Appeal.[4] His two younger brothers both died in battle: Owen William Eugene, Second lieutenant, Royal Field Artillery, killed at Mons in 1914, and Sidney Jasper, Captain R.N., killed 1941 aboard HMS Hood.[5] His mother died of tuberculosis when he was eight, shortly before he left for The Grange in Folkestone, a preparatory school.[6]Herbert then attended Winchester College, winning the King's Medal for English Verse and the King's Medal for English Speech, presented by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. He took an active part in the college debating and Shakespeare societies. As a Winchester student, Herbert sent verses to the offices of Punch and received notes of encouragement and suggestions from the editor, Owen Seaman. Herbert was also Captain of Houses, one of the college's three football divisions.[7]Herbert went to New College, Oxford as an exhibitioner. He made his first public speech at the Kensington branch of the Tariff Reform League, speaking extempore on home rule. His first contribution to Punch was printed on 24 August 1910: a set of verses entitled \"Stones of Venus\". He went up to Oxford in October and made his first speech at the Oxford Union in November. His work began appearing not only in Punch, but in The Observer, the Pall Mall Gazette and Vanity Fair.[8]Herbert received a \"not very good Second\" in Honour Moderations, and apparently disenchanted with Classics, changed his degree to Law. He went into lodgings with Walter Monckton and others and was good friends with the notables Duff Cooper, Harold Macmillan and Philip Guedalla. Herbert finished at Oxford in 1914 with \"a very good First\" in Jurisprudence. He then decided to join his friend Jack Parr as a volunteer at Oxford House in Bethnal Green for a year. He spent the time \"doing what I could:\" washing dishes, sweeping floors, running errands and collecting money.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordinary seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_seaman"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Division"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"leading seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_seaman"},{"link_name":"sub-lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"63rd (Royal Naval) Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_(Royal_Naval)_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Moudros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudros"},{"link_name":"Tynesiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyneside"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Krithia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia"},{"link_name":"Naval Intelligence Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Terrace"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathe-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Naval_Division_trench.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville"},{"link_name":"Souchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souchez"},{"link_name":"Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucourt-sur-l%27Ancre"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre"},{"link_name":"Pozières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Gavrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrelle"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathe-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Secret Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Battle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Constantine, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Tlemcen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Filson Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filson_Young"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On 5 September 1914, Herbert enlisted at Lambeth Pier as an ordinary seaman in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, which later became one of the constituent bodies of the Royal Naval Division. In early October, news reached him that his brother, Owen Herbert, had been posted \"missing, believed killed\" in the retreat from Mons. Herbert reached the rank of acting leading seaman before being commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in early 1915, when he was posted to Hawke Battalion of the Royal Naval Division (later to come under army command as part of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division).[10]\"C\" and \"D\" companies of the Hawke Battalion left for Gallipoli in early 1915, briefly stopping in Malta before arriving at the Moudros on 17 May, and finally reaching Gallipoli on 27 May. Herbert took command of No. 11 Platoon, \"C\" Company, composed mostly of Tynesiders and also two men from a remote Durham mining town. A week after his arrival, the battalion suffered heavy casualties at the Third Battle of Krithia. In July 1915, Herbert went down with illness and had to spend time recovering in a military hospital. When he was passed \"fit for light duty\", he was seconded to the Naval Intelligence Division at Whitehall. It was then that he decided to rent No. 12 Hammersmith Terrace as a dwelling.[11][12]Soldiers of the Royal Naval Division training to leave a trench during Gallipoli, 1915In summer 1916, when he was passed fit for duty, Herbert returned to Hawke Battalion at their base camp in Abbeville, where he was made assistant adjutant. The battalion moved to the front line at Souchez in July 1916, and in mid-November it took part in an attack on Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre during the Battle of the Ancre, which saw almost the entire battalion wiped out. Herbert was one of only two officers to come out unscathed from the attack. When the battalion returned to the front line at Pozières in February 1917, Herbert was made the battalion's adjutant, but he was later injured from shrapnel during an attack on Gavrelle, west of Arras.[12][13]On medical leave back in England after the injury, Herbert began writing his first book, The Secret Battle, which he finished \"in a few weeks\". He was elected a member of the Savage Club and raised by Punch to the \"exclusive group of its contributors who were allowed to attach their initials to their work.\"[14] On 2 October 1918, Herbert sailed from Liverpool in a convoy for Alexandria, as assistant to the Commodore. After arriving at Port Said, he was given a free pass to Cairo and allowed to make a number of unaccompanied incursions inland. He was able to visit several places on the North African coast, and from Tunis took a train to Constantine, Algeria and then to Algiers. On 11 November, he went by train from Oran to Tlemcen. Exactly at 11 am, he heard that the Armistice had been signed. As he wrote, \"I must have been the only Englishman for at least 80 miles.\"[15]Herbert was granted shore leave at Gibraltar and took the chance to travel to Seville, then to Córdoba. He arrived in Madrid on 22 November and dined with the Embassy's naval attaché, Captain John Harvey, as well as Filson Young and others, before making the return journey to Gibraltar.[16]","title":"First World War service, 1914–1918"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Secret Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Battle"},{"link_name":"Methuen Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuen_Publishing"},{"link_name":"E. V. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._V._Lucas"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Reginald Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Pound"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"called to the Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"Leslie Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Scott_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Walter Monckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Monckton,_1st_Viscount_Monckton_of_Brenchley"},{"link_name":"Henry Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Strauss,_1st_Baron_Conesford"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Owen Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Seaman"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sir Harry Brittain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Brittain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nigel Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Playfair"},{"link_name":"Lyric Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(Hammersmith)"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Herbert_Blue_Plaque_Hammersmith_Terrace_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Terrace"}],"text":"The Secret Battle was recommended to Methuen Publishing by E. V. Lucas and announced in their spring list in 1919. It was \"read all night\" by Prime Minister Lloyd George, who brought it to the attention of Churchill, then Secretary of State for War. Montgomery saw it as \"the best story of front line war\" and Herbert himself believed that court-martial arrangements were subsequently \"altered in some way\" as a result of the book. However, the book had no great commercial success, which his biographer Reginald Pound puts down to the fact that \"Readers, it seems, were tired of war as a dramatic theme.\"[17]Herbert was called to the Bar by Inner Temple in 1919 and entered the chambers of Leslie Scott. He was joined by two Oxford friends, Walter Monckton and Henry Strauss, who were called on the same day. Although he spent time at Inner Temple, he never practised law and did not enter a legal career. He later said he was \"forever sorry\" not to be \"of the proud and faithful brotherhood who serve the laws of England.\"[18]Unable to sustain himself on Punch's \"eccentric rates of payment\", Herbert wrote his second book, The House by the River, in two months. It was published in 1920. He handed his literary business to A. P. Watt, who sold the American rights to The House by the River and published a collection of his prose submissions to Punch under the title Light Articles Only.[19]In January 1924, Owen Seaman, the editor of Punch, invited Herbert to join its staff. Herbert accepted and his accession meant he would receive a salary of £50 a week. In 1925, Herbert attended the Third Imperial Press Conference on behalf of Punch, where he made his first speech in front of a large audience in Melbourne, where it was described as \"delectably witty\" by Sir Harry Brittain.[20]In 1926, Herbert was invited by Nigel Playfair to write \"an entertainment\" for the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. The result was Riverside Nights, performed at the Lyric in April 1926. His next play, The White Witch, was performed at Haymarket Theatre in September 1926.Blue plaque, 12 Hammersmith Terrace","title":"Interwar career, 1918–1935"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hewart, LCJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Hewart,_1st_Viscount_Hewart"},{"link_name":"parliamentary privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-privilege-21"},{"link_name":"Uncommon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon_Law"},{"link_name":"1935 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Frederick Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Frank Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford"},{"link_name":"election agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_agent"},{"link_name":"election address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_address"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seatrobe-22"},{"link_name":"National Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Austen Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"Stanley Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"private member's bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"Independent Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Matrimonial Causes Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1937"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seatrobe-22"},{"link_name":"Holy Deadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Deadlock"},{"link_name":"Malavika Rajkotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malavika_Rajkotia"},{"link_name":"Matrimonial Causes Act 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1937"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Rupert De la Bère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_De_la_B%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"Divorce Reform Act 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_Reform_Act_1969"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"William Mabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mabane,_1st_Baron_Mabane"},{"link_name":"Sir John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Oxford Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Group"},{"link_name":"Frank Buchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Buchman"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Union"},{"link_name":"H. A. L. Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._L._Fisher"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Douglas Veale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Veale"},{"link_name":"Registrar of the University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_of_the_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Herbert first encountered Parliament in 1934, when he brought the Kitchen Committee of the House of Commons to court for selling liquor without a licence. Hewart, LCJ ruled that the court would not hear the complaint because the matter fell within parliamentary privilege. Since the decision was never challenged in a higher court, it led to a unique situation of uncertainty as to \"the extent to which statute law applies to either House of Parliament.\"[21] The following year Herbert published Uncommon Law, and Hewart contributed a generous introduction.Herbert first had the idea of standing for Parliament a few weeks before the 1935 general election, when he ran into Frederick Lindemann, who had just been rejected as Conservative candidate for Oxford University. Herbert decided to stand as an Independent, aided by Frank Pakenham as his election agent. Herbert wrote an \"unconventional\" 5,000-word election address, which included the statement, \"Agriculture: I know nothing about agriculture.\"[22]Herbert was elected as an Independent supporter of the National Government.[23] Defying the advice of more experienced members, including Austen Chamberlain, he made his maiden speech on 4 December 1935, the second day of the opening session of the new Parliament. He protested to Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on a motion that would give precedence to government bills over private member's bills. He went into the \"No\" lobby alongside the members of the Independent Labour Party and fellow University member Eleanor Rathbone, but the motion was passed by 232 to 5.[24] Churchill praised Herbert for his \"composure and aplomb\" and famously said: \"Call that a maiden speech? It was a brazen hussy of a speech. Never did such a painted lady of a speech parade itself before a modest Parliament.\"[25] During the speech, Herbert promised to introduce his Matrimonial Causes Bill into law by the end of the Parliament.[22]Herbert's novel Holy Deadlock (1934) deals at length with the inconsistencies of English divorce law. Malavika Rajkotia writes that \"This novel sparked off the first divorce law reform movement in England, which led to the passing of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937\".[26] In 1936, Herbert failed to be drawn in the private members' ballot but managed to get the Conservative Rupert De la Bère to sponsor the bill. On 20 November, Herbert made a speech in its favour and it passed its second reading by 78 votes to 12. It was given a third reading in the House of Lords on 19 July 1937 and passed by 79 votes to 28. It was passed, somewhat strengthened by the House of Lords, in 1938 as the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937. It allowed divorce to be given without requiring proof of adultery, but fake adulteries and bizarre rules about collusion persisted until the Divorce Reform Act 1969 came into force in 1971.[citation needed]During the prewar period, Herbert drafted a number of bills that were printed on the Order Paper, including a Betting and Bookmakers Bill, a Public Refreshment Bill and a Spring (Arrangements) Bill, which was written in verse.[27] Herbert made numerous attacks on the Entertainments Duty, which had been introduced as a \"temporary, war-time tax\" in 1916.[28] In his campaign against the duty, Herbert worked closely with William Mabane, and they made some headway when in 1939 the Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon reduced the duty.[29] Herbert also spoke out against the proposed Population (Statistics) Bill in 1937 by making a speech that was received with \"loud laughter\" in the Commons chamber, making it, according to Punch, \"an astonishing occasion\". Herbert and others brought in several amendments to the bill before it reached the statute book in 1938.[30]Herbert was also a fervent opponent of the Oxford Group and its leader, Frank Buchman. In particular, he opposed the use of \"Oxford\" in its name and its supposed association with the University of Oxford. He was supported by the university in his endeavours, particularly by the Oxford Union, which unanimously passed a resolution in support of him. Support for Herbert was also expressed by H. A. L. Fisher, the Warden of New College, Oxford, and Douglas Veale, the Registrar of the University of Oxford.[31]","title":"Early parliamentary career, 1935–1939"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of British Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"Victor Pasmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Pasmore"},{"link_name":"Magnus Pyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Pyke"},{"link_name":"John Pudney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pudney"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"war cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Derrick Gunston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Gunston"},{"link_name":"Charles Ammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ammon,_1st_Baron_Ammon"}],"text":"On 3 November 1938, Herbert enrolled himself and his boat, the Water Gipsy, in the River Emergency Service, which was under the control of the Port of London Authority.[32] Over the summer of 1939, he had taken part in exercises involving simulated air raids and casualty retrieval. In early September 1939, the River Emergency Service reported to its war stations. Herbert's own crew consisted of Darcy Braddell, vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Victor Pasmore, Magnus Pyke and John Pudney. At the sounding of the first air-raid siren in London in 1939, the Water Gipsy was anchored off the Speaker's Steps by Westminster Bridge. A number of MPs left the Commons following the sirens and cheered the Water Gipsy as the only naval vessel in sight before they saluted it.[33]During the Second World War, Herbert was the only non-commissioned officer in the House of Commons, and he wore his uniform on any and every occasion during the war. He turned down efforts to persuade him to apply for a commission, although he once appeared before a selection board against his will. He also turned down the offer of a role in Churchill's war cabinet when asked by saying, \"No, thank you, sir. I'm quite happy where I am.\"[34]Herbert was sent to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1943 with Derrick Gunston and Charles Ammon as members of a parliamentary commission to investigate the future of the dominion. Of the alternatives, he supported independence, rather than Confederation with Canada.","title":"Second World War service, 1939–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Clement Attlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee"},{"link_name":"decree nisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_nisi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Notes on Nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Polemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orwell-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Cochran"},{"link_name":"Adelphi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Bless the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bless_the_Bride"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ma Belle Marguerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Belle_Marguerite"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Raymond Evershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Evershed,_1st_Baron_Evershed"},{"link_name":"1948 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Festival of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Thames Conservancy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"Inland Waterways Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Association"},{"link_name":"Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Streets_(UK)"},{"link_name":"royal commissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission"},{"link_name":"Institute of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"University seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_constituency"},{"link_name":"Representation of the People Act 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Festival of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seatrobe-22"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Resignation Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews"}],"text":"After his re-election in the 1945 general election on 5 July, Herbert noted of the new Parliament that \"the surge of Socialism into the House of Commons was something to see.\" The Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, had won 393 seats and the Conservatives had won only 197. Herbert said of the newly elected Labour MPs, \"Arrogance, I am sorry to say, remained. There was such a concerto of nastiness and hate and imbecile yelling, that I thanked God, many times, that I was an Independent and could be silent without disloyalty\". Herbert campaigned to ensure that the newly elected MPs realised the significance of private members' time. He prepared a number of private member's bills, including ones covering betting reform, legal aid for the poor, a fairer voting system, and the abolition of decree nisi. However, he was unsuccessful in his first attempt to guarantee private members' time, which was restored later in the Parliament.[35]In autumn 1945, George Orwell had the essay Notes on Nationalism published in the magazine Polemic and named Herbert as one of the followers of \"neo-Toryism\", who were marked by a \"desire not to recognise that British power and influence have declined.\"[36] Herbert's biographer, Reginald Pound, noted, \"APH would have rejected the Tory affiliation, though his inclinations were with the Right.\"[37]From July 1945 to 1946, Herbert worked on the libretto for Charles B. Cochran's new musical, Big Ben. It opened at the Adelphi Theatre on 17 July 1946 and was watched on its opening night by Churchill, Montgomery, Attlee and Herbert, but Cochran himself was too ill to attend. During its first three months, it took an average of £4,000 a week at the box office, but the running costs were also high and so there was no fortune in it for Cochran or for Herbert.[38] Its run was over at the end of 1946, after 172 performances.[39] Cochran commissioned Herbert to write another musical, Bless the Bride, which opened at the Adelphi on 26 April 1947. It ran for two-and-a-quarter years, was the source of \"an accretion of cash\" for Herbert, and was Cochran's most successful musical.[40] It includes the hit song 'Ma Belle Marguerite'.[41]Herbert sat on the Supreme Court Committee on Practice and Procedures, chaired by Raymond Evershed, investigating the cost of litigation. He also chaired the Literary Sub-Committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, which judged the literary compositions of 29 nations in their own languages. He accepted an invitation to serve on the Council of the Festival of Britain to be held in 1951. At the time, he was already a member of the Thames Conservancy Board, a trustee of the National Maritime Museum, president of the Inland Waterways Association and a vice president of the Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety. In addition he authored a critical study of royal commissions for the Institute of Economic Affairs, which was dismissed for its \"light touch\". Herbert commented: \"Had it included graphs and tables and been written in a heavy style it would have been accepted as a major contribution to the practice of sound administration.\"[42]Herbert was re-elected in the 1945 general election and continued as an MP until University seats were abolished in 1950 under the Representation of the People Act 1948.[43] Herbert's last speech, on 23 November 1949, was strongly in favour of the Festival of Britain.[22] He was knighted in 1945 in Winston Churchill's Resignation Honours.[44] The Times noted \"his individual niche in the parliamentary temple as the doughty vindicator of the private member's rights, including not least the right to legislate.\"[45]In 1951, Herbert published a memoir of his service in the House of Commons: Independent Member (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1951). Ten years later he was the subject of a This Is Your Life TV programme in 1961, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews.","title":"Later parliamentary career, 1945–1950"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Harry Quilter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Quilter"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Frederic Iremonger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Iremonger"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"Fulham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_Road"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Herbert"}],"text":"12 Hammersmith TerraceHerbert first met his future wife, Gwendolyn Harriet Quilter, daughter of Harry Quilter, in the summer of 1914.[46] They became engaged in December 1914 and were married in the first week of 1915 by Frederic Iremonger, Vicar of St James the Great in Bethnal Green. Herbert wore his formal dress uniform as an Acting Leading Seaman for the wedding. They spent their honeymoon in a room in Fulham Road.[47]Gwendolyn lived to the age of 97, dying in 1986. Lady Herbert was elected in 1966 as the first President of Hammersmith Chess Club[48] and was a well-known face on the chess circuit.[49] They had four children: Crystal, Lavender, Jocelyn and John.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Thames Conservancy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Conservancy_Board"},{"link_name":"Company of Watermen and Lightermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightermen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The Thames","text":"Herbert loved the River Thames. He lived beside it at Hammersmith, West London. He was a member of the Thames Conservancy Board and a Freeman of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen. [citation needed]In 1966, he wrote a book, The Thames (Weidenfeld & Nicolson), in which he explored the \"machinery\" of the river in all its aspects.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Edward Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-50"},{"link_name":"St Martin-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"Congressional Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record"},{"link_name":"US House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-50"}],"text":"In the last days of 1970, Herbert was taken to Middlesex Hospital in Fitzrovia, after a seizure that affected his left side and arm. Within six weeks, he was home again, but over many months his physical powers waned. In August 1971, he wrote his last letter to The Times, an appeal for parliamentary good manners in refraining from \"witty derision of the literary exertions of Mr Harold Wilson\" and of the \"marine activities\" of Edward Heath. By then, he was describing himself as \"a recumbent nuisance\".A. P. Herbert died on 11 November 1971. Obituaries were published in The Times and in Punch. The Times accompanied its obituary notice with a leading article, saying he had done \"more than any man of his day to add to the gaiety of the nation.\"[50]A memorial service on 6 December in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields which was \"crowded to overflowing\". On 7 December, the Congressional Record of the US House of Representatives appeared with four pages of tributes to Herbert by congressmen from Ohio, Missouri, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Robert H. Land, chief of the Reference Department of the Library of Congress, later said that there was \"[no] record or recollection of a similar tribute to another English writer in the proceedings of Congress.\"[50]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Alex Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight: An African Childhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let%27s_Go_to_the_Dogs_Tonight:_An_African_Childhood"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"In a 1957 article entitled \"Over Seventy\", lamenting the decline of the humorist, P. G. Wodehouse wrote: \"I want to see an A. P. Herbert on every street corner, an Alex Atkinson in every local.\"The title of Alexandra Fuller's 2001 memoir Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight: An African Childhood is taken from a Herbert quote, \"Don't let's go to the dogs tonight, for Mother will be there.\"[51]","title":"References by other authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnCommonLaw1979Cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uncommon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon_Law"},{"link_name":"Uncommon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon_Law"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Misleading Cases in the Common Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon_Law"},{"link_name":"law reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reports"},{"link_name":"legal judgments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_judgment"},{"link_name":"Board of Inland Revenue v Haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Inland_Revenue_v_Haddock"},{"link_name":"law review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_review"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"false document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_document"},{"link_name":"Henry de Bracton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"A P Herbert's Misleading Cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_P_Herbert%27s_Misleading_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roy Dotrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Dotrice"},{"link_name":"Alastair Sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Sim"}],"text":"Uncommon Law, collecting Misleading Cases in the Common LawFurther information: Uncommon LawStarting in 1910, he contributed regularly to Punch. One series of his that it took was Misleading Cases in the Common Law – the work for which he is best remembered. These were satirical pieces in the form of \"law reports\" or \"legal judgments\" on various aspects of the English legal and judicial system. Many featured the exploits of Albert Haddock, a tireless and veteran litigant. One of the best-known and most colourful is Board of Inland Revenue v Haddock, also known as \"The Negotiable Cow\". Even the title is a humorous allusion to the entirely serious \"Smith's Leading Cases\". Herbert often referred to himself as \"A. P. Haddock\" in skits in Punch magazine, whether or not these had a courtroom setting.Thanks to their realism, Herbert's satires were on several occasions mistakenly reported by newspapers, both in Britain and elsewhere, as factual. One of the \"cases\", supposedly establishing a novel crime of \"doing what you like\", was sharply criticised by an American law review article, whose author failed to note its entire absurdity.[52] As such, Herbert's contributions are examples of the literary technique known as false document. Whereas in these fictitious law reports, the fictitious judges and lawyers regularly cited various real and venerable authorities, such as Henry de Bracton, they were prone also to citing texts of Herbert's own imagining, such as \"Wedderburn on Water Courses\" and \"A. Capone's Handbook for Bootleggers\".More importantly, the cases were Herbert's vehicles for law-reform work. Beneath their satire, they often made cogent legal or political points that tied into his personal crusades against obsolescent legislation. Although fictional, they are consequently sometimes quoted in judicial decisions,[53] and are also the subject of academic research.[54][55]Over his lifetime Herbert published five collections, entitled Misleading Cases in the Common Law, More Misleading Cases, Still More Misleading Cases, Codd's Last Case and Bardot M.P.?. Stray cases also appear in his collections of miscellaneous humorous essays, such as General Cargo. Virtually all the cases were assembled into two omnibus volumes, Uncommon Law in 1935 and More Uncommon Law in 1982. A shorter selection, Wigs at Work, appeared in 1966.The BBC successfully adapted these for television, as three series of A P Herbert's Misleading Cases (1967, 1968 and 1971), with Roy Dotrice as Haddock and Alastair Sim as the judge, Mr Justice Swallow.","title":"\"Misleading cases\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Water Gipsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water_Gipsies_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Number Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Nine_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Tantivy Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantivy_Towers"},{"link_name":"Bless the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bless_the_Bride"},{"link_name":"epistolary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novel"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_magazine"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gowers"},{"link_name":"Song of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgar"},{"link_name":"Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_Marches"},{"link_name":"Eric Kennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kennington"},{"link_name":"Southend Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_Pier"}],"text":"Herbert wrote eight novels, including The Water Gipsies (1930) and Number Nine (1951), about a post-war civil service, a weekend selection and 15 plays, including the light operas Tantivy Towers (1931) and Big Ben (1946), and the comedy Bless the Bride (1947), which ran for two-and-a-quarter years in London.Herbert published three comic epistolary novels featuring a slangy flapper named Topsy: The Trials of Topsy (1928) Topsy, MP (1929), and Topsy Turvy (1947). They originated as letters published in Punch,[56] and were published together in 1949 as The Topsy Omnibus, and later in a bowdlerized edition, The Voluble Topsy, 1928-1947 (2023).[57]In addition to his fiction, Herbert wrote What a Word! in 1935, continuing his campaign in Punch for better use of English, including a section on \"Plain English\", more than a decade ahead of Sir Ernest Gowers's more celebrated work. Characteristically, Herbert uses humour to make his serious points about good writing. He authored the lyrics of the patriotic song \"Song of Liberty\", set in 1940 to the music of Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4. In 1944, a set of posters by Eric Kennington, a personal friend, called Seeing It Through, were accompanied by Herbert poems. They describe the work of certain professionals in London in the war. After the war he wrote a booklet, \"The War Story of Southend Pier\", detailing when the pier was taken over by the Royal Navy in World War II.In 1967, Herbert published Sundials Old and New; or, Fun with the Sun; a book describing in detail his long fascination with and experiments in sundial technology. In the book, he describes all manner of sundials, and recounts many of his experiments in designing and building different models, including a few that could be used to tell your position on the earth as well as the local time.In 1970 Herbert published A.P.H., His Life and Times, dedicated to \"My dear wife, for our 56th anniversary\".","title":"Novels and other writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tell England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_England_(film)"},{"link_name":"Waltz Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_Time_(1933_film)"}],"text":"Tell England (1931)\nWaltz Time (1933)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Secret Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Battle"},{"link_name":"The House by the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_by_the_River"},{"link_name":"House by the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_by_the_River"},{"link_name":"The Water Gipsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water_Gipsies_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Holy Deadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Deadlock"},{"link_name":"Uncommon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncommon_Law"},{"link_name":"Southend Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_Pier"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-308880-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-308880-9"},{"link_name":"Number Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Nine_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1125619834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1125619834"},{"link_name":"Made for Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_for_Man"},{"link_name":"Sundials Old and New: Or, Fun with the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47090/page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-912766-46-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912766-46-8"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"The Secret Battle, 1919, Methuen (A novel about a soldier executed for cowardice)\nThe House by the River, 1921, Methuen (A novel about a war poet who commits a murder.) Film: House by the River (1950)\nLittle Rays of Moonshine (1921), also known as Light articles only (1922)\nThe Man About Town (1923)\nThe Old Flame (1925)\nMisleading Cases in the Common Law (1927)\nHoneybubble & Co. (1928)\nTopsy, M.P., 1929, Ernest Benn\nThe Water Gipsies, 1930, Methuen\nNo Boats on the River, 1932, Methuen\nWhat a Word!, 1935, Methuen\nHoly Deadlock, 1934, Methuen\nUncommon Law, 1935, Methuen; 1969 (new edition), Methuen\nMild and Bitter, 1936, Methuen\nThe Ayes Have It: The Story of the Marriage Bill, 1937, Methuen\nSip!: Swallow! (1938)\nGeneral Cargo (1940)\nA Better Sky: Or, Name This Star (1944) Astronomy\nThe War Story of Southend Pier, 1945, County Borough of Southend-on-Sea\nThe Point of Parliament (1946)\nTopsy Turvy (1947)\nThe Topsy Omnibus, 1949, Ernest Benn\nIndependent Member, 1950, Methuen; republished October 1970 (ISBN 0-09-308880-9)\nNumber Nine, 1951, Methuen (ISBN 978-1125619834)\nCodd's Last Case, 1952, Methuen\nWhy Waterloo?, 1952, Methuen\nMade for Man, 1958, Methuen (Novel)\nLook Back and Laugh (1960)\nBardot, M.P., 1964, Methuen\nThe Thames (1966), Weidenfeld & Nicolson\nWigs at Work, 1966\nSundials Old and New: Or, Fun with the Sun, 1967, Methuen\nThe Singing Swan: A Yachtsman's Yarn, 1968 (Novel)\nIn The Dark; The Summer Time Story and The Painless Plan, 1970, The Bodley Head\nA.P.H., His Life and Times, 1970, Heinemann\nMore Uncommon Law, 1982\nThe voluble Topsy, with an introduction by Kate Macdonald, Bath, United Kingdom : Handheld Press, 2023, ISBN 978-1-912766-46-8","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Red Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Pen"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Toye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Toye"},{"link_name":"Dennis Arundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Arundell"},{"link_name":"Derby Day: A Comic Opera in Three Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Day_(light_opera)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Reynolds_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Tantivy Towers: A Light Opera in Three Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantivy_Towers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dunhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dunhill"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Brodzsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Brodszky"},{"link_name":"C B Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Cochran"},{"link_name":"Adelphi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Vivian Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Bless the Bride: A Light Opera in Two Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bless_the_Bride"}],"sub_title":"Drama and musicals","text":"Double Demon, an Absurdity in One Act (1926)\nThe Red Pen, radio opera, music by Geoffrey Toye, BBC broadcast, 7 February 1927\nFat King Melon and Princess Caraway: A Drama in Five Scenes (1927), music arranged by Dennis Arundell\nDerby Day: A Comic Opera in Three Acts [1931], music by Alfred Reynolds\nTantivy Towers: A Light Opera in Three Acts (1931), music by Thomas Dunhill\nHome and Beauty, (1937) coronation revue, music by Nicholas Brodzsky, produced by C B Cochran, Adelphi Theatre\nBig Ben: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1946), music by Vivian Ellis\nBless the Bride: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1947), music by Vivian Ellis","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nicolson_(artist)"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"A.T.I. 'There is no need for alarm' (1944) with drawings by John Nicolson\nPlay Hours with Pegasus (1912)\nHalf-hours at Helles (1916)\nThe Bomber Gypsy, and Other Poems (1919)\nThe Wherefore and the Why; Some New Rhymes for Old Children (1921)\nLaughing Ann, and Other Poems (1925)\nPlain Jane (1927) Poems and plays in verse\nBallads for Broadbrows (1930)\nA Book of Ballads, Being the Collected Light Verse of A. P. Herbert (1931)\nLet Us be Glum [1941]\nSiren Song (1941)\nWell, Anyhow... or Little Talks (1942)\nBring Back the Bells (1943)\nLess Nonsense! (1944)\nLight the Lights (1945)\nLeave my Old Morale Alone (1948) Includes: Siren song / Let us be glum / Bring back the bells / Well, Anyhow... or Little Talks / Less nonsense! / Light the lights\nFull Enjoyment and Other Verses (1952)\nSilver Stream: A Beautiful Tale of Hare & Hound for Young & Old (1962)\nThe Spider","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ordinary Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman"},{"link_name":"Able Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_seaman_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Acting Leading Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Seaman"},{"link_name":"Sub-Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"RNVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNVR"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Petty Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_officer"},{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"}],"text":"1890–1914: Mr Alan Patrick Herbert\n1914–1914: Ordinary Seaman A. P. Herbert\n1914–1914: Able Seaman A. P. Herbert\n1914–1915: Acting Leading Seaman A. P. Herbert\n1915–1918: Sub-Lieutenant A. P. Herbert RNVR\n1918–1935: Mr A. P. Herbert\n1935–1939: A. P. Herbert MP\n1939–1945: Petty Officer A. P. Herbert MP\n1945–1950: Sir A. P. Herbert MP\n1950–1970: Sir A. P. Herbert\n1970–1971: Sir A. P. Herbert CH","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Reginald Pound (1976), A. P. Herbert: A Biography, London: Michael Joseph\nA. P. Herbert (1950), Independent Member, London: Methuen","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Soldiers of the Royal Naval Division training to leave a trench during Gallipoli, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Royal_Naval_Division_trench.jpg/350px-Royal_Naval_Division_trench.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue plaque, 12 Hammersmith Terrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alan_Herbert_Blue_Plaque_Hammersmith_Terrace_01.jpg/220px-Alan_Herbert_Blue_Plaque_Hammersmith_Terrace_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"12 Hammersmith Terrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG/220px-Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG"},{"image_text":"Uncommon Law, collecting Misleading Cases in the Common Law","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/UnCommonLaw1979Cover.jpg/170px-UnCommonLaw1979Cover.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Pound, Reginald (2004). \"Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1890–1971), author and politician: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – oi\". In Mullin, Katherine (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31222.","urls":[{"url":"https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/31222","url_text":"\"Herbert, Sir Alan Patrick (1890–1971), author and politician: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – oi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31222","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31222"}]},{"reference":"\"H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Roll of Honour, Memorial to Captain (E) Sidney Jasper Herbert\". Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410210438/http://hmshood.com/crew/memorial/h/HerbertSJ.htm","url_text":"\"H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Roll of Honour, Memorial to Captain (E) Sidney Jasper Herbert\""},{"url":"https://www.hmshood.com/crew/memorial/h/HerbertSJ.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British war poetry: The Bathe\". The Daily Telegraph. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140126042330/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/inside-first-world-war/part-five/10542340/war-poetry-ap-herbert.html","url_text":"\"British war poetry: The Bathe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/inside-first-world-war/part-five/10542340/war-poetry-ap-herbert.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Privilege – Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege\". Parliament. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201314/jtselect/jtprivi/30/3010.htm","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Privilege – Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege\""}]},{"reference":"Seatrobe, J. B. \"They were also MPs: AP Herbert\". Total Politics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080736/http://www.totalpolitics.com/print/230657/they-were-also-mps-ap-herbert.thtml","url_text":"\"They were also MPs: AP Herbert\""},{"url":"http://www.totalpolitics.com/print/230657/they-were-also-mps-ap-herbert.thtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rajkotia, Malavika (2017). Intimacy Undone: Marriage, Divorce and Family Law in India. Speaking Tiger Books. ISBN 9354472974.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9354472974","url_text":"9354472974"}]},{"reference":"Orwell, George. \"Notes on Nationalism\". Orwell.ru. Retrieved 12 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat","url_text":"\"Notes on Nationalism\""}]},{"reference":"Richard Traubner (16 October 2003), Operetta: a theatrical history, ISBN 9780203509029","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cyC-YCK7FigC&pg=PA355","url_text":"Operetta: a theatrical history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203509029","url_text":"9780203509029"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37227\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 August 1945. pp. 4183–4184.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37227/supplement/4183","url_text":"\"No. 37227\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"none\", The Times, p. 5, 14 August 1945","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Hammersmith Chess Club – Hammersmith Chess Club\".","urls":[{"url":"http://hammerchess.co.uk/2016/03/18/a-brief-history-of-hammersmith-chess-club/","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Hammersmith Chess Club – Hammersmith Chess Club\""}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Joseph C. (October 2000), \"Rumpelheimer v. Haddock: Port to Port\", J. Maritime Law & Commerce, 31 (4), University of Texas, archived from the original on 13 April 2001, retrieved 21 August 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010413060458/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/jmlc/sweeney31.htm#1","url_text":"\"Rumpelheimer v. Haddock: Port to Port\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas","url_text":"University of Texas"},{"url":"http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/jmlc/sweeney31.htm#1","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_Up

Page Up and Page Down keys

["1 See also","2 References"]

Keys on many computer keyboards This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Page Up and Page Down keys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Page Up and Page Down keys among other keys The Page Up and Page Down keys (sometimes abbreviated as PgUp and PgDn) are two keys commonly found on computer keyboards. The two keys are primarily used to scroll up or down in documents, but the scrolling distance varies between different applications. In word processors, for instance, they may jump by an emulated physical page or by a screen view that may show only part of one page or many pages at once depending on zoom factor. In cases when the document is shorter than the full screen, Page Up and Page Down often have no visible effect at all. Operating systems differ as to whether the keys (pressed without modifier) simply move the view – e.g. in Mac OS X – or also the input caret – e.g. in Microsoft Windows. In right-to-left settings, PgUp will move either upwards or rightwards (instead of left) and PgDn will move down or leftwards (instead of right). The keys have been dubbed previous page and next page, accordingly. The arrow keys and the scroll wheel can also be used to scroll a document, although usually by smaller incremental distances. Used together with a modifier key, such as Alt, ⌥ Opt, ^Ctrl or a combination thereof, they may act the same as the Page keys. In most operating systems, if the Page Up or Page Down key is pressed along with the ⇧ Shift key in editable text, all the text scrolled over will be highlighted. In some applications, the Page Up and Page Down keys behave differently in caret navigation (toggled with the F7 function key in Windows). For a claimed 30% of people, the paging keys move the text in the opposite direction to what they find natural, and software may contain settings to reverse the operation of these keys to accommodate that. In August 2008, Microsoft received the US patent #7,415,666 for the functions of the two keys – Page Up & Page Down. See also Arrow keys Scroll wheel References ^ Wallace, Bob; Elizabeth Houser (1989). PC-Write Reference Manual (3.03 ed.). Seattle, WA: QuickSoft, Inc. p. 397. ^ Microsoft Patents Page Up & Down Keys, 2 September 2008, Aaron Heibert, Tom's Hardware, retrieved at 25 January 2017 ^ Microsoft patents 'Page Up' and 'Page Down', 29 August 2008, David Meyer, ZDNet, retrieved at 25 January 2017 IBM PC keyboard (Windows, ANSI US layout)vte Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 PrtScn/SysRq ScrollLock Pause/Break Insert Home PgUp NumLock ∕ ∗ − Delete End PgDn 7 8 9 + 4 5 6 ↑ 1 2 3 Enter ← ↓ →    0   Ins  . Del vteKeyboard keysDead keys Compose Modifier keys Control Shift Alt / Option (Apple) AltGr Command (Apple) / Windows (Microsoft) / Super Meta Hyper Fn Gold Lock keys Scroll Lock Num Lock Caps Lock F-Lock Navigation keys Arrow keys Page Up/Page Down Home End Esc Menu Editing Enter/Return Carriage return Backspace Insert Delete Tab Space bar Numeric keypad Language input Contextual Function keys Print Screen System request Break/Pause Misc. Power management keys (Power, Sleep, Wake) Any key Macro key Copilot key Keyboard technology Keyboard shortcut Keyboard layout Keyboard mapping This computer hardware article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(praetor_61_BC)

Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)

["1 Personal life","2 Political career","3 Family tree of the Octavii Rufi","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 Sources"]

Roman general and senator For other people with similar names, see Gaius Octavius. Gaius OctaviusHead of statue, thought to be Gaius OctaviusBornc. 100 BCVelitrae, Italy, Roman RepublicDied59 BCNola, Italy, Roman RepublicOccupationPoliticianSpouse(s)AnchariaAtiaChildrenOctavia the ElderOctavia the YoungerOctavian Gaius Octavius (c. 100 – 59 BC) was a Roman politician. He was an ancestor to the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was the biological father of the Emperor Augustus, step-grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, great-grandfather of the Emperor Claudius, and great-great grandfather of the Emperors Caligula and Nero. Hailing from Velitrae, he was a descendant of an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. Not being of senatorial rank, he was a novus homo ("new man") at Rome. His grandfather, Gaius Octavius, fought as a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His father, Gaius Octavius, was a municipal magistrate who lived to an advanced age. Personal life Octavius' first wife was named Ancharia. The two had a child named Octavia the Elder. It is not known how the marriage ended, although it is possible that Ancharia died during child birth. Octavius later married the niece of Julius Caesar, Atia. How they met is not known, although Atia's family on her father's side (the Atii Balbi) lived close to Velitrae, which was the ancestral home of the Octavii. They had two children: Octavia the Younger (b. 69 BC) and Gaius Octavius (b. 63 BC), who became Roman Emperor Augustus. Political career Main article: Augustus Head of statue, thought to be Gaius Octavius, father of Octavian, c. 60 BC, Munich GlyptothekAtia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Some time before 73 BC, he had served as military tribune. He may have been elected quaestor some time around 73 BC and later plebeian aedile around 64 BC. His first clearly noted office was that of praetor in 61 BC. In 60 BC, after his term as praetor had ended, he was appointed proconsul of Macedonia. However, before he left for Macedonia, the senate sent him to put down a slave rebellion in Thurii. These slaves had previously taken part in the rebellions led by Spartacus and Catiline. Octavius' victory over the slaves in Thurii led him to give his son, then a few years old, the cognomen of "Thurinus". He then left for Macedonia and proved to be a capable administrator, governing "courageously and justly". He was saluted imperator for his victories over the Bessi in Thrace in 59 BC. Cicero had high regard for Octavius' diplomatic dealings. According to Cicero, due to Octavius' successful term as in Macedonia, he was likely to have won the support necessary to stand for election as consul. Some time in 59 BC, Octavius sailed to Rome to stand for election as consul. However, he never arrived, having died in Nola. His career is summarized in an inscription erected by his son on the forum he built in Rome: C(aius) Octavius C(ai) f(ilius) C(ai) n(epos) C(ai) pr pater Augusti tr(ibunus) mil(itum) bis q(uaestor) aed(ilis) pl(ebis) cum C(aio) Toranio iudex quaestionum pr(aetor) proco(n)s(ul) imperator appellatus ex provincia Macedonia “Gaius Octavius, son, grandson and great-grandson of Gaius, father of Augustus, twice military tribune, quaestor, aedile of the plebs together with Gaius Toranius, judge, praetor, proconsul, proclaimed imperator in the province of Macedonia” Family tree of the Octavii Rufi Further information: Octavia (gens) § Octavii Rufi Legend Orange Emperor Green Consul Cn. Octavius Rufus q. c. 230 BC Cn. Octavius pr. 205 BCC. Octavius eq. Cn. Octavius cos. 165 BCC. Octavius tr. mil. 216 BC Cn. Octavius cos. 128 BCM. Octavius tr. pl. 133 BCC. Octavius magistr. Cn. Octavius cos. 87 BCM. Octavius tr. pl.C. Octavius procos. MAC. 60 BC L. Octavius cos. 75 BCCn. Octavius cos. 76 BCC. Octavius (Augustus) imp. ROM. 27 BC–AD 14 M. Octavius aed. 50 BC Since the last Gaius Octavius (Augustus) was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar and became one of the Julii Caesares, the family's original nomen gentile was not inherited by his only daughter (i.e. Julia the Elder) and adopted sons (i.e. Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Tiberius, Agrippa Postumus), which meant the end of the Octavii Rufi's male line. See also Octavia gens Julio-Claudian family tree Footnotes ^ No ancient source uses a cognomen (surname). The surname Rufus had belonged to his ancestor, Gnaeus Octavius, quaestor c. 230 BC. It was occasionally used (but more often ignored) by his descendants. ^ Caligula was a son of Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, son of Gaius Octavius (proconsul) ^ Nero was a son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32), son of Antonia the Elder, daughter of Octavia the Younger, daughter of Gaius Ovtavius (proconsul) ^ Broughton 1952, pp. 595. Tr. Mil. twice bef. 73, p. 482, Q. ca. 73, Aed. Pl 64?, Iud. Quaest. 63?, Pr. 61, Procos. Macedonia 60–59. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 185, citing Suet. Aug., 3.1, 7.1. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 191, citing Suet. Aug., 3.2 and Vell. Pat., 2.59.2. ^ CIL VI, 41023 Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaius Octavius. Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. Everitt, Antony (2006). Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor. Random House. Suetonius (1913) . "Life of Augustus". The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Rolfe, JC – via LacusCurtius.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaius Octavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roman emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Julio-Claudian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Velitrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velitrae"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"Octavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_gens"},{"link_name":"novus homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_homo"},{"link_name":"Gaius Octavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(tribune_216_BC)"},{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Gaius Octavius.Gaius Octavius[1] (c. 100 – 59 BC) was a Roman politician. He was an ancestor to the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was the biological father of the Emperor Augustus, step-grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius, great-grandfather of the Emperor Claudius, and great-great grandfather of the Emperors Caligula[2] and Nero.[3] Hailing from Velitrae, he was a descendant of an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia. Not being of senatorial rank, he was a novus homo (\"new man\") at Rome. His grandfather, Gaius Octavius, fought as a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His father, Gaius Octavius, was a municipal magistrate who lived to an advanced age.","title":"Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancharia_(wife_of_Gaius_Octavius)"},{"link_name":"Octavia the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Atia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"Octavia the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"}],"text":"Octavius' first wife was named Ancharia. The two had a child named Octavia the Elder. It is not known how the marriage ended, although it is possible that Ancharia died during child birth. Octavius later married the niece of Julius Caesar, Atia. How they met is not known, although Atia's family on her father's side (the Atii Balbi) lived close to Velitrae, which was the ancestral home of the Octavii. They had two children: Octavia the Younger (b. 69 BC) and Gaius Octavius (b. 63 BC), who became Roman Emperor Augustus.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_Gaius_Octavius_Glyptothek_Munich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Glyptothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptothek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atia_Balba_Caesonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Thurii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurii"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus"},{"link_name":"Catiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catiline"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cognomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Nola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nola"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Head of statue, thought to be Gaius Octavius, father of Octavian, c. 60 BC, Munich GlyptothekAtia from Promptuarii Iconum InsigniorumSome time before 73 BC, he had served as military tribune. He may have been elected quaestor some time around 73 BC and later plebeian aedile around 64 BC. His first clearly noted office was that of praetor in 61 BC.[4]In 60 BC, after his term as praetor had ended, he was appointed proconsul of Macedonia. However, before he left for Macedonia, the senate sent him to put down a slave rebellion in Thurii. These slaves had previously taken part in the rebellions led by Spartacus and Catiline.[5] Octavius' victory over the slaves in Thurii led him to give his son, then a few years old, the cognomen of \"Thurinus\". He then left for Macedonia and proved to be a capable administrator, governing \"courageously and justly\".[citation needed] He was saluted imperator for his victories over the Bessi in Thrace in 59 BC.[6]Cicero had high regard for Octavius' diplomatic dealings. According to Cicero, due to Octavius' successful term as in Macedonia, he was likely to have won the support necessary to stand for election as consul. Some time in 59 BC, Octavius sailed to Rome to stand for election as consul. However, he never arrived, having died in Nola.[citation needed] His career is summarized in an inscription erected by his son on the forum he built in Rome:[7]C(aius) Octavius C(ai) f(ilius) C(ai) n(epos) C(ai) pr[on(epos)]\npater Augusti\ntr(ibunus) mil(itum) bis q(uaestor) aed(ilis) pl(ebis) cum\nC(aio) Toranio iudex quaestionum\npr(aetor) proco(n)s(ul) imperator appellatus\nex provincia Macedonia“Gaius Octavius, son, grandson and great-grandson of Gaius,\nfather of Augustus,\ntwice military tribune, quaestor, aedile of the plebs together with\nGaius Toranius, judge,\npraetor, proconsul, proclaimed imperator\nin the province of Macedonia”","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octavia (gens) § Octavii Rufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_(gens)#Octavii_Rufi"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Julii Caesares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julii_Caesares"},{"link_name":"nomen gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"Julia the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Gaius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Lucius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Agrippa Postumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus"}],"text":"Further information: Octavia (gens) § Octavii RufiSince the last Gaius Octavius (Augustus) was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar and became one of the Julii Caesares, the family's original nomen gentile was not inherited by his only daughter (i.e. Julia the Elder) and adopted sons (i.e. Gaius Caesar, Lucius Caesar, Tiberius, Agrippa Postumus), which meant the end of the Octavii Rufi's male line.","title":"Family tree of the Octavii Rufi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"cognomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Agrippina the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Julia the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32)"},{"link_name":"Antonia the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Octavia the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Broughton 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBroughton1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Broughton 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBroughton1952"},{"link_name":"Suet. Aug.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuet._Aug."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Broughton 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBroughton1952"},{"link_name":"Suet. Aug.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuet._Aug."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"CIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum"},{"link_name":"VI, 41023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+41023&r_sortierung=Belegstelle"}],"text":"^ No ancient source uses a cognomen (surname). The surname Rufus had belonged to his ancestor, Gnaeus Octavius, quaestor c. 230 BC. It was occasionally used (but more often ignored) by his descendants.\n\n^ Caligula was a son of Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, son of Gaius Octavius (proconsul)\n\n^ Nero was a son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32), son of Antonia the Elder, daughter of Octavia the Younger, daughter of Gaius Ovtavius (proconsul)\n\n^ Broughton 1952, pp. 595. Tr. Mil. twice bef. 73, p. 482, Q. ca. 73, Aed. Pl 64?, Iud. Quaest. 63?, Pr. 61, Procos. Macedonia 60–59.\n\n^ Broughton 1952, p. 185, citing Suet. Aug., 3.1, 7.1.\n\n^ Broughton 1952, p. 191, citing Suet. Aug., 3.2 and Vell. Pat., 2.59.2.\n\n^ CIL VI, 41023","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaius Octavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaius_Octavius"},{"link_name":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/?id=LSSPEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Life of Augustus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaius Octavius.Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.\nEveritt, Antony (2006). Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor. Random House.\nSuetonius (1913) [1st century AD]. \"Life of Augustus\". The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Rolfe, JC – via LacusCurtius.","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[{"title":"Octavia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_gens"},{"title":"Julio-Claudian family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree"}]

[{"reference":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton","url_text":"Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon"}]},{"reference":"Everitt, Antony (2006). Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor. Random House.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/?id=LSSPEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor"}]},{"reference":"Suetonius (1913) [1st century AD]. \"Life of Augustus\". The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Rolfe, JC – via LacusCurtius.","urls":[{"url":"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html","url_text":"\"Life of Augustus\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+41023&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VI, 41023"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/?id=LSSPEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Augustus: the life of Rome's first emperor"},{"Link":"http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html","external_links_name":"\"Life of Augustus\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_bus_routes_702_and_703

Berkshire bus routes 701, 702 and 703

["1 History","2 References"]

Bus routes running between Reading, Windsor and London The London Line 701 and 702 Flightline 703Reading Buses Flightline 703 branded Alexander Dennis Enviro400 City in Bracknell in February 2024OverviewOperatorReading Buses (The London Line 701 and 702)Thames Valley Buses (Flightline 703)VehicleAlexander Dennis Enviro400 CityRouteStartReading station (701)Legoland Windsor (702)Bracknell (703)ViaWindsorSloughHammersmith (702)EndLegoland Windsor (701)Green Line Coach Station (702)Heathrow Terminal 5 (703)ServiceOperatesMonday – Sunday Windsor Express (The London Line 701 and 702 & Flightline 703) are bus routes that run between Reading, Windsor, and London. History In 2015, FirstGroup announced plans to withdraw all their services, including route 702, from Bracknell. However, it was subsequently announced that the route would be retained. In December 2017, Reading Buses took over the 702 route from FirstGroup. For the first day of service on 24 December, passengers could board for free and various heritage vehicles were used on the route. First had previously announced it would withdraw the route as it said it had become unsustainable due to increasing costs of operation. On 8 May 2018, route 703 was introduced. Buses were branded as the "Royal Express" and painted in a gold and purple livery, coinciding with the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. At the time, the routes were operated using Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMCs. From 2 November 2020, some early morning and late evening 702 journeys started running via the M4 between Reading and Slough. In January 2021 route 702 was suspended due to low usage as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. On 24 July 2022, route 703 increased its frequency to provide a half-hourly service between Heathrow Airport and Slough, as a result of the airport's partnership. There is also now an improved hourly service between Legoland Windsor and Slough throughout the day. In February 2023, seven 37.8 ft (11.5 m) 76-seater Alexander Dennis Enviro400 Citys were ordered to upgrade routes 702 and 703. Delivery of these buses in June 2023 coincided with Reading Buses dropping the Green Line brand for both routes, with route 702 becoming The London Line and route 703 becoming the Flightline, both under the new Windsor Express brand. 3 extra vehicles were delivered in February 2024 to complete the Flightline upgrade, coinciding with the Reading Buses' Lion 4/X4 upgrade. In March 2024, Thames Valley Buses took over the operation of Flightline 703 from Reading Buses. References ^ "Green Line 702 & 703 - Bus & Coach in Reading, Windsor and Maidenhead". Visit Windsor. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "First Buses to continue 702 service from Bracknell to London". Bracknell News. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Fort, Hugh (18 August 2015). "Under-threat Bracknell bus route to London retained". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ Dougall, Emily (21 November 2017). "Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 with special running day". Coach & Bus Week. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Green Line 702 changes hands". Coach & Bus Week. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Lee, David (26 November 2017). "Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 bus service". Slough & South Bucks Express. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Brunetti, Nic (29 November 2017). "Slough and Windsor bus service facing the axe is saved after rival bus company intervenes". Slough Observer. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Aldridge, James (15 April 2018). "Reading Buses launches route to Heathrow Airport". InYourArea. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "New bus route to be launched connecting Bracknell and Heathrow". Bracknell News. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Taboada, Khadija (7 May 2018). "Spot Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on a Reading bus". InYourArea. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Dougall, Emily (13 February 2018). "BCI on Reading's Green Line 702". Coach & Bus Week. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Knight, Alice (19 October 2020). "Here are the changes being made to Reading Buses' timetable". Reading Chronicle. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Drew, Sophie (20 January 2021). "Some bus routes suspended as hardly anyone is using them". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Reading Buses orders seven Enviro400s for Green Line". routeone. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ "Green Line now Flight Line and London Line for Reading". routeone. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023. ^ "Route 703: Bracknell to Heathrow Terminal 5". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

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[]

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Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/reading-berkshire-news/under-threat-bracknell-bus-route-9876517","url_text":"\"Under-threat Bracknell bus route to London retained\""}]},{"reference":"Dougall, Emily (21 November 2017). \"Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 with special running day\". Coach & Bus Week. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cbwmagazine.com/reading-buses-take-green-line-702-special-running-day/","url_text":"\"Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 with special running day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Line 702 changes hands\". Coach & Bus Week. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cbwmagazine.com/green-line-702-changes-hands/","url_text":"\"Green Line 702 changes hands\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, David (26 November 2017). \"Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 bus service\". Slough & South Bucks Express. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/gallery/slough/124350/reading-buses-to-take-over-green-line-702-bus-service.html","url_text":"\"Reading Buses to take over Green Line 702 bus service\""}]},{"reference":"Brunetti, Nic (29 November 2017). \"Slough and Windsor bus service facing the axe is saved after rival bus company intervenes\". Slough Observer. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/15691196.first-bus-green-line-702-service-facing-the-axe-is-saved-after-rival-bus-company-reading-buses-intervenes/","url_text":"\"Slough and Windsor bus service facing the axe is saved after rival bus company intervenes\""}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, James (15 April 2018). \"Reading Buses launches route to Heathrow Airport\". InYourArea. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/reading-buses-launches-route-to-heathrow-airport/","url_text":"\"Reading Buses launches route to Heathrow Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"New bus route to be launched connecting Bracknell and Heathrow\". Bracknell News. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/16152554.new-bus-route-launched-connecting-bracknell-heathrow/","url_text":"\"New bus route to be launched connecting Bracknell and Heathrow\""}]},{"reference":"Taboada, Khadija (7 May 2018). \"Spot Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on a Reading bus\". InYourArea. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/spot-prince-harry-and-meghan-markle-on-a-reading-bus/","url_text":"\"Spot Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on a Reading bus\""}]},{"reference":"Dougall, Emily (13 February 2018). \"BCI on Reading's Green Line 702\". Coach & Bus Week. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cbwmagazine.com/bci-readings-green-line-702/","url_text":"\"BCI on Reading's Green Line 702\""}]},{"reference":"Knight, Alice (19 October 2020). \"Here are the changes being made to Reading Buses' timetable\". Reading Chronicle. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/18805594.reading-buses-make-changes-timetable/","url_text":"\"Here are the changes being made to Reading Buses' timetable\""}]},{"reference":"Drew, Sophie (20 January 2021). \"Some bus routes suspended as hardly anyone is using them\". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/reading-berkshire-news/reading-buses-suspends-two-routes-19665736","url_text":"\"Some bus routes suspended as hardly anyone is using them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reading Buses orders seven Enviro400s for Green Line\". routeone. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.route-one.net/news/reading-buses-orders-seven-enviro400s-for-green-line/","url_text":"\"Reading Buses orders seven Enviro400s for Green Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Line now Flight Line and London Line for Reading\". routeone. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.route-one.net/news/green-line-now-flight-line-and-london-line-for-reading/","url_text":"\"Green Line now Flight Line and London Line for Reading\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 703: Bracknell to Heathrow Terminal 5\". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thamesvalleybuses.com/services/CTNY/703","url_text":"\"Route 703: Bracknell to Heathrow Terminal 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Buses","url_text":"Thames Valley Buses"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Post_Howard

Thomas H. Howard

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Society life","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"]

American clubman Thomas H. HowardBorn(1862-12-06)December 6, 1862Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.DiedJune 4, 1904(1904-06-04) (aged 41)Hyde Park, New York, U.S.Spouse Rose Anthony Post ​ ​(m. 1892)​ChildrenElizabeth Stuyvesant HowardThomas Howard HowardParent(s)Ezra Williams HowardElizabeth Stuyvesant Neilson Howard Thomas Howard Howard (December 6, 1862 – June 4, 1904) was an American clubman who was prominent in New York and Newport society during the Gilded Age. Early life Howard was born in Providence, Rhode Island on December 6, 1862. He was the son of Ezra Williams Howard (1818–1869), a graduate of Brown University (where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi) and Harvard Law School, and Elizabeth Stuyvesant (née Neilson) Howard (1828–1902). Among his siblings were Elizabeth Stuyvesant Howard (who died young), John Neilson Howard (a real estate dealer), Ezra Williams Howard (who also died young), and Marion Clifford Howard. After his father's death, his mother donated $2,000 towards the erection of St. John's Memorial Church in Parsons, Kansas, which was organized in June 1874. His maternal grandparents were John Neilson and Margaret Ann (née Fish) Neilson. Through his maternal grandmother, he was a direct descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Director-General of New Amsterdam, as she was the daughter of Nicholas Fish and sister of Hamilton Fish, who served as governor of New York, a U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State. Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of Col. John Neilson, an officer in the Revolutionary army and a founder of Rutgers University. Career After marrying Rose, Howard became involved in business and served as the manager of Hyde Park, the estate of his wife's uncle (by marriage), Frederick W. Vanderbilt located in Hyde Park, New York and built between 1896–99. While Vanderbilt was building his home, he also built a large home for the Howards near his home, that today is known as the Howard Mansion. The mansion, a two-story, six-bay, eclectic dwelling built of uncoursed fieldstone, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White. In 1901, a two-story Tudor style carriage house was built that features a two-story, polygonal bay with a polygonal roof. Society life In February 1892, Howard his newly married wife were included in Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred", purported to be an index of New York's best families, published in The New York Times. Conveniently, 400 was the number of people that could fit into Mrs. Astor's ballroom. According to The New York Times, Howard, a member of the prestigious Knickerbocker Club, was one of the "best known men in New York society and the leader of many cotillions." In Newport, Rhode Island, the Howards stayed at Rough Point, the Vanderbilt cottage designed by Peabody & Stearns and owned by Rose's aunt and uncle and completed in 1892. Personal life On January 19, 1892, Howard was married to Rose Anthony Post (d. 1949), who was known as "Miss Spriggie Post", at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York City. Rose was the daughter of William Post and Rosalie DeWolfe (née Anthony) Post and the sister of William Post and Margaret Van Alen Bruguiére (who married James Laurens Van Alen, a grandson of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor in 1900). Rose was also the niece of Louise Vanderbilt (née Anthony), as Rose's mother and Louise were both daughters of Charles Lee Anthony, a successful dry-goods merchant in New York City. Together, they were the parents of: Elizabeth Stuyvesant Howard (1897–1988), who married U.S. Representative Robert Winthrop Kean (1893–1980). Thomas Howard Howard (b. 1899) Howard died in Hyde Park on June 4, 1904. His widowed wife, along with her aunt, remained prominent in Hudson Valley society, and Rose was a friend and member of the same sewing circle as Sara Delano Roosevelt, the mother of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who also lived along the Hudson River in Hyde Park. Rose died at her home, 1115 Fifth Avenue (the southeast corner of East 93rd Street and Fifth Avenue) in New York City in April 1949. Descendants Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the posthumous grandfather of six; three boys: Robert Kean, Hamilton Kean and Thomas Howard Kean (b. 1935), who served two terms as the Governor of New Jersey, and three daughters, Elizabeth Kean, Rose Kean and Katharine Kean. He is also the great-grandfather of Thomas Kean, Jr. (b. 1968), who was the Minority Leader of the New Jersey State Senate. References ^ Yearbook. Sons of the American Revolution New York State Society. 1894. p. 138. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Catalogue of the Alpha Delta Phi Society. Executive Council of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. 1870. p. 241. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University. The School. 1920. p. 124. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ McGill, John (1948). The Macgill-McGill family of Maryland: a genealogical record of over 400 years beginning 1537, ending 1948. McGill. p. 196. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Case, Nelson (1893). History of Labette County, Kansas: From the First Settlement to the Close of 1892. Crane. p. 319. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York: History, Customs, Record of Events, Constitution, Certain Genealogies, and Other Matters of Interest. V. 1-. Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York. 1905. p. 15. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ The Sons of the American Revolution: New York State Society, 1893-94. Republic Press. 1894. p. 137. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ a b "HIGHWAYMEN ATTACK SLEIGH. Mrs. F.W. Vanderbilt's Niece One of Party Which Foils Robbers" (PDF). The New York Times. February 26, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Social Register, Summer: Contains the Summer Addresses of Residents of New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston and Baltimore. Social Register Association. 1904. p. 187. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ John A. Bonafide (January 1993). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Howard Mansion and Carriage House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-24. See also: "Accompanying five photos". ^ McAllister, Ward (16 February 1892). "THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2017. ^ Patterson, Jerry E. (2000). The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor's New York in the Gilded Age. Random House Incorporated. p. 218. ISBN 9780847822089. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677. Retrieved 20 October 2017. ^ a b c "Thomas H. Howard" (PDF). The New York Times. June 7, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ "Society AT HOME AND ABROAD" (PDF). The New York Times. June 5, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ a b "MRS. THOMAS H. HOWARD RITES HELD IN NEW YORK | Kin of Former Colonists Was Sister of Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere". Newport Mercury. 8 Apr 1949. p. 3. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ a b "SOCIETY TOPICS OF THE WEEK" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1892. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ "WHAT IS GOING ON IN SOCIETY". The Sun. January 24, 1892. p. 6. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Nemy, Enid (January 21, 1969). "Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere Dies; Leader of Society in Newport; Second Invitation to Visit Her Was Viewed as Hallmark of Acceptance in Colony". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ a b "Elizabeth S. Kean, 90, Mother of Governor". New York Times. 29 January 1988. Retrieved 11 January 2015. ^ Cook, Joan (24 September 1980). "Robert W. Kean, 86; Formerly in House; Jersey Republican Won Reputation as Expert on Social Security". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2015. Robert Winthrop Kean, a former United States Representative and for years a leading figure in Republican politics in New Jersey, died Sunday in St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, N.J., from a heart attack. He was 86 years old and lived in Livingston. ^ Felzenberg, Alvin (2006). Governor Tom Kean: From the New Jersey Statehouse to the 911 Commission. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780813539867. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilded Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age"}],"text":"Thomas Howard Howard (December 6, 1862 – June 4, 1904) was an American clubman who was prominent in New York and Newport society during the Gilded Age.","title":"Thomas H. Howard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1894Sons-1"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Alpha Delta Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADP1870-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLaw1920-3"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGill1949-4"},{"link_name":"Parsons, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Case1893-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Stuyvesant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant"},{"link_name":"Director-General of New Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_New_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Fish"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StNick1905-6"},{"link_name":"Col. John Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neilson_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAR1894-7"}],"text":"Howard was born in Providence, Rhode Island on December 6, 1862.[1] He was the son of Ezra Williams Howard (1818–1869), a graduate of Brown University (where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi)[2] and Harvard Law School,[3] and Elizabeth Stuyvesant (née Neilson) Howard (1828–1902). Among his siblings were Elizabeth Stuyvesant Howard (who died young), John Neilson Howard (a real estate dealer), Ezra Williams Howard (who also died young), and Marion Clifford Howard.[4] After his father's death, his mother donated $2,000 towards the erection of St. John's Memorial Church in Parsons, Kansas, which was organized in June 1874.[5]His maternal grandparents were John Neilson and Margaret Ann (née Fish) Neilson. Through his maternal grandmother, he was a direct descendant of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Director-General of New Amsterdam, as she was the daughter of Nicholas Fish and sister of Hamilton Fish, who served as governor of New York, a U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of State.[6] Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of Col. John Neilson, an officer in the Revolutionary army and a founder of Rutgers University.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Mansion_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1904Attack-8"},{"link_name":"Howard Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Mansion_and_Carriage_House"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR1904-9"},{"link_name":"fieldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldstone"},{"link_name":"Charles Follen McKim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Follen_McKim"},{"link_name":"McKim, Mead & White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"carriage house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_house"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv_ny-10"}],"text":"After marrying Rose, Howard became involved in business and served as the manager of Hyde Park, the estate of his wife's uncle (by marriage), Frederick W. Vanderbilt located in Hyde Park, New York and built between 1896–99.[8] While Vanderbilt was building his home, he also built a large home for the Howards near his home, that today is known as the Howard Mansion.[9] The mansion, a two-story, six-bay, eclectic dwelling built of uncoursed fieldstone, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White. In 1901, a two-story Tudor style carriage house was built that features a two-story, polygonal bay with a polygonal roof.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_McAllister"},{"link_name":"Four Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Hundred_(1892)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McAllister1892-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patterson2000-12"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Astor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keister2005-13"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Knickerbocker Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Club"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THHObit1904-14"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Rough Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Point"},{"link_name":"Peabody & Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_%26_Stearns"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1904-15"}],"sub_title":"Society life","text":"In February 1892, Howard his newly married wife were included in Ward McAllister's \"Four Hundred\", purported to be an index of New York's best families, published in The New York Times.[11][12] Conveniently, 400 was the number of people that could fit into Mrs. Astor's ballroom.[13] According to The New York Times, Howard, a member of the prestigious Knickerbocker Club, was one of the \"best known men in New York society and the leader of many cotillions.\"[14]In Newport, Rhode Island, the Howards stayed at Rough Point, the Vanderbilt cottage designed by Peabody & Stearns and owned by Rose's aunt and uncle and completed in 1892.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Anthony Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Post_Howard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MrsHObit1949-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1892NYTWedding-17"},{"link_name":"Church of the Heavenly Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Heavenly_Rest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1892NYTWedding-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1892Wedding-18"},{"link_name":"Margaret Van Alen Bruguiére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Van_Alen_Brugui%C3%A9re"},{"link_name":"Caroline Schermerhorn Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Schermerhorn_Astor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MVABObit1969-19"},{"link_name":"Louise Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1904Attack-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THHObit1904-14"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Stuyvesant Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Kean"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESHKObit1988-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Winthrop Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Winthrop_Kean"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THHObit1904-14"},{"link_name":"Sara Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felzenberg2008-22"},{"link_name":"East 93rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MrsHObit1949-16"}],"text":"On January 19, 1892, Howard was married to Rose Anthony Post (d. 1949),[16] who was known as \"Miss Spriggie Post\",[17] at the Church of the Heavenly Rest in New York City.[17][18] Rose was the daughter of William Post and Rosalie DeWolfe (née Anthony) Post and the sister of William Post and Margaret Van Alen Bruguiére (who married James Laurens Van Alen, a grandson of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor in 1900).[19] Rose was also the niece of Louise Vanderbilt (née Anthony),[8] as Rose's mother and Louise were both daughters of Charles Lee Anthony, a successful dry-goods merchant in New York City. Together, they were the parents of:[14]Elizabeth Stuyvesant Howard (1897–1988),[20] who married U.S. Representative Robert Winthrop Kean (1893–1980).[21]\nThomas Howard Howard (b. 1899)Howard died in Hyde Park on June 4, 1904.[14] His widowed wife, along with her aunt, remained prominent in Hudson Valley society, and Rose was a friend and member of the same sewing circle as Sara Delano Roosevelt, the mother of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who also lived along the Hudson River in Hyde Park.[22] Rose died at her home, 1115 Fifth Avenue (the southeast corner of East 93rd Street and Fifth Avenue) in New York City in April 1949.[16]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Howard Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kean"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kean, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kean,_Jr."},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESHKObit1988-20"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his daughter Elizabeth, he was the posthumous grandfather of six; three boys: Robert Kean, Hamilton Kean and Thomas Howard Kean (b. 1935), who served two terms as the Governor of New Jersey, and three daughters, Elizabeth Kean, Rose Kean and Katharine Kean. He is also the great-grandfather of Thomas Kean, Jr. (b. 1968), who was the Minority Leader of the New Jersey State Senate.[20]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Yearbook. Sons of the American Revolution New York State Society. 1894. p. 138. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KjISAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138","url_text":"Yearbook"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue of the Alpha Delta Phi Society. Executive Council of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. 1870. p. 241. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cataloguealphad02phigoog","url_text":"Catalogue of the Alpha Delta Phi Society"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cataloguealphad02phigoog/page/n254","url_text":"241"}]},{"reference":"Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University. The School. 1920. p. 124. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9lNMAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA124","url_text":"Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University"}]},{"reference":"McGill, John (1948). The Macgill-McGill family of Maryland: a genealogical record of over 400 years beginning 1537, ending 1948. McGill. p. 196. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bTg3AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Macgill-McGill family of Maryland: a genealogical record of over 400 years beginning 1537, ending 1948"}]},{"reference":"Case, Nelson (1893). History of Labette County, Kansas: From the First Settlement to the Close of 1892. Crane. p. 319. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoflabette01case","url_text":"History of Labette County, Kansas: From the First Settlement to the Close of 1892"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoflabette01case/page/319","url_text":"319"}]},{"reference":"The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York: History, Customs, Record of Events, Constitution, Certain Genealogies, and Other Matters of Interest. V. 1-. Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York. 1905. p. 15. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CJM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15","url_text":"The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York: History, Customs, Record of Events, Constitution, Certain Genealogies, and Other Matters of Interest. V. 1-"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Society_of_the_City_of_New_York","url_text":"Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York"}]},{"reference":"The Sons of the American Revolution: New York State Society, 1893-94. Republic Press. 1894. p. 137. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonsamericanrev00revogoog","url_text":"The Sons of the American Revolution: New York State Society, 1893-94"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonsamericanrev00revogoog/page/n167","url_text":"137"}]},{"reference":"\"HIGHWAYMEN ATTACK SLEIGH. Mrs. F.W. Vanderbilt's Niece One of Party Which Foils Robbers\" (PDF). The New York Times. February 26, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/02/26/101387338.pdf","url_text":"\"HIGHWAYMEN ATTACK SLEIGH. Mrs. F.W. Vanderbilt's Niece One of Party Which Foils Robbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Social Register, Summer: Contains the Summer Addresses of Residents of New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston and Baltimore. Social Register Association. 1904. p. 187. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oP5BAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA187","url_text":"Social Register, Summer: Contains the Summer Addresses of Residents of New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston and Baltimore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Register_Association","url_text":"Social Register Association"}]},{"reference":"John A. Bonafide (January 1993). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Howard Mansion and Carriage House\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016161350/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2010","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Howard Mansion and Carriage House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"},{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2010","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accompanying five photos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=2011","url_text":"\"Accompanying five photos\""}]},{"reference":"McAllister, Ward (16 February 1892). \"THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE\" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/02/16/108210917.pdf","url_text":"\"THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Jerry E. (2000). The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor's New York in the Gilded Age. Random House Incorporated. p. 218. ISBN 9780847822089. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLwMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor's New York in the Gilded Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847822089","url_text":"9780847822089"}]},{"reference":"Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677. Retrieved 20 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5dAtJf1hmAUC&pg=PA36","url_text":"Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521536677","url_text":"9780521536677"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas H. Howard\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 7, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/06/07/106734639.pdf","url_text":"\"Thomas H. Howard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Society AT HOME AND ABROAD\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 5, 1904. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/06/05/101343951.pdf","url_text":"\"Society AT HOME AND ABROAD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"MRS. THOMAS H. HOWARD RITES HELD IN NEW YORK | Kin of Former Colonists Was Sister of Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere\". Newport Mercury. 8 Apr 1949. p. 3. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/16372813","url_text":"\"MRS. THOMAS H. HOWARD RITES HELD IN NEW YORK | Kin of Former Colonists Was Sister of Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Mercury","url_text":"Newport Mercury"}]},{"reference":"\"SOCIETY TOPICS OF THE WEEK\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1892. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/01/24/104115625.pdf","url_text":"\"SOCIETY TOPICS OF THE WEEK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"WHAT IS GOING ON IN SOCIETY\". The Sun. January 24, 1892. p. 6. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/79111209","url_text":"\"WHAT IS GOING ON IN SOCIETY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)","url_text":"The Sun"}]},{"reference":"Nemy, Enid (January 21, 1969). \"Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere Dies; Leader of Society in Newport; Second Invitation to Visit Her Was Viewed as Hallmark of Acceptance in Colony\". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/01/21/77320724.html?pageNumber=47","url_text":"\"Mrs. Louis S. Bruguiere Dies; Leader of Society in Newport; Second Invitation to Visit Her Was Viewed as Hallmark of Acceptance in Colony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth S. Kean, 90, Mother of Governor\". New York Times. 29 January 1988. Retrieved 11 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/29/nyregion/elizabeth-s-kean-90-mother-of-governor.html","url_text":"\"Elizabeth S. Kean, 90, Mother of Governor\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Joan (24 September 1980). \"Robert W. Kean, 86; Formerly in House; Jersey Republican Won Reputation as Expert on Social Security\". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2015. Robert Winthrop Kean, a former United States Representative and for years a leading figure in Republican politics in New Jersey, died Sunday in St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, N.J., from a heart attack. He was 86 years old and lived in Livingston.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1980/09/24/archives/robert-w-kean-86-formerly-in-house-jersey-republican-won-reputation.html","url_text":"\"Robert W. Kean, 86; Formerly in House; Jersey Republican Won Reputation as Expert on Social Security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Felzenberg, Alvin (2006). Governor Tom Kean: From the New Jersey Statehouse to the 911 Commission. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780813539867. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2X0aA2HViB4C&pg=PA6","url_text":"Governor Tom Kean: From the New Jersey Statehouse to the 911 Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press","url_text":"Rutgers University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813539867","url_text":"9780813539867"}]}]

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