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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composhield

Composhield

["1 Products","2 References","3 External links"]

ComposhieldCompany typePrivately held companyIndustryDefenceFounded2000HeadquartersLystrup, Aarhus, DenmarkProductsVehicle armor, Composite armor, Structural ArmorSubsidiariesAMTANK ArmorWebsitewww.composhield.com Composhield A/S is a Danish armor manufacturer and integrator established in 2000. It develops, manufactures and assembles custom-built vehicle armour systems as well as composite add-on armor protection kits for lightweight military tactical trucks and APCs (wheeled & tracked) and commercial vehicles. Composhield was created in 1996 as an internal research project in the company Giantcode A/S. In 2000 it became an independent company as Composhield A/S. In 2007 Composhield A/S formed a joint-venture, AMTANK Armor LLC., together with American Tank & Fabricating Company, to serve the North American market. Composhield is a privately held company. Products The products offered protect against custom and standard threats, such as those defined by STANAG 4569 The add-on armor kits are based on Ceramic-polymer technology that allows them to withstand extreme dynamic loads compared to traditional steel armor. The company produces polymer compact reinforced composites as for structure protection. At IDEX 2013 Composhield presented a low weight RPG protection kit based on 3D add-on armor modules. Composhield composite armor is used in various military vehicles, several of which have been fielded in theaters of operation such as Afghanistan. Vehicles with armored components designed or manufactured by Composhield - Urovesa Vamtac - Mercedes-Benz Actros - HMMWV Jülkat - Pindad ANOA - Nimr II - Streit Typhoon - AVF Tuwaiq Urovesa Vamtac Danish Jülkat HMMWV Mercedes Benz Actros Streit Typhoon vehicle on display at DSEi 2011 References ^ Company History ^ The American Tank & Fabricating Company has Agreed to Join Forces with Composhield A/S ^ Composhield Brochure Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Constructor de paneles antibalas escoge DOPAG ECONO-MIX ^ Enhancing the performance under close-in detonations with polymer reinforced CRC, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 6 (2006) ^ "IDEX 2013 - Day Three News from the Show from Andre Forkert". Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2013-04-12. ^ 12 Vehículos de recuperación para las FAS alemanas en Afganistán Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Knokler køretøjer klar til ISAF hold 8 ^ Army recognition, DSEI 2009 ^ Nuevo Vamtac Blindado ^ LMT wins Danish order External links Official website AMTANK Armor website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C3%BCl_Tanbay

Betül Tanbay

["1 Education","2 Academic career","2.1 Visiting positions","3 Research areas","3.1 Representative scientific journal publications","4 References","5 External links"]

Turkish mathematician Betül Tanbay (born 1960) is a Turkish mathematician, scientist and professor of mathematics at the Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey and the first woman president of the Turkish Mathematical Society between 2010 and 2016. Education Betül Tanbay was born in Istanbul and raised in Ankara until 1977. She graduated from the Lycée Janson de Sailly, Paris, France in 1978. She received her Licence en Mathématiques from Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg in 1982, and her PhD in Mathematics under the supervision of Robert Solovay at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States in 1989. Academic career She has been a full time member and chairwoman in the Department of Mathematics, at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. She has been the Vice-Provost for Foreign Affairs and represented her university at the European University Association between 2004 and 2007. She is the founding codirector of the Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences (IMBM). She has been in the scientific boards of research institutes such as IMBM, Feza Gürsey Institute, Institut d'Etudes Avancées - Aix Marseille (IMéRA). She was the director of a leading doctoral network project of TÜBİTAK between 2008 and 2012. She has worked as an executive committee member, including presidency, at the Turkish Mathematical Society; as delegate, Ethics Committee member, Raising Awareness Committee member, Executive Committee member at the European Mathematical Society where she was elected vice-president for the 2019-2022 period; and as delegate, member of the Committee for Women in Mathematics at the International Mathematical Union. Visiting positions She has held visiting positions at UC Berkeley and UC Santa Barbara, Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, University of Kansas, Pennsylvania State University and joined the Kadison-Singer Conjecture Workshop at the American Institute of Mathematics. Research areas Her research interests include operator algebras and set theory. Representative scientific journal publications C. Akemann, J. Anderson, B. Tanbay, Weak Paveability And The Kadison-Singer Problem, Journal of Operator Theory, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 295–300 (2014). arXiv:1203.2854 B. Tanbay, A Letter on the Kadison-Singer problem, Revue Roumaine des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 293–302 (2014). http://imar.ro/journals/Revue_Mathematique/pdfs/2014/2/10.pdf C. Akemann, J. Anderson, B. Tanbay, The Kadison-Singer problem for the direct sum of matrix algebras, Positivity, vol. 16, no. 1, pp 53–66 (2012). https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11117-010-0109-1.pdf C. Akemann, B. Tanbay, A. Ülger A Note On The Kadison-Singer Problem, Journal of Operator Theory, vol. 63, no. 2, 363–274 (2010). arXiv:0708.2366 References ^ Benmayor, Gila (3 August 2018). "Women-founded startups are more profitable than men-founded ones". Hurriyet. ^ Record in the Genealogy Project ^ Bogazici University Vice-Provost ^ Feza Gürsey Institute Scientific Board ^ The dynamics of IMéRA in perspective ^ Turkish Mathematical Society presidency ^ "EMS committee memberships". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-07-21. ^ EMS Executive Committee ^ EMS vice-presidency ^ IMU Women in Mathematics membership External links Betül Tanbay's professional home page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef

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She graduated from the Lycée Janson de Sailly, Paris, France in 1978. She received her Licence en Mathématiques from Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg in 1982, and her PhD in Mathematics under the supervision of Robert Solovay at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States in 1989.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European University Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Center_for_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Feza Gürsey Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feza_G%C3%BCrsey_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"TÜBİTAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"European Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"She has been a full time member and chairwoman in the Department of Mathematics, at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. She has been the Vice-Provost for Foreign Affairs and represented her university at the European University Association between 2004 and 2007.[3] She is the founding codirector of the Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences (IMBM). She has been in the scientific boards of research institutes such as IMBM, Feza Gürsey Institute,[4] Institut d'Etudes Avancées - Aix Marseille (IMéRA).[5] She was the director of a leading doctoral network project of TÜBİTAK between 2008 and 2012. She has worked as an executive committee member, including presidency, at the Turkish Mathematical Society;[6] as delegate, Ethics Committee member, Raising Awareness Committee member,[7] Executive Committee member at the European Mathematical Society where she was elected vice-president for the 2019-2022 period;[8][9] and as delegate, member of the Committee for Women in Mathematics at the International Mathematical Union.[10]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UC Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Université de Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_math%C3%A9matiques_de_Jussieu_-_Paris_Rive_Gauche"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Mathematics"}],"sub_title":"Visiting positions","text":"She has held visiting positions at UC Berkeley and UC Santa Barbara, Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, University of Kansas, Pennsylvania State University and joined the Kadison-Singer Conjecture Workshop at the American Institute of Mathematics.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Her research interests include operator algebras and set theory.","title":"Research areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1203.2854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1203.2854"},{"link_name":"http://imar.ro/journals/Revue_Mathematique/pdfs/2014/2/10.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//imar.ro/journals/Revue_Mathematique/pdfs/2014/2/10.pdf"},{"link_name":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11117-010-0109-1.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11117-010-0109-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0708.2366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0708.2366"}],"sub_title":"Representative scientific journal publications","text":"C. Akemann, J. Anderson, B. Tanbay, Weak Paveability And The Kadison-Singer Problem, Journal of Operator Theory, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 295–300 (2014). arXiv:1203.2854\nB. Tanbay, A Letter on the Kadison-Singer problem, Revue Roumaine des Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 293–302 (2014). http://imar.ro/journals/Revue_Mathematique/pdfs/2014/2/10.pdf\nC. Akemann, J. Anderson, B. Tanbay, The Kadison-Singer problem for the direct sum of matrix algebras, Positivity, vol. 16, no. 1, pp 53–66 (2012). https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11117-010-0109-1.pdf\nC. Akemann, B. Tanbay, A. Ülger A Note On The Kadison-Singer Problem, Journal of Operator Theory, vol. 63, no. 2, 363–274 (2010). arXiv:0708.2366","title":"Research areas"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Tart_(album)

Pop Tart (album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Pop Tart" album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) 1998 studio album by Little NobodyPop TartStudio album by Little NobodyReleasedSeptember 1998GenreElectronicLength74 mins. LabelIF? RecordsProducerAndrez BergenLittle Nobody chronology Solid Gold Collectibles, and Then Some EP(1997) Pop Tart(1998) Action Hero(2000) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating3D World 2 November 1998Juice Issue 73, 1999revolver 2 November 1998Rolling Stone Australia #55, January 1999 Pop Tart is an album from Little Nobody released on IF? Records in September, 1998. Track listing "Sparkplug" "Nobody's Driving" "Tobacco-stained Mountain Goat" "Fear of a Black Bat" "Zone Troopers" "We Call It Crack House" "Nobody's Driving (Pharmaceutical Mix)" "Pineapple Slice" "Alright Already!" "Fuyu" "Demented Discotheque" "Old Skool Gangsta Slap" "Goddammit" "Nobody's Driving (Nobody's Looking Mix)" "Nobody's Driving (Houston Mix)" Personnel Andrez Bergen - Samples, Composition, Engineering Francois Tetaz - Engineering, Mastering Elenor Rayner - Keyboards (Tracks 8 and 13) Nicole Skeltys - Remix (Track 7) Blimp - Remix (Track 14) Dee Dee - Remix (Track 15) References

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_platform

Supply-side platform

["1 Flowchart","2 Examples","3 See also","4 References"]

Technology for producers to market goods and services A supply-side platform (SSP) or sell-side platform is a technology platform to enable web publishers and digital out-of-home (DOOH) media owners to manage their advertising inventory, fill it with ads, and receive revenue. Many of the larger web publishers of the world use a supply-side platform to automate and optimize the selling of their online media space. A supply-side platform interfaces on the publisher side to advertising networks and exchanges, which in turn interface to demand-side platforms (DSP) on the advertiser side. This system allows advertisers to put online advertising and DOOH advertising before a selected target audience. SSPs send potential impressions into ad exchanges, where DSPs purchase them on marketers' behalf, depending on specific targeting attributes and audience data. By offering impressions to as many potential buyers as possible publishers can maximize the revenue. Therefore, SSPs are sometimes referred to as yield-optimization platforms. Often, real-time bidding (RTB) is used to complete DSP transactions. Unlike advertising networks that target buyers (advertisers), supply-side platforms provide services for publishers (website, app, and DOOH owners). Supply-side platforms are often integrated into the structure of advertising and ad serving companies, as well as ad exchanges that work with both publishers (supply side) and advertisers (demand side). Flowchart Online advertising serving process Examples Equativ OpenX Lemma Pubmatic Magnite Inc Smaato SpotX Verizon Media Xandr (formerly AppNexus) Google Ad Manager Magnite See also Ad exchange Demand-side platform References ^ "How an ad is served with real-time bidding". Internet Advertising Bureau. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. ^ "Programmatic bidding: Buy, buy, baby". The Economist. 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-10-06. ^ "Advertising Ecosystem". iab.net. ^ Ryan Joe, provided by (2014-02-07). "DSPs, SSPs, DMPs, Ad Exchanges Help Inspire New, IAB Data-Driven Ads Site Says Exec Dolan". adexchanger.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27. ^ Rob Graham (August 25, 2010). "The Rise of the Demand Side Platform". ClickZ. Retrieved 2013-11-14. ^ "U.S Firms to spend over $10 billion on third-party audience data". IAB. ^ Jack Marshall, provided by (2014-01-22). "WTF is a supply-side platform". Digiday. Retrieved 2016-07-29. ^ Nick Saint, provided by (2010-08-02). "The Rise Of Real-Time Bidding Is The Biggest Online Advertising Story Of 2010". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2010-11-20. ^ "Advertising Ecosystem". iab.net. ^ Susan Bidel, provided by (2014-05-29). "The Forrester Wave™: Sell-Side Platforms And Exchanges For Publishers, Q2 2014". www.forrester.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lee_Roosevelt_Longworth

Alice Roosevelt Longworth

["1 Childhood","2 Relationship with stepmother","3 Father's presidency","3.1 Public conduct","3.2 Tour of Asia","4 Married life","5 Post-Roosevelt presidency","6 Political connections","7 Later life","8 Death","9 Wit","10 Citations","11 General and cited bibliography","11.1 Books","11.2 Articles","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

American writer and socialite (1884–1980) "Alice Roosevelt" redirects here. For her mother, see Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt. Alice Roosevelt LongworthPortrait of RooseveltBornAlice Lee Roosevelt(1884-02-12)February 12, 1884New York City, U.S.DiedFebruary 20, 1980(1980-02-20) (aged 96)Washington, D.C., U.S.Burial placeRock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.Spouse Nicholas Longworth III ​ ​(m. 1906; died 1931)​ChildrenPaulina Longworth Sturm (with William Borah)Parents Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt FamilyRoosevelt family Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was an American writer and socialite. She was the eldest child of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and his only child with his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt. Longworth led an unconventional and controversial life. Her marriage to Representative Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican Party leader and the 38th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and her only child, Paulina, was from her affair with Senator William Borah. Childhood Roosevelt family in 1903 with Quentin on the left, Theodore Roosevelt, Ted, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel. Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the Roosevelt family home at 6 West 57th St. in Manhattan, New York on February 12, 1884. Her mother, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, was a Boston banking heiress. Her father, Theodore, was then a New York State Assemblyman. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Alice was a descendant of the Schuyler family. Two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed kidney failure. Eleven hours earlier that day, Theodore's mother, Martha "Mittie" Bulloch Roosevelt, had died of typhoid fever. Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wife's death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Therefore, his daughter Alice was called "Baby Lee" instead of by her first name. She continued this practice late in life, often preferring to be called "Mrs. L" rather than "Alice." Seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west, where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in North Dakota. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna, known as "Bamie" or "Bye." Letters to Bamie reveal Theodore's concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, "I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, I shall dearly love her." Bamie had a significant influence on young Alice, who would later speak of her admiringly: "If auntie Bye had been a man, she would have been president." Bamie took her under her watchful care, moving Alice into her book-filled Manhattan house, until Theodore married again. After Theodore married Edith Kermit Carow on December 2, 1886, Alice was raised by her father and stepmother. Through this marriage, Alice had five half-siblings: Theodore III (Ted), Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin. Theodore remained married to Edith until his death in 1919. During much of Alice's childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. As Alice later became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt "Bye" provided needed structure and stability. Late in life, she said of her aunt: "There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye." Relationship with stepmother Edith Kermit Carow (c. 1900)Alice Roosevelt around 1902 by Frances Benjamin Johnston There were tensions in the relationship between young Alice and her stepmother Edith, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful, but insipid, childlike fool. Edith once angrily told her that if Alice Hathaway Lee had lived, she would have bored Theodore to death. Continuing tension with her stepmother and prolonged separation and limited attention from her father created a young woman who was independent, outgoing, and self-confident. When her father was governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Alice attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. In response, Alice wrote, "If you send me I will humiliate you. I will do something that will shame you. I tell you I will." In later years, Alice expressed admiration for her stepmother's sense of humor and stated that they had shared similar literary tastes. In her autobiography Crowded Hours, Alice wrote of Edith Carow, "That I was the child of another marriage was a simple fact and made a situation that had to be coped with, and Mother coped with it with a fairness and charm and intelligence which she has to a greater degree than almost any one else I know." Father's presidency Hand-tinted photograph of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston, taken around her debut in 1903. Following the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley in Buffalo, her father took office, an event that she greeted with "sheer rapture." Alice became a celebrity and fashion icon at age 17, and at her social debut in 1902 she wore a gown of what became known as "Alice blue", sparking a color trend in women's clothing, and a popular song, "Alice Blue Gown." Public conduct Alice was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, and she thrived on the attention, even as she chafed at some of the restrictions such attention placed on her. In this, Alice resembled her father. She later said of Theodore, "He wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening." Her outspokenness and antics won the hearts of the American people, who nicknamed her "Princess Alice." Alice was known for breaking many social norms of her era. The Journal des débats in Paris noted that in 15 months Alice Roosevelt had attended 407 dinners, 350 balls, and 300 parties. One paper alleged that she had stripped down to her lingerie at a drunken orgy held at a Newport, Rhode Island, mansion, and danced atop a table; a story that proved to be false. She smoked cigarettes in public, rode in cars with men, stayed out late partying, kept a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily after her spinster aunt and Spinach for its green color) in the White House, and was seen placing bets with a bookie. On May 11, 1908, Alice amused herself in the Capitol's gallery at the House of Representatives by placing a tack on the chair of an unknown but "middle-aged" and "dignified" gentleman. Upon encountering the tack, "like the burst of a bubble on the fountain, like the bolt from the blue, like the ball from the cannon," the unfortunate fellow leapt up in pain and surprise while she looked away. 1902 studio portrait of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston. Once, a White House visitor commented on Alice's frequent interruptions to the president's office, often to offer political advice. The exhausted president commented to his friend, author Owen Wister, after she interrupted their conversation for the third time and he threatened to throw her "out the window", "I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both." Tour of Asia Alice Roosevelt in 1902 with her dog, Leo, a long-haired Chihuahua. She was also given a Pekingese named Manchu, by the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi in 1905. In 1905, Alice, along with her father's Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, led the American delegation to Japan, Hawaii, China, the Philippines, and Korea. It was the largest such diplomatic mission thus far, composed of 23 congressmen (including her future husband Nicholas Longworth), seven senators, diplomats, officials, and businessmen. During the cruise to Japan, Alice jumped into the ship's swimming pool fully clothed, and coaxed Congressman William Bourke Cockran to join her in the water after he commented that she looked to be having such fun swimming about, that he was tempted to jump in himself. "Come along " she replied and in he came. Putting a romantic spin on the story, newspapers reported it was Longworth to whom Alice was engaged. Years later, Robert F. Kennedy would chide her about the incident, saying it was outrageous for the time, to which the by-then-octogenarian Alice replied that it would only have been outrageous had she removed her clothes. In her autobiography, Crowded Hours, Alice made note of the event, pointing out that there was little difference between the linen skirt and blouse she had been wearing and a lady's swimsuit of the period. Married life 1906 postcard associated with her wedding In December 1905, after returning to Washington from their diplomatic travels, the 21-year-old Alice became engaged to Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican U.S. House of Representatives member from Cincinnati, Ohio, who ultimately would rise to become speaker of the House. The two had traveled in the same social circles for several years, but their relationship solidified during the Imperial Cruise. A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family, Longworth was 14 years her senior and had a reputation as a Washington D.C. playboy. Their wedding took place in February 1906 and was the social event of the season. It was attended by more than a thousand guests with many thousands gathered outside hoping for a glimpse of the bride. She wore a blue wedding dress and dramatically cut the wedding cake with a sword (borrowed from a military aide attending the reception). Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a honeymoon that included a voyage to Cuba and a visit to the Longworths in Cincinnati. This was followed by travels to England and the continent which included having dinners with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Georges Clemenceau, Whitelaw Reid, Lord Curzon, and William Jennings Bryan. They bought a house at 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., now the headquarters of the Washington Legal Foundation. Alice publicly supported her father's Bull Moose presidential candidacy in the 1912 presidential election, while her husband stayed loyal to his mentor, President William Howard Taft, and was running for re-election on the Republican ticket. Nicholas Longworth narrowly lost his House seat that year to Democratic challenger Stanley E. Bowdle. During that election cycle, Alice appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, Hiram Johnson, in Longworth's own district. Longworth lost by about 105 votes and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost). However, Nicholas Longworth was elected again in 1914 and stayed in the House for the rest of his life. Alice's campaign against her husband caused a permanent chill in their marriage. During their marriage, Alice carried on numerous affairs. It was general knowledge in D.C. that she had a long, ongoing affair with Senator William Borah. When Alice's diaries were opened to historical research they indicated that Borah was the father of her daughter, Paulina Longworth (1925–1957). Alice was renowned for her "brilliantly malicious" humor, even in this sensitive situation, since she had originally wanted to name her daughter "Deborah," as in "de Borah." And according to one family friend, "everybody called her 'Aurora Borah Alice.'" Post-Roosevelt presidency When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the White House, Alice buried a Voodoo doll of the new first lady, Nellie Taft, in the front yard. Later, the Taft White House barred her from her former residence—the first but not the last administration to do so. During Woodrow Wilson's administration (which barred her in 1916 for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Alice worked against the entry of the United States into the League of Nations. During the Great Depression, when she, like many other Americans, found her fortunes reversed, Alice appeared in tobacco advertisements to earn money. She also published an autobiography, Crowded Hours. The book sold well and received rave reviews. Time praised its "insouciant vitality." Alice's wit could have political effects on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin Joseph Wright Alsop V claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie, who hoped to defeat Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, she said yes, "the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs." During the 1940 presidential campaign, she publicly proclaimed that she'd "rather vote for Hitler than vote for Franklin for a third term." Alice demolished Thomas Dewey, the 1944 opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-mustached Republican to "the bridegroom on the wedding cake." The image stuck and Governor Dewey lost two consecutive presidential elections. Paulina Longworth married Alexander McCormick Sturm, with whom she had a daughter, Joanna (b. July 9, 1946). Alexander died in 1951. Paulina herself died in 1957 from an overdose of sleeping pills. Not very long before Paulina's death, she and Alice had discussed the care of Joanna in case of such an event. Alice fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter, whom she raised. In contrast to Alice's relationship with her daughter, she doted on her granddaughter, and the two were very close. In an article in American Heritage in 1969, Joanna was described as a "highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old" and was called "a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth's youthfulness.... The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other's tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.'" Alice Roosevelt Longworth and her husband, House Speaker and Ohio Representative Nicholas Longworth on the steps of the US Capitol in 1926 Alice Roosevelt Longworth on her 43rd birthday in 1927 with her daughter Paulina, age 2 Political connections Roosevelt greeting Queen Elizabeth II at the White House State Dinner, 1976 From an early age, Alice was interested in politics. When advancing age and illness incapacitated her Aunt Bamie, Alice stepped into her place as an unofficial political adviser to her father. She warned her father against challenging the renomination of William Howard Taft in 1912. Alice took a hard-line view of the Democrats and in her youth sympathized with the conservative wing of the Republican Party. She supported her half-brother Theodore Roosevelt Jr. when he ran for governor of New York in 1924. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, Alice publicly opposed his candidacy. Writing in the Ladies' Home Journal in October 1932, she said of FDR, "Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common..... I am a Republican..... I am going to vote for Hoover..... If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time." Although Alice did not support John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election, she became very enamored of the Kennedy family and "learned how amusing and attractive Democrats could be." She developed an affectionate, although sometimes strained, friendship with Robert F. Kennedy, perhaps because of his relatively thin skin. When Alice privately made fun of his scaling the newly named Mount Kennedy in Canada, he was not amused. She admitted to voting for President Lyndon Johnson over Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964 because she believed Goldwater was too mean. Alice developed a genuine friendship with Richard Nixon when he was vice president. In 1957 he served as a pallbearer at Paulina's funeral. When he returned to California after Dwight Eisenhower's second term and his loss in the 1960 presidential election, she kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over. Alice encouraged Nixon to reenter politics and continued to invite him to her famous dinners. Nixon returned these favors by inviting her to his first formal White House dinner and to the 1971 wedding of his daughter Tricia Nixon. Later life Alice Roosevelt Longworth christening the submarine named after her father, the USS Theodore Roosevelt, in 1959 In 1955, Alice slipped and suffered a broken hip. In 1956, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, and though she successfully underwent a mastectomy at the time, cancer was found in her other breast in 1970, requiring a second mastectomy. Alice was a lifelong member of the Republican Party, but her political sympathies began to change when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson. She voted Democratic in 1964 and was known to be supporting Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 Democratic primary. After Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Alice again supported her friend Richard Nixon in the 1968 and 1972 elections, just as she had done in his 1960 campaign against John F. Kennedy. She was recorded in a telephone conversation with Nixon in the Nixon White House tapes sharply criticizing the 1972 Democratic nominee George McGovern. Nixon called her "the most interesting " and said, "No one, no matter how famous, could ever outshine her." She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, but a perceived lack of social grace on the part of Jimmy Carter caused her to decline to ever meet him, the last sitting president in her lifetime. In the official statement marking her death, President Carter wrote "She had style, she had grace, and she had a sense of humor that kept generations of political newcomers to Washington wondering which was worse—to be skewered by her wit or to be ignored by her." Death After many years of ill health, Alice died in her Embassy Row house on February 20, 1980, eight days after her 96th birthday, of emphysema and pneumonia, with contributory effects of a number of other chronic illnesses. She is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C. She is the longest-lived child of a US President. Wit Of her quotable comments, Alice's most famous found its way onto a pillow on her settee: "If you can't say something good about someone, sit right here by me." To Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had jokingly remarked at a party "Here's my blind date. I am going to call you Alice," she sarcastically said "Senator McCarthy, you are not going to call me Alice. The truckman, the trashman and the policeman on my block may call me Alice, but you may not." She informed President Lyndon B. Johnson that she wore wide-brimmed hats so he couldn't kiss her. When a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, she quipped, "You can't make a soufflé rise twice." She said in a 60 Minutes interview with Eric Sevareid, televised on February 17, 1974, that she was a hedonist. Citations ^ "Alice Roosevelt Longworth". The Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University. Retrieved February 10, 2023. ^ Brogan, Hugh and Mosley, Charles American Presidential Families October 1993, page 568 ^ Morris, pp. 229–230 ^ Morris, pp. 232, 373 ^ a b c d e f g h Hansen, Stephen (September 10, 2012). "What Was Once Princess Alice's Palace". TheInTowner. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2014. ^ Wead D. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books, 2003 p. 48. ^ Rixey, L. Bamie: Theodore Roosevelt's remarkable sister. D. McKay Co., 1963, p. v. ^ Morris, pp. 373–374 ^ Teague, Michael. Mrs. L: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1981. ISBN 0-7156-1602-1. ^ Miller, N. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992, p. 193. ^ Renehan, Edward J., Jr. The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War. Oxford University Press, 1999 p. 47. ^ Longworth, A. L. R. Crowded Hours. Charles Scribner's Press, 1933, p. 9. ^ Brough, J. (1975). Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Little, Brown & Company. p. 122. ^ Ken Tate; Janice Tate (2004), Favorite Songs of the Good Old Days, DRG Wholesale, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-59217-034-0 ^ Wead, D. (2003). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books. p. 107. ^ Cordery, Stacy A. (2007). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01833-8. ^ Korn, Jerry (1969). This Fabulous Century 1900 1910. USA: Time Life Books. pp. 180–181. LCCN 69-16698. ^ The New York Times (May 12, 1908). "Mrs. Longworth's Joke Archived July 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". nytimes.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008. ^ Ripper, J. American Stories: Living American History, Vol. II: From 1865. M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2008, p. 72. ^ "Excerpt – 'The Imperial Cruise' by James Bradley." New York Times Archived December 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. November 18, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009. ^ "President's Daughter, Fully Dressed, Jumps Into a Swimming Tank On Board a Steamship". The Pittsburgh Press. September 12, 1905. p. 1. ^ Teichmann, H. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Prentice Hall, 1979, p. 203. ^ Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L., and Kanter, Sanford. "America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children". Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 p. 149. ^ Roosevelt-Longworth, Alice. Crowded Hours. Ayer Publishing, 1988, p. 120-123. ^ Glass, Andrew (February 17, 2009). "Alice Roosevelt marries in the White House, Feb. 17, 1906". Politico. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ "OH District 1 (1912)". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ Keegan, Rebecca Winters. "An American Princess". Time. Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008. ^ Brands, H.W. (2008). Traitor to his Class. New York, NY: Doubleday. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2013. ^ Lawrence L. Knutson (June 7, 1999). "Alice Roosevelt Longworth, wild thing Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine". salon.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008. ^ "Princess Alice". Time (November 6, 1933). Associated Press. Retrieved on December 30, 2008. ^ John Skow (April 25, 1988). "Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth". Time. Retrieved on December 30, 2008. ^ Felsenthal, Carol (1988). Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0399132582. ^ Black, Conrad (2003). Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs. p. 950. ISBN 1-58648-184-3. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, in what must have been almost the only favor she ever did for FDR, greatly damaged the natty but diminutive Dewey by calling him 'the bridegroom on the wedding cake.' ^ Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (Ebook ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 446–447. ISBN 9781440629648. Retrieved August 28, 2023. ^ a b June Bingham (February 1969). "Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". American Heritage. Retrieved on August 8, 2008. ^ "Disclaimer", Time magazine (October 24, 1932). time.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008. ^ Felsenthal, C. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. St. Martin's Press, 1988, p. 242. ^ Cordery, S. A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking Penguin, 2007, p. 459. ^ a b Robenalt, James D. (2015). January 1973: Watergate, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam, and the Month that Changed America Forever. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-967-8. OCLC 906705247. ^ Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. Retrieved April 5, 2022. ^ Thompson, Frank. Jimmy Carter The Government Printing Office, 1978, p. 362 ^ "If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me". Quote Investigator. August 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2015. quoting Vanden Heuvel, Jean. "The Sharpest Wit in Washington", The Saturday Evening Post, p. 32 (December 4, 1965). ^ Graham, Katharine. Katharine Graham's Washington. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002, p. 131. ^ Safire, W. Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 415. ^ Looker, Earle; Mitchell, Arthur Hayne (2016). Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang. Balboa Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-5043-6077-7. General and cited bibliography Books Brough, James. Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975. Caroli, Betty Boyd. The Roosevelt Women. New York: Basic Books, 1998. Cordery, Stacy A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. New York: Viking, 2007. Felsenthal, Carol. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988. Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. Crowded Hours (Autobiography). New York: Scribners. 1933. Miller, Nathan. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992, Morris, Edmund (2001). The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House Trade Paperback Edition. ISBN 0-375-75678-7. Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-671-72934-9. Peyser, Mark; Dwyer, Timothy (2015). Hissing Cousins: The Untold Story of Eleanor Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385536028. Teichmann, Howard. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1979. Wead, Doug. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2004. Articles Marquis James (pseud. Quid), "Princess Alice" (subscription required), The New Yorker 1/2 (February 28, 1925): 9–10. (Profile.) Further reading Kerley, Barbara (2008). What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!. Illustrated by Edwin Fotheringham. New York: Scholastic Press. ISBN 9780439922319. OCLC 76820781. Mickle, Shelley Fraser (2023). White House Wild Child: How Alice Roosevelt Broke All the Rules and Won the Heart of America. Watertown, MA: Imagine! Publishing. ISBN 9781623545499. OCLC 1292533096. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Wikiquote has quotations related to Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York Times book review of Conversations with Mrs. L in August 1981 Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: "Alice Roosevelt Longworth" (Archived August 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine) Alice Roosevelt Longworth at Find a Grave Alice Roosevelt Longworth portrait in the 1920s by Nickolas Muray Interview with Dr. Stacy Cordery author of Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker vteTheodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States (1901–1909) 25th Vice President of the United States (1901) 33rd Governor of New York (1899–1900) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897–1898) New York City Police Commissioner (1895–1897) Presidency(timeline) First inauguration historic site Second inauguration Foreign policy "Square Deal" Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument United States Forest Service, United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich–Vreeland Act Tillman Act of 1907 Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big stick ideology Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 Army War College Roosevelt Hall College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris affair Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Otherevents Spanish–American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill "Bull Moose" Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition "River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition Life andhomes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Maltese Cross Cabin Elkhorn Ranch Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writingsand speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book) "The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech) League to Enforce Peace "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech) "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech) Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (1913 book) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections 1898 New York state election Republican National Convention: 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential elections: 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Bibliography Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Park (San Antonio) Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins Statues New York City Portland, Oregon Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Theodore Roosevelt Monument Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon Proposed presidential library Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Bridge Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge Theodore Roosevelt Award USS Theodore Roosevelt (1906, 1961, 1984) Roosevelt Road U.S. postage stamps Popularculture Teddy bear "Speak softly, and carry a big stick" Books Films Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film Roosevelt in Africa, 1910 documentary The Rough Riders, 1927 film Teddy, the Rough Rider, 1940 film Rough Riders, 1997 miniseries The Roosevelts, 2014 documentary Theodore Roosevelt, 2022 miniseries Elkhorn, 2024 series Related Political positions "Bully pulpit" Ananias Club "Nature fakers" League to Enforce Peace A Guest of Honor "Muckraker" "Roosevelt Republican" Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial Family Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife) Edith Kermit Carow (second wife) Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter) Theodore Roosevelt III (son) Kermit Roosevelt (son) Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter) Archibald Roosevelt (son) Quentin Roosevelt (son) Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson) Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson) Quentin Roosevelt II (grandson) Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson) Joseph Willard Roosevelt (grandson) Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter) Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father) Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother) Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt (sister) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother) Corinne Roosevelt (sister) Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather) James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather) James Alfred Roosevelt (uncle) Robert Barnhill Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece) Gracie Hall Roosevelt (nephew) Pete (dog) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → ← Garret Hobart Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Trove Other NARA SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Longworth III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"William Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borah"}],"text":"\"Alice Roosevelt\" redirects here. For her mother, see Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt.Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was an American writer and socialite. She was the eldest child of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and his only child with his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt. Longworth led an unconventional and controversial life. Her marriage to Representative Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican Party leader and the 38th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and her only child, Paulina, was from her affair with Senator William Borah.","title":"Alice Roosevelt Longworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_and_family,_1903.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Ted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Archie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Kermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Edith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Ethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_family"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"State Assemblyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Oyster Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_Bay,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schuyler family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martha \"Mittie\" Bulloch Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"typhoid fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edith Kermit Carow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Theodore III (Ted)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Kermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Ethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby"},{"link_name":"Archie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teague-9"}],"text":"Roosevelt family in 1903 with Quentin on the left, Theodore Roosevelt, Ted, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel.Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the Roosevelt family home at 6 West 57th St. in Manhattan, New York on February 12, 1884.[1] Her mother, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, was a Boston banking heiress. Her father, Theodore, was then a New York State Assemblyman. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Alice was a descendant of the Schuyler family.[2]Two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed kidney failure. Eleven hours earlier that day, Theodore's mother, Martha \"Mittie\" Bulloch Roosevelt, had died of typhoid fever.[3]Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wife's death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Therefore, his daughter Alice was called \"Baby Lee\" instead of by her first name.[4] She continued this practice late in life, often preferring to be called \"Mrs. L\" rather than \"Alice.\"[5]Seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west, where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in North Dakota. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna, known as \"Bamie\" or \"Bye.\" Letters to Bamie reveal Theodore's concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, \"I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, I shall dearly love her.\"[6]Bamie had a significant influence on young Alice, who would later speak of her admiringly: \"If auntie Bye had been a man, she would have been president.\"[7] Bamie took her under her watchful care, moving Alice into her book-filled Manhattan house, until Theodore married again.[8]After Theodore married Edith Kermit Carow on December 2, 1886, Alice was raised by her father and stepmother. Through this marriage, Alice had five half-siblings: Theodore III (Ted), Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin. Theodore remained married to Edith until his death in 1919. During much of Alice's childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. As Alice later became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt \"Bye\" provided needed structure and stability. Late in life, she said of her aunt: \"There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye.\"[9]","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edith_Roosevelt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Roosevelt_LOC_USZ_62_13520.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frances Benjamin Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Benjamin_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Edith Kermit Carow (c. 1900)Alice Roosevelt around 1902 by Frances Benjamin JohnstonThere were tensions in the relationship between young Alice and her stepmother Edith, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful, but insipid, childlike fool. Edith once angrily told her that if Alice Hathaway Lee had lived, she would have bored Theodore to death.[10]Continuing tension with her stepmother and prolonged separation and limited attention from her father created a young woman who was independent, outgoing, and self-confident. When her father was governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Alice attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. In response, Alice wrote, \"If you send me I will humiliate you. I will do something that will shame you. I tell you I will.\"[11]In later years, Alice expressed admiration for her stepmother's sense of humor and stated that they had shared similar literary tastes. In her autobiography Crowded Hours, Alice wrote of Edith Carow, \"That I was the child of another marriage was a simple fact and made a situation that had to be coped with, and Mother coped with it with a fairness and charm and intelligence which she has to a greater degree than almost any one else I know.\"[12]","title":"Relationship with stepmother"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frances Benjamin Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Benjamin_Johnston"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alice blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_blue"},{"link_name":"Alice Blue Gown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Blue_Gown"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TateTate2004-14"}],"text":"Hand-tinted photograph of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston, taken around her debut in 1903.Following the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley in Buffalo, her father took office, an event that she greeted with \"sheer rapture.\"[13] Alice became a celebrity and fashion icon at age 17, and at her social debut in 1902 she wore a gown of what became known as \"Alice blue\", sparking a color trend in women's clothing, and a popular song, \"Alice Blue Gown.\"[14]","title":"Father's presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"social norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norm"},{"link_name":"Journal des débats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_des_d%C3%A9bats"},{"link_name":"orgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgy"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"spinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinster"},{"link_name":"Spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_pin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Roosevelt_Mar_24_1902_side_in_black.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frances Benjamin Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Benjamin_Johnston"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Owen Wister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wister"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Public conduct","text":"Alice was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, and she thrived on the attention, even as she chafed at some of the restrictions such attention placed on her. In this, Alice resembled her father. She later said of Theodore, \"He wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening.\"[15] Her outspokenness and antics won the hearts of the American people, who nicknamed her \"Princess Alice.\"[16]Alice was known for breaking many social norms of her era. The Journal des débats in Paris noted that in 15 months Alice Roosevelt had attended 407 dinners, 350 balls, and 300 parties. One paper alleged that she had stripped down to her lingerie at a drunken orgy held at a Newport, Rhode Island, mansion, and danced atop a table; a story that proved to be false.[17] She smoked cigarettes in public, rode in cars with men, stayed out late partying, kept a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily after her spinster aunt and Spinach for its green color) in the White House, and was seen placing bets with a bookie.[5]On May 11, 1908, Alice amused herself in the Capitol's gallery at the House of Representatives by placing a tack on the chair of an unknown but \"middle-aged\" and \"dignified\" gentleman. Upon encountering the tack, \"like the burst of a bubble on the fountain, like the bolt from the blue, like the ball from the cannon,\" the unfortunate fellow leapt up in pain and surprise while she looked away.[18]1902 studio portrait of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston.Once, a White House visitor commented on Alice's frequent interruptions to the president's office, often to offer political advice. The exhausted president commented to his friend, author Owen Wister, after she interrupted their conversation for the third time and he threatened to throw her \"out the window\", \"I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both.\"[19]","title":"Father's presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AliceRooseveltwPekingeseDog1902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pekingese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekingese"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Cixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Longworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"William Bourke Cockran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bourke_Cockran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Tour of Asia","text":"Alice Roosevelt in 1902 with her dog, Leo, a long-haired Chihuahua. She was also given a Pekingese named Manchu, by the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi in 1905.In 1905, Alice, along with her father's Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, led the American delegation to Japan, Hawaii, China, the Philippines, and Korea. It was the largest such diplomatic mission thus far, composed of 23 congressmen (including her future husband Nicholas Longworth), seven senators, diplomats, officials, and businessmen.[20]During the cruise to Japan, Alice jumped into the ship's swimming pool fully clothed, and coaxed Congressman William Bourke Cockran to join her in the water after he commented that she looked to be having such fun swimming about, that he was tempted to jump in himself. \"Come along \" she replied and in he came. Putting a romantic spin on the story, newspapers reported it was Longworth to whom Alice was engaged.[21] Years later, Robert F. Kennedy would chide her about the incident, saying it was outrageous for the time, to which the by-then-octogenarian Alice replied that it would only have been outrageous had she removed her clothes.[22] In her autobiography, Crowded Hours, Alice made note of the event, pointing out that there was little difference between the linen skirt and blouse she had been wearing and a lady's swimsuit of the period.","title":"Father's presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PostcardAliceRooseveltAndNicholasLongworth1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Longworth III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth"},{"link_name":"Republican U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Republican_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Whitelaw Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid"},{"link_name":"Lord Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Curzon"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington Legal Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Legal_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"Bull Moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)"},{"link_name":"1912 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politico2172009-25"},{"link_name":"Stanley E. Bowdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_E._Bowdle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hiram Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"William Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Borah"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brands-28"}],"text":"1906 postcard associated with her weddingIn December 1905, after returning to Washington from their diplomatic travels, the 21-year-old Alice became engaged to Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican U.S. House of Representatives member from Cincinnati, Ohio, who ultimately would rise to become speaker of the House. The two had traveled in the same social circles for several years, but their relationship solidified during the Imperial Cruise. A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family, Longworth was 14 years her senior and had a reputation as a Washington D.C. playboy.Their wedding took place in February 1906 and was the social event of the season. It was attended by more than a thousand guests with many thousands gathered outside hoping for a glimpse of the bride. She wore a blue wedding dress and dramatically cut the wedding cake with a sword (borrowed from a military aide attending the reception).[23] Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a honeymoon that included a voyage to Cuba and a visit to the Longworths in Cincinnati. This was followed by travels to England and the continent which included having dinners with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Georges Clemenceau, Whitelaw Reid, Lord Curzon, and William Jennings Bryan.[24] They bought a house at 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., now the headquarters of the Washington Legal Foundation.[5]Alice publicly supported her father's Bull Moose presidential candidacy in the 1912 presidential election, while her husband stayed loyal to his mentor, President William Howard Taft, and was running for re-election on the Republican ticket.[25] Nicholas Longworth narrowly lost his House seat that year to Democratic challenger Stanley E. Bowdle.[26]During that election cycle, Alice appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, Hiram Johnson, in Longworth's own district. Longworth lost by about 105 votes and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost). However, Nicholas Longworth was elected again in 1914 and stayed in the House for the rest of his life.[5] Alice's campaign against her husband caused a permanent chill in their marriage.During their marriage, Alice carried on numerous affairs. It was general knowledge in D.C. that she had a long, ongoing affair with Senator William Borah. When Alice's diaries were opened to historical research they indicated that Borah was the father of her daughter, Paulina Longworth (1925–1957).[27]Alice was renowned for her \"brilliantly malicious\" humor, even in this sensitive situation, since she had originally wanted to name her daughter \"Deborah,\" as in \"de Borah.\" And according to one family friend, \"everybody called her [Paulina] 'Aurora Borah Alice.'\"[28]","title":"Married life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Voodoo doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_doll"},{"link_name":"first lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Nellie Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-29"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"tobacco advertisements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advert"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wright Alsop V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Alsop"},{"link_name":"Wendell Willkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"country clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_club"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swordplay-31"},{"link_name":"1940 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dewey"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"pencil-mustached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil_moustache"},{"link_name":"wedding cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_cake"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Alexander McCormick Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McCormick_Sturm"},{"link_name":"sleeping pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_pills"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"American Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bingham-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicholas%2BAlice_Longworth-USCapitol.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Longworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paulina_%26_Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth.jpg"}],"text":"When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the White House, Alice buried a Voodoo doll of the new first lady, Nellie Taft, in the front yard.[29] Later, the Taft White House barred her from her former residence—the first but not the last administration to do so. During Woodrow Wilson's administration (which barred her in 1916 for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Alice worked against the entry of the United States into the League of Nations.[5]During the Great Depression, when she, like many other Americans, found her fortunes reversed, Alice appeared in tobacco advertisements to earn money. She also published an autobiography, Crowded Hours. The book sold well and received rave reviews. Time praised its \"insouciant vitality.\"[30]Alice's wit could have political effects on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin Joseph Wright Alsop V claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie, who hoped to defeat Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, she said yes, \"the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs.\"[31] During the 1940 presidential campaign, she publicly proclaimed that she'd \"rather vote for Hitler than vote for Franklin for a third term.\"[32] Alice demolished Thomas Dewey, the 1944 opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-mustached Republican to \"the bridegroom on the wedding cake.\" The image stuck and Governor Dewey lost two consecutive presidential elections.[33]Paulina Longworth married Alexander McCormick Sturm, with whom she had a daughter, Joanna (b. July 9, 1946). Alexander died in 1951. Paulina herself died in 1957 from an overdose of sleeping pills.[34]Not very long before Paulina's death, she and Alice had discussed the care of Joanna in case of such an event. Alice fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter, whom she raised. In contrast to Alice's relationship with her daughter, she doted on her granddaughter, and the two were very close. In an article in American Heritage in 1969, Joanna was described as a \"highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old\" and was called \"a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth's youthfulness.... The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other's tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.'\"[35]Alice Roosevelt Longworth and her husband, House Speaker and Ohio Representative Nicholas Longworth on the steps of the US Capitol in 1926\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlice Roosevelt Longworth on her 43rd birthday in 1927 with her daughter Paulina, age 2","title":"Post-Roosevelt presidency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_Great_Britain_Greeting_Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth,_Daughter_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt,_in_the_Receiving_Line_on_the_South_Driveway_of_the_White_House_Prior_to_a_State_Dinner_Honoring_He(...)_-_NARA_-_12004850.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr."},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_New_York_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"1960 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mount Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"1960 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Tricia Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"}],"text":"Roosevelt greeting Queen Elizabeth II at the White House State Dinner, 1976From an early age, Alice was interested in politics. When advancing age and illness incapacitated her Aunt Bamie, Alice stepped into her place as an unofficial political adviser to her father. She warned her father against challenging the renomination of William Howard Taft in 1912.[citation needed]Alice took a hard-line view of the Democrats and in her youth sympathized with the conservative wing of the Republican Party. She supported her half-brother Theodore Roosevelt Jr. when he ran for governor of New York in 1924. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, Alice publicly opposed his candidacy. Writing in the Ladies' Home Journal in October 1932, she said of FDR, \"Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common..... I am a Republican..... I am going to vote for Hoover..... If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time.\"[36]Although Alice did not support John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election, she became very enamored of the Kennedy family and \"learned how amusing and attractive Democrats could be.\"[37] She developed an affectionate, although sometimes strained, friendship with Robert F. Kennedy, perhaps because of his relatively thin skin. When Alice privately made fun of his scaling the newly named Mount Kennedy in Canada, he was not amused. She admitted to voting for President Lyndon Johnson over Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964 because she believed Goldwater was too mean.[38]Alice developed a genuine friendship with Richard Nixon when he was vice president. In 1957 he served as a pallbearer at Paulina's funeral.[39] When he returned to California after Dwight Eisenhower's second term and his loss in the 1960 presidential election, she kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over. Alice encouraged Nixon to reenter politics and continued to invite him to her famous dinners. Nixon returned these favors by inviting her to his first formal White House dinner and to the 1971 wedding of his daughter Tricia Nixon.[5]","title":"Political connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Roosevelt_Christens_Sub_TR.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)"},{"link_name":"hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1968 Democratic primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1972 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Nixon White House tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes"},{"link_name":"George McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Alice Roosevelt Longworth christening the submarine named after her father, the USS Theodore Roosevelt, in 1959In 1955, Alice slipped and suffered a broken hip. In 1956, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, and though she successfully underwent a mastectomy at the time, cancer was found in her other breast in 1970, requiring a second mastectomy.[citation needed]Alice was a lifelong member of the Republican Party, but her political sympathies began to change when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson. She voted Democratic in 1964 and was known to be supporting Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 Democratic primary.[5]After Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Alice again supported her friend Richard Nixon in the 1968 and 1972 elections, just as she had done in his 1960 campaign against John F. Kennedy. She was recorded in a telephone conversation with Nixon in the Nixon White House tapes sharply criticizing the 1972 Democratic nominee George McGovern.[39] Nixon called her \"the most interesting [conversationalist of the age]\" and said, \"No one, no matter how famous, could ever outshine her.\"[40]She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, but a perceived lack of social grace on the part of Jimmy Carter caused her to decline to ever meet him, the last sitting president in her lifetime. In the official statement marking her death, President Carter wrote \"She had style, she had grace, and she had a sense of humor that kept generations of political newcomers to Washington wondering which was worse—to be skewered by her wit or to be ignored by her.\"[41]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Embassy Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Row"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Rock Creek Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlicePalace-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After many years of ill health, Alice died in her Embassy Row house on February 20, 1980, eight days after her 96th birthday, of emphysema and pneumonia, with contributory effects of a number of other chronic illnesses. She is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.[5] She is the longest-lived child of a US President.[citation needed]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"settee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settee"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bingham-35"},{"link_name":"soufflé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Eric Sevareid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Sevareid"},{"link_name":"hedonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Of her quotable comments, Alice's most famous found its way onto a pillow on her settee: \"If you can't say something good about someone, sit right here by me.\"[42] To Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had jokingly remarked at a party \"Here's my blind date. I am going to call you Alice,\" she sarcastically said \"Senator McCarthy, you are not going to call me Alice. The truckman, the trashman and the policeman on my block may call me Alice, but you may not.\"[43] She informed President Lyndon B. Johnson that she wore wide-brimmed hats so he couldn't kiss her.[35] When a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, she quipped, \"You can't make a soufflé rise twice.\"[44] She said in a 60 Minutes interview with Eric Sevareid, televised on February 17, 1974, that she was a hedonist.[45]","title":"Wit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Alice Roosevelt 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the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo/page/144/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quoteinvestigator.com/2014/08/09/sit-by-me/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220212211739/https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/08/09/sit-by-me/"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Graham, Katharine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Graham"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ozjBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT191"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5043-6077-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5043-6077-7"}],"text":"^ \"Alice Roosevelt Longworth\". The Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University. Retrieved February 10, 2023.\n\n^ Brogan, Hugh and Mosley, Charles American Presidential Families October 1993, page 568\n\n^ Morris, pp. 229–230\n\n^ Morris, pp. 232, 373\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Hansen, Stephen (September 10, 2012). \"What Was Once Princess Alice's Palace\". TheInTowner. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2014.\n\n^ Wead D. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books, 2003 p. 48.\n\n^ Rixey, L. Bamie: Theodore Roosevelt's remarkable sister. D. McKay Co., 1963, p. v.\n\n^ Morris, pp. 373–374\n\n^ Teague, Michael. Mrs. L: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1981. ISBN 0-7156-1602-1.\n\n^ Miller, N. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992, p. 193.\n\n^ Renehan, Edward J., Jr. The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War. Oxford University Press, 1999 p. 47.\n\n^ Longworth, A. L. R. Crowded Hours. Charles Scribner's Press, 1933, p. 9.\n\n^ Brough, J. (1975). Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Little, Brown & Company. p. 122.\n\n^ Ken Tate; Janice Tate (2004), Favorite Songs of the Good Old Days, DRG Wholesale, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-59217-034-0\n\n^ Wead, D. (2003). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books. p. 107.\n\n^ Cordery, Stacy A. (2007). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01833-8.\n\n^ Korn, Jerry (1969). This Fabulous Century 1900 1910. USA: Time Life Books. pp. 180–181. LCCN 69-16698.\n\n^ The New York Times (May 12, 1908). \"Mrs. Longworth's Joke Archived July 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine\". nytimes.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.\n\n^ Ripper, J. American Stories: Living American History, Vol. II: From 1865. M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2008, p. 72.\n\n^ \"Excerpt – 'The Imperial Cruise' by James Bradley.\" New York Times Archived December 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. November 18, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.\n\n^ \"President's Daughter, Fully Dressed, Jumps Into a Swimming Tank On Board a Steamship\". The Pittsburgh Press. September 12, 1905. p. 1.\n\n^ Teichmann, H. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Prentice Hall, 1979, p. 203.\n\n^ Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L., and Kanter, Sanford. \"America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children\". Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 p. 149.\n\n^ Roosevelt-Longworth, Alice. Crowded Hours. Ayer Publishing, 1988, p. 120-123.\n\n^ Glass, Andrew (February 17, 2009). \"Alice Roosevelt marries in the White House, Feb. 17, 1906\". Politico. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.\n\n^ \"OH District 1 (1912)\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.\n\n^ Keegan, Rebecca Winters. \"An American Princess\". Time. Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008.\n\n^ Brands, H.W. (2008). Traitor to his Class. New York, NY: Doubleday. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2013.\n\n^ Lawrence L. Knutson (June 7, 1999). \"Alice Roosevelt Longworth, wild thing Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine\". salon.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.\n\n^ \"Princess Alice\". Time (November 6, 1933). Associated Press. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.\n\n^ John Skow (April 25, 1988). \"Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth\". Time. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.\n\n^ Felsenthal, Carol (1988). Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0399132582.\n\n^ Black, Conrad (2003). Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs. p. 950. ISBN 1-58648-184-3. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, in what must have been almost the only favor she ever did for FDR, greatly damaged the natty but diminutive Dewey by calling him 'the bridegroom on the wedding cake.'\n\n^ Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (Ebook ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 446–447. ISBN 9781440629648. Retrieved August 28, 2023.\n\n^ a b June Bingham (February 1969). \"Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine\". American Heritage. Retrieved on August 8, 2008.\n\n^ \"Disclaimer\", Time magazine (October 24, 1932). time.com. Retrieved on December 30, 2008.\n\n^ Felsenthal, C. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. St. Martin's Press, 1988, p. 242.\n\n^ Cordery, S. A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking Penguin, 2007, p. 459.\n\n^ a b Robenalt, James D. (2015). January 1973: Watergate, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam, and the Month that Changed America Forever. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-967-8. OCLC 906705247.\n\n^ Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. Retrieved April 5, 2022.\n\n^ Thompson, Frank. Jimmy Carter The Government Printing Office, 1978, p. 362\n\n^ \"If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me\". Quote Investigator. August 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2015. quoting Vanden Heuvel, Jean. \"The Sharpest Wit in Washington\", The Saturday Evening Post, p. 32 (December 4, 1965).\n\n^ Graham, Katharine. Katharine Graham's Washington. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002, p. 131.\n\n^ Safire, W. Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 415.\n\n^ Looker, Earle; Mitchell, Arthur Hayne (2016). Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang. Balboa Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-5043-6077-7.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General and cited bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caroli, Betty Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli"},{"link_name":"Morris, Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/theodorerex00morr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-75678-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75678-7"},{"link_name":"Nixon, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo"},{"link_name":"163–164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo/page/163"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-671-72934-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72934-9"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780385536028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385536028"},{"link_name":"Teichmann, Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Teichmann"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Brough, James. Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975.\nCaroli, Betty Boyd. The Roosevelt Women. New York: Basic Books, 1998.\nCordery, Stacy A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. New York: Viking, 2007.\nFelsenthal, Carol. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988.\nLongworth, Alice Roosevelt. Crowded Hours (Autobiography). New York: Scribners. 1933.\nMiller, Nathan. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992,\nMorris, Edmund (2001). The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House Trade Paperback Edition. ISBN 0-375-75678-7.\nNixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-671-72934-9.\nPeyser, Mark; Dwyer, Timothy (2015). Hissing Cousins: The Untold Story of Eleanor Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385536028.\nTeichmann, Howard. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1979.\nWead, Doug. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2004.","title":"General and cited bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquis James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_James"},{"link_name":"\"Princess Alice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/magazine/1925/02/28/princess-alice"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Marquis James (pseud. Quid), \"Princess Alice\" (subscription required), The New Yorker 1/2 (February 28, 1925): 9–10. (Profile.)","title":"General and cited bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whattodoaboutali00kerl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780439922319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780439922319"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76820781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76820781"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781623545499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623545499"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1292533096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1292533096"}],"text":"Kerley, Barbara (2008). What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!. Illustrated by Edwin Fotheringham. New York: Scholastic Press. ISBN 9780439922319. OCLC 76820781.\nMickle, Shelley Fraser (2023). White House Wild Child: How Alice Roosevelt Broke All the Rules and Won the Heart of America. Watertown, MA: Imagine! Publishing. ISBN 9781623545499. OCLC 1292533096.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Roosevelt family in 1903 with Quentin on the left, Theodore Roosevelt, Ted, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Theodore_Roosevelt_and_family%2C_1903.jpg/220px-Theodore_Roosevelt_and_family%2C_1903.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand-tinted photograph of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston, taken around her debut in 1903.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alice_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/200px-Alice_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg"},{"image_text":"1902 studio portrait of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alice_Roosevelt_Mar_24_1902_side_in_black.jpg/180px-Alice_Roosevelt_Mar_24_1902_side_in_black.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alice Roosevelt in 1902 with her dog, Leo, a long-haired Chihuahua. She was also given a Pekingese named Manchu, by the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi in 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AliceRooseveltwPekingeseDog1902.jpg/180px-AliceRooseveltwPekingeseDog1902.jpg"},{"image_text":"1906 postcard associated with her wedding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PostcardAliceRooseveltAndNicholasLongworth1906.jpg/150px-PostcardAliceRooseveltAndNicholasLongworth1906.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roosevelt greeting Queen Elizabeth II at the White House State Dinner, 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_Great_Britain_Greeting_Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth%2C_Daughter_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_in_the_Receiving_Line_on_the_South_Driveway_of_the_White_House_Prior_to_a_State_Dinner_Honoring_He%28...%29_-_NARA_-_12004850.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alice Roosevelt Longworth christening the submarine named after her father, the USS Theodore Roosevelt, in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alice_Roosevelt_Christens_Sub_TR.jpg/220px-Alice_Roosevelt_Christens_Sub_TR.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Alice Roosevelt Longworth\". The Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Encyclopedia/Family-and-Friends/Alice-Lee-Roosevelt-Longworth.aspx","url_text":"\"Alice Roosevelt Longworth\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Stephen (September 10, 2012). \"What Was Once Princess Alice's Palace\". TheInTowner. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191016062215/http://intowner.com/2012/09/10/princess-alice%E2%80%99s-palace/","url_text":"\"What Was Once Princess Alice's Palace\""},{"url":"http://intowner.com/2012/09/10/princess-alice%E2%80%99s-palace/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brough, J. (1975). Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Little, Brown & Company. p. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_%26_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown & Company"}]},{"reference":"Ken Tate; Janice Tate (2004), Favorite Songs of the Good Old Days, DRG Wholesale, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-59217-034-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qhdUtDcSN60C&pg=PA13","url_text":"Favorite Songs of the Good Old Days"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59217-034-0","url_text":"978-1-59217-034-0"}]},{"reference":"Wead, D. (2003). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books. p. 107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atria_Books","url_text":"Atria Books"}]},{"reference":"Cordery, Stacy A. (2007). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01833-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=skpUR4dWuosC","url_text":"Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01833-8","url_text":"978-0-670-01833-8"}]},{"reference":"Korn, Jerry (1969). This Fabulous Century 1900 1910. USA: Time Life Books. pp. 180–181. LCCN 69-16698.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life_Books","url_text":"Time Life Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/69-16698","url_text":"69-16698"}]},{"reference":"\"President's Daughter, Fully Dressed, Jumps Into a Swimming Tank On Board a Steamship\". The Pittsburgh Press. September 12, 1905. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19050912&id=6hEbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sUgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3988,743042&hl=en","url_text":"\"President's Daughter, Fully Dressed, Jumps Into a Swimming Tank On Board a Steamship\""}]},{"reference":"Glass, Andrew (February 17, 2009). \"Alice Roosevelt marries in the White House, Feb. 17, 1906\". Politico. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/story/2009/02/alice-roosevelt-marries-in-the-white-house-feb-17-1906-018947","url_text":"\"Alice Roosevelt marries in the White House, Feb. 17, 1906\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173816/https://www.politico.com/story/2009/02/alice-roosevelt-marries-in-the-white-house-feb-17-1906-018947","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OH District 1 (1912)\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=443612","url_text":"\"OH District 1 (1912)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112418/https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=443612","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Keegan, Rebecca Winters. \"An American Princess\". Time. Archived from the original on July 5, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060705213659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00.html","url_text":"\"An American Princess\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brands, H.W. (2008). Traitor to his Class. New York, NY: Doubleday. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.randomhouse.com/book/17606/traitor-to-his-class-by-hw-brands","url_text":"Traitor to his Class"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51958-8","url_text":"978-0-385-51958-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163832/http://www.randomhouse.com/book/17606/traitor-to-his-class-by-hw-brands","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Felsenthal, Carol (1988). Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0399132582.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alicerooseveltlo00fels","url_text":"Alice Roosevelt Longworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399132582","url_text":"978-0399132582"}]},{"reference":"Black, Conrad (2003). Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs. p. 950. ISBN 1-58648-184-3. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, in what must have been almost the only favor she ever did for FDR, greatly damaged the natty but diminutive Dewey by calling him 'the bridegroom on the wedding cake.'","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/franklindelanoro00blac/page/950","url_text":"Champion of Freedom"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/franklindelanoro00blac/page/950","url_text":"950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-184-3","url_text":"1-58648-184-3"}]},{"reference":"Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (Ebook ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 446–447. ISBN 9781440629648. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=teTS-_J6dskC&q=believed+that+the+overdose+was+unintentional","url_text":"Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440629648","url_text":"9781440629648"}]},{"reference":"Robenalt, James D. (2015). January 1973: Watergate, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam, and the Month that Changed America Forever. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-967-8. OCLC 906705247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-967-8","url_text":"978-1-61374-967-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906705247","url_text":"906705247"}]},{"reference":"Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. Retrieved April 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo/page/144/mode/2up","url_text":"In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal"}]},{"reference":"\"If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me\". Quote Investigator. August 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/08/09/sit-by-me/","url_text":"\"If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220212211739/https://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/08/09/sit-by-me/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Looker, Earle; Mitchell, Arthur Hayne (2016). Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang. Balboa Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-5043-6077-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ozjBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT191","url_text":"Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5043-6077-7","url_text":"978-1-5043-6077-7"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Edmund (2001). The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House Trade Paperback Edition. ISBN 0-375-75678-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)","url_text":"Morris, Edmund"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theodorerex00morr","url_text":"The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75678-7","url_text":"0-375-75678-7"}]},{"reference":"Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-671-72934-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon","url_text":"Nixon, Richard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo","url_text":"In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inarenamemoirofv00nixo/page/163","url_text":"163–164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72934-9","url_text":"0-671-72934-9"}]},{"reference":"Peyser, Mark; Dwyer, Timothy (2015). Hissing Cousins: The Untold Story of Eleanor Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385536028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385536028","url_text":"9780385536028"}]},{"reference":"Kerley, Barbara (2008). What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!. Illustrated by Edwin Fotheringham. New York: Scholastic Press. ISBN 9780439922319. OCLC 76820781.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whattodoaboutali00kerl","url_text":"What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780439922319","url_text":"9780439922319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76820781","url_text":"76820781"}]},{"reference":"Mickle, Shelley Fraser (2023). White House Wild Child: How Alice Roosevelt Broke All the Rules and Won the Heart of America. Watertown, MA: Imagine! Publishing. ISBN 9781623545499. OCLC 1292533096.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623545499","url_text":"9781623545499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1292533096","url_text":"1292533096"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Holt

Yvette Holt

["1 Early years and education","2 Poetry","3 Other work and activities","4 Current roles","5 Recognition and awards","6 References","7 External links"]

Australian poet Holt, Yvette Sydney Writers Festival 2023 Yvette Henry Holt (born 1971) is a contemporary Australian poet, essayist, academic, researcher and editor, she heralds from the Bidjara, Yiman and Wakaman nations of Queensland. The youngest child born to prominent Queensland Elder, Albert Holt and Marlene Holt. Holt came to prominence with her first multi-award-winning collection of poetry, Anonymous Premonition, published by the University of Queensland Press in 2008. Since 2009-2021 Holt has lived and worked in Central Australia among the Central and Western Arrernte peoples of Hermansburg and Alice Springs. Early years and education Born 1971 in Brisbane, Yvette's family have lived in Inala East since 1968 where her family had contributed to Queensland education in primary, secondary and tertiary education, Queensland Police Service, Queensland Stolen Wages Class-Action, Brisbane Murri Court, Inala Elders, and the Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care. Yvette attended Serviceton Primary State School, now known as Durack State School, where she excelled at writing, singing and softball. Holt graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Adult Education and Community Management, at the University of Technology, Sydney UTS, Faculty of Business, 2007. Poetry In 2008, Holt's first collection of poetry (for which she had won the David Unaipon Award in 2005), Anonymous Premonition, was published by the University of Queensland Press. The award had granted a guaranteed publication of her work through the University of Queensland Press. Her poems have since been published in multiple journals, anthologies, short-story essays online and in traditional publications, as well her poetry has been translated in multiple languages including Mandarin, French, Spanish, Indonesian, Italian and Dutch. Other work and activities Between 2006-2009 Holt undertook research on Indigenous Australian literature, for the Black Words subset of AustLit, a resource for Australian literature published by the University of Queensland. Holt has a keen interest in Indigenous social justice issues, in particularly First Nations women and incarceration, she has spoken around Australia and abroad on the social and community impacts of family and domestic violence. Holt continues to mentor youth and women’s circles on creative writing and Indigenous Australian literature. In 2009 Yvette moved to Central Australia living and working across eighteen remote Aboriginal communities from 2009-2018 in areas such as health literacy, financial literacy, Indigenous employment strategies, and lecturer and Course Coordinator of Creative Writing at the Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education, Alice Springs Campus. Current roles Holt is currently the Executive Chairperson for the First Nations Australia Writers Network FNAWN, 2018 - current. She is also a Board Director of AP Australian Poetry, 2019 – current, the peak-industry body for Australasian poetry, located at The Wheeler Centre, Melbourne. Holt oversees publications between First Nations Australian writers, poets, and storytellers, editors and leads the Global Alliance Network* to the First Nations Australia Writers Network FNAWN. Editor, Holt co-edited the 2019 AP Anthology Volume 7. Co-editor for the Borderless: A transnational anthology of feminist poetry 2021, published by Recent Work Press. In recent years Yvette Henry Holt has advocated strongly toward the push for a nationally recognised Poet Laureate to the Commonwealth of Australia. Recognition and awards 2003: UTS Human Rights Award in the category of Reconciliation for "Outstanding contribution towards the elevation of social justice for Indigenous Australians" 2005: David Unaipon Award (in the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards) for an unpublished Indigenous Australian author, for Anonymous Premonition Other prizes for Anonymous Premonition after publication: 2008: Scanlon Prize for Indigenous Poetry 2008: Victorian Premier's Literary Award for Indigenous Writing 2010: Kate Challis RAKA Award 2018: "Mother(s) Native Tongue", Highly Commended in the 2018 Oodgeroo Noonuccal Indigenous Poetry Prize 2019: Recipient, Varuna Fellowship for her poetry manuscript "Hands of My Mother" 2019: Recipient, Neilma Sidney Literary Travel Fund In 2019, Holt received one of three Norma Redpath Studio residencies, one of three awarded as part of that year's Hot Desk Fellowships awarded by the Wheeler Centre. References ^ a b c d e f g "Yvette Holt". AustLit. University of Queensland. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ Holt, Yvette (13 February 2008). "Interview with Black Australian activist & poet, Yvette Holt". Black Looks (Interview). Interviewed by Woodburn, Lesley. Retrieved 24 February 2021. This interview took place in June 2007 at the Festival of the Dreaming in Queensland. ^ "Yvette Holt". The Wheeler Centre. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ "Yvette Holt". Mascara Literary Review. 1 January 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2023. ^ Holt, Yvette Henry (11 October 2018). "Highly Commended: Mother(s) Native Tongue". Overland literary journal. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ^ "Yvette Holt". AustLit. University of Queensland. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2021. External links "Yvette Holt". Global Perspectives on Indigenous Women's Poetry - Between the Lines. AIATSIS. 11 October 2010 – via Vimeo. "Friday poem: Yvette Holt". ABC Radio National. Introduced by Hamish McDonald. 13 November 2020. This poem - inspired by her travels through the Central Australian deserts - is called Brereton and Oxford.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Authority control databases International VIAF National Australia People Trove

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The youngest child born to prominent Queensland Elder, Albert Holt and Marlene Holt. Holt came to prominence with her first multi-award-winning collection of poetry, Anonymous Premonition, published by the University of Queensland Press in 2008. Since 2009-2021 Holt has lived and worked in Central Australia among the Central and Western Arrernte peoples of Hermansburg and Alice Springs.","title":"Yvette Holt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Inala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inala,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Stolen Wages Class-Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stolenwages.com.au/"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Murri Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.courts.qld.gov.au/courts/murri-court"},{"link_name":"Inala Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inalaelders.wixsite.com/inalaelders"},{"link_name":"Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//metrosouth.health.qld.gov.au/southern-queensland-centre-of-e"},{"link_name":"University of Technology, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney"}],"text":"Born 1971 in Brisbane, Yvette's family have lived in Inala East since 1968 where her family had contributed to Queensland education in primary, secondary and tertiary education, Queensland Police Service, Queensland Stolen Wages Class-Action, Brisbane Murri Court, Inala Elders, and the Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care. Yvette attended Serviceton Primary State School, now known as Durack State School, where she excelled at writing, singing and softball.Holt graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Adult Education and Community Management, at the University of Technology, Sydney UTS, Faculty of Business, 2007.","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Unaipon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Unaipon_Award"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blacklooks-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler-3"}],"text":"In 2008, Holt's first collection of poetry (for which she had won the David Unaipon Award in 2005), Anonymous Premonition, was published by the University of Queensland Press.[1] The award had granted a guaranteed publication of her work through the University of Queensland Press.[2]Her poems have since been published in multiple journals, anthologies, short-story essays online and in traditional publications, as well her poetry has been translated in multiple languages including Mandarin, French, Spanish, Indonesian, Italian and Dutch.[3]","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature"},{"link_name":"AustLit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AustLit"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"family and domestic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_violence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchelor_Institute_of_Indigenous_Tertiary_Education"}],"text":"Between 2006-2009 Holt undertook research on Indigenous Australian literature, for the Black Words subset of AustLit, a resource for Australian literature published by the University of Queensland.[1]Holt has a keen interest in Indigenous social justice issues, in particularly First Nations women and incarceration, she has spoken around Australia and abroad on the social and community impacts of family and domestic violence. Holt continues to mentor youth and women’s circles on creative writing and Indigenous Australian literature.[1]In 2009 Yvette moved to Central Australia living and working across eighteen remote Aboriginal communities from 2009-2018 in areas such as health literacy, financial literacy, Indigenous employment strategies, and lecturer and Course Coordinator of Creative Writing at the Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education, Alice Springs Campus.","title":"Other work and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Nations Australia Writers Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_Australia_Writers_Network"},{"link_name":"Australian Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Poetry"},{"link_name":"The Wheeler Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Centre"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"First Nations Australia Writers Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_Australia_Writers_Network"},{"link_name":"FNAWN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_Australia_Writers_Network"},{"link_name":"2019 AP Anthology Volume 7.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.australianpoetry.org/our-publications/the-members-anthology/"},{"link_name":"Borderless: A transnational anthology of feminist poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recentworkpress.com/product/borderless/"},{"link_name":"Recent Work Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//recentworkpress.com/product/borderless/"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_laureate"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia"}],"text":"Holt is currently the Executive Chairperson for the First Nations Australia Writers Network FNAWN, 2018 - current. She is also a Board Director of AP Australian Poetry, 2019 – current, the peak-industry body for Australasian poetry, located at The Wheeler Centre, Melbourne.Holt oversees publications between First Nations Australian writers, poets, and storytellers, editors and leads the Global Alliance Network* to the First Nations Australia Writers Network FNAWN.Editor, Holt co-edited the 2019 AP Anthology Volume 7.Co-editor for the Borderless: A transnational anthology of feminist poetry 2021, published by Recent Work Press.In recent years Yvette Henry Holt has advocated strongly toward the push for a nationally recognised Poet Laureate to the Commonwealth of Australia.","title":"Current roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"David Unaipon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Unaipon_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Scanlon Prize for Indigenous Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanlon_Prize_for_Indigenous_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Victorian Premier's Literary Award for Indigenous Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Premier%27s_Literary_Award_for_Indigenous_Writing"},{"link_name":"Kate Challis RAKA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Challis_RAKA_Award"},{"link_name":"Mother(s) Native Tongue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//otwaylifemagazine.wordpress.com/2019/01/10/mothers-native-tongue-yvette-holt/"},{"link_name":"Oodgeroo Noonuccal Indigenous Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oodgeroo_Noonuccal_Indigenous_Poetry_Prize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Varuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Neilma Sidney Literary Travel Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilma_Sidney_Literary_Travel_Fund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Norma Redpath Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Redpath"},{"link_name":"Hot Desk Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Desk_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Centre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit2-6"}],"text":"2003: UTS Human Rights Award in the category of Reconciliation for \"Outstanding contribution towards the elevation of social justice for Indigenous Australians\"[1]\n2005: David Unaipon Award (in the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards) for an unpublished Indigenous Australian author, for Anonymous Premonition[1]\nOther prizes for Anonymous Premonition after publication:\n2008: Scanlon Prize for Indigenous Poetry[4]\n2008: Victorian Premier's Literary Award for Indigenous Writing\n2010: Kate Challis RAKA Award\n2018: \"Mother(s) Native Tongue\", Highly Commended in the 2018 Oodgeroo Noonuccal Indigenous Poetry Prize[5]\n2019: Recipient, Varuna Fellowship for her poetry manuscript \"Hands of My Mother\"[1]\n2019: Recipient, Neilma Sidney Literary Travel Fund[1]\nIn 2019, Holt received one of three Norma Redpath Studio residencies, one of three awarded as part of that year's Hot Desk Fellowships awarded by the Wheeler Centre.[6]","title":"Recognition and awards"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Or_Chadash

Congregation Or Chadash

["1 Early history","2 Rabbis","3 Buildings","4 Events since 2005","5 Merger","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Reform synagogue in Chicago, Illinois, US Congregation Or ChadashHebrew: אוֹר חָדָשׁReligionAffiliationReform Judaism (former)Ecclesiastical or organizational statusSynagogue (1975 – 2016)StatusClosed; merged with Am Keshet LGBT group at Temple SholomLocationArchitectureDate established1975 (as a congregation) Congregation Or Chadash (Hebrew: אוֹר חָדָשׁ, lit. 'New Light') was a Reform Jewish LGBT-oriented congregation that was located at 5959 North Sheridan Road, Edgewater, Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. The congregation was founded in 1975 as a gay support group for Jews, and was holding religious services by 1976. In 1977 it moved into its first building, a former Unitarian church on West Barry Avenue, and hired its first permanent rabbi, Suzanne Griffel, in 1997. Griffel was succeeded as rabbi by Larry Edwards, and Or Chadash moved a new location, which shared with another synagogue and a Jewish day school, in 2003. In October 2010, Or Chadash was thought to be one of the two synagogues targeted in the 2010 cargo planes bomb plot. In 2016, Or Chadash merged into another Reform congregation, Temple Sholom, with Or Chadash remaining the name of the Temple's LGBTQ+ community group. Early history Or Chadash was founded in Chicago in 1975 as a gay support group for Jews. The organization was initially called simply "The Jewish Group". It held its first religious services in January 1976, and adopted its current name in April of that year. The congregation remains geared to needs of LGBT Jews. According to J. Gordon Melton, at the time of its founding there were four other gay synagogues in the United States, in Manhattan, Miami, Los Angeles and Berkeley, California. Or Chadash and the other gay congregations faced significant opposition from others in the Jewish community, which had, Melton writes, "traditionally abhorred homosexuality because of the admonition to be fruitful and multiply (Gen. 1:28), and the unequivocal denunciation of homosexuality in the Torah (Lev. 20:13)". Rabbis Originally established as a member-led congregation, Or Chadash briefly had a rabbi for a few months in the 1980s. The rabbi had asked if he could temporarily lead the group, but was not replaced after he left. In 1997, the congregation hired its first permanent rabbi, the 35-year-old Suzanne Griffel. She had previously been director and rabbi of a Hillel branch at the University of Chicago. It was the first time a Chicago gay/lesbian synagogue had hired a rabbi, and the first time any American mostly gay synagogue had hired a rabbi who did not identify as LGBT. At the time, the synagogue had 120 members. Griffel was succeeded as rabbi of Or Chadash by Laurence "Larry" Edwards, who was ordained at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York. Prior to joining Congregation Or Chadash, Edwards served for 22 years as a director of Hillel branches at Dartmouth College and Cornell University. Buildings In 1977, the congregation moved into the Second Unitarian Church building at 656 West Barry Avenue, from which it operated for over two decades. The congregation moved in 2003 to 5959 North Sheridan Road, a building which it shares with another synagogue, the Emanuel Congregation, and Chicago Jewish Day School, a school for children from kindergarten through 8th grade. Events since 2005 Or Chadash was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 2006. A float by the congregation in the 2013 Chicago Pride Parade. On October 10, 2010, Or Chadash was notified that its synagogue was one of the addresses on the packages in the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot. Rabbi Edwards said "We're rather puzzled at how a little congregation like ours would get on the radar as a target for somebody". Because Or Chada is so small, Edwards surmised that it had been targeted at random, or because it is mostly gay. The website of Emanuel Congregation, which shares space with Congregation Or Chadash, was recently visited 83 times in one day by someone in Egypt, according to Emanuel's website administrator. However, intelligence officials are reported to believe that the synagogues were not actual targets and that the bombs were intended to detonate while still on board airplanes. According to CNN.com, on November 3, Or Chadash co-president Lilli Kornblum "said that despite earlier reports, an FBI agent informed her that her synagogue was not one of the intended destinations in the foiled bomb plot that originated in Yemen." Later reports indicated that one of the bombs had been addressed to Or Chadash's former location on West Barry, and the other to an inactive Orthodox synagogue, also in Chicago. Investigators believed that the bombers "...used an outdated directory of Chicago Jewish institutions that is still available on the Internet." Robert Pape, a University of Chicago professor who has studied terrorist groups, believed that the synagogues were a backup plan, had the bombs not detonated mid-flight. The packages would have been delivered on the Jewish Sabbath. Or Chadash was affiliated with the Union for Reform Judaism and the World Congress of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Jews. Merger By mid-2016, Or Chadash membership had declined to about 60 members "basically because we got what we wanted. … There's no longer a need for a separate congregation," Or Chadash co-president Lilli Kornblum told a local newspaper. On June 24, 2016, Or Chadash held its final service as an independent congregation, and after considering a merger with three Chicago Reform institutions, merged with the Am Keshet LGBT group at Temple Sholom in Chicago. Notes ^ "More About Congregation Or Chadash", Congregation Or Chadash website. ^ a b Congregation Or Chadash website. ^ a b c d e Byrne & Hinkel (October 30, 2010). ^ a b Hendershot (October 7, 1997) and "Frequently Asked Questions", Congregation Or Chadash website. Byrne & Hinkel, Dan (October 30, 2010) states the congregation was founded in 1976. ^ a b c d e Hendershot (October 7, 1997). ^ a b c d e f Wilson (September 16, 1997). ^ a b c Brody (September 5, 1997). ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions", Congregation Or Chadash website. "Rabbi Larry Edwards is Or Chadash's second Rabbi." ^ a b c Grossman & Parsons (November 4, 2010). ^ a b Melton (1978), pp. 308–334. ^ Drinkwater et al (2009), p. 316. ^ "Congregation Or Chadash", Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame website. ^ Usborne (November 1, 2010). ^ Etter (October 30, 2010). ^ Mazzetti & Scott (November 2, 2010). ^ CNN.com (November 3, 2010). ^ "Gay congregation’s finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom," Chicago Jewish Star, June 24, 2016, p. 3. ^ "Gay congregation's finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom". Chicago Jewish Star. June 24, 2016. p. 1. References Brody, Jennifer. "At last, gay and lesbian synagogue hires a rabbi", J. The Jewish News of Northern California, September 5, 1997. Byrne, John; Hinkel, Dan. "Local Jewish group in spotlight after terror plot from Yemen", Chicago Tribune, October 30, 2010. "Congregation Or Chadash", Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame website. Accessed November 7, 2010. CNN Wire Staff. "Synagogue leader: We were not target of parcel bomb plot", CNN.com, November 3, 2010. Accessed November 7, 2010. Drinkwater, Gregg; Lesser, Joshua; Shneer, David; Plaskow, Judith. Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible, New York University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8147-2012-7 Etter, Lauren. "Chicago Synagogue Cites Web Visits From Egypt", The Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2010. Grossman, Ron; Parsons, Christi. "Bomb plot becomes historic jigsaw puzzle", Chicago Tribune, November 4, 2010. Hendershot, Sarah. "Or Chadash, at 21, hires its first rabbi", Windy City Times, October 7, 1997. Mazzetti, Mark; Shane, Scott. "In Parcel Bomb Plot, 2 Dark Inside Jokes", The New York Times, November 2, 2010. Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of American Religions, Volume 2, McGrath Publishing Company, 1978. Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010. "Frequently Asked Questions", Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010. "More About Congregation Or Chadash", Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010. Usborne, David. "A campaign in the shadow of terror", The Independent, November 1, 2010. Wilson, Terry. "Gay, Lesbian Jews Find Rabbi Among The Straight", Chicago Tribune, September 16, 1997. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Edgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Homepage-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Founded-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendershot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendershot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brody-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardsRabbi-8"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Jewish day school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_day_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne-3"},{"link_name":"cargo planes bomb plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_planes_bomb_plot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grossman-9"},{"link_name":"Temple Sholom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Sholom"}],"text":"Congregation Or Chadash (Hebrew: אוֹר חָדָשׁ, lit. 'New Light') was a Reform Jewish LGBT-oriented congregation that was located at 5959 North Sheridan Road, Edgewater, Chicago, Illinois, in the United States.[2][3]The congregation was founded in 1975[4] as a gay support group for Jews,[5] and was holding religious services by 1976.[6] In 1977 it moved into its first building, a former Unitarian church on West Barry Avenue,[5][6] and hired its first permanent rabbi, Suzanne Griffel, in 1997.[7]Griffel was succeeded as rabbi by Larry Edwards,[8] and Or Chadash moved a new location, which shared with another synagogue and a Jewish day school, in 2003.[3] In October 2010, Or Chadash was thought to be one of the two synagogues targeted in the 2010 cargo planes bomb plot.[9]In 2016, Or Chadash merged into another Reform congregation, Temple Sholom, with Or Chadash remaining the name of the Temple's LGBTQ+ community group.","title":"Congregation Or Chadash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Founded-4"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendershot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne-3"},{"link_name":"J. Gordon Melton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meltonpp308-334-10"},{"link_name":"Gen. 1:28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative"},{"link_name":"Lev. 20:13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedoshim#Sixth_reading%E2%80%94Leviticus_20:8%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meltonpp308-334-10"}],"text":"Or Chadash was founded in Chicago in 1975[4] as a gay support group for Jews.[5] The organization was initially called simply \"The Jewish Group\".[6] It held its first religious services in January 1976, and adopted its current name in April of that year. The congregation remains geared to needs of LGBT Jews.[3]According to J. Gordon Melton, at the time of its founding there were four other gay synagogues in the United States, in Manhattan, Miami, Los Angeles and Berkeley, California.[10] Or Chadash and the other gay congregations faced significant opposition from others in the Jewish community, which had, Melton writes, \"traditionally abhorred homosexuality because of the admonition to be fruitful and multiply (Gen. 1:28), and the unequivocal denunciation of homosexuality in the Torah (Lev. 20:13)\".[10]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brody-7"},{"link_name":"Hillel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel:_The_Foundation_for_Jewish_Campus_Life"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendershot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brody-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdwardsRabbi-8"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drinkwaterp316-11"}],"text":"Originally established as a member-led congregation, Or Chadash briefly had a rabbi for a few months in the 1980s. The rabbi had asked if he could temporarily lead the group, but was not replaced after he left.[6] In 1997, the congregation hired its first permanent rabbi, the 35-year-old Suzanne Griffel.[7] She had previously been director and rabbi of a Hillel branch at the University of Chicago.[5] It was the first time a Chicago gay/lesbian synagogue had hired a rabbi, and the first time any American mostly gay synagogue had hired a rabbi who did not identify as LGBT.[6] At the time, the synagogue had 120 members.[7]Griffel was succeeded as rabbi of Or Chadash by Laurence \"Larry\" Edwards,[8] who was ordained at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York. Prior to joining Congregation Or Chadash, Edwards served for 22 years as a director of Hillel branches at Dartmouth College and Cornell University.[11]","title":"Rabbis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hendershot-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Congregation"},{"link_name":"Chicago Jewish Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Jewish_Day_School"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne-3"}],"text":"In 1977, the congregation moved into the Second Unitarian Church building at 656 West Barry Avenue, from which it operated for over two decades.[5][6] The congregation moved in 2003 to 5959 North Sheridan Road, a building which it shares with another synagogue, the Emanuel Congregation, and Chicago Jewish Day School, a school for children from kindergarten through 8th grade.[3]","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Gay_and_Lesbian_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGLHF-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menorah_(9186814193).jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byrne-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Usborne-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etter-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazzetti-15"},{"link_name":"CNN.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN.com"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-16"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grossman-9"},{"link_name":"Jewish Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grossman-9"},{"link_name":"Union for Reform Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Homepage-2"}],"text":"Or Chadash was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 2006.[12]A float by the congregation in the 2013 Chicago Pride Parade.On October 10, 2010, Or Chadash was notified that its synagogue was one of the addresses on the packages in the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot.[3] Rabbi Edwards said \"We're rather puzzled at how a little congregation like ours would get on the radar as a target for somebody\". Because Or Chada is so small, Edwards surmised that it had been targeted at random, or because it is mostly gay.[13] The website of Emanuel Congregation, which shares space with Congregation Or Chadash, was recently visited 83 times in one day by someone in Egypt, according to Emanuel's website administrator.[14] However, intelligence officials are reported to believe that the synagogues were not actual targets and that the bombs were intended to detonate while still on board airplanes.[15] According to CNN.com, on November 3, Or Chadash co-president Lilli Kornblum \"said that despite earlier reports, an FBI agent informed her that her synagogue was not one of the intended destinations in the foiled bomb plot that originated in Yemen.\"[16]Later reports indicated that one of the bombs had been addressed to Or Chadash's former location on West Barry, and the other to an inactive Orthodox synagogue, also in Chicago. Investigators believed that the bombers \"...used an outdated directory of Chicago Jewish institutions that is still available on the Internet.\" Robert Pape, a University of Chicago professor who has studied terrorist groups, believed that the synagogues were a backup plan, had the bombs not detonated mid-flight.[9] The packages would have been delivered on the Jewish Sabbath.[9]Or Chadash was affiliated with the Union for Reform Judaism and the World Congress of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Jews.[2]","title":"Events since 2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"By mid-2016, Or Chadash membership had declined to about 60 members \"basically because we got what we wanted. … There's no longer a need for a separate congregation,\" Or Chadash co-president Lilli Kornblum told a local newspaper.[17] On June 24, 2016, Or Chadash held its final service as an independent congregation, and after considering a merger with three Chicago Reform institutions, merged with the Am Keshet LGBT group at Temple Sholom in Chicago.[18]","title":"Merger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MoreAbout_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"More About Congregation Or Chadash\", Congregation Or Chadash website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refMoreAbout"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Homepage_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Homepage_2-1"},{"link_name":"Congregation Or Chadash website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refHomepage"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Byrne_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Byrne_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Byrne_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Byrne_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Byrne_3-4"},{"link_name":"Byrne & Hinkel (October 30, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refByrne"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Founded_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Founded_4-1"},{"link_name":"Hendershot (October 7, 1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refHendershot"},{"link_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\", Congregation Or Chadash website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refFAQ"},{"link_name":"Byrne & Hinkel, Dan (October 30, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refByrne"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hendershot_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hendershot_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hendershot_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hendershot_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hendershot_5-4"},{"link_name":"Hendershot (October 7, 1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refHendershot"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-5"},{"link_name":"Wilson (September 16, 1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refWilson"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brody_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brody_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brody_7-2"},{"link_name":"Brody (September 5, 1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refBrody"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardsRabbi_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EdwardsRabbi_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\", Congregation Or Chadash website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refFAQ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grossman_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grossman_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grossman_9-2"},{"link_name":"Grossman & Parsons (November 4, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refGrossman"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meltonpp308-334_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meltonpp308-334_10-1"},{"link_name":"Melton (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refMelton"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drinkwaterp316_11-0"},{"link_name":"Drinkwater et al (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refDrinkwater"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CGLHF_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Congregation Or Chadash\", Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refCGLHF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Usborne_13-0"},{"link_name":"Usborne (November 1, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refUsborne"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Etter_14-0"},{"link_name":"Etter (October 30, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refEtter"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mazzetti_15-0"},{"link_name":"Mazzetti & Scott (November 2, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refMazzetti"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CNN_16-0"},{"link_name":"CNN.com (November 3, 2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#refCNN"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Gay congregation’s finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170312040708/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-4127966851.html"},{"link_name":"Chicago Jewish Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Jewish_Star"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"}],"text":"^ \"More About Congregation Or Chadash\", Congregation Or Chadash website.\n\n^ a b Congregation Or Chadash website.\n\n^ a b c d e Byrne & Hinkel (October 30, 2010).\n\n^ a b Hendershot (October 7, 1997) and \"Frequently Asked Questions\", Congregation Or Chadash website. Byrne & Hinkel, Dan (October 30, 2010) states the congregation was founded in 1976.\n\n^ a b c d e Hendershot (October 7, 1997).\n\n^ a b c d e f Wilson (September 16, 1997).\n\n^ a b c Brody (September 5, 1997).\n\n^ a b \"Frequently Asked Questions\", Congregation Or Chadash website. \"Rabbi Larry Edwards is Or Chadash's second Rabbi.\"\n\n^ a b c Grossman & Parsons (November 4, 2010).\n\n^ a b Melton (1978), pp. 308–334.\n\n^ Drinkwater et al (2009), p. 316.\n\n^ \"Congregation Or Chadash\", Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame website.\n\n^ Usborne (November 1, 2010).\n\n^ Etter (October 30, 2010).\n\n^ Mazzetti & Scott (November 2, 2010).\n\n^ CNN.com (November 3, 2010).\n\n^ \"Gay congregation’s finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom,\" Chicago Jewish Star, June 24, 2016, p. 3.\n\n^ \"Gay congregation's finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom\". Chicago Jewish Star. June 24, 2016. p. 1.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"A float by the congregation in the 2013 Chicago Pride Parade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Menorah_%289186814193%29.jpg/220px-Menorah_%289186814193%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Gay congregation's finale: After making itself obsolete, a 41-year-old group merges with Temple Sholom\". Chicago Jewish Star. June 24, 2016. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brody, Jennifer. \"At last, gay and lesbian synagogue hires a rabbi\", J. The Jewish News of Northern California, September 5, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/6486/at-last-gay-and-lesbian-synagogue-hires-a-rabbi/","url_text":"\"At last, gay and lesbian synagogue hires a rabbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California","url_text":"J. The Jewish News of Northern California"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, John; Hinkel, Dan. \"Local Jewish group in spotlight after terror plot from Yemen\", Chicago Tribune, October 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-10-30/news/ct-met-1031-terror-or-chadash-20101030_1_yemen-terrorist-plot-small-congregation","url_text":"\"Local Jewish group in spotlight after terror plot from Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Congregation Or Chadash\", Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame website. Accessed November 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104203213/http://glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=267&todo=view_item","url_text":"\"Congregation Or Chadash\""}]},{"reference":"CNN Wire Staff. \"Synagogue leader: We were not target of parcel bomb plot\", CNN.com, November 3, 2010. Accessed November 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/11/03/illinois.synagogue/","url_text":"\"Synagogue leader: We were not target of parcel bomb plot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN.com","url_text":"CNN.com"}]},{"reference":"Drinkwater, Gregg; Lesser, Joshua; Shneer, David; Plaskow, Judith. Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible, New York University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8147-2012-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press","url_text":"New York University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2012-7","url_text":"978-0-8147-2012-7"}]},{"reference":"Etter, Lauren. \"Chicago Synagogue Cites Web Visits From Egypt\", The Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703414504575584681982002308?mod=googlenews_wsj","url_text":"\"Chicago Synagogue Cites Web Visits From Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Ron; Parsons, Christi. \"Bomb plot becomes historic jigsaw puzzle\", Chicago Tribune, November 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101110032824/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-package-bombs-20101104,0,4870380.story","url_text":"\"Bomb plot becomes historic jigsaw puzzle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Hendershot, Sarah. \"Or Chadash, at 21, hires its first rabbi\"[permanent dead link], Windy City Times, October 7, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/archives/outlines/archives/100197/rabbi.html","url_text":"\"Or Chadash, at 21, hires its first rabbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot","url_text":"permanent dead link"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_City_Times","url_text":"Windy City Times"}]},{"reference":"Mazzetti, Mark; Shane, Scott. \"In Parcel Bomb Plot, 2 Dark Inside Jokes\", The New York Times, November 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/03/world/03terror.html?ref=us","url_text":"\"In Parcel Bomb Plot, 2 Dark Inside Jokes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of American Religions, Volume 2, McGrath Publishing Company, 1978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton","url_text":"Melton, J. Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Religions","url_text":"Encyclopedia of American Religions"}]},{"reference":"Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orchadash.org/","url_text":"Congregation Or Chadash website"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\", Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orchadash.org/faq.html","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"More About Congregation Or Chadash\", Congregation Or Chadash website. Accessed November 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orchadash.org/about-us/our-staff","url_text":"\"More About Congregation Or Chadash\""}]},{"reference":"Usborne, David. \"A campaign in the shadow of terror\", The Independent, November 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/a-campaign-in-the-shadow-of-terror-2121827.html","url_text":"\"A campaign in the shadow of terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Terry. \"Gay, Lesbian Jews Find Rabbi Among The Straight\", Chicago Tribune, September 16, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-09-16/news/9709160315_1_lesbian-synagogue-gay-bar-gay-pride-parade","url_text":"\"Gay, Lesbian Jews Find Rabbi Among The Straight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Butterworth_(violinist)

Oliver Butterworth (violinist)

["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]

British violinist Oliver Butterworth, ARAM is a British violinist, music educator, and arts administrator. Biography Butterworth entered the Royal Academy of Music in 1965 as Sterndale Bennett Scholar and studied with Manoug Parikian. He then studied at the Prague Conservatory with Jaroslav Pekelský and later with Viktor Lieberman in Rotterdam. He joined the English Chamber Orchestra in 1971 and was appointed leader of the Dartington Ensemble and Piano Trio in 1981. Butterworth was Senior Lecturer at Dartington College of Arts and later Professor of Violin at Trinity College of Music from 1989 until 2008. He was also Artistic Director of the London Schools Symphony Orchestra from 1990 until 2001. Butterworth is Artistic Director of Al Farabi Concerto. In 2002 Butterworth was appointed an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music. Discography Bohuslav Martinů: La Revue de Cuisine, Nonet, Three Madrigals, and other chamber music, The Dartington Ensemble (2 CDs, Hyperion Dyad, 1998) Bohemian Violin, with John Bingham (piano) (Meridian Records, 1999) Frank Bridge: Phantasie Trio, Phantasy Quartet, and Piano Trio No. 2, The Dartington Trio with Patrick Ireland (Helios, 2001) Fanny Mendelssohn and Clara Schumann: Piano Trios, The Dartington Piano Trio (Helios, 2001) Butterworth has also contributed to a recording of music by Frank Denyer References ^ Riyadh Group for British Business News (Spring 2010), p. 30. This text erroneously describes Butterworth as an Honorary ARAM. The designation Hon. ARAM is conferred upon those who are not alumni of the Academy. As an alumnus of the Academy Butterworth is simply an ARAM. Sources Arab British Centre: About Us: Who We Are: Trustees: Oliver Butterworth. Accessed 11 June 2012. Arab British Centre: What We Offer: Awards: 2011 Award. Accessed 11 June 2012. Riyadh Group for British Business News (Spring 2010), p. 30. Accessed 11 June 2012. Brunel Institute for Contemporary Middle Eastern Music: About the Research Centre. Accessed 11 June 2012. External links Musicstage Promotions Ltd Al Farabi Concerto Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Templeton

Penny Templeton

["1 Career","2 Templeton's acting techniques","3 References","4 External links"]

American acting teacher This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Penny Templeton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Penny Templeton is an American acting teacher based in New York City. Her primary focus is adapting the techniques of the great master teachers (Konstantin Stanislavski, the Method/Lee Strasberg, Sanford Meisner etc.),to make them accessible tools for use in today's under rehearsed, fast-paced world of acting. Career Templeton is a fourth generation theatre actress. She began studying and performing under such teachers as Paul Sorvino and Wynn Handman. Highlights of her career include starring in Joyce Carol Oates' I Stand Before You Naked at the American Palace Theater, and as Paul Sorvino's wife in All the King's Men. In 1990 Templeton began privately coaching actors and in 1994 opened the Penny Templeton Studio. She has offered her expertise in national magazines, served as a finalist judge for the Cable Ace Awards, Daytime Emmy Awards, and the New York Film Festival. In addition, she taught "Acting for the Camera" for the Masters Program at Columbia University. Among Templeton's directorial credits are the one-man shows, "The F Train" and "The Idiots Guide to Life", and the off Broadway play, "The Rise of Dorothy Hale." She is featured in the books Acting Teachers of America by Ronald Rand, and Promoting Your Acting Career by Glen Alterman. In 2011 Templeton published her acting book, Acting Lions: Unleash Your Craft in Today's Lightning Fast World of Film, Television and Theatre. Templeton's acting techniques Templeton's acting theory believes that it is essential to use tools like a video camera, improvisation, sensory and substitutions to teach the craft of acting and to deepen the actor's organic instrument. According to Templeton, this kind of work not only develops the actor's camera technique, but also reinforces basic theatre training. Templeton believes that when truth is projected onto the screen and magnified a hundred times for the actor to watch, he can very quickly make adjustments. References ^ Templeton, Penny (2011). Acting lions: unleashing your craft in today's lightning fast world of film, television & theatre. New York. ISBN 9780615465692.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Penny Templeton Studio Website Excerpt on Penny Templeton from "Acting Teachers of America" by Ronald Rand Excerpt on Penny Templeton from "Promoting Your Acting Career" by Glenn Alterman

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocarina

Ocarina

["1 History","1.1 In media","1.2 Uses","2 Types","3 Gallery","4 Musical performance","4.1 Tone production and acoustics","4.2 Musical notation and tablature","4.3 Articulation","5 Similar instruments","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Ceramic wind instrument For other uses, see Ocarina (disambiguation). OcarinaA mono-chamber 12-hole ocarinaClassification Wind, woodwind, aerophoneHornbostel–Sachs classification421.221.42(Vessel flute with duct and fingerholes)Related instruments Xun, slide whistle, tin whistle, molinukaiSound sample Carnival of Venice - ocarina played by Mosé Tapiero Sound of an ocarina An E major (in concert pitch) scale, followed by a rendition of Frère Jacques. This is a home-made six-hole English pendant ocarina. Problems playing this file? See media help. The ocarina (otherwise known as a potato flute) is a wind musical instrument; it is a type of vessel flute. Variations exist, but a typical ocarina is an enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a mouthpiece that projects from the body. It is traditionally made from clay or ceramic, but other materials are also used, such as plastic, wood, glass, metal, or bone. History Giuseppe Donati, Italian inventor of the modern ocarina, with his work The ocarina belongs to a very old family of instruments, believed to date back over 12,000 years. Ocarina-type instruments have been of particular importance in Chinese and Mesoamerican cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their long history of song and dance. The ocarina has features similar to the Xun (塤), another important Chinese instrument (but is different in that the ocarina uses an internal duct, whereas the Xun is blown across the outer edge). In Korea, the traditional ocarina is known as the hun (hanja: 壎). In Japan, the traditional ocarina is known as the tsuchibue (kanji: 土笛; literally "earthen flute"). Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by Cortés, resulted in the introduction of the ocarina to the courts of Europe. Both the Maya and Aztecs produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought to Europe the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument. Ocarina, c. 1900, Museu de la Música de Barcelona One of the oldest ocarinas found in Europe is from Runik, Kosovo. The Runik ocarina is a Neolithic flute-like wind instrument, and is the earliest prehistoric musical instrument ever recorded in Kosovo. The modern European ocarina dates back to the 19th century, when Giuseppe Donati from Budrio, a town near Bologna, Italy, transformed the ocarina from a toy, which played only a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument (known as the first "classical" ocarina). The word ocarina derives from ucaréṅna, which in the Bolognese dialect means "little goose". The earlier form was known in Europe as a gemshorn, which was made from animal horns of the chamois (Dutch: gems). In 1964, John Taylor, an English mathematician, developed a fingering system that allowed an ocarina to play a full chromatic octave using only four holes. This is now known as the English fingering system, and is used extensively for pendant ocarinas. It is also used in several multi-chamber ocarinas, especially in ones that are designed to play more than one note at a time. In media The ocarina is featured in the NES game EarthBound Beginnings as well as The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, but it plays a more prominent role in the subsequent Nintendo 64 games, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. These games have been credited for increasing the popularity and sales of ocarinas. An ocarina is also featured in The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap on the Gameboy Advance as The Ocarina of Wind. In the 1953 Finnish children's book Tirlittan, the title character also plays an ocarina. Uses French composer Pierre Arvay (1924-1980) wrote several pieces of library music for the ocarina. One of these - Merry ocarina - became well known in the UK when it was used as a regular musical segment in the BBC children's programme Vision On, broadcast between 1964 and 1976. Hungarian-Austrian composer György Ligeti (1923–2006) called for four ocarinas (to be performed by woodwind players doubling their own instruments) in his Violin Concerto, completed in 1993. In 1974, the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020) incorporated 12 ocarinas in his composition The Dream of Jacob. Later, he incorporated 50 in the final section of his Symphony No. 8, completed in 2008, where they are meant to be played by members of the choir. Types There are many different styles of ocarinas varying in shape and the number of holes: Transverse (Sweet potato) – This is the best-known style of ocarina. It has a rounded shape and is held with two hands horizontally. Depending on the number of holes, the player opens one more hole than the previous note to ascend in pitch. The two most common transverse ocarinas are 10-hole (invented by Giuseppe Donati in Italy) and 12-hole. They have a range of between an octave plus a fourth and an octave plus a minor sixth. Pendants: English Pendant – These are usually very small and portable, and use the English fingering system devised by John Taylor (4–6 holes). This fingering system allows them to achieve a range of between an octave and an octave plus a major second. Peruvian Pendant – Dating from the time of the Incas, used as instruments for festivals, rituals, and ceremonies. They are often seen with designs of animals. They usually have 8–9 holes. Inline – These ocarinas are usually rectangular or oval-shaped and are constructed so that the instrument points away from the musician when played. Most inline ocarinas have a similar or identical fingering system to transverse ocarinas. Multi-chambered ocarinas (better known as "double" and "triple" ocarinas) – These ocarinas are essentially two ocarinas molded into one body, with two separate mouthpieces and two separate sets of finger holes. This construction usually either expands the range of the instrument or allows multiple notes to be played at once. Although multi-chamber ocarinas can be made in transverse, inline, or pendant style, the transverse style is the most common. A typical transverse double ocarina plays two octaves plus a minor third, and a transverse triple ocarina usually plays with a range of about two octaves plus a minor seventh. Keys and slides – Beginning in the late 19th century, several makers have also produced ocarinas with keys and slides. These mechanisms either expand the instrument's range, help fingers reach holes that are widely spaced, or make it easier to play notes that are not in the native key of the instrument. Gallery A transverse ocarina Meissen "Blue Onion" pattern porcelain transverse ocarina, early 20th century Front and back view of transverse ocarinas. The double holes on front indicate a fingering system developed in 20th-century Japan. Metal transverse ocarina of 1875 The English pendant ocarina, invented in the 1960s by John Taylor, produces an entire octave using just four finger holes English pendant ocarina (unstrung, with two suspension holes) held in the hand An inline ocarina A double-chambered inline ocarina A double-chambered English pendant A double-chambered transverse ocarina (mouthpiece on the side) An Asian double chambered ocarina. The two blow holes in the mouthpiece are clearly visible, which makes it possible for the player to play an extended range of notes (17 in total, in this case from A4 to C6) A triple-chambered ocarina in the bass register A collection of ocarinas Selection of novelty "teacarinas" that are also functional teacups Owl-shaped ocarinas on sale in a shop in Taiwan Ocarina made from a bottle A ceramic pre-Columbian ocarina, c. 1300–1500, Tairona people, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia An ocarina design based on the titular instrument in the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Musical performance Tone production and acoustics See also: Vessel flute § Acoustics How an ocarina works: Air enters through the windway Air strikes the labium, producing sound Air pulses in and out of the ocarina, as the vessel resonates a specific pitch (see Helmholtz resonator) Covering holes lowers the pitch; uncovering holes raises the pitch Blowing more softly lowers the pitch; blowing harder raises it. Breath force can change the pitch by several semitones, of which about a third of a semitone either way is useful. Too much or too little air will harm the tone. This is why ocarinas generally have no tuning mechanism or dynamic range, and why it is hard to learn to play one in tune. The airstream is directed on the labium by a fipple or internal duct, which is a narrowing rectangular slot in the mouthpiece, rather than relying on the player's lips as in a transverse flute. Like other flutes, the airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer face of the labium as the pressure in the ocarina chamber oscillates. At first, the sound is a broad-spectrum "noise" (i.e. "chiff"), but those frequencies that are identical with the fundamental frequency of the resonating chamber (which depends on the fingering), are selectively amplified. A Helmholtz resonating chamber is unusually selective in amplifying a single frequency. Most resonators also amplify more overtones. As a result, ocarinas and other vessel flutes have a distinctive overtoneless sound. Unlike many flutes, ocarinas do not rely on pipe length to produce a particular tone. Instead, the tone is dependent on the ratio of the total surface area of opened holes to the total cubic volume enclosed by the instrument. This means that, unlike a transverse flute or recorder, sound is created by resonance of the entire cavity and the placement of the holes on an ocarina is largely irrelevant – their size is the most important factor. Instruments that have toneholes close to the voicing/embouchure should be avoided, however; as an ocarina is a Helmholtz resonator, this weakens tonal production. The resonator in the ocarina can create overtones, but because of the common "egg" shape, these overtones are many octaves above the keynote scale. In similar Helmholtz resonator instruments with a narrow cone shape, like the Gemshorn or Tonette, some partial overtones are available. The technique of overblowing to get a range of higher-pitched notes is possible with the ocarina but not widely used because the resulting note is not "clean" enough, so the range of pitches available is limited by the total area of the holes. Some ocarina makers bypass these physical limitations by creating ocarinas that have two or three resonating chambers, each with their own windway and labium. There are two main systems that dictate how these additional chambers are tuned: the Asian system and the Pacchioni system. The Asian system maximizes range by beginning each chamber one semitone higher than the highest note of the previous chamber. The Pacchioni system instead focuses on smoothing the transition between chambers by overlapping their ranges slightly, thereby making it easier to play melodies that fall in that range. Musical notation and tablature Ocarina music is written in three main ways. The most apparent is the use of sheet music. There are archives of sheet music either specifically written for ocarinas, or adapted from piano sheet music. Since some ocarinas are fully chromatic and can be played in professional musical situations, including classical and folk, sheet music is an ideal notation for ocarinas. Second is the use of numerical tablature, which expresses the musical notes as numbers. Some makers have developed their own system of numerical tablature for their ocarinas, while others follow a more universal system where numbers correspond to different notes on the scale. This method is typically used by beginners who have not learned to read sheet music. A third method uses a pictorial tablature similar to the ocarina's finger hole pattern, with blackened holes that represent holes to cover. The tablature represents the holes on the top of the ocarina, and, where necessary, the holes on the underside. This enables easy playing, particularly for beginners. The two most popular tablature systems are: The John Taylor four-hole system (invented in 1964 by British mathematician John Taylor) The 10 hole sweet potato system (invented by Giuseppe Donati of Budrio Italy) Depending on the artist, some may write a number or figure over the picture to depict how many beats to hold the note. Articulation See also: Tin Whistle § Ornamentation Due to its lack of keys, the ocarina shares many articulations with the tin whistle, such as cuts, strikes, rolls, and slides. However, tonguing is used more often on ocarina than on tin whistle, and vibrato is always achieved through adjusting breath pressure instead of with the fingers. Similar instruments Other vessel flutes include the Chinese xun and African globe flutes. The xun (simplified Chinese: 埙; traditional: 塤; pinyin: xūn) is a Chinese vessel flute made of clay or ceramic. It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments. Shaped like an egg, it differs from the ocarina in being side-blown, like the Western concert flute, rather than having a recorder-like mouthpiece (a fipple or beak). Similar instruments exist in Korea (the hun) and Japan (the tsuchibue). A related family of instruments is the closed-pipe family, which includes the panpipes and other instruments that produce their tone by vibrating a column of air within a stopped cylinder. The old fashioned jug band jug also has similar properties. The traditional German gemshorn works nearly the same way as an ocarina. The only difference is the material it is made from: the horn of a chamois, goat, or other suitable animal. Sindhi borrindos, a form of vessel flute produced in different sizes to give different tones. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay, plentiful in the central Indus Valley. The borrindo is a simple hollow clay ball with three to four fingering holes, one hole slightly larger than the other three, which are smaller and of equal size to one another. The holes are arranged in an isosceles triangular form. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay available in plenty everywhere in the central Indus Valley. Being of the simplest design, it is made even by children. Some adults make fine borrindos of larger size, put pottery designs on them, and bake them. These baked borrindos, with pottery designs, are the later evolved forms of this musical instrument, which appears to have previously been used in its simple unbaked form for a long time. The sound notes are produced by blowing somewhat horizontally into the larger hole. Finger tips are placed on smaller holes to regulate the notes. Its ease of play makes it popular among children and the youth. See also Hand flute References ^ a b c d "History of the Ocarina". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-09. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2012-12-30. ^ "Ocarina". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ "The Chinese Xun". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-31. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-12-30. ^ "Runik Ocarina". Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport, Republic of Kosovo. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ^ Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco (December 2019). "A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': A New Etymology for the Word 'Ocarina'". Seria Stiinte Filologice. 41 (1–2). Analele Universitatii din Craiova: 456–469. ^ King, Sharon R. (February 15, 1999). "Compressed Data; Can You Play 'Feelings' On the Ocarina?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009. ^ "The magic box: childhood revisited". Booksfromfinland.fi. 25 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2021. ^ Pierre Arvey: music ^ "The Ocarina Almanac". Ledger Note. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ "Playing the ocarina in tune – ocarina intonation". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ Hickman, Robert. "How air temperature affects an ocarina's pitch". Pureocarinas.com. Retrieved 8 March 2021. ^ a b Benade, Arthur H. (1990). Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. Dover Publications. pp. 473–476. ISBN 9780486264844. ^ "Ocarina Physics". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-24. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-12-30. ^ Hickman, Robert. "Multichamber ocarinas and their tuning systems". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "Ocarina Fingering Charts". www.hindocarina.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2007-04-21. ^ Hickman, Robert. "Articulating notes on the ocarina". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ Hickman, Robert. "Ornamentation on the ocarina". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ a b "Ocarina". Seocarinas.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-30. Further reading Adversi, Aldo (1963). L'ocarina di Budrio: Pubblicato in occasione del 1 centenario ed a cura del comitato per le manifestazioni budriesi (in Italian). Bongiovanni. Cedroni, Claudio (2011). Il Settimino di ocarine: Storia di una tradizione italiana (in Italian). Edizioni Sonic Press. Hall, Barry (2006). From Mud to Music: Making and Enjoying Ceramic Musical Instruments. American Ceramic Society. ISBN 1-57498-139-0. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Molinario Pradelli, Alessandro, ed. (2003). Il suono dell'argilla: l'ocarina di Budrio 150 anni dopo (in Italian). City of Budrio. Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco (2019). "A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': a New Etymology for the Word ocarina". Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Ştiinţe Filologice. Lingvistică (1–2): 356–369. Hickman, Robert. The Art Of Ocarina Making. (continual updates) Hickman, Robert. Serious Ocarina Player - The Fundamentals of Excellent Performance. External links Listen to this article (11 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 15 January 2012 (2012-01-15), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocarina. A variety of ocarina fingering charts vteFlutes and whistlesSide-blown Bansuri Daegeum Dizi Fife Five-key flute Fue Kagurabue Komabue Minteki Nohkan Ryūteki Shinobue Yokobue Glass flute Irish flute Koudi Sáo Simple system flute Tambin Venu Xindi Concert Piccolo Treble Soprano Concert Flûte d'amour Alto Bass Contra-alto Contrabass Subcontrabass Double contrabass Hyperbass End-blown Anasazi flute Danso Floghera Frilka Fue Hotchiku Shakuhachi Gudi Kaval Kōauau Ney Nose flute Kalaleng Nose whistle Pinkillu Qina Quray Sodina Sopilka Šupelka Svirel Washint Xiao Pan Kuvytsi Larchemi Nai Miskal Paixiao Siku Soinari Wot Fipple Almpfeiferl Atenteben Dentsivka Diple Dvoyanka Flabiol Flageolet Frula Fujara Hydraulophone Khloy Khlui Kuisi Low whistle Native American flute Organ pipe Salamuri Shvi Sjøfløyte Slide whistle Souravli Spilåpipa Stabule Tarka Tabor pipe Tin whistle Txistu Whistle Xirula Zuffolo Recorders Garklein Sopranino Soprano (descant) Alto (treble) Voice flute Tenor Bass Great bass Contrabass Sub-great bass Sub-contrabass Overtone Fujara Kalyuka Koncovka Willow flute Vessel Gemshorn Pifana Hun Molinukai Ocarina Tonette Xun Shepherd's whistle Other Chinese folk flute music List of compositions Tone hole Uakti Vertical flute Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Other MusicBrainz instrument

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocarina (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocarina_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"},{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"vessel flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyocarinaforest-1"},{"link_name":"mouthpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthpiece_(woodwind)"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"}],"text":"Ceramic wind instrumentFor other uses, see Ocarina (disambiguation).The ocarina (otherwise known as a potato flute) is a wind musical instrument; it is a type of vessel flute.[1] Variations exist, but a typical ocarina is an enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a mouthpiece that projects from the body. It is traditionally made from clay or ceramic, but other materials are also used, such as plastic, wood, glass, metal, or bone.","title":"Ocarina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Donati_and_one_of_his_ocarinas.gif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofocarinavtmmd-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xunocarinaforest-3"},{"link_name":"Cortés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples"},{"link_name":"Aztecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyocarinaforest-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museu de la Música de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Runik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Donati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Donati"},{"link_name":"Budrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budrio"},{"link_name":"Bologna, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Bolognese dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognese_dialect"},{"link_name":"gemshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemshorn"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"chamois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocarina-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyocarinaforest-1"}],"text":"Giuseppe Donati, Italian inventor of the modern ocarina, with his workThe ocarina belongs to a very old family of instruments, believed to date back over 12,000 years.[2] Ocarina-type instruments have been of particular importance in Chinese and Mesoamerican cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their long history of song and dance. The ocarina has features similar to the Xun (塤), another important Chinese instrument (but is different in that the ocarina uses an internal duct, whereas the Xun is blown across the outer edge).[3] In Korea, the traditional ocarina is known as the hun (hanja: 壎). In Japan, the traditional ocarina is known as the tsuchibue (kanji: 土笛; literally \"earthen flute\"). Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by Cortés, resulted in the introduction of the ocarina to the courts of Europe. Both the Maya and Aztecs produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought to Europe the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument.[1]Ocarina, c. 1900, Museu de la Música de BarcelonaOne of the oldest ocarinas found in Europe is from Runik, Kosovo. The Runik ocarina is a Neolithic flute-like wind instrument, and is the earliest prehistoric musical instrument ever recorded in Kosovo.[4]\nThe modern European ocarina dates back to the 19th century, when Giuseppe Donati from Budrio, a town near Bologna, Italy, transformed the ocarina from a toy, which played only a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument (known as the first \"classical\" ocarina). The word ocarina derives from ucaréṅna, which in the Bolognese dialect means \"little goose\". The earlier form was known in Europe as a gemshorn, which was made from animal horns of the chamois (Dutch: gems).[5]In 1964, John Taylor, an English mathematician, developed a fingering system that allowed an ocarina to play a full chromatic octave using only four holes.[1] This is now known as the English fingering system, and is used extensively for pendant ocarinas. It is also used in several multi-chamber ocarinas, especially in ones that are designed to play more than one note at a time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NES"},{"link_name":"EarthBound Beginnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthBound_Beginnings"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Majora%27s_Mask"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Minish_Cap"},{"link_name":"Tirlittan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirlittan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"In media","text":"The ocarina is featured in the NES game EarthBound Beginnings as well as The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, but it plays a more prominent role in the subsequent Nintendo 64 games, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. These games have been credited for increasing the popularity and sales of ocarinas.[6] An ocarina is also featured in The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap on the Gameboy Advance as The Ocarina of Wind. In the 1953 Finnish children's book Tirlittan, the title character also plays an ocarina.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vision On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_On"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"György Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Ligeti)"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"link_name":"The Dream of Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_of_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Penderecki)"}],"sub_title":"Uses","text":"French composer Pierre Arvay (1924-1980) wrote several pieces of library music for the ocarina. One of these - Merry ocarina - became well known in the UK when it was used as a regular musical segment in the BBC children's programme Vision On, broadcast between 1964 and 1976.[8]Hungarian-Austrian composer György Ligeti (1923–2006) called for four ocarinas (to be performed by woodwind players doubling their own instruments) in his Violin Concerto, completed in 1993. In 1974, the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020) incorporated 12 ocarinas in his composition The Dream of Jacob. Later, he incorporated 50 in the final section of his Symphony No. 8, completed in 2008, where they are meant to be played by members of the choir.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Donati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Donati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyocarinaforest-1"},{"link_name":"Multi-chambered ocarinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute#Multiple_resonant_chambers"},{"link_name":"minor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third"},{"link_name":"minor seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_seventh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There are many different styles of ocarinas varying in shape and the number of holes:Transverse (Sweet potato) – This is the best-known style of ocarina. It has a rounded shape and is held with two hands horizontally. Depending on the number of holes, the player opens one more hole than the previous note to ascend in pitch. The two most common transverse ocarinas are 10-hole (invented by Giuseppe Donati in Italy) and 12-hole. They have a range of between an octave plus a fourth and an octave plus a minor sixth.\nPendants:\nEnglish Pendant – These are usually very small and portable, and use the English fingering system devised by John Taylor[1] (4–6 holes). This fingering system allows them to achieve a range of between an octave and an octave plus a major second.\nPeruvian Pendant – Dating from the time of the Incas, used as instruments for festivals, rituals, and ceremonies. They are often seen with designs of animals. They usually have 8–9 holes.\nInline – These ocarinas are usually rectangular or oval-shaped and are constructed so that the instrument points away from the musician when played. Most inline ocarinas have a similar or identical fingering system to transverse ocarinas.\nMulti-chambered ocarinas (better known as \"double\" and \"triple\" ocarinas) – These ocarinas are essentially two ocarinas molded into one body, with two separate mouthpieces and two separate sets of finger holes. This construction usually either expands the range of the instrument or allows multiple notes to be played at once. Although multi-chamber ocarinas can be made in transverse, inline, or pendant style, the transverse style is the most common. A typical transverse double ocarina plays two octaves plus a minor third, and a transverse triple ocarina usually plays with a range of about two octaves plus a minor seventh.\nKeys and slides – Beginning in the late 19th century, several makers have also produced ocarinas with keys and slides. These mechanisms either expand the instrument's range, help fingers reach holes that are widely spaced, or make it easier to play notes that are not in the native key of the instrument.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueandwhitepatternocarinaanonymous1923.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_SopranoF_AltoC.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pendant4ocarina.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6rtemuzsika2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountain_Warmstone_G_okar%C3%ADna.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budriodouble.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_a_doppia_voce_americana.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_doppia_di_Kurt_Posch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FocalinkDoubleAC.jpg"},{"link_name":"range of notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(music)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STL_Triple_Bass.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paolo_collection.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STL_Teacarina_ocarina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocarina_shops.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EpiCai_Glass_Bottle_ocarina._10_holes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pre-Columbian_ceramic_ocarina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Replikat_der_Okarina_der_Zeit_20211210_HOF08320_RAW-Export_20211212000388_02.png"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time"}],"text":"A transverse ocarina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeissen \"Blue Onion\" pattern porcelain transverse ocarina, early 20th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFront and back view of transverse ocarinas. The double holes on front indicate a fingering system developed in 20th-century Japan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMetal transverse ocarina of 1875\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe English pendant ocarina, invented in the 1960s by John Taylor, produces an entire octave using just four finger holes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnglish pendant ocarina (unstrung, with two suspension holes) held in the hand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn inline ocarina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA double-chambered inline ocarina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA double-chambered English pendant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA double-chambered transverse ocarina (mouthpiece on the side)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Asian double chambered ocarina. The two blow holes in the mouthpiece are clearly visible, which makes it possible for the player to play an extended range of notes (17 in total, in this case from A4 to C6)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA triple-chambered ocarina in the bass register\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA collection of ocarinas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelection of novelty \"teacarinas\" that are also functional teacups\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOwl-shaped ocarinas on sale in a shop in Taiwan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOcarina made from a bottle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA ceramic pre-Columbian ocarina, c. 1300–1500, Tairona people, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn ocarina design based on the titular instrument in the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vessel flute § Acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute#Acoustics"},{"link_name":"labium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipple"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_resonator"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breath_curve-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-temp_sensitivity-11"},{"link_name":"fipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipple"},{"link_name":"transverse flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_flute"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz resonating chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_resonator"},{"link_name":"overtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtones"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musical_Acoustics_pp.473-12"},{"link_name":"vessel flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-physicsocarinaforest-13"},{"link_name":"transverse flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_flute"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_resonance"},{"link_name":"resonator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator"},{"link_name":"overtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musical_Acoustics_pp.473-12"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz resonator instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute"},{"link_name":"Gemshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemshorn"},{"link_name":"Tonette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonette"},{"link_name":"overblowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overblowing"},{"link_name":"labium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipple"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Tone production and acoustics","text":"See also: Vessel flute § AcousticsHow an ocarina works:Air enters through the windway\nAir strikes the labium, producing sound\nAir pulses in and out of the ocarina, as the vessel resonates a specific pitch (see Helmholtz resonator)\nCovering holes lowers the pitch; uncovering holes raises the pitch\nBlowing more softly lowers the pitch; blowing harder raises it. Breath force can change the pitch by several semitones, of which about a third of a semitone either way is useful.[10] Too much or too little air will harm the tone.[11] This is why ocarinas generally have no tuning mechanism or dynamic range, and why it is hard to learn to play one in tune.The airstream is directed on the labium by a fipple or internal duct, which is a narrowing rectangular slot in the mouthpiece, rather than relying on the player's lips as in a transverse flute. Like other flutes, the airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer face of the labium as the pressure in the ocarina chamber oscillates.At first, the sound is a broad-spectrum \"noise\" (i.e. \"chiff\"), but those frequencies that are identical with the fundamental frequency of the resonating chamber (which depends on the fingering), are selectively amplified. A Helmholtz resonating chamber is unusually selective in amplifying a single frequency. Most resonators also amplify more overtones.[12] As a result, ocarinas and other vessel flutes have a distinctive overtoneless sound.Unlike many flutes, ocarinas do not rely on pipe length to produce a particular tone. Instead, the tone is dependent on the ratio of the total surface area of opened holes to the total cubic volume enclosed by the instrument.[13] This means that, unlike a transverse flute or recorder, sound is created by resonance of the entire cavity and the placement of the holes on an ocarina is largely irrelevant – their size is the most important factor. Instruments that have toneholes close to the voicing/embouchure should be avoided, however; as an ocarina is a Helmholtz resonator, this weakens tonal production.The resonator in the ocarina can create overtones, but because of the common \"egg\" shape, these overtones are many octaves above the keynote scale.[12] In similar Helmholtz resonator instruments with a narrow cone shape, like the Gemshorn or Tonette, some partial overtones are available. The technique of overblowing to get a range of higher-pitched notes is possible with the ocarina but not widely used because the resulting note is not \"clean\" enough, so the range of pitches available is limited by the total area of the holes.Some ocarina makers bypass these physical limitations by creating ocarinas that have two or three resonating chambers, each with their own windway and labium. There are two main systems that dictate how these additional chambers are tuned: the Asian system and the Pacchioni system. The Asian system maximizes range by beginning each chamber one semitone higher than the highest note of the previous chamber. The Pacchioni system instead focuses on smoothing the transition between chambers by overlapping their ranges slightly, thereby making it easier to play melodies that fall in that range.[14]","title":"Musical performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"chromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"tablature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablature"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Donati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Donati"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fingeringcharts-15"}],"sub_title":"Musical notation and tablature","text":"Ocarina music is written in three main ways. The most apparent is the use of sheet music. There are archives of sheet music either specifically written for ocarinas, or adapted from piano sheet music. Since some ocarinas are fully chromatic and can be played in professional musical situations, including classical and folk, sheet music is an ideal notation for ocarinas.Second is the use of numerical tablature, which expresses the musical notes as numbers. Some makers have developed their own system of numerical tablature for their ocarinas, while others follow a more universal system where numbers correspond to different notes on the scale. This method is typically used by beginners who have not learned to read sheet music.A third method uses a pictorial tablature similar to the ocarina's finger hole pattern, with blackened holes that represent holes to cover. The tablature represents the holes on the top of the ocarina, and, where necessary, the holes on the underside. This enables easy playing, particularly for beginners. The two most popular tablature systems are:The John Taylor four-hole system (invented in 1964 by British mathematician John Taylor)\nThe 10 hole sweet potato system (invented by Giuseppe Donati of Budrio Italy)Depending on the artist, some may write a number or figure over the picture to depict how many beats to hold the note.[15]","title":"Musical performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tin Whistle § Ornamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Whistle#Ornamentation"},{"link_name":"tin whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_whistle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Articulation","text":"See also: Tin Whistle § OrnamentationDue to its lack of keys, the ocarina shares many articulations with the tin whistle, such as cuts, strikes, rolls, and slides.[16] However, tonguing is used more often on ocarina than on tin whistle, and vibrato is always achieved through adjusting breath pressure instead of with the fingers.[17]","title":"Musical performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vessel flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_flute"},{"link_name":"xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Western concert flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"fipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipple"},{"link_name":"hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"tsuchibue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuchibue"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seocarinas.com-18"},{"link_name":"panpipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_flute"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"jug band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug_band"},{"link_name":"jug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"gemshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemshorn"},{"link_name":"chamois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seocarinas.com-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borrindo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"borrindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrindo"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"isosceles triangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_triangles"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Other vessel flutes include the Chinese xun and African globe flutes. The xun (simplified Chinese: 埙; traditional: 塤; pinyin: xūn) is a Chinese vessel flute made of clay or ceramic. It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments. Shaped like an egg, it differs from the ocarina in being side-blown, like the Western concert flute, rather than having a recorder-like mouthpiece (a fipple or beak). Similar instruments exist in Korea (the hun) and Japan (the tsuchibue).[18]A related family of instruments is the closed-pipe family, which includes the panpipes and other instruments that produce their tone by vibrating a column of air within a stopped cylinder.[citation needed]The old fashioned jug band jug also has similar properties.[citation needed]The traditional German gemshorn works nearly the same way as an ocarina. The only difference is the material it is made from: the horn of a chamois, goat, or other suitable animal.[18]Sindhi borrindos, a form of vessel flute produced in different sizes to give different tones. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay, plentiful in the central Indus Valley.The borrindo is a simple hollow clay ball with three to four fingering holes, one hole slightly larger than the other three, which are smaller and of equal size to one another.[vague] The holes are arranged in an isosceles triangular form. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay available in plenty everywhere in the central Indus Valley. Being of the simplest design, it is made even by children. Some adults make fine borrindos of larger size, put pottery designs on them, and bake them. These baked borrindos, with pottery designs, are the later evolved forms of this musical instrument, which appears to have previously been used in its simple unbaked form for a long time.[citation needed] The sound notes are produced by blowing somewhat horizontally into the larger hole. Finger tips are placed on smaller holes to regulate the notes. Its ease of play makes it popular among children and the youth.[citation needed]","title":"Similar instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From Mud to Music: Making and Enjoying Ceramic Musical Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080509094305/http://www.clayz.com/fmtm.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57498-139-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57498-139-0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clayz.com/fmtm.html"},{"link_name":"\"A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': a New Etymology for the Word ocarina\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=825358"},{"link_name":"The Art Of Ocarina Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ocarinamaking.com/"},{"link_name":"Serious Ocarina Player - The Fundamentals of Excellent Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seriousocarinabook.com/index"}],"text":"Adversi, Aldo (1963). L'ocarina di Budrio: Pubblicato in occasione del 1 centenario ed a cura del comitato per le manifestazioni budriesi (in Italian). Bongiovanni.\nCedroni, Claudio (2011). Il Settimino di ocarine: Storia di una tradizione italiana (in Italian). Edizioni Sonic Press.\nHall, Barry (2006). From Mud to Music: Making and Enjoying Ceramic Musical Instruments. American Ceramic Society. ISBN 1-57498-139-0. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.\nMolinario Pradelli, Alessandro, ed. (2003). Il suono dell'argilla: l'ocarina di Budrio 150 anni dopo (in Italian). City of Budrio.\nPerono Cacciafoco, Francesco (2019). \"A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': a New Etymology for the Word ocarina\". Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Ştiinţe Filologice. Lingvistică (1–2): 356–369.\nHickman, Robert. The Art Of Ocarina Making. (continual updates)\nHickman, Robert. Serious Ocarina Player - The Fundamentals of Excellent Performance.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Carnival of Venice - ocarina played by Mosé Tapiero"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Giuseppe Donati, Italian inventor of the modern ocarina, with his work","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Giuseppe_Donati_and_one_of_his_ocarinas.gif/180px-Giuseppe_Donati_and_one_of_his_ocarinas.gif"},{"image_text":"Ocarina, c. 1900, Museu de la Música de Barcelona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ocarina_1.JPG/220px-Ocarina_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sindhi borrindos, a form of vessel flute produced in different sizes to give different tones. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay, plentiful in the central Indus Valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Borrindo.jpg/220px-Borrindo.jpg"},{}]

[{"title":"Hand flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_flute"}]

[{"reference":"\"History of the Ocarina\". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-09. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2012-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130313064537/http://ocarinaforest.com/info/ocarina-history/","url_text":"\"History of the Ocarina\""},{"url":"http://ocarinaforest.com/info/ocarina-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocarina\". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2007-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070420191707/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html","url_text":"\"Ocarina\""},{"url":"http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Chinese Xun\". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-31. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314070738/http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/","url_text":"\"The Chinese Xun\""},{"url":"http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Runik Ocarina\". Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport, Republic of Kosovo. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2017-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211631/https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800","url_text":"\"Runik Ocarina\""},{"url":"https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco (December 2019). \"A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': A New Etymology for the Word 'Ocarina'\". Seria Stiinte Filologice. 41 (1–2). Analele Universitatii din Craiova: 456–469.","urls":[]},{"reference":"King, Sharon R. (February 15, 1999). \"Compressed Data; Can You Play 'Feelings' On the Ocarina?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html","url_text":"\"Compressed Data; Can You Play 'Feelings' On the Ocarina?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214037/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The magic box: childhood revisited\". Booksfromfinland.fi. 25 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksfromfinland.fi/2014/12/the-magic-box-childhood-revisited/","url_text":"\"The magic box: childhood revisited\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ocarina Almanac\". Ledger Note. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ledgernote.com/features/the-ocarina-almanac/","url_text":"\"The Ocarina Almanac\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160924060627/http://ledgernote.com/features/the-ocarina-almanac/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Playing the ocarina in tune – ocarina intonation\". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 2018-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://pureocarinas.com/playing-techniques/learning-to-play/playing-in-tune-and-managing-the-breath-curve","url_text":"\"Playing the ocarina in tune – ocarina intonation\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Robert. \"How air temperature affects an ocarina's pitch\". Pureocarinas.com. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pureocarinas.com/about-the-ocarina/ocarina-temperature-sensitivity","url_text":"\"How air temperature affects an ocarina's pitch\""}]},{"reference":"Benade, Arthur H. (1990). Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics. Dover Publications. pp. 473–476. ISBN 9780486264844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Benade","url_text":"Benade, Arthur H."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cCW5Ng0UfYYC","url_text":"Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486264844","url_text":"9780486264844"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocarina Physics\". ocarinaforest.com. 2012-12-24. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2012-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314100538/http://ocarinaforest.com/info/physics/how-ocarinas-work/","url_text":"\"Ocarina Physics\""},{"url":"http://ocarinaforest.com/info/physics/how-ocarinas-work/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Robert. \"Multichamber ocarinas and their tuning systems\". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pureocarinas.com/about-the-ocarina/multichamber-ocarinas-and-their-tunings","url_text":"\"Multichamber ocarinas and their tuning systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ocarina Fingering Charts\". www.hindocarina.com. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2007-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://hindocarina.com/enjoy/fingering.shtml","url_text":"\"Ocarina Fingering Charts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080129090713/http://hindocarina.com/enjoy/fingering.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Robert. \"Articulating notes on the ocarina\". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pureocarinas.com/ocarina-tutorial/ocarina-ornamentation","url_text":"\"Articulating notes on the ocarina\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Robert. \"Ornamentation on the ocarina\". Pure Ocarinas. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pureocarinas.com/ocarina-tutorial/ocarina-ornamentation","url_text":"\"Ornamentation on the ocarina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ocarina\". Seocarinas.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327181201/http://seocarinas.com/OcarinaHistory.html","url_text":"\"Ocarina\""},{"url":"http://www.seocarinas.com/OcarinaHistory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adversi, Aldo (1963). L'ocarina di Budrio: Pubblicato in occasione del 1 centenario ed a cura del comitato per le manifestazioni budriesi (in Italian). Bongiovanni.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cedroni, Claudio (2011). Il Settimino di ocarine: Storia di una tradizione italiana (in Italian). Edizioni Sonic Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hall, Barry (2006). From Mud to Music: Making and Enjoying Ceramic Musical Instruments. American Ceramic Society. ISBN 1-57498-139-0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chance_Newton

Henry Chance Newton

["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]

British writer (1854–1931) Henry Chance NewtonIn The Sketch, 24 July 1895Born(1854-03-13)13 March 1854London, EnglandDied2 January 1931(1931-01-02) (aged 76)London, EnglandBurial placePutney Vale CemeteryOccupation(s)Writer, theatre critic Henry Chance Newton (13 March 1854 – 2 January 1931) was a British author and theatre critic for The Referee magazine. Biography Henry Chance Newton was born in London to parents of Northern Irish descent. He had written about the stage since 1875 when he joined the staff of Hood's Comic Annual. He wrote using the pseudonym Gawain, the London correspondent for the New York Dramatic Mirror, and as Carados for The Referee. Newton, in conjunction with Richard Butler, wrote libretti for musical comedy under the joint collaborative name of Richard Henry. Works attributed to Richard Henry include to Victorian burlesques, Monte Cristo Jr. (a parody of The Count of Monte Cristo, 1886) and Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (a parody of the Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein, 1887), both presented at the Gaiety Theatre, London; and Jubilation (musical mixture, 1887); and Opposition (a debate in one sitting, 1892). He died at his home in London on 2 January 1931, and was buried at Putney Vale Cemetery. Publications Henry Chance Newton, History of "Ye George and Vulture Tavern" (1909) Henry Chance Newton, The Old Vic. and Its Associations: Being My Own Extraordinary Experiences of "Queen Wictoria's Own Theayter" (1923) Henry Chance Newton, Idols of the "Halls": being my Music Hall Memories References ^ a b "Veteran Theatre Critic Dead". Liverpool Echo. 3 January 1931. p. 4. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Obituary: Mr. Henry Chance Newton". Northern Whig. 3 January 1931. p. 6. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Chance Newton. Veteran of the Theatre". The Stage. 8 January 1931. p. 14. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b Littlewood, S.R. (7 January 1931). "Henry Chance Newton. An Appreciation". The Era. p. 12. Retrieved 3 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. External links Plays by Henry Chance Newton on Great War Theatre Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States People Trove This article about a writer or poet from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ch%C3%ADn_of_Fore

Féchín of Fore

["1 Background","2 Foundations","3 Legend","4 Death","5 Veneration","6 Notes","7 Sources","7.1 Primary sources","7.2 Secondary sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Irish saint SaintFéchín of ForeIrish saint, monastic founderSaint Féchín statue at Fore AbbeyPersonal detailsBornClaimed by the Luigne, Gailenga and FothairtDied665ParentsLassair (mother)SainthoodFeast day20 JanuaryVenerated inCatholicism Anglicanism PatronageFore Abbey, Cong Abbey, Omey Island, Ardoilén, Saint Féchín or Féichín (died 665), also known as Mo-Ecca, was a 7th-century Irish saint, chiefly remembered as the founder of the monastery at Fore (Fobar), County Westmeath. Sources for his life and legend include Irish annals, martyrologies, genealogies and hagiographical works. Of the two surviving medieval Lives, one was written in Latin, the other in Irish. The Latin Life was written c. 1400 by Augustine mac Graidín, who belonged to the Saints' Island on the southeastern shore of Lough Ree, south of the present-day village of Newtowncashel. His main source appears to have been a Life originating in Féchín's monastery on Omey Island. The Irish Life (Betha Féchín Fabair "The Life of St Féchín of Fore") was written down by Nicol Óg, son of the abbot of Cong, in 1328 and it seems that parts of it go back to even earlier (Latin) sources. The text may be seen as a combination of two texts. The first part is primarily concerned with the saint's position as a mediator and negotiator between the Luigne (or Luigni) of Connacht, of which he was supposedly a member, and the more powerful Luigne of Meath, on whose territory Fore Abbey was founded. The second part focuses more attention on Leinster and the payment of tribute. The Latin and Irish Lives both agree that Ailerán of Clonard, a contemporary of St Féchín, had composed an account of the saint's good works. In the 17th century, John Colgan produced another Latin Life (the Vita seu supplementum), for which he drew on three Irish Lives. Background Féchín is said to have been born in Bile, probably Billa in what is now the parish of Ballisodare (Kilvarnet), (County Sligo). The medieval Lives call his mother Lassair, identified in the Irish text (first part) as a member of a royal Munster line. The late Irish Life asserts that the saint's foundation at Fore (County Westmeath) in Mide was connected to the Luigne and that Féchín himself belonged to the Luigne of Connacht. In the annal for 814, however, the Chronicon Scotorum appears to suggest that the saint's church was connected to both the Gailenga and the Luigne. On the other hand, the Life's claim is corroborated by an entry in the Annals of Ulster (sub anno 993) which styles Máel Finnia, bishop of Fore, bishop of the peoples (túatha) of the Luigne. The Lives tell us that Féchín received his monastic training from St Nath Í of Achonry and later moved on to Clonmacnoise. It has been suggested that his name translates as "little raven", consisting of the Old Irish noun fiach "raven" and a diminutive suffix. His name is explained in this manner in a note added to the Félire Óengusso, which says that he received this name when his mother saw him gnawing on a bone and exclaimed "my little raven!" (mo fiachan). The same note also names him Moéca, which is explained as meaning "backslider": when Féchín felt aggrieved over the reward he received for herding the oxen of Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, he left in anger, going eastwards. When he was called back, he refused to return with his face before him and so walked backwards instead, hence the name. Kearney's house ruins at Omey Island. Foundations The first monastic houses said to have been founded by Féchín are those on the islands of Omey and Ardoilén, both off the coast of Galway, which fell under the protection of the king of Connacht, Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin. His principal foundation was Fobur, now Fore, County Westmeath. Between 771 and 1169, Fore was burned at least twelve times. Legend The Monk Gerald of Wales related the following legend of Féchín: " Chapter LII (Of the mill which no women enter) "There is a mill at Foure, in Meath, which St. Fechin made most miraculously with his own hands, in the side of a certain rock. No women are allowed to enter either this mill or the church of the saint; and the mill is held in as much reverence by the natives as any of the churches dedicated to the saint. It happened that when Hugh de Lacy was leading his troops through this place, an archer dragged a girl into the mill and there violated her. Sudden punishment overtook him; for being struck with infernal fire in the offending parts, it spread throughout his whole body, and he died the same night". Death According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Féchín died on 14 February in the year 664 , during the plague which struck the island at the time. His feast-day is celebrated in Ireland on the 20th of January. A story about Féchín and the plague is found both in the Latin Life of Saint Gerald of Mayo and in the notes to the hymn Sén Dé (by Colmán of the moccu Clúasaig) in the Liber Hymnorum. It relates that the joint high-kings Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine and Blathmac mac Áedo Sláine appealed to Féchín and other churchmen, asking them to inflict a terrible plague on the lower classes of society and so decrease their number. Féchín was one of the churchmen to answer their request and to perish in the event, whereas Gerald kept aloof and survived. One of Féchín's fellow victims in the plague of 665 is said to have been St Rónán mac Beraig (son of Berach), founder of Dromiskin Monastery: Druim Inesclainn, whose relics were enshrined in 801. The Uí Chrítáin, a clerical dynasty who claimed collateral descent from Lóegaire, ruled his house between the mid-9th century and 978, and asserted that their eponymous ancestor Crítán was Rónán's grandfather. The Uí Chrítáin also claimed another five saints as descendants of their line, notably St Columba. Veneration Saint Feichin's church ruins on Omey Island Places connected with Féchín's cult include: Fore Abbey (County Westmeath), Cong Abbey (County Mayo), Omey Island (County Galway), Ardoilén/High Island (County Galway), Inishmaan (County Galway), Claddaghduff (County Galway), Cleggan (County Galway) and Termonfeckin (County Louth). Around 1200 the Norman landlords known as the De Lacys built a Benedictine Priory dedicated to St Féchín and St Taurin. Also, at Ballysadare, (County Sligo), above the west bank of the river, exist the ruins of St. Fechin's Church, and in the Catholic Church in nearby Colooney is a stained glass portrait of the saint. Local legend has him as a brother of St. Adomnán of Skreen and Iona, where Adomnán was the successor and first biographer of St. Colm Cille. Gilla an Choimded Ó Duillénnáin was a coarb or erenagh of Saint Feichin. In Scotland Féchín is venerated in the Latinised form Vigeanus. The village of St Vigeans, near Arbroath in Angus, has a major collection of early medieval sculpture surviving from a monastery dedicated to the saint, perhaps founded in unrecorded circumstances among the Picts in the 8th century. Other places possibly connected with Féchín in Scotland are Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire and Torphichen in West Lothian. Lesmahagow was also originally dedicated to the saint (under the hypocoristic or devotional form of his name, Mo-Ecu). Supernatural powers and healing abilities were attributed to Féchín, with holy wells being dedicated to him throughout Ireland, with a concentration of sites in the west. A holy well stands among the remains of his monastic community on Omey Island and is a pilgrimage site for those seeking a physical cure for all manner of ailments. Notes ^ Stokes, "St Fechin of Fore", p. 3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Breen, "Féchín (Mo-Ecca)" ^ a b c Stalmans and Charles-Edwards, "Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900)." ^ Stokes, "St Fechin of Fore", p. 4. ^ a b c Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, p. 467 n. 82. ^ Felire Óengusso, ed. Stokes, pp. 48-9 ^ "A great mortality prevailed in Ireland this year, which was called the Buidhe Connail, and the following number of the saints of Ireland died of it: St. Feichin, Abbot of Fobhar, on the 14th of February; St. Ronan, son of Bearach; St. Aileran the Wise; St. Cronan, son of Silne; St. Manchan, of Liath; St. Ultan Mac hUi Cunga, Abbot of Cluain Iraird Clonard; Colman Cas, Abbot of Cluain Mic Nois; and Cummine, Abbot of Cluain Mic Nois." Annals of the Four Masters s.a. 664 § 1. ^ a b c Ó Corráin, "Ireland c. 800", p. 588. ^ Ó Corráin refers here to the genealogies in the Book of Ballymote and the clerical obits for this dynasty in the Irish annals (Annals of Ulster and Annals of the Four Masters). Sources Primary sources Óengus of Tallaght (1905). Stokes, Whitley (ed.). The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee. Henry Bradshaw Society. Vol. 29. London. p. 49. Annals of the Four Masters, ed. and tr. John O'Donovan, Annála Ríoghachta Éireann. 7 vols. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, 1848–51. Hagiography: Augustine mac Graidin (of the All Saints' Island monastery in Lough Ree), Latin Life of St Féchín, ed. John Colgan, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645. John Colgan, Latin Life of St Féchín, ed. John Colgan, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645. 130–33 (Latin Life) and 133–9 (Latin supplement based on three Irish Lives). Nicol Óg, Betha Féchín Fabair "The Life of Féchín of Fore" (written in 1329), preserved in MS G5 (NLI, Dublin), ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, "Life of St. Féchín of Fore." Revue Celtique 12 (1891): 318–53. Edition available from CELT. On the manuscript, see the National Library of Ireland. Gilla Cóemáin (ascribed author), "Attá sund forba fessa" in the Book of Leinster Giraldus Cambrensis, Topography of Ireland, Book 2, ch. 52. Ó Riain, P. Corpus Genealogiarum Sanctorum Hiberniae. Dublin, 1985 . §§ 315, 421. Secondary sources Breen, Aidan (2010). "Féchín (Mo-Ecca)" (fee required). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press. Charles-Edwards, T.M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge, 2000. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2005). "Ireland c. 800. Aspects of Society". In Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Oxford. p. 549.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Stalmans, Nathalie and T.M. Charles-Edwards, "Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, May 2007. Accessed: 14 Dec 2008. Stokes, G.T. "St. Fechin of Fore and his monastery." Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 22 (1892) (series 5, vol. 2): 1–12. Journal volume available from Internet Archive. Further reading Hanlon, Lives of the Irish saints. Vol. 1. p. 356–82. External links Newspaper article on Connemara, The New York Times. Page on Fore Abbey and St Feichin, Megalithic Ireland. vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   SaintVirgin Mary Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband) Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael  in the Catholic Church Raphael Confessors Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina Disciples Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monastery at Fore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_Abbey"},{"link_name":"County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"hagiographical works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Omey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omey_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"abbot of Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"Luigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luighne_Connacht"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalmans-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalmans-3"},{"link_name":"Ailerán of Clonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"John Colgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colgan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Saint Féchín or Féichín (died 665), also known as Mo-Ecca, was a 7th-century Irish saint, chiefly remembered as the founder of the monastery at Fore (Fobar), County Westmeath.Sources for his life and legend include Irish annals, martyrologies, genealogies and hagiographical works. Of the two surviving medieval Lives, one was written in Latin, the other in Irish. The Latin Life was written c. 1400 by Augustine mac Graidín, who belonged to the Saints' Island on the southeastern shore of Lough Ree, south of the present-day village of Newtowncashel.[1]His main source appears to have been a Life originating in Féchín's monastery on Omey Island.[2] The Irish Life (Betha Féchín Fabair \"The Life of St Féchín of Fore\") was written down by Nicol Óg, son of the abbot of Cong, in 1328 and it seems that parts of it go back to even earlier (Latin) sources.[2]The text may be seen as a combination of two texts. The first part is primarily concerned with the saint's position as a mediator and negotiator between the Luigne (or Luigni) of Connacht, of which he was supposedly a member, and the more powerful Luigne of Meath, on whose territory Fore Abbey was founded.[3]The second part focuses more attention on Leinster and the payment of tribute.[3] The Latin and Irish Lives both agree that Ailerán of Clonard, a contemporary of St Féchín, had composed an account of the saint's good works.[2] In the 17th century, John Colgan produced another Latin Life (the Vita seu supplementum), for which he drew on three Irish Lives.[2][4]","title":"Féchín of Fore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Sligo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stalmans-3"},{"link_name":"Mide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-Edwards-5"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Scotorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Scotorum"},{"link_name":"Gailenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gailenga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-Edwards-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-Edwards-5"},{"link_name":"Nath Í of Achonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nath_%C3%8D_of_Achonry"},{"link_name":"Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"Félire Óengusso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lire_%C3%93engusso"},{"link_name":"Ciarán of Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_ruins_on_Omey_Island_-_geograph.org.uk_-_375493.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omey_Island"}],"text":"Féchín is said to have been born in Bile, probably Billa in what is now the parish of Ballisodare (Kilvarnet), (County Sligo).[2] The medieval Lives call his mother Lassair, identified in the Irish text (first part) as a member of a royal Munster line.[3] The late Irish Life asserts that the saint's foundation at Fore (County Westmeath) in Mide was connected to the Luigne and that Féchín himself belonged to the Luigne of Connacht.[5]In the annal for 814, however, the Chronicon Scotorum appears to suggest that the saint's church was connected to both the Gailenga and the Luigne.[5] On the other hand, the Life's claim is corroborated by an entry in the Annals of Ulster (sub anno 993) which styles Máel Finnia, bishop of Fore, bishop of the peoples (túatha) of the Luigne.[5]The Lives tell us that Féchín received his monastic training from St Nath Í of Achonry and later moved on to Clonmacnoise.[2]It has been suggested that his name translates as \"little raven\", consisting of the Old Irish noun fiach \"raven\" and a diminutive suffix. His name is explained in this manner in a note added to the Félire Óengusso, which says that he received this name when his mother saw him gnawing on a bone and exclaimed \"my little raven!\" (mo fiachan). The same note also names him Moéca, which is explained as meaning \"backslider\": when Féchín felt aggrieved over the reward he received for herding the oxen of Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, he left in anger, going eastwards. When he was called back, he refused to return with his face before him and so walked backwards instead, hence the name.[6]Kearney's house ruins at Omey Island.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omey_Island"},{"link_name":"Ardoilén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoil%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaire_Aidne_mac_Colm%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"}],"text":"The first monastic houses said to have been founded by Féchín are those on the islands of Omey and Ardoilén, both off the coast of Galway, which fell under the protection of the king of Connacht, Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin.[2]His principal foundation was Fobur, now Fore, County Westmeath. Between 771 and 1169, Fore was burned at least twelve times.","title":"Foundations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath"}],"text":"The Monk Gerald of Wales related the following legend of Féchín:\" Chapter LII (Of the mill which no women enter)\"There is a mill at Foure, in Meath, which St. Fechin made most miraculously with his own hands, in the side of a certain rock. No women are allowed to enter either this mill or the church of the saint; and the mill is held in as much reverence by the natives as any of the churches dedicated to the saint. It happened that when Hugh de Lacy was leading his troops through this place, an archer dragged a girl into the mill and there violated her. Sudden punishment overtook him; for being struck with infernal fire in the offending parts, it spread throughout his whole body, and he died the same night\".","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annals of the Four Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"feast-day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"Gerald of Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Liber Hymnorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Hymnorum"},{"link_name":"Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmait_mac_%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine"},{"link_name":"Blathmac mac Áedo Sláine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blathmac_mac_%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-2"},{"link_name":"Dromiskin Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromiskin_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCorrain588-8"},{"link_name":"Lóegaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3egaire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCorrain588-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCorrain588-8"}],"text":"According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Féchín died on 14 February in the year 664 [665], during the plague which struck the island at the time.[7] His feast-day is celebrated in Ireland on the 20th of January.[2]A story about Féchín and the plague is found both in the Latin Life of Saint Gerald of Mayo and in the notes to the hymn Sén Dé (by Colmán of the moccu Clúasaig) in the Liber Hymnorum. It relates that the joint high-kings Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine and Blathmac mac Áedo Sláine appealed to Féchín and other churchmen, asking them to inflict a terrible plague on the lower classes of society and so decrease their number. Féchín was one of the churchmen to answer their request and to perish in the event, whereas Gerald kept aloof and survived.[2]One of Féchín's fellow victims in the plague of 665 is said to have been St Rónán mac Beraig (son of Berach), founder of Dromiskin Monastery: Druim Inesclainn, whose relics were enshrined in 801.[8]The Uí Chrítáin, a clerical dynasty who claimed collateral descent from Lóegaire, ruled his house between the mid-9th century and 978, and asserted that their eponymous ancestor Crítán was Rónán's grandfather.[8][9] The Uí Chrítáin also claimed another five saints as descendants of their line, notably St Columba.[8]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Feichin%27s_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fore Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cong Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Omey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omey_Island"},{"link_name":"Ardoilén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoil%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Inishmaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inishmaan"},{"link_name":"Claddaghduff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claddaghduff"},{"link_name":"Cleggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleggan"},{"link_name":"Termonfeckin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termonfeckin"},{"link_name":"De Lacys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Lacys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adomnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Colm Cille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_Cille"},{"link_name":"Gilla an Choimded Ó Duillénnáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilla_an_Choimded_%C3%93_Duill%C3%A9nn%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"coarb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarb"},{"link_name":"erenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erenagh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"St Vigeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vigeans"},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath"},{"link_name":"Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Ecclefechan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclefechan"},{"link_name":"Torphichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torphichen"},{"link_name":"Lesmahagow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesmahagow"},{"link_name":"holy wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_well"}],"text":"Saint Feichin's church ruins on Omey IslandPlaces connected with Féchín's cult include: Fore Abbey (County Westmeath), Cong Abbey (County Mayo), Omey Island (County Galway), Ardoilén/High Island (County Galway), Inishmaan (County Galway), Claddaghduff (County Galway), Cleggan (County Galway) and Termonfeckin (County Louth). Around 1200 the Norman landlords known as the De Lacys built a Benedictine Priory dedicated to St Féchín and St Taurin. Also, at Ballysadare, (County Sligo), above the west bank of the river, exist the ruins of St. Fechin's Church, and in the Catholic Church in nearby Colooney is a stained glass portrait of the saint. Local legend has him as a brother of St. Adomnán of Skreen and Iona, where Adomnán was the successor and first biographer of St. Colm Cille. Gilla an Choimded Ó Duillénnáin was a coarb or erenagh of Saint Feichin.In Scotland Féchín is venerated in the Latinised form Vigeanus. The village of St Vigeans, near Arbroath in Angus, has a major collection of early medieval sculpture surviving from a monastery dedicated to the saint, perhaps founded in unrecorded circumstances among the Picts in the 8th century.Other places possibly connected with Féchín in Scotland are Ecclefechan in Dumfriesshire and Torphichen in West Lothian. Lesmahagow was also originally dedicated to the saint (under the hypocoristic or devotional form of his name, Mo-Ecu).Supernatural powers and healing abilities were attributed to Féchín, with holy wells being dedicated to him throughout Ireland, with a concentration of sites in the west. A holy well stands among the remains of his monastic community on Omey Island and is a pilgrimage site for those seeking a physical cure for all manner of ailments.","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Breen_2-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stalmans_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stalmans_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stalmans_3-2"},{"link_name":"Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51010,"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Charles-Edwards_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Charles-Edwards_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Charles-Edwards_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Aileran the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileran_the_Wise"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCorrain588_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCorrain588_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OCorrain588_8-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Book of Ballymote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote"}],"text":"^ Stokes, \"St Fechin of Fore\", p. 3.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Breen, \"Féchín (Mo-Ecca)\"\n\n^ a b c Stalmans and Charles-Edwards, \"Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900).\"\n\n^ Stokes, \"St Fechin of Fore\", p. 4.\n\n^ a b c Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, p. 467 n. 82.\n\n^ Felire Óengusso, ed. Stokes, pp. 48-9\n\n^ \"A great mortality prevailed in Ireland this year, which was called the Buidhe Connail, and the following number of the saints of Ireland died of it: St. Feichin, Abbot of Fobhar, on the 14th of February; St. Ronan, son of Bearach; St. Aileran the Wise; St. Cronan, son of Silne; St. Manchan, of Liath; St. Ultan Mac hUi Cunga, Abbot of Cluain Iraird Clonard; Colman Cas, Abbot of Cluain Mic Nois; and Cummine, Abbot of Cluain Mic Nois.\" Annals of the Four Masters s.a. 664 § 1.\n\n^ a b c Ó Corráin, \"Ireland c. 800\", p. 588.\n\n^ Ó Corráin refers here to the genealogies in the Book of Ballymote and the clerical obits for this dynasty in the Irish annals (Annals of Ulster and Annals of the Four Masters).","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Óengus of Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght"},{"link_name":"Stokes, Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Stokes"},{"link_name":"The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/martyrologyofoen29oenguoft#page/49/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Annals of the Four Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters"},{"link_name":"Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum_Hiberniae"},{"link_name":"Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum_Hiberniae"},{"link_name":"NLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Revue Celtique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_Celtique"},{"link_name":"Edition available from CELT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G201005"},{"link_name":"National Library of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nli.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=fdee91fd-57d9-4fc8-9fd4-f55fbb4087a6"},{"link_name":"Gilla Cóemáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilla_C%C3%B3em%C3%A1in&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Book of Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Giraldus Cambrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Óengus of Tallaght (1905). Stokes, Whitley (ed.). The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee. Henry Bradshaw Society. Vol. 29. London. p. 49.\nAnnals of the Four Masters, ed. and tr. John O'Donovan, Annála Ríoghachta Éireann. 7 vols. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, 1848–51.\nHagiography:\nAugustine mac Graidin (of the All Saints' Island monastery in Lough Ree), Latin Life of St Féchín, ed. John Colgan, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645.\nJohn Colgan, Latin Life of St Féchín, ed. John Colgan, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645. 130–33 (Latin Life) and 133–9 (Latin supplement based on three Irish Lives).\nNicol Óg, Betha Féchín Fabair \"The Life of Féchín of Fore\" (written in 1329), preserved in MS G5 (NLI, Dublin), ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, \"Life of St. Féchín of Fore.\" Revue Celtique 12 (1891): 318–53. Edition available from CELT. On the manuscript, see the National Library of Ireland.\nGilla Cóemáin (ascribed author), \"Attá sund forba fessa\" in the Book of Leinster\nGiraldus Cambrensis, Topography of Ireland, Book 2, ch. 52.\nÓ Riain, P. Corpus Genealogiarum Sanctorum Hiberniae. Dublin, 1985 . §§ 315, 421.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Féchín (Mo-Ecca)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dib.cambridge.org"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51010,"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/journalofroyalso22royauoft"}],"sub_title":"Secondary sources","text":"Breen, Aidan (2010). \"Féchín (Mo-Ecca)\" (fee required). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.\nCharles-Edwards, T.M. Early Christian Ireland. Cambridge, 2000.\nÓ Corráin, Donnchadh (2005). \"Ireland c. 800. Aspects of Society\". In Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Oxford. p. 549.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nStalmans, Nathalie and T.M. Charles-Edwards, \"Meath, saints of (act. c.400–c.900).\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, May 2007. Accessed: 14 Dec 2008.\nStokes, G.T. \"St. Fechin of Fore and his monastery.\" Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 22 (1892) (series 5, vol. 2): 1–12. Journal volume available from Internet Archive.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hanlon, Lives of the Irish saints. Vol. 1. p. 356–82.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Kearney's house ruins at Omey Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Church_ruins_on_Omey_Island_-_geograph.org.uk_-_375493.jpg/220px-Church_ruins_on_Omey_Island_-_geograph.org.uk_-_375493.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Feichin's church ruins on Omey Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Saint_Feichin%27s_Church.jpg/220px-Saint_Feichin%27s_Church.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Óengus of Tallaght (1905). Stokes, Whitley (ed.). The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee. Henry Bradshaw Society. Vol. 29. London. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght","url_text":"Óengus of Tallaght"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Stokes","url_text":"Stokes, Whitley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/martyrologyofoen29oenguoft#page/49/mode/2up","url_text":"The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee"}]},{"reference":"Breen, Aidan (2010). \"Féchín (Mo-Ecca)\" (fee required). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://dib.cambridge.org/","url_text":"\"Féchín (Mo-Ecca)\""}]},{"reference":"Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2005). \"Ireland c. 800. Aspects of Society\". In Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Oxford. p. 549.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cairns

Ben Cairns

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"]

Scotland international rugby union player Rugby playerBen CairnsBirth nameBenjamin James CairnsDate of birth (1985-09-29) 29 September 1985 (age 38)Place of birthLeeds , EnglandHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight98 kg (15 st 6 lb)SchoolRoyal High SchoolNotable relative(s)Mark CairnsRugby union careerPosition(s) Centre / Full-back / WingCurrent team RetiredSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2004–14 Edinburgh 117 (135)2006 →Glasgow Warriors 1 (0)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2008–2014 Scotland 8 (5) Ben Cairns (born 29 September 1985 in Leeds) is a former Scotland rugby union international who played for Edinburgh Rugby in the Pro12. Cairns' position of choice is as a Centre and he can also operate at Full-back and on the Wing. He won his First Cap for Scotland in Rosario against Argentina and then won his Second in Buenos Aires against the same Opponents a Week later. Before that he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship but was not used. Cairns' retirement from professional rugby due to injury was announced on 24 February 2014. Club career Cairns played at Currie RFC alongside his brother, former Scotland under-21 internationalist Mark, prior to his signing for the Scottish Pro12 team Edinburgh Rugby on a development contract in 2004, making his debut for the team in the 2005–06 season. Bizarrely, even though Cairns was a contracted apprentice with Edinburgh, he his Celtic League debut by playing for Glasgow Warriors as a replacement while on loan for the match against Ospreys in January 2006. He made his first competitive appearance in the black and red in May 2006, during Edinburgh’s Magners League match against Leinster at Murrayfield. Cairns was soon singled out as one of the young Scotland backs that may be able to break their distressing lack of creativity in the long-term after some sharp displays at regional level for Edinburgh in both the Magners League and Heineken Cup. He established himself in the team the following season, becoming an important part of the first team. Cairns was voted Edinburgh’s Young Player of the Year for the 2007–08 season. He was selected as Edinburgh captain for the first time in the League match against Newport Gwent Dragons in February 2008 and he responded with a try, underlining his growing importance to the team. The same year he recorded his 50th appearance for Edinburgh against Wasps in December 2008. He agreed a new three-season contract in May 2010, a deal that will see him spend his prime years at the capital club. His 100th club appearance came in the 1872 Cup derby against Glasgow Warriors at Firhill in December 2010. He suffered a pre-season knee injury with Edinburgh Rugby that ruled him out of the entire 2011–12 season, with his attention fixed on a 2012–13 return. He made his return to first team action in the Heiniken cup against Racing Metro in December 2012 following that with another appearance against Munster in January 2013. International career Cairns had already represented Scotland at all age-grade levels and 'A' level before making the step-up to full international level. He is the joint-leading try-scorer for the U21 side alongside club mate Nick De Luca and has skippered both the U18 and U19 sides as well as in the IRB sevens circuit. In March 2007, he made his Scotland A debut as a substitute in the victory against Italy A at McDiarmid Park, Perth. He scored his first Scotland A try in the 37–15 victory against their Italian counterparts in Mogliano, near Venice, in February 2008, and followed up with another score in the 67–7 win against Ireland A three weeks later at McDiarmid Park. He went on to make his Scotland debut in the first Test loss to Argentina in June 2008 before playing a crucial part in the victory over the Pumas the following week tying the series one all. He won further caps against New Zealand and South Africa during the 2008 autumn internationals before scoring his first Test try against Canada at Pittodrie. In January 2009 he was selected in Frank Hadden's squad for the 2009 Six Nations. Cairns made a solitary appearance in the tournament, at outside centre against Wales, and was to make only one other international appearance in 2009. His slide out of the international picture continued in 2010, although at club level he made his 100th appearance for Edinburgh and secured a new three-year deal. Despite missing out on the 2011 Six Nations, he was called up to Scotland's provisional World Cup squad In May but missed out on a place in the final squad before suffering the knee injury that kept him out of action for over the next year. References ^ "Scots call up for in-form quartet". BBC News. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2008. ^ "Murray left out of Scotland squad". BBC News. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008. External links profile on ESPN

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He won his First Cap for Scotland in Rosario against Argentina and then won his Second in Buenos Aires against the same Opponents a Week later. Before that he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship but was not used.[1][2]Cairns' retirement from professional rugby due to injury was announced on 24 February 2014.","title":"Ben Cairns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Currie RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currie_RFC"},{"link_name":"Pro12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro14"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Racing Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Metro"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"}],"text":"Cairns played at Currie RFC alongside his brother, former Scotland under-21 internationalist Mark, prior to his signing for the Scottish Pro12 team Edinburgh Rugby on a development contract in 2004, making his debut for the team in the 2005–06 season. Bizarrely, even though Cairns was a contracted apprentice with Edinburgh, he his Celtic League debut by playing for Glasgow Warriors as a replacement while on loan for the match against Ospreys in January 2006. He made his first competitive appearance in the black and red in May 2006, during Edinburgh’s Magners League match against Leinster at Murrayfield.Cairns was soon singled out as one of the young Scotland backs that may be able to break their distressing lack of creativity in the long-term after some sharp displays at regional level for Edinburgh in both the Magners League and Heineken Cup. He established himself in the team the following season, becoming an important part of the first team. Cairns was voted Edinburgh’s Young Player of the Year for the 2007–08 season. He was selected as Edinburgh captain for the first time in the League match against Newport Gwent Dragons in February 2008 and he responded with a try, underlining his growing importance to the team. The same year he recorded his 50th appearance for Edinburgh against Wasps in December 2008.He agreed a new three-season contract in May 2010, a deal that will see him spend his prime years at the capital club. His 100th club appearance came in the 1872 Cup derby against Glasgow Warriors at Firhill in December 2010.He suffered a pre-season knee injury with Edinburgh Rugby that ruled him out of the entire 2011–12 season, with his attention fixed on a 2012–13 return. He made his return to first team action in the Heiniken cup against Racing Metro in December 2012 following that with another appearance against Munster in January 2013.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick De Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_De_Luca"}],"text":"Cairns had already represented Scotland at all age-grade levels and 'A' level before making the step-up to full international level. He is the joint-leading try-scorer for the U21 side alongside club mate Nick De Luca and has skippered both the U18 and U19 sides as well as in the IRB sevens circuit.In March 2007, he made his Scotland A debut as a substitute in the victory against Italy A at McDiarmid Park, Perth. He scored his first Scotland A try in the 37–15 victory against their Italian counterparts in Mogliano, near Venice, in February 2008, and followed up with another score in the 67–7 win against Ireland A three weeks later at McDiarmid Park.He went on to make his Scotland debut in the first Test loss to Argentina in June 2008 before playing a crucial part in the victory over the Pumas the following week tying the series one all.He won further caps against New Zealand and South Africa during the 2008 autumn internationals before scoring his first Test try against Canada at Pittodrie. In January 2009 he was selected in Frank Hadden's squad for the 2009 Six Nations.Cairns made a solitary appearance in the tournament, at outside centre against Wales, and was to make only one other international appearance in 2009. His slide out of the international picture continued in 2010, although at club level he made his 100th appearance for Edinburgh and secured a new three-year deal. Despite missing out on the 2011 Six Nations, he was called up to Scotland's provisional World Cup squad In May but missed out on a place in the final squad before suffering the knee injury that kept him out of action for over the next year.","title":"International career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheena_Chandra_Dhas

Dheena Chandra Dhas

["1 Music","1.1 Bands","1.2 Playback Singing","2 Stage Acting","3 Acting","4 Voice, Voice Acting & Narration","5 References","6 External links"]

Dheena Chandra DhasBornSamuel Dhinakar Chandra Dhas (1956-08-01) 1 August 1956 (age 67)Madras, IndiaNationalityIndianOther namesDheena, Deena Chandra DasOccupation(s)Actor, Singer, Voice Over Artist, Dubbing ArtistYears active1970s to presentRelativesDevasahayam Manohar Chandra Dhas (brother), Madhukar C. Dhas (brother), John Sudhakar Chandradhas (brother)Musical careerOriginMadras, IndiaGenresRockIndian RockPopOccupation(s)Singer, Sound Engineer, Voice Over Artist, Dubbing ArtistInstrument(s)Vocals, GuitarFormerly ofAtomic ForestMagicDesireCommandoesHopeRageCulture LynxStormThe 2nd ChapterThe Phantom RevivalSatin` Musical artistWebsitedheenavoice.com Dheena Chandra Dhas (born in Madras (now Chennai), India, on 1 August 1956) is an actor, singer, voice over artist and sound engineer. He is the youngest of 4 brothers and the younger brother of the well-known 70s musician Madhukar C. Dhas. He lives in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India, and does Voice Overs in his home-studio. Music His musical career is varied, with over three decades of experience in radio, studio sound mixing, live concert mixing, and performing on stage. He has been a part of a number of notable Indian bands from the 70s to the 90s, notable also for having popular musicians such as A R Rahman, Sivamani, Jojo, Sudhin Prabhakar, and others among their ranks. Bands Over the years he has been the lead vocalist in multiple rock bands in India and Abroad. Magic (Chennai) Desire (Chennai) Commandoes (Madras) Atomic Forest (Bombay) (multiple stints) Hope (Bombay) Rage (Chennai) Culture Lynx (Chennai) Storm (Chennai) The 2nd Chapter (Chennai) The Phantom Revival (Bombay) and Satin (Dubai) He was also a childhood friend of Rahman, and played along with Rahman, Sivamani, Jojo etc. Playback Singing He has performed playback singing for multiple films over the years, a few among them are Daud, Trinetrudu, Idu Saadhya. He sang "Zahreela Zahreela Pyar" for the film Daud, composed by A R Rahman, alongside Asha Bhonsle. Stage Acting He has also performed for a number of musicals in Madras and elsewhere in India, singing and acting on stage in productions such as Jesus Christ Superstar as Judas, Cats (the musical), Tommy, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Starlight Express, and Witness. Acting His film acting career began when he was offered the role of "Raju" in both the Hindi and Tamil versions of Kamal Haasan's Mumbai Xpress. He also plays the Lungiman in Peter Yesley's short film, Lungiman Takes a Ride. On television, he has acted in some Tamil soap operas, Kolangal being one of them. Voice, Voice Acting & Narration Dheena's signature, a deep voice, has been used many times in the media. In addition to being the narrator in various plays over the years, he has also dubbed for a number of Indian movies, including dubbing for various British characters in the film 1921 by I. V. Sasi, and various ad jingles. He currently provides voice over services from his studio in Kodaikanal. References ^ Muthalaly, Shonali (10 August 2004). "Simply heavenly". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 February 2019. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (22 July 2019). "Timothy Sheader's Jesus Christ Superstar opens in London". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 August 2019. ^ "Nandu Bhende/Theatre/Tommy". Nandu Bhende. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ "Mumbai Express (2005) - IMDb". IMDb. ^ "Lungiman Takes a Ride (Short 2008) - IMDb". IMDb. External links Dheena Chandra Dhas Voice Over Samples Dheena Chandra Dhas at IMDb Zahreela Zahreela Pyaar video, with Dheena, duet with Asha Bhonsle on YouTube Dheena Acting (in song intro) and Rap vocals in the song "Hey Papa" along with S.P.Balasubramaniam and Jojo on YouTube Lungiman Takes a Ride Credited as Narrator for Tommy Kolangal Episode 523 as Aarthi's Boss on YouTube Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article about an Indian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Indian film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Indian music-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Wasserlein

Frances Wasserlein

["1 Life","2 References","3 Further reading"]

Frances Wasserlein Frances Wasserlein (b. July 31, 1946 San Francisco – August 23, 2015 Halfmoon Bay) was a Canadian-American arts community manager and a LBTQ rights activist residing in Canada. She was executive producer of Vancouver Folk Music Festival and box office manager of other festivals and centers in the Vancouver area. She was a board member of a British Columbia Arts Council predecessor from 1996 to 2002. Life Wasserlein was born in San Francisco but brought up in Vancouver in Canada. She received a BA in history from University of British Columbia in 1980, after which she received a Master of Arts in history at Simon Fraser University. In 1970 she led the Abortion Caravan from Vancouver to Ottawa, and in 1982 she co-founded Women Against Violence Against Women (WAVAW/Rape Relief). She moved to Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia after marrying Marguerite Kotwitz in 2003. There, she was executive director of Sunshine Coast Community Arts Council from 2008 to 2013 and taught cultural event management at Capilano College. She died at home in Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia on August 23, 2015. References ^ Tom Hawthorn (August 26, 2015), "B.C. activist Frances Wasserlein refused to be silenced", The Globe and Mail, Toronto, archived from the original on 2017-04-07 ^ a b c d Kevin Dale McKeown (August 26, 2015), "Arts and human-rights advocate Frances Wasserlein dies", The Georgia Straight, Vancouver, archived from the original on June 1, 2016, retrieved December 19, 2019 ^ a b c "B.C. social activist Frances Wasserlein dies", The Vancouver Sun, August 26, 2015, archived from the original on 2018-04-26 ^ "Honouring Frances Wasserlein on International Women's Day 2016 | BWSS". BWSS. 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-01. Further reading Johnston, H. (2009). Radical Campus: Making Simon Fraser University. D & M Publishers. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-926706-30-6. Smith, M.C. (1999). Lesbian and Gay Rights in Canada: Social Movements and Equality-seeking, 1971-1995. University of Toronto Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8020-8197-1.

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[{"image_text":"Frances Wasserlein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Frances_Wasserlein.png"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dean_Singleton

William Dean Singleton

["1 Biography","2 MediaNews developments","3 Personal life","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

American newspaper executive (born 1951) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "William Dean Singleton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) William Dean Singleton (born August 1, 1951) is an American newspaper executive. He is the founder and executive board chairman of MediaNews Group, the fourth-largest newspaper company in the United States in terms of circulation, with 53 daily papers totaling 2.7 million subscriptions daily and 3 million on Sunday. He is also a former chairman of the board of directors of the Associated Press. He has been publisher of a number of MediaNews' dailies, including the Denver Post, the Salt Lake Tribune, and the Detroit News. He is a cattle rancher, owning several ranches. Biography Singleton was born in Graham, Texas. He began his newspaper career at the age of 15 as a part-time reporter in Graham and bought his first newspaper at age 21. Singleton has built his newspaper company through the acquisition of newspapers. He closed several of those newspapers, such as the Fort Worth Press and the Houston Post. He also bought the Denver Post and the Oakland Tribune, where he laid off staff, he said, to increase efficiency. In the latest round of cuts, the daily Oakland Tribune was to become a weekly. Singleton was a pioneer in "clustering"—developing groups of newspapers that centralized a variety of functions, including production, ad sales, business operations and, in some cases, editorial. An example of this was the Alameda Newspaper Group in suburban San Francisco, where in the mid-1990s a central newsroom in Pleasanton, California, did all the copy editing, layout and page makeup for five daily papers. Upon acquiring the diverse group of papers, Singleton consolidated several news sections (such as sports and features) to one local office away in order to streamline work. He was also a pioneer, at developing pooled-asset partnerships. Among the first were papers in California, which included papers from Gannett Co. Inc., Stephens Media Group and MediaNews. His company contributed Los Angeles Daily News and the Alameda Newspaper Group, as well as other papers, while Stephens contributed papers such as the Vallejo Times Herald and the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin of Ontario. A year after forming the partnership, the duo allowed Gannett to enter, with its contributions including the San Bernardino Sun and the Marin Independent Journal. The partnership is known as the "California Newspapers Partnership". MediaNews has entered into similar partnerships in Texas and Pennsylvania with Gannett and in Colorado with The E.W. Scripps Company. In the late 1990s, Singleton began focusing less on consolidating news rooms and put more focus on the quality of news rooms. He lured Gregory Moore, the former assistant managing editor of the Boston Globe, to the Denver Post and together the two worked to improve the paper's journalism. Singleton's empire began rapid growth in the early part of the 21st century, when he acquired in rapid succession daily newspapers in Salt Lake City, Detroit, St. Paul, Minnesota, and San Jose, California. Singleton served on the board of the Newspaper Association of America from 1993 until 2004 and is the former board chairman. He is on several boards in Colorado, including The Helen G. Bonfils Foundation, The Denver Center for the Performing Arts, the Winter Park Recreational Association Board, and the Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, the National Sports Center for the Disabled. In addition, he is a former member of the board of trustees for University of Denver. MediaNews developments In January 2010, Affiliated Media, parent of MediaNews, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The MediaNews creditors then removed Media News president Joseph Lodovic and its chairman, William Dean Singleton, was reassigned to the position of “executive chairman of the board." The Singleton-Lodovic appointees to the MediaNews board were replaced by new directors representing the stockholders group led by Alden Global Capital, a hedge fund firm which has acquired a large, though not controlling, stake. Several interim executive positions were also filled by people related to Alden or its parent, Smith Management LLC. Personal life He is married to the former Adrienne Casale of Fairfield, New Jersey. They have three children, William, Paige, and Adam. Notes ^ Jubera, Drew (1987-11-01). "Paper Boy". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 2023-12-04. ^ "Leadership Team - Our Team | AP". ^ "InnerView with Dean Singleton | Colorado Statesman". Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. ^ Menn, Joseph. "There are two sides to this publisher's story." ChainLINKS ^ "Bay Area News Group announces newspaper rebranding – The Mercury News". ^ McCarty, Dawn; Bensinger, Greg (2010-01-22). "Affiliated Media Files for Bankruptcy to Restructure (Update2)". Business Week. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-22. ^ Langeveld, Martin (2011-01-20). "The shakeup at MediaNews: Why it could be the leadup to a massive newspaper consolidation". Nieman Journalism Lab. The Nieman Foundation for Journalism (Harvard University). Retrieved 2011-02-22. References Coleridge, Nicholas (March 1994). Paper Tigers: The Latest, Greatest Newspaper Tycoons (1st Carol Pub. Group ed.). Secaucus, N.J: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 9781559722155. External links The Next Level Question: Who Is MediaNews's Dean Singleton? Hearst and Singleton: Which is the Cat, Which the Mouse?

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MediaNews Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaNews_Group"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"William Dean Singleton (born August 1, 1951) is an American newspaper executive.[1] He is the founder and executive board chairman of MediaNews Group, the fourth-largest newspaper company in the United States in terms of circulation, with 53 daily papers totaling 2.7 million subscriptions daily and 3 million on Sunday. He is also a former chairman of the board of directors of the Associated Press.[2] He has been publisher of a number of MediaNews' dailies, including the Denver Post, the Salt Lake Tribune, and the Detroit News. He is a cattle rancher, owning several ranches.[3]","title":"William Dean Singleton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Press"},{"link_name":"Houston Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Post"},{"link_name":"Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"Oakland Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Oakland Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alameda Newspaper Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Newspaper_Group"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"Gannett Co. Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Co._Inc."},{"link_name":"Stephens Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Vallejo Times Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo_Times_Herald"},{"link_name":"Inland Valley Daily Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Valley_Daily_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Sun"},{"link_name":"Marin Independent Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Independent_Journal"},{"link_name":"California Newspapers Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Newspapers_Partnership"},{"link_name":"E.W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Helen G. Bonfils Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_G._Bonfils_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denver Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"National Sports Center for the Disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Center_for_the_Disabled"},{"link_name":"University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Denver"}],"text":"Singleton was born in Graham, Texas.[4] He began his newspaper career at the age of 15 as a part-time reporter in Graham and bought his first newspaper at age 21.Singleton has built his newspaper company through the acquisition of newspapers. He closed several of those newspapers, such as the Fort Worth Press and the Houston Post. He also bought the Denver Post and the Oakland Tribune, where he laid off staff, he said, to increase efficiency. In the latest round of cuts, the daily Oakland Tribune was to become a weekly.[5]Singleton was a pioneer in \"clustering\"—developing groups of newspapers that centralized a variety of functions, including production, ad sales, business operations and, in some cases, editorial. An example of this was the Alameda Newspaper Group in suburban San Francisco, where in the mid-1990s a central newsroom in Pleasanton, California, did all the copy editing, layout and page makeup for five daily papers. Upon acquiring the diverse group of papers, Singleton consolidated several news sections (such as sports and features) to one local office away in order to streamline work.He was also a pioneer, at developing pooled-asset partnerships. Among the first were papers in California, which included papers from Gannett Co. Inc., Stephens Media Group and MediaNews. His company contributed Los Angeles Daily News and the Alameda Newspaper Group, as well as other papers, while Stephens contributed papers such as the Vallejo Times Herald and the Inland Valley Daily Bulletin of Ontario. A year after forming the partnership, the duo allowed Gannett to enter, with its contributions including the San Bernardino Sun and the Marin Independent Journal. The partnership is known as the \"California Newspapers Partnership\". MediaNews has entered into similar partnerships in Texas and Pennsylvania with Gannett and in Colorado with The E.W. Scripps Company.In the late 1990s, Singleton began focusing less on consolidating news rooms and put more focus on the quality of news rooms. He lured Gregory Moore, the former assistant managing editor of the Boston Globe, to the Denver Post and together the two worked to improve the paper's journalism.Singleton's empire began rapid growth in the early part of the 21st century, when he acquired in rapid succession daily newspapers in Salt Lake City, Detroit, St. Paul, Minnesota, and San Jose, California.Singleton served on the board of the Newspaper Association of America from 1993 until 2004 and is the former board chairman. He is on several boards in Colorado, including The Helen G. Bonfils Foundation, The Denver Center for the Performing Arts, the Winter Park Recreational Association Board, and the Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, the National Sports Center for the Disabled. In addition, he is a former member of the board of trustees for University of Denver.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapter 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alden Global Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden_Global_Capital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In January 2010, Affiliated Media, parent of MediaNews, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[6] The MediaNews creditors then removed Media News president Joseph Lodovic and its chairman, William Dean Singleton, was reassigned to the position of “executive chairman of the board.\"The Singleton-Lodovic appointees to the MediaNews board were replaced by new directors representing the stockholders group led by Alden Global Capital, a hedge fund firm which has acquired a large, though not controlling, stake. Several interim executive positions were also filled by people related to Alden or its parent, Smith Management LLC.[7]","title":"MediaNews developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfield, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Township,_Essex_County,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"He is married to the former Adrienne Casale of Fairfield, New Jersey. They have three children, William, Paige, and Adam.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Paper Boy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/paper-boy/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Leadership Team - Our Team | AP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ap.org/company/board-of-directors"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"InnerView with Dean Singleton | Colorado Statesman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090530063926/http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/991040-innerview-with-dean-singleton"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//coloradostatesman.com/content/991040-innerview-with-dean-singleton"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ChainLINKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chainlinks.org/news.php?ID=1896"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Bay Area News Group announces newspaper rebranding – The Mercury News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_29581099/bay-area-news-group-announces-newspaper-rebranding"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Affiliated Media Files for Bankruptcy to Restructure (Update2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110628200342/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/affiliated-media-files-for-bankruptcy-to-restructure-update1-.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/affiliated-media-files-for-bankruptcy-to-restructure-update1-.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The shakeup at MediaNews: Why it could be the leadup to a massive newspaper consolidation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.niemanlab.org/2011/01/the-shakeup-at-medianews-why-it-could-be-the-leadup-to-a-massive-newspaper-consolidation/"}],"text":"^ Jubera, Drew (1987-11-01). \"Paper Boy\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 2023-12-04.\n\n^ \"Leadership Team - Our Team | AP\".\n\n^ \"InnerView with Dean Singleton | Colorado Statesman\". Archived from the original on 2009-05-30.\n\n^ Menn, Joseph. \"There are two sides to this publisher's story.\" ChainLINKS\n\n^ \"Bay Area News Group announces newspaper rebranding – The Mercury News\".\n\n^ McCarty, Dawn; Bensinger, Greg (2010-01-22). \"Affiliated Media Files for Bankruptcy to Restructure (Update2)\". Business Week. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-22.\n\n^ Langeveld, Martin (2011-01-20). \"The shakeup at MediaNews: Why it could be the leadup to a massive newspaper consolidation\". Nieman Journalism Lab. The Nieman Foundation for Journalism (Harvard University). Retrieved 2011-02-22.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22","external_links_name":"\"William Dean Singleton\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+Dean+Singleton%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/paper-boy/","external_links_name":"\"Paper Boy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ap.org/company/board-of-directors","external_links_name":"\"Leadership Team - Our Team | AP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090530063926/http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/991040-innerview-with-dean-singleton","external_links_name":"\"InnerView with Dean Singleton | Colorado Statesman\""},{"Link":"http://coloradostatesman.com/content/991040-innerview-with-dean-singleton","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chainlinks.org/news.php?ID=1896","external_links_name":"ChainLINKS"},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_29581099/bay-area-news-group-announces-newspaper-rebranding","external_links_name":"\"Bay Area News Group announces newspaper rebranding – The Mercury News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200342/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/affiliated-media-files-for-bankruptcy-to-restructure-update1-.html","external_links_name":"\"Affiliated Media Files for Bankruptcy to Restructure (Update2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/affiliated-media-files-for-bankruptcy-to-restructure-update1-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/01/the-shakeup-at-medianews-why-it-could-be-the-leadup-to-a-massive-newspaper-consolidation/","external_links_name":"\"The shakeup at MediaNews: Why it could be the leadup to a massive newspaper consolidation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130625102640/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3509","external_links_name":"The Next Level"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/business/media/22singleton.html","external_links_name":"Question: Who Is MediaNews's Dean Singleton?"},{"Link":"http://www.timporter.com/firstdraft/archives/000557.html","external_links_name":"Hearst and Singleton: Which is the Cat, Which the Mouse?"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4_Parish

Otepää Parish

["1 Settlements","1.1 Neighboring parishes","2 See also","3 Interesting facts","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 58°03′N 26°29′E / 58.050°N 26.483°E / 58.050; 26.483Municipality of Estonia (2017) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Estonian. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|et|Otepää vald}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Municipality of Estonia in Valga CountyOtepää Parish Otepää valdMunicipality of EstoniaOtepää Cultural Building FlagCoat of armsOtepää Parish within Valga County.Country EstoniaCounty Valga CountyAdministrative centreOtepääGovernment • MayorJaanus BarkalaArea • Total520 km2 (200 sq mi)Population (1 January 2019) • Total6,456 • Density12/km2 (32/sq mi)ISO 3166 codeEE-557Websitewww.otepaa.ee Otepää Parish (Estonian: Otepää vald) is a rural municipality in Valga County, southern Estonia. It includes the town of Otepää, which is referred to as the "winter capital" of Estonia. The parish was formed in 2017 by merging of the former Otepää Parish, Sangaste Parish, 7 villages of Palupera Parish, and 12 villages of Puka Parish. Settlements The parish has one city, two small boroughs and 52 villages. Town Otepää Small boroughs Puka - Sangaste Villages Ädu - Arula- Ilmjärve - Kääriku - Kähri - Kassiratta - Kastolatsi - Kaurutootsi - Keeni - Kibena - Koigu - Kolli - Komsi - Kuigatsi - Kurevere - Lauküla - Lossiküla - Lutike - Mäeküla - Mägestiku - Mägiste - Mäha - Märdi - Makita - Meegaste - Miti - Neeruti - Nõuni - Nüpli - Otepää küla - Pedajamäe - Päidla - Pilkuse - Plika - Põru - Prange - Pringi - Pühajärve - Räbi - Raudsepa - Restu - Risttee - Ruuna - Sarapuu - Sihva - Tiidu - Tõutsi -Truuta - Vaalu - Vaardi - Vana-Otepää - Vidrike Neighboring parishes Elva, Nõo, Kambja, Kanepi, Antsla, Valga ja Tõrva vald. Religion in Otepää Parish (2021)   Unaffiliated (84.6%)  Lutheran (9.0%)  Orthodox (2.0%)  Others Christians (0.5%)  Others Religions (1.3%)  Unknown (2.6%) See also Tehvandi Sports Center Interesting facts Otepää is first mentioned in writing in the Novgorod Chronicle in 1116. The name Otepää (Odenpe, Odempe) means bear's head. In 1841, the Pühajärve war took place, where the local peasants started to oppose the landlord. In 1941, the Otepää postage stamp was put into circulation in Otepää. On October 3, 1991, His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso was in Otepää. He blessed Pühajärve and planted a commemorative oak next to the church. Otepää has only one traffic light. References ^ "X-GIS(3) Portal". xgis.maaamet.ee. Retrieved 2 February 2022. External links Official website 58°03′N 26°29′E / 58.050°N 26.483°E / 58.050; 26.483 vteSettlements in Otepää ParishTown Otepää Small boroughs Puka Sangaste Villages Arula Ilmjärve Kassiratta Kastolatsi Kaurutootsi Keeni Kibena Koigu Kolli Komsi Kuigatsi Kurevere Kähri Kääriku Lauküla Lossiküla Lutike Makita Meegaste Miti Mäeküla Mägestiku Mägiste Mäha Märdi Neeruti Nõuni Nüpli Otepää Pedajamäe Pilkuse Plika Prange Pringi Põru Päidla Pühajärve Raudsepa Restu Risttee Ruuna Räbi Sarapuu Sihva Tiidu Truuta Tõutsi Vaalu Vaardi Vana-Otepää Vidrike Ädu vte Municipalities of Valga CountyRural municipalities Otepää Tõrva Valga This Valga County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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küla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4_(village)"},{"link_name":"Pedajamäe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedajam%C3%A4e"},{"link_name":"Päidla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4idla"},{"link_name":"Pilkuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkuse"},{"link_name":"Plika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plika"},{"link_name":"Põru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5ru,_Valga_County"},{"link_name":"Prange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prange,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Pringi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringi,_Valga_County"},{"link_name":"Pühajärve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BChaj%C3%A4rve"},{"link_name":"Räbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4bi"},{"link_name":"Raudsepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudsepa,_Valga_County"},{"link_name":"Restu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restu"},{"link_name":"Risttee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risttee"},{"link_name":"Ruuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruuna"},{"link_name":"Sarapuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarapuu"},{"link_name":"Sihva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihva"},{"link_name":"Tiidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiidu,_Valga_County"},{"link_name":"Tõutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5utsi"},{"link_name":"Truuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truuta"},{"link_name":"Vaalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalu,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Vaardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaardi"},{"link_name":"Vana-Otepää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Vidrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrike"}],"text":"The parish has one city, two small boroughs and 52 villages.TownOtepääSmall boroughsPuka - SangasteVillagesÄdu - Arula- Ilmjärve - Kääriku - Kähri - Kassiratta - Kastolatsi - Kaurutootsi - Keeni - Kibena - Koigu - Kolli - Komsi - Kuigatsi - Kurevere - Lauküla - Lossiküla - Lutike - Mäeküla - Mägestiku - Mägiste - Mäha - Märdi - Makita - Meegaste - Miti - Neeruti - Nõuni - Nüpli - Otepää küla - Pedajamäe - Päidla - Pilkuse - Plika - Põru - Prange - Pringi - Pühajärve - Räbi - Raudsepa - Restu - Risttee - Ruuna - Sarapuu - Sihva - Tiidu - Tõutsi -Truuta - Vaalu - Vaardi - Vana-Otepää - Vidrike","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21452"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring parishes","text":"Elva, Nõo, Kambja, Kanepi, Antsla, Valga ja Tõrva vald.Religion in Otepää Parish (2021) [2]\n\n  Unaffiliated (84.6%)  Lutheran (9.0%)  Orthodox (2.0%)  Others Christians (0.5%)  Others Religions (1.3%)  Unknown (2.6%)","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4_postmargid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.otepaa.eu/otepaa/20-asja-mida-otepaal-pead-nagema-ja-tegema/"}],"text":"Otepää is first mentioned in writing in the Novgorod Chronicle in 1116.The name Otepää (Odenpe, Odempe) means bear's head.In 1841, the Pühajärve war took place, where the local peasants started to oppose the landlord.In 1941, the Otepää postage stamp was put into circulation in Otepää.[3]On October 3, 1991, His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso was in Otepää. He blessed Pühajärve and planted a commemorative oak next to the church.Otepää has only one traffic light.[4]","title":"Interesting facts"}]

[]

[{"title":"Tehvandi Sports Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehvandi_Sports_Center"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moran_(%22Zozimus%22)

Zozimus

["1 Biography","2 Nickname","3 Works","4 Legacy","5 References","6 Biographical and other texts","7 External links"]

Irish street poet (c.1794–1846) This article is about the Irish street rhymer. For other uses, see Zozimus (disambiguation). ZozimusBackground informationBirth nameMichael J. MoranAlso known asZozimusBornc. 1794Dublin, Kingdom of IrelandDied3 April 1846Dublin, IrelandOccupation(s)Street entertainer, poetMusical artist Michael J. Moran (c. 1794 – 3 April 1846), popularly known as Zozimus /ˈzɒzɪməs/, was an Irish street rhymer. He was a resident of Dublin and also known as the "Blind Bard of the Liberties" and the "Last of the Gleemen". Biography Michael J. Moran was born about 1794 in Faddle Alley off the Blackpitts in Dublin's Liberties and lived in Dublin all his life. At two weeks old he was blinded by illness. He developed an astounding memory for verse and made his living reciting poems, many of which he had composed himself, in his own lively style. He was described by songwriter P.J. McCall as the last gleeman of the Pale. Many of his rhymes had religious themes; others were political or recounted current events. He is said to have worn "a long, coarse, dark, frieze coat with a cape, the lower parts of the skirts being scalloped, an old soft, greasy, brown beaver hat, corduroy trousers and Francis Street brogues, and he carried a long blackthorn stick secured to his wrist with a strap." He performed all over Dublin including at Essex Bridge, Wood Quay, Church Street, Dame Street, Capel Street, Sackville Street, Grafton Street, Henry Street, and Conciliation Hall. He began each oration with the verse: Ye sons and daughters of Erin, Gather round poor Zozimus, yer friend; Listen boys, until yez hear My charming song so dear. In his last few years, his voice grew weak, costing him his means of livelihood. He ended up feeble and bedridden and he died on 3 April 1846 at his lodgings in 15 Patrick Street, aged around 52, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery two days later on Palm Sunday. He had feared grave robbers, who were busy in Dublin at the time. In one of his narrative songs, he begged his long-established companion, "Stony Pockets": Zozimus' tombstone Oh Stony, Stony Don't let the Sack-'Em-Ups get me Send round the hat And buy me a grave. Zozimus was buried in Glasnevin's Prospect Cemetery which was guarded day and night. His grave remained unmarked until the late 1960s, when the band The Dublin City Ramblers erected a tombstone in his memory. His grave is in the "Poor Ground" of the cemetery, at the co-ordinates AG 30 South; it is not far from Daniel O'Connell's monument. His epitaph reads: My burying place is of no concern to me, In the O'Connell circle let it be, As to my funeral, all pomp is vain, Illustrious people does prefer it plain." Nickname Moran's nickname derived from a poem written by Anthony Coyle, Bishop of Raphoe about Saint Mary of Egypt. According to legend, she had followed pilgrims to Jerusalem with the intent of seducing them, then, turning penitent on finding herself prevented from entering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by a supernatural force, she fled to the desert and spent the remainder of her life in solitary penance. When she was at the point of death, God sent Zosimas of Palestine to hear her confession and give her Holy Communion, and a lion to dig her grave. The poem has the intolerable cadence of the eighteenth century, but was so popular, and so often called for, that Moran was soon nicknamed "Zozimus", and by that name is remembered. Works Some of Zozimus's rhymes survive as songs, such as Saint Patrick was a Gentleman Saint Patrick was a gentleman, He came of decent people, In Dublin town he built a church, And upon't put a steeple. as well as The Twangman, Ye Men of Sweet Liberties Hall and The Finding of Moses. In Praise of Potheen O long life to the man who invented potheen - Sure the Pope ought to make him a martyr - If myself was this moment Victoria, the Queen, I'd drink nothing but whiskey and wather. The Song of Zozimus Gather round me bois, will yez Gather round me And hear what I have to say, Before ould Sally brings me My bread and jug of tay. I live in Faddle Alley, Off Blackpitts near the Coombe; With my poor wife called Sally, In a narrow, dirty room. Gather round me, and stop yer noise, Gather round me till my tale is told; Gather round me, ye girls and ye boys, Till I tell yez stories of the days of old; Gather round me, all ye ladies fair, And ye gentlemen of renown; Listen, listen, and to me repair, Whilst I sing of beauteous Dublin town. Legacy A private art gallery in Dublin – Gallery Zozimus – is named after him. Zozimus Bar, a cocktail bar in Dublin, is also named for him. The magazine Zozimus, 1870–72 Zoz, or the Irish Charivari, 1876–79 A New York collection of stories The Zozimus Papers (1889) A 2007 compendium of Irish comic poetry Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus. Several of Zozimus's poems were included. References ^ Zozimus Studios ^ a b Harte, Frank (1978) Songs of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert ^ Gillespie, Elgy (1977). The liberties of Dublin. Dublin: O'Brien Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-905140-24-7. ^ The O' Connell Circle is the burial place of Daniel O'Connell in Glasnevin Cemetery ^ "Gallery Zozimus". Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008. ^ dublinka: Zozimus Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Zozimus Bar | Visit Dublin". ^ "Zozimus Bar". ^ a b c "Ricorso: Digital materials for the study and appreciation of Anglo-Irish Literature". www.ricorso.net. ^ Ireland’s Other Poetry – Anonymous to Zozimus Biographical and other texts Yeats, WB (1893) "Zozimus, Michael Moran, the Last of the Gleemen" in: Yeats's 'Celtic Twilight printed prev. as "The Last Gleeman" from The National Observer Gulielmus, Dubliniensis Humoriensis (1976) Memoir of the Great Original Zozimus (Michael Moran) the Celebrated Dublin Street Rhymer and Reciter, with His Songs, Sayings and Recitations; facsimile ed. (Carraig chapbooks) Blackrock (Co. Dublin): Carraig Books ISBN 0-902512-11-0 (original ed.: Dublin: M'Glashan & Gill, 1871) Boylan, Henry (1978) "Michael Moran (Zozimus)" in: A Dictionary of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Harte, Frank (1978) Songs of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert Uíbh Eachach, Vivian (1990) Zozimus agus a Chairde ('Zozimus and his Friends'). : An Gúm (retold for children) Zimmerman, Georges Denis (2002) Songs of Irish Rebellion: Irish Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780–1900. Dublin: Four Courts Press Jackson, John Wyse & Hector McDonnell (2007) Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus. Lilliput Press ISBN 978-1-84351-122-9 O Meara, Liam: Zozimus, The Life and Works of Michael Moran, Riposte Books ISBN 9781901596069 External links The Last Gleeman in GoogleBooks Authority control databases: People Ireland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zozimus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozimus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈzɒzɪməs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Gleemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleemen"}],"text":"This article is about the Irish street rhymer. For other uses, see Zozimus (disambiguation).Musical artistMichael J. Moran (c. 1794 – 3 April 1846), popularly known as Zozimus /ˈzɒzɪməs/, was an Irish street rhymer. He was a resident of Dublin and also known as the \"Blind Bard of the Liberties\" and the \"Last of the Gleemen\".","title":"Zozimus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberties"},{"link_name":"P.J. McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._McCall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Conciliation Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliation_Hall"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zozimus_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"}],"text":"Michael J. Moran was born about 1794 in Faddle Alley off the Blackpitts in Dublin's Liberties and lived in Dublin all his life. At two weeks old he was blinded by illness. He developed an astounding memory for verse and made his living reciting poems, many of which he had composed himself, in his own lively style. He was described by songwriter P.J. McCall as the last gleeman of the Pale.[1]Many of his rhymes had religious themes; others were political or recounted current events. He is said to have worn \"a long, coarse, dark, frieze coat with a cape, the lower parts of the skirts being scalloped, an old soft, greasy, brown beaver hat, corduroy trousers and Francis Street brogues, and he carried a long blackthorn stick secured to his wrist with a strap.\"[2]He performed all over Dublin including at Essex Bridge, Wood Quay, Church Street, Dame Street, Capel Street, Sackville Street, Grafton Street, Henry Street, and Conciliation Hall. He began each oration with the verse:Ye sons and daughters of Erin,\nGather round poor Zozimus, yer friend;\nListen boys, until yez hear\nMy charming song so dear.In his last few years, his voice grew weak, costing him his means of livelihood. He ended up feeble and bedridden and he died on 3 April 1846 at his lodgings in 15 Patrick Street, aged around 52, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery two days later on Palm Sunday. He had feared grave robbers, who were busy in Dublin at the time. In one of his narrative songs, he begged his long-established companion, \"Stony Pockets\":Zozimus' tombstoneOh Stony, Stony\nDon't let the Sack-'Em-Ups get me\nSend round the hat\nAnd buy me a grave.[3]Zozimus was buried in Glasnevin's Prospect Cemetery which was guarded day and night. His grave remained unmarked until the late 1960s, when the band The Dublin City Ramblers erected a tombstone in his memory. His grave is in the \"Poor Ground\" of the cemetery, at the co-ordinates AG 30 South; it is not far from Daniel O'Connell's monument.His epitaph reads:My burying place is of no concern to me,\nIn the O'Connell circle[4] let it be,\nAs to my funeral, all pomp is vain,\nIllustrious people does prefer it plain.\"[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Raphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Raphoe#Roman_Catholic_succession"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"Zosimas of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Moran's nickname derived from a poem written by Anthony Coyle, Bishop of Raphoe about Saint Mary of Egypt. According to legend, she had followed pilgrims to Jerusalem with the intent of seducing them, then, turning penitent on finding herself prevented from entering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by a supernatural force, she fled to the desert and spent the remainder of her life in solitary penance. When she was at the point of death, God sent Zosimas of Palestine to hear her confession and give her Holy Communion, and a lion to dig her grave. The poem has the intolerable cadence of the eighteenth century, but was so popular, and so often called for, that Moran was soon nicknamed \"Zozimus\", and by that name is remembered.[5]","title":"Nickname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Finding of Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finding_of_Moses_(poem)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Some of Zozimus's rhymes survive as songs, such as Saint Patrick was a GentlemanSaint Patrick was a gentleman, He came of decent people, In Dublin town he built a church, And upon't put a steeple.as well as The Twangman, Ye Men of Sweet Liberties Hall and The Finding of Moses.In Praise of PotheenO long life to the man who invented potheen -\nSure the Pope ought to make him a martyr -\nIf myself was this moment Victoria, the Queen,\nI'd drink nothing but whiskey and wather.The Song of ZozimusGather round me bois, will yez\nGather round me\nAnd hear what I have to say,\nBefore ould Sally brings me\nMy bread and jug of tay.\nI live in Faddle Alley,\nOff Blackpitts near the Coombe;\nWith my poor wife called Sally,\nIn a narrow, dirty room.\nGather round me, and stop yer noise,\nGather round me till my tale is told;\nGather round me, ye girls and ye boys,\nTill I tell yez stories of the days of old;\nGather round me, all ye ladies fair,\nAnd ye gentlemen of renown;\nListen, listen, and to me repair,\nWhilst I sing of beauteous Dublin town.[6]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallery Zozimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.galleryzozimus.ie/"},{"link_name":"cocktail bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_bar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A private art gallery in Dublin – Gallery Zozimus – is named after him.\nZozimus Bar, a cocktail bar in Dublin, is also named for him.[7][8]\nThe magazine Zozimus, 1870–72[9]\nZoz, or the Irish Charivari, 1876–79[9]\nA New York collection of stories The Zozimus Papers (1889)[9]\nA 2007 compendium of Irish comic poetry Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus.[10] Several of Zozimus's poems were included.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeats, WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902512-11-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902512-11-0"},{"link_name":"An Gúm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm"},{"link_name":"Hector McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84351-122-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84351-122-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781901596069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901596069"}],"text":"Yeats, WB (1893) \"Zozimus, Michael Moran, the Last of the Gleemen\" in: Yeats's 'Celtic Twilight printed prev. as \"The Last Gleeman\" from The National Observer\nGulielmus, Dubliniensis Humoriensis (1976) Memoir of the Great Original Zozimus (Michael Moran) the Celebrated Dublin Street Rhymer and Reciter, with His Songs, Sayings and Recitations; facsimile ed. (Carraig chapbooks) Blackrock (Co. Dublin): Carraig Books ISBN 0-902512-11-0 (original ed.: Dublin: M'Glashan & Gill, 1871)\nBoylan, Henry (1978) \"Michael Moran (Zozimus)\" in: A Dictionary of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan\nHarte, Frank (1978) Songs of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert\nUíbh Eachach, Vivian (1990) Zozimus agus a Chairde ('Zozimus and his Friends'). [Dublin?]: An Gúm (retold for children)\nZimmerman, Georges Denis (2002) Songs of Irish Rebellion: Irish Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780–1900. Dublin: Four Courts Press\nJackson, John Wyse & Hector McDonnell (2007) Ireland's Other Poetry: Anonymous to Zozimus. Lilliput Press ISBN 978-1-84351-122-9\nO Meara, Liam: Zozimus, The Life and Works of Michael Moran, Riposte Books ISBN 9781901596069","title":"Biographical and other texts"}]

[{"image_text":"Zozimus' tombstone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zozimus_grave.jpg/220px-Zozimus_grave.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-cheeked_rail

Brown-cheeked rail

["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 References"]

Species of bird Brown-cheeked railTemporal range: Pleistocene to Recent, 534,000 - 0.00 years ago Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Genus: Rallus Species: R. indicus Binomial name Rallus indicusBlyth, 1849    Breeding summer visitor    Resident year-round    Winter visitor(ranges are approximate) The brown-cheeked rail or eastern water rail (Rallus indicus) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It breeds in northern Mongolia, eastern Siberia, northeast China, Korea and northern Japan, and winters in southeast Asia. It used to be considered a subspecies of the water rail. Description At Chittagong, Bangladesh The species differs from the slightly smaller nominate form through its paler upperparts, brown-tinged underparts and a brown stripe through the eye. Compared to R. a. korejewi, it is darker above, has a browner breast, white on the throat and a more obvious brown eyestripe. As indicated above, it has different vocalisations to the other forms, and is now usually given full species status, although its behaviour, nest and eggs are identical to those of other subspecies of water rail. In addition to its distinctive plumage, it has very different vocalisations from the water rail, and it was considered a separate species in early works, including the first edition (1898) of Fauna of British India, but later demoted to a subspecies by E. C. Stuart Baker in the second edition (1929). It was restored as a full species, the eastern water rail, R. indicus, by Pamela Rasmussen in her Birds of South Asia (2005). Rasmussen, an expert on Asian birds, also renamed the other forms as the western water rail. Her treatment has gained acceptance, and is followed in Birds of Malaysia and Singapore (2010). A 2010 study of molecular phylogeny further supported the possibility of specific status for R. a. indicus, which is estimated to have diverged from the western forms around 534,000 years ago. The paper also suggested that the differences between the three other races were clinal, and that they should all be merged into R. a. aquaticus. The call is quite different from that of the water rail. The courtship call, again given throughout the year, is a sharp piping kyu, longer and clearer than that of the European race. The song is a series of metallic slurred shrink, shrink notes, about two per second, and repeated after a short pause. The eastern race does not respond to recorded announcement calls of nominate R. a. aquaticus. The average weight of wind-dried nests of R. indicus in Japan was 95 g (3.4 oz). Distribution and habitat The species is mainly migratory, wintering in southern Japan, eastern China and northern Borneo. It is uncommon in northern parts of Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, and northern and central Thailand, and does not normally reach further south in mainland southeast Asia. Migrants have been recorded on Sri Lanka in the past, although on the Indian mainland they are found mainly in the northern regions, with a few records from as far south as Mumbai. On arrival in India, rails may be so exhausted that they can be caught by hand. The breeding birds on the Japanese island of Hokkaido mostly migrate well south including to Korea but a few remain during winter in the coastal marshes of Honshu. References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rallus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725167A94886234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725167A94886234.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ Taylor & van Perlo (2000) p. 29 ^ Dresser, Henry Eeles (1903). A manual of Palearctic birds: part II. London: self-published. p. 705. ^ Blanford, W T (1898). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds, volume 4. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 158–160. ^ a b Baker, E C S (1929). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds, volume 6 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 4–7. ^ a b c Rasmussen, Pamela C; Anderton, John C (2005). Birds of South Asia, volume 2: Attributes and Status. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 141–142. ISBN 84-87334-65-2. ^ Rasmussen, P C (2005). "Biogeographic and conservation implications of revised species limits and distributions of South Asian birds". Zoologische Mededelingen. 79–3 (13): 137–146. ^ Davidson, D W H; Yeap Chin Aik (2010). Naturalist's Guide to the Birds of Malaysia and Singapore. Taunton, Somerset: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-906780-21-0. ^ Tavares, Erika S; de Kroon, Gerard H J; Baker, Allan J (2010). "Phylogenetic and coalescent analysis of three loci suggest that the Water Rail is divisible into two species, Rallus aquaticus and R. indicus". Evolutionary Biology. 10 (226): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-226. PMC 2927924. PMID 20653954. ^ a b de Kroon, Gerard H J; Mommers, Maria H J (2005). "Biology and breeding ecology of the East Asiatic Water Rail on Shunkunitai Island, Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 37 (1): 30–42. doi:10.3312/jyio.37.30. ^ a b King, Ben F; Woodcock, Martin; Dickinson, Edward C. (1982). A Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia. London: Harper Collins. p. 115. ISBN 0-00-219207-1. ^ Lekagul, Boonsong; Round, Philip (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Bangkok: Saha Karn Baeth. p. 108. ISBN 974-85673-6-2. ^ Robson, Craig (2004). A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand. London: New Holland Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-84330-921-1. ^ Hartert, Ernst (1921). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 3 (in German). Berlin: R Friedlander & Sohn. pp. 1824–1826. ^ Punjabi, Hira (1997). "Sighting of Water Rail Rallus aquaticus near Mumbai". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (1): 156. ^ Austin Jr; Oliver L (1948). "The Birds of Korea". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 101 (1): 102–103. ^ Austin Jr; Oliver L; Nagahisa Kuroda (1953). "The Birds of Japan: their status and distribution". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 109 (1): 403–404. Taxon identifiersRallus indicus Wikidata: Q3454180 Wikispecies: Rallus indicus Avibase: ACD9E3E1B478AD62 BirdLife: 22725167 BOW: bncrai1 eBird: bncrai1 GBIF: 6085719 iNaturalist: 144477 IUCN: 22725167 NCBI: 2993453 Observation.org: 154867 Open Tree of Life: 3599948 Xeno-canto: Rallus-indicus

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Rallidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor29-2"},{"link_name":"water rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_rail"}],"text":"The brown-cheeked rail or eastern water rail (Rallus indicus) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae.\nIt breeds in northern Mongolia, eastern Siberia, northeast China, Korea and northern Japan, and winters in southeast Asia.[2] It used to be considered a subspecies of the water rail.","title":"Brown-cheeked rail"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_brown-cheeked_rail_or_eastern_water_rail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dresser-3"},{"link_name":"Fauna of British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fauna_of_British_India,_Including_Ceylon_and_Burma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blandford-4"},{"link_name":"E. C. Stuart Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._Stuart_Baker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-5"},{"link_name":"Pamela Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Birds of South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_South_Asia._The_Ripley_Guide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ras-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malaysia-8"},{"link_name":"clinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tavares-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ras-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamashina-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamashina-10"}],"text":"At Chittagong, BangladeshThe species differs from the slightly smaller nominate form through its paler upperparts, brown-tinged underparts and a brown stripe through the eye. Compared to R. a. korejewi, it is darker above, has a browner breast, white on the throat and a more obvious brown eyestripe. As indicated above, it has different vocalisations to the other forms, and is now usually given full species status, although its behaviour, nest and eggs are identical to those of other subspecies of water rail.[3]In addition to its distinctive plumage, it has very different vocalisations from the water rail, and it was considered a separate species in early works, including the first edition (1898) of Fauna of British India,[4] but later demoted to a subspecies by E. C. Stuart Baker in the second edition (1929).[5] It was restored as a full species, the eastern water rail, R. indicus, by Pamela Rasmussen in her Birds of South Asia (2005). Rasmussen, an expert on Asian birds, also renamed the other forms as the western water rail.[6][7] Her treatment has gained acceptance, and is followed in Birds of Malaysia and Singapore (2010).[8] A 2010 study of molecular phylogeny further supported the possibility of specific status for R. a. indicus, which is estimated to have diverged from the western forms around 534,000 years ago. The paper also suggested that the differences between the three other races were clinal, and that they should all be merged into R. a. aquaticus.[9]The call is quite different from that of the water rail. The courtship call, again given throughout the year, is a sharp piping kyu, longer and clearer than that of the European race. The song is a series of metallic slurred shrink, shrink notes, about two per second, and repeated after a short pause.[6] The eastern race does not respond to recorded announcement calls of nominate R. a. aquaticus.[10]The average weight of wind-dried nests of R. indicus in Japan was 95 g (3.4 oz).[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ras-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lekagul-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robson-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king-11"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-5"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-korea-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan-17"}],"text":"The species is mainly migratory, wintering in southern Japan, eastern China and northern Borneo. It is uncommon in northern parts of Bangladesh,[6] Burma, Laos,[11] and northern and central Thailand,[12][13] and does not normally reach further south in mainland southeast Asia.[11] Migrants have been recorded on Sri Lanka in the past, although on the Indian mainland they are found mainly in the northern regions, with a few records from as far south as Mumbai.[14][15] On arrival in India, rails may be so exhausted that they can be caught by hand.[5] The breeding birds on the Japanese island of Hokkaido mostly migrate well south including to Korea but a few remain during winter in the coastal marshes of Honshu.[16][17]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]

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London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 158–160.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/158/mode/1up/","url_text":"The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds, volume 4"}]},{"reference":"Baker, E C S (1929). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds, volume 6 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 4–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds6/BakerFBI6#page/n40/mode/1up","url_text":"The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds, volume 6"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Pamela C; Anderton, John C (2005). Birds of South Asia, volume 2: Attributes and Status. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 141–142. ISBN 84-87334-65-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Anderton","url_text":"Anderton, John C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-65-2","url_text":"84-87334-65-2"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, P C (2005). \"Biogeographic and conservation implications of revised species limits and distributions of South Asian birds\". Zoologische Mededelingen. 79–3 (13): 137–146.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/42176","url_text":"\"Biogeographic and conservation implications of revised species limits and distributions of South Asian birds\""}]},{"reference":"Davidson, D W H; Yeap Chin Aik (2010). Naturalist's Guide to the Birds of Malaysia and Singapore. Taunton, Somerset: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-906780-21-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906780-21-0","url_text":"978-1-906780-21-0"}]},{"reference":"Tavares, Erika S; de Kroon, Gerard H J; Baker, Allan J (2010). \"Phylogenetic and coalescent analysis of three loci suggest that the Water Rail is divisible into two species, Rallus aquaticus and R. indicus\". Evolutionary Biology. 10 (226): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-226. PMC 2927924. PMID 20653954.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2927924","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic and coalescent analysis of three loci suggest that the Water Rail is divisible into two species, Rallus aquaticus and R. indicus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-226","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-10-226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2927924","url_text":"2927924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20653954","url_text":"20653954"}]},{"reference":"de Kroon, Gerard H J; Mommers, Maria H J (2005). \"Biology and breeding ecology of the East Asiatic Water Rail on Shunkunitai Island, Hokkaido, Japan\". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 37 (1): 30–42. doi:10.3312/jyio.37.30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jyio/37/1/37_1_30/_pdf","url_text":"\"Biology and breeding ecology of the East Asiatic Water Rail on Shunkunitai Island, Hokkaido, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3312%2Fjyio.37.30","url_text":"10.3312/jyio.37.30"}]},{"reference":"King, Ben F; Woodcock, Martin; Dickinson, Edward C. (1982). A Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia. London: Harper Collins. p. 115. ISBN 0-00-219207-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-219207-1","url_text":"0-00-219207-1"}]},{"reference":"Lekagul, Boonsong; Round, Philip (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Thailand. Bangkok: Saha Karn Baeth. p. 108. ISBN 974-85673-6-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-85673-6-2","url_text":"974-85673-6-2"}]},{"reference":"Robson, Craig (2004). A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand. London: New Holland Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-84330-921-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84330-921-1","url_text":"1-84330-921-1"}]},{"reference":"Hartert, Ernst (1921). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 3 (in German). Berlin: R Friedlander & Sohn. pp. 1824–1826.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dievgelderpal03hart#page/1824/mode/1up/","url_text":"Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 3"}]},{"reference":"Punjabi, Hira (1997). \"Sighting of Water Rail Rallus aquaticus near Mumbai\". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (1): 156.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48601502","url_text":"\"Sighting of Water Rail Rallus aquaticus near Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"Austin Jr; Oliver L (1948). \"The Birds of Korea\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 101 (1): 102–103.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofmuseum101harv#page/102/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Birds of Korea\""}]},{"reference":"Austin Jr; Oliver L; Nagahisa Kuroda (1953). \"The Birds of Japan: their status and distribution\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 109 (1): 403–404.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofmuseum109harv#page/403/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Birds of Japan: their status and distribution\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Lodewijkskerk

Heilige Lodewijkkerk

["1 History","1.1 The explosion of 1807","2 Current use","3 Pictures from inside","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°9′21.7″N 4°29′29.8″E / 52.156028°N 4.491611°E / 52.156028; 4.491611 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Heilige Lodewijkkerk" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Church in Netherlands, NetherlandsHeilige Lodewijkkerk52°9′21.7″N 4°29′29.8″E / 52.156028°N 4.491611°E / 52.156028; 4.491611LocationSteenschuur 19 2311 ES Leiden, NetherlandsCountryNetherlandsDenominationRoman CatholicArchitectureArchitect(s)Jan GiudiciYears built1477AdministrationDioceseRotterdamClergyPriest(s)J. Smith The Heilige Lodewijkkerk, also called the St. Louis Church, is a Roman Catholic church at the Steenschuur in Leiden. History The first church on this place was built in 1477 and was a chapel, the St. James Chapel, belonging to a guesthouse for pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela. This chapel was therefore dedicated to St. James the Great. The front facade of the church was built in 1538. The tower, which is still called the Saint James Tower, was built in 1594 and its carillon was built in 1598. The chapel and the guesthouse were sold in 1547 to the parish of the Pieterskerk and in 1567 to the municipality of Leiden. The municipality of Leiden used the chapel first to store cereal and afterwards to test textiles. The explosion of 1807 The history of the present Heilige Lodewijkkerk is tightly linked to the nearby explosion of a ship with gun powder in 1807. The explosion destroyed a large part of the city center including a catholic church at the Nieuwe Rijn. The St. James Chapel that was used to test textile was heavily damaged, but the tower was still intact. King Louis Bonaparte, also known as Lodewijk Napoleon ordered that the chapel would be rebuilt into a church for the Catholics who used to go to the church at the Nieuwe Rijn. The church was designed by Jan Giudici. Afterwards the church was dedicated to Saint Louis, known as Heilige Lodewijk in Dutch, who was the patron saint of Louis Bonaparte . Current use Since 1957 the church is used by the Parochie Heilige Lodewijk. Every day Mass is celebrated. The church is known for its traditional liturgy in Dutch, English and Latin. Pictures from inside References ^ "Historie Kerk". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2016. ^ Hein van Woerden (eindred.): Lodewijk in Leiden. Geschiedenis van kerk en orgel. Leiden, Parochie van de Heilige Lodewijk, 2005. ^ E. Wiersum, 'De architect Jan Giudici, 1746-1819', Rotterdamsch Jaarboekje (4e reeks) 2 (1934), pp. 29-41. ^ "VIERINGEN". Lodewijkparochie.nl. Retrieved 20 February 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heilige Lodewijkkerk (Leiden). Official webpage of the church vteCatholic Church in the Kingdom of the NetherlandsBishops' Conference of the NetherlandsDioceses Archdiocese of Utrecht Diocese of Breda Diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch Diocese of Roermond Diocese of Rotterdam Caribbean: Diocese of Willemstad Others Military Ordinariate of the Netherlands Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris Former dioceses Diocese of Deventer Diocese of Leeuwarden Diocese of Maastricht Diocese of Middelburg Apostolic Vicariate of Batavia Apostolic Vicariate of Grave-Nijmegen Apostolic Vicariate of Limburg Apostolic Vicariate of Ravenstein-Megen Churches St Catherine's Cathedral, Utrecht St. Anthony of Padua Cathedral, Breda St. Joseph Cathedral, Groningen Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch) St. Christopher's Cathedral, Roermond List of Catholic churches in the Netherlands Caribbean: Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral, Willemstad Basilica of St. Anne, Willemstad Pro-Cathedral of St. Francis of Assisi, Oranjestad List of Catholic churches in the Dutch Caribbean Monasteries Egmond Abbey St. Benedictusberg Abbey St. Willibrord's Abbey Carmelite Monastery, Echt Berne Abbey Achel Abbey Koningshoeven Abbey Lilbosch Abbey See also Catholic Church in the Dutch Caribbean List of Catholic schools in the Netherlands List of Dutch saints List of Catholic seminaries Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands Jong Nederland Tilburg University Catholicism portal Netherlands portal

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_vapor_recompression

Mechanical vapor recompression

["1 Applications","1.1 Current","1.2 Past","2 Benefits","3 Alternatives","4 References"]

Heat recycling process Mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) is an energy recovery process which can be used to recycle waste heat to improve efficiency. Typically, the compressed vapor is fed back to help heat the mother liquor in order to produce more vapor or steam. Applications Current Mechanical vapor recompression is used chiefly in industrial processes such as evaporation and distillation. Heat from the condenser, which would otherwise be lost, can be recovered and used in the evaporation process. Past MVR was successfully tested in a locomotive under the name of "The Anderson System". Testing found that it almost completely eliminated steam ejection, as well as greatly reduced operating noise. An Harold Holcroft, organiser of the tests wrote the following: "In the ordinary way this would have created much noise and clouds of steam, but with the condensing set in action it was all absorbed with the ease with which snow would melt in a furnace! The engine was as silent as an electric locomotive and the only faint noises were due to slight pounding of the rods and a small blow at a piston gland. This had to be experienced to be believed; but for the regulator being wide open and the reverser well over, one would have imagined that the second engine (an LSWR T14 class that had been provided as a back-up) was propelling the first". The trials continued until 1934 but various problems arose, mostly with the fan for forced draught, and the project went no further. The locomotive was converted back to standard form in 1935. MVR was also used in the Cristiani compressed steam system for locomotive transmission. Although it was technically feasible, it failed to become popular because of its complexity. Benefits The main benefit of MVR mechanical vapour recompression is that it allows for significant energy savings. Lower energy requirement Lower operating cost Very small capacity of Boiler or No Boiler No cooling water required Usually 1 or 2 effect which will simplify operation More than 97% of recovered Water can be recycled to process Smaller footprint Lower carbon footprint Alternatives Alternatives to mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) are: Multiple effect evaporation (MEE) Thermal vapor recompression (TVR) (also known as thermocompression) A combination of the three methods may be used depending on the process. For instance, a 3-effect evaporator circuit may be installed using MVR to transfer heat. References ^ "Use Vapor Recompression to Recover Low-Pressure Waste Steam" (PDF). energy.gov. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Steam Compression". www.spilling.de. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ a b Holcroft, Harold (1965). "XIII Interlude: A New Horizon, 1927 et seq.". Locomotive Adventure: Fifty Years With Steam. Ian Allan. pp. 155–173. ^ Holcroft (1965), pp. 207–209, Appendix V, Surbiton Power Station: Short Test of Fuel-Saving 7–8 January 1932. ^ Robertson, Kevin, Leader and Southern Experimental Steam, Alan Sutton Publishing 1990, pp 22-33, ISBN 0-86299-743-7 ^ Douglas Self (2008-04-01). "The Holcroft-Anderson Recompression Locomotive". Retrieved 2012-02-12. ^ "The Cristiani Compressed Steam System". This thermodynamics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Family_with_the_Dragonfly

The Holy Family with the Dragonfly

["1 Description","2 History","3 Insect","4 Artist","5 Collections","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Engraving by Albrecht Dürer The Holy Family with the DragonflyArtistAlbrecht DürerYear1495TypeEngravingDimensions23.81 cm × 18.4 cm (9.375 in × 7.25 in) The Holy Family with the Dragonfly, also known as The Holy Family with the Mayfly, The Holy Family with the Locust, and The Holy Family with the Butterfly is an engraving by the German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) from approximately 1495. It is quite small but full of intricate detail. A very popular image, copied by other printmakers within five years of creation, it is found in most major print room collections, including the Indianapolis Museum of Art and the UK Royal Collection. Description The Holy Family with the Dragonfly, alternately known as The Holy Family with the Butterfly, The Holy Family with the Locust, and The Virgin with the Dragonfly, is an early engraving by Dürer. It depicts both the Holy Family and the Holy Trinity, as the Virgin Mary sits on a bench holding Jesus with Joseph beside them, while God the Father and the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove look down from the clouds. In the lower right corner is an insect frequently identified as a dragonfly. However, Dürer may have intended it as a butterfly, a creature whose dramatically transformative life-cycle makes it a perfect symbol of resurrection and redemption. The abundance of beautifully-rendered textures in the richly detailed landscape show how early Dürer mastered the art of engraving. History A variant: The Holy Family with the Mayfly (NGA 1943.3.3453) The exact date of creation is not known. It may have been an imitative piece from his apprenticeship, a copy of older master such as Martin Schongauer. The precise shape of Dürer's monogram is most similar to works dated 1494-95, and the presence of a gondola in the background places it after his 1494 trip to Venice. It is the first print on which he placed his monogram, and the only one in which the D is lowercase. By placing his mark on it, he claimed authorship of the work, unlike the numerous anonymous artists of his day. This act of ownership offered no protection, however, since his international renown as an artistic genius meant copies appeared throughout Italy and Germany by 1500. In Dürer's Germany, Mary and Jesus were grounded and human, making them highly sympathetic for mere mortals. That meant tender scenes such as this were extremely popular. Dürer made many prints of this theme to be sold in shops and by traveling salesmen so worshipers could paste them into books or attach them to walls as devotional objects. Insect Insect in Dürer's The Holy Family with the Mayfly. Detail of "mayfly" in lower right corner of engraving The type of insect that Dürer depicted is unclear. While it is commonly named as a dragonfly (Odonata), Kate Heard and Lucy Whitaker in their book The Northern Renaissance. Dürer to Holbein (2011) suggest that he may have meant it to be read as a butterfly (Lepidoptera). They explain that the butterfly's familiar transformation from caterpillar to winged adult was a symbol of resurrection and the soul's redemption, referring to the infant Christ in the Virgin's arms. The painting is indeed sometimes also called the Holy Family with the Butterfly. The insect has also been taken to be a locust (Acrididae) or a praying mantis (Mantodea), "with the symbolic meaning in relation to the Virgin changing accordingly." The common European mayfly Ephemera vulgata A similar engraving in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. is named The Holy Family with the Mayfly, identifying the insect as a mayfly (Ephemeroptera) signifying the ephemeral nature of human life. The critics Larry Silver and Pamela H. Smith write that the image provides "an explicit link between heaven and earth ... to suggest a cosmic resonance between sacred and profane, celestial and terrestrial, macrocosm and microcosm." Artist Main article: Albrecht Dürer Collections Indianapolis Museum of Art (USA) Royal Collection (UK) National Gallery of Art Amsterdam Rijksmuseum (inv.no. RP-P-OB-1204) See also List of engravings by Albrecht Dürer List of woodcuts by Albrecht Dürer Visitation Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate References ^ a b c d e f Lee, Ellen Wardwell; Robinson, Anne (2005). Indianapolis Museum of Art: Highlights of the Collection. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN 0936260777. ^ a b c d e "The Holy Family". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 800057. ^ a b "Exhibition of Albert Durer's engravings, etchings, and dry-points, and most of the woodcuts executed from his designs". Internet Archive. 1888. Retrieved 12 April 2012. ^ Heard, Kate; Whitaker, Lucy (2011). The Northern Renaissance. Dürer to Holbein. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-905-68632-2. ^ Albrecht Dürer. "The Holy Family". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 800057. ^ "Albrecht Dürer The Holy Family with the Butterfly (B. 44; M., Holl. 142; S.M.S. 2), ca. 1495". Artsy.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ... with the symbolic meaning in relation to the Virgin changing accordingly. ^ a b "The Holy Family with the Mayfly 1495/1496". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ^ Smith, Pamela; Findlen, Paula (18 October 2013). Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-135-30035-7. ^ "De Heilige Familie met de libelle, Albrecht Dürer, 1493 - 1497". External links Indianapolis Museum of Art page vteAlbrecht DürerList of paintingsPaintings Portrait Diptych of Dürer's Parents (1490) Portrait of Frederick III of Saxony (1496) St. Jerome in the Wilderness (c. 1496) Portrait of Dürer's Father at 70 (1497) Haller Madonna/Lot and His Daughters (c. 1498) Lamentation of Christ (Nuremberg) (attributed, c. 1498) Hercules Killing the Stymphalian Birds (1500) Lamentation of Christ (Munich) (c. 1500) Adoration of the Magi (1504) Bagnacavallo Madonna (before 1505) Christ Among the Doctors (1506) Portrait of a Young Venetian Woman (1505) Avarice (1507) Adam and Eve (1507) Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand (1508) The Suicide of Lucretia (1518) Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (1519) Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I (1519) Portrait of Jakob Fugger (c. 1520) Portrait of Bernhart von Reesen (1521) Saint Jerome in His Study (1521) The Four Apostles (1526) Portrait of Hieronymus Holzschuher (1526) Portrait of Johann Kleberger (1526) Portrait of Jakob Muffel (1526) Altarpieces Dresden Altarpiece (c. 1496–1497/1503–1504) Seven Sorrows Polyptych (c. 1500) Paumgartner Altarpiece (c. 1500) Jabach Altarpiece (c. 1503–1504) Feast of the Rosary (1506) Heller Altarpiece (c. 1508) (with Matthias Grünewald) Adoration of the Trinity (1511) Self-portraits Self-Portrait at the Age of 13 (drawing, 1484) Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle (1493) Self-Portrait at 26 (1498) Self-Portrait at 28 (1500) Woodcuts and engravings List of woodcuts, engravings The Holy Family with the Dragonfly (1495) The Holy Family with Three Hares (1496) Apocalypse (1498) Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon (1498) The Four Witches (1497) The Sea Monster (1498–1500) Saint Sebastian at the Column (1500) Visitation (1503) Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate (1504) Great Passion (1497–1510) Life of the Virgin (1510–1511) Small Passion (1511) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513) Melencolia I (1514) Saint Jerome in His Study (1514) Triumphal Arch (1515) Rhinoceros (1515) Large Triumphal Carriage (1522) Portrait of Erasmus (1526) Drawings, watercolours Young Hare (1502) Great Piece of Turf (1503) Madonna of the Animals (c. 1503) Praying Hands (c. 1508) Wing of a European Roller (1512) Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63 (1514) Head of a Walrus (1514) The Virgin and Child with a Flower on a Grassy Bench (c. 1503) Museums Albrecht Dürer's House Family Agnes Dürer (wife) Albrecht Dürer the Elder (father) Hans Dürer (brother) Anton Koberger (godfather) Related Alte Pinakothek (Self-Portrait) (2000 photograph) Dürer (crater) vteIndianapolis Museum of Art (Newfields)Significantartworks at theIndianapolisMuseum of ArtAfrican art Face mask Senufo female ancestor figure Magbo helmet mask for Oro society Palace plaque depicting warrior Guardian figure Healing of Abiku Children American painting andsculpture to 1945 Afternoon Tea Cliff Rock - Appledore Dorothy Hotel Lobby Hurricane Jimson Weed Morning at Grand Manan Preparing for the Matinee Red Kimono on the Roof Reflections Sunlight The Boat Builders The Flight of Europa The Love Song The Rainbow Tidying Up U.S.A. Untitled (The Birth) Asian art Bowl with two violet spots Cong-shaped vase Covered jar with carp design Fine Wind, Clear Morning Ksitigarbha bodhisattva Ritual wine server Shigaraki ware storage jar Vase with carved peony scrolls Vase with nine peach design Contemporary art Acton Courre Merlan Egyptian Barnyard LOVE painting LOVE (sculpture) The Quintet of the Silent They Waz Nice White Folks While They Lasted (Sez One Gal to Another) Untitled Landfield Untitled Judd Untitled Irwin Decorative arts Angel of the Resurrection Coffee service High chest of drawers Portland Vase Side chair European painting andsculpture to 1945 Aristotle Battle Between Carnival and Lent Breton Women at a Wall Broek in Waterland Charing Cross Bridge Crucifix Crucifixion Enclosed Field with Peasant Entry of Christ into Jerusalem Entry of Christ into Jerusalem House in Provence Landscape near Arles Ma Jolie Madonna and Child with St. John the Baptist and St. Mary Magdalene Man and Woman Peasant with a Wheelbarrow Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well Roman Capriccio: The Pantheon and Other Monuments Saint Luke Self-Portrait Rembrandt Still Life with a Chinese Porcelain Jar Still Life with Profile of Laval The Banks of the Oise near Pontoise The Boy The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe The Country Dance The Crucifixion Cranach The Fifth Plague of Egypt The Flageolet Player on the Cliff The Flight into Egypt The Holy Family with Saint John the Baptist The House of the Deaf Woman and the Belfry at Eragny The Negress The Seamstress The Triumphant Entry of Constantine into Rome The Two Sisters The Valkhof at Nijmegen Triptych of the Annunciation Vorhor, the Green Wave Art of the Americas Haida ceremonial dance rattle Oceanic art Helmet mask (Tatanua) Prints, drawings,and photographs Blasting St. Vincent's Rock, Clifton Boreas and Oreithyia Galinthias Outwits Eileithyia by Announcing the Birth of Heracles Mother (Mutter) Moulin Rouge: La Goulue The Holy Family with the Dragonfly Young Woman in Blue Textile andfashion arts Moroccan wall hanging Chinese Souls #2 Eli Lilly Family Quilt Evening dress Woman's apron Sumbanese woman's ceremonial skirt Outdoorartworksby locationMuseum grounds Above and Below Five Brushstrokes La Hermana del Hombre Bóveda Memories of Prague Mother and Child Numbers 1-0 Snowplow Stumbling Man Sutphin Fountain Two Figures Two Lines Oblique Down, Variation III Oldfields Copy of Diana of Versailles Diana with Dog Female and Male Herm Fountain Four Seasons Landon-Era Birdbath Mother and Child (Gordine) Nymph and Fawn Sundial, Boy With Spider The Three Graces Pair of Urns 100 Acres Bench Around the Lake Eden II Free Basket Funky Bones Indianapolis Island Park of the Laments Stratum Pier Team Building (Align) Artworks on loan East Gate/West Gate Mega-Gem Portrait of History Sewall Memorial Torches Spaces with Iron Deaccessionedartworks Broken Walrus II Holistic Image VIII Weather Tower Leadership Maxwell L. Anderson Charles L. Venable Colette Pierce Burnette

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"print room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_room"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ima-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"}],"text":"The Holy Family with the Dragonfly, also known as The Holy Family with the Mayfly, The Holy Family with the Locust, and The Holy Family with the Butterfly is an engraving by the German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) from approximately 1495. It is quite small but full of intricate detail. 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It depicts both the Holy Family and the Holy Trinity, as the Virgin Mary sits on a bench holding Jesus with Joseph beside them, while God the Father and the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove look down from the clouds. In the lower right corner is an insect frequently identified as a dragonfly. However, Dürer may have intended it as a butterfly, a creature whose dramatically transformative life-cycle makes it a perfect symbol of resurrection and redemption.[2] The abundance of beautifully-rendered textures in the richly detailed landscape show how early Dürer mastered the art of engraving.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Holy_Family_with_the_Mayfly_(NGA_1943.3.3453).jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Schongauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schongauer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ima-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ima-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"}],"text":"A variant: The Holy Family with the Mayfly (NGA 1943.3.3453)The exact date of creation is not known. It may have been an imitative piece from his apprenticeship, a copy of older master such as Martin Schongauer. The precise shape of Dürer's monogram is most similar to works dated 1494-95, and the presence of a gondola in the background places it after his 1494 trip to Venice.[3] It is the first print on which he placed his monogram, and the only one in which the D is lowercase.[2] By placing his mark on it, he claimed authorship of the work, unlike the numerous anonymous artists of his day. This act of ownership offered no protection, however, since his international renown as an artistic genius meant copies appeared throughout Italy and Germany by 1500.[1]In Dürer's Germany, Mary and Jesus were grounded and human, making them highly sympathetic for mere mortals.[1] That meant tender scenes such as this were extremely popular. Dürer made many prints of this theme to be sold in shops and by traveling salesmen so worshipers could paste them into books or attach them to walls as devotional objects.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insect_in_D%C3%BCrer%27s_Holy_Family_with_the_Mayfly_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"mayfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Odonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odonata"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust"},{"link_name":"Acrididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrididae"},{"link_name":"praying mantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praying_mantis"},{"link_name":"Mantodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantodea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._Vulgata_female.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ephemera vulgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemera_vulgata"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"mayfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly"},{"link_name":"Ephemeroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeroptera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGA-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithFindlen2013-8"}],"text":"Insect in Dürer's The Holy Family with the Mayfly. Detail of \"mayfly\" in lower right corner of engravingThe type of insect that Dürer depicted is unclear. While it is commonly named as a dragonfly (Odonata), Kate Heard and Lucy Whitaker in their book The Northern Renaissance. Dürer to Holbein (2011) suggest that he may have meant it to be read as a butterfly (Lepidoptera). They explain that the butterfly's familiar transformation from caterpillar to winged adult was a symbol of resurrection and the soul's redemption, referring to the infant Christ in the Virgin's arms.[4][5] The painting is indeed sometimes also called the Holy Family with the Butterfly. The insect has also been taken to be a locust (Acrididae) or a praying mantis (Mantodea), \"with the symbolic meaning in relation to the Virgin changing accordingly.\"[6]The common European mayfly Ephemera vulgataA similar engraving in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. is named The Holy Family with the Mayfly, identifying the insect as a mayfly (Ephemeroptera) signifying the ephemeral nature of human life.[7] The critics Larry Silver and Pamela H. Smith write that the image provides \"an explicit link between heaven and earth ... to suggest a cosmic resonance between sacred and profane, celestial and terrestrial, macrocosm and microcosm.\"[8]","title":"Insect"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ima-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-royal-2"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGA-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Indianapolis Museum of Art (USA)[1]\nRoyal Collection (UK)[2]\nNational Gallery of Art[7]\nAmsterdam Rijksmuseum (inv.no. RP-P-OB-1204)[9]","title":"Collections"}]

[{"image_text":"A variant: The Holy Family with the Mayfly (NGA 1943.3.3453)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Holy_Family_with_the_Mayfly_%28NGA_1943.3.3453%29.jpg/170px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Holy_Family_with_the_Mayfly_%28NGA_1943.3.3453%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Insect in Dürer's The Holy Family with the Mayfly. Detail of \"mayfly\" in lower right corner of engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Insect_in_D%C3%BCrer%27s_Holy_Family_with_the_Mayfly_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The common European mayfly Ephemera vulgata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E._Vulgata_female.jpg/220px-E._Vulgata_female.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of engravings by Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engravings_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"title":"List of woodcuts by Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woodcuts_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"title":"Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(D%C3%BCrer)"},{"title":"Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_and_Anne_Meeting_at_the_Golden_Gate_(D%C3%BCrer)"}]

[{"reference":"Lee, Ellen Wardwell; Robinson, Anne (2005). Indianapolis Museum of Art: Highlights of the Collection. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN 0936260777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Indianapolis Museum of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0936260777","url_text":"0936260777"}]},{"reference":"\"The Holy Family\". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 800057.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/800057","url_text":"\"The Holy Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust","url_text":"Royal Collection Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition of Albert Durer's engravings, etchings, and dry-points, and most of the woodcuts executed from his designs\". Internet Archive. 1888. Retrieved 12 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/exhibitionalber00sewagoog/exhibitionalber00sewagoog_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Exhibition of Albert Durer's engravings, etchings, and dry-points, and most of the woodcuts executed from his designs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Heard, Kate; Whitaker, Lucy (2011). The Northern Renaissance. Dürer to Holbein. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-905-68632-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-68632-2","url_text":"978-1-905-68632-2"}]},{"reference":"Albrecht Dürer. \"The Holy Family\". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 800057.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer","url_text":"Albrecht Dürer"},{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/800057","url_text":"\"The Holy Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust","url_text":"Royal Collection Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"Albrecht Dürer The Holy Family with the Butterfly (B. 44; M., Holl. 142; S.M.S. 2), ca. 1495\". Artsy.net. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. ... with the symbolic meaning in relation to the Virgin changing accordingly.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150314141632/https://www.artsy.net/artwork/albrecht-durer-the-holy-family-with-the-butterfly-b-44-m-dot-holl-142-sms-2","url_text":"\"Albrecht Dürer The Holy Family with the Butterfly (B. 44; M., Holl. 142; S.M.S. 2), ca. 1495\""},{"url":"https://www.artsy.net/artwork/albrecht-durer-the-holy-family-with-the-butterfly-b-44-m-dot-holl-142-sms-2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Holy Family with the Mayfly 1495/1496\". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.6571.html","url_text":"\"The Holy Family with the Mayfly 1495/1496\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Pamela; Findlen, Paula (18 October 2013). Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-135-30035-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUuMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","url_text":"Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-30035-7","url_text":"978-1-135-30035-7"}]},{"reference":"\"De Heilige Familie met de libelle, Albrecht Dürer, 1493 - 1497\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-OB-1204","url_text":"\"De Heilige Familie met de libelle, Albrecht Dürer, 1493 - 1497\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/800057","external_links_name":"\"The Holy Family\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/exhibitionalber00sewagoog/exhibitionalber00sewagoog_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Exhibition of Albert Durer's engravings, etchings, and dry-points, and most of the woodcuts executed from his designs\""},{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/800057","external_links_name":"\"The Holy Family\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150314141632/https://www.artsy.net/artwork/albrecht-durer-the-holy-family-with-the-butterfly-b-44-m-dot-holl-142-sms-2","external_links_name":"\"Albrecht Dürer The Holy Family with the Butterfly (B. 44; M., Holl. 142; S.M.S. 2), ca. 1495\""},{"Link":"https://www.artsy.net/artwork/albrecht-durer-the-holy-family-with-the-butterfly-b-44-m-dot-holl-142-sms-2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.6571.html","external_links_name":"\"The Holy Family with the Mayfly 1495/1496\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUuMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/RP-P-OB-1204","external_links_name":"\"De Heilige Familie met de libelle, Albrecht Dürer, 1493 - 1497\""},{"Link":"http://www.imamuseum.org/collections/artwork/holy-family-dragonfly-d%C3%BCrer-albrecht","external_links_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art page"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Galloway_(American_football)

David Galloway (American football)

["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 Life after football","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

American football player (born 1959) For other people with the same name, see David Galloway. American football player David GallowayNo. 65, 99Position:Defensive end, defensive tackle, nose tacklePersonal informationBorn: (1959-02-16) February 16, 1959 (age 65)Tampa, Florida, U.S.Height:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:225 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh school:Brandon (FL)College:FloridaNFL draft:1982 / Round: 2 / Pick: 38Career history St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1982–1989) Denver Broncos (1990–1991) Career highlights and awards First-team All-American (1981) First-team All-SEC (1981) Second-team All-SEC (1980) University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame Career NFL statisticsGames played:99Games started:76Quarterback sacks:38.0Fumbles recovered:5Player stats at PFR David Lawrence Galloway (born February 16, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s and early 1990s. Galloway played college football for the Florida Gators, earning All-American honors. A second-round pick in the 1982 NFL draft, he played professionally for the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals and the Denver Broncos of the NFL. Early life Galloway was born in Tampa, Florida in 1959. Both of Galloway's parents died before he was 10 years old, and he was cared for by his two older sisters. He attended Brandon High School in Brandon, Florida, where he was a standout high school football player for the Brandon Eagles. Galloway was six feet, three inches tall and weighed 225 pounds in high school; he was a dominating athlete in basketball, football and track. As a senior for the Eagles in 1977, he was an all-state, prep All-American defensive lineman in football, led Hillsborough County in basketball dunks, and helped the Brandon Eagles to an 18–2 conference basketball title, and threw the shot and discus for the track team. College career Galloway accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played defensive end and defensive tackle for coach Doug Dickey and coach Charley Pell's Florida Gators football teams from 1978 to 1981. During Galloway's junior season in 1980, he was a member of the Gators team that posted the biggest one-year turnaround in the history of NCAA Division I football—from 0–10–1 in 1979 to an 8–4 bowl team in 1980. He was recognized as a second-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection and an honorable mention All-American in 1980. As a senior team captain in 1981, Galloway was a first-team All-SEC selection, and a Football Writers Association of America first-team All-American. He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great." In one of a series of articles written for The Gainesville Sun in 2006, the newspaper's sports editors rated him as No. 48 among the top 100 players of the Florida Gators' first 100 seasons. Professional career The St. Louis Cardinals selected Galloway in the second round (38th pick overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft, and he played eight seasons for the Cardinals from 1982 to 1989, and one final season for the Denver Broncos in 1990. He played in ninety-nine games, started seventy-six of them, and recorded thirty-eight quarterback sacks and five recovered fumbles in his ten-season NFL career. Life after football Galloway is married, and he and his wife Josie have led a marriage ministry together for seven years. They have three sons. Galloway currently works as a licensed real estate agent in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida area. See also American football portalBiography portalCollege football portal 1981 College Football All-America Team Florida Gators football, 1970–79 Florida Gators football, 1980–89 List of Florida Gators football All-Americans List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft List of University of Florida alumni List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members References ^ a b Pro-Football-Reference.com, Players, David Galloway. Retrieved July 8, 2010. ^ a b c d e f Brett McMurphy, "Tampa Bay's All-Century Team: No. 36 David Galloway Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine," The Tampa Tribune (November 23, 1999). Retrieved June 7, 2010. ^ databaseFootball.com, Players, David Galloway Archived September 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ a b c 2011 Florida Gators Football Media Guide Archived April 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, University Athletic Association, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 87, 92, 96, 124, 153, 181 (2011). Retrieved August 29, 2011. ^ Norm Carlson, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 95–96 (2007). ^ College Football Data Warehouse, Florida Yearly Results 1975–1979 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ College Football Data Warehouse, Florida Yearly Results 1980–1984 Archived November 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ^ F Club, Hall of Fame, Gator Greats. Retrieved December 14, 2014. ^ Robbie Andreu & Pat Dooley, "No. 48 David Galloway," The Gainesville Sun (July 17, 2006). Retrieved April 4, 2013. ^ Pro Football Hall of Fame, Draft History, 1982 National Football League Draft, Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ National Football League, Historical Players, David Galloway. Retrieved June 2, 2010. Bibliography Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). ISBN 0-7948-2298-3. Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). ISBN 0-9650782-1-3. Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). ISBN 1-58261-514-4. McCarthy, Kevin M., Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). ISBN 978-0-7385-0559-6. Nash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). ISBN 1-57167-196-X. External links Words of Life – Official website of the Words of Life ministry. vteSt. Louis Cardinals 1982 NFL draft selections Luis Sharpe David Galloway Benny Perrin Rusty Guilbeau Tootie Robbins Vance Bedford Earl Ferrell Craig Shaffer Bob Sebro Chris Lindstrom Darnell Dailey Eddie McGill James Williams Bob Atha

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Galloway_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"1982 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see David Galloway.American football playerDavid Lawrence Galloway (born February 16, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s and early 1990s. Galloway played college football for the Florida Gators, earning All-American honors. A second-round pick in the 1982 NFL draft, he played professionally for the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals and the Denver Broncos of the NFL.","title":"David Galloway (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfrprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"},{"link_name":"Brandon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_High_School_(Brandon,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbfbprofile-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"},{"link_name":"defensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_lineman"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot-put"},{"link_name":"discus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_throw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"}],"text":"Galloway was born in Tampa, Florida in 1959.[1] Both of Galloway's parents died before he was 10 years old, and he was cared for by his two older sisters.[2] He attended Brandon High School in Brandon, Florida,[3] where he was a standout high school football player for the Brandon Eagles.[2] Galloway was six feet, three inches tall and weighed 225 pounds in high school; he was a dominating athlete in basketball, football and track.[2] As a senior for the Eagles in 1977, he was an all-state, prep All-American defensive lineman in football, led Hillsborough County in basketball dunks, and helped the Brandon Eagles to an 18–2 conference basketball title, and threw the shot and discus for the track team.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Doug Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Dickey"},{"link_name":"Charley Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Pell"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufmediaguide-4"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufmediaguide-4"},{"link_name":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufmediaguide-4"},{"link_name":"University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Florida_Athletic_Hall_of_Fame_members"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Galloway accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played defensive end and defensive tackle for coach Doug Dickey and coach Charley Pell's Florida Gators football teams from 1978 to 1981.[4] During Galloway's junior season in 1980, he was a member of the Gators team that posted the biggest one-year turnaround in the history of NCAA Division I football[5]—from 0–10–1 in 1979[6] to an 8–4 bowl team in 1980.[7]He was recognized as a second-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection and an honorable mention All-American in 1980.[4] As a senior team captain in 1981, Galloway was a first-team All-SEC selection, and a Football Writers Association of America first-team All-American.[4] He was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a \"Gator Great.\"[8] In one of a series of articles written for The Gainesville Sun in 2006, the newspaper's sports editors rated him as No. 48 among the top 100 players of the Florida Gators' first 100 seasons.[9]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nflprofile-11"},{"link_name":"quarterback sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback_sack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfrprofile-1"}],"text":"The St. Louis Cardinals selected Galloway in the second round (38th pick overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft,[10] and he played eight seasons for the Cardinals from 1982 to 1989, and one final season for the Denver Broncos in 1990.[11] He played in ninety-nine games, started seventy-six of them, and recorded thirty-eight quarterback sacks and five recovered fumbles in his ten-season NFL career.[1]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcmurphy11231999-2"}],"text":"Galloway is married, and he and his wife Josie have led a marriage ministry together for seven years. They have three sons.[2] Galloway currently works as a licensed real estate agent in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida area.[2]","title":"Life after football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7948-2298-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7948-2298-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9650782-1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9650782-1-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58261-514-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58261-514-4"},{"link_name":"Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_Tk-IQepI6cC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7385-0559-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0559-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57167-196-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57167-196-X"}],"text":"Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). ISBN 0-7948-2298-3.\nGolenbock, Peter, Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). ISBN 0-9650782-1-3.\nHairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). ISBN 1-58261-514-4.\nMcCarthy, Kevin M., Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). ISBN 978-0-7385-0559-6.\nNash, Noel, ed., The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football, Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). ISBN 1-57167-196-X.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCID_Consulting

CCID Consulting

["1 Location","2 Business","3 References","4 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CCID Consulting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "CCID Consulting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) CCID Consulting Co., Ltd. (SEHK: 8235) is China's largest research, consulting and IT outsourcing service company, and the first Chinese consulting firm listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Location CCID Consulting was the first Chinese consulting firm listed in the Growth Enterprise Market (GEM, Chinese: 創業板) of Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and is a direct affiliate to the China Center for Information Industry Development (CCID Group). Headquartered in Beijing, CCID Consulting has branch offices in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chengdu, with over 300 professional consultants. Business The company's businesses cover over 200 large and medium-sized cities in China. Based on major areas of competitiveness: industrial resources, information technology and data channels, CCID Consulting provides customers with public policy establishment, industry competitiveness upgrade, development strategy and planning, marketing strategy and research, HR management, IT programming and management. Customers range from industrial users in electronics, semiconductors, telecommunications, energy, finance, automobile, to government departments at all levels and diversified industrial parks. References ^ "CCID Consulting (SEHK:2176) - Stock Price, News & Analysis". Simply Wall St. Retrieved 2023-05-01. ^ "2176: CCID Consulting Co Ltd Stock Price Quote - Hong Kong - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2023-05-01. ^ "China turns up heat on chip wars by taking on Fab five". Retrieved 2018-09-10. External links Corporate website This article about a corporation in the service industry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinal_submucosa

Submucosa

["1 Structure","2 Clinical significance","2.1 Small intestinal submucosa","3 History","4 Additional images","5 References"]

Thin layer of tissue in various organs This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Submucosa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SubmucosaMucosaSubmucosaMeissner's plexusCircular muscleAuerbach's plexuslongitudinal muscleSerosa or AdventitiaEndoscopy and radial endoscopic ultrasound images of submucosal tumour in mid-esophagus. The submucosa is seen as a dark ring on the ultrasound image.DetailsIdentifiersLatintela submucosaTA98A05.3.01.028 A05.4.01.014 A05.5.01.026 A05.6.01.008 A05.7.01.005 A06.4.02.028 A08.3.01.022TA22857, 2891, 2913, 2939, 2967, 3221, 3234, 3419FMA85391Anatomical terminology The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. It is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the mucosa (mucous membrane) and joins it to the muscular layer, the bulk of overlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). The submucosa (sub- + mucosa) is to a mucous membrane what the subserosa (sub- + serosa) is to a serous membrane. Structure Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves (all supplying the mucosa) will run through here. In the intestinal wall, tiny parasympathetic ganglia are scattered around forming the submucous plexus (or "Meissner's plexus") where preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with postganglionic nerve fibers that supply the muscularis mucosae. Histologically, the wall of the alimentary canal shows four distinct layers (from the lumen moving out): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and either a serous membrane or an adventitia. In the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract the submucosa contains the submucosal glands that secrete mucus. Clinical significance Identification of the submucosa plays an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, where special fibre-optic cameras are used to perform procedures on the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormalities of the submucosa, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, usually show integrity of the mucosal surface. The submucosa is also identified in endoscopic ultrasound to identify the depth of tumours and to identify other abnormalities. An injection of dye, saline, or epinephrine into the submucosa is imperative in the safe removal of certain polyps. Endoscopic mucosal resection involves removal of the mucosal layer, and in order to be done safely, a submucosal injection of dye is performed to ensure integrity at the beginning of the procedure. Female uterine submucosal layers are liable to develop fibroids during pregnancy and are often excised upon discovery. Small intestinal submucosa Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is submucosal tissue in the small intestines of vertebrates. SIS is harvested (typically from pigs) for transplanted structural material in several clinical applications, typically biologic meshes. They have low immunogenicity. Some uses under investigation include a scaffold for intervertebral disc regeneration. Unlike other scaffold materials, the resorbable SIS extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) scaffold is replaced by well-organized host tissues, including differentiated skeletal muscle. History A scientific article published in March 2018 proposed a revision of the anatomical definition of the submucosa. They first saw a non compact tissue which should be submucosa using a technology called endomicroscopy. They hypothesised that the submucosa was not compact as it was previously seen on histological analysis but form a reticular pattern. To confirm their findings, they performed fixed samples of bile duct into a freezing media in order to conserve the shape of the submucosa. They then performed a histological analysis and with several staining techniques, they described the submucosa as a network of collagenous bands separating open, formerly fluid-filled spaces. Theses spaces are bordered by fibroblast-like cells CD34 positive. However, these cells are devoid of ultrastructural features indicative of endothelial differentiation, including pinocytotic vesicles and Weibel-Palade bodies. Additional images Stomach. Section of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified. Vertical section of bladder wall. General structure of the gut wall showing the submucosa. References ^ "What is the submucosa and why is it important? - Submucosa". Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2018-07-25. ^ Oelschlager BK, Pellegrini CA, Hunter J, et al. (October 2006). "Biologic prosthesis reduces recurrence after laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial". Ann. Surg. 244 (4): 481–90. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000237759.42831.03. PMC 1856552. PMID 16998356. ^ Helton WS, Fisichella PM, Berger R, Horgan S, Espat NJ, Abcarian H (June 2005). "Short-term outcomes with small intestinal submucosa for ventral abdominal hernia". Arch Surg. 140 (6): 549–60, discussion 560–2. doi:10.1001/archsurg.140.6.549. PMID 15967902. ^ Badylak S, Kokini K, Tullius B, Simmons-Byrd A, Morff R (April 2002). "Morphologic study of small intestinal submucosa as a body wall repair device". J. Surg. Res. 103 (2): 190–202. doi:10.1006/jsre.2001.6349. PMID 11922734. ^ Benias, P., Wells, R., Sackey-Aboagye, B., Klavan, H., Reidy, J., Buonocore, D., Miranda, M., Kornacki, S., Wayne, M., Carr-Locke, D. and Theise, N. (2018). Structure and Distribution of an Unrecognized Interstitium in Human Tissues. Scientific Reports, 8(1). vteAnatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouthUpperPharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pyriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands crop Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cells Parietal cells Gastric chief cells Enterochromaffin-like cells LowerSmall intestineMicroanatomy Intestinal villi Microvilli Intestinal glands Enterocytes Enteroendocrine cells Goblet cells Paneth cells Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cells Large intestineCecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa vteAnatomy of the urinary systemKidneysLayers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla pyramids medullary interstitium Sinus Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent NephronRenal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Circulation Vesical arteries Vesical veins Vaginal artery (female) Detrusor muscle Median umbilical ligament Trigone Urethra Internal urethral orifice Urethral sphincters External male female Internal Male urethra pre-prostatic prostatic intermediate spongy navicular fossa Lacunae of Morgagni urethral gland Urinary meatus vteConnective tissuePhysiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring CompositionCellsResident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrixGround substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin TypesProperLoose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Blood Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica 2 3 4 5 6 7

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In the intestinal wall, tiny parasympathetic ganglia are scattered around forming the submucous plexus (or \"Meissner's plexus\") where preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with postganglionic nerve fibers that supply the muscularis mucosae. Histologically, the wall of the alimentary canal shows four distinct layers (from the lumen moving out): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and either a serous membrane or an adventitia.In the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract the submucosa contains the submucosal glands that secrete mucus.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy"},{"link_name":"fibre-optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optics"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal stromal tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor"},{"link_name":"endoscopic ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound"},{"link_name":"dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"saline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"polyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"resection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Identification of the submucosa plays an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, where special fibre-optic cameras are used to perform procedures on the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormalities of the submucosa, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, usually show integrity of the mucosal surface.The submucosa is also identified in endoscopic ultrasound to identify the depth of tumours and to identify other abnormalities. An injection of dye, saline, or epinephrine into the submucosa is imperative in the safe removal of certain polyps.Endoscopic mucosal resection involves removal of the mucosal layer, and in order to be done safely, a submucosal injection of dye is performed to ensure integrity at the beginning of the procedure.Female uterine submucosal layers are liable to develop fibroids during pregnancy and are often excised upon discovery.[1]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"small intestines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"transplanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantation_medicine"},{"link_name":"clinical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_significance"},{"link_name":"biologic meshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomesh"},{"link_name":"immunogenicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenicity"},{"link_name":"scaffold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering#Scaffolds"},{"link_name":"intervertebral disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"resorbable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorption"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Small intestinal submucosa","text":"Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is submucosal tissue in the small intestines of vertebrates. SIS is harvested (typically from pigs) for transplanted structural material in several clinical applications, typically biologic meshes. They have low immunogenicity. Some uses under investigation include a scaffold for intervertebral disc regeneration.[2][3]Unlike other scaffold materials, the resorbable SIS extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) scaffold is replaced by well-organized host tissues, including differentiated skeletal muscle.[4]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"endomicroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomicroscopy"},{"link_name":"CD34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34"}],"text":"A scientific article published in March 2018[5] proposed a revision of the anatomical definition of the submucosa. They first saw a non compact tissue which should be submucosa using a technology called endomicroscopy. They hypothesised that the submucosa was not compact as it was previously seen on histological analysis but form a reticular pattern. To confirm their findings, they performed fixed samples of bile duct into a freezing media in order to conserve the shape of the submucosa. They then performed a histological analysis and with several staining techniques, they described the submucosa as a network of collagenous bands separating open, formerly fluid-filled spaces. Theses spaces are bordered by fibroblast-like cells CD34 positive. However, these cells are devoid of ultrastructural features indicative of endothelial differentiation, including pinocytotic vesicles and Weibel-Palade bodies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_stomach2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1033.png"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1141.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gut_wall.svg"}],"text":"Stomach.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSection of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVertical section of bladder wall.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeneral structure of the gut wall showing the submucosa.","title":"Additional images"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Allen

Carson Allen

["1 Musical career","1.1 Early days and TraceMyVeins (2004–2005)","1.2 On the Last Day (2007–2009)","1.3 Me vs. Myself (2009–present)","1.4 Solo career/IN GOD WE RUST (2012–present)","1.5 Something Witchy (2016–present)","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

American singer-songwriter Carson AllenSelf-portrait photographBackground informationBirth nameCarson Cole AllenBornUnited StatesGenresPsychedelic rock, alternative rock, pop, blue-eyed soul, soul (current)post-hardcore, metalcore, screamo, emo, pop punk (formerly)Occupation(s)Singer, musician, producer, composerInstrument(s)Vocals, piano, guitar, keyboards, bass, synthesizers, drumsYears active2004–presentLabelsCapitol, Century Media, Chronicle Music, Epitaph, Victory, TorqueFormerly ofMe Vs. Myself, On the Last Day, TraceMyVeins, Apathy Drowns DesireWebsitecarsonallen.bigcartel.comMusical artist Carson Cole Allen is an American singer-songwriter known for his roles in former bands: lead vocalist for On the Last Day and Me vs. Myself, tracemyveins keyboardist and founding member his current project Something Witchy, and his solo music. Musical career Early days and TraceMyVeins (2004–2005) Carson attended Billings West High School and graduated in 2005. During his time there, he joined his first band at age 14. Since then he has been in numerous bands, playing different types of music. Carson Allen had started his own post-hardcore band titled "TraceMyVeins" after leaving previous band "Apathy Drowns Desire" after releasing the EP Farewell Edgewood. The band released two songs that were to be their singles titled "I Wish I Knew How to Quit You" and "This Is What You Get for Helping People?". After realizing the band wasn't getting anywhere, Allen decided to quit to join "Devilyn Alaska" and then eventually On the Last Day. On the Last Day (2007–2009) Before joining On the Last Day, Allen had recorded some songs with Devilyn Alaska. When Geoff Walker was removed the band, On the Last Day, in May 2007, Allen had been announced as their new vocalist. On February 13, 2008, On the Last Day left their record label of Victory Records. On the Last Day then released their second EP called Make It Mean Something, which was released through Torque Records. The album charted at number 3 on the west coast Billboard Heatseekers chart. On September 2, 2009, On the Last Day announced they were no longer together and were on an "indefinite hiatus". Me vs. Myself (2009–present) After the band announced their hiatus, Me vs. Myself was started in 2009 in Seattle by singer Carson Allen, along with Jaron Johnson, Nick Wiggins and formerly Frank Gross till he left the band in 2011. The four recorded their debut EP "Seasons", which was released February 2010. After playing shows in Seattle, Me vs. Myself began playing shows along the west coast in June 2010. The following January, the band relocated to Los Angeles to work on what would be their Debut LP. On November 29 the band released another EP titled Where I Am...Where I Want to Be, tracked in Buffalo, New York, at the studio owned by The Goo Goo Dolls. The track "Now and Then" was produced by Goo's bassist Robby Takac. The band had split in 2012, playing their last show and then deleting their Facebook page with no reason given. They released a statement about the split three years later: "Exactly 3 years ago, we released "Where I Am... Where I Want To Be"! Since then, we have traveled all over the world individually. Finding who we are. Finding purpose. And finding inspiration. Our paths have crossed occasionally, and every interaction has been magic. We started this band because we all believed in each other, and wanted to share dreams, share adventure, and share our passion for music.. Together! The last show Me Vs Myself played was (also) exactly 3 years ago. The reason that was the last was not because we didn't want to continue, it's because we all needed to experience life a bit more. On January 9th, we will return to the stage that we shared exactly 3 years ago. Play the exact same set. And put the exact same passion into showing the world that Me Vs Myself isn't just a band. It's a hub for people who need hope. A safe place to pour your heart. An escape... The exact reason we started this! See you soon... - MVM In early 2014, the band made a new page and announced they were getting back together. They released a demo for a new track they were working on called "If She Knew Better". On October 31, they announced their first reunion show, the band has been playing shows ever since then. The band eventually went on a short split to focus on other projects but reunited in 2015, announcing their first show for January 9. Solo career/IN GOD WE RUST (2012–present) On the April 12, 2012, Carson Allen released his new single "Believe". A few days later, on April 16, Carson Allen posted on his Facebook page that "It was only a month ago I decided I wanted to do a solo project. I started a page on here, and got to work, a month later, I have over 1000 fans on here, released my first single, and am in the process of booking my first show. Everything I do would be pointless without you amazing people!! There are some BIG things ahead. I'm pumped to have you along for the ride! – Carson". On the June 28, Carson released his solo debut titled "Something Beautiful". Early 2013, Carson announced that he was in the middle of writing the follow-up release to "Something Beautiful". Soon after, he released the name of the upcoming record, "Blue Eyed Soul". Production for Blue Eyed Soul began on March 1, 2013. On February 25, Allen announced that he will be releasing his solo music under the moniker IN GOD WE RUST, and that he has started a new record at Streetlight Audio in Denver, Colorado. "Keep It Cool" EP was released on April 15, 2016. Something Witchy (2016–present) After moving back to Seattle in 2016, Allen announced in December that he, former bandmate Nick Wiggins and wife Melody Mars had started a new project called Something Witchy. Followed by the release of tracks "Sweet Dreams" and "Free Lies". On September 1, Something Witchy released the single "Feeler", and played their first show sold-out performance at Seattle's legendary venue BARBOZA the following week, with Carson announcing on stage that a music video for "Feeler" would soon follow (October 1). On August 10, 2018, Something Witchy released their debut EP "BLUE SKY". Discography Apathy Drowns Desire Farewell Edgewood (2005) TraceMyVeins Blood Bath And Beyond (2006) On the Last Day Make It Mean Something (2008) Me Vs. Myself Seasons (2010) Where I Am... Where I Want To Be (2012) Solo / IN GOD WE RUST Something Beautiful (2012) Blue Eyed Soul (2013) Bad Attitude (2013) Keep It Cool EP (2016) References ^ "Carson Allens Biography on his Official Facebook". facebook.com. 2012. ^ "TraceMyVeins Myspace Blog Forum". myspace.com. 2004. ^ "Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace". Myspace.com. 2007. ^ "Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado". The Blazing Sun. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. ^ "Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace". Myspace.com. 2007. ^ "Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado". The Blazing Sun. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. ^ "On the Last Day's Official Myspace". Myspace.com. 2007. ^ "Me Vs. Myself's Official Website". mevsmyself.net. 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. ^ "Carson's Official Tumblr". tumblr.com. 2011. ^ "Me Vs Myself - Reason for their split". facebook.com/MyVsMyselfMusic. 2014. ^ "Me Vs Myself release demo". facebook.com/MeVsMyselfMusic. 2014. ^ "Carsons Official Website". bigcartel.com. 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. ^ "Altsound Announces former on the Last Day singers Solo album". altsounds.com. 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. External links Devilyn Alaska, traceMYveins, On the Last Day, on bandmine.com Devilyn Alaska on Last.fm Devilyn Alaska on gosong.net

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During his time there, he joined his first band at age 14. Since then he has been in numerous bands, playing different types of music.[1] Carson Allen had started his own post-hardcore band titled \"TraceMyVeins\" after leaving previous band \"Apathy Drowns Desire\" after releasing the EP Farewell Edgewood. The band released two songs that were to be their singles titled \"I Wish I Knew How to Quit You\" and \"This Is What You Get for Helping People?\".[2] After realizing the band wasn't getting anywhere, Allen decided to quit to join \"Devilyn Alaska\"[3][4] and then eventually On the Last Day.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Victory Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Records"},{"link_name":"Make It Mean Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_It_Mean_Something"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"}],"sub_title":"On the Last Day (2007–2009)","text":"Before joining On the Last Day, Allen had recorded some songs with Devilyn Alaska.[5][6] When Geoff Walker was removed the band, On the Last Day, in May 2007, Allen had been announced as their new vocalist.[7] On February 13, 2008, On the Last Day left their record label of Victory Records. On the Last Day then released their second EP called Make It Mean Something, which was released through Torque Records. The album charted at number 3 on the west coast Billboard Heatseekers chart.On September 2, 2009, On the Last Day announced they were no longer together and were on an \"indefinite hiatus\".[This quote needs a citation]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Wiggins"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Goo Goo Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goo_Goo_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Robby Takac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robby_Takac"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Me vs. Myself (2009–present)","text":"After the band announced their hiatus, Me vs. Myself was started in 2009 in Seattle by singer Carson Allen, along with Jaron Johnson, Nick Wiggins and formerly Frank Gross till he left the band in 2011.[8] The four recorded their debut EP \"Seasons\", which was released February 2010.\nAfter playing shows in Seattle, Me vs. Myself began playing shows along the west coast in June 2010. The following January, the band relocated to Los Angeles to work on what would be their Debut LP.\nOn November 29 the band released another EP titled Where I Am...Where I Want to Be, tracked in Buffalo, New York, at the studio owned by The Goo Goo Dolls. The track \"Now and Then\" was produced by Goo's bassist Robby Takac.[9]The band had split in 2012, playing their last show and then deleting their Facebook page with no reason given. They released a statement about the split three years later:\"Exactly 3 years ago, we released \"Where I Am... Where I Want To Be\"! Since then, we have traveled all over the world individually. Finding who we are. Finding purpose. And finding inspiration. Our paths have crossed occasionally, and every interaction has been magic. We started this band because we all believed in each other, and wanted to share dreams, share adventure, and share our passion for music.. Together! The last show Me Vs Myself played was (also) exactly 3 years ago. The reason that was the last was not because we didn't want to continue, it's because we all needed to experience life a bit more. On January 9th, we will return to the stage that we shared exactly 3 years ago. Play the exact same set. And put the exact same passion into showing the world that Me Vs Myself isn't just a band. It's a hub for people who need hope. A safe place to pour your heart. An escape... The exact reason we started this!\nSee you soon...- MVM[10]In early 2014, the band made a new page and announced they were getting back together. They released a demo for a new track they were working on called \"If She Knew Better\".[11] On October 31, they announced their first reunion show, the band has been playing shows ever since then. The band eventually went on a short split to focus on other projects but reunited in 2015, announcing their first show for January 9.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"}],"sub_title":"Solo career/IN GOD WE RUST (2012–present)","text":"On the April 12, 2012, Carson Allen released his new single \"Believe\". A few days later, on April 16, Carson Allen posted on his Facebook page that \"It was only a month ago I decided I wanted to do a solo project. I started a page on here, and got to work, a month later, I have over 1000 fans on here, released my first single, and am in the process of booking my first show. Everything I do would be pointless without you amazing people!! There are some BIG things ahead. I'm pumped to have you along for the ride! – Carson\". On the June 28, Carson released his solo debut titled \"Something Beautiful\".[12][13]Early 2013, Carson announced that he was in the middle of writing the follow-up release to \"Something Beautiful\". Soon after, he released the name of the upcoming record, \"Blue Eyed Soul\". Production for Blue Eyed Soul began on March 1, 2013.On February 25, Allen announced that he will be releasing his solo music under the moniker IN GOD WE RUST, and that he has started a new record at Streetlight Audio in Denver, Colorado. \"Keep It Cool\" EP was released on April 15, 2016.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Nick Wiggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Wiggins"}],"sub_title":"Something Witchy (2016–present)","text":"After moving back to Seattle in 2016, Allen announced in December that he, former bandmate Nick Wiggins and wife Melody Mars had started a new project called Something Witchy. Followed by the release of tracks \"Sweet Dreams\" and \"Free Lies\".On September 1, Something Witchy released the single \"Feeler\", and played their first show sold-out performance at Seattle's legendary venue BARBOZA the following week, with Carson announcing on stage that a music video for \"Feeler\" would soon follow (October 1).On August 10, 2018, Something Witchy released their debut EP \"BLUE SKY\".","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Make It Mean Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_It_Mean_Something"}],"text":"Apathy Drowns DesireFarewell Edgewood (2005)TraceMyVeinsBlood Bath And Beyond (2006)On the Last DayMake It Mean Something (2008)Me Vs. MyselfSeasons (2010)\nWhere I Am... Where I Want To Be (2012)Solo / IN GOD WE RUSTSomething Beautiful (2012)\nBlue Eyed Soul (2013)\nBad Attitude (2013)\nKeep It Cool EP (2016)","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Carson Allens Biography on his Official Facebook\". facebook.com. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/carsonallenmusic/info","url_text":"\"Carson Allens Biography on his Official Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"TraceMyVeins Myspace Blog Forum\". myspace.com. 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myspace.com/tracemyveins#!/tracemyveins/blog","url_text":"\"TraceMyVeins Myspace Blog Forum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace\". Myspace.com. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myspace.com/devilynalaska","url_text":"\"Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado\". The Blazing Sun. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415003016/http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/schoolid/164/articleid/110659/newspaperid/140/Devilyn_Alaska_changing_up_the_scene_in_Colorado.aspx","url_text":"\"Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado\""},{"url":"http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/schoolid/164/articleid/110659/newspaperid/140/Devilyn_Alaska_changing_up_the_scene_in_Colorado.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace\". Myspace.com. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myspace.com/devilynalaska","url_text":"\"Devilyn Alaska Official Myspace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado\". The Blazing Sun. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415003016/http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/schoolid/164/articleid/110659/newspaperid/140/Devilyn_Alaska_changing_up_the_scene_in_Colorado.aspx","url_text":"\"Devilyn Alaska changing up the scene in Colorado\""},{"url":"http://my.hsj.org/Schools/Newspaper/tabid/100/view/frontpage/schoolid/164/articleid/110659/newspaperid/140/Devilyn_Alaska_changing_up_the_scene_in_Colorado.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Last Day's Official Myspace\". Myspace.com. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myspace.com/onthelastday","url_text":"\"On the Last Day's Official Myspace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Me Vs. Myself's Official Website\". mevsmyself.net. 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120908031541/http://www.mevsmyself.net/","url_text":"\"Me Vs. Myself's Official Website\""},{"url":"http://www.mevsmyself.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carson's Official Tumblr\". tumblr.com. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://carsonova.tumblr.com/","url_text":"\"Carson's Official Tumblr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Me Vs Myself - Reason for their split\". facebook.com/MyVsMyselfMusic. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MeVsMyselfMusic/photos/a.412256868933435.1073741830.315570518602071/412255332266922/?type=1","url_text":"\"Me Vs Myself - Reason for their split\""}]},{"reference":"\"Me Vs Myself release demo\". facebook.com/MeVsMyselfMusic. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MeVsMyselfMusic/posts/323961281096328","url_text":"\"Me Vs Myself release demo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carsons Official Website\". bigcartel.com. 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130118140058/http://carsonallen.bigcartel.com/product/something-beautiful-cd-shirt-pre-order-bundle","url_text":"\"Carsons Official Website\""},{"url":"http://carsonallen.bigcartel.com/product/something-beautiful-cd-shirt-pre-order-bundle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Altsound Announces former on the Last Day singers Solo album\". altsounds.com. 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108090010/http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/89521-day-beautiful.html","url_text":"\"Altsound Announces former on the Last Day singers Solo album\""},{"url":"http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/89521-day-beautiful.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Destiny_(2008_TV_series)

You Are My Destiny (2008 TV series)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Viewership","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]

2008 South Koren television series This article is about the 2008 South Korean television series. For other uses, see You Are My Destiny. You Are My DestinyAlso known asYou Are My LifeCreated byKBS Drama ProductionWritten byMoon Eun-ahDirected byKim Myung-wookStarringIm Yoon-ahPark Jae-jungLee Ji-hoonGong Hyun-jooCountry of originSouth KoreaNo. of episodes178ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyKBS Drama ProductionOriginal releaseNetworkKBS1ReleaseMay 5, 2008 (2008-05-05) –January 9, 2009 (2009-01-09) You Are My Destiny (Korean: 너는 내 운명; RR: Neoneun Nae Unmyeong) is a South Korean television series television series that aired on KBS1 from May 5, 2008 to January 9, 2009 on Mondays to Fridays at 20:25 for 178 episodes. Starring Im Yoon-ah, Park Jae-jung, Lee Ji-hoon and Gong Hyun-joo, the rating of the drama started at more than 20% in the first episode, and kept increasing. It reached a peak viewership rating of 41.6% in its final episode and was a huge success overall in Korea and many other Asian countries. Im Yoon-ah is a member of the K-pop group Girls' Generation, and this was her first leading role. Plot Jang Sae-byuk is a cheerful and grateful orphan who always tries her best. She dreams of one day becoming an interior designer, despite her lack of education and money. Because of an accident that happened before the story starts (about three years ago), she loses her sight and undergoes corneal transplant surgery. Different events unravel when she encounters the Kim family, who has lost a daughter in a horrible car crash, unbeknownst to everyone besides the father and older brother. The stories then intertwine when Sae-byuk meets the Kim's extended family and the son of a big interior design company, Lohas, in Korea. Cast Im Yoon-ah as Jang Sae-byuk, a milk delivering woman who finds her way through Lohas' design competition Park Jae-jung as Kang Ho-sae, manager of Rohas, a company specializing in making kitchen sets Lee Ji-hoon as Kim Tae-pung Gong Hyun-joo as Kim Su-bin (Kim Tae-pung and Kim Tae-young's cousin) Lee Pil-mo as Kim Tae-young. Tae-young is a teacher at a course institution Jang Yong as Kim Dae-jin (Tae-pung's father). Dae-jin owns a mover service company, Pung Express. Before establishing Pung Express, Dae-jin was the Kang family's driver. Jung Ae-ri as Oh Young-sook (Tae-pung's mother). Works at a food catering company owned by Lee Hwa-ran for some time. Used to work as a housemaid at the Kang family's house. Kim Hyo-seo as Kim Na-young (Tae-pung's deceased twin sister). Sa Mi-ja as Son Poong-geum (Dae-gu's and Dae-jin's mother) Kang Seok-woo as Kim Dae-gu (Su-bin's father). He worked as a mayor Lee Hye-sook as Hong Yeon-sil (Su-bin's mother). Nosy and gossipy. Lee Seol-ah as Kang Yu-ri (Ho-sae's sister). Hyun Seok as Kang Chil-bok (Ho-sae's father). Chil-bok is the president of Lohas. Yang Geum-seok as Seo Min-jung (Ho-sae's mother). Kim Hyung-il as Kang Charles (Chil-bok's brother / Yeon-sil's dance tutor) Kim Jung-nan as Ban So-young (Tae-young's love interest and Yun-hui's single mother) Park Min-ji as Ban Yun-hui (So-young's daughter) Sunwoo Yong-nyeo as Lee Hwa-ran (So-young's mother). She owns a food catering company named "Sandeul Bada". Choi Won-young as Nam Gyeong-woo (Na-young's boyfriend). He survived the accident they were in together. Park Seul-gi as Bok-ju (Sae-byuk's best friend). Ditched Sae-byuk and stole her money. Sae-byuk later sees her in town and finds out why she left. Kwak Hyun-hwa as Oh Sun-jeong (female Lohas employee) Lee Jung-ho as Lee Dong-soo (male Lohas employee) Yoo Hye-ri as Jeong Mi-ok (Sae-byuk's biological mother) Jung Jae-gon as Jo Sang-ki (Yun-hui's biological father) Kim Sung-hoon as Jang Pan-jae (night sales manager) Shin Pyo as assistant director Viewership In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Source: AGB Nielsen Episode Date Average audience share Nationwide Seoul 1 May 5, 2008 23.4% (2nd) 21.9% (2nd) 2 May 6, 2008 23.4% (2nd) 22.7% (3rd) 3 May 7, 2008 23.1% (2nd) 23.2% (2nd) 4 May 8, 2008 20.4% (2nd) 20.0% (2nd) 5 May 9, 2008 22.5% (1st) 21.4% (1st) 6 May 12, 2008 19.2% (2nd) 18.3% (2nd) 7 May 13, 2008 24.7% (2nd) 23.3% (2nd) 8 May 14, 2008 22.7% (2nd) 21.3% (2nd) 9 May 15, 2008 22.8% (2nd) 21.8% (2nd) 10 May 16, 2008 18.3% (1st) 18.6% (1st) 11 May 19, 2008 24.8% (2nd) 23.7% (2nd) 12 May 20, 2008 22.4% (2nd) 21.5% (2nd) 13 May 21, 2008 21.2% (1st) 20.1% (1st) 14 May 22, 2008 19.9% (1st) 19.3% (1st) 15 May 23, 2008 20.5% (1st) 19.5% (1st) 16 May 26, 2008 22.1% (2nd) 21.7% (2nd) 17 May 27, 2008 23.4% (2nd) 23.2% (2nd) 18 May 28, 2008 21.4% (1st) 20.4% (1st) 19 May 29, 2008 21.4% (1st) 21.6% (1st) 20 May 30, 2008 20.6% (1st) 19.9% (1st) 21 June 2, 2008 24.1% (2nd) 23.1% (2nd) 22 June 3, 2008 23.6% (2nd) 22.3% (2nd) 23 June 4, 2008 24.2% (1st) 23.0% (1st) 24 June 5, 2008 21.0% (1st) 19.9% (1st) 25 June 6, 2008 21.1% (1st) 19.3% (1st) 26 June 9, 2008 23.7% (2nd) 23.0% (2nd) 27 June 10, 2008 22.3% (2nd) 20.6% (2nd) 28 June 11, 2008 22.6% (1st) 21.1% (1st) 29 June 12, 2008 22.9% (2nd) 21.5% (2nd) 30 June 13, 2008 20.7% (1st) 19.9% (1st) 31 June 16, 2008 23.7% (2nd) 22.0% (2nd) 32 June 17, 2008 24.7% (1st) 23.1% (1st) 33 June 18, 2008 25.2% (1st) 23.1% (2nd) 34 June 19, 2008 22.3% (2nd) 20.5% (2nd) 35 June 20, 2008 23.1% (1st) 21.5% (1st) 36 June 23, 2008 23.9% (1st) 21.4% (1st) 37 June 24, 2008 25.0% (1st) 23.6% (1st) 38 June 25, 2008 23.4% (1st) 21.4% (2nd) 39 June 26, 2008 23.8% (2nd) 22.0% (2nd) 40 June 27, 2008 21.8% (1st) 19.5% (1st) 41 June 30, 2008 25.9% (1st) 24.2% (1st) 42 July 1, 2008 23.8% (1st) 22.7% (1st) 43 July 2, 2008 25.8% (1st) 24.4% (2nd) 44 July 3, 2008 23.4% (2nd) 21.0% (2nd) 45 July 4, 2008 24.3% (1st) 23.1% (1st) 46 July 7, 2008 26.8% (1st) 26.2% (1st) 47 July 8, 2008 24.3% (1st) 22.8% (1st) 48 July 9, 2008 24.0% (2nd) 22.4% (2nd) 49 July 10, 2008 24.2% (2nd) 22.3% (2nd) 50 July 11, 2008 23.7% (1st) 22.1% (1st) 51 July 14, 2008 27.3% (1st) 25.2% (1st) 52 July 15, 2008 25.1% (1st) 23.5% (1st) 53 July 16, 2008 24.8% (2nd) 23.0% (2nd) 54 July 17, 2008 24.7% (2nd) 23.5% (2nd) 55 July 18, 2008 24.5% (1st) 23.3% (1st) 56 July 21, 2008 25.0% (1st) 23.3% (2nd) 57 July 22, 2008 25.1% (1st) 23.4% (1st) 58 July 23, 2008 26.3% (2nd) 25.5% (2nd) 59 July 24, 2008 28.8% (2nd) 28.3% (2nd) 60 July 25, 2008 26.8% (1st) 25.2% (1st) 61 July 28, 2008 27.0% (1st) 24.9% (1st) 62 July 29, 2008 26.1% (1st) 23.9% (2nd) 63 July 30, 2008 25.4% (2nd) 24.3% (2nd) 64 July 31, 2008 24.8% (2nd) 23.6% (2nd) 65 August 1, 2008 24.5% (1st) 23.6% (1st) 66 August 4, 2008 27.8% (1st) 25.8% (1st) 67 August 5, 2008 28.9% (1st) 28.3% (1st) 68 August 6, 2008 25.6% (1st) 24.5% (1st) 69 August 7, 2008 25.9% (1st) 24.2% (1st) 70 August 11, 2008 25.2% (1st) 23.9% (2nd) 71 August 12, 2008 21.6% (1st) 20.4% (1st) 72 August 13, 2008 23.6% (3rd) 22.7% (3rd) 73 August 14, 2008 26.4% (1st) 25.2% (1st) 74 August 18, 2008 28.4% (1st) 27.6% (1st) 75 August 19, 2008 30.2% (1st) 28.9% (1st) 76 August 20, 2008 29.5% (1st) 28.8% (1st) 77 August 21, 2008 27.8% (1st) 26.3% (1st) 78 August 22, 2008 29.8% (1st) 28.4% (1st) 79 August 25, 2008 29.8% (1st) 28.1% (1st) 80 August 26, 2008 30.0% (1st) 29.0% (1st) 81 August 27, 2008 28.9% (1st) 27.6% (1st) 82 August 28, 2008 29.5% (1st) 27.9% (1st) 83 August 29, 2008 28.5% (1st) 27.3% (1st) 84 September 1, 2008 32.7% (1st) 31.0% (1st) 85 September 2, 2008 27.9% (1st) 25.5% (1st) 86 September 3, 2008 28.0% (1st) 26.4% (1st) 87 September 4, 2008 28.7% (1st) 26.9% (1st) 88 September 5, 2008 26.4% (1st) 24.4% (1st) 89 September 8, 2008 28.8% (1st) 27.5% (1st) 90 September 9, 2008 27.1% (1st) 26.1% (2nd) 91 September 10, 2008 27.6% (1st) 27.0% (1st) 92 September 11, 2008 27.6% (1st) 26.2% (1st) 93 September 12, 2008 25.9% (1st) 24.2% (1st) 94 September 15, 2008 26.6% (1st) 25.0% (1st) 95 September 16, 2008 28.9% (1st) 27.3% (2nd) 96 September 17, 2008 27.7% (1st) 26.9% (1st) 97 September 18, 2008 29.6% (1st) 28.6% (1st) 98 September 19, 2008 27.6% (1st) 26.3% (1st) 99 September 22, 2008 32.0% (1st) 30.3% (1st) 100 September 23, 2008 29.8% (1st) 28.7% (1st) 101 September 24, 2008 28.8% (1st) 26.3% (1st) 102 September 25, 2008 29.1% (1st) 27.9% (1st) 103 September 26, 2008 26.7% (1st) 25.9% (1st) 104 September 29, 2008 30.5% (1st) 28.5% (1st) 105 September 30, 2008 30.2% (1st) 28.1% (2nd) 106 October 1, 2008 30.2% (1st) 29.0% (1st) 107 October 2, 2008 27.6% (1st) 26.0% (1st) 108 October 3, 2008 28.5% (1st) 26.7% (1st) 109 October 6, 2008 29.6% (1st) 27.7% (1st) 110 October 7, 2008 28.9% (1st) 28.3% (1st) 111 October 8, 2008 27.5%(1st) 26.1% (1st) 112 October 9, 2008 27.9% (1st) 27.2% (1st) 113 October 10, 2008 28.3% (1st) 26.5% (1st) 114 October 13, 2008 30.3% (1st) 28.7% (1st) 115 October 14, 2008 28.6% (1st) 26.9% (2nd) 116 October 15, 2008 27.5% (1st) 25.8% (1st) 117 October 16, 2008 27.8% (1st) 26.9% (1st) 118 October 17, 2008 28.4% (1st) 28.7% (1st) 119 October 20, 2008 27.8% (2nd) 25.8% (2nd) 120 October 21, 2008 29.3% (1st) 27.4% (2nd) 121 October 22, 2008 30.2% (1st) 28.8% (1st) 122 October 23, 2008 28.6% (1st) 27.6% (1st) 123 October 24, 2008 26.8% (1st) 25.1% (1st) 124 October 27, 2008 28.3% (1st) 26.9% (1st) 125 October 28, 2008 28.6% (1st) 27.1% (1st) 126 October 29, 2008 26.6% (1st) 24.3% (1st) 127 October 30, 2008 29.4% (1st) 27.3% (1st) 128 October 31, 2008 26.9% (1st) 24.8% (1st) 129 November 3, 2008 30.6% (1st) 28.5% (1st) 130 November 4, 2008 31.0% (1st) 29.0% (1st) 131 November 5, 2008 30.1% (1st) 28.6% (1st) 132 November 6, 2008 28.1% (1st) 26.2% (1st) 133 November 7, 2008 28.9% (1st) 26.5% (1st) 134 November 10, 2008 31.0% (1st) 28.7% (1st) 135 November 11, 2008 29.8% (1st) 27.0% (1st) 136 November 12, 2008 30.4% (1st) 28.0% (1st) 137 November 13, 2008 30.8% (1st) 29.0% (1st) 138 November 14, 2008 32.0% (1st) 30.2% (1st) 139 November 17, 2008 35.3% (1st) 32.5% (1st) 140 November 18, 2008 37.1% (1st) 35.1% (1st) 141 November 19, 2008 35.8% (1st) 33.8% (1st) 142 November 20, 2008 34.3% (1st) 32.5% (1st) 143 November 21, 2008 35.8% (1st) 34.6% (1st) 144 November 24, 2008 36.7% (1st) 34.3% (1st) 145 November 25, 2008 35.6% (1st) 33.5% (1st) 146 November 26, 2008 37.2% (1st) 35.4% (1st) 147 November 27, 2008 38.2% (1st) 37.1% (1st) 148 November 28, 2008 36.7% (1st) 34.8% (1st) 149 December 1, 2008 36.3% (1st) 35.0% (1st) 150 December 2, 2008 35.3% (1st) 33.4% (1st) 151 December 3, 2008 35.7% (1st) 34.0% (1st) 152 December 4, 2008 36.1% (1st) 34.5% (1st) 153 December 5, 2008 36.0% (1st) 34.3% (1st) 154 December 8, 2008 37.0% (1st) 35.4% (1st) 155 December 9, 2008 35.7% (1st) 34.4% (1st) 156 December 10, 2008 33.9% (1st) 32.4% (1st) 157 December 11, 2008 38.1% (1st) 36.9% (1st) 158 December 12, 2008 28.6% (1st) 27.0% (1st) 159 December 15, 2008 39.0% (1st) 37.0% (1st) 160 December 16, 2008 37.6% (1st) 35.9% (1st) 161 December 17, 2008 37.3% (1st) 35.4% (1st) 162 December 18, 2008 36.5% (1st) 34.7% (1st) 163 December 19, 2008 36.3% (1st) 35.0% (1st) 164 December 22, 2008 39.4% (1st) 37.0% (1st) 165 December 23, 2008 38.4% (1st) 36.4% (1st) 166 December 24, 2008 33.1% (1st) 31.4% (1st) 167 December 25, 2008 38.6% (1st) 35.6% (1st) 168 December 26, 2008 38.0% (1st) 35.9% (1st) 169 December 29, 2008 38.4% (1st) 36.0% (1st) 170 December 30, 2008 37.6% (1st) 36.2% (1st) 171 December 31, 2008 34.6% (1st) 33.4% (1st) 172 January 1, 2009 38.6% (1st) 36.6% (1st) 173 January 2, 2009 39.3% (1st) 37.6% (1st) 174 January 3, 2009 41.6% (1st) 38.9% (1st) 175 January 4, 2009 39.6% (1st) 37.8% (1st) Awards 2008 2nd Korea Drama Awards Netizen Popularity Award: Im Yoon-ah 2008 KBS Drama Awards Netizen Award: Im Yoon-ah Best New Actress: Im Yoon-ah Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama: Lee Pil-mo Excellence Award, Actress in a Daily Drama: Kim Jung-nan 2009 45th Baeksang Arts Awards Most Popular Actress (TV): Im Yoon-ah Best New Actress (TV): Im Yoon-ah References ^ "New Drama Series You Are My Destiny Off to a Fresh Start". KBS Global. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ "You Are My Destiny Viewer Ratings at 30%". KBS Global. 8 August 2008. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ Kim, Heidi (22 December 2010). "Actor Park Jae-jung takes off to China for promotion". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ Kim, Heidi (1 July 2011). "Kong Hyun-joo most anticipated Hallyu star of 2011, says Youku.com". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-07-07. ^ "AGB Nielsen Korea daily ratings" (in Korean). Nielsen Korea. Archived from the original (To retrieve data, enter the desired date in the drop down menu) on March 17, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. External links Official website (in Korean) You Are My Destiny on KBS World You Are My Destiny at HanCinema You Are My Destiny at IMDb

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You Are My Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Destiny_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"South Korean television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"KBS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"Park Jae-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jae-jung_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lee Ji-hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ji-hoon_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyun-joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyun-joo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"Girls' Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation"}],"text":"This article is about the 2008 South Korean television series. For other uses, see You Are My Destiny.You Are My Destiny (Korean: 너는 내 운명; RR: Neoneun Nae Unmyeong) is a South Korean television series television series that aired on KBS1 from May 5, 2008 to January 9, 2009 on Mondays to Fridays at 20:25 for 178 episodes.[1][2] Starring Im Yoon-ah, Park Jae-jung,[3] Lee Ji-hoon and Gong Hyun-joo,[4] the rating of the drama started at more than 20% in the first episode, and kept increasing. It reached a peak viewership rating of 41.6% in its final episode and was a huge success overall in Korea and many other Asian countries.Im Yoon-ah is a member of the K-pop group Girls' Generation, and this was her first leading role.","title":"You Are My Destiny (2008 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corneal transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_transplant"}],"text":"Jang Sae-byuk is a cheerful and grateful orphan who always tries her best. She dreams of one day becoming an interior designer, despite her lack of education and money. Because of an accident that happened before the story starts (about three years ago), she loses her sight and undergoes corneal transplant surgery. Different events unravel when she encounters the Kim family, who has lost a daughter in a horrible car crash, unbeknownst to everyone besides the father and older brother. The stories then intertwine when Sae-byuk meets the Kim's extended family and the son of a big interior design company, Lohas, in Korea.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"Park Jae-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jae-jung"},{"link_name":"Lee Ji-hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ji-hoon_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Gong Hyun-joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Hyun-joo"},{"link_name":"Lee Pil-mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pil-mo"},{"link_name":"Jang Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Yong"},{"link_name":"Jung Ae-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Ae-ri"},{"link_name":"Kang Seok-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Seok-woo"},{"link_name":"Lee Hye-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hye-sook"},{"link_name":"Yang Geum-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Geum-seok"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-nan"},{"link_name":"Park Min-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Min-ji"},{"link_name":"Sunwoo Yong-nyeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwoo_Yong-nyeo"},{"link_name":"Choi Won-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Won-young"},{"link_name":"Kwak Hyun-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwak_Hyun-hwa"},{"link_name":"Yoo Hye-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Hye-ri"}],"text":"Im Yoon-ah as Jang Sae-byuk, a milk delivering woman who finds her way through Lohas' design competition\nPark Jae-jung as Kang Ho-sae, manager of Rohas, a company specializing in making kitchen sets\nLee Ji-hoon as Kim Tae-pung\nGong Hyun-joo as Kim Su-bin (Kim Tae-pung and Kim Tae-young's cousin)\nLee Pil-mo as Kim Tae-young. Tae-young is a teacher at a course institution\nJang Yong as Kim Dae-jin (Tae-pung's father). Dae-jin owns a mover service company, Pung Express. Before establishing Pung Express, Dae-jin was the Kang family's driver.\nJung Ae-ri as Oh Young-sook (Tae-pung's mother). Works at a food catering company owned by Lee Hwa-ran for some time. Used to work as a housemaid at the Kang family's house.\nKim Hyo-seo as Kim Na-young (Tae-pung's deceased twin sister).\nSa Mi-ja as Son Poong-geum (Dae-gu's and Dae-jin's mother)\nKang Seok-woo as Kim Dae-gu (Su-bin's father). He worked as a mayor\nLee Hye-sook as Hong Yeon-sil (Su-bin's mother). Nosy and gossipy.\nLee Seol-ah as Kang Yu-ri (Ho-sae's sister).\nHyun Seok as Kang Chil-bok (Ho-sae's father). Chil-bok is the president of Lohas.\nYang Geum-seok as Seo Min-jung (Ho-sae's mother).\nKim Hyung-il as Kang Charles (Chil-bok's brother / Yeon-sil's dance tutor)\nKim Jung-nan as Ban So-young (Tae-young's love interest and Yun-hui's single mother)\nPark Min-ji as Ban Yun-hui (So-young's daughter)\nSunwoo Yong-nyeo as Lee Hwa-ran (So-young's mother). She owns a food catering company named \"Sandeul Bada\".\nChoi Won-young as Nam Gyeong-woo (Na-young's boyfriend). He survived the accident they were in together.\nPark Seul-gi as Bok-ju (Sae-byuk's best friend). Ditched Sae-byuk and stole her money. Sae-byuk later sees her in town and finds out why she left.\nKwak Hyun-hwa as Oh Sun-jeong (female Lohas employee)\nLee Jung-ho as Lee Dong-soo (male Lohas employee)\nYoo Hye-ri as Jeong Mi-ok (Sae-byuk's biological mother)\nJung Jae-gon as Jo Sang-ki (Yun-hui's biological father)\nKim Sung-hoon as Jang Pan-jae (night sales manager)\nShin Pyo as assistant director","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. Source: AGB Nielsen[5]","title":"Viewership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Korea_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"Korea Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"2008 KBS Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_KBS_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"Lee Pil-mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pil-mo"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-nan"},{"link_name":"45th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Baeksang Arts Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeksang_Arts_Awards"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"},{"link_name":"Im Yoon-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Yoon-ah"}],"text":"2008 2nd Korea Drama AwardsNetizen Popularity Award: Im Yoon-ah2008 KBS Drama AwardsNetizen Award: Im Yoon-ah\nBest New Actress: Im Yoon-ah\nExcellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama: Lee Pil-mo\nExcellence Award, Actress in a Daily Drama: Kim Jung-nan2009 45th Baeksang Arts AwardsMost Popular Actress (TV): Im Yoon-ah\nBest New Actress (TV): Im Yoon-ah","title":"Awards"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin:_The_Chiller

Batman & Robin: The Chiller

["1 History","1.1 Development and opening","1.2 Ongoing issues and modifications","1.3 Removal and aftermath","2 Ride experience","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]

Defunct roller coaster This article possibly contains original research. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Batman & Robin: The Chiller. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Batman & Robin: The Chiller The Chiller's main inversions, the 141 ft inverted top hat and the 113 ft cobra rollSix Flags Great AdventurePark section MovietownCoordinates 40°08′12.16″N 74°26′30.75″W / 40.1367111°N 74.4418750°W / 40.1367111; -74.4418750Status RemovedSoft opening date June 7, 1997 (June 7, 1997)Opening date April 4, 1998 (April 4, 1998)Closing date June 28, 2007 (2007-06-28)Cost US$15,000,000Replaced by Justice League: Battle for MetropolisGeneral StatisticsType Steel – Launched – ShuttleManufacturer Premier RidesDesigner Werner StengelModel Dueling LIM Shuttle Loop CoasterTrack layout DuelingLift/launch system LIM launch track  Batman RobinHeight 200 ft (61.0 m) 200 ft (61.0 m)Drop 139 ft (42.4 m) 105 ft (32.0 m)Length 1,137 ft (346.6 m) 1,229 ft (374.6 m)Speed 65 mph (104.6 km/h) 65 mph (104.6 km/h)Inversions 1 (2007) 2 (1997-2006) 2 (2007) 3 (1997-2006)Duration 0:32 0:48Max vertical angle 90° 90°Acceleration 0 to 65 mph (105 km/h) in 4 seconds 0 to 65 mph (105 km/h) in 4 secondsG-force 5 5Capacity 1360 riders per hourRestraint Style Individual ratcheting lap bar, formerly individual shoulder harnessHeight restriction 54 in (137 cm)Trains 2 (one on each side) trains with 5 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 20 riders per train. Batman & Robin: The Chiller at RCDBPictures of Batman & Robin: The Chiller at RCDB Batman & Robin: The Chiller was a dual-tracked, launched roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Designed by Premier Rides, the ride was themed to the 1997 film Batman & Robin. The coaster opened to the public on June 7, 1997, but after a series of setbacks shortly after its debut, it closed for much of its inaugural season and did not reopen until 1998. When it did, ride operation was changed to launch only one side at a time as a result of the amount of power required by the ride's linear induction motor (LIM) launch system. Although modifications were made over the years to improve the ride experience and limit the amount of downtime, the park decided to remove the attraction following the 2007 season. History Development and opening In 1996, Six Flags Great Adventure announced the addition of a new roller coaster for the 1997 season. The new ride would be a dual-tracked, launched roller coaster called "Batman & Robin: The Chiller", featuring linear induction motor (LIM) technology for its launch system. The theme was chosen to promote the Batman & Robin film, which was set to debut in mid-1997. The 60-foot-tall (18 m) Observatory prop that loomed over the launch tracks and exit ramp was inspired by the film source material. Each track represented one of the title characters, with the blue track for Batman and the red track for Robin. The ride was fabricated by Dynamic Structures and Intermountain Lift, Inc. It was the most expensive single attraction ever developed by Six Flags Great Adventure at the time. Batman & Robin: The Chiller would also be the first LIM launched dueling coaster in the world, as well as the second Batman-themed coaster in the park (after Batman: The Ride). Following a series of delays, Batman & Robin: The Chiller opened to the public on June 7, 1997. Among the first riders were 80 pairs of twins, as well as members of nonprofit organization American Coaster Enthusiasts and 50 students who raised money for UNICEF. The ride only operated for a short time, closing on June 18. Six Flags Great Adventure cited "inconsistencies" with the LIM launch system and unsatisfactory ride quality. Early adjustments included changes to the LIM configuration and the installation of additional padding to the passenger restraints. These changes failed to solve the issue and, on July 30, 1997, the park announced the possibility that the new coaster would be closed for the remainder of the season. Six Flags Great Adventure spent eight months modifying the ride. The attraction originally had 400 LIMs, but another 32 LIMs were added during the 1997–1998 off-season. The Chiller did not operate on a full-time basis until 1998. Six Flags Great Adventure invited 68 pairs of twins to attend the ride's reopening on May 1998. The ride already had a negative reputation, having become a "200-foot reminder" of the Batman & Robin film, a box-office bomb. Ongoing issues and modifications The Chiller faced excessive amounts of downtime due to a number of reoccurring issues. The most prominent issue was that the LIMs required massive amounts of power, which frequently caused the ride's computer to record an error and shut down the ride. Park guests frequently did not know whether the ride would be closed for the entire day. Power shortages and low temperatures occasionally caused the trains to stall on the track in a low area, sometimes in the middle of an inversion. Incidents of stalling were so frequent that Six Flags Great Adventure added evacuation platforms in places where the ride was most likely to stall. On one occasion following a power outage, the Robin (Red) side managed to stall in the zero-g roll itself, leaving 8 passengers stranded upside down, with 12 others stranded partially inverted. In addition, during the ride's test runs, the LIM motors had issues with overheating and Six Flags officials could not provide the full thrust necessary to operate the ride consistently at high speeds. At the time, park management was not concerned, as Flight of Fear at Kings Dominion in Virginia also had issues with the launch system. One of the trains suffered damage when the launch system closed onto the fins. The train was removed for adjustments and was later put back in place. The original over-the-shoulder restraints were reportedly uncomfortable, as riders frequently complained of hitting their heads. Attempts were made to improve comfort by adding extra padding. The restraints were eventually replaced with individually-ratcheting lap bars, with the Robin side receiving the change first in 2001, followed by the Batman side in 2002. The Batman track was more prone to closure than the Robin track; it operated sporadically for only a few weeks during some seasons, and it did not operate at all during one season. In June 2006, Six Flags Great Adventure closed The Chiller indefinitely following a major incident involving the Robin side. The third car's wheel assembly of the train's third car broke apart during the course of the ride, further damaging the track and train. It remained closed for the rest of the season, while the park considered a major overhaul of the ride. After several significant modifications the following off-season by Premier Rides, which included the removal of the zero-g rolls and a re-design of the wheel assembly system, the ride reopened briefly in 2007. The ride's brief 2007 re-opening involved the former Batman train being painted red so as to supply the more reliable Robin side with a full train to operate with. The Batman side never operated again. Removal and aftermath Removal of the ride began late in the 2007 operating season. The taller portions of its structure were removed in the months following the close of the 2007 season. The coaster was disassembled in a fashion that indicated the park had intentions of re-selling the ride, as the pieces were carefully brought down one by one in a non destructive manner. Pieces were labeled and shipped out of the park on flatbed trucks to a storage lot in the adjacent Plumsted Township in New Jersey. Once the steel structure of the coaster was removed, only the station, observatory and queue line remained. The following year, the remaining foundation caps under the observatory and the former exit ramp were removed. The ride remained there for several years before Beto Carrero World, a Brazilian park, purchased the coaster. For unknown reasons, Beto Carrero never assembled the ride, and the track pieces instead sat unused. The Asbury Park Press reported that "there are dozens of unconfirmed anecdotes", including claims that Beto Carrero could not manufacture the LIM motors efficiently or that the park was missing track pieces or blueprints. In December 2018, the Robin train was reused as a third train on Mr. Freeze at Six Flags Over Texas. Following the removal of the ride, the queue line was used for the "Escape From The Asylum" Terror Trail during Fright Fest. The Fright Fest exclusive attraction turned the former ride area into a Terror Trail maze for guests to walk through while costumed employees were hiding and frequently scaring guests. The remodeled observatory opened on July 3, 2009, as the "Xploratorium", a new attraction with many virtual and interactive features for park guests to enjoy. Justice League Battle for Metropolis, a dark ride, and The Dark Knight Coaster opened in the location where Chiller once stood, although the Observatory still remains and is used for various purposes. Ride experience Batman & Robin: The Chiller's entrance and the two 200-foot Towers. The Chiller used a linear induction motor (LIM) launch system with 432 LIMs, which had a combined output of 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW). The trains were launched out of the station, reaching 65 mph (105 km/h) in approximately 4 seconds. The Batman track, measuring 1,137 feet (347 m) long, featured an inverted top hat element with a 139-foot (42 m) drop. The Robin track, measuring 1,229 feet (375 m) long, contained a 105-foot (32 m) cobra roll, which counted as two inversions. After their respective inversions, both tracks originally entered a zero-g roll/heartline inversion. The tracks ended at a 200-foot (61 m) incline with a 45-degree angle, which also featured a second set of LIMs that propelled each train close to the top. They rested momentarily before rolling backward down the incline, propelled by the LIMs and repeating the course in reverse. In its early days, both tracks ran their trains simultaneously as intended to provide a dueling scenario. When operated in this fashion, the trains would reach the end of their respective tracks at approximately the same time. However, the amount of power required by the LIM infrastructure led to the park only launching one train at a time. The zero-g roll element on each side was removed prior to the 2007 season and replaced with small hills. Critical reception When the ride opened, Lin Weisenstein of the Asbury Park Press wrote: "Even though you know it's coming, there's no way you can prepare for the tremendous acceleration that nails you to your seat at five times the force of gravity. Another highlight is the top-hat loop on the Batman track. That plunge is unbelievable." References ^ a b c d e f g h Marden, Duane. "Batman And Robin: The Chiller  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012. ^ a b c d e f Weisenstein, Lin (March 28, 1997). "Dueling coasters to debut". Daily Record. pp. 19, 27. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Makin, Robert (June 15, 1997). "Controlled Terror". The Courier-News. pp. 61, 68. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Garvey, Allison (June 4, 1997). "Icy adventure". Asbury Park Press. pp. 22, 19. Retrieved September 16, 2022. ^ Pryma, Kristy (October 4, 2001). "Engineer bridges gap between telescopes and roller coasters". IT World Canada. Retrieved December 8, 2013. ^ "Amusement". Intermountain Lift, Inc. July 30, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014. ^ a b c d Weisenstein, Lin (July 4, 1997). "The Chiller's launch leaves heart in throat". Daily Record. pp. 39, 48. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Weisenstein, Lin (June 19, 1998). "Batman and Robin ride defies gravity". Daily Record. pp. 25, 28. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Davis, Mike (December 12, 2019). "Six Flags Great Adventure's 'Batman & Robin: The Chiller' ride moved to Brazil". Asbury Park Press. pp. A6. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Beckerman, Jim (May 8, 1998). "Batman & Robin, fast forward". The Record. p. 96. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Garvey, Allison (July 31, 1997). "Six Flags keeping Chiller closed". Asbury Park Press. Toms River Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e f g h "Batman & Robin: The Chiller At Six Flags Great Adventure". www.greatadventurehistory.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ Lueck, Thomas (August 19, 2004). "Stalled Coaster Strands 20, Some of Them Upside Down". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ Bunuel, Diego (August 1, 1997). "On Ice: Mr. Freeze Won't Be Opening This Summer". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Post-Dispatch Staff. Retrieved October 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Square D solves a Roller Coaster's Voltage Sag Problem". Schnieder Electric. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2012. ^ "Coaster: Still out in the cold". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. June 29, 1997. Retrieved October 5, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "All US Premier LIM coasters are closed until further notice". ^ Marden, Duane. "Beto Carrero World (Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012. ^ "Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast Six Flags Over Texas - SFOT Source". ^ a b c "Six Flags unleashes its newest thrilling creation". The Ridgewood News. June 21, 1998. p. 13. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d e Zalud, Todd (August 6, 1998). "Blasting Speed Into Amusement – Park Rides". MachineDesign. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Futrell, Jim (2004). Amusement Parks of New Jersey. Stackpole Books. p. 196. ISBN 0811729737. ^ a b c "90s Steel Coasters". ultimaterollercoaster.com. Retrieved June 20, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Batman & Robin: The Chiller. Batman & Robin: The Chiller at the Roller Coaster DataBase vteBatman in amusement parksOf Batman Batman Adventure – The Ride Batman: The Dark Knight Batman The Escape Batman: Knight Flight Batman: The Ride Batman: The Ride (S&S Free Spin) Batman & Robin: The Chiller The Dark Knight Coaster Of derivativecharacters Harley Quinn Crazy Train The Joker (S&S Worldwide) The Joker (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom) The Joker (Six Flags México) The Joker Funhouse Coaster The Joker's Jinx The Riddler Mindbender Mr Freeze: Reverse Blast The Penguin The Riddler Revenge (Six Flags New England) The Riddler's Revenge Of derivativeelements Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy Batwing Spaceshot Batwing Gotham City Gauntlet: Escape from Arkham Asylum Shadows of Arkham vteBatmanFilms Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–22) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash MusicBatman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Prince's Batman (1989) "Batdance" "Partyman" "The Arms of Orion" "Scandalous!" "The Future" Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) "Face to Face" Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" "Kiss from a Rose" "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game" "Nobody Lives Without Love" "Smash It Up" (The Offspring) "The Riddler" "The Passenger" Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" "Look into My Eyes" "Gotham City" "Foolish Games" "Lazy Eye" "Poison Ivy" "Moaner" Video games Batman: The Movie Batman: The Video Game (1989–90) Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Batman Forever (1995) arcade pinball Batman & Robin (1998) See also Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batmania Category vteRobin Bill Finger Jerry Robinson Bob Kane Robins Dick Grayson Jason Todd Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Damian Wayne Supportingcharacters Batgirl Barbara Gordon Batman Catwoman Jack Drake Flying Graysons Lucius Fox Tamara Fox James Gordon Justice League Alfred Pennyworth Nightstar Nocturna Outsiders Starfire Talia al Ghul Teen Titans Leslie Thompkins Warlock's Daughter Antagonists Anarky Bane Blockbuster Brutale Clock King Cluemaster Deathstroke Firefly The General Joker Joker's Daughter Killer Croc Killer Moth King Snake Lady Shiva Lady Vic Lynx Mad Hatter Mr. Freeze Nite-Wing Penguin Prankster Harley Quinn Ra's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Shrike Tarantula Torque Trigger Twins Two-Face Tony Zucco Related identities Nightwing Red Robin Red Hood Squire Red X In other media Batman and Robin (serial) "Robin's Reckoning" Dick Grayson (film character) Batman & Robin (film) soundtrack video game Son of Batman Batman vs. Robin Publications Robin: Year One Robin War All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder Batman and Robin We Are... Robin Red Robin Batman and Robin Eternal Batman and Son Alternative versions Carrie Kelley Earth-Two Helena Wayne Related Robin Hood Redbird Alyas Batman en Robin Alyas Batman at Robin Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman and Robin Have an Altercation "Holy..." Batman and Robin (disambiguation) Category vteSix Flags Great AdventureRoller coasters Batman: The Ride The Dark Knight Coaster El Toro Green Lantern Harley Quinn Crazy Train Jersey Devil Coaster The Joker Kingda Ka Lil' Devil Coaster Medusa Nitro Runaway Mine Train Skull Mountain Superman: Ultimate Flight Other rides Adventure Alley Air Jumbo Congo Rapids Houdini's Great Escape Justice League: Battle for Metropolis Skyride SkyScreamer Safari Off Road Adventure Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former rides Alpen Blitz Batman & Robin: The Chiller Evolution Glow in the Park Parade Great American Scream Machine Haunted Castle Jumbo Jet King Cobra Lightnin' Loops Rolling Thunder Sarajevo Bobsled Shockwave Ultra Twister Viper Wild Rider

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual-tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tracked_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"launched roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Great Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Jackson Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Premier Rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Rides"},{"link_name":"Batman & Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)"},{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"}],"text":"Batman & Robin: The Chiller was a dual-tracked, launched roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Designed by Premier Rides, the ride was themed to the 1997 film Batman & Robin.The coaster opened to the public on June 7, 1997, but after a series of setbacks shortly after its debut, it closed for much of its inaugural season and did not reopen until 1998. When it did, ride operation was changed to launch only one side at a time as a result of the amount of power required by the ride's linear induction motor (LIM) launch system. Although modifications were made over the years to improve the ride experience and limit the amount of downtime, the park decided to remove the attraction following the 2007 season.","title":"Batman & Robin: The Chiller"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"launched roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"Batman & Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644889-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645208-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Structures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT_World_Canada-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645208-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644660-7"},{"link_name":"Batman: The Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Ride"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645208-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645109-8"},{"link_name":"American Coaster Enthusiasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Coaster_Enthusiasts"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645208-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645493-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closure-Garvey-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closure-Garvey-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closure-Garvey-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645493-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644660-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645493-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109645493-10"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"}],"sub_title":"Development and opening","text":"In 1996, Six Flags Great Adventure announced the addition of a new roller coaster for the 1997 season. The new ride would be a dual-tracked, launched roller coaster called \"Batman & Robin: The Chiller\", featuring linear induction motor (LIM) technology for its launch system.[1] The theme was chosen to promote the Batman & Robin film, which was set to debut in mid-1997.[2][3][4] The 60-foot-tall (18 m) Observatory prop that loomed over the launch tracks and exit ramp was inspired by the film source material.[2] Each track represented one of the title characters, with the blue track for Batman and the red track for Robin.[1] The ride was fabricated by Dynamic Structures and Intermountain Lift, Inc.[5][6] It was the most expensive single attraction ever developed by Six Flags Great Adventure at the time.[4][7] Batman & Robin: The Chiller would also be the first LIM launched dueling coaster in the world, as well as the second Batman-themed coaster in the park (after Batman: The Ride).[4]Following a series of delays, Batman & Robin: The Chiller opened to the public on June 7, 1997.[1] Among the first riders were 80 pairs of twins,[8] as well as members of nonprofit organization American Coaster Enthusiasts and 50 students who raised money for UNICEF.[4] The ride only operated for a short time, closing on June 18.[9] Six Flags Great Adventure cited \"inconsistencies\" with the LIM launch system and unsatisfactory ride quality.[10][11] Early adjustments included changes to the LIM configuration and the installation of additional padding to the passenger restraints.[11] These changes failed to solve the issue and, on July 30, 1997, the park announced the possibility that the new coaster would be closed for the remainder of the season.[11]Six Flags Great Adventure spent eight months modifying the ride.[10] The attraction originally had 400 LIMs,[7] but another 32 LIMs were added during the 1997–1998 off-season.[10] The Chiller did not operate on a full-time basis until 1998.[1] Six Flags Great Adventure invited 68 pairs of twins to attend the ride's reopening on May 1998.[10] The ride already had a negative reputation, having become a \"200-foot reminder\" of the Batman & Robin film, a box-office bomb.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004_incident-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Flight of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Kings Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Dominion"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coaster-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Closure-Garvey-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"zero-g rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-g_roll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"}],"sub_title":"Ongoing issues and modifications","text":"The Chiller faced excessive amounts of downtime due to a number of reoccurring issues.[9][12] The most prominent issue was that the LIMs required massive amounts of power, which frequently caused the ride's computer to record an error and shut down the ride. Park guests frequently did not know whether the ride would be closed for the entire day.[9] Power shortages and low temperatures occasionally caused the trains to stall on the track in a low area, sometimes in the middle of an inversion.[9][12] Incidents of stalling were so frequent that Six Flags Great Adventure added evacuation platforms in places where the ride was most likely to stall.[12] On one occasion following a power outage, the Robin (Red) side managed to stall in the zero-g roll itself, leaving 8 passengers stranded upside down, with 12 others stranded partially inverted.[13]In addition, during the ride's test runs, the LIM motors had issues with overheating and Six Flags officials could not provide the full thrust necessary to operate the ride consistently at high speeds.[14] At the time, park management was not concerned, as Flight of Fear at Kings Dominion in Virginia also had issues with the launch system.[15] One of the trains suffered damage when the launch system closed onto the fins. The train was removed for adjustments and was later put back in place.[16]The original over-the-shoulder restraints were reportedly uncomfortable, as riders frequently complained of hitting their heads.[12] Attempts were made to improve comfort by adding extra padding.[11] The restraints were eventually replaced with individually-ratcheting lap bars, with the Robin side receiving the change first in 2001, followed by the Batman side in 2002.[1][12]The Batman track was more prone to closure than the Robin track; it operated sporadically for only a few weeks during some seasons, and it did not operate at all during one season.[12] In June 2006, Six Flags Great Adventure closed The Chiller indefinitely following a major incident involving the Robin side.[9][17] The third car's wheel assembly of the train's third car broke apart during the course of the ride, further damaging the track and train.[citation needed] It remained closed for the rest of the season, while the park considered a major overhaul of the ride. After several significant modifications the following off-season by Premier Rides, which included the removal of the zero-g rolls and a re-design of the wheel assembly system, the ride reopened briefly in 2007.[1] The ride's brief 2007 re-opening involved the former Batman train being painted red so as to supply the more reliable Robin side with a full train to operate with.[12] The Batman side never operated again.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"Plumsted Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumsted_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_BCW-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatadventurehistory.com-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Beto Carrero World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_Carrero_World"},{"link_name":"Asbury Park Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"},{"link_name":"Mr. Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Freeze_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Six Flags Over Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFOT_Source-19"},{"link_name":"Fright Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Fright_Fest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Justice League Battle for Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League:_Battle_for_Metropolis"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Coaster"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644242-9"}],"sub_title":"Removal and aftermath","text":"Removal of the ride began late in the 2007 operating season.[9] The taller portions of its structure were removed in the months following the close of the 2007 season. The coaster was disassembled in a fashion that indicated the park had intentions of re-selling the ride, as the pieces were carefully brought down one by one in a non destructive manner. Pieces were labeled and shipped out of the park on flatbed trucks to a storage lot in the adjacent Plumsted Township in New Jersey.[18][12] Once the steel structure of the coaster was removed, only the station, observatory and queue line remained. The following year, the remaining foundation caps under the observatory and the former exit ramp were removed.[citation needed]The ride remained there for several years before Beto Carrero World, a Brazilian park, purchased the coaster. For unknown reasons, Beto Carrero never assembled the ride, and the track pieces instead sat unused. The Asbury Park Press reported that \"there are dozens of unconfirmed anecdotes\", including claims that Beto Carrero could not manufacture the LIM motors efficiently or that the park was missing track pieces or blueprints.[9] In December 2018, the Robin train was reused as a third train on Mr. Freeze at Six Flags Over Texas.[19]Following the removal of the ride, the queue line was used for the \"Escape From The Asylum\" Terror Trail during Fright Fest. The Fright Fest exclusive attraction turned the former ride area into a Terror Trail maze for guests to walk through while costumed employees were hiding and frequently scaring guests. The remodeled observatory opened on July 3, 2009, as the \"Xploratorium\", a new attraction with many virtual and interactive features for park guests to enjoy.[citation needed] Justice League Battle for Metropolis, a dark ride, and The Dark Knight Coaster opened in the location where Chiller once stood, although the Observatory still remains and is used for various purposes.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiller_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"linear induction motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n09644978-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MachineDesign-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644660-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"top hat element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster_elements#Top_hat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell-book-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n09644978-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MachineDesign-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"cobra roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_roll"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n09644978-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MachineDesign-21"},{"link_name":"zero-g roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-g_roll"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644432-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MachineDesign-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MachineDesign-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UltimateRC-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UltimateRC-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UltimateRC-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCDB_Chiller-1"}],"text":"Batman & Robin: The Chiller's entrance and the two 200-foot Towers.The Chiller used a linear induction motor (LIM) launch system with 432 LIMs,[20][21] which had a combined output of 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW).[7] The trains were launched out of the station, reaching 65 mph (105 km/h) in approximately 4 seconds.[1] The Batman track, measuring 1,137 feet (347 m) long,[2] featured an inverted top hat element with a 139-foot (42 m) drop.[22][20][21] The Robin track, measuring 1,229 feet (375 m) long,[2] contained a 105-foot (32 m) cobra roll, which counted as two inversions.[20][21] After their respective inversions, both tracks originally entered a zero-g roll/heartline inversion.[2] The tracks ended at a 200-foot (61 m) incline with a 45-degree angle, which also featured a second set of LIMs that propelled each train close to the top.[2][21] They rested momentarily before rolling backward down the incline, propelled by the LIMs and repeating the course in reverse.[21]In its early days, both tracks ran their trains simultaneously as intended to provide a dueling scenario.[23] When operated in this fashion, the trains would reach the end of their respective tracks at approximately the same time.[23] However, the amount of power required by the LIM infrastructure led to the park only launching one train at a time.[23] The zero-g roll element on each side was removed prior to the 2007 season and replaced with small hills.[1]","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n109644660-7"}],"text":"When the ride opened, Lin Weisenstein of the Asbury Park Press wrote: \"Even though you know it's coming, there's no way you can prepare for the tremendous acceleration that nails you to your seat at five times the force of gravity. [...] Another highlight is the top-hat loop on the Batman track. That plunge is unbelievable.\"[7]","title":"Critical reception"}]

[{"image_text":"Batman & Robin: The Chiller's entrance and the two 200-foot Towers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chiller_entrance.jpg/200px-Chiller_entrance.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Batman And Robin: The Chiller  (Six Flags Great Adventure)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcdb.com/424.htm","url_text":"\"Batman And Robin: The Chiller  (Six Flags Great Adventure)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"Weisenstein, Lin (March 28, 1997). \"Dueling coasters to debut\". Daily Record. pp. 19, 27. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644432/dueling-coasters-to-debutlin/","url_text":"\"Dueling coasters to debut\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644445/","url_text":"27"}]},{"reference":"Makin, Robert (June 15, 1997). \"Controlled Terror\". The Courier-News. pp. 61, 68. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644889/controlled-terrorrobert-makin/","url_text":"\"Controlled Terror\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644924/","url_text":"68"}]},{"reference":"Garvey, Allison (June 4, 1997). \"Icy adventure\". Asbury Park Press. pp. 22, 19. Retrieved September 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109645208/icy-adventureallison-garvey/","url_text":"\"Icy adventure\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109645391/","url_text":"19"}]},{"reference":"Pryma, Kristy (October 4, 2001). \"Engineer bridges gap between telescopes and roller coasters\". IT World Canada. Retrieved December 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/engineer-bridges-gap-between-telescopes-and-roller-coasters/131644","url_text":"\"Engineer bridges gap between telescopes and roller coasters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amusement\". Intermountain Lift, Inc. July 30, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108130751/http://intermountainlift.com/amusement.htm","url_text":"\"Amusement\""},{"url":"http://intermountainlift.com/amusement.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weisenstein, Lin (July 4, 1997). \"The Chiller's launch leaves heart in throat\". Daily Record. pp. 39, 48. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644660/the-chillers-launch-leaves-heart-in/","url_text":"\"The Chiller's launch leaves heart in throat\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644677/","url_text":"48"}]},{"reference":"Weisenstein, Lin (June 19, 1998). \"Batman and Robin ride defies gravity\". Daily Record. pp. 25, 28. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109645109/batman-and-robin-ride-defies/","url_text":"\"Batman and Robin ride defies gravity\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109645155/","url_text":"28"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Mike (December 12, 2019). \"Six Flags Great Adventure's 'Batman & Robin: The Chiller' ride moved to Brazil\". Asbury Park Press. pp. A6. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644242/six-flags-great-adventures-batman/","url_text":"\"Six Flags Great Adventure's 'Batman & Robin: The Chiller' ride moved to Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"Beckerman, Jim (May 8, 1998). \"Batman & Robin, fast forward\". The Record. p. 96. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109645493/batman-robin-fast-forwardjim/","url_text":"\"Batman & Robin, fast forward\""}]},{"reference":"Garvey, Allison (July 31, 1997). \"Six Flags keeping Chiller closed\". Asbury Park Press. Toms River Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57258448/six-flags-keeping-chiller-closed/","url_text":"\"Six Flags keeping Chiller closed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Batman & Robin: The Chiller At Six Flags Great Adventure\". www.greatadventurehistory.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatadventurehistory.com/BandRTheChiller.htm","url_text":"\"Batman & Robin: The Chiller At Six Flags Great Adventure\""}]},{"reference":"Lueck, Thomas (August 19, 2004). \"Stalled Coaster Strands 20, Some of Them Upside Down\". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210805113357/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/nyregion/stalled-coaster-strands-20-some-of-them-upside-down.html","url_text":"\"Stalled Coaster Strands 20, Some of Them Upside Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/nyregion/stalled-coaster-strands-20-some-of-them-upside-down.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bunuel, Diego (August 1, 1997). \"On Ice: Mr. Freeze Won't Be Opening This Summer\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Post-Dispatch Staff. Retrieved October 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54340931/on-ice-mr-freeze-wont-be-opening/","url_text":"\"On Ice: Mr. Freeze Won't Be Opening This Summer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Square D solves a Roller Coaster's Voltage Sag Problem\". Schnieder Electric. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060923123151/http://www.schneider-electric.ca/www/en/crns/html/king.htm","url_text":"\"Square D solves a Roller Coaster's Voltage Sag Problem\""},{"url":"http://www.schneider-electric.ca/www/en/crns/html/king.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaster: Still out in the cold\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. June 29, 1997. Retrieved October 5, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56362974/coaster-still-out-in-the-cold/","url_text":"\"Coaster: Still out in the cold\""}]},{"reference":"\"All US Premier LIM coasters are closed until further notice\".","urls":[{"url":"https://themeparkreview.com/forum/topic/9506-all-us-premier-lim-coasters-are-closed-until-further-notice/page/2/","url_text":"\"All US Premier LIM coasters are closed until further notice\""}]},{"reference":"Marden, Duane. \"Beto Carrero World (Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil)\". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcdb.com/10797.htm","url_text":"\"Beto Carrero World (Penha, Santa Catarina, Brazil)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Coaster_DataBase","url_text":"Roller Coaster DataBase"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast Six Flags Over Texas - SFOT Source\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfotsource.com/rides/mr-freeze","url_text":"\"Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast Six Flags Over Texas - SFOT Source\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six Flags unleashes its newest thrilling creation\". The Ridgewood News. June 21, 1998. p. 13. Retrieved September 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109644978/","url_text":"\"Six Flags unleashes its newest thrilling creation\""}]},{"reference":"Zalud, Todd (August 6, 1998). \"Blasting Speed Into Amusement – Park Rides\". MachineDesign. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.machinedesign.com/archive/blasting-speed-amusement-park-rides","url_text":"\"Blasting Speed Into Amusement – Park Rides\""}]},{"reference":"Futrell, Jim (2004). Amusement Parks of New Jersey. Stackpole Books. p. 196. ISBN 0811729737.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcSgZkzivi0C&q=%22six+flags+great+adventure%22+batman+robin+%22cobra+roll%22&pg=PA196","url_text":"Amusement Parks of New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811729737","url_text":"0811729737"}]},{"reference":"\"90s Steel Coasters\". ultimaterollercoaster.com. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/history/1980_1990/90s_part_one.shtml","url_text":"\"90s Steel Coasters\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment

International Association for Impact Assessment

["1 History","2 Organization","2.1 Direct membership","2.2 Affiliates","3 Publications","4 Events","5 Reception and impact","6 References","7 External links"]

International organization This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (May 2021) The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) is an international association of professionals involved with impact assessment, including both social impact assessment and environmental impact assessment. History The United States' National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on 1 January 1970. It requires federal agencies to integrate environmental values into their decision-making processes by considering the environmental impacts of their proposed actions and reasonable alternatives to those actions. To meet NEPA requirements, U.S. federal agencies prepare a detailed statement known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). It was the enforcement of this piece of legislation that provided the impetus for the creation of IAIA. In 1980, Charlie Wolf, Fred Rossini, and Alan Porter chaired an all-day session on integrated impact assessment for the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) annual conference in San Francisco. During one of the sessions at the 1980 AAAS conference, Rossini, Porter, and Wolf discussed creating an impact assessment association. The discussion continued over dinner in Chinatown. At the end of the meal, fortune cookies were served. The piece of paper inside Wolf's cookie read "you will do well to expand your business" – and the decision to begin the International Association for Impact Assessment was made. The intent was to bring together all who were responsible for and figuring out how to conduct assessments which would meet the NEPA requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment. IAIA was incorporated in 1980 in the state of Georgia, US, where Porter lived and worked. Its first meeting was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in January 1981. Porter was the first executive director, serving from 1981 to 1988. Maurie Voland of Belhaven, North Carolina, US, took over as executive director in 1988 and served in a part-time position until 1995. The headquarters of IAIA moved to North Dakota State University (NDSU) in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1995, when the board appointed Rita Hamm as its executive director. In 1999, the IAIA Headquarters moved off of the NDSU campus to its current independent location at 1330 23rd Street South, Suite C, Fargo, North Dakota, US. Organization The IAIA headquarter operates with six full-time employees. Direct membership IAIA has members from over 120 countries, and anybody can join as a member and/or renew membership online. Individual membership costs $55 for students and $110 for other individuals. Membership comes with a subscription to the IAPA Journal and the IAIA Newsletter, as well as other benefits. Affiliates IAIA has affiliates in over ten countries, including Cameroon, Poland, Germany, Ghana, Italy, South Korea, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Canada (multiple affiliates). Publications IAIA publishes Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, a quarterly journal comprising peer-reviewed research articles, professional practice articles, and book reviews of recently published titles. IAIA also publishes a newsletter and other downloadable publications. Events The Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment has been held around 40 times. Reception and impact The IAIA has been cited by United States Government agencies in their evaluation of the impact of various activities. For instance, the United States Department of Energy and the United States Environmental Protection Agency both list the IAIA as a non-profit organization to consult for environmental impact assessment. IAIA prepared a monograph on social impact assessment for the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1993/1994. Delaware Health and Social Services cited an IAIA paper in its fact sheet on health impact assessment. The World Health Organization lists the IAIA among the "Other organizational links" in the arena of impact assessment. WHO and IAIA also co-sponsored a conference on health impact assessment. Experts from the International Association for Impact Assessment also played an important role in designing the World Bank's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) materials. References ^ "Mission, Vision, and Values". International Association for Impact Assessment. July 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. ^ a b "Other organizational links". World Health Organization. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ a b "Health and Environmental Assessment - Resources: Organizations and Agencies". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "IAIA Membership". International Association for Impact Assessment. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "IAIA Online Store". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Acamee Online". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "German UVP". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "IAIA Italia". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "IAIA Korea". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Amaia". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "New Zealand Association for Impact Assessment". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Association for Environmental Impact of Nigeria". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Associação Portuguesa de Avaliação de Impactes". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "International Association for Impact Assessment, South Africa". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Asociación Española de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental". Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "About IAIA Affiliates". Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal (IAPA) Journal". International Association for Impact Assessment. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Publications & Resources". International Association for Impact Assessment. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "National Environmental Policy Act". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment" (PDF). International Association for Impact Assessment, for the National Marine Fisheries Service. 1993–1994. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Health Impact Assessment" (PDF). Delaware Health and Social Services. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Health Impact Assessment (HIA)". World Health Organization. April 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): Materials". World Bank. Retrieved July 3, 2014. External links Official website Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impact assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"social impact assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"environmental impact assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-directory-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-3"}],"text":"The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) is an international association of professionals involved with impact assessment, including both social impact assessment and environmental impact assessment.[1][2][3]","title":"International Association for Impact Assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Environmental Policy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act"},{"link_name":"Environmental Impact Statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Wolf_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fred Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rossini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Porter_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Maurie Voland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurie_Voland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belhaven,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Rita Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Hamm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The United States' National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on 1 January 1970. It requires federal agencies to integrate environmental values into their decision-making processes by considering the environmental impacts of their proposed actions and reasonable alternatives to those actions. To meet NEPA requirements, U.S. federal agencies prepare a detailed statement known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). It was the enforcement of this piece of legislation that provided the impetus for the creation of IAIA.[citation needed]In 1980, Charlie Wolf, Fred Rossini, and Alan Porter chaired an all-day session on integrated impact assessment for the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) annual conference in San Francisco.[citation needed]During one of the sessions at the 1980 AAAS conference, Rossini, Porter, and Wolf discussed creating an impact assessment association. The discussion continued over dinner in Chinatown. At the end of the meal, fortune cookies were served. The piece of paper inside Wolf's cookie read \"you will do well to expand your business\" – and the decision to begin the International Association for Impact Assessment was made. The intent was to bring together all who were responsible for and figuring out how to conduct assessments which would meet the NEPA requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment.[citation needed]IAIA was incorporated in 1980 in the state of Georgia, US, where Porter lived and worked. Its first meeting was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in January 1981. Porter was the first executive director, serving from 1981 to 1988. \nMaurie Voland of Belhaven, North Carolina, US, took over as executive director in 1988 and served in a part-time position until 1995. The headquarters of IAIA moved to North Dakota State University (NDSU) in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1995, when the board appointed Rita Hamm as its executive director. In 1999, the IAIA Headquarters moved off of the NDSU campus to its current independent location at 1330 23rd Street South, Suite C, Fargo, North Dakota, US.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The IAIA headquarter operates with six full-time employees.[citation needed]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Direct membership","text":"IAIA has members from over 120 countries, and anybody can join as a member and/or renew membership online.[4] Individual membership costs $55 for students and $110 for other individuals.[5] Membership comes with a subscription to the IAPA Journal and the IAIA Newsletter, as well as other benefits.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New 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Mozambique,[10] New Zealand,[11] Nigeria,[12] Portugal,[13] South Africa,[14] Spain,[15] and Canada (multiple affiliates).[16]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_Assessment_and_Project_Appraisal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"IAIA publishes Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, a quarterly journal comprising peer-reviewed research articles, professional practice articles, and book reviews of recently published titles.[17] IAIA also publishes a newsletter and other downloadable publications.[18]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annual_Conference_of_the_International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment has been held around 40 times.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"environmental impact assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"social impact 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For instance, the United States Department of Energy and the United States Environmental Protection Agency both list the IAIA as a non-profit organization to consult for environmental impact assessment.[3][19] IAIA prepared a monograph on social impact assessment for the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1993/1994.[20] Delaware Health and Social Services cited an IAIA paper in its fact sheet on health impact assessment.[21]The World Health Organization lists the IAIA among the \"Other organizational links\" in the arena of impact assessment.[2] WHO and IAIA also co-sponsored a conference on health impact assessment.[22] Experts from the International Association for Impact Assessment also played an important role in designing the World Bank's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) materials.[23]","title":"Reception and impact"}]

[]

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Retrieved July 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeian.org/","url_text":"\"Association for Environmental Impact of Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Associação Portuguesa de Avaliação de Impactes\". Retrieved July 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apai.org.pt/","url_text":"\"Associação Portuguesa de Avaliação de Impactes\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Association for Impact Assessment, South Africa\". Retrieved July 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaia.co.za/","url_text":"\"International Association for Impact Assessment, South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asociación Española de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental\". Retrieved July 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eia.es/","url_text":"\"Asociación Española de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental\""}]},{"reference":"\"About IAIA Affiliates\". Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagoshima_Botanical_Garden

Kagoshima Botanical Garden

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 31°34′14″N 130°33′47.4″E / 31.57056°N 130.563167°E / 31.57056; 130.563167The Kagoshima Botanical Garden (かごしま熱帯植物園, Kagoshima Nettai Shokubutsuen), variously known as Kagoshima Tropical Botanical Garden, Kagoshima Tropical Vegetation Park, or Kagoshima Prefecture Botanical Gardens, was a botanical garden located at 1-7-15 Yojiro, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan. The garden was founded in 1971, and contained tropical plants from around the world, including palms, orchids, and cacti. It was closed in 2006. See also List of botanical gardens in Japan References ^ 会社概要 - ジャングルパーク ベイサイドガーデン (in Japanese) BGCI entry Synapse description Birkdale International description Authority control databases: Geographic BGCI garden 31°34′14″N 130°33′47.4″E / 31.57056°N 130.563167°E / 31.57056; 130.563167 This Kagoshima Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a garden in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of botanical gardens in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Japan"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Green_Reservoir

Cow Green Reservoir

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 54°40′5″N 2°18′30″W / 54.66806°N 2.30833°W / 54.66806; -2.30833Reservoir in County Durham, England Cow Green ReservoirThe Dam at Cow GreenCow Green ReservoirLocationCounty Durham/Cumbria (Westmorland) borderCoordinates54°40′5″N 2°18′30″W / 54.66806°N 2.30833°W / 54.66806; -2.30833TypereservoirBasin countriesUnited KingdomMax. length2 mi (3 km) Cow Green Reservoir 02 Cow Green Reservoir is a 2-mile (3 km) long water reservoir forming part of the border between the historic counties of Westmorland and County Durham in northern England, built between 1967 and 1971 to supply the industries of Teesside. The reservoir acts as a river regulation reservoir releasing water into the River Tees during dry conditions so that it can be abstracted further downstream. These regulated flows allow six further reservoir levels to be maintained and these in turn provide water for industry and domestic use. Environmentally, this part of Upper Teesdale is of national importance and the plan to construct this reservoir had been strongly opposed by local conservationists, professional botanists and geologists, including botanist Margaret E. Bradshaw. Their main concern was the protection of the rich flora and fauna of the district and especially rare alpine plants like the unique Teesdale violet. In the end, about a tenth of this plant's habitat was destroyed by the completion of the reservoir. The remaining area was designated the Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve in 1969, from what was previously two separate nature reserves and is England's largest reserve of this type. The reservoir's southern end, viewed from the dam The reservoir lies within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and European Geopark. The North Pennines was designated as an AONB in 1988 and became Britain's first European Geopark in 2004. A short distance downstream from the dam is Cauldron Snout waterfall. Cow Green Reservoir is also the largest reserve of wild brown trout in the North East. Fishing is permitted at the rate of twelve fish per day per person. References ^ Visit Cumbria :Cow Green reservoir Archived 2007-02-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ "25008 - Tees at Barnard Castle". National River Flow Archive. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ Lloyd, Chris (13 October 2017). "50th anniversary of reservoir". Darlington and Stockton Times. No. 41–2017. p. 50. ISSN 2040-3933. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cow Green Reservoir. Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve This County Durham location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Frumkin

Gene Frumkin

["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Works","4 Papers","5 References","6 Further reading"]

American poet and teacher Gene Frumkin, photo by Gloria Graham taken during the video taping of Add-Verse, 2005 Gene Frumkin (1928–2007) was an American poet and teacher. Personal life Frumkin was born in Harlem, New York and spent his first ten years in The Bronx. His parents moved to Los Angeles, California, in the late 1930s because of Eugene's asthma. He earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1951 from UCLA, where he was editor of the UCLA Daily Bruin. Frumkin died in Albuquerque on February 18, 2007. He was survived by a daughter, Celena Allison, and a son, Paul Frumkin. Career Frumkin worked as a bank teller before beginning his writing career as a journalist. He first took up poetry seriously while enrolled in an adult education class taught by the poet Thomas McGrath. During the 1950s he was poetry editor of a literary journal, Coastlines, which he co-founded with Mel Weisburd in 1955. In 1966, Frumkin moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to take a teaching position at the University of New Mexico, where he remained until his retirement in 1994. At the University Frumkin edited the Blue Mesa Review and taught a number of poets, including Gloria Frym, Joy Harjo, Simon Ortiz and Leslie Marmon Silko. In 1967, he was among more than five hundred writers and editors who signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse to pay the 10% Vietnam War Tax surcharge proposed by president Johnson. Frumkin's poetry appeared in Chelsea, Conjunctions, Evergreen Review, Kayak, New Letters, The Paris Review, Poetry Magazine, Sulfur, and many other literary magazines, and in anthologies ranging from Robert Bly's Forty Poems Touching on Recent American History (1970) to The Best American Poetry 2002, edited by Robert Creeley. His work showed the influence of Surrealism. Works The Hawk and the Lizard (Swallow Press, 1963) The Orange Tree (Cyfoeth, 1965) The Rainbow-Walker (Grasshopper Press, 1968) Dostoevsky and Other Nature Poems (Solo Press, 1972) Locust Cry: Poems 1958-1965 (San Marcos Press, 1973) The Indian Rio Grande: Recent Poems from 3 Cultures (co-editor, with Stanley Noyes; San Marcos Press, 1977) The Mystic Writing-Pad (Red Hill Press, 1977) Loops (San Marcos Press, 1979) Clouds and Red Earth (Swallow Press, 1981) A Lover's Quarrel with America (Automatic Press, 1985) A Sweetness in the Air (Solo Press, 1987) Comma in the Ear (Living Batch Press, 1990) Saturn Is Mostly Weather: Selected and Uncollected Poems (Cinco Puntos Press, 1992) The Old Man Who Swam Away and Left Only His Wet Feet (La Alameda Press, 1998) Falling Into Meditation (Instress, 1999) Freud by Other Means (La Alameda Press, 2003) The Curvature of the Earth (co-author, with Alvaro Cardona-Hine; University of New Mexico, 2007) Papers Frumkin's papers are held in the Center for Southwest Research at UNM's Zimmerman Library. References ^ a b c d Lloyd Jojola, "Poet Taught at UNM," Albuquerque Journal, New Mexico, March 10, 2007, image 15 ^ George Garrigues, Loud Bark and Curious Eyes: A History of the UCLA Daily Bruin, 1919-1955, Los Angeles, California, 1997, pp.100-102 ^ Weisburd, Mel. "The Coastliners". EskimoPie.net. Retrieved September 14, 2012. ^ a b “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” January 30, 1968 New York Post Further reading Hugh Gallagher, "Local Poets Struggle for Their Muse," Albuquerque Journal, November 6, 1977, image 45, with a photograph Bruce Holsapple and John Tritica, "An Interview with Gene Frumkin," Hambone 16 (Fall 2002) David Johnson, "A Tribute to Gene Frumkin"; Mel Weisburd, "Gene and I," Blue Mesa Review 20 (Fall 2007) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC

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His parents moved to Los Angeles, California, in the late 1930s because of Eugene's asthma.[1]He earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1951 from UCLA,[1] where he was editor of the UCLA Daily Bruin.[2]Frumkin died in Albuquerque on February 18, 2007. He was survived by a daughter, Celena Allison, and a son, Paul Frumkin.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Mel Weisburd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Weisburd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Gloria Frym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Frym"},{"link_name":"Joy Harjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Harjo"},{"link_name":"Simon Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Leslie Marmon Silko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WritersAnd-4"},{"link_name":"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WritersAnd-4"},{"link_name":"Conjunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctions_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Review"},{"link_name":"New Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Letters"},{"link_name":"The Paris Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paris_Review"},{"link_name":"Poetry Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Robert Bly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bly"},{"link_name":"The Best American Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Robert Creeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Creeley"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"}],"text":"Frumkin worked as a bank teller before beginning his writing career as a journalist. He first took up poetry seriously while enrolled in an adult education class taught by the poet Thomas McGrath. During the 1950s he was poetry editor of a literary journal, Coastlines, which he co-founded with Mel Weisburd in 1955.[3]\nIn 1966, Frumkin moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to take a teaching position at the University of New Mexico, where he remained until his retirement in 1994. At the University Frumkin edited the Blue Mesa Review and taught a number of poets, including Gloria Frym, Joy Harjo, Simon Ortiz and Leslie Marmon Silko.[4]In 1967, he was among more than five hundred writers and editors who signed the \"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest\" pledge, vowing to refuse to pay the 10% Vietnam War Tax surcharge proposed by president Johnson.[4]Frumkin's poetry appeared in Chelsea, Conjunctions, Evergreen Review, Kayak, New Letters, The Paris Review, Poetry Magazine, Sulfur, and many other literary magazines, and in anthologies ranging from Robert Bly's Forty Poems Touching on Recent American History (1970) to The Best American Poetry 2002, edited by Robert Creeley. His work showed the influence of Surrealism.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hawk and the Lizard (Swallow Press, 1963)\nThe Orange Tree (Cyfoeth, 1965)\nThe Rainbow-Walker (Grasshopper Press, 1968)\nDostoevsky and Other Nature Poems (Solo Press, 1972)\nLocust Cry: Poems 1958-1965 (San Marcos Press, 1973)\nThe Indian Rio Grande: Recent Poems from 3 Cultures (co-editor, with Stanley Noyes; San Marcos Press, 1977)\nThe Mystic Writing-Pad (Red Hill Press, 1977)\nLoops (San Marcos Press, 1979)\nClouds and Red Earth (Swallow Press, 1981)\nA Lover's Quarrel with America (Automatic Press, 1985)\nA Sweetness in the Air (Solo Press, 1987)\nComma in the Ear (Living Batch Press, 1990)\nSaturn Is Mostly Weather: Selected and Uncollected Poems (Cinco Puntos Press, 1992)\nThe Old Man Who Swam Away and Left Only His Wet Feet (La Alameda Press, 1998)\nFalling Into Meditation (Instress, 1999)\nFreud by Other Means (La Alameda Press, 2003)\nThe Curvature of the Earth (co-author, with Alvaro Cardona-Hine; University of New Mexico, 2007)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoetTaught-1"}],"text":"Frumkin's papers are held in the Center for Southwest Research at UNM's Zimmerman Library.[1]","title":"Papers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/157751408/?terms=Gene%2BFrumkin"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531220#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/73119/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000398373210"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/246479004"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4f3kCwhDQKrCPfFWv73"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/129403199"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81057086"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c83mn3"}],"text":"[2] Hugh Gallagher, \"Local Poets Struggle for Their Muse,\" Albuquerque Journal, November 6, 1977, image 45, with a photograph\nBruce Holsapple and John Tritica, \"An Interview with Gene Frumkin,\" Hambone 16 (Fall 2002)\nDavid Johnson, \"A Tribute to Gene Frumkin\"; Mel Weisburd, \"Gene and I,\" Blue Mesa Review 20 (Fall 2007)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_(The_Cranberries_song)

Analyse (The Cranberries song)

["1 Remixes and other releases","2 Music video","3 Track listings","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Release history","6 References"]

2001 single by the Cranberries "Analyse"Single by the Cranberriesfrom the album Wake Up and Smell the Coffee Released27 August 2001 (2001-08-27)GenreRockLength 4:14 (album version) 3:58 (radio edit) LabelMCASongwriter(s)Dolores O'RiordanProducer(s)Stephen StreetThe Cranberries singles chronology "You and Me" (2000) "Analyse" (2001) "Time Is Ticking Out" (2002) Music video"Analyse" on YouTube "Analyse" is a song by Irish rock band the Cranberries. It was the first single released from their fifth studio album, Wake Up and Smell the Coffee (2001), on 27 August 2001. The promotional video, directed by Keir McFarlane, had to be edited in consequence of the 9/11 attacks, which was partly responsible for the single's low chart positions in their native Ireland (number 28) and the United Kingdom (number 89), but it became a top-10 hit in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Remixes and other releases Music producer Marius de Vries was commissioned to remix "Analyse". The remix, which is called the "Oceanic remix", is a chill-out version of the original song with light electronica elements and piano additions. While an edited version was made available on some commercial singles, the long version was released only on promotional CDs. Previously, the Cranberries also released an airy and distorted mix of Zombie, called "Camel's Hump Mix", on the "When You're Gone" single and some slightly different mixes of "How" ("Linger" single) and "Pretty" (Prêt-à-Porter soundtrack). De Vries also remixed the band's next single, "Time Is Ticking Out". Acoustic versions of "Analyse" were released on two US radio compilations. The first one, included on KBCO Studio C, Volume 13, was recorded at the Boulder-based radio station KBCO on 16 August 2001, while the second one was recorded at Studio C of the Minneapolis-based radio station KTCZ-FM on 20 August 2001 and included on the Cities 97 Sampler Volume 13. The studio version "Analyse" was to be released on the Sweet November soundtrack but was ultimately not included due to the timing of the album release. Music video A promotional video, directed by Keir McFarlane, was planned to be released in September 2001. The original video, which pictured O'Riordan performing atop a building as a plane flew over two skyscrapers, was recalled from media after having been sent to the world's major video networks before the 9/11 attacks in New York. An edited version, where all airplane images were erased, was sent back to media on 1 October 2001. Both versions of the video are included on the Stars: The Best of Videos 1992–2002 DVD. Track listings UK CD single "Analyse" (album radio edit) "Analyse" (Oceanic radio edit) "I Can't Be with You" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000) European CD single "Analyse" (LP version) – 4:14 "Wanted" (live in Paris) – 1:57 European, Australian, and Japanese maxi-CD single "Analyse" (radio edit) "Analyse" (Oceanic radio edit) "I Can't Be with You" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000) "In the Ghetto" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000) Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Analyse" Chart (2001) Peakposition Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) 14 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 69 France (SNEP) 57 Ireland (IRMA) 28 Italy (FIMI) 4 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 76 Portugal (AFP) 5 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 55 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 3 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 43 UK Singles (OCC) 89 US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) 16 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 26 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "Analyse" Chart (2001) Position US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 83 Release history Release dates and formats for "Analyse" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States 27 August 2001 Hot adult contemporarytriple A radio MCA Europe 17 September 2001 CD Australia Japan 11 October 2001 United Kingdom 15 October 2001 United States 30 October 2001 Contemporary hit radio References ^ Cinquemani, Sal (4 October 2001). "Review: The Cranberries, Wake Up and Smell the Coffee". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ KBCO.com KBCO Studio C - Volume 13 Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 3 October 2011. ^ Cities 97 Website. Cities 97 Sampler Volume 13. Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 3 October 2011. ^ Zombieguide.com No Crans on "Sweet November" Soundtrack? Archived 10 February 2013 at archive.today, 5 January 2001. Retrieved on 3 October 2011. ^ Zombieguide, "Cranberries' Re-Edited Video 'Analyse' Rushed Back to Broadcasters" Archived 11 February 2013 at archive.today, 30 September 2001. ^ Analyse (UK CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. MCSTD 40270, 155897-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Analyse (European CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. 155 873-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Analyse (European & Australian maxi-CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. 155 874-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Analyse (Japanese maxi-CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. UICC-5008.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 5 March 2019. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 43. 20 October 2001. p. 11. Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 5 March 2019. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Analyse". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 March 2019. ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse". Top Digital Download. ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 49. 1 December 2001. p. 11. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ "Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 49, saptamina 19.11–25.11, 2001" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2020. See LW column. ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse" Canciones Top 50. ^ "The Cranberries – Analyse". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ "The Cranberries Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. ^ "The Cranberries Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Most-Played Adult Top 40 Songs of 2001". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 9, no. 51. 21 December 2001. p. 54. ^ "Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1416. 24 August 2001. pp. 156, 175. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Hubner, Miriam (15 September 2001). "Airborne" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 38. p. 14. Retrieved 29 September 2020. ^ "The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 17th September 2001" (PDF). ARIA. 17 September 2001. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ "新譜発売日一覧 10月分" (in Japanese). Universal Music Japan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ "New Releases – For Week Starting October 15, 2001: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 13 October 2001. p. 29. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "CHR/Pop: Going for Adds" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1425. 26 October 2001. p. 39. Retrieved 23 April 2021. vteThe Cranberries Mike Hogan Noel Hogan Fergal Lawler Dolores O'Riordan Niall Quinn Studio albums Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We? No Need to Argue To the Faithful Departed Bury the Hatchet Wake Up and Smell the Coffee Roses Something Else In the End EPs Anything Water Circle Nothing Left at All Uncertain Compilations Treasure Box – The Complete Sessions 1991–1999 Stars: The Best of 1992–2002 Gold Live albums and EPs Bualadh Bos – The Cranberries Live Singles "Dreams" "Linger" "Zombie" "Ode to My Family" "I Can't Be with You" "Ridiculous Thoughts" "Salvation" "Free to Decide" "When You're Gone" "Hollywood" "Promises" "Animal Instinct" "Just My Imagination" "Analyse" "Time Is Ticking Out" "Stars" Promotional singles "Sunday" "Dreaming My Dreams" Other songs "Go Your Own Way" Video albums Beneath the Skin – Live in Paris Stars: The Best of Videos 1992–2002 Related articles Discography Songs Radio and television sessions Mono Band Arkitekt Steve DeMarchi Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Cranberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cranberries"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Wake Up and Smell the Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Up_and_Smell_the_Coffee"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"}],"text":"\"Analyse\" is a song by Irish rock band the Cranberries. It was the first single released from their fifth studio album, Wake Up and Smell the Coffee (2001), on 27 August 2001. The promotional video, directed by Keir McFarlane, had to be edited in consequence of the 9/11 attacks, which was partly responsible for the single's low chart positions in their native Ireland (number 28) and the United Kingdom (number 89), but it became a top-10 hit in Italy, Portugal, and Spain.","title":"Analyse (The Cranberries song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marius de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_de_Vries"},{"link_name":"When You're Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You%27re_Gone_(Cranberries_song)"},{"link_name":"Linger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linger_(The_Cranberries_song)"},{"link_name":"Prêt-à-Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-Porter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Time Is Ticking Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Is_Ticking_Out"},{"link_name":"KBCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBCO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"KTCZ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTCZ-FM"},{"link_name":"Cities 97 Sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_97_Sampler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sweet November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_November_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Music producer Marius de Vries was commissioned to remix \"Analyse\". The remix, which is called the \"Oceanic remix\", is a chill-out version of the original song with light electronica elements and piano additions. While an edited version was made available on some commercial singles, the long version was released only on promotional CDs. Previously, the Cranberries also released an airy and distorted mix of Zombie, called \"Camel's Hump Mix\", on the \"When You're Gone\" single and some slightly different mixes of \"How\" (\"Linger\" single) and \"Pretty\" (Prêt-à-Porter soundtrack). De Vries also remixed the band's next single, \"Time Is Ticking Out\".Acoustic versions of \"Analyse\" were released on two US radio compilations. The first one, included on KBCO Studio C, Volume 13, was recorded at the Boulder-based radio station KBCO on 16 August 2001,[2] while the second one was recorded at Studio C of the Minneapolis-based radio station KTCZ-FM on 20 August 2001 and included on the Cities 97 Sampler Volume 13.[3] The studio version \"Analyse\" was to be released on the Sweet November soundtrack but was ultimately not included due to the timing of the album release.[4]","title":"Remixes and other releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stars: The Best of Videos 1992–2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars:_The_Best_of_1992%E2%80%932002#DVD"}],"text":"A promotional video, directed by Keir McFarlane, was planned to be released in September 2001. The original video, which pictured O'Riordan performing atop a building as a plane flew over two skyscrapers, was recalled from media after having been sent to the world's major video networks before the 9/11 attacks in New York.[citation needed] An edited version, where all airplane images were erased, was sent back to media on 1 October 2001.[5] Both versions of the video are included on the Stars: The Best of Videos 1992–2002 DVD.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"I Can't Be with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Be_with_You"},{"link_name":"Vicar Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_Street"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"In the Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Ghetto"}],"text":"UK CD single[6]\"Analyse\" (album radio edit)\n\"Analyse\" (Oceanic radio edit)\n\"I Can't Be with You\" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000)European CD single[7]\"Analyse\" (LP version) – 4:14\n\"Wanted\" (live in Paris) – 1:57European, Australian, and Japanese maxi-CD single[8][9]\"Analyse\" (radio edit)\n\"Analyse\" (Oceanic radio edit)\n\"I Can't Be with You\" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000)\n\"In the Ghetto\" (live at Vicar Street, Dublin, 11 November 2000)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analyse_(The_Cranberries_song)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_The_Cranberries-10"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_The_Cranberries-12"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-13"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_The_Cranberries-14"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_The_Cranberries-15"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_The_Cranberries-18"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_The_Cranberries-19"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-20"},{"link_name":"Adult Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultalternativesongs_The_Cranberries-21"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_The_Cranberries-22"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analyse_(The_Cranberries_song)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Analyse\"\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[10]\n\n14\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[11]\n\n69\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[12]\n\n57\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[13]\n\n28\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[14]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[15]\n\n76\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[16]\n\n5\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[17]\n\n55\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[18]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[19]\n\n43\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[20]\n\n89\n\n\nUS Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[21]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[22]\n\n26\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"Analyse\"\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[23]\n\n83","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Cinquemani, Sal (4 October 2001). \"Review: The Cranberries, Wake Up and Smell the Coffee\". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-cranberries-wake-up-and-smell-the-coffee/amp/","url_text":"\"Review: The Cranberries, Wake Up and Smell the Coffee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine","url_text":"Slant Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Analyse (UK CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. MCSTD 40270, 155897-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cranberries","url_text":"The Cranberries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records","url_text":"MCA Records"}]},{"reference":"Analyse (European CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. 155 873-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Analyse (European & Australian maxi-CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. 155 874-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Analyse (Japanese maxi-CD single liner notes). The Cranberries. MCA Records. 2001. UICC-5008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 43. 20 October 2001. p. 11. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2001/MM-2001-10-20.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top National Sellers\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 49. 1 December 2001. p. 11. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2001/MM-2001-12-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Top National Sellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 49, saptamina 19.11–25.11, 2001\" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050213221725/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10000.html","url_text":"\"Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 49, saptamina 19.11–25.11, 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Most-Played Adult Top 40 Songs of 2001\". Airplay Monitor. Vol. 9, no. 51. 21 December 2001. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_Monitor","url_text":"Airplay Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1416. 24 August 2001. pp. 156, 175. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2001/RR-2001-08-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Going for Adds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"}]},{"reference":"Hubner, Miriam (15 September 2001). \"Airborne\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 19, no. 38. p. 14. Retrieved 29 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2001/MM-2001-09-15.pdf","url_text":"\"Airborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 17th September 2001\" (PDF). ARIA. 17 September 2001. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020220130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue603.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: New Releases Singles – Week Commencing 17th September 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue603.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"新譜発売日一覧 10月分\" [New Release Date List for October] (in Japanese). Universal Music Japan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020217151427fw_/http://www.universal-music.co.jp/u-pop/mein/release/0110.html","url_text":"\"新譜発売日一覧 10月分\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan","url_text":"Universal Music Japan"},{"url":"http://www.universal-music.co.jp/u-pop/mein/release/0110.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting October 15, 2001: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 13 October 2001. p. 29. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/2001/Music-Week-2001-10-13.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting October 15, 2001: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"CHR/Pop: Going for Adds\" (PDF). Radio & Records. No. 1425. 26 October 2001. p. 39. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-RandR/2000s/2001/RR-2001-10-26.pdf","url_text":"\"CHR/Pop: Going for Adds\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_X_(1994_film)

Madam X (1994 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Songs","4 References","5 External links"]

1994 Indian filmMadam XPosterDirected byDeepak ShivdasaniScreenplay byNusrat SayyedStory byK.B. PatelProduced byThakur R.S.Starring Rekha Mohsin Khan Shakti Kapoor Raza Murad CinematographyThomas A. XavierEdited byA. MuthuMusic byAnu Malik Sameer (lyrics)ProductioncompanyNishita ProductionsRelease date 25 February 1994 (1994-02-25) Running time119 minCountryIndiaLanguageHindi Madam X is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language crime drama film directed by Deepak Shivdasani and featuring Rekha, Mohsin Khan, Shakti Kapoor and Raza Murad in important roles. Plot Police officer Vijay captures a lady don, Madam X, and sends her into secret custody. He wants to gather more where about Madam X's gang. He approaches Sonu Anjali, a poor girl who looks like Madam X to enter the criminal gang so that she can provide him with information about their activities. Things turn for the worse when Madam X escapes from custody. Cast Mohsin Khan as Inspector Vijay Rekha as Anjali Before Surgery / Sonu Nani Twins Mothers / Rekha Duplicate Appearance Madam X Sushmita Sen Madam X Priya's Duplicate Daughter Shakti Kapoor as Chapaklal (Comeo Role) Raza Murad as Rai Bahadur Jagdeep as Zankar Avtar Gill as Inspector Rana Deshpande in Madam X 2 Sequel Parikshit Sahni as Police Commissioner Mathur Kiran Juneja Neeta After Surgery Jaya Mathur Nirmala Sister Anjali Sonu Priya Madam X Raju brother Pankaj Dheer Mohan Cards Money (Guest Appearance) Songs "Shaadi Shuda Mardon Ko" – Alka Yagnik "Main Hoon Churi Rampuri" – Kavita Krishnamurthy "Kaise Dil Jeete Aap Ka" (Male) – Anu Malik "Kaise Dil Jeete Aap Ka" (Female) – Alka Yagnik "Madam X Madam X" – Alisha Chinai "Madam X Madam X" – Instrumental References ^ Kumar, Shikha (14 October 2012). "Hum hai maut ki woh express, duniya jise kehte hai Madam X". Daily News and Analysis. Mumbai: Diligent Media Corporation. Retrieved 12 February 2015. ^ "Madam X (1994) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ Madam X, retrieved 20 February 2022 External links Madam X at IMDb vteWorks of Deepak ShivdasaniFilms directed Dadagiri (1987) Ladaai (1989) Baaghi: A Rebel for Love (1990) Pehchaan (1993) Madam X (1994) Krishna (1996) Bhai (1997) Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke (2001) Julie (2004) Mr. Black Mr. White (2008) Julie 2 (2017) Films produced Bhavani Junction (1985) Dadagiri (1987) Ladaai (1989) Bhai (1997) Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke (2001) Julie 2 (2017) This article about a Hindi film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennes_Weisweiler

Hennes Weisweiler

["1 Career","1.1 From player to coach in Cologne","1.2 Years in Mönchengladbach","1.3 Barcelona","1.4 FC Köln","1.5 New York Cosmos","1.6 Grasshopper","2 Death","3 Coaching record","4 Honours","4.1 Manager","4.2 Individual","5 References","6 External links"]

German football player and coach Hennes Weisweiler Weisweiler in 1970Personal informationFull name Hans WeisweilerDate of birth (1919-12-05)5 December 1919Place of birth Erftstadt-Lechenich, GermanyDate of death 5 July 1983(1983-07-05) (aged 63)Place of death Zürich, SwitzerlandPosition(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1948–1952 1. FC Köln 62 (0)Managerial career1949–1952 1. FC Köln (player-coach)1952–1954 Rheydter SpV1954–1955 Germany (assistant)1955–1958 1. FC Köln1958–1964 Viktoria Köln1964–1975 Borussia Mönchengladbach1975–1976 Barcelona1976–1980 1. FC Köln1980–1982 New York Cosmos1982–1983 Grasshopper *Club domestic league appearances and goals Hans "Hennes" Weisweiler (5 December 1919 – 5 July 1983) was a German professional football player and coach. As a coach, he won major titles with Bundesliga clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln in the 1970s. With eleven titles, eight with West German clubs, Weisweiler was one of the most successful European coaches of his time. His influence went well beyond. Between 1957 and 1970, at the German Sports Academy in Cologne, Weisweiler was responsible for the training of hundreds of coaches from all over the world. In 2005, the training centre for coaches there was named the Hennes-Weisweiler-Academy in his honour. Weisweiler is most closely associated with the fortunes of Borussia Mönchengladbach in the 1960s and 1970s and with 1. FC Köln in the late 1970s. He is also famous for having developed the talents of many outstanding players, including Günter Netzer, Berti Vogts, Jupp Heynckes, Rainer Bonhof, Allan Simonsen, Uli Stielike, Bernd Schuster and Pierre Littbarski. Career From player to coach in Cologne The team 1. FC Köln was founded in 1948, and Weisweiler was in the first ever line-up for the club. After the club was promoted in 1949 into the western division of the then five ways split West German first division (Oberliga), he was given the role of player-manager. In this position, which he held until 1952 he played himself 62 times in the league. In 1955, he returned to the club for another three years as head coach, but left in 1958 to join local rivals Viktoria Köln, which also played in the Oberliga, but the club remained in the shadow of 1. FC. After the foundation of the Bundesliga in 1963, Viktoria played in the second German division. The team achieved its best ever ranking in the last year of Weisweiler's rule of the club. Years in Mönchengladbach Weisweiler took over as manager of Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1964. The club's most recent major title had been its win in the German cup in 1960, and it had found itself in the second division after the inception of the Bundesliga, finishing eighth in the year before he arrived. Weisweiler found a team with young local talent, such as the 19-year-old Günter Netzer and Jupp Heynckes, as well as Bernd Rupp and Herbert Laumen, who later played for the national team. The next year Borussia, the average age of the players a mere 21.5, finished first in its division and gained promotion to the Bundesliga. Weisweiler and the names of the players of the "Team of the Century" With the beginning of the new season another 19-year-old, Berti Vogts, joined the team. The first two years in the Bundesliga were learning years. Despite the later addition of another talented player, Herbert Wimmer, Borussia finished in 13th and 8th place in the league. In its third year the club came to the attention of a wider audience and finished third, despite losing Heynckes to Hannover 96. The team, by now known for their attacking style, repeated that success the following year. At the beginning of the 1969–70 season Borussia was even widely tipped as being the holders Bayern Munich's main rival for the Championship, as the defense had been strengthened with the arrival of international Ludwig Müller, and the attack boosted by the addition of Danish international Ulrik Le Fevre. Decisive also was Weisweiler's ability to find and add further gifted young players, and younger talents including players like Horst Köppel reached sufficient maturity to hold their own on the highest level. This "youth culture" eventually gave Borussia the nickname they still carry today: the Foals. At the end of the year the team was crowned champion for the first time, and twelve months later the club from the small town became the first side in Bundesliga history to defend the league title. This was secured with a 4–1 away win in Frankfurt, which enabled Borussia to fend off a late Bayern challenge on the last match day. The team's first European Champions Cup participation had ended in the second round, when after two 1–1 draws with Everton, Borussia lost in the penalty shoot-out. During their second challenge, Helenio Herrera's catenaccio specialists Inter Milan, at the time one of Europe's most celebrated sides, visited the Bökelberg stadium. During the first half of the match, with Borussia leading 2–1, Inter's Roberto Boninsegna was allegedly hit in the head by a soft drink can thrown from the stands, and had been stretchered off. It is disputed that he had actually been struck, or if it had truly caused him injury. Borussia had obliterated Inter by a final score of 7–1. Netzer later said his team had played so well they would have defeated any side in Europe by a huge margin, however Inter players said that when Boninsegna got stretchered off they essentially stopped playing. The empty can was presented to the referee, and afterwards when Inter's officials complained, the governing authorities annulled the match and ordered it to be replayed on a neutral ground. Inter won its home leg against Borussia 4–2, and the neutral match played in Berlin ended 0–0. The annulled match has come to be called 'the Match of the Can', Inter went on to lose in the European Cup final to Ajax. In the Bundesliga, only three days after the initial triumph against Inter, the Foals defeated the surprise team of the season, Schalke 04, 7–0, but Bayern Munich won the title and Borussia finished third. Before the season Borussia had let Dietrich, Horst Köppel and Herbert Laumen go, and important parts of the team were crucially weakened, as new players such as Rainer Bonhof and Dietmar Danner were not yet able to fill the gaps. Weisweiler (right) alongside Berti Vogts, one of his players at Mönchengladbach, 1970 The team was restructured further during the 1972–73 season. This time experienced players such as Ulrik Le Fevre left the club, replaced by two young Danish forwards Henning Jensen and Allan Simonsen. Jensen made an immediate impact, but the 19-year-old diminutive lightweight Simonsen was immediately regarded a dud by everyone who saw him in one of his rare appearances in the first team. Weisweiler's expressions of belief in Simonson were met with general disbelief, but five years later Simonsen was voted Europe's Player of the Year. The season was later overshadowed by the first major conflict of Weisweiler with his star. Günter Netzer was, with teammates Herbert Wimmer and Jupp Heynckes, part of the powerful German side that won the 1972 European Championship in Belgium. Many thought he was the tournament's most glamorous player. Weisweiler may have resented that he himself was no longer the star of the team. Netzer may have wanted to move to a more glamorous club, that paid him more. The conflict ended in separation, and a few weeks before the end of the season Netzer's departure to Real Madrid was announced. There was still one important match to go: the DFB-Pokal cup final in Düsseldorf, against Weisweiler's original club 1. FC Köln. The atmosphere was emotionally charged, made more so because the coach left Netzer on the bench. Despite a temperature of 35° both teams played attacking football, and on both sides the goalkeepers, Borussia's Wolfgang Kleff and Cologne's Gerhard Welz, were called on to make major saves. Welz even saving a second half penalty by Heynckes. In the short break before extra time Netzer removed his track suit and, it is said, told Weisweiler he would be playing. Shortly after the game resumed, Netzer, with only his second possession of the ball, scored a winner for Borussia after a give-and-go with Bonhof. Thus ended one of the major 1970s coach-player associations, with Weisweiler and Netzer, in their last year together with Borussia, winning the DFB-Pokal cup but only finishing fifth in the league. With Netzer gone, Weisweiler had more time again for team building. A consolidated Borussia ended the 1973–74 season in second place, Weisweiler again having managed to infuse good new talent, including future international Uli Stielike, into his side. The newly-found harmony led Weisweiler's team to an all-conquering farewell season. With 86 goals scored, never before and never again achieved by the club, the team cruised to the league championship. In addition, Borussia won its first major European title when, after a 0–0 draw at home, they dismantled Twente 5–1 in the second leg of the UEFA Cup final. In all, Weisweiler had led Borussia to three Bundesliga titles, one German cup title, and a UEFA Cup title (as well as being runners-up on several occasions), establishing a side that throughout the 1970s rivalled Bayern Munich in their domestic achievements. Weisweiler was succeeded by Udo Lattek (who had managed Bayern Munich to many of their 1970s triumphs), Lattek led Borussia to consecutive league titles the next two years, and to the European Cup final against Liverpool in 1977, largely with players assembled by Weisweiler. Barcelona Weisweiler moved in the summer of 1975 to the Spanish top club Barcelona, replacing Rinus Michels, who returned to Holland after four years with the Catalans. When asked why he would leave Mönchengladbach at the height of his influence and success, he said in an interview: "I have shaped a team with my style. Now I'll try to enforce it in Spain." With Barcelona, led by Dutch Stars Johann Cruyff and Johan Neeskens, Weisweiler's goal was to win the Spanish league and the European Champions Cup. However, from day one Cruyff and Weisweiler came into conflict. "Weisweiler is not the manager of my choice", stated the Dutch playmaker, who guessed he would not under Weisweiler get the freedom to play as he wanted to. In his year at the club Barcelona did not win any titles, and he returned to West Germany to take over 1. FC Köln, where he had started his managerial career. FC Köln Weisweiler (right) with Wolfgang Overath in 1976 Weisweiler managed 1. FC Köln from 1976 to 1980. On the field Köln was backstopped by national team goalkeeper Harald Schumacher and led up front by top scorer Dieter Müller, but contained no recognized superstars. Nonetheless, the team competed for the major domestic trophies for most of Weismeiler's years. Köln won the German Cup in 1977, defeating Hertha BSC in the final, and again in 1978, defeating Fortuna Düsseldorf. Köln achieved the ultimate domestic success in winning the Bundesliga title in 1977–78. They finished ahead of Weismeiler's old team, Borussia Mönchengladbach, by the narrowest of margins, winning the title by virtue of superior goal difference. Neither Köln nor Borussia Mönchengladbach has won a league title since. The year after their title win, led by 20-year-old midfield sensation Bernd Schuster in his first full year with the club, Köln made it to the European Cup semi-final, losing 4–3 on aggregate to eventual champions Nottingham Forest when a goalless or low-scoring draw in the return home leg would have seen Köln to the final. Köln made it to the German Cup final again in 1980, but this time was defeated by Fortuna Düsseldorf. By then a young Pierre Littbarski had been eased into the first team as a scoring midfielder-winger. Littbarski did not play in the cup final, but in the role envisioned for him by Weisweiler went on to be a vital part of the West Germany national team that made it to three consecutive World Cup finals, including the 1990 victory. New York Cosmos Weisweiler took over as manager of the New York Cosmos five games into the 1980 North American Soccer League season. The team finished with a 24 and 8 record, and won the Soccer Bowl title, defeating the Fort Lauderdale Strikers 3–0 in the final. The next year the club made it to the final again, this time losing to the Chicago Sting in a shootout after a goalless regulation time and overtime. During Weisweiler's tenure at the Cosmos he managed stars Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto, Johan Neeskens and Giorgio Chinaglia at the veteran stage of their careers. Grasshopper Weisweiler managed the Swiss record champion Grasshopper in 1982–83, with whom he won a domestic double that season. Death Weisweiler died of a heart attack at his home in Aesch, Switzerland, near Zurich, on 5 July 1983. He was 63. Coaching record As of 20 January 2014 Team From To Record G W D L Win % Ref. 1. FC Köln 1 July 1949 30 June 1952 90 46 16 28 051.11 Rheydter SV 1 July 1952 30 June 1954 1. FC Köln 1 July 1955 30 June 1958 93 45 22 26 048.39 Borussia Mönchengladbach 27 April 1964 30 June 1975 459 237 117 105 051.63 Barcelona 1 July 1975 30 June 1976 44 24 8 12 054.55 1. FC Köln 1 July 1976 15 April 1980 171 95 36 40 055.56 New York Cosmos 1 July 1980 31 December 1981 Grasshopper 1 July 1982 5 July 1983 Total 857 447 200 210 052.16 — Honours Manager Borussia Mönchengladbach Bundesliga: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1974–75; runner-up: 1973–74 DFB-Pokal: 1972–73 DFB-Ligapokal: runner-up 1972–73 UEFA Cup: 1974–75, runner-up: 1972–73 FC Köln Bundesliga: 1977–78 DFB-Pokal: 1976–77, 1977–78; runner-up: 1953–54 New York Cosmos North American Soccer League: 1980 Grasshopper Swiss Nationalliga A: 1982–83 Swiss Cup: 1982–83 Individual FourFourTwo 69th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2020 France Football 38th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019 References ^ "Hennes-Weisweiler-Akademie" (in German). Stadt Köln. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ^ "Paktiker ohne Probleme". Die Zeit. 13 June 1975. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ a b c d e f "1. FC Köln » Trainerhistorie". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ a b "Rheydter SV » Trainerhistorie". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ a b c "Bor. Mönchengladbach" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ a b "FC Barcelona » Trainerhistorie". FC Barcelona » Trainerhistorie. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ a b "New York Cosmos (old) » Trainerhistorie". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ a b "Grasshoppers Zürich » Trainerhistorie". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ "German champion 1970. Weisweiler's masterpiece". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "Spieltag/Tabelle". DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. (in German). 18 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "DFB-Pokal 1972/73, Finale". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals". RSSSF. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ UEFA.com. "Twente-Mönchengladbach | UEFA Europa League 1974/75". UEFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ UEFA.com. "Mönchengladbach-Liverpool | UEFA Europa League 1972/73". UEFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "Spieltag". DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. (in German). 10 May 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "Fussballdaten". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ a b "HENNES WEISWEILER; TOP SOCCER COACH ONCE LED COSMOS". New York Times. 6 July 1983. Retrieved 3 November 2023. ^ FourFourTwo Staff (26 May 2020). "The 100 greatest football managers of all time". fourfourtwo.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022. ^ "Who are the best 50 football managers of all-time? | Goal.com". www.goal.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022. External links Hennes Weisweiler at WorldFootball.net Awards vteUEFA Cup and Europa League winning managersUEFA Cup era 1972: Nicholson 1973: Shankly 1974: Coerver 1975: Weisweiler 1976: Paisley 1977: Trapattoni 1978: Rijvers 1979: Lattek 1980: Rausch 1981: Robson 1982: Eriksson 1983: Van Himst 1984: Burkinshaw 1985: Molowny 1986: Molowny 1987: Bengtsson 1988: Ribbeck 1989: Bianchi 1990: Zoff 1991: Trapattoni 1992: Van Gaal 1993: Trapattoni 1994: Marini 1995: Scala 1996: Beckenbauer 1997: Stevens 1998: Simoni 1999: Malesani 2000: Terim 2001: Houllier 2002: Van Marwijk 2003: Mourinho 2004: Benítez 2005: Gazzaev 2006: Ramos 2007: Ramos 2008: Advocaat 2009: Lucescu UEFA Europa League era 2010: Flores 2011: Villas-Boas 2012: Simeone 2013: Benítez 2014: Emery 2015: Emery 2016: Emery 2017: Mourinho 2018: Simeone 2019: Sarri 2020: Lopetegui 2021: Emery 2022: Glasner 2023: Mendilibar 2024: Gasperini vteBundesliga winning managersGerman football championship era 1903: Unknown 1904: None 1905: Unknown 1906: Unknown 1907: Unknown 1908: Unknown 1909: Beier 1910: Townley 1911: Unknown 1912: Unknown 1913: Unknown 1914: Townley 1920: Unknown 1921: Kürschner 1922: None 1923: Turner 1924: Unknown 1925: Unknown 1926: Townley 1927: Spiksley 1928: Agte 1929: Krauß 1930: Girulatis 1931: Girulatis 1932: Kohn 1933: Körner 1934: Schmidt 1935: Schmidt 1936: Michalke 1937: Schmidt 1938: Fuchs 1939: Faist 1940: Faist 1941: Nitsch 1942: Faist 1943: Köhler 1944: Köhler 1948: Riemke 1949: Schmidt 1950: Wurzer 1951: R. Schneider 1952: Wurzer 1953: R. Schneider 1954: Kronsbein 1955: Szepan 1956: H. Schneider 1957: H. Schneider 1958: Frühwirth 1959: Oßwald 1960: Mahlmann 1961: Widmayer 1962: Čajkovski 1963: Eppenhoff Bundesliga era 1964: Knöpfle 1965: Multhaup 1966: Merkel 1967: Johannsen 1968: Merkel 1969: Zebec 1970: Weisweiler 1971: Weisweiler 1972: Lattek 1973: Lattek 1974: Lattek 1975: Weisweiler 1976: Lattek 1977: Lattek 1978: Weisweiler 1979: Zebec 1980: Csernai 1981: Csernai 1982: Happel 1983: Happel 1984: Benthaus 1985: Lattek 1986: Lattek 1987: Lattek 1988: Rehhagel 1989: Heynckes 1990: Heynckes 1991: Feldkamp 1992: Daum 1993: Rehhagel 1994: Beckenbauer 1995: Hitzfeld 1996: Hitzfeld 1997: Trapattoni 1998: Rehhagel 1999: Hitzfeld 2000: Hitzfeld 2001: Hitzfeld 2002: Sammer 2003: Hitzfeld 2004: Schaaf 2005: Magath 2006: Magath 2007: Veh 2008: Hitzfeld 2009: Magath 2010: Van Gaal 2011: Klopp 2012: Klopp 2013: Heynckes 2014: Guardiola 2015: Guardiola 2016: Guardiola 2017: Ancelotti 2018: Heynckes 2019: Kovač 2020: Flick 2021: Flick 2022: Nagelsmann 2023: Tuchel 2024: Alonso vteDFB-Pokal winning managers 1935: Michalke 1936: Pfaff 1937: Schmidt 1938: Nitsch 1939: Riemke 1940: Köhler 1941: Köhler 1942: Schäfer 1943: Gschweidl 1953: Hohmann 1954: Wurzer 1955: Patek 1956: Janda 1957: Hahn 1958: Wurzer 1959: Wendlandt 1960: Oles 1961: Knöpfle 1962: Widmayer 1963: Wilke 1964: Merkel 1965: Eppenhoff 1966: Čajkovski 1967: Čajkovski 1968: Multhaup 1969: Zebec 1970: Schreiner 1971: Lattek 1972: Horvat 1973: Weisweiler 1974: Weise 1975: Weise 1976: Klötzer 1977: Weisweiler 1978: Weisweiler 1979: Tippenhauer 1980: Rehhagel 1981: Buchmann 1982: Csernai 1983: Michels 1984: Lattek 1985: Feldkamp 1986: Lattek 1987: Happel 1988: Feldkamp 1989: Köppel 1990: Feldkamp 1991: Rehhagel 1992: Lorkowski 1993: Stepanović 1994: Rehhagel 1995: Krauss 1996: Krautzun 1997: Löw 1998: Trapattoni 1999: Schaaf 2000: Hitzfeld 2001: Stevens 2002: Stevens 2003: Hitzfeld 2004: Schaaf 2005: Magath 2006: Magath 2007: Meyer 2008: Hitzfeld 2009: Schaaf 2010: Van Gaal 2011: Rangnick 2012: Klopp 2013: Heynckes 2014: Guardiola 2015: Hecking 2016: Guardiola 2017: Tuchel 2018: Kovač 2019: Kovač 2020: Flick 2021: Terzić 2022: Tedesco 2023: Rose 2024: Alonso vteNASL winning head coachesOutdoor Phil Woosnam (1968) Janos Bedl (1969) Sal DeRosa (1970) Ron Newman (1971) Gordon Bradley (1972) Al Miller (1973) Alex Perolli (1974) Eddie Firmani (1975) Domagoj Kapetanović (1976) Eddie Firmani (1977) Eddie Firmani (1978) Tony Waiters (1979) Hennes Weisweiler & Yasin Özdenak (1980) Willy Roy (1981) Júlio Mazzei (1982) Terry Hennessey (1983) Willy Roy (1984) Indoor Ron Newman (1971 indoor) Ivan Toplak (1975 indoor) Eddie Firmani (1976 indoor) Bill Foulkes (1978 indoor) Al Miller (1979 indoor) Gordon Jago (1979–80 indoor) Timo Liekoski (1980–81 indoor) Ron Newman (1981–82 indoor) Al Miller (1983 indoor) Ron Newman (1983–84 indoor) Hennes Weisweiler managerial positions vte1. FC Köln – managers Flink (1948) Schneider (1952–53) Winkler (1953–54) Baluses (1954–55) Weisweiler (1955–58) Szabó (1958–59) Pfau (1959–61) Čajkovski (1961–63) Knöpfle (1963–64) Multhaup (1966–68) Merkle (1968–70) Ocwirk (1970–71) Lóránt (1971–72) Herings (1972) Schlott (1972–73) Čajkovski (1973–75) Stollenwerk (1976) Weisweiler (1976–80) Heddergott (1980) Herings (1980) Michels (1980–83) Löhr (1983–86) Keßler (1986) Daum (1986–90) Rutemöller (1990–91) Lattek (1991) Linßen (1991) Berger (1991–93) Jerat (1993) Olsen (1993–95) Engels (1995–96) Neururer (1996–97) Köstner (1997–98) Schuster (1998–99) Lienen (1999–2002) John (2002) Funkel (2002–03) Luhukay (2003) Koller (2003–04) Stevens (2004–05) Rapolder (2005–06) Latour (2006) Gehrke (2006) Daum (2006–09) Soldo (2009–10) Schaefer (2010–11) Finkec (2011) Solbakken (2011–12) Schaefer (2012) Stanislawski (2012–13) Stöger (2013–17) Ruthenbeck (2017–18) Anfang (2018–19) Pawlakc (2019) Beierlorzer (2019) Gisdol (2019–21) Funkel (2021) Baumgart (2021–23) Schultz (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteBorussia Mönchengladbach – managers Krätschmer (1946–49) Sottong (1949–50) Ditgens & Pohl (1950–51) Pliska (1951–53) Silken (1953–55) Dondorf (1955–57) Pliska (1957–60) Oles (1960–62) Langner (1963–64) Weisweiler (1964–75) Lattek (1975–79) Heynckes (1979–87) Werner (1987–89) vom Bruch (1989–91) Krauss (1991) Gelsdorf (1991–92) Krauss (1992–96) Bongartz (1996–97) Meier (1997–98) Rausch (1998) Bonhof (1998–99) Meyer (1999–2003) Lienen (2003) Fach (2003–04) Köppel (2004) Advocaat (2004–05) Köppel (2005–06) Heynckes (2006–07) Luhukay (2007–08) Ziege (a.i.) (2008) Meyer (2008–09) Frontzeck (2009–11) Favre (2011–15) Schubert (2015–16) Hecking (2017–19) Rose (2019–21) Hütter (2021–22) Farke (2022–23) Seoane (2023–) vteFC Barcelona – managers Lambe (1912) Barron (1912) Alderson (1913) Greenwell (1913–23) Spouncer (1923–24) Poszony (1924) Kirby (1924–26) Domby (1926–27) Forns (1927–29) Bellamy (1929–31) Greenwell (1931–33) Domby (1933–34) Plattkó (1934–35) O'Connell (1935–40) Planas (1940–41) Guzmán (1941–42) Nogués (1942–44) Samitier (1944–47) Fernández (1947–50) Llorens (1950) Daučík (1950–54) Puppo (1954–55) Plattkó (1955–56) Balmanya (1956–58) Herrera (1958–60) Rabassa (1960) Broćić (1960–61) Orizaola (1961) Miró (1961) Kubala (1961–63) Gonzalvo (1963) Rodríguez (1963–64) Sasot (1964–65) Olsen (1965–67) Artigas (1967–69) Seguerc (1969) Buckingham (1969–71) Michels (1971–75) Weisweiler (1975–76) Ruizc (1976) Michels (1976–78) Muller (1978–79) Rifé (1979–80) Herrera (1980) Kubala (1980) Herrera (1980–81) Lattek (1981–83) Romeroc (1983) Menotti (1983–84) Venables (1984–87) Aragonés (1987–88) Cruijff (1988–91) Rexachc (1991) Cruijff (1991–96) Robson (1996–97) Van Gaal (1997–2000) Serra Ferrer (2000–01) Rexach (2001–02) Van Gaal (2002–03) De la Cruzc (2003) Antić (2003) Rijkaard (2003–08) Guardiola (2008–12) Vilanova (2012–13) Rourac (2012–13) Martino (2013–14) Luis Enrique (2014–17) Valverde (2017–20) Setién (2020) Koeman (2020–21) Barjuánc (2021) Xavi (2021–24) Flick (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteNew York Cosmos (1970–1985) – Head coaches Gordon Bradley (1971–75) Ken Furphy (1976) Bradley (1976–77) Eddie Firmani (1977–79) Ray Klivecka (1979) Júlio Mazzei (1980) Hennes Weisweiler & Yasin Özdenak (1981–82) Mazzei (1982–83) Firmani (1984) Hubert Birkenmeier (a.i.) (1984) Ray Klivecka (1984–85) vteGrasshopper Club Zürich – managers Kürschner (1925–32) Kohn (1933) Kürschner (1933–34) Rappan (1935–48) Walter (1948–50) Treml (1950–55) Hahnemann (1955–58) Glišović (1958) Pogačnik & Bickel (1958–60) Vukosavljević (1960–63) Bickel (1963–64) Sing (1964–66) Brunner & Schley (1966–67) Skiba (1967–69) Brunner & Schley (1969–70) Hüssy (1970–73) Vogel & Szabó (1973–76) Johannsen (1976–79) Sundermann (1979–80) Konietzka (1980–82) Weisweiler (1982–83) Svab (1983) Blažević (1983–85) Konietzka (1985–86) Jara (1986–88) Hitzfeld (1988–91) Svab (1991–92) Beenhakker (1992–93) Gross (1993–97) Latour (1997) Fringer (1998) Hegi (1999) Hodgson (1999–2000) Hamberg (2000) Zaugg (2000–02) Koller (2002–03) Bernegger (2003–04) Geiger (2004) Bernegger (2004) Latour (2005–06) Hamberg (2006) Balakov (2006–07) Latour (2007–09) Sforza (2009–12) Forte (2012–13) Skibbe (2013–15) Tami (2015–17) Bernegger (2017) Yakin (2017–18) Walther (2018) Fink (2018–19) Stipić (2019) Forte (2019–20) Djuricin (2020) Kádár (2020) Pereira (2020–21) Contini (2021–23) Berner (2023–24) Schällibaum (2024–) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany United States Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Günter Netzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Netzer"},{"link_name":"Berti Vogts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berti_Vogts"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"},{"link_name":"Rainer Bonhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Bonhof"},{"link_name":"Allan Simonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Simonsen"},{"link_name":"Uli Stielike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli_Stielike"},{"link_name":"Bernd Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Pierre Littbarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Littbarski"}],"text":"Hans \"Hennes\" Weisweiler (5 December 1919 – 5 July 1983) was a German professional football player and coach. As a coach, he won major titles with Bundesliga clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and 1. FC Köln in the 1970s.With eleven titles, eight with West German clubs, Weisweiler was one of the most successful European coaches of his time. His influence went well beyond. Between 1957 and 1970, at the German Sports Academy in Cologne, Weisweiler was responsible for the training of hundreds of coaches from all over the world. In 2005, the training centre for coaches there was named the Hennes-Weisweiler-Academy in his honour.[1]Weisweiler is most closely associated with the fortunes of Borussia Mönchengladbach in the 1960s and 1970s and with 1. FC Köln in the late 1970s. He is also famous for having developed the talents of many outstanding players, including Günter Netzer, Berti Vogts, Jupp Heynckes, Rainer Bonhof, Allan Simonsen, Uli Stielike, Bernd Schuster and Pierre Littbarski.","title":"Hennes Weisweiler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"}],"sub_title":"From player to coach in Cologne","text":"The team 1. FC Köln was founded in 1948, and Weisweiler was in the first ever line-up for the club. After the club was promoted in 1949 into the western division of the then five ways split West German first division (Oberliga), he was given the role of player-manager. In this position, which he held until 1952 he played himself 62 times in the league.In 1955, he returned to the club for another three years as head coach, but left in 1958 to join local rivals Viktoria Köln, which also played in the Oberliga, but the club remained in the shadow of 1. FC. After the foundation of the Bundesliga in 1963, Viktoria played in the second German division. The team achieved its best ever ranking in the last year of Weisweiler's rule of the club.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Günter Netzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Netzer"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TafelJahrhundertelf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Berti Vogts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berti_Vogts"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wimmer"},{"link_name":"Hannover 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_96"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_champions_(football)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ulrik Le Fevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Le_Fevre"},{"link_name":"Horst Köppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6ppel"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"European Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_FC"},{"link_name":"Helenio Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenio_Herrera"},{"link_name":"catenaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenaccio"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internazionale_Milano_F.C."},{"link_name":"Roberto Boninsegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Boninsegna"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Horst Köppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6ppel"},{"link_name":"Herbert Laumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Laumen"},{"link_name":"Rainer Bonhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Bonhof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vogts_Weisweiler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berti Vogts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berti_Vogts"},{"link_name":"Ulrik Le Fevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Le_Fevre"},{"link_name":"Henning Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Allan Simonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Simonsen"},{"link_name":"Europe's Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Günter Netzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Netzer"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wimmer"},{"link_name":"Jupp Heynckes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupp_Heynckes"},{"link_name":"1972 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1972"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid"},{"link_name":"cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Kleff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Kleff"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Uli Stielike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli_Stielike"},{"link_name":"Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Udo Lattek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Lattek"}],"sub_title":"Years in Mönchengladbach","text":"Weisweiler took over as manager of Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1964. The club's most recent major title had been its win in the German cup in 1960, and it had found itself in the second division after the inception of the Bundesliga, finishing eighth in the year before he arrived.Weisweiler found a team with young local talent, such as the 19-year-old Günter Netzer and Jupp Heynckes, as well as Bernd Rupp and Herbert Laumen, who later played for the national team. The next year Borussia, the average age of the players a mere 21.5, finished first in its division and gained promotion to the Bundesliga.Weisweiler and the names of the players of the \"Team of the Century\"With the beginning of the new season another 19-year-old, Berti Vogts, joined the team. The first two years in the Bundesliga were learning years. Despite the later addition of another talented player, Herbert Wimmer, Borussia finished in 13th and 8th place in the league. In its third year the club came to the attention of a wider audience and finished third, despite losing Heynckes to Hannover 96. The team, by now known for their attacking style, repeated that success the following year. At the beginning of the 1969–70 season Borussia was even widely tipped as being the holders Bayern Munich's main rival for the Championship, as the defense had been strengthened with the arrival of international Ludwig Müller, and the attack boosted by the addition of Danish international Ulrik Le Fevre. Decisive also was Weisweiler's ability to find and add further gifted young players, and younger talents including players like Horst Köppel reached sufficient maturity to hold their own on the highest level. This \"youth culture\" eventually gave Borussia the nickname they still carry today: the Foals.At the end of the year the team was crowned champion for the first time, and twelve months later the club from the small town became the first side in Bundesliga history to defend the league title. This was secured with a 4–1 away win in Frankfurt, which enabled Borussia to fend off a late Bayern challenge on the last match day.The team's first European Champions Cup participation had ended in the second round, when after two 1–1 draws with Everton, Borussia lost in the penalty shoot-out. During their second challenge, Helenio Herrera's catenaccio specialists Inter Milan, at the time one of Europe's most celebrated sides, visited the Bökelberg stadium. During the first half of the match, with Borussia leading 2–1, Inter's Roberto Boninsegna was allegedly hit in the head by a soft drink can thrown from the stands, and had been stretchered off. It is disputed that he had actually been struck, or if it had truly caused him injury. Borussia had obliterated Inter by a final score of 7–1. Netzer later said his team had played so well they would have defeated any side in Europe by a huge margin, however Inter players said that when Boninsegna got stretchered off they essentially stopped playing. The empty can was presented to the referee, and afterwards when Inter's officials complained, the governing authorities annulled the match and ordered it to be replayed on a neutral ground. Inter won its home leg against Borussia 4–2, and the neutral match played in Berlin ended 0–0. The annulled match has come to be called 'the Match of the Can'[by whom?], Inter went on to lose in the European Cup final to Ajax.In the Bundesliga, only three days after the initial triumph against Inter, the Foals defeated the surprise team of the season, Schalke 04, 7–0, but Bayern Munich won the title and Borussia finished third. Before the season Borussia had let Dietrich, Horst Köppel and Herbert Laumen go, and important parts of the team were crucially weakened, as new players such as Rainer Bonhof and Dietmar Danner were not yet able to fill the gaps.Weisweiler (right) alongside Berti Vogts, one of his players at Mönchengladbach, 1970The team was restructured further during the 1972–73 season. This time experienced players such as Ulrik Le Fevre left the club, replaced by two young Danish forwards Henning Jensen and Allan Simonsen. Jensen made an immediate impact, but the 19-year-old diminutive lightweight Simonsen was immediately regarded a dud by everyone who saw him in one of his rare appearances in the first team. Weisweiler's expressions of belief in Simonson were met with general disbelief, but five years later Simonsen was voted Europe's Player of the Year.The season was later overshadowed by the first major conflict of Weisweiler with his star. Günter Netzer was, with teammates Herbert Wimmer and Jupp Heynckes, part of the powerful German side that won the 1972 European Championship in Belgium. Many[who?] thought he was the tournament's most glamorous player. Weisweiler may have resented that he himself was no longer the star of the team. Netzer may have wanted to move to a more glamorous club, that paid him more. The conflict ended in separation, and a few weeks before the end of the season Netzer's departure to Real Madrid was announced. There was still one important match to go: the DFB-Pokal cup final in Düsseldorf, against Weisweiler's original club 1. FC Köln. The atmosphere was emotionally charged, made more so because the coach left Netzer on the bench. Despite a temperature of 35° both teams played attacking football, and on both sides the goalkeepers, Borussia's Wolfgang Kleff and Cologne's Gerhard Welz, were called on to make major saves. Welz even saving a second half penalty by Heynckes. In the short break before extra time Netzer removed his track suit and, it is said[by whom?], told Weisweiler he would be playing. Shortly after the game resumed, Netzer, with only his second possession of the ball, scored a winner for Borussia after a give-and-go with Bonhof. Thus ended one of the major 1970s coach-player associations, with Weisweiler and Netzer, in their last year together with Borussia, winning the DFB-Pokal cup but only finishing fifth in the league.With Netzer gone, Weisweiler had more time again for team building. A consolidated Borussia ended the 1973–74 season in second place, Weisweiler again having managed to infuse good new talent, including future international Uli Stielike, into his side.The newly-found harmony led Weisweiler's team to an all-conquering farewell season. With 86 goals scored, never before and never again achieved by the club, the team cruised to the league championship. In addition, Borussia won its first major European title when, after a 0–0 draw at home, they dismantled Twente 5–1 in the second leg of the UEFA Cup final. In all, Weisweiler had led Borussia to three Bundesliga titles, one German cup title, and a UEFA Cup title (as well as being runners-up on several occasions), establishing a side that throughout the 1970s rivalled Bayern Munich in their domestic achievements. Weisweiler was succeeded by Udo Lattek (who had managed Bayern Munich to many of their 1970s triumphs), Lattek led Borussia to consecutive league titles the next two years, and to the European Cup final against Liverpool in 1977, largely with players assembled by Weisweiler.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Rinus Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinus_Michels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cruyff"},{"link_name":"Johan Neeskens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Neeskens"},{"link_name":"European Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"}],"sub_title":"Barcelona","text":"Weisweiler moved in the summer of 1975 to the Spanish top club Barcelona, replacing Rinus Michels, who returned to Holland after four years with the Catalans. When asked why he would leave Mönchengladbach at the height of his influence and success, he said in an interview: \"I have shaped a team with my style. Now I'll try to enforce it in Spain.\"[2]With Barcelona, led by Dutch Stars Johann Cruyff and Johan Neeskens, Weisweiler's goal was to win the Spanish league and the European Champions Cup. However, from day one Cruyff and Weisweiler came into conflict. \"Weisweiler is not the manager of my choice\", stated the Dutch playmaker, who guessed he would not under Weisweiler get the freedom to play as he wanted to. In his year at the club Barcelona did not win any titles, and he returned to West Germany to take over 1. FC Köln, where he had started his managerial career.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Overath_und_Hennes_Weissweiler_1976a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Overath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Overath"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"Harald Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Dieter Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"Fortuna Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Bernd Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schuster"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest"},{"link_name":"Fortuna Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Pierre Littbarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Littbarski"}],"sub_title":"FC Köln","text":"Weisweiler (right) with Wolfgang Overath in 1976Weisweiler managed 1. FC Köln from 1976 to 1980. On the field Köln was backstopped by national team goalkeeper Harald Schumacher and led up front by top scorer Dieter Müller, but contained no recognized superstars. Nonetheless, the team competed for the major domestic trophies for most of Weismeiler's years. Köln won the German Cup in 1977, defeating Hertha BSC in the final, and again in 1978, defeating Fortuna Düsseldorf. Köln achieved the ultimate domestic success in winning the Bundesliga title in 1977–78. They finished ahead of Weismeiler's old team, Borussia Mönchengladbach, by the narrowest of margins, winning the title by virtue of superior goal difference. Neither Köln nor Borussia Mönchengladbach has won a league title since. The year after their title win, led by 20-year-old midfield sensation Bernd Schuster in his first full year with the club, Köln made it to the European Cup semi-final, losing 4–3 on aggregate to eventual champions Nottingham Forest when a goalless or low-scoring draw in the return home leg would have seen Köln to the final. Köln made it to the German Cup final again in 1980, but this time was defeated by Fortuna Düsseldorf. By then a young Pierre Littbarski had been eased into the first team as a scoring midfielder-winger. Littbarski did not play in the cup final, but in the role envisioned for him by Weisweiler went on to be a vital part of the West Germany national team that made it to three consecutive World Cup finals, including the 1990 victory.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(1971%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale Strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_(1977%E2%80%931983)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sting"},{"link_name":"Franz Beckenbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Torres"},{"link_name":"Johan Neeskens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Neeskens"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Chinaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Chinaglia"}],"sub_title":"New York Cosmos","text":"Weisweiler took over as manager of the New York Cosmos five games into the 1980 North American Soccer League season. The team finished with a 24 and 8 record, and won the Soccer Bowl title, defeating the Fort Lauderdale Strikers 3–0 in the final. The next year the club made it to the final again, this time losing to the Chicago Sting in a shootout after a goalless regulation time and overtime. During Weisweiler's tenure at the Cosmos he managed stars Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto, Johan Neeskens and Giorgio Chinaglia at the veteran stage of their careers.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"}],"sub_title":"Grasshopper","text":"Weisweiler managed the Swiss record champion Grasshopper in 1982–83, with whom he won a domestic double that season.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Weisweiler died of a heart attack at his home in Aesch, Switzerland, near Zurich, on 5 July 1983. He was 63.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 20 January 2014","title":"Coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"DFB-Ligapokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFL-Ligapokal"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_DFB-Ligapokal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_North_American_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-17"},{"link_name":"Swiss Nationalliga A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-17"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Borussia MönchengladbachBundesliga: 1969–70,[9] 1970–71, 1974–75;[10] runner-up: 1973–74\nDFB-Pokal: 1972–73[11]\nDFB-Ligapokal: runner-up 1972–73[12]\nUEFA Cup: 1974–75,[13] runner-up: 1972–73[14]FC KölnBundesliga: 1977–78\nDFB-Pokal: 1976–77,[15] 1977–78;[16] runner-up: 1953–54New York CosmosNorth American Soccer League: 1980[17]GrasshopperSwiss Nationalliga A: 1982–83[17]\nSwiss Cup: 1982–83","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FourFourTwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourFourTwo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"France Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Football"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"FourFourTwo 69th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2020[18]\nFrance Football 38th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019[19]","title":"Honours"}]

[{"image_text":"Weisweiler and the names of the players of the \"Team of the Century\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/TafelJahrhundertelf.JPG/220px-TafelJahrhundertelf.JPG"},{"image_text":"Weisweiler (right) alongside Berti Vogts, one of his players at Mönchengladbach, 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Vogts_Weisweiler.jpg/220px-Vogts_Weisweiler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weisweiler (right) with Wolfgang Overath in 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wolfgang_Overath_und_Hennes_Weissweiler_1976a.jpg/220px-Wolfgang_Overath_und_Hennes_Weissweiler_1976a.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Hennes-Weisweiler-Akademie\" (in German). Stadt Köln. Retrieved 13 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stadt-koeln.de/6/gaygames2010/sportinkoeln/sporthochschule/weisweilerakademie/index.html","url_text":"\"Hennes-Weisweiler-Akademie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paktiker ohne Probleme\". Die Zeit. 13 June 1975. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/1975/25/praktiker-ohne-probleme","url_text":"\"Paktiker ohne Probleme\""}]},{"reference":"\"1. FC Köln » Trainerhistorie\". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/1-fc-koeln/9/","url_text":"\"1. FC Köln » Trainerhistorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rheydter SV » Trainerhistorie\". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/rheydter-sv/9/","url_text":"\"Rheydter SV » Trainerhistorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bor. Mönchengladbach\" (in German). kicker. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2013-14/borussia-mgladbach-15/trainer.html","url_text":"\"Bor. Mönchengladbach\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Barcelona » Trainerhistorie\". FC Barcelona » Trainerhistorie. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/fc-barcelona/9/","url_text":"\"FC Barcelona » Trainerhistorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Cosmos (old) » Trainerhistorie\". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/new-york-cosmos-old/9/","url_text":"\"New York Cosmos (old) » Trainerhistorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grasshoppers Zürich » Trainerhistorie\". World Football. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/grasshoppers-zuerich/9/","url_text":"\"Grasshoppers Zürich » Trainerhistorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"German champion 1970. Weisweiler's masterpiece\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/german-champion-1970-weisweiler-s-masterpiece/bgXBvkQb5wjRAQ","url_text":"\"German champion 1970. Weisweiler's masterpiece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spieltag/Tabelle\". DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. (in German). 18 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fbundesliga%2F2021-22%2F1-spieltag%2F1-fsv-mainz-05-rb-leipzig-2326600","url_text":"\"Spieltag/Tabelle\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFB-Pokal 1972/73, Finale\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/dfb-pokal/1972-1973/current","url_text":"\"DFB-Pokal 1972/73, Finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals\". RSSSF. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/duitsupcuphist.html#73","url_text":"\"(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]},{"reference":"UEFA.com. \"Twente-Mönchengladbach | UEFA Europa League 1974/75\". UEFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/64558--twente-vs-monchengladbach/","url_text":"\"Twente-Mönchengladbach | UEFA Europa League 1974/75\""}]},{"reference":"UEFA.com. \"Mönchengladbach-Liverpool | UEFA Europa League 1972/73\". UEFA.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/64297--monchengladbach-vs-liverpool/","url_text":"\"Mönchengladbach-Liverpool | UEFA Europa League 1972/73\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spieltag\". DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. (in German). 10 May 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/dfb-pokal/spieltag/?spieledb_path=%2Fdatencenter%2Fdfb-pokal%2F2019-20%2F2-runde%2Fhamburger-sv-vfb-stuttgart-2301996","url_text":"\"Spieltag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fussballdaten\". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/dfb-pokal/1978/","url_text":"\"Fussballdaten\""}]},{"reference":"\"HENNES WEISWEILER; TOP SOCCER COACH ONCE LED COSMOS\". New York Times. 6 July 1983. Retrieved 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/06/obituaries/hennes-weisweiler-top-soccer-coach-once-led-cosmos.html","url_text":"\"HENNES WEISWEILER; TOP SOCCER COACH ONCE LED COSMOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"FourFourTwo Staff (26 May 2020). \"The 100 greatest football managers of all time\". fourfourtwo.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/best-greatest-football-managers-ever-all-time","url_text":"\"The 100 greatest football managers of all time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are the best 50 football managers of all-time? | Goal.com\". www.goal.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/en/lists/who-are-the-best-50-football-managers-of-all-time/tkhlm22mx3dd13gq1801pbqxm","url_text":"\"Who are the best 50 football managers of all-time? | Goal.com\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Alta

Vega Alta, Puerto Rico

["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Barrios","2.2 Sectors","2.3 Special Communities","2.4 Climate","3 Economy","3.1 Agriculture","3.2 Industry","4 Tourism","4.1 Lin-Manuel Miranda","5 Culture","5.1 Festivals and events","5.2 Sports","5.3 Music","6 Demographic","7 Government","7.1 Past and present mayors","8 Transportation","9 Symbols","9.1 Flag","9.2 Coat of arms","10 Anthem","11 Education","11.1 Public schools","11.2 Private schools","12 Notable natives and residents","13 Further reading","14 See also","15 References","16 External links"]

Coordinates: 18°24′44″N 66°19′53″W / 18.41222°N 66.33139°W / 18.41222; -66.33139Town and municipality in Puerto Rico For other uses, see Vega Alta barrio-pueblo and Vega Alta, Cuba. Town and Municipality in Puerto Rico, United StatesVega Alta Municipio Autónomo de Vega AltaTown and MunicipalityPR-676 in Vega Alta FlagCoat of armsNicknames: Pueblo de los Ñangotaos, Los MaceterosAnthem: "En La Costa Norte De Mi Islita" Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Vega Alta MunicipalityCoordinates: 18°24′44″N 66°19′53″W / 18.41222°N 66.33139°W / 18.41222; -66.33139Sovereign stateUnited StatesCommonwealthPuerto RicoFounded1775Barrios 8 barrios BajuraCandelariaCieneguetaEspinosaMaricaoMavillaSabanaVega Alta barrio-pueblo Government • MayorMaría Vega Pagán (PNP) • Senatorial dist.3 - Arecibo • Representative dist.11,12Area • Total27.75 sq mi (71.87 km2)Population (2020) • Total35,395 • Rank32nd in Puerto Rico • Density1,300/sq mi (490/km2)DemonymVegalteñosTime zoneUTC-4 (AST)ZIP Code00692Area code787/939Major routes Vega Alta (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico. Vega Alta is on the northern coast of the island, north of Morovis and Corozal; east of Vega Baja; and west of Dorado with an area of 28 square miles (73 km2). Vega Alta is subdivided into seven barrios and Vega Alta barrio-pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. Vega Alta is west of San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico. Vega Alta is known for the beach at Cerro Gordo. Other points of interest include the town's Catholic church, known as Inmaculada Concepción, which was founded in 1813, and the Vega Alta Forest. During the first week of December, Vega Alta celebrates its patron saint, the Immaculate Conception. ”Vega Alta” translates to “high meadow” or "upper meadow" in English. History Al-Faruq Mosque in Vega Alta, the largest in Puerto Rico, built in 1992 Vega Alta was founded in 1775 by Francisco de los Olivos. It was first named La Vega de Espinosa and popularly known as el pueblo de los 'ñangotaos ("the town of the squatters", in reference to the jíbaros country folk who would wait for the train in a squatting position, due to lack of benches). Before this, it was part of a group of towns known as Las Vegas. It was then separated into two municipalities: Vega Baja and the other Vega Alta. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Vega Alta was 6,107. On October 12, 1898, the city's mayor, Francisco Vega, received U.S. troops as part of the Spanish–American War. On that same day, for the first time in Vega Alta's history, the U.S. flag was lifted on city hall. From 1902 to 1905, Vega Alta became once more part of the neighboring municipality of Vega Baja. In 1905, the government of Puerto Rico passed a law, allowing Vega Alta to become a municipality with its own limits. Hacienda Carmen and Hacienda Ortega sugar plantations were owned by Juan Gualberto Landron y Martinez born in 1791 in Toa Baja . He owned slaves and purchased them, some coming directly from Africa. The second-largest mosque in Puerto Rico, built in 1992, is located in Vega Alta. Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Vega Alta and 90% of homes made of wood were destroyed. Geography Vega Alta is on the northern coast in the Northern Karst region. Río Cibuco, Río Mavilla and Río Unibón are located in Vega Alta. The Javier Calderón Beach, better known as Cerro Gordo Beach is administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation. Vega Alta has a land area of 27.75 square miles (71.87 km2) and water area of 9.76 square miles (25.28 km2). Barrios Subdivisions of Vega Alta. Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Vega Alta is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo". Bajura Candelaria Cienegueta Espinosa Maricao Mavilla Sabana Vega Alta barrio-pueblo Sectors Barrios (which are roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others. Special Communities See also: Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Vega Alta: Villa Alegria, Villa del Rio, Mavilla, Machuchal, El Nueve, Ponderosa, Manantial, and Corea. Climate According to the Weather Channel's website, June is the warmest month, March is the coolest month, October is the wettest month, and June is the driest month. Records: The highest recorded temperature was 98 °F in July 2007. The lowest recorded temperature was 40 °F in January 1945. Economy In 1908, Vega Alta was producing coffee, sugar, oranges, tobacco and rum. Agriculture Banana, fruits, grains, and sugar cane. Flowers and ornamental plants. Dairy and meat cattle, pigs, and poultry. Industry Manufacture of chemicals, electrical and electronic machinery, furniture, food, and plastics. Logistics Center Tourism There are 6 beaches in Vega Alta, including Cerro Gordo. Lin-Manuel Miranda La Placita de Güisín. The Puerto Rican, award-winning, musician and playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda who created the Broadway hit, Hamilton, is from a family with roots in Vega Alta. In 2017, his father opened La Placita de Güisín, a cafe and restaurant in the downtown area of Vega Alta, and in 2019 Lin-Manuel moved his memorabilia to a new gallery, the Lin-Manuel Miranda Gallery, a few steps from Placita de Güisín and opened a store there too, TeeRico. The location has become a tourist attraction. In one of his musicals, "In the Heights", a woman named "Dani" supposedly is from Vega Alta, according to the following lines: When I was a little girl, growing up in the hills of Vega Alta My favorite time of year, was christmastime. Culture Festivals and events Vega Alta celebrates its patron saint festival in December. The Fiestas Patronales de La Inmaculada Concepción de María is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment. Other festivals and events celebrated in Vega Alta include: Three Kings Fiestas - January Rosarios Cantados (Sung Rosary) - February Carnaval Vegalteño - February Kite Festival - July Virgen del Carmen Parade - July Rooster Festival - October Sports Vega Alta Maceteros are the Double-A (baseball) team of Vega Alta. Vega Alta is known for having amateur ball players as well as professional. Basketball is played in local communities. Other sports practiced include tennis, volleyball, handball, and amateur surfing among others. Vega Alta is also known for having famous Major League Baseball players such as The Molina Brothers which consist of Yadier Molina, Bengie Molina and José Molina. Other famous sport personalities include former New York Yankees center fielder Bernie Williams and professional boxer Ángel Chacón. Music A well known musician from Vega Alta was Ladislao Martinez a.k.a. El Maestro Ladi (June 27, 1898–February 1, 1979), a master cuatro musician. He became the first Puerto Rican to play a cuatro solo on the radio. Fiel a la Vega, a rock en español (rock in Spanish) band, was formed in 1994. Band members Tito Auger and Ricky Laureano are from Vega Alta, while brothers Pedro Arraiza and Jorge Arraiza come from next-door Vega Baja. Their first album spawned hits like Salimos de Aquí and El Wanabí, both of which were released with videos. Demographic Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19006,107—19108,13433.2%19209,97022.6%193012,33323.7%194014,32916.2%195016,52115.3%196017,6036.5%197022,81029.6%198028,69625.8%199034,55920.4%200037,9109.7%201039,9515.4%202035,395−11.4%U.S. Decennial Census1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-19301930-1950 1960-2000 2010 2020 Government Town Hall in Vega Alta The main women's prison of the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Escuela Industrial para Mujeres in Vega Alta, opened in 1954, replacing a prison in Arecibo; work began on the facility in 1952. Puerto Rico also operates the Hogar de Adaptación Social in Vega Alta, which opened in 1987. Past and present mayors Antonio Navas Lorenzo Cabrera Emilio Escalera Arturo Rivera Ramon Cestero Emilio Davila Diaz Jose Vega Nevarez Francisco Chinea Carmelo Mercado Jacinto Seijo Jose Rosado Negron, (1977–1980; b. 1934, d. 1999) Manuel "Manolin" Chinea (PDP, 1981–1993) Isabelo "Chabelo" Molina (PNP, 1993–2001) Juan "Mane" Cruzado (PPD, 2001–2002) resigned, Vice-Mayor Jose Colon assumed post. Jose Colon (PPD, 2002–2005) Isabelo "Chabelo" Molina (PNP, 2005–2017) Oscar Santiago Martinez (PPD, 2017–2021) María Vega Pagán (PNP, 2021–Present) Transportation Puerto Rico's Highway 22 provides access to Vega Alta from as far away as Mayagüez, and connects the municipality to San Juan. Highway 2 also provides access from the western municipalities of Manatí, Arecibo and the eastern San Juan suburban municipalities of Bayamón and Guaynabo bordering the shore to the Atlantic Ocean. It takes approximately 30 minutes to reach the town from San Juan. The closest airport is Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina. Other public transportation close to the area is Tren Urbano metro system in Bayamón. There are 16 bridges in Vega Alta. Symbols The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms. Flag This municipality has a flag which is made up of 7 vertical stripes; blue in the center, with narrower green and white stripes on its sides. Coat of arms This municipality has a coat of arms which was designed by Roberto Biascochea Lota. It consists of three bars, the center one has a bouquet of natural lilies. It symbolizes the Immaculate Conception of Mary, who is represented by the silver and azure colors. On its sides are two olive branches, a symbol of the town's founder, Francisco de los Olivos. Two sugarcane branches are featured, because it an important part of Vega Alta's economy. Anthem The anthem used by Vega Alta is the musical composition created in 1958, with lyrics by Domingo Figueroa Ramírez Arreglo and music by Domingo and Elliot A. Knight. Education Public schools Antonio Paoli/Elementary Elemental Urbana/Elementary Elisa Davila Vazquez/Elementary Ignacio Miranda/elementary school Dr. Cañaco Stalingrad III/ High School Jose D. Rosado/Elementary Jose M. Pagan/Elementary Rafael Hernadez/Elementary Apolo San Antonio/Former high school Nueva Escuela Brenas/Middle School, Second Unit Adelaida Vega/Middle School, Second Unit Ileana de Gracia/High School Ladislao Martinez (Maestro Ladi)/Second High School Private schools Academia Dicipulos de Cristo (Disciples of Christ)/Elementary and Middle School Colegio de la Vega Academia Cambu Notable natives and residents See also: Category:People from Vega Alta, Puerto Rico Yadier Molina - Professional baseball player Dennis Rivera - Professional wrestler, brother of Savio Vega Savio Vega - Professional wrestler, brother of Dennis Rivera Further reading Leonardo Santana-Rabell. Historia de Vega Alta de Espinosa. 2da edición, Editorial La Torre del Viejo, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1995. Domingo Figueroa Ramirez. Memorias y versos: Desde algun rincón de Vega Alta. 1era edición Vega Coop y Econo Mendez Class See also Puerto Rico portalGeography portal List of Puerto Ricans History of Puerto Rico Did you know-Puerto Rico? References ^ Bureau, US Census. "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ "Municipalities: Vega Alta". Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico (in English and Spanish). San Juan: Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. OCLC 234072526. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Mayors ^ "Muslims in Puerto Rico". Arab News. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2019. ^ "Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico". USGS Landslide Hazards Program. USGS. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019. ^ "Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico" (PDF). USGS Landslide Hazards Program. USGS. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019. ^ "Graves deslizamientos incomunican a Morovis ". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ a b "Vega Alta Municipality". enciclopediapr.org. Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades (FPH). Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019. ^ "Balneario Cerro Gordo". drdpuertorico (in Spanish). Programa de Parques Nacionales de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ a b c Puerto Rico:2010:population and housing unit counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. (1969). Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Gwillim Law (May 20, 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved December 25, 2018. ^ "Map of Vega Alta at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ^ "US Census Barrio-Pueblo definition". factfinder.com. US Census. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2019. ^ "P.L. 94-171 VTD/SLD Reference Map (2010 Census): Vega Alta Municipio, PR" (PDF). www2.census.gov. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020. ^ "Agencia: Oficina del Coordinador General para el Financiamiento Socioeconómico y la Autogestión (Proposed 2016 Budget)". Puerto Rico Budgets (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Rivera Quintero, Marcia (2014), El vuelo de la esperanza: Proyecto de las Comunidades Especiales Puerto Rico, 1997-2004 (first ed.), San Juan, Puerto Rico Fundación Sila M. Calderón, ISBN 978-0-9820806-1-0 ^ "Leyes del 2001". Lex Juris Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ Rivera Quintero, Marcia (2014), El vuelo de la esperanza:Proyecto de las Comunidades Especiales Puerto Rico, 1997-2004 (Primera edición ed.), San Juan, Puerto Rico Fundación Sila M. Calderón, p. 273, ISBN 978-0-9820806-1-0 ^ "Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019. ^ Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración de España, sus colonias, Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, estados hispano-americanos y Portugal (in Spanish). Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos. 1908. p. 353. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2019. ^ "Las 1,200 playas de Puerto Rico ". Primera Hora (in Spanish). April 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019. ^ "Balneario Javier Calderón "Cerro Gordo"". Discover Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ Paulson, Michael (December 26, 2018). "Lin-Manuel Miranda's Passion for Puerto Rico". NYT. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019. ^ Ayala Polley, Leonor (May 1, 2016). "In Lin-Manuel Miranda's Puerto Rican Town, Crisis Worries Family Members". NBC. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019. ^ "Lin-Manuel Miranda inaugura galería en Vega Alta". El Nuevo Dia. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ Bureau, US Census. "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Perfil de la Población de Mujeres Confinadas Año 2015" (Archive). Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved on December 9, 2015. ^ "Vega Alta Bridges". National Bridge Inventory Data. US Dept. of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ^ "Ley Núm. 70 de 2006 -Ley para disponer la oficialidad de la bandera y el escudo de los setenta y ocho (78) municipios". LexJuris de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 15, 2021. ^ a b "VEGAALTA". LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. External links Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Senado (in Spanish) Vega Alta, Puerto Rico on Facebook Places adjacent to Vega Alta, Puerto Rico Atlantic Ocean Vega Baja Vega Alta Dorado Morovis Corozal Toa Alta vtePorta Atlántico Arecibo Barceloneta Camuy Dorado Hatillo Manatí Toa Alta Vega Alta Vega Baja vteCommonwealth of Puerto RicoSan Juan (capital)Metropolitan areas Aguadilla–Isabela–San Sebastián Arecibo Guayama Mayagüez Ponce San Germán–Cabo Rojo San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo Yauco Municipalities Adjuntas Aguada Aguadilla Aguas Buenas Aibonito Añasco Arecibo Arroyo Barceloneta Barranquitas Bayamón Cabo Rojo Caguas Camuy Canóvanas Carolina Cataño Cayey Ceiba Ciales Cidra Coamo Comerío Corozal Culebra Dorado Fajardo Florida Guánica Guayama Guayanilla Guaynabo Gurabo Hatillo Hormigueros Humacao Isabela Jayuya Juana Díaz Juncos Lajas Lares Las Marías Las Piedras Loíza Luquillo Manatí Maricao Maunabo Mayagüez Moca Morovis Naguabo Naranjito Orocovis Patillas Peñuelas Ponce Quebradillas Rincón Río Grande Sabana Grande Salinas San Germán San Juan San Lorenzo San Sebastián Santa Isabel Toa Alta Toa Baja Trujillo Alto Utuado Vega Alta Vega Baja Vieques Villalba Yabucoa Yauco Islands Caja de Muertos Cardona Cayo Icacos Culebra Desecheo Gatas Isla de Cabras Isla de Jueyes Isla de Mona Isla de Ratones, Cabo Rojo Isla de Ratones, Ponce Isla del Frío Isleta de San Juan Magueyes Monito Morrillito Puerto Rico Vieques Geography Bahía de Ponce Cerro de Punta Cerro Maravilla Cordillera Central El Tuque El Yunque Flamenco Beach Las Salinas Mayagüez Bay Portugués River San Juan Bay Topics Culture Demographics Economy Per capita income Government Constitution Politics History Historic places Wildlife Birds Mammals Reptiles Puerto Rico portal Vega Alta, Puerto Rico at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsTravel guides from WikivoyageData from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

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Vega Alta is on the northern coast of the island, north of Morovis and Corozal; east of Vega Baja; and west of Dorado with an area of 28 square miles (73 km2). Vega Alta is subdivided into seven barrios and Vega Alta barrio-pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.Vega Alta is west of San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico. Vega Alta is known for the beach at Cerro Gordo. Other points of interest include the town's Catholic church, known as Inmaculada Concepción, which was founded in 1813, and the Vega Alta Forest.[2]During the first week of December, Vega Alta celebrates its patron saint, the Immaculate Conception.”Vega Alta” translates to “high meadow” or \"upper meadow\" in English.","title":"Vega Alta, Puerto Rico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VegaAlta4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al-Faruq Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Faruq_Mosque_(Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"squatting position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_position"},{"link_name":"Vega Baja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Baja"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._flag"},{"link_name":"coming directly from Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_News_2012-3"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Maria_Landslides-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Maria_Landslides_map-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENDI_2017-6"}],"text":"Al-Faruq Mosque in Vega Alta, the largest in Puerto Rico, built in 1992Vega Alta was founded in 1775 by Francisco de los Olivos. It was first named La Vega de Espinosa and popularly known as el pueblo de los 'ñangotaos (\"the town of the squatters\", in reference to the jíbaros country folk who would wait for the train in a squatting position, due to lack of benches). Before this, it was part of a group of towns known as Las Vegas. It was then separated into two municipalities: Vega Baja and the other Vega Alta.Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Vega Alta was 6,107.On October 12, 1898, the city's mayor, Francisco Vega, received U.S. troops as part of the Spanish–American War. On that same day, for the first time in Vega Alta's history, the U.S. flag was lifted on city hall. From 1902 to 1905, Vega Alta became once more part of the neighboring municipality of Vega Baja. In 1905, the government of Puerto Rico passed a law, allowing Vega Alta to become a municipality with its own limits.Hacienda Carmen and Hacienda Ortega sugar plantations were owned by Juan Gualberto Landron y Martinez born in 1791 in Toa Baja . He owned slaves and purchased them, some coming directly from Africa.The second-largest mosque in Puerto Rico, built in 1992, is located in Vega Alta.[3]Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Vega Alta and 90% of homes made of wood were destroyed.[4][5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Karst_(Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_Ency-7"},{"link_name":"Río Cibuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Cibuco"},{"link_name":"Río Mavilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Mavilla"},{"link_name":"Río Unibón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Unib%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Cerro Gordo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerro_Gordo_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Sports_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cerro_Gordo-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US2010Census-9"}],"text":"Vega Alta is on the northern coast in the Northern Karst region.[7]Río Cibuco, Río Mavilla and Río Unibón are located in Vega Alta.\nThe Javier Calderón Beach, better known as Cerro Gordo Beach is administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation.[8]Vega Alta has a land area of 27.75 square miles (71.87 km2) and water area of 9.76 square miles (25.28 km2).[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico_locator_map.png"},{"link_name":"barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pico_1969-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law2015-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US2010Census-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bajura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajura,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelaria,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cienegueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienegueta"},{"link_name":"Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espinosa,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Maricao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricao,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Mavilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavilla,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Sabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana,_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Vega Alta barrio-pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Alta_barrio-pueblo"}],"sub_title":"Barrios","text":"Subdivisions of Vega Alta.Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Vega Alta is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as \"el pueblo\".[10][11][9][12]Bajura\nCandelaria\nCienegueta\nEspinosa\nMaricao\nMavilla\nSabana\nVega Alta barrio-pueblo","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor civil divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_civil_divisions"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barrio-Pueblo-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_map-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law_1-2001-17"}],"sub_title":"Sectors","text":"Barrios (which are roughly comparable to minor civil divisions)[13] and subbarrios,[14] are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[15][16][17]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Office_for_Socioeconomic_and_Community_Development"},{"link_name":"social exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wordpress.com-19"}],"sub_title":"Special Communities","text":"See also: Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community DevelopmentComunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Vega Alta: Villa Alegria, Villa del Rio, Mavilla, Machuchal, El Nueve, Ponderosa, Manantial, and Corea.[18][19]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"According to the Weather Channel's website, June is the warmest month, March is the coolest month, October is the wettest month, and June is the driest month.\nRecords:The highest recorded temperature was 98 °F in July 2007.\nThe lowest recorded temperature was 40 °F in January 1945.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1908_Economy-20"}],"text":"In 1908, Vega Alta was producing coffee, sugar, oranges, tobacco and rum.[20]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Banana, fruits, grains, and sugar cane.\nFlowers and ornamental plants.\nDairy and meat cattle, pigs, and poultry.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"Manufacture of chemicals, electrical and electronic machinery, furniture, food, and plastics.\nLogistics Center","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"There are 6 beaches in Vega Alta,[21] including Cerro Gordo.[22]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placita_G%C3%BCisin,_downtown_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lin-Manuel Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)"},{"link_name":"the downtown area of Vega Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Alta_barrio-pueblo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Paulson-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_Ayala-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Lin-Manuel Miranda","text":"La Placita de Güisín.The Puerto Rican, award-winning, musician and playwright Lin-Manuel Miranda who created the Broadway hit, Hamilton, is from a family with roots in Vega Alta. In 2017, his father opened La Placita de Güisín, a cafe and restaurant in the downtown area of Vega Alta, and in 2019 Lin-Manuel moved his memorabilia to a new gallery, the Lin-Manuel Miranda Gallery, a few steps from Placita de Güisín and opened a store there too, TeeRico. The location has become a tourist attraction.[23][24][25] In one of his musicals, \"In the Heights\", a woman named \"Dani\" supposedly is from Vega Alta, according to the following lines:When I was a little girl, growing up in the hills of Vega Alta\nMy favorite time of year, was christmastime.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestas_patronales_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_Ency-7"},{"link_name":"Three Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings"},{"link_name":"Sung Rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sung_Rosary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"}],"sub_title":"Festivals and events","text":"Vega Alta celebrates its patron saint festival in December. The Fiestas Patronales de La Inmaculada Concepción de María is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[7]Other festivals and events celebrated in Vega Alta include:Three Kings Fiestas - January\nRosarios Cantados (Sung Rosary) - February\nCarnaval Vegalteño - February\nKite Festival - July\nVirgen del Carmen Parade - July\nRooster Festival - October","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double-A (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur"},{"link_name":"surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"Yadier Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadier_Molina"},{"link_name":"Bengie Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengie_Molina"},{"link_name":"José Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Molina_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Bernie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ángel Chacón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Chac%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Vega Alta Maceteros are the Double-A (baseball) team of Vega Alta.[26]Vega Alta is known for having amateur ball players as well as professional. Basketball is played in local communities. Other sports practiced include tennis, volleyball, handball, and amateur surfing among others.Vega Alta is also known for having famous Major League Baseball players such as The Molina Brothers which consist of Yadier Molina, Bengie Molina and José Molina. Other famous sport personalities include former New York Yankees center fielder Bernie Williams and professional boxer Ángel Chacón.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladislao Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislao_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Fiel a la Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiel_a_la_Vega"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"A well known musician from Vega Alta was Ladislao Martinez a.k.a. El Maestro Ladi (June 27, 1898–February 1, 1979), a master cuatro musician. He became the first Puerto Rican to play a cuatro solo on the radio.Fiel a la Vega, a rock en español (rock in Spanish) band, was formed in 1994. Band members Tito Auger and Ricky Laureano are from Vega Alta, while brothers Pedro Arraiza and Jorge Arraiza come from next-door Vega Baja. Their first album spawned hits like Salimos de Aquí and El Wanabí, both of which were released with videos.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Town_Hall_in_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_Corrections_and_Rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"Escuela Industrial para Mujeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_Industrial_para_Mujeres_Vega_Alta"},{"link_name":"Vega Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Alta"},{"link_name":"Arecibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Town Hall in Vega AltaThe main women's prison of the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Escuela Industrial para Mujeres in Vega Alta, opened in 1954, replacing a prison in Arecibo; work began on the facility in 1952. Puerto Rico also operates the Hogar de Adaptación Social in Vega Alta, which opened in 1987.[34]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabelo \"Chabelo\" Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabelo_%22Chabelo%22_Molina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan \"Mane\" Cruzado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_%22Mane%22_Cruzado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"María Vega Pagán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Vega_Pag%C3%A1n"}],"sub_title":"Past and present mayors","text":"Antonio Navas\nLorenzo Cabrera\nEmilio Escalera\nArturo Rivera\nRamon Cestero\nEmilio Davila Diaz\nJose Vega Nevarez\nFrancisco Chinea\nCarmelo Mercado\nJacinto Seijo\nJose Rosado Negron, (1977–1980; b. 1934, d. 1999)\nManuel \"Manolin\" Chinea (PDP, 1981–1993)\nIsabelo \"Chabelo\" Molina (PNP, 1993–2001)\nJuan \"Mane\" Cruzado (PPD, 2001–2002) resigned, Vice-Mayor Jose Colon assumed post.\nJose Colon (PPD, 2002–2005)\nIsabelo \"Chabelo\" Molina (PNP, 2005–2017)\nOscar Santiago Martinez (PPD, 2017–2021)\nMaría Vega Pagán (PNP, 2021–Present)","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highway 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"Mayagüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Manatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manat%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Arecibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo"},{"link_name":"Bayamón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Guaynabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaynabo"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Tren Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Bayamón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridge-35"}],"text":"Puerto Rico's Highway 22 provides access to Vega Alta from as far away as Mayagüez, and connects the municipality to San Juan. Highway 2 also provides access from the western municipalities of Manatí, Arecibo and the eastern San Juan suburban municipalities of Bayamón and Guaynabo bordering the shore to the Atlantic Ocean. It takes approximately 30 minutes to reach the town from San Juan.\nThe closest airport is Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina.\nOther public transportation close to the area is Tren Urbano metro system in Bayamón.There are 16 bridges in Vega Alta.[35]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[36]","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexJuris_(Leyes_y_Jurisprudencia)_de_Puerto_Rico_2020-37"}],"sub_title":"Flag","text":"This municipality has a flag which is made up of 7 vertical stripes; blue in the center, with narrower green and white stripes on its sides.[37]","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LexJuris_(Leyes_y_Jurisprudencia)_de_Puerto_Rico_2020-37"}],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"This municipality has a coat of arms which was designed by Roberto Biascochea Lota. It consists of three bars, the center one has a bouquet of natural lilies. It symbolizes the Immaculate Conception of Mary, who is represented by the silver and azure colors. On its sides are two olive branches, a symbol of the town's founder, Francisco de los Olivos. Two sugarcane branches are featured, because it an important part of Vega Alta's economy.[37]","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikisource.org/wiki/Himno_de_Vega_Alta_(Puerto_Rico)"}],"text":"The anthem used by Vega Alta is the musical composition created in 1958, with lyrics by Domingo Figueroa Ramírez Arreglo and music by Domingo and Elliot A. Knight.","title":"Anthem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Second Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Unit"},{"link_name":"High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(North_America)"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Antonio Paoli/Elementary\nElemental Urbana/Elementary\nElisa Davila Vazquez/Elementary\nIgnacio Miranda/elementary school\nDr. Cañaco Stalingrad III/ High School\nJose D. Rosado/Elementary\nJose M. Pagan/Elementary\nRafael Hernadez/Elementary\nApolo San Antonio/Former high school\nNueva Escuela Brenas/Middle School, Second Unit\nAdelaida Vega/Middle School, Second Unit\nIleana de Gracia/High School\nLadislao Martinez (Maestro Ladi)/Second High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disciples of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Colegio de la Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colegio_de_la_Vega&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Academia Dicipulos de Cristo (Disciples of Christ)/Elementary and Middle School\nColegio de la Vega\nAcademia Cambu","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Vega Alta, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Yadier Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadier_Molina"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rivera_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Savio Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savio_Vega"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from Vega Alta, Puerto RicoYadier Molina - Professional baseball player\nDennis Rivera - Professional wrestler, brother of Savio Vega\nSavio Vega - Professional wrestler, brother of Dennis Rivera","title":"Notable natives and residents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leonardo Santana-Rabell. Historia de Vega Alta de Espinosa. 2da edición, Editorial La Torre del Viejo, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, 1995.\nDomingo Figueroa Ramirez. Memorias y versos: Desde algun rincón de Vega Alta. 1era edición Vega Coop y Econo Mendez Class","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Al-Faruq Mosque in Vega Alta, the largest in Puerto Rico, built in 1992","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/VegaAlta4.jpg/220px-VegaAlta4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Subdivisions of Vega Alta.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico_locator_map.png/220px-Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico_locator_map.png"},{"image_text":"La Placita de Güisín.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Placita_G%C3%BCisin%2C_downtown_Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico_01.jpg/220px-Placita_G%C3%BCisin%2C_downtown_Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town Hall in Vega Alta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Town_Hall_in_Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Town_Hall_in_Vega_Alta%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census\". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html","url_text":"\"PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipalities: Vega Alta\". Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico (in English and Spanish). San Juan: Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. OCLC 234072526. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Mayors","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032958/http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=09052003","url_text":"\"Municipalities: Vega Alta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234072526","url_text":"234072526"},{"url":"http://enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=09052003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Muslims in Puerto Rico\". Arab News. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabnews.com/muslims-puerto-rico","url_text":"\"Muslims in Puerto Rico\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001205228/http://www.arabnews.com/muslims-puerto-rico","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico\". USGS Landslide Hazards Program. USGS. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://landslides.usgs.gov/research/featured/2017/maria-pr/","url_text":"\"Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190303143147/https://landslides.usgs.gov/research/featured/2017/maria-pr/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico\" (PDF). USGS Landslide Hazards Program. USGS. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://landslides.usgs.gov/research/featured/2017/maria-pr/images/PR_Maria_LS_density_map.pdf","url_text":"\"Preliminary Locations of Landslide Impacts from Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190303143147/https://landslides.usgs.gov/research/featured/2017/maria-pr/images/PR_Maria_LS_density_map.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Graves deslizamientos incomunican a Morovis [Serious landslides cut off Morovis]\". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/graves-deslizamientos-incomunican-a-morovis/","url_text":"\"Graves deslizamientos incomunican a Morovis [Serious landslides cut off Morovis]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vega Alta Municipality\". enciclopediapr.org. Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades (FPH). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rauluni

Jacob Rauluni

["1 Test career","2 Club career","3 References","4 External links"]

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jacob Rauluni" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rugby playerJacob RauluniBirth nameJacob Sekove RauluniDate of birth (1972-06-25) 25 June 1972 (age 51)Place of birthSuva, FijiHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight88 kg (13 st 12 lb; 194 lb)SchoolBrisbane State High SchoolNotable relative(s)Taito Rauluni (father)Mosese Rauluni (brother)Waisale Serevi (uncle)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Scrum-halfSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2002–052005–062006–07 RotherhamBristolLeeds 1321 (10)(5)Super RugbyYears Team Apps (Points)1996–02 Reds 55 (20)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1995–06 Fiji 52 (30) Jacob Rauluni (born 25 June 1972) is a former International Rugby Union player who comes from a family of international halfbacks. His father, Taito, played halfback for Fiji, as did his brother Mosese and his first cousin Waisale Serevi, who also started his career at halfback. Rauluni played for the Queensland Reds from 1995 to 2002 and he played for Fiji from 1995 to 2006. He had an extended spell playing rugby in the UK, and is best known for helping Rotherham Titans win promotion to the Premiership. In 2006 he played three tests for The Barbarians. He retired from international rugby in 2007, having played 52 tests. He played his last test against Japan as Captain of the Fiji national team. Test career Rauluni has been capped 52 times by his country including Captaining them in the 2003 season. He has played in three World Cups in 1995, 1999 and 2003. Rauluni had a very good combination with Fijian first five eighth Nicky Little throughout his career. Rauluni's first test was against South Africa and he played his first Telecom Fiji Cup game in July 2000, turning out alongside Marika Vunibaka to help Suva defeat Tailevu. Club career Rauluni grew up in Brisbane and played for Easts Rugby Union from the age of eight. He played for Australian Schoolboys and Australian Under 19s and Under 21s before choosing to play for Fiji. At school he used to play flanker, but the Aussie Schoolboys team needed a halfback for the tour of the UK in 1991, and Rauluni says he was handed the No. 9 jersey because of his family's tradition. Rauluni played for Queensland from 1995 to 2002 and played over 55 Super 12 games. He was part of 2000 and 2002 semifinals. Rauluni chose to play for Fiji like his father Taito. Rauluni kept the starting spot in the Fiji team for over a decade, and also played for the Queensland Reds in Super 12 from 1995 to 2002, playing in the semi-finals in 2000 and 2002. Leeds Tykes signed Rauluni on a one-year contract from Guinness Premiership side Bristol ahead of the 2006–07 season. An experienced scrum half at the time, Rauluni played a role in helping the club achieve promotion. He made his debut in the third game of the season, away against Pertemps Bees. He spent three successful seasons playing for Rotherham, making 51 appearances for Rotherham between 2002 and 2005. He was a key member of the promotion winning side and featured in their Premiership campaign in 2003-04. Rauluni played rugby for the Capella Cattledogs and in 2009 played for Queensland Country. He debuted for the Capricorn Coast Crocs in 2014. Jacob was instrumental in the early success of the crocs in the Rockhampton and districts A grade competition. Jacob unfortunately succumbed to an injury which ended his session. He now plays for the Cap Coast Crocs Rugby Club and coaches Junior Rugby. References ^ "Jacob Rauluni Archives". ^ "Jacob Sekove Rauluni". External links teivov profile Scrum Profile vteFiji squad – 1999 Rugby World CupForwards Rasila Rouse Naituivau Katalau Raiwalui I. Tawake Mocelutu Naevo Tabua Male Qoro Sewabu Smith (c) S. Tawake Veitayaki Backs Satala Nakauta L. Little N. Little Rabaka Sotutu M. Rauluni Bari Matson Serevi Tiko Uluinayau Vunibaka Lasagavibau J. Rauluni Coach: Johnstone

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Dianin

Aleksandr Dianin

["1 Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound","2 References","3 Further reading"]

Russian chemist (1851–1918) Aleksandr DianinBorn(1851-04-20)20 April 1851Davydovo, Vladimir Governorate, Russian EmpireDied6 December 1918(1918-12-06) (aged 67)Petrograd, RSFSRNationalityRussianAlma materUniversity of Jena (PhD in Chemistry, 1877)Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (MD, 1882)Known forBisphenol ADianin's compoundScientific careerFieldsOrganic chemistryInstitutionsImperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg Aleksandr Pavlovich Dianin (Russian: Александр Павлович Дианин; 20 April 1851 – 6 December 1918) was a Russian Empire chemist from Saint Petersburg. He carried out studies on phenols and discovered a phenol derivative now known as bisphenol A and the accordingly named Dianin's compound. He was married to the adopted daughter of fellow chemist Alexander Borodin. In 1887, Dianin succeeded his father-in-law as chair of the Chemistry Department at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (now the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy). Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound Dianin's method for preparing bisphenol A from 1891 remains the most widely-known approach to this important compound, though the method has been refined for industrial-scale synthesis. It involves the catalysed condensation of a 2:1 mixture of phenol and acetone in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds readily at room temperature producing a crude product containing a great variety of side products (including Dianin's compound) in a matter of hours. The overall equation is simple, with water as the only by-product: Mechanistically, the acid catalyst converts the acetone to a carbenium ion that undergoes an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction with the phenol, producing predominantly para-substituted products. A second carbenium species is produced by protonation and loss of the aliphatic hydroxyl group, leading to bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) after a second aromatic substitution reaction. The process is not very selective, and a great number of minor products and side reactions are known. Structure of Dianin's compound, a chroman side-product of Dianin's synthesis of bisphenol A. Side products that are isomers of bisphenol A result from the formation of ortho-substituted products, and include the 2,2'- and 2,4'- isomers of isopropylidenediphenol. Other side reactions include the formation of triphenol I, 4,4'-(4-hydroxy-m-phenylenediisopropylidene)diphenol, from the attack of a carbenium electrophile on a bisphenol A molecule and the formation of triphenol II, 4,4',4''-(2-methyl-2-pentanyl-4-ylidene)triphenol, when an elimination reaction converts the carbenium to a reactive olefin. Catalysed dimerisation of acetone via an aldol condensation is well known, and yields diacetone alcohol and (by dehydration) mesityl oxide in both acidic and basic conditions. The in situ generation of mesityl oxide adds another reactive olefin to the mixture. In cases where an olefinic moiety can interact with a phenolic hydroxyl group (typically as a result of ortho-substitution), rapid cyclisation reactions producing flavans and chromans occur. This is the source of Dianin's compound in the mixture, and Dianin subsequently demonstrated that the compound can be produced in much greater yield by reacting phenol with mesityl oxide directly. Later work has shown that production of bisphenol A can be made much more selective by using a reaction mixture with a considerable excess of phenol rather than a stoichiometric 2:1 composition, greatly suppressing side reactions. References ^ a b Dianin, A. P. (1891). "О продуктах конденсации кетонов с фенолами" . Журнал Русского Физико-Химического Общества (J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc.) (in Russian). 23: 488–517, 523–546, 601–611. ^ Zincke, Theodor (1905). "Ueber die Einwirkung von Brom und von Chlor auf Phenole: Substitutionsprodukte, Pseudobromide und Pseudochloride" . Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 343: 75–99. doi:10.1002/jlac.19053430106. ^ a b Dianin, A. P. (1914). "Condensation of phenol with unsaturated ketones. Condensation of phenol with mesityl oxide". Журнал Русского Физико-Химического Общества (J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc.) (in Russian). 36: 1310–1319. ^ a b c d e McKetta, John J., ed. (1977). "Bisphenol A". Asphalt Emulsion to Blending. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Vol. 4. Marcel Dekker. pp. 406–430. ISBN 9780824724542. ^ a b Fiege, Helmut; Voges, Heinz-Werner; Hamamoto, Toshikazu; Umemura, Sumio; Iwata, Tadao; Miki, Hisaya; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Buysch, Hans-Josef; Garbe, Dorothea; Paulus, Wilfried (2000). "Phenol Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 3527306730. ^ Weissermel, Klaus; Arpe, Hans-Jürgen (2003). "Secondary Products of Acetone". Industrial Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 281–288. ISBN 9783527305780. ^ Conant, James B.; Tuttle, Neal (1921). "Diacetone alcohol (2-pentane, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl)". Org. Synth. 1: 45. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0045; Coll. Vol., vol. 1, p. 199. ^ Conant, James B.; Tuttle, Neal (1921). "Mesityl Oxide". Org. Synth. 1: 53. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0053; Coll. Vol., vol. 1, p. 345. Further reading Dianin, Sergey Aleksandrovich (1980). Borodin. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313225291. OCLC 247826062. Figurovskiy, Nikolay Aleksandrovich; Soloviev, Yuriy Ivanovich (1988). Aleksandr Porfirievich Borodin: a chemist's biography. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 22. ISBN 9780387178882. OCLC 16647830.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"phenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"bisphenol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BisphenolA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dianin's compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianin%27s_compound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DianinsCompound-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Borodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin"},{"link_name":"S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M._Kirov_Military_Medical_Academy"}],"text":"Aleksandr Pavlovich Dianin (Russian: Александр Павлович Дианин; 20 April 1851 – 6 December 1918) was a Russian Empire chemist from Saint Petersburg. He carried out studies on phenols and discovered a phenol derivative now known as bisphenol A[1][2] and the accordingly named Dianin's compound.[3] He was married to the adopted daughter of fellow chemist Alexander Borodin. In 1887, Dianin succeeded his father-in-law as chair of the Chemistry Department at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (now the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy).","title":"Aleksandr Dianin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bisphenol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BisphenolA-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKetta-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-5"},{"link_name":"catalysed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction"},{"link_name":"phenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol"},{"link_name":"acetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"Dianin's compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianin%27s_compound"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKetta-4"},{"link_name":"by-product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synthesis_Bisphenol_A.svg"},{"link_name":"carbenium ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbenium_ion"},{"link_name":"electrophilic aromatic substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution"},{"link_name":"para-substituted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_substitution_pattern"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKetta-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dianin.svg"},{"link_name":"Dianin's compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianin%27s_compound"},{"link_name":"chroman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroman"},{"link_name":"bisphenol A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A"},{"link_name":"isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer"},{"link_name":"triphenol I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triphenol_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"electrophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile"},{"link_name":"triphenol II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triphenol_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"elimination reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"olefin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKetta-4"},{"link_name":"dimerisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"aldol condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_condensation"},{"link_name":"diacetone alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetone_alcohol"},{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_reaction"},{"link_name":"mesityl oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesityl_oxide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"moiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"cyclisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclisation"},{"link_name":"flavans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavan"},{"link_name":"chromans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKetta-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DianinsCompound-3"},{"link_name":"stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-5"}],"text":"Dianin's method for preparing bisphenol A from 1891[1] remains the most widely-known approach to this important compound,[4] though the method has been refined for industrial-scale synthesis.[5] It involves the catalysed condensation of a 2:1 mixture of phenol and acetone in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds readily at room temperature producing a crude product containing a great variety of side products (including Dianin's compound) in a matter of hours.[4] The overall equation is simple, with water as the only by-product:Mechanistically, the acid catalyst converts the acetone to a carbenium ion that undergoes an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction with the phenol, producing predominantly para-substituted products. A second carbenium species is produced by protonation and loss of the aliphatic hydroxyl group, leading to bisphenol A (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) after a second aromatic substitution reaction. The process is not very selective, and a great number of minor products and side reactions are known.[4]Structure of Dianin's compound, a chroman side-product of Dianin's synthesis of bisphenol A.Side products that are isomers of bisphenol A result from the formation of ortho-substituted products, and include the 2,2'- and 2,4'- isomers of isopropylidenediphenol. Other side reactions include the formation of triphenol I, 4,4'-(4-hydroxy-m-phenylenediisopropylidene)diphenol, from the attack of a carbenium electrophile on a bisphenol A molecule and the formation of triphenol II, 4,4',4''-(2-methyl-2-pentanyl-4-ylidene)triphenol, when an elimination reaction converts the carbenium to a reactive olefin.[4] Catalysed dimerisation of acetone via an aldol condensation is well known, and yields diacetone alcohol and (by dehydration) mesityl oxide in both acidic[6] and basic conditions.[7][8] The in situ generation of mesityl oxide adds another reactive olefin to the mixture. In cases where an olefinic moiety can interact with a phenolic hydroxyl group (typically as a result of ortho-substitution), rapid cyclisation reactions producing flavans and chromans occur.[4] This is the source of Dianin's compound in the mixture, and Dianin subsequently demonstrated that the compound can be produced in much greater yield by reacting phenol with mesityl oxide directly.[3] Later work has shown that production of bisphenol A can be made much more selective by using a reaction mixture with a considerable excess of phenol rather than a stoichiometric 2:1 composition, greatly suppressing side reactions.[5]","title":"Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenwood Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313225291","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313225291"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"247826062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247826062"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780387178882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387178882"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16647830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/16647830"}],"text":"Dianin, Sergey Aleksandrovich (1980). Borodin. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313225291. OCLC 247826062.\nFigurovskiy, Nikolay Aleksandrovich; Soloviev, Yuriy Ivanovich (1988). Aleksandr Porfirievich Borodin: a chemist's biography. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 22. ISBN 9780387178882. OCLC 16647830.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Synthesis_Bisphenol_A.svg/700px-Synthesis_Bisphenol_A.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Structure of Dianin's compound, a chroman side-product of Dianin's synthesis of bisphenol A.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dianin.svg/170px-Dianin.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"Dianin, A. P. (1891). \"О продуктах конденсации кетонов с фенолами\" [Condensation of ketones with phenols]. Журнал Русского Физико-Химического Общества (J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc.) (in Russian). 23: 488–517, 523–546, 601–611.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zincke, Theodor (1905). \"Ueber die Einwirkung von Brom und von Chlor auf Phenole: Substitutionsprodukte, Pseudobromide und Pseudochloride\" [On the effect of bromine and chlorine on phenols: Substitution products, pseudobromides and pseudochlorides]. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 343: 75–99. doi:10.1002/jlac.19053430106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Zincke","url_text":"Zincke, Theodor"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1427557","url_text":"\"Ueber die Einwirkung von Brom und von Chlor auf Phenole: Substitutionsprodukte, Pseudobromide und Pseudochloride\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Liebigs_Annalen_der_Chemie","url_text":"Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.19053430106","url_text":"10.1002/jlac.19053430106"}]},{"reference":"Dianin, A. P. (1914). \"Condensation of phenol with unsaturated ketones. Condensation of phenol with mesityl oxide\". Журнал Русского Физико-Химического Общества (J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc.) (in Russian). 36: 1310–1319.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKetta, John J., ed. (1977). \"Bisphenol A\". Asphalt Emulsion to Blending. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. Vol. 4. Marcel Dekker. pp. 406–430. ISBN 9780824724542.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McKetta","url_text":"McKetta, John J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kuCnSF9DLcsC&pg=PA412","url_text":"\"Bisphenol A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dekker","url_text":"Marcel Dekker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824724542","url_text":"9780824724542"}]},{"reference":"Fiege, Helmut; Voges, Heinz-Werner; Hamamoto, Toshikazu; Umemura, Sumio; Iwata, Tadao; Miki, Hisaya; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Buysch, Hans-Josef; Garbe, Dorothea; Paulus, Wilfried (2000). \"Phenol Derivatives\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 3527306730.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a19_313","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a19_313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730","url_text":"3527306730"}]},{"reference":"Weissermel, Klaus; Arpe, Hans-Jürgen (2003). \"Secondary Products of Acetone\". Industrial Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 281–288. ISBN 9783527305780.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OUGVPYqtnNgC&pg=PA282","url_text":"\"Secondary Products of Acetone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527305780","url_text":"9783527305780"}]},{"reference":"Conant, James B.; Tuttle, Neal (1921). \"Diacetone alcohol (2-pentane, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl)\". Org. Synth. 1: 45. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0045","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant","url_text":"Conant, James B."},{"url":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv1p0199","url_text":"\"Diacetone alcohol (2-pentane, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses","url_text":"Org. Synth."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.001.0045","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.001.0045"}]},{"reference":"Coll. Vol., vol. 1, p. 199","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conant, James B.; Tuttle, Neal (1921). \"Mesityl Oxide\". Org. Synth. 1: 53. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.001.0053","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant","url_text":"Conant, James B."},{"url":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv1p0345","url_text":"\"Mesityl Oxide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses","url_text":"Org. Synth."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.001.0053","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.001.0053"}]},{"reference":"Coll. Vol., vol. 1, p. 345","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dianin, Sergey Aleksandrovich (1980). Borodin. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313225291. OCLC 247826062.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313225291","url_text":"9780313225291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247826062","url_text":"247826062"}]},{"reference":"Figurovskiy, Nikolay Aleksandrovich; Soloviev, Yuriy Ivanovich (1988). Aleksandr Porfirievich Borodin: a chemist's biography. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 22. ISBN 9780387178882. OCLC 16647830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387178882","url_text":"9780387178882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16647830","url_text":"16647830"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundy%27s

Roundy's

["1 History","2 Banners and brands","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

American supermarket chain "Pick 'n Save" redirects here. Not to be confused with Pic 'N' Save. Roundy's SupermarketsFormerlySmith, Roundy & Co. (1872–1970)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryRetail (Grocery)Founded1872 (152 years ago) (1872)FoundersWilliam E. SmithJudson RoundySidney HauxhurstHeadquartersMilwaukee, WisconsinNumber of locations151Area servedWisconsin and IllinoisProductsBakery, dairy, deli, frozen foods, general grocery, meat, pharmacy, produce, seafood, snacksRevenueUS$ 3.5 billion (2021)Number of employees14,000 (2021)ParentKrogerDivisionsPick 'n SaveMetro MarketMariano's Fresh MarketCopps Food Centers (Until 2017)Websitewww.roundys.com Roundy's Supermarkets (also known as Roundy's) is an American supermarket operator. It owns and operates stores under the names of Pick 'n Save, Metro Market, and Mariano's Fresh Market. The chain is a subsidiary of Kroger. Roundy's operates 149 supermarkets and 107 pharmacies throughout the states of Wisconsin and Illinois. Based on fiscal year 2012 sales, Roundy's was the 37th largest grocery store chain and the 89th largest retailer in the United States. As of December 2015, Roundy's became a subsidiary of Kroger of Cincinnati, Ohio. Roundy's operates food production facilities in Kenosha and other locations and has two main distribution centers in Mazomanie and Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. The company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on February 8, 2012, and ceased trading on December 18, 2015, when it became a subsidiary of Kroger. History Roundy, Peckham & Dexter Company building in Milwaukee's Historic Third Ward The company was founded in 1872 in Milwaukee as Smith, Roundy & Co. by William E. Smith, Judson Roundy and Sidney Hauxhurst. Roundy's was a major warehouse distributor to non-company supermarkets, including IGA, but it moved out of the wholesale market to focus on retail. Roundy's was taken private in 2002 through purchase by the Chicago private-equity firm Willis Stein & Partners. Roundy's took the company public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2012, posting an initial share price of $8.50 per share. Beginning in 2002, the CEO of the corporation was Robert "Chairman Bob" Mariano, who had been the CEO of Dominick's prior to Dominick's sale to Safeway in 1998. On December 2, 2013, Roundy's and Mariano announced it would purchase 11 Dominick's stores to rebrand them as Mariano's, after Safeway finished closing the chain early in 2014. On November 11, 2015, Roundy's announced its sale to Kroger, a deal valued at $800 million including debt, which was completed on December 18, 2015. Following completion of the sale, Roundy's retained its headquarters in Milwaukee. It was suggested that Kroger primarily was interested in the Mariano's division, which allowed Kroger to enter the Chicago market for the first time. Underlining this, Kroger normally doesn’t acquire chains in financial difficulty; the Roundy's divisions in Wisconsin had been, and continue to be, in decline. The sale of Roundy's to Cincinnati-based Kroger, about two years after Safeway shut down its Chicago-based Dominick's supermarket chain, selling many of the stores to other operators, was a matter discussed in the regional business press. CEO Bob Mariano retired on September 1, 2016. Banners and brands A Pick 'n Save in Milwaukee Pic N' Save rubbing alcohol, circa 1982 Roundy's includes three front-facing brands and one former brand while Roundy's is used mainly as a private label brand. Pick 'n Save stores are warehouse food store concept in 1975, but over time with the decline of former competitor Kohl's Food Stores under its A&P ownership and major changes to Piggly Wiggly, now operates as a traditional supermarket chain. Metro Market, a smaller-store concept, launched in 2004, prevalent in the Milwaukee and Madison markets, mainly competing with Sendik's, Trader Joe's and Whole Foods Market. Mariano's Fresh Market, the same concept as Metro Market in the Chicago market; named for former Roundy's CEO "Chairman" Bob Mariano. Mariano's was launched in 2010. Copps Food Centers was acquired by Roundy's in 2001. Several attempts were made to convert those stores to the Pick 'n Save name under Roundy's ownership, which were generally unsuccessful and scattered due to customer sentiment against the rebranding. Kroger finally completed the rebranding of Copps locations to Pick 'n Save in 2017. References ^ "Roundy's Supermarkets, Inc". LinkedIn. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ "Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers". supermarketnews.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ Schulz, David P. (June 26, 2012). "Top 100 Retailers 2012". NRF.com. Washington, DC: National Retail Federation (NRF). Retrieved February 10, 2017. See also the attached listing to that article. ^ a b c Taschler, Joe (December 18, 2015). "Kroger Completes Acquisition of Roundy's". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved April 25, 2006. ^ "Roundy's, Inc. - Investor FAQs". corporate-ir.net. Retrieved February 10, 2017. ^ a b Content, Thomas (April 10, 2002). "Chicago firm to buy Roundy's". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 01. Retrieved November 24, 2023 – via NewsBank. ^ Hajewski, Doris (March 25, 2007). "Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Gallun, Alby (April 10, 2002). "Willis Stein picks up Roundy's". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Cowan, Lynn. "Roundy's trading up 3.5% after cutting IPO price". Market Watch. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Daykin, Tom (March 19, 2003). "Roundy's ends fiscal year with higher sales, profits". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 03. Retrieved November 24, 2023 – via NewsBank. ^ Maidenberg, Micah; Sweeney, Brigid; Murphy, H. Lee (December 2, 2013). "Mariano's Buys 11 Dominick's, Whole Foods Said to be Buying 7". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Taschler, Joe; Romell, Rick (November 11, 2015). "Kroger to buy Pick 'n Save Parent Roundy's in $800 Million Deal". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Hajewski, Doris (March 25, 2007). "Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Trotter, Greg (July 12, 2016). "Bob Mariano To Retire as Roundy's CEO But Will Help as Adviser". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 13, 2016. ^ "The Buzz: Copps says goodbye". Post-Crescent Media. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Further reading York, Emily Bryson (February 11, 2013). "Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2017. External links Official website vteSupermarkets in the United StatesKroger Dillons Baker's Gerbes Food 4 Less Fred Meyer Fry's Harris Teeter King Soopers City Market Kroger Jay C Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy's Ruler Foods Smith's Albertsons Acme Andronico's Albertsons Balducci's Carrs Haggen Jewel-Osco Kings Super Markets Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Vons United Natural Foods County Market Cub Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant Food Giant Food Stores Hannaford Stop & Shop Save Mart Save Mart Supermarkets Lucky Stores Lucky California Food Maxx MaxxValue Foods Amazon Amazon Fresh Amazon Go Whole Foods SpartanNash D&W Fresh Market Family Fare Martin's Super Markets No Frills Supermarkets Other national Aldi Trader Joe's Costco Comissary/DeCa (military) IGA Save-A-Lot Sprouts Target Walmart Sam's Club RegionalAsian 99 Ranch Market Great Wall Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Kam Man Food Marukai Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Patel Brothers Seafood City SF Supermarket Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Sedano's Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Fresh Thyme Natural Grocers Wholesale BJ's Wholesale Club Chef'Store Otherregional Acme Fresh Market Amigo Big Y Boyer's Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire's Food & Pharmacy Buehler's C-Town Central Market D'Agostino Dave's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Fairway Market Fareway Farm Fresh Festival Foods Festival Foods (Minnesota) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson's Gerland Corporation Gerrity's Giant Eagle Grand Union Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen's Highland Park Market Homeland Hornbacher's Houchens Hugo's Hy-Vee Ingles Jerry's Foods Jungle Jim's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium KJ's Market King Kullen Kowalski's Markets Kuhn's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe's Market Lowes Foods Lucky's Market Lunds & Byerlys Magruder's Marc's Market Basket (Louisiana and Texas) Market of Choice Masons Red Owl Meijer Met Foods Mollie Stone's Markets Morton Williams Mother's Market & Kitchen New Grand Mart New Seasons Market Niemann Foods Northeast Grocery Tops Friendly Markets Price Chopper Supermarkets Market 32 Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini's Piggly Wiggly Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Publix Pueblo Raley's Supermarkets AJ's Fine Foods Bashas' Reasor's Redner's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley's Family Markets Roche Bros. Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ's Market Schnucks Scolari's Food and Drug Seabra Foods Sellers Bros. Sendik's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop 'n Save Smart & Final Southeastern Grocers Harveys Supermarkets Winn-Dixie Stater Bros. Stew Leonard's Strack & Van Til Straub's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super King Markets Super One Foods Super Saver Foods (B&R Stores) The Fresh Market United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Wakefern The Fresh Grocer Price Rite ShopRite Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman's Markets Yoke's Fresh Market Zabar's Zupan's Markets Defunct 365 by Whole Foods Market A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Best Market Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd's Carter's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Dick's Supermarket Dominick's Eagle Food Centers Easy-Way Store Eberhard's Econofoods Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Fazio's Shopping Bag Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food-a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr's Genuardi's Giant Open Air Glen's Markets Hamady Henry's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jewel T Jitney Jungle Johnnie's Foodmaster Kohl's Food Stores Kessel Food Markets Laneco Market Basket (California) Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Owen's Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co. Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid's SaveRite Sage's Schaffer Stores Company Scott's Seaway Food Town Seessel's Shop 'n Save Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Stanley Stores Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman's Twin Valu Ukrop's Super Markets Valu King Victory Supermarkets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States vteKrogerGrocery Baker's Supermarkets City Market Dillons Food 4 Less Fred Meyer Fry's Food and Drug Harris Teeter Home Chef JayC Food Stores King Soopers Mariano's Murray's Cheese Pay Less Super Markets QFC Ralphs Roundy's Ruler Foods Smith's Food and Drug Vitacost Jewelry Fred Meyer Jewelers Littman Jewelers Services Kroger Wireless Former divisions Kessel Food Markets Lucky's Market Owen's Market Turkey Hill Turkey Hill Minit Markets People Michael J. Cullen Jacob E. Davis David Dillon Bernard Kroger Fred G. Meyer George Ralphs

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pic 'N' Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_%27N%27_Save"},{"link_name":"supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Mariano's Fresh Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%27s_Fresh_Market"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Kroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_SN-2"},{"link_name":"retailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KrogerAcquisition-4"},{"link_name":"Kenosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Mazomanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazomanie,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oconomowoc, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconomowoc,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KrogerAcquisition-4"}],"text":"\"Pick 'n Save\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Pic 'N' Save.Roundy's Supermarkets (also known as Roundy's) is an American supermarket operator. It owns and operates stores under the names of Pick 'n Save, Metro Market, and Mariano's Fresh Market. The chain is a subsidiary of Kroger. Roundy's operates[when?] 149 supermarkets and 107 pharmacies throughout the states of Wisconsin and Illinois.[1] Based on fiscal year 2012 sales, Roundy's was the 37th largest grocery store chain[2] and the 89th largest retailer in the United States.[3] As of December 2015, Roundy's became a subsidiary of Kroger of Cincinnati, Ohio.[4]Roundy's operates food production facilities in Kenosha and other locations and has two main distribution centers in Mazomanie and Oconomowoc, Wisconsin.The company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on February 8, 2012,[5] and ceased trading on December 18, 2015, when it became a subsidiary of Kroger.[4]","title":"Roundy's"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milwaukee_September_2023_008_(Roundy,_Peckham_%26_Dexter_Company--Broadway_Central_Building).jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Historic Third Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Third_Ward_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"William E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-content-buy-6"},{"link_name":"IGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGA_(supermarkets)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Willis Stein & Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Stein_%26_Partners"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robert \"Chairman Bob\" Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mariano_(executive)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-content-buy-6"},{"link_name":"Dominick's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick%27s"},{"link_name":"Safeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeway_Inc"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KrogerAcquisition-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dominick's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick%27s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTribune-14"}],"text":"Roundy, Peckham & Dexter Company building in Milwaukee's Historic Third WardThe company was founded in 1872 in Milwaukee as Smith, Roundy & Co. by William E. Smith, Judson Roundy and Sidney Hauxhurst.[6]Roundy's was a major warehouse distributor to non-company supermarkets, including IGA, but it moved out of the wholesale market to focus on retail.[7]Roundy's was taken private in 2002 through purchase by the Chicago private-equity firm Willis Stein & Partners.[8]Roundy's took the company public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2012, posting an initial share price of $8.50 per share.[9]Beginning in 2002, the CEO of the corporation was Robert \"Chairman Bob\" Mariano,[6] who had been the CEO of Dominick's prior to Dominick's sale to Safeway in 1998.[10]On December 2, 2013, Roundy's and Mariano announced it would purchase 11 Dominick's stores to rebrand them as Mariano's, after Safeway finished closing the chain early in 2014.[11]On November 11, 2015, Roundy's announced its sale to Kroger, a deal valued at $800 million including debt, which was completed on December 18, 2015.[4] Following completion of the sale, Roundy's retained its headquarters in Milwaukee.[12] It was suggested that Kroger primarily was interested in the Mariano's division, which allowed Kroger to enter the Chicago market for the first time. Underlining this, Kroger normally doesn’t acquire chains in financial difficulty; the Roundy's divisions in Wisconsin had been, and continue to be, in decline.The sale of Roundy's to Cincinnati-based Kroger, about two years after Safeway shut down its Chicago-based Dominick's supermarket chain, selling many of the stores to other operators, was a matter discussed in the regional business press.[13]CEO Bob Mariano retired on September 1, 2016.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milwaukee_August_2022_158_(Pick_%27n_Save).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pic_N_Save_rubbing_alcohol.jpg"},{"link_name":"private label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"warehouse food store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_store"},{"link_name":"Kohl's Food Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"A&P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Company"},{"link_name":"Piggly Wiggly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wiggly"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Trader Joe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_Joe%27s"},{"link_name":"Whole Foods Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market"},{"link_name":"Mariano's Fresh Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%27s_Fresh_Market"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A Pick 'n Save in MilwaukeePic N' Save rubbing alcohol, circa 1982Roundy's includes three front-facing brands and one former brand while Roundy's is used mainly as a private label brand.Pick 'n Save stores are warehouse food store concept in 1975, but over time with the decline of former competitor Kohl's Food Stores under its A&P ownership and major changes to Piggly Wiggly, now operates as a traditional supermarket chain.\nMetro Market, a smaller-store concept, launched in 2004, prevalent in the Milwaukee and Madison markets, mainly competing with Sendik's, Trader Joe's and Whole Foods Market.\nMariano's Fresh Market, the same concept as Metro Market in the Chicago market; named for former Roundy's CEO \"Chairman\" Bob Mariano. Mariano's was launched in 2010.\nCopps Food Centers was acquired by Roundy's in 2001. Several attempts were made to convert those stores to the Pick 'n Save name under Roundy's ownership, which were generally unsuccessful and scattered due to customer sentiment against the rebranding. Kroger finally completed the rebranding of Copps locations to Pick 'n Save in 2017.[15]","title":"Banners and brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-11/business/ct-biz-0211-executive-profile-mariano-20130211_1_bob-mariano-grocery-stores-roundy"}],"text":"York, Emily Bryson (February 11, 2013). \"Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Roundy, Peckham & Dexter Company building in Milwaukee's Historic Third Ward","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Milwaukee_September_2023_008_%28Roundy%2C_Peckham_%26_Dexter_Company--Broadway_Central_Building%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_September_2023_008_%28Roundy%2C_Peckham_%26_Dexter_Company--Broadway_Central_Building%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Pick 'n Save in Milwaukee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Milwaukee_August_2022_158_%28Pick_%27n_Save%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_August_2022_158_%28Pick_%27n_Save%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pic N' Save rubbing alcohol, circa 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pic_N_Save_rubbing_alcohol.jpg/120px-Pic_N_Save_rubbing_alcohol.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Roundy's Supermarkets, Inc\". LinkedIn. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/roundy's-supermarkets-inc-","url_text":"\"Roundy's Supermarkets, Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers\". supermarketnews.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://supermarketnews.com/top-75-retailers-wholesalers-2013","url_text":"\"Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, David P. (June 26, 2012). \"Top 100 Retailers 2012\". NRF.com. Washington, DC: National Retail Federation (NRF). Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nrf.com/news/top-100-retailers-2012","url_text":"\"Top 100 Retailers 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Taschler, Joe (December 18, 2015). \"Kroger Completes Acquisition of Roundy's\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved April 25, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/kroger-completes-acquisition-of-roundys-b99636738z1-362937421.html","url_text":"\"Kroger Completes Acquisition of Roundy's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roundy's, Inc. - Investor FAQs\". corporate-ir.net. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=251227&p=irol-faq","url_text":"\"Roundy's, Inc. - Investor FAQs\""}]},{"reference":"Content, Thomas (April 10, 2002). \"Chicago firm to buy Roundy's\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 01. Retrieved November 24, 2023 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://0-infoweb-newsbank-com.countycat.mcfls.org/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=WORLDNEWS&req_dat=0D8DE8DE83992E4A&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0F2D1EF1164251F1","url_text":"\"Chicago firm to buy Roundy's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank","url_text":"NewsBank"}]},{"reference":"Hajewski, Doris (March 25, 2007). \"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219192546/http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","url_text":"\"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\""},{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallun, Alby (April 10, 2002). \"Willis Stein picks up Roundy's\". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20020410/NEWS01/20005074/willis-stein-picks-up-roundys","url_text":"\"Willis Stein picks up Roundy's\""}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Lynn. \"Roundy's trading up 3.5% after cutting IPO price\". Market Watch. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/roundys-trading-up-35-after-cutting-ipo-price-2012-02-08","url_text":"\"Roundy's trading up 3.5% after cutting IPO price\""}]},{"reference":"Daykin, Tom (March 19, 2003). \"Roundy's ends fiscal year with higher sales, profits\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 03. Retrieved November 24, 2023 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://0-infoweb-newsbank-com.countycat.mcfls.org/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=WORLDNEWS&req_dat=0D8DE8DE83992E4A&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FA181BEA1BEEC2E","url_text":"\"Roundy's ends fiscal year with higher sales, profits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank","url_text":"NewsBank"}]},{"reference":"Maidenberg, Micah; Sweeney, Brigid; Murphy, H. Lee (December 2, 2013). \"Mariano's Buys 11 Dominick's, Whole Foods Said to be Buying 7\". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20131202/NEWS07/131119779/marianos-buys-11-dominicks-whole-foods-said-to-be-buying-7","url_text":"\"Mariano's Buys 11 Dominick's, Whole Foods Said to be Buying 7\""}]},{"reference":"Taschler, Joe; Romell, Rick (November 11, 2015). \"Kroger to buy Pick 'n Save Parent Roundy's in $800 Million Deal\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/kroger-to-buy-pick-n-save-stores-parent-roundys-in-800-million-deal-b99614190z1-345831662.html","url_text":"\"Kroger to buy Pick 'n Save Parent Roundy's in $800 Million Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Hajewski, Doris (March 25, 2007). \"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219192546/http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","url_text":"\"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\""},{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trotter, Greg (July 12, 2016). \"Bob Mariano To Retire as Roundy's CEO But Will Help as Adviser\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-bob-mariano-retires-0713-biz-20160712-story.html","url_text":"\"Bob Mariano To Retire as Roundy's CEO But Will Help as Adviser\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Buzz: Copps says goodbye\". Post-Crescent Media. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postcrescent.com/story/money/companies/buzz/2016/06/29/buzz-copps-says-goodbye/86519976/","url_text":"\"The Buzz: Copps says goodbye\""}]},{"reference":"York, Emily Bryson (February 11, 2013). \"Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-11/business/ct-biz-0211-executive-profile-mariano-20130211_1_bob-mariano-grocery-stores-roundy","url_text":"\"Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.roundys.com/","external_links_name":"www.roundys.com"},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/roundy's-supermarkets-inc-","external_links_name":"\"Roundy's Supermarkets, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://supermarketnews.com/top-75-retailers-wholesalers-2013","external_links_name":"\"Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers\""},{"Link":"https://nrf.com/news/top-100-retailers-2012","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Retailers 2012\""},{"Link":"https://nrf.com/resources/top-retailers-list//top-100-retailers-2012","external_links_name":"the attached listing to that article"},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/kroger-completes-acquisition-of-roundys-b99636738z1-362937421.html","external_links_name":"\"Kroger Completes Acquisition of Roundy's\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=251227&p=irol-faq","external_links_name":"\"Roundy's, Inc. - Investor FAQs\""},{"Link":"https://0-infoweb-newsbank-com.countycat.mcfls.org/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=WORLDNEWS&req_dat=0D8DE8DE83992E4A&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0F2D1EF1164251F1","external_links_name":"\"Chicago firm to buy Roundy's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219192546/http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","external_links_name":"\"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20020410/NEWS01/20005074/willis-stein-picks-up-roundys","external_links_name":"\"Willis Stein picks up Roundy's\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/roundys-trading-up-35-after-cutting-ipo-price-2012-02-08","external_links_name":"\"Roundy's trading up 3.5% after cutting IPO price\""},{"Link":"https://0-infoweb-newsbank-com.countycat.mcfls.org/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&svc_dat=WORLDNEWS&req_dat=0D8DE8DE83992E4A&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FA181BEA1BEEC2E","external_links_name":"\"Roundy's ends fiscal year with higher sales, profits\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20131202/NEWS07/131119779/marianos-buys-11-dominicks-whole-foods-said-to-be-buying-7","external_links_name":"\"Mariano's Buys 11 Dominick's, Whole Foods Said to be Buying 7\""},{"Link":"http://archive.jsonline.com/business/kroger-to-buy-pick-n-save-stores-parent-roundys-in-800-million-deal-b99614190z1-345831662.html","external_links_name":"\"Kroger to buy Pick 'n Save Parent Roundy's in $800 Million Deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219192546/http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","external_links_name":"\"Industry Experts Say Roundy's Likely Will End Up With Another Private-Equity Firm\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/business/29450639.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-bob-mariano-retires-0713-biz-20160712-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob Mariano To Retire as Roundy's CEO But Will Help as Adviser\""},{"Link":"http://www.postcrescent.com/story/money/companies/buzz/2016/06/29/buzz-copps-says-goodbye/86519976/","external_links_name":"\"The Buzz: Copps says goodbye\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-11/business/ct-biz-0211-executive-profile-mariano-20130211_1_bob-mariano-grocery-stores-roundy","external_links_name":"\"Former Dominick's CEO Opening More Grocery Stores Here\""},{"Link":"https://www.roundys.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_Neelands

Robert Henry Neelands

["1 References"]

Canadian politician Robert Henry NeelandsMLA for South VancouverIn office1920–1928 Personal detailsBorn(1881-07-08)July 8, 1881Grey County, OntarioDiedJuly 24, 1974(1974-07-24) (aged 93)Burnaby, British ColumbiaPolitical partyCanadian Labour Party Robert Henry Neelands (July 8, 1881 – July 24, 1974) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1920 to 1928 from the electoral district of South Vancouver, as a member of the Canadian Labour Party. References ^ "Palementaire Canadien". 1925.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Robert Henry Neelands (July 8, 1881 – July 24, 1974) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1920 to 1928 from the electoral district of South Vancouver, as a member of the Canadian Labour Party.[1]","title":"Robert Henry Neelands"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Palementaire Canadien\". 1925.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7rcKAQAAIAAJ&q=robert+henry+neelands+vancouver","url_text":"\"Palementaire Canadien\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKiernan_Clan

McKiernan Clan

["1 Chiefs of the Clan","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

The surname McKiernan (Irish: Mág Tighearnán), is of Irish origin and is found predominantly in County Cavan where it originated. The Irish name is Mág Tighearnán meaning the Son of Tighearnán and the clan or sept takes its name from one Tighearnán who lived c. 1100 AD. He was descended from the 8th-century Dúnchadh, a descendant of Brión mac Echach Muigmedóin. Dúnchadh gave his name to Teallach Dúnchadha (Irish meaning the Hearth of Dúnchadh), the modern day barony of Tullyhunco in County Cavan. Dúnchadh’s brother was Eochaidh from whom the neighbouring McGovern clan of Tullyhaw barony descend. There are many variations found in the spelling of the name, all of which are attempts at a phonetic spelling of the Gaelic Mág Tighearnán. The Mág part can be found as Mag, Meg, Mac, Mec, Mc, Ma or M'. The Tighearnán part (which may be attached to or detached from the Mág part and all its variations) can be found as Tighearnán, Thighearnán, Cighearnán, McKiernan, McKernan, McKernon, McKernin, McKeirnan, McKiernen, McKyernan, McTiernan, McTernan, MacKiernan, MacKernan, MacTiernan, MacTernan, Kiernan, Kernan, Tiernan etc. Chiefs of the Clan The following is a provisional list of the chiefs of the McKiernan Clan, Barons or Lords of Tullyhunco. c.1080-1120 Tighearnán mac Maenuigh, after whom the clan is named and who lived in the townland of Listiernan (meaning the Fort of Tighearnán), parish of Kildallan, barony of Tullyhunco, County Cavan c.1120-1160 Amhlaoibh Mág Tighearnán, (i.e. the first chief to bear the name Mág Tighearnán or McKiernan), son of Tighearnán c.1160-1200 Gíolla Chríost Mág Tighearnán, son of Amhlaoibh c.1200-1231 Íomhaor Mág Tighearnán, the First, son of Gíolla Chríost 1231-c.1240 Duarcán Mág Tighearnán, the First, son of Íomhaor the First c.1240-1258 Macraith Mág Tighearnán (d.1258), son of Tighearnán son of Conbuidhe 1258-c.1269 Íomhaor Mág Tighearnán, the Second, son of Tighearnán c.1269-1279 Gíolla Íosa Mór Mág Tighearnán 1279-1290 Duarcán Mág Tighearnán, the Second, son of Íomhaor the Second 1290-1290 Sithric ‘Carrach-in-Cairn’ Mág Tighearnán, son of Duarcán the Second 1290-1311 Matha Mág Tighearnán, grandson of Sithric 1311-1312 Domhnall ’An Saithnech’ Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Conchobar 1312-1314 Conchobar ‘Buidhe’ Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Domhnall 1314-1358 Tomás Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Domhnall 1358-1362 Brian Mág Tighearnán, son of Matha 1362-1383 Fergal Mág Tighearnán the First, son of Tomás 1383-1412 Cú Connacht Mág Tighearnán, son of Tomás 14??-1474 Tadhg Mág Tighearnán 14??-1499 John Mág Tighearnán, the First 1499-1512 William Mág Tighearnán 1512-1523 Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Second, great-grandson of Brian 15??-1588 Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Third 1588-1622 Brian 'Bán' Mág Tighearnán 1641-1657 John Mág Tighearnán, the Second See also McKernan (surname) McKiernan McTiernan McTernan Kiernan Kernan (disambiguation) Tiernan References C. Parker, “Two minor septs of late medieval Breifne”, in Breifne Journal, Vol. VIII, No. 31 (1995), pp. 566–586 M. McShane, 'Land "parcells" of Tullyhunco from the Ulster inquisitions of 1629', in Breifne Journal, Vol. XIII, No. 51 (2016), pp. 756–781. M.V. Duignan (1934), "The Uí Briúin Bréifni genealogies", pp. 90–137, in JRSAI Vol. 4, No. 1, Jun. 30, 1934. ^ The Utica Kernans: descendants of Bryan Kernan, gentleman, of the townland of Ned in the parish of Killeshandra, barony of Tullyhunco, county of Cavan, Province of Ulster, Kingdom of Ireland Supplement to The Utica Kernans: descendants of Bryan Kernan, gentleman, of the townland of Ned in the parish of Killeshandra, Barony of tullyhunco, County of Cavan, Province of Ulster, Kingdom of Ireland, 1968-1993 by John Devereux Kernan ^ A study of eight townlands in the parish of Killeshandra, by Maura Nallen in Breifne Journal, Vol. IX, No. 35 (1999), pp. 5-85 External links vteConnachtaKindredsand septsConnachtaUí Briúin O'Conor Don O'Conor Roe O'Conor Sligo Murtagh O'Conor MacGeraghty O'Finnerty O'Teige O'Flanagan MacDermot MacDonagh MacManus O'Beirne O'Flaherty O'Rourke O'Reilly O'Malley MacGovern MacKiernan O'Sheridan Uí Fiachrach MacClellan O'Heyne O'Cleary O'Shaughnessy O'Cahill O'Dowd MacFirbis O'Coyne O'Carney O'Towey O'Gaughan NorthernUí NéillCenél Conaill O'Donnell O'Doherty O'Boyle O'Gallagher Dunkeld Cenél nEógain O'Neill MacLoughlin MacNeil MacSweeney Lamont MacEwen O'Cahan O'Donnelly O'Gormley O'Lunney O'Hagan O'Quinn O'Hamill MacCaul SouthernUí NéillClann Cholmáin and Síl nÁedo Sláine O'Melaghlin O'Molloy MacGeoghegan O'Higgin MacCary MacAuley Clan Colla MacCann MacCarroll MacMahon MacGuire MacManus McCaffrey MacDonald MacRory MacDonnell O'Mulrooney O'Monaghan O'Leighnin O'Heany O'Boylan O'Hanratty O'Hanlon O'Rogan O'Garvey Uí Mháine O'Kelly O'Donnellan O'Houlihan O'Madden O'Downey O'Cleary O'Concannon O'Duigenan O'Naughton O'Mullally MacEgan O'Kearney O'Mulconry Ó Cuindlis Personalities Óengus Tuirmech Temrach Énna Aignech Eochu Feidlech Eochu Airem Medb Findemna Clothru Lugaid Riab nDerg Crimthann Nia Náir Feradach Finnfechtnach Fíachu Finnolach Túathal Techtmar Fedlimid Rechtmar Conn of the Hundred Battles Art mac Cuinn Cormac mac Airt Gráinne Cairbre Lifechair Fíacha Sroiptine Muiredach Tirech Colla Uais Eochaid Mugmedon Niall of the Nine Hostages Columba of Iona Crínán of Dunkeld Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair Brian Ua Néill Literature Finn and Gráinne The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? Places Rathcroghan Hill of Tara Donegal Castle Mongavlin Castle Tullyhogue Fort Clonalis House Battles Creadran Cille Knockavoe Glentaisie Kinsale Relatedarticles Gaels Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups Milesians Heremonians Fenian Cycle Ulster Cycle Dal Fiachrach Suighe List of High Kings of Ireland Connacht Airgíalla Fermanagh Ailech Tír Eoghain Clandeboye Tyrconnell East Breifne West Breifne Mide Uisnech Brega Connacht Irish Ulster Irish Gaelic nobility of Ireland Flight of the Earls O'Neill's Regiment Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_name"},{"link_name":"sept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept"},{"link_name":"Brión mac Echach Muigmedóin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%C3%B3n_mac_Echach_Muigmed%C3%B3in"},{"link_name":"Tullyhunco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyhunco"},{"link_name":"Tullyhaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullyhaw"},{"link_name":"McKiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKiernan"},{"link_name":"McTiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McTiernan"},{"link_name":"McTernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McTernan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Irish name is Mág Tighearnán meaning the Son of Tighearnán and the clan or sept takes its name from one Tighearnán who lived c. 1100 AD. He was descended from the 8th-century Dúnchadh, a descendant of Brión mac Echach Muigmedóin. Dúnchadh gave his name to Teallach Dúnchadha (Irish meaning the Hearth of Dúnchadh), the modern day barony of Tullyhunco in County Cavan. Dúnchadh’s brother was Eochaidh from whom the neighbouring McGovern clan of Tullyhaw barony descend.There are many variations found in the spelling of the name, all of which are attempts at a phonetic spelling of the Gaelic Mág Tighearnán. The Mág part can be found as Mag, Meg, Mac, Mec, Mc, Ma or M'. The Tighearnán part (which may be attached to or detached from the Mág part and all its variations) can be found as Tighearnán, Thighearnán, Cighearnán, McKiernan, McKernan, McKernon, McKernin, McKeirnan, McKiernen, McKyernan, McTiernan, McTernan, MacKiernan, MacKernan, MacTiernan, MacTernan, Kiernan, Kernan, Tiernan etc.[1] [2]","title":"McKiernan Clan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Listiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listiernan"},{"link_name":"Kildallan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildallan"},{"link_name":"County Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"Macraith Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macraith_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Íomhaor Mág Tighearnán, the Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Domhaor_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n,_the_Second"},{"link_name":"Gíolla Íosa Mór Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADolla_%C3%8Dosa_M%C3%B3r_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Duarcán Mág Tighearnán, the Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarc%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n,_the_Second"},{"link_name":"Sithric ‘Carrach-in-Cairn’ Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithric_%E2%80%98Carrach-in-Cairn%E2%80%99_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Matha Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Domhnall ’An Saithnech’ Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhnall_%E2%80%99An_Saithnech%E2%80%99_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Conchobar ‘Buidhe’ Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchobar_%E2%80%98Buidhe%E2%80%99_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tomás Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Brian Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Fergal Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergal_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Cú Connacht Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_Connacht_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Tadhg Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadhg_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"John Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"William Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergal_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n,_the_Second"},{"link_name":"Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergal_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n,_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Brian 'Bán' Mág Tighearnán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_%27B%C3%A1n%27_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"John Mág Tighearnán, the Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M%C3%A1g_Tighearn%C3%A1n,_the_Second"}],"text":"The following is a provisional list of the chiefs of the McKiernan Clan, Barons or Lords of Tullyhunco.c.1080-1120 Tighearnán mac Maenuigh, after whom the clan is named and who lived in the townland of Listiernan (meaning the Fort of Tighearnán), parish of Kildallan, barony of Tullyhunco, County Cavan\nc.1120-1160 Amhlaoibh Mág Tighearnán, (i.e. the first chief to bear the name Mág Tighearnán or McKiernan), son of Tighearnán\nc.1160-1200 Gíolla Chríost Mág Tighearnán, son of Amhlaoibh\nc.1200-1231 Íomhaor Mág Tighearnán, the First, son of Gíolla Chríost\n1231-c.1240 Duarcán Mág Tighearnán, the First, son of Íomhaor the First\nc.1240-1258 Macraith Mág Tighearnán (d.1258), son of Tighearnán son of Conbuidhe\n1258-c.1269 Íomhaor Mág Tighearnán, the Second, son of Tighearnán\nc.1269-1279 Gíolla Íosa Mór Mág Tighearnán\n1279-1290 Duarcán Mág Tighearnán, the Second, son of Íomhaor the Second\n1290-1290 Sithric ‘Carrach-in-Cairn’ Mág Tighearnán, son of Duarcán the Second\n1290-1311 Matha Mág Tighearnán, grandson of Sithric\n1311-1312 Domhnall ’An Saithnech’ Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Conchobar\n1312-1314 Conchobar ‘Buidhe’ Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Domhnall\n1314-1358 Tomás Mág Tighearnán, brother of Matha and Domhnall\n1358-1362 Brian Mág Tighearnán, son of Matha\n1362-1383 Fergal Mág Tighearnán the First, son of Tomás\n1383-1412 Cú Connacht Mág Tighearnán, son of Tomás\n14??-1474 Tadhg Mág Tighearnán\n14??-1499 John Mág Tighearnán, the First\n1499-1512 William Mág Tighearnán\n1512-1523 Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Second, great-grandson of Brian\n15??-1588 Fergal Mág Tighearnán, the Third\n1588-1622 Brian 'Bán' Mág Tighearnán\n1641-1657 John Mág Tighearnán, the Second","title":"Chiefs of the Clan"}]

[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Kuzhela

Olga Kuzhela

["1 References","2 External links"]

Russian synchronized swimmer Olga KuzhelaPersonal informationBorn (1985-08-29) 29 August 1985 (age 38)Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR Medal record Representing  Russia Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team Competition World Championships 2005 Montreal Team 2005 Montreal Team, free routine 2007 Melbourne Team, free 2007 Melbourne Team, technical 2007 Melbourne Team, free routine European Championships 2006 Budapest Team, free 2006 Budapest Team, combination 2010 Budapest Combination Olga Petrovna Kuzhela (Russian: Ольга Петровна Кужела) (born 29 August 1985 in Leningrad) is a Russian competitor in synchronized swimming. She won a gold medal in team competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics, now is presenter of Russia Today. References ^ "Olga Kuzhela". Santa Clara Aquamaids. Retrieved 2021-05-26. External links Olga Kuzhela at World Aquatics Olga Kuzhela at Olympics.com Olga Kuzhela at Olympedia vteOlympic Artistic swimming champions – women's teamSyncronized swimming (1984–2016) · Artistic swmming (2020–) 1996:  Suzannah Bianco, Tammy Cleland, Becky Dyroen-Lancer, Emily LeSueur, Heather Pease, Jill Savery, Nathalie Schneyder, Heather Simmons, Jill Sudduth, Margot Thien (USA) 2000:  Elena Azarova, Olga Brusnikina, Mariya Kiselyova, Olga Novokshchenova, Irina Pershina, Yelena Soya, Yuliya Vasilyeva, Olga Vasyukova, Yelena Antonova (RUS) 2004:  Elena Azarova, Olga Brusnikina, Anastasia Davydova, Anastasiya Yermakova, Elvira Khasyanova, Mariya Kiselyova, Olga Novokshchenova, Anna Shorina (RUS) 2008:  Anastasia Davydova, Anastasiya Yermakova, Mariya Gromova, Natalia Ishchenko, Elvira Khasyanova, Olga Kuzhela, Svetlana Romashina, Anna Shorina, Yelena Ovchinnikova (RUS) 2012:  Anastasia Davydova, Mariya Gromova, Natalia Ishchenko, Elvira Khasyanova, Daria Korobova, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Angelika Timanina, Alla Shishkina (RUS) 2016:  Vlada Chigireva, Natalia Ishchenko, Svetlana Kolesnichenko, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Alla Shishkina, Maria Shurochkina, Gelena Topilina, Elena Prokofyeva (RUS) 2020:  Vlada Chigireva, Marina Goliadkina, Svetlana Kolesnichenko, Polina Komar, Alexandra Patskevich, Svetlana Romashina, Alla Shishkina, Maria Shurochkina (ROC) This article about a Russian Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to a Russian swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%27s_Kings_Dominion

Kings Dominion

["1 History","1.1 Early history as Kings Dominion (1972–83)","1.2 Growth under KECO management (1983–92)","1.3 Paramount era (1993–2006)","1.4 Cedar Fair era (2007–present)","2 Areas and attractions","2.1 Candy Apple Grove","2.2 Jungle X-Pedition","2.3 International Street","2.4 Old Virginia","2.5 Planet Snoopy","2.6 Soak City","3 Fast Lane","4 Halloween Haunt","4.1 Attractions","5 Timeline","6 Retired rides and attractions","6.1 Former roller coasters","6.2 Other rides","7 Kings Dominion logos","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°50′24″N 77°26′42″W / 37.840°N 77.445°W / 37.840; -77.445Amusement park in Virginia Kings DominionPreviously known as Paramount's Kings Dominion, 1993–2006LocationDoswell, Virginia, U.S.Coordinates37°50′24″N 77°26′42″W / 37.840°N 77.445°W / 37.840; -77.445StatusOperatingOpenedMay 3, 1975;49 years ago (1975-05-03)OwnerCedar FairGeneral managerBridgette Bywater (2021–present)Operating seasonMarch through DecemberArea280 acres (1.1 km2)AttractionsTotal48Roller coasters13Water rides2Websitekingsdominion.com Kings Dominionclass=notpageimage| Location in the United States Kings Dominionclass=notpageimage| Location in Virginia Kings Dominion is an amusement park in the eastern United States, located in Doswell, Virginia, twenty miles (30 km) north of Richmond and 75 miles (120 km) south of Washington, D.C. Owned and operated by Cedar Fair, the 280-acre (1.1 km2) park opened to the public on May 3, 1975, and features more than 60 rides, shows and attractions including 13 roller coasters and a 20-acre (8.1 ha) water park. Its name is derived from the name of its sister park, Kings Island near Cincinnati, and the nickname for the state of Virginia, "Old Dominion." History Early history as Kings Dominion (1972–83) The park entrance as seen from the observation deck of the replica Eiffel Tower Following the success of Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, Family Leisure Centers (a partnership formed between Taft Broadcasting Company and Top Value Enterprises) decided to expand into a new region of the country by opening a second park. A 740-acre (3.0 km2) site was chosen in Doswell, Virginia, with construction beginning on October 1, 1972. The new park was designed with similar themes, rides, and activities as sister park Kings Island. Following a limited preview of the park's Lion Country Safari, a drive-through animal zoo with 230 species of animals, and the Scooby-Doo rollercoaster in 1974, Kings Dominion officially opened on May 3, 1975, offering fifteen attractions including the Rebel Yell (later renamed Racer 75), the Lion Country Safari Monorail, Galaxie, and a junior wooden roller coaster known as Scooby-Doo. Also present at the opening was a log flume, steam train, a collection of flat rides and a cable-car sky ride that transported visitors between Old Virginia and The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera. In addition, Kings Dominion's 1/3-scale replica of the Eiffel Tower and the International Street Fountain greet visitors near the main entrance to the park. Original themed areas included The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera, International Street, Lion Country Safari, Old Virginia, and Coney Island. Daily admission price in 1975 was $7.50, and a dollar for parking. Opening day of the park saw 50,000 guests, with an additional 50,000-60,000 guests waiting to enter. Kings Dominion added its fourth roller coaster, a Schwarzkopf shuttle loop known as the King Kobra, in 1977. The King Kobra featured a 50-ton counterweight drop launch and was the park's first launched roller coaster. It was in the park for nine seasons before being relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park in Ocean City, Maryland, Alton Towers in England, and later to Hopi Hari in Brazil where it exists today as Katapul. Also in 1977, Kings Dominion was one of several amusement parks serving as location for the film Rollercoaster. A campground was completed in time for the 1978 season and the park's well-known Lost World mountain debuted in 1979. Originally, the Lost World featured three rides: a flume ride called Voyage to Atlantis, a children's attraction mine ride known as Land of the Dooz, and a rotor called Time Shaft. Only a year later in 1980, the flume ride was rethemed Haunted River. Kings Dominion later expanded Old Virginia with the addition of the park's third wooden roller coaster, the Grizzly, in 1982 and a river rapids ride called White Water Canyon in 1983. Kings Dominion was also active in political lobbying. They and other entertainment businesses convinced Virginia to make it illegal for schools to start classes before the Labor Day holiday in early September. They thought that if students were not able to attend school in August, then more families would spend money at Kings Dominion, and more teenagers would be able to provide a low-cost workforce to the amusement park. This law, known as the Kings Dominion Law after the amusement park, stayed in force until 2019. Growth under KECO management (1983–92) The replica Eiffel Tower at Kings Dominion Taft Broadcasting Company sold its theme park division in late 1983 for $167.5 million to Kings Entertainment Company (KECO), a new company formed by senior executives and general managers of Taft's Amusement Park Group. Three parks were involved in the sale – Kings Island, Kings Dominion, and Carowinds – along with a 20-percent stake in Canada's Wonderland. American Financial Group later purchased KECO in 1987 but allowed KECO to continue to manage operations at the amusement parks. One of the first additions under the new management group was Berserker – a looping starship ride added to International Street in 1984. Also that year, Smurf Mountain replaced the mine ride Land of the Dooz, transforming the Lost World into The Smurfs theme. Kings Dominion unveiled a TOGO stand-up roller coaster in 1986 called Shockwave, the first of three roller coasters to be added under KECO. Shockwave had one loop, similar to the older King Kobra but added a helix. King Kobra was removed at the end of the season. A water slide complex known as Racing Rivers opened in 1987, and Avalanche, which remains the only Mack bobsled roller coaster in the United States, debuted the following year in 1988. The trains of Avalanche now known as “Reptilian” were themed after bobsleds from various countries including the United States, France, Germany, Canada and Switzerland creating the experience of a bobsled race in the Winter Olympics. Kings Dominion continued to expand over the next few seasons starting with Hanna-Barbera Land in 1990 with the addition of more children's flat rides. A new, looping roller coaster from Arrow Dynamics called Anaconda was introduced the following year in 1991 featuring the world's first underwater tunnel which travels under part of Lake Charles. Anaconda was also originally billed as having six loops, but unlike Arrow's six-inversion coaster Drachen Fire that opened at Busch Gardens Williamsburg the following year, the Anaconda actually has only four inversions: a vertical loop, a sidewinder, and two consecutive corkscrews. A new 20-acre (81,000 m2) water park addition called Hurricane Reef opened in 1992. To build the water park, Kings Dominion filled in two-thirds of Lake Charles near the Candy Apple Grove region of the park. Originally it featured the Monsoon Chutes (two pairs of free-fall body slides, at 70 and 50 feet (15 m) high, respectively), the Torrential Twist (two enclosed body slides that wrapped around each other), the Pipeline (four open body slides), Cyclone (three enclosed body slides, the center of which was a free-fall), Tidal Wave (two open slides, which riders rode on inner tubes), Splash Island (an area for children with five water slides), and a lazy river. Paramount era (1993–2006) The Paramount Theatre (Now known as "Kings Dominion Theater") Kings Dominion continued its growth when it became part of Paramount Parks in 1993 and switched its name to Paramount's Kings Dominion. New attractions and areas of the park themed to Paramount's television shows and films appeared at Paramount's Kings Dominion almost every season that they were under Paramount's ownership. In 1993, they added a motion simulator attraction, originally featuring the Days of Thunder film, and Lion County Safari was removed at the end of the season. Also in 1993, Smurf Mountain was removed, leaving only the Time Shaft and Haunted River remaining in The Lost World Mountain until 1995 when both rides were removed. The 1994 season saw the addition of a new area of the park themed to the 1992 Paramount motion picture Wayne's World, which featured its third full-size wooden roller coaster, Hurler, a shop called the Rock Shop, and a Stan Mikita's restaurant similar to the one featured in the film. Since then, the Wayne's World section has been merged into the Candy Apple Grove; the Stan Mikita's was converted to the Juke Box Diner, and the Hurler was converted into Twisted Timbers, the park's newest roller coaster, in 2018. In the next year, another children's area, known as Nickelodeon Splat City, opened near the Shockwave roller coaster, this was a product of Viacom purchasing Paramount in 1994. This was later converted into Nick Central. In the 1995 season, The Skyride and The Singing Mushrooms were removed. In 1996, Kings Dominion introduced its second launched roller coaster, and first LIM-launched roller coaster, The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear. The Outer Limits has a 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) launch, four inversions, and an identical "spaghetti bowl" layout to Flight of Fear at Kings Island. Almost as notable as the launch of The Outer Limits was the fact that the entire ride was in semi-darkness; the riders could not see where they were going. Five years after The Outer Limits opened, Paramount Parks' licensing agreement to use theming from the television show after which the ride was named expired; the Outer Limits theming in the ride and its queue was removed, and the ride was renamed Flight of Fear. After the 2000 season, Flight of Fear's trains also received lap bars instead of shoulder restraints. 1997 featured the debut of KidZville, a re-theming of the Hanna-Barbera section. The park added the new Taxi Jam roller coaster, and Scooby's Playpark became a construction-themed playpen called Kidz Construction Company. Yogi's Cave was rethemed to Treasure Cave and many rides in KidZville, such as Scooby-Doo's Ghoster Coaster, George Jetson's Spaceport, and Huck's Hot Rods, continued to bear the names of Hanna-Barbera characters. Overview of Volcano: The Blast Coaster and Flight of Fear in the background Kings Dominion added another launched roller coaster in 1998, Volcano: The Blast Coaster, in the former Lost World mountain. The mountain's previous rides had all been removed several years previously, and Volcano gave the mountain a major transformation. Volcano, which was manufactured by Intamin, was the world's first LIM-launched inverted roller coaster. The ride featured two separate launch sections, a roll-out inversion on the top of the mountain, and three heartline rolls on the way back down. Volcano was themed to the 1997 film Volcano; the other Paramount Parks added inverted or suspended roller coasters themed to Top Gun around the same time. During the next two seasons, Kings Dominion expanded Hurricane Reef behind the Rebel Yell and renamed it WaterWorks. The new portion of WaterWorks includes Pipeline Peak, a set of four enclosed water slides, one of which (the Night Slider) is the world's tallest dark free-fall slide. In 2000, Nick Central opened, replacing Nick Splat City and part of Kidzville. The park added its third launched roller coaster, Hypersonic XLC, in 2001. Hypersonic XLC, a Thrust Air 2000 air-launched coaster made by S&S Power, launched riders from 0 to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) in 1.5 seconds, taking them up an 87-degree incline and down an 87-degree drop. The entire ride's duration was about 25 seconds. Hypersonic XLC broke down frequently and was closed for the first three months of its second season; no other Paramount Parks installed a similar ride. Nevertheless, Hypersonic XLC helped establish Kings Dominion's reputation as "the launched coaster capital of the world". Hypersonic XLC was removed after the 2007 season. The early 2000s saw Kings Dominion opening new rides similar to existing rides at other Paramount Parks. In 2002, the park opened its new wild mouse roller coaster, Ricochet (Now known as Apple Zapple), Carowinds also installed its Ricochet in 2002. Diamond Falls, the Shoot the Chute ride closed that season. The 2003 season saw Kings Dominion become the final of several of the Paramount Parks to open a Drop Zone: Stunt Tower, now Drop Tower: Scream Zone. The 305-foot-high (93 m) Drop Zone at Kings Dominion was the tallest freefall ride in the world at the time it opened. In 2004, Kings Dominion added Scooby-Doo! And the Haunted Mansion; similar Scooby-Doo-themed dark rides had opened at three other Paramount Parks during the three previous seasons. In the next season, Kings Dominion added a Huss Top Spin called Tomb Raider: Firefall, and was named The Crypt, which was a standard size and outdoor version of a similar, but larger, ride named Tomb Raider: The Ride, also now The Crypt, at Kings Island. The differences between the two were that at Kings Dominion riders' feet dangle freely and at Kings Island, which installed a Giant Top Spin, there was a floor. In the 2006 season, Kings Dominion opened the Italian Job Turbo Coaster, its fourth launched roller coaster. Unlike the previously built launched coasters at Kings Dominion, each of which was faster than its predecessor, the Italian Job Turbo Coaster is designed more like a family ride and features multiple launches at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). The coaster was later renamed the Backlot Stunt Coaster in 2008. It is similar to the Backlot Stunt Coaster rides at Kings Island and Canada's Wonderland, which both opened in 2005. On May 22, 2006, Cedar Fair announced the purchase of all five Paramount Parks. The sale was finalized on June 30, 2006, for $1.24 billion. The park continued to operate as Paramount's Kings Dominion until the beginning of the 2007 season when Paramount was dropped from the title. Cedar Fair era (2007–present) Control of Paramount Parks had been transferred from Viacom to CBS Corporation in 2007. Kings Dominion expanded WaterWorks for the 2007 season, adding a second wave pool called Tidal Wave Bay, a four-person family raft slide called Zoom Flume, and a ProSlide Tornado. During the Cedar Fair era, the park introduced Halloween Haunt. While the park had always had a Halloween event, the new HAUNT event has been received very well. In December 2006, Kings Dominion put Hypersonic XLC up for sale. The park announced plans to keep it running until a buyer was found. It remained in operation during the 2007 season and was closed and dismantled several weeks before the 2008 season started. Also during the 2007–2008 off-season, Cedar Fair renamed the park's last rides to open with Paramount theming. Drop Zone Stunt Tower became Drop Tower Scream Zone and The Italian Job: Turbo Coaster became Backlot Stunt Coaster. Tomb Raider: Firefall also received the name The Crypt. The Paramount Theater also changed its name to Kings Dominion Theater. Dominator, a Bolliger & Mabillard floorless roller coaster formerly located at Geauga Lake, opened in 2008 in International Street. Dominator is the longest floorless roller coaster in the world The 2008 and 2009 seasons saw Kings Dominion receive three rides that had operated at Geauga Lake during its dry amusement park's final season. On October 23, 2007, Kings Dominion announced that Dominator, a floorless roller coaster, would be moved to Kings Dominion and located in the International Street section. Dominator opened on May 24, 2008, becoming Kings Dominion's first roller coaster with five inversions. For the 2009 season, two flat rides once located at Geauga Lake, like Dominator, opened in 2008. Located near Rebel Yell, Americana became Kings Dominion's first Ferris wheel. For the 2010 season, Kings Dominion opened Intimidator 305, a 305-foot-tall (93 m) giga coaster by Intamin. The ride features a cable lift hill, an 85° first drop and a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h). The ride, which is themed to NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, was announced on August 20, 2009, and represents the park's largest-ever capital investment. It was opened to the public in April 2010. Also for the 2010 season, the Kidzville and Nickelodeon Universe areas of the park began being re-themed to Planet Snoopy, as were the children's areas at Canada's Wonderland and Kings Island. The park has renamed the Hanna-Barbera-themed rides in Kidzville to match the Planet Snoopy theme, ending the park's 35-year run with Scooby-Doo and other Hanna-Barbera characters. For the 2012 season, Kings Dominion installed WindSeeker in the Grove section of the park next to the Juke Box Diner. There are other versions of the ride in Cedar Fair parks such as Canada's Wonderland, Cedar Point, Kings Island, Knott's Berry Farm, and Carowinds. The ride stands 301 feet (92 m) and gives riders a view of the surrounding area. Kings Dominion also added Dinosaurs Alive!, an upcharge dinosaur walkthrough exhibit, located in the Old Virginia section of the park. This attraction also appeared at Kings Island, Dorney Park, Cedar Point, and Canada's Wonderland. For the 2013 season, Planet Snoopy merged with KidZville during a 7-acre (2.8 ha) expansion to form the largest Planet Snoopy in the Cedar Fair chain. There are now 18 attractions covering 14 acres (5.7 ha). For the 2014 season, Kings Dominion commemorated the 40th anniversary of Lion Country Safari and the preview-opening of Kings Dominion by returning park icons from past eras. These icons included the return of the classic singing mushrooms, the repainting of Anaconda, an improved queue line for Volcano: The Blast Coaster, the return of classic blue ice cream, among other additions. They also returned the Rebel Yell roller coaster to its original red and blue colors. The 2014 season also saw the return of the iconic floral clock, the popular clown band, and the renaming of Johnny's and Trail's End Grill restaurants to the original names, Dinner Bell and Hungry Hippo, respectively. New lighting packages were added to the International Street fountains and Rebel Yell. The Congo and Grove sections of the park were returned to the original themes, Safari Village and Candy Apple Grove, respectively. For the 2015 season, Kings Dominion continued in celebration of its 40th anniversary with a major expansion to WaterWorks. The expansion included a new 65-foot tall slide complex featuring three different attractions called Paradise Plunge, Aqua Blast, and Thunder Falls; a new children's area called Splash Island; expanded cabana areas, updated bathhouses, and other improvements to the area. As part of the major water park expansion, the area was renamed Soak City. On August 9, 2015, Shockwave closed in Candy Apple Grove permanently, and a swinging pendulum ride titled "Delirium" was built in its place. Hurler closed permanently at the end of the season on November 1, 2015. In 2017, Planet Snoopy was expanded with the addition of three new children's rides in the former Nickelodeon Central side of the area. On October 15, 2016, Kings Dominion announced that the Hurler wooden coaster would be permanently closed. For the 2018 season, Kings Dominion opened Twisted Timbers on March 24, 2018, three years after Hurler operated for the last time, converting the track from wood to steel. It was built by Rocky Mountain Construction utilizing many of the original wooden supports from Hurler. 2018 also marked the debut of WinterFest, a Christmas-themed holiday event, during the winter season. The Rebel Yell and Ricochet coasters were renamed Racer 75 and Apple Zapple, respectively. Tornado, Dinosaurs Alive, and Volcano: The Blast Coaster were all removed before the 2019 season. In August 2019, Kings Dominion announced that Soak City would be expanded in 2020 to include a new sub-area called Coconut Shores, featuring a multi-level water play structure and a children's wave pool. In January 2020, the park also announced the removal of The Crypt to make room for future development in the Safari Village section of the park. Kings Dominion did not open for its normal operating schedule in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After restrictions were partially lifted by Virginia governor Ralph Northam in November 2020, the park opened for a limited capacity winter event titled "Taste of the Season" that operated for three weeks the following month in December. The event featured specialty food trucks, seasonal decorations, a small selection of rides. Normal operation resumed for the 2021 season, and in August of that year, the park announced that Safari Village would receive a makeover for 2022. The upgraded section of the park, Jungle X-Pedition, is themed to an archeological research facility and dig site. The area received similarly themed restaurants and retail shops, as well as a new roller coaster named Tumbili, a 4D Free Spin model manufactured by S&S – Sansei Technologies. Areas and attractions Candy Apple Grove Candy Apple Grove was known as Coney Island when the park first opened in 1975. It was renamed Candy Apple Grove in 1976. The area is Kings Dominion's largest section in the park, and in its early years, it featured an orchard theme that included three apple-themed rides: Apple Turnover, Bad Apple, and Adam's Apple. Much of the apple-related themes were removed over the years, and the area became known as simply The Grove when it merged with the former Wayne's World area in 2001. As part of Kings Dominion's 40th-anniversary celebration in 2014, The Grove was restored to its original orchard theme, and the name was changed back to Candy Apple Grove. The animatronic Singing Mushrooms, popular decades ago, was redeveloped with newer technology and placed back on display. Other features that made a return to the area include a fully restored floral clock near the Carousel, oversized candy apples, and the popular blue ice cream that existed in the park for decades. The westernmost corner of Candy Apple Grove, distinct from the rest of the area, is themed to the 1950s. Some of the area's more notable rides include WindSeeker, a 301-foot-tall (92 m) swing ride that opened in 2012, and Delirium, a type of pendulum amusement ride that opened in place of stand-up roller coaster Shockwave in 2016. Candy Apple Grove's newest ride, steel coaster Twisted Timbers, opened in 2018 replacing Hurler and reusing some of the previous support structure. In addition to rides, the area features an arcade, carnival games, counter-service restaurants, and a gift shop. Ride Opening year Manufacturer Description Americana 2009 A ferris wheel that previously operated at Geauga Lake from 1999 until 2007. Apple Zapple 2002 Mack Rides A wild mouse roller coaster. Named Ricochet from (2002–2017). Bad Apple 2002 HUSS HUSS Troika. Formerly known as Triple Spin from (2002–2013). Candy Apple Grove Stage 2018 An outdoor performance stage. Carousel 1975 Philadelphia Toboggan Company A historic 1917 wooden carousel, PTC #44. Originally from Roger Williams Park in Providence, Rhode Island. Delirium 2016 Mondial A 115-foot-tall (35 m) spinning pendulum flat ride. Dodgem 1975 A classic bumper cars ride. Drop Tower 2003 Intamin A Gyro drop tower. Racer 75 1975 Philadelphia Toboggan Company A racing dual-tracked wooden roller coaster. Named Rebel Yell from 1975-2017. Twisted Timbers 2018 Rocky Mountain Construction A steel hybrid coaster; replaced Hurler which operated from 1994 to 2015. Wave Swinger 1975 Zierer A suspended swing ride that rotates with a wave motion lifting riders more than 30 feet (9.1 m) in the air. WindSeeker 2012 Mondial A tower swinger ride featuring two-person swings that slowly rotate and ascend the 301-foot (92 m) tower until reaching the top where speeds increase up to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h). Xtreme Skyflyer 1996 Skycoaster Pay-per-ride double skycoaster Jungle X-Pedition Jungle X-Pedition is themed to an archeological base camp in a mysterious jungle. The area's fictional backstory centers around an explorer who discovered the uncharted land in 1935, naming the location "Site X." Initially, the area was part of one of the park's original attractions, Lion Country Safari, which contained a monorail train through a nature preserve until its closure in the 1990s. The area's name changed from Lion Country Safari to Safari Village in the mid-1980s and was changed again by Paramount to Congo in the 1990s. In 2014, the area's name reverted to Safari Village to commemorate the park's 40th anniversary. For the 2022 season, the area was rethemed to Jungle X-Pedition, which includes new immersive theming elements, dining, shopping, and a new roller coaster, Tumbili. The area is home to many of the park's thrill rides and roller coasters. From 1979 until 2019, the area was anchored by a large artificial mountain, originally home to the Lost World ride complex and later to Volcano: The Blast Coaster; the structure was demolished with the coaster in spring 2019. Ride Opening year Manufacturer Description Anaconda 1991 Arrow Dynamics A custom looping roller coaster. It was the first looping coaster to feature an underwater tunnel and the first coaster at Kings Dominion to feature more than one inversion. Arachnidia 1976 Eli Bridge Company A classic scrambler ride. Formerly known as Witch Doctor, and later Scrambler (?-2021). Backlot Stunt Coaster 2006 Premier Rides A family LIM-launched roller coaster based on the chase sequence of the 2003 remake of The Italian Job. Riders launch into a parking garage, dodge police cars, and are attacked by a helicopter, which ignites fire near the riders before hitting a second launch section, sending riders into pitch-black darkness. Formerly known as The Italian Job: Turbo Coaster (2006–2007). Flight of Fear 1996 Premier Rides A LIM-launched roller coaster prototype. Over-the-Shoulder harnesses were removed and replaced with lap bars after the 2000 season. Formerly known as Outer Limits: Flight of Fear (1996–2000). Project 305 2010 Intamin A giga coaster that is one of the tallest in the world. Originally opened as Intimidator 305 in reference to the nickname of former NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, "The Intimidator", and the coaster's 305-foot (93 m) lift hill. It was renamed Project 305 for the 2024 season. Reptilian 1988 Mack Rides A bobsled roller coaster that is the only Mack bobsled coaster currently operating in the United States. Formerly known as Avalanche (1988–2021). Tumbili 2022 S&S – Sansei Technologies A 4D Free Spin roller coaster; replaced The Crypt which operated from 2005 to 2019. International Street International Street is the park's main entry area, featuring a 320-foot-long (98 m) rectangular fountain pool in the center of the walkway, which leads up to a 1/3 scale replica of the Eiffel Tower. Guests can ascend the tower by elevator up to the 315-foot-tall (96 m) observation deck. International Street is designed to showcase a variety of European architecture, with buildings representing France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy. The buildings contain an assortment of gift shops, specialty shops, cafés and eateries. The International Street section of the park, which originally included the walkway, buildings, and Eiffel Tower, was expanded under Paramount ownership to include the former Action Theater. Ride Opening year Manufacturer Description Berserker 1984 Intamin A Looping Starship ride; the only inverting model operating in North America, as of 2022. Dominator 2008 Bolliger & Mabillard A steel floorless roller coaster. Originally from Geauga Lake in Ohio from 2000 to 2007. Dominator is the world's longest floorless coaster at 4,210 feet (1,280 m), and it has one of the tallest vertical loops in the world at 135 ft (41 m). Eiffel Tower 1975 Intamin An approximately one-third scale replica of the Eiffel Tower in Paris at 315 feet (96 m) and 450 tons. There is an exact replica of this tower at Kings Island, Mason, Ohio (the original). Grande Bandstand 1975 A performance stage beneath the Eiffel Tower. Old Virginia Grizzly Along with International Street, Old Virginia is the only original section of Kings Dominion that has kept its same name throughout the park's history. Set in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the area has a vintage, rustic theme marked by its wooded architecture and country-style decor. An Intamin Flying Dutchman flat ride called Jamestown Landing operated in Old Virginia through the 1970s, and was removed in 1980. A steam train ride called Old Dominion Line operated nearby in the same park section. It has since been removed. Ride Opening year Manufacturer Description Blue Ridge Tollway 1975 Passenger-driven cars that ride along on a guide rail. Flying Eagles 1975 Bisch-Rocco A Flying Scooters type ride. Grizzly 1982 Curtis D. Summers/Taft Broadcasting A wooden roller coaster similar to Wilde Beast at Canada's Wonderland Kings Dominion Theater 1975 An indoor performance theater. Originally named The Mason-Dixon Music Hall, and later named The Paramount Theatre during the Paramount era, the venue has shown a variety of 3-D, comedy, musical, and animated shows, as well as live bands, over the years. Shenandoah Lumber Company 1975 Arrow Development A classic log flume ride. White Water Canyon 1983 Intamin A River rafting ride. Planet Snoopy While under Paramount ownership, Nickelodeon Splat City debuted in 1995, which was later renamed Nickelodeon Central in 2000. After Cedar Fair acquired the park, the area was redesigned in 2010 using a Peanuts theme, one of Cedar Fair's predominant I.P.s, with Snoopy serving as one of the central characters. In 2013, Cedar Fair merged the KidZville section of the park, introducing new attractions and retheming others. Another expansion in 2017 updated the former Nickelodeon Central area of Planet Snoopy with three new attractions and a covered pavilion area. Ride Height Requirement Manufacture Opening Year Description Boo Blasters on Boo Hill Over 42" or with adult Sally Corporation 2010 An interactive dark ride; replaced Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Mansion Charlie Brown's Wind Up Over 36" or with adult Zamperla 2013 A small-scale swing ride. Replaced Boo Boo's Tree Swing (1975–2009) and Swing A Round (2010–2012) Flying Ace Over 48" or 44" with adult Chance Rides 2000 An Aviator swing ride; formerly Nickelodeon Space Surfer Flying Ace Balloon Race Over 42" or with adult Zamperla 2013 An aerial teacups ride. Great Pumpkin Coaster Over 40" or 36" with adult E.F. Miler 1997 A 200-foot-long (61 m) children's coaster. Formerly Taxi Jam. Joe Cool's Driving School Between 40" and 60" 2000 A miniature turnpike ride, formerly Rugrats Toonpike; one third of the ride's layout was removed to make room for the 2017 expansion Kite-Eating Tree Between 36" and 54" Zamperla 2017 A mini drop tower. Linus Launcher Over 42" or 36" with adult Zamperla 2013 A circular flat ride on which riders lay face down and swing in a circle. Lucy's Crabbie Cabbies Under 54" 1975 Children's bumper cars; Formerly Boulder Bumpers. Lucy's Tugboat Over 42" or with adult Zamperla 2013 A rock-n-tug ride. Peanuts 500 Over 42" or with adult Zamperla 2017 A minitature whip ride. Peanuts Road Rally Under 54" 1990 A rail-guided car ride across a pond. Formerly Fred's 4x4, Alleycat 500, and Road Rally Peanuts Turnpike Under 54" 1978 A rail-guided car ride. Formerly Top Cat's Turnpike and Junior Turnpike. Sally's Sea Plane Over 36" or with adult Zamperla 2017 Crazy Bus ride Snoopy's Junction Over 36" or with adult Zamperla 2013 A train ride. Snoopy vs. Red Baron Between 36" and 54" 1990 A flat ride where miniature airplanes fly in a circle. Formally Snagglepuss’ Seaplanes, Dick Dastardly's Airfield, and Red Baron Snoopy's Rocket Express Over 42" or 36" with adult Zamperla 2013 A slow-moving monorail ride over the area. Snoopy's Space Buggies Over 36" or with adult Zamperla 2013 A circular flat ride on which vehicles attached to a central console bounce up and down. Woodstock Express Over 46" or 40" with adult Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters 1974 A small wooden roller coaster. Formerly named Scooby-Doo (1974–1996), Scooby-Doo's Ghoster Coaster (1997–2009), and Ghoster Coaster (2010–2012). Opened a year before the rest of the park. Woodstock Whirlybirds Over 42" or with adult Zamperla 2013 A teacups ride. Soak City Main article: Soak City (Kings Dominion) Soak City, formerly known as WaterWorks, is Kings Dominion's water park. It opened in 1992 as Hurricane Reef and is included with admission to Kings Dominion. In 2015, the water park was expanded and re-branded as Soak City. Fast Lane Further information: List of Fast Lane attractions § Kings Dominion Fast Lane is Kings Dominion's virtual queue system. For an increased cost, visitors get a wristband enabling them to get to the front of the line on 17 of the most popular attractions without queueing. Halloween Haunt Halloween Haunt is an annual Halloween event at Kings Dominion on weekends during the months of September and October. It debuted in 2001 as FearFest, but following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park, the event was renamed Halloween Haunt in 2007. In 2017, Kings Dominion's Halloween Haunt was voted the second-best theme park Halloween event by USA Today. Kings Dominion cancelled the event in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2013, Halloween Haunt featured a walk-through maze called Miner's Revenge. Advertisements for the attraction characterized it as "the worst coal mine accident in history," and the attraction featured depictions of dead miners' bodies that had been mangled by a mining disaster. The attraction drew criticism in the press due to the region's experience with mining disasters. Washington Post writer Peter Galuszka (author of a book on the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster) said the attraction "hits a little too close to home for me" since "the idea of abandonment is a difficult topic for miners". He added, "At Kings Dominion, the suggestion of living miners left to die is meant to inject some enjoyable dramatic tension". Kathleen Geier of Washington Monthly decried, "agonizing deaths are being served up for fun and profit to the gawking, peanut-crunching masses" and asked, "What next – a thrill ride based on the Rana Plaza factory disaster in Bangladesh? Auschwitz: The Theme Park?". Following the controversy, Kings Dominion dropped Miner's Revenge from its Halloween maze lineup the following season. Attractions As of August 28, 2022: Attraction Type F.E.A.R. Maze Blood on the Bayou Maze Cleaver Brothers Carnival Scare zone Condemned Maze CornStalkers: Blood Harvest Maze Grimm Woods Maze Masquerade Scare zone Pumpkin Eater Scare zone Site X Scare zone Trick Or Treat Maze Uprising Scare zone Timeline 1974: Preview event featuring a film theater, Scooby-Doo (now called Woodstock Express), and Lion Country Safari. 1975: Grand opening, Eiffel Tower, Rebel Yell (wooden coaster), and Galaxie (steel coaster) 1976: Apple Turnover (Enterprise flat ride) 1977: King Kobra (Steel coaster) 1978: Kings Dominion Campground 1979: Lost World (Themed area) featuring Journey to Atlantis, Land of the Dooz and Time Shaft 1980: Haunted River replaced Journey to Atlantis 1982: Grizzly and Amphitheater 1983: White Water Canyon; Galaxie coaster closed 1984: Berserker; Smurf Mountain replaced Land of the Dooz 1985: Diamond Falls and Scooby's Play Park 1986: Shockwave; King Kobra removed 1987: Racing Rivers 1988: Avalanche 1989: Sky Pilot (replaced Monster) 1990: Hanna-Barbera Land expansion 1991: Anaconda 1992: Hurricane Reef (Water park) 1993: Days of Thunder; Smurf Mountain removed 1994: Hurler 1995: Nickelodeon Splat City; The Time Shaft and The Haunted River are removed, leaving The Lost World completely empty. Old Dominion Line steam train removed 1996: The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear and Xtreme SkyFlyer 1997: Taxi Jam; Hanna-Barbera Land renamed KidZville 1998: Volcano; Action Theater replaces Days of Thunder 1999: Expansion of Hurricane Reef to WaterWorks 2000: Nickelodeon Central; Pipeline Peak added to WaterWorks 2001: HyperSonic XLC (Xtreme Launch Coaster); Stan Lee's 7th Portal 3D (feature in Action Theater); Shockwave and Anaconda repainted with new colors; The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear becomes Flight of Fear and lap bars replace the shoulder restraints 2002: Ricochet and Triple Spin; Meteor Attack (feature in Action Theater); Diamond Falls closes 2003: Drop Tower and SpongeBob SquarePants 3-D (feature in Action Theater) 2004: Scooby-Doo & The Haunted Mansion 2005: Tomb Raider Firefall (later known as The Crypt) 2006: Backlot Stunt Coaster and Thunder Raceway Go-Karts 2007: Tidal Wave Bay, Tornado and Zoom Flume added to WaterWorks; FearFest becomes Halloween Haunt 2008: Dominator (Originally from the now-closed amusement park Geauga Lake); Hypersonic XLC removed 2009: El Dorado and Americana (both relocated from Geauga Lake); Grizzly retracked 2010: Intimidator 305 (Intamin Giga Coaster); Nickelodeon Central becomes Planet Snoopy; Boo Blasters on Boo Hill replaces Scooby-Doo & The Haunted Mansion; Rebel Yell retracked 2011: Snoopy's Starlight Spectular; Shockwave repainted a new color; Grizzly retracked; El Dorado closes 2012: WindSeeker and Dinosaurs Alive!; Fast Lane debuts; Dinosaur 3D replaces SpongeBob SquarePants 3-D (motion seats removed), this was the final year for Snoopy's Splash Dance, Yogi's Cave and 5 other Kidzville rides. 2013: Planet Snoopy 7-acre (2.8 ha) expansion and merges with KidZville; 8 new rides were added. 2014: 40th Anniversary celebration; International Street fountain restored, Candy Apple Grove and Safari Village return; Volcano: The Blast Coaster and Anaconda retrofitted. 2015: 40th Anniversary celebration continues; WaterWorks expands and is renamed to Soak City with new attractions including Aqua Blast, Paradise Plunge, Splash Island and Thunder Falls; Shockwave and Hurler close 2016: Delirium opens in place of Shockwave 2017: Planet Snoopy expansion with the addition of Kite Eating Tree, Sally's Sea Plane, and Peanuts 500; Tornado closes 2018: Twisted Timbers and WinterFest. Rebel Yell renamed Racer 75 and Ricochet renamed Apple Zapple. 2019: Big Wave Bay, Dinosaurs Alive, and Volcano: The Blast Coaster close 2020: The Crypt is removed; park closed until December due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021: Coconut Shores area opens in Soak City with Lighthouse Landing and Sand Dune Lagoon, replacing Big Wave Bay and Soak City Splash House 2022: Tumbili coaster replaces The Crypt. Avalanche renamed Reptilian and Scrambler renamed Arachnidia. 2023: Year Round operations start; Grizzly retracked. 2024: Year Round operations end. Intimidator 305 renamed to Project 305. Retired rides and attractions Former roller coasters Roller coasters Manufacturer Type Opening Year Closing Year Galaxie SDC Steel 1975 1983 King Cobra Schwarzkopf Steel - Shuttle Loop 1977 1986 Shockwave TOGO Steel – Stand-up 1986 2015 Hurler International Coasters, Inc. Wooden 1994 2015 Volcano: The Blast Coaster Intamin Steel-Inverted-Launched 1998 2018 Hypersonic XLC S&S Power Steel-Launched 2001 2007 Other rides 1974-1993: Lion Country Safari 1975–1983: Adam's Apple/Vertigo (Himalaya ride) 1975–1984: Flying Carpets 1975–1995: Old Dominion Line (steam train) 1975–1995: Sky Ride (two entrances, one next to the Racer 75 and one in (Planet Snoopy)Hanna-Barbera Land; one entrance still stands) 1975–1988: Bad Apple (Monster) 1975–2011: Yogi's Cave (renamed and rethemed later, did not open in 2012 and was demolished after the season was over, replaced by Snoopy's Junction) 1976–1993: Apple Turnover (Enterprise ride next to Lake Charles) 1976–1990: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Bayern Kurve) 1976–1983: Flying Bobs 1979–1980: Lost World Mountain: Journey to Atlantis (replaced by Haunted River) 1979–1995: Lost World Mountain: The Time Shaft 1979–1983: Lost World Mountain: Journey to the Land of Dooz 1980–1995: Lost World Mountain: The Haunted River 1984–1993: Smurf Mountain 1985–2002: Diamond Falls (shoot the chute) (located where Backlot Stunt Coaster sits) 1986–1996: Fred's Jungle Gym (children's play area) 1987–1996: Racing Rivers (waterslide complex) 1989–1998: Sky Pilot (Located near Racer 75 in Candy Apple Grove) 1992–2004: Kiddie Cove (children's area of WaterWorks(Soak City)) 1992–2007: Spiral Chute (two, body waterslides next to the Anaconda roller coaster) 1992–2014: Shoot-The-Curl (water slide, demolished to make room for a food stand) 1995–2012: Snoopy's Splash Dance (formerly Nickelodeon Green Slime Zone) 1997–2012: KidZville (This section became part of Planet Snoopy in 2013.) 1998-2019: Soak City Splash House (children's water play area; replaced by Lighthouse Landing) 1999–2019: Big Wave Bay (wave pool) 2005–2019: The Crypt (HUSS Park Attractions Top Spin) (replaced by Tumbili in 2022) 2007–2017: Tornado (a ProSlide Tornado water slide at Soak City) 2009–2011: El Dorado (where the WindSeeker is now located) 2010–2016: Snoopy's Moon Bounce (replaced by Sally's Sea Plane) 2012–2018: Dinosaurs Alive! (animatronic dinosaur walkthrough) 1995-2023: Gran Prix Raceway Kings Dominion logos Original Kings Dominion logo used from 1975 to 1992; sometimes used in-park since 2014 Paramount's Kings Dominion Logo used from 1993 to 2003 Paramount's Kings Dominion logo from 2003 to 2006 Logo used briefly in 2007 after the switch from Paramount Parks Kings Dominion 2008–present In popular culture Parts of the 1977 movie Rollercoaster were filmed at Kings Dominion, and the park was involved in a major part of the film's plot. See also Trains portalVirginia portal Incidents at Kings Dominion References ^ a b c d "Big day arrives for Kings Dominion". Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. May 3, 1975. p. 2. ^ "Kings Dominion GM retiring after 40-plus years with theme park and parent company". Richmond Times Dispatch. Retrieved January 4, 2021. ^ "A Detailed History of Kings Dominion's General Managers". ParkFans.net. Retrieved January 8, 2021. ^ "CEDAR FAIR, L.P. Form 10-K" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved April 5, 2022. ^ a b "Kings Dominion". COASTER-net. 11 February 2011. ^ Funny Stories from Lion Country Safari at Kings Dominion, retrieved 2021-04-19 ^ "Park Fun Facts". Kings Dominion. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011. ^ "Paramount's Kings Dominion". Theme Park Timelines. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011. ^ "IAAPA Oral History - Dennis Speigel | IAAPA". www.iaapa.org. Retrieved 2021-04-19. ^ "Roller Coaster Database". King Kobra (Jolly Roger Amusement Park). Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ a b c Smith, Max (21 March 2019). "With repeal of Kings Dominion law, Va. schools can now start before Labor Day". WTOP-FM. ^ Grose, Jessica (2022-09-03). "The End-of-Summer Child Care Crunch Is Here. I'm Not Amused". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-04. ^ "Timeline: A History of Kings Island". Kings Island. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ "Kings Island Development". Kings Island Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ "Roller Coaster Database". Search Results (Mack Bobsleds). Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ "PkdPlace". Avalanche. Archived from the original on December 22, 2005. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ "Traveling Today". Calling All Thrill-Seekers! Welcome to Paramount's Kings Dominion. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2006. ^ "Roller Coaster Database". Anaconda (Paramount's Kings Dominion). Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ "Richmond.com". Don't let the heat and humidity of a Richmond summer keep you stuck to your vinyl car seats. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flight of Fear  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ^ "Paramount's Kings Dominion". WaterWorks. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2006. ^ "COASTER-net.com". Ride Gallery: Hypersonic XLC. Retrieved 14 December 2006. ^ "Roller Coaster Database". Search Results (Hypersonic XLC). Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ "COASTER-net.com". Hypersonic XLC. Retrieved 28 July 2006. ^ "Cedar Fair, L.P. To Acquire Paramount Parks". Cedar Fair. 22 May 2006. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006. ^ "Cedar Fair, L.P. Completes Acquisition of the Paramount Parks". Cedar Fair. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 28 July 2006. ^ "Paramount's Kings Dominion Press Room". Kings Dominion To Lower Daily Admission Price For the First Time. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2006. ^ "Ital International LLC". Launch Coaster: Reference Number 937. Retrieved 14 December 2006. ^ "Kings Dominion: Virginia's Premier Themed Amusement Park". Thrill Rides. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007. ^ Kings Dominion | Virginia's Premier Themed Amusement Park (Richmond) Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Kings Dominion Announces Two New Rides for 2009". Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. ^ "Welcome to Virginia's Premier Themed Amusement Park | Kings Dominion". Intimidator305.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved 2013-03-29. ^ a b "Kings Dominion to roll out two attractions for coming year". .timesdispatch.com. 2011-09-01. Archived from the original on 2013-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-29. ^ a b c "Kings Dominion announces expansion of Planet Snoopy". Richmond Times-Dispatch. September 12, 2012. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2012. ^ a b Bacque, Peter. "Kings Dominion rebrands expanded water park as Soak City". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ Gilligan, Gregory J. (July 9, 2015). "Kings Dominion eliminating Shockwave roller coaster". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved July 11, 2015. ^ a b "Kings Dominion - It's official". Facebook. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2017-03-05. ^ "Kings Dominion Is Renovating and Expanding Soak City for 2020". XL102. 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2019-08-27. ^ "Kings Dominion Reopening in 2020 with New Limited-Capacity Event, Kings Dominion's Taste of the Season! - Kings Dominion". www.kingsdominion.com. Retrieved 2021-04-19. ^ "Cedar Fair Updates Its Calendar for 2020 Park Operations". www.businesswire.com. 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-08-10. ^ "California's Great America, Carowinds, and other Cedar Fair parks to remain closed for 2020; Others closing early". Attractions Magazine. August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020. ^ "Kings Dominion to open in December on limited days for new holiday-themed event". ^ "What's New in 2022". Kings Dominion. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021. ^ Stilwell, Andrew (August 12, 2021). "Kings Dominion Announces Tumbili Free Spin, Jungle X-Pedition Retheme to Safari Village". Coaster101. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021. ^ "Apple Turnover". Kings Dominion. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ "Mushrooms Press Release". Kings Dominion. November 14, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2014. ^ "New for the 40". Kings Dominion. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014. ^ "Carousel History". Kings Dominion. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ "Kings Dominion of 2022 New Roller Coaster Tumbili". YouTube. ^ "Jungle X-Pedition". Kings Dominion. ^ "Kings Dominion to Introduce $25 Million Steel Giga-Coaster In 2010". Kings Dominion. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2012. ^ "KingsDominion". Kings Dominion Trivia Page. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ^ a b "PkdPlace". 1980 Kings Dominion Map. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007. ^ "PkdPlace". 2005 Kings Dominion Map. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007. ^ "PkdPlace". 1978 Kings Dominion Map. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007. ^ "Screams of Fright to Fill October Nights at Kings Dominion". Ultimaterollercoaster.com. 2001-09-05. Retrieved 2013-03-29. ^ "Best Theme Park Halloween Event Winners (2017) | USA TODAY 10Best". ^ "Kings Dominion Amusement Park | Coronavirus Update". ^ "Attraction: Miner's Revenge". King's Dominion. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013. ^ Galuszka, Peter (2012). Thunder on the Mountain: Death at Massey and the Dirty Secrets Behind Big Coal. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250000217. ^ Peter Galuszka (October 25, 2013). "Miners' deaths aren't a theme-park thrill". Washington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2013. ^ Kathleen Geier (October 27, 2013). "Wost. Theme Park. Ever". Political Animal. Washington Monthly. Retrieved October 27, 2013. ^ Berkes, Howard (October 28, 2013). "Theme Park Called 'Insensitive' For 'Miner's Revenge' Attraction". NPR. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ "Halloween Haunt". ^ "Mountain rides vanish at Kings Dominion". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 1996-04-12. Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ Sim, Natalie. "Intimidator 305 Gets A New Name At Kings Dominion And A Transformation Is On Its Way!". Theme Park Tourist. Retrieved 22 March 2024. ^ @KingsDominionVA (July 5, 2019). "Wave goodbye to Big Wave Bay 👋 🌊 We're making waves for something new. #KD2020" (Tweet) – via Twitter. External links Media related to Kings Dominion at Wikimedia Commons Official website Kings Dominion at the Roller Coaster DataBase vteCedar FairAmusement parks California's Great America Canada's Wonderland Carowinds Cedar Point Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Kings Dominion Kings Island Knott's Berry Farm Michigan's Adventure Valleyfair Worlds of Fun Water parks Carolina Harbor Castaway Bay Cedar Point Shores Knott's Soak City (Buena Park) Oceans of Fun Schlitterbahn Galveston Schlitterbahn New Braunfels Soak City (Kings Dominion) Soak City (Kings Island) Soak City (Valleyfair) South Bay Shores Splash Works WildWater Adventure Wildwater Kingdom (Allentown, Pennsylvania) Former parks Geauga Lake Gilroy Gardens Knott's Camp Snoopy Knott's Soak City (San Diego and Palm Springs) Star Trek: The Experience Wildwater Kingdom (Ohio) Other amenities Camp Snoopy Dinosaurs Alive! Fast Lane Halloween Haunt Planet Snoopy WindSeeker Key people Matt Ouimet Dick Kinzel Miscellaneous Incidents at Cedar Fair parks vteKings DominionRoller Coasters Anaconda Apple Zapple Backlot Stunt Coaster Dominator Flight of Fear Great Pumpkin Coaster Grizzly Project 305 Racer 75 Reptilian Tumbili Twisted Timbers Woodstock Express Other attractions Action Theater Americana Bad Apple Berserker Boo Blasters on Boo Hill Carousel Delirium Drop Tower: Scream Zone Eiffel Tower Halloween Haunt Planet Snoopy White Water Canyon WindSeeker Winterfest Xtreme Skyflyer Former attractions The Crypt Dinosaurs Alive! Hurler Hypersonic XLC Scooby-Doo and the Haunted Mansion Shockwave King Kobra Smurf Mountain Volcano: The Blast Coaster vteParamount ParksFormer propertiesAmusement parks Bonfante Gardens Paramount Canada's Wonderland Paramount's Carowinds Paramount's Great America Paramount's Kings Dominion Paramount's Kings Island Terra Mítica Water parks Crocodile Dundee's Boomerang Bay (Paramount's Carowinds) Crocodile Dundee's Boomerang Bay (Paramount's Great America) Crocodile Dundee's Boomerang Bay (Paramount's Kings Island) Raging Waters Splash Works WaterWorks Other Star Trek: The Experience Proposed properties Paramount Murcia Paramount Movie Park Korea London Paramount Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Doswell, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doswell,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Cedar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdarrfrKD-1"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"}],"text":"Amusement park in VirginiaKings Dominionclass=notpageimage| Location in the United StatesKings Dominionclass=notpageimage| Location in VirginiaKings Dominion is an amusement park in the eastern United States, located in Doswell, Virginia, twenty miles (30 km) north of Richmond and 75 miles (120 km) south of Washington, D.C. Owned and operated by Cedar Fair, the 280-acre (1.1 km2) park opened to the public on May 3, 1975,[1] and features more than 60 rides, shows and attractions including 13 roller coasters and a 20-acre (8.1 ha) water park. Its name is derived from the name of its sister park, Kings Island near Cincinnati, and the nickname for the state of Virginia, \"Old Dominion.\"","title":"Kings Dominion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PKDEntrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_(Cedar_Fair)"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"Mason, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Doswell, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doswell,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2021-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdarrfrKD-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facts-7"},{"link_name":"Racer 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racer_75"},{"link_name":"Galaxie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxi"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoster_Coaster_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"log flume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_flume"},{"link_name":"steam train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_train"},{"link_name":"flat rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_ride#Carnival_or_funfair_rides"},{"link_name":"The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera_theme_parks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"1/3-scale replica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower_(Cedar_Fair)"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdarrfrKD-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf"},{"link_name":"shuttle loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Loop"},{"link_name":"Jolly Roger Amusement Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_Roger_Amusement_Park"},{"link_name":"Ocean City, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Alton Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Towers"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hopi Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_Hari"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kingkobra-10"},{"link_name":"Rollercoaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollercoaster_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"rotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Grizzly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"White Water Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Water_Canyon"},{"link_name":"political lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_lobbying"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"}],"sub_title":"Early history as Kings Dominion (1972–83)","text":"The park entrance as seen from the observation deck of the replica Eiffel TowerFollowing the success of Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, Family Leisure Centers (a partnership formed between Taft Broadcasting Company and Top Value Enterprises) decided to expand into a new region of the country by opening a second park. A 740-acre (3.0 km2) site was chosen in Doswell, Virginia, with construction beginning on October 1, 1972.[4][5] The new park was designed with similar themes, rides, and activities as sister park Kings Island.Following a limited preview of the park's Lion Country Safari, a drive-through animal zoo with 230 species of animals, and the Scooby-Doo rollercoaster in 1974,[6] Kings Dominion officially opened on May 3, 1975,[1][7] offering fifteen attractions including the Rebel Yell (later renamed Racer 75), the Lion Country Safari Monorail, Galaxie, and a junior wooden roller coaster known as Scooby-Doo. Also present at the opening was a log flume, steam train, a collection of flat rides and a cable-car sky ride that transported visitors between Old Virginia and The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera.[5] In addition, Kings Dominion's 1/3-scale replica of the Eiffel Tower and the International Street Fountain greet visitors near the main entrance to the park. Original themed areas included The Happy Land of Hanna-Barbera, International Street, Lion Country Safari, Old Virginia, and Coney Island.[8] Daily admission price in 1975 was $7.50, and a dollar for parking.[1] Opening day of the park saw 50,000 guests, with an additional 50,000-60,000 guests waiting to enter.[9]Kings Dominion added its fourth roller coaster, a Schwarzkopf shuttle loop known as the King Kobra, in 1977. The King Kobra featured a 50-ton counterweight drop launch and was the park's first launched roller coaster. It was in the park for nine seasons before being relocated to Jolly Roger Amusement Park in Ocean City, Maryland, Alton Towers in England, and later to Hopi Hari in Brazil where it exists today as Katapul.[10] Also in 1977, Kings Dominion was one of several amusement parks serving as location for the film Rollercoaster.A campground was completed in time for the 1978 season and the park's well-known Lost World mountain debuted in 1979. Originally, the Lost World featured three rides: a flume ride called Voyage to Atlantis, a children's attraction mine ride known as Land of the Dooz, and a rotor called Time Shaft. Only a year later in 1980, the flume ride was rethemed Haunted River. Kings Dominion later expanded Old Virginia with the addition of the park's third wooden roller coaster, the Grizzly, in 1982 and a river rapids ride called White Water Canyon in 1983.Kings Dominion was also active in political lobbying. They and other entertainment businesses convinced Virginia to make it illegal for schools to start classes before the Labor Day holiday in early September.[11] They thought that if students were not able to attend school in August, then more families would spend money at Kings Dominion, and more teenagers would be able to provide a low-cost workforce to the amusement park.[11][12] This law, known as the Kings Dominion Law after the amusement park, stayed in force until 2019.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Dominion_Eiffel_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kings Entertainment Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Entertainment_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kicentral-13"},{"link_name":"Carowinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carowinds"},{"link_name":"Canada's Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"American Financial Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Financial_Group"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiarchive-14"},{"link_name":"looping starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looping_Starship"},{"link_name":"Smurf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Smurfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smurfs"},{"link_name":"TOGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOGO"},{"link_name":"stand-up roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"bobsled roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcdbmackbobsleds-15"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkdplaceavalanche-16"},{"link_name":"Arrow Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anacondaad-17"},{"link_name":"Drachen Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachen_Fire"},{"link_name":"Busch Gardens Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"vertical loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_loop"},{"link_name":"corkscrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkscrew_(roller_coaster_element)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcdbanaconda-18"},{"link_name":"inner tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_tube"},{"link_name":"lazy river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_river"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurricanereef-19"}],"sub_title":"Growth under KECO management (1983–92)","text":"The replica Eiffel Tower at Kings DominionTaft Broadcasting Company sold its theme park division in late 1983 for $167.5 million to Kings Entertainment Company (KECO), a new company formed by senior executives and general managers of Taft's Amusement Park Group.[13] Three parks were involved in the sale – Kings Island, Kings Dominion, and Carowinds – along with a 20-percent stake in Canada's Wonderland. American Financial Group later purchased KECO in 1987 but allowed KECO to continue to manage operations at the amusement parks.[14]One of the first additions under the new management group was Berserker – a looping starship ride added to International Street in 1984. Also that year, Smurf Mountain replaced the mine ride Land of the Dooz, transforming the Lost World into The Smurfs theme. Kings Dominion unveiled a TOGO stand-up roller coaster in 1986 called Shockwave, the first of three roller coasters to be added under KECO. Shockwave had one loop, similar to the older King Kobra but added a helix. King Kobra was removed at the end of the season. A water slide complex known as Racing Rivers opened in 1987, and Avalanche, which remains the only Mack bobsled roller coaster in the United States, debuted the following year in 1988.[15] The trains of Avalanche now known as “Reptilian” were themed after bobsleds from various countries including the United States, France, Germany, Canada and Switzerland creating the experience of a bobsled race in the Winter Olympics.[16]Kings Dominion continued to expand over the next few seasons starting with Hanna-Barbera Land in 1990 with the addition of more children's flat rides. A new, looping roller coaster from Arrow Dynamics called Anaconda was introduced the following year in 1991 featuring the world's first underwater tunnel which travels under part of Lake Charles. Anaconda was also originally billed as having six loops,[17] but unlike Arrow's six-inversion coaster Drachen Fire that opened at Busch Gardens Williamsburg the following year, the Anaconda actually has only four inversions: a vertical loop, a sidewinder, and two consecutive corkscrews.[18]A new 20-acre (81,000 m2) water park addition called Hurricane Reef opened in 1992. To build the water park, Kings Dominion filled in two-thirds of Lake Charles near the Candy Apple Grove region of the park. Originally it featured the Monsoon Chutes (two pairs of free-fall body slides, at 70 and 50 feet (15 m) high, respectively), the Torrential Twist (two enclosed body slides that wrapped around each other), the Pipeline (four open body slides), Cyclone (three enclosed body slides, the center of which was a free-fall), Tidal Wave (two open slides, which riders rode on inner tubes), Splash Island (an area for children with five water slides), and a lazy river.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PKDParamountTheater.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paramount Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Parks"},{"link_name":"motion simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_simulator"},{"link_name":"Days of Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Smurf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Wayne's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%27s_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hurler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"LIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Flight of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"the television show after which the ride was named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo's Ghoster Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_Express_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volcano,_The_Blast_Coaster_(Kings_Dominion)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volcano: The Blast Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Blast_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"},{"link_name":"heartline rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-g_roll"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"inverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"suspended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Top Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gun"},{"link_name":"WaterWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soak_City_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterworksofficial-21"},{"link_name":"Hypersonic XLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_XLC"},{"link_name":"Thrust Air 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_Air_2000"},{"link_name":"S&S Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26S_Power"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypersonicgallery-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcdbxlc-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coasternetxlc-24"},{"link_name":"wild mouse roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_mouse_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Ricochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Carowinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carowinds"},{"link_name":"Ricochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Shoot the Chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_the_Chute"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo! And the Haunted Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_And_the_Haunted_Mansion"},{"link_name":"dark rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ride"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider: Firefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crypt_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider: The Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crypt_(Kings_Island)"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"Italian Job Turbo Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlot_Stunt_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"Canada's Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Cedar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fair"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cedarfairpurchase-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acquisition-26"}],"sub_title":"Paramount era (1993–2006)","text":"The Paramount Theatre (Now known as \"Kings Dominion Theater\")Kings Dominion continued its growth when it became part of Paramount Parks in 1993 and switched its name to Paramount's Kings Dominion. New attractions and areas of the park themed to Paramount's television shows and films appeared at Paramount's Kings Dominion almost every season that they were under Paramount's ownership. In 1993, they added a motion simulator attraction, originally featuring the Days of Thunder film, and Lion County Safari was removed at the end of the season. Also in 1993, Smurf Mountain was removed, leaving only the Time Shaft and Haunted River remaining in The Lost World Mountain until 1995 when both rides were removed. The 1994 season saw the addition of a new area of the park themed to the 1992 Paramount motion picture Wayne's World, which featured its third full-size wooden roller coaster, Hurler, a shop called the Rock Shop, and a Stan Mikita's restaurant similar to the one featured in the film. Since then, the Wayne's World section has been merged into the Candy Apple Grove; the Stan Mikita's was converted to the Juke Box Diner, and the Hurler was converted into Twisted Timbers, the park's newest roller coaster, in 2018. In the next year, another children's area, known as Nickelodeon Splat City, opened near the Shockwave roller coaster, this was a product of Viacom purchasing Paramount in 1994. This was later converted into Nick Central. In the 1995 season, The Skyride and The Singing Mushrooms were removed.In 1996, Kings Dominion introduced its second launched roller coaster, and first LIM-launched roller coaster, The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear. The Outer Limits has a 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) launch, four inversions, and an identical \"spaghetti bowl\" layout to Flight of Fear at Kings Island. Almost as notable as the launch of The Outer Limits was the fact that the entire ride was in semi-darkness; the riders could not see where they were going. Five years after The Outer Limits opened, Paramount Parks' licensing agreement to use theming from the television show after which the ride was named expired; the Outer Limits theming in the ride and its queue was removed, and the ride was renamed Flight of Fear. After the 2000 season, Flight of Fear's trains also received lap bars instead of shoulder restraints.[20]1997 featured the debut of KidZville, a re-theming of the Hanna-Barbera section. The park added the new Taxi Jam roller coaster, and Scooby's Playpark became a construction-themed playpen called Kidz Construction Company. Yogi's Cave was rethemed to Treasure Cave and many rides in KidZville, such as Scooby-Doo's Ghoster Coaster, George Jetson's Spaceport, and Huck's Hot Rods, continued to bear the names of Hanna-Barbera characters.Overview of Volcano: The Blast Coaster and Flight of Fear in the backgroundKings Dominion added another launched roller coaster in 1998, Volcano: The Blast Coaster, in the former Lost World mountain. The mountain's previous rides had all been removed several years previously, and Volcano gave the mountain a major transformation. Volcano, which was manufactured by Intamin, was the world's first LIM-launched inverted roller coaster. The ride featured two separate launch sections, a roll-out inversion on the top of the mountain, and three heartline rolls on the way back down. Volcano was themed to the 1997 film Volcano; the other Paramount Parks added inverted or suspended roller coasters themed to Top Gun around the same time. During the next two seasons, Kings Dominion expanded Hurricane Reef behind the Rebel Yell and renamed it WaterWorks. The new portion of WaterWorks includes Pipeline Peak, a set of four enclosed water slides, one of which (the Night Slider) is the world's tallest dark free-fall slide. In 2000, Nick Central opened, replacing Nick Splat City and part of Kidzville.[21]The park added its third launched roller coaster, Hypersonic XLC, in 2001. Hypersonic XLC, a Thrust Air 2000 air-launched coaster made by S&S Power, launched riders from 0 to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) in 1.5 seconds, taking them up an 87-degree incline and down an 87-degree drop.[22] The entire ride's duration was about 25 seconds. Hypersonic XLC broke down frequently and was closed for the first three months of its second season; no other Paramount Parks installed a similar ride.[23] Nevertheless, Hypersonic XLC helped establish Kings Dominion's reputation as \"the launched coaster capital of the world\".[24] Hypersonic XLC was removed after the 2007 season.The early 2000s saw Kings Dominion opening new rides similar to existing rides at other Paramount Parks. In 2002, the park opened its new wild mouse roller coaster, Ricochet (Now known as Apple Zapple), Carowinds also installed its Ricochet in 2002. Diamond Falls, the Shoot the Chute ride closed that season. The 2003 season saw Kings Dominion become the final of several of the Paramount Parks to open a Drop Zone: Stunt Tower, now Drop Tower: Scream Zone. The 305-foot-high (93 m) Drop Zone at Kings Dominion was the tallest freefall ride in the world at the time it opened. In 2004, Kings Dominion added Scooby-Doo! And the Haunted Mansion; similar Scooby-Doo-themed dark rides had opened at three other Paramount Parks during the three previous seasons. In the next season, Kings Dominion added a Huss Top Spin called Tomb Raider: Firefall, and was named The Crypt, which was a standard size and outdoor version of a similar, but larger, ride named Tomb Raider: The Ride, also now The Crypt, at Kings Island. The differences between the two were that at Kings Dominion riders' feet dangle freely and at Kings Island, which installed a Giant Top Spin, there was a floor. In the 2006 season, Kings Dominion opened the Italian Job Turbo Coaster, its fourth launched roller coaster. Unlike the previously built launched coasters at Kings Dominion, each of which was faster than its predecessor, the Italian Job Turbo Coaster is designed more like a family ride and features multiple launches at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). The coaster was later renamed the Backlot Stunt Coaster in 2008. It is similar to the Backlot Stunt Coaster rides at Kings Island and Canada's Wonderland, which both opened in 2005.On May 22, 2006, Cedar Fair announced the purchase of all five Paramount Parks.[25] The sale was finalized on June 30, 2006, for $1.24 billion.[26] The park continued to operate as Paramount's Kings Dominion until the beginning of the 2007 season when Paramount was dropped from the title.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ProSlide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSlide"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007pressrelease-27"},{"link_name":"Halloween Haunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_Haunt_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italintlxlc-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IJNameChange-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominator_(Kings_Dominion)_02_Full_Layout.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bolliger & Mabillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard"},{"link_name":"floorless roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorless_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Geauga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geauga_Lake%27s_Wildwater_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Geauga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geauga_Lake%27s_Wildwater_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominator_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"floorless roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorless_roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dominator-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ferris_wheel-31"},{"link_name":"Intimidator 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidator_305"},{"link_name":"giga coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_coaster"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intimidator_305-32"},{"link_name":"Canada's Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island"},{"link_name":"WindSeeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WindSeeker"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richmond_Times-Dispatch-33"},{"link_name":"Dinosaurs Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_Alive!_(attraction)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richmond_Times-Dispatch-33"},{"link_name":"Planet Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Snoopy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Planet_Snoopy-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richmond.com-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shockwave_closing-RichTimes-36"},{"link_name":"Hurler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook1-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook1-37"},{"link_name":"Twisted Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Timbers"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Ralph Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Northam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Tumbili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbili"},{"link_name":"S&S – Sansei Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26S_%E2%80%93_Sansei_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tumbili-KD-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tumbili-Coaster101-44"}],"sub_title":"Cedar Fair era (2007–present)","text":"Control of Paramount Parks had been transferred from Viacom to CBS Corporation in 2007.[citation needed] Kings Dominion expanded WaterWorks for the 2007 season, adding a second wave pool called Tidal Wave Bay, a four-person family raft slide called Zoom Flume, and a ProSlide Tornado.[27]During the Cedar Fair era, the park introduced Halloween Haunt. While the park had always had a Halloween event, the new HAUNT event has been received very well.In December 2006, Kings Dominion put Hypersonic XLC up for sale.[28] The park announced plans to keep it running until a buyer was found. It remained in operation during the 2007 season and was closed and dismantled several weeks before the 2008 season started. Also during the 2007–2008 off-season, Cedar Fair renamed the park's last rides to open with Paramount theming. Drop Zone Stunt Tower became Drop Tower Scream Zone and The Italian Job: Turbo Coaster became Backlot Stunt Coaster. Tomb Raider: Firefall also received the name The Crypt. The Paramount Theater also changed its name to Kings Dominion Theater.[29]Dominator, a Bolliger & Mabillard floorless roller coaster formerly located at Geauga Lake, opened in 2008 in International Street. Dominator is the longest floorless roller coaster in the worldThe 2008 and 2009 seasons saw Kings Dominion receive three rides that had operated at Geauga Lake during its dry amusement park's final season. On October 23, 2007, Kings Dominion announced that Dominator, a floorless roller coaster, would be moved to Kings Dominion and located in the International Street section.[30] Dominator opened on May 24, 2008, becoming Kings Dominion's first roller coaster with five inversions. For the 2009 season, two flat rides once located at Geauga Lake, like Dominator, opened in 2008. Located near Rebel Yell, Americana became Kings Dominion's first Ferris wheel.[31]For the 2010 season, Kings Dominion opened Intimidator 305, a 305-foot-tall (93 m) giga coaster by Intamin. The ride features a cable lift hill, an 85° first drop and a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h). The ride, which is themed to NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, was announced on August 20, 2009, and represents the park's largest-ever capital investment. It was opened to the public in April 2010.[32] Also for the 2010 season, the Kidzville and Nickelodeon Universe areas of the park began being re-themed to Planet Snoopy, as were the children's areas at Canada's Wonderland and Kings Island. The park has renamed the Hanna-Barbera-themed rides in Kidzville to match the Planet Snoopy theme, ending the park's 35-year run with Scooby-Doo and other Hanna-Barbera characters.For the 2012 season, Kings Dominion installed WindSeeker in the Grove section of the park next to the Juke Box Diner. There are other versions of the ride in Cedar Fair parks such as Canada's Wonderland, Cedar Point, Kings Island, Knott's Berry Farm, and Carowinds. The ride stands 301 feet (92 m) and gives riders a view of the surrounding area.[33] Kings Dominion also added Dinosaurs Alive!, an upcharge dinosaur walkthrough exhibit, located in the Old Virginia section of the park. This attraction also appeared at Kings Island, Dorney Park, Cedar Point, and Canada's Wonderland.[33]For the 2013 season, Planet Snoopy merged with KidZville during a 7-acre (2.8 ha) expansion to form the largest Planet Snoopy in the Cedar Fair chain. There are now 18 attractions covering 14 acres (5.7 ha).[34]For the 2014 season, Kings Dominion commemorated the 40th anniversary of Lion Country Safari and the preview-opening of Kings Dominion by returning park icons from past eras. These icons included the return of the classic singing mushrooms, the repainting of Anaconda, an improved queue line for Volcano: The Blast Coaster, the return of classic blue ice cream, among other additions. They also returned the Rebel Yell roller coaster to its original red and blue colors. The 2014 season also saw the return of the iconic floral clock, the popular clown band, and the renaming of Johnny's and Trail's End Grill restaurants to the original names, Dinner Bell and Hungry Hippo, respectively. New lighting packages were added to the International Street fountains and Rebel Yell. The Congo and Grove sections of the park were returned to the original themes, Safari Village and Candy Apple Grove, respectively.For the 2015 season, Kings Dominion continued in celebration of its 40th anniversary with a major expansion to WaterWorks. The expansion included a new 65-foot tall slide complex featuring three different attractions called Paradise Plunge, Aqua Blast, and Thunder Falls; a new children's area called Splash Island; expanded cabana areas, updated bathhouses, and other improvements to the area. As part of the major water park expansion, the area was renamed Soak City.[35] On August 9, 2015, Shockwave closed in Candy Apple Grove permanently, and a swinging pendulum ride titled \"Delirium\" was built in its place.[36] Hurler closed permanently at the end of the season on November 1, 2015.[37] In 2017, Planet Snoopy was expanded with the addition of three new children's rides in the former Nickelodeon Central side of the area. On October 15, 2016, Kings Dominion announced that the Hurler wooden coaster would be permanently closed.[37]For the 2018 season, Kings Dominion opened Twisted Timbers on March 24, 2018, three years after Hurler operated for the last time, converting the track from wood to steel. It was built by Rocky Mountain Construction utilizing many of the original wooden supports from Hurler. 2018 also marked the debut of WinterFest, a Christmas-themed holiday event, during the winter season. The Rebel Yell and Ricochet coasters were renamed Racer 75 and Apple Zapple, respectively. Tornado, Dinosaurs Alive, and Volcano: The Blast Coaster were all removed before the 2019 season.In August 2019, Kings Dominion announced that Soak City would be expanded in 2020 to include a new sub-area called Coconut Shores, featuring a multi-level water play structure and a children's wave pool.[38] In January 2020, the park also announced the removal of The Crypt to make room for future development in the Safari Village section of the park.Kings Dominion did not open for its normal operating schedule in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After restrictions were partially lifted by Virginia governor Ralph Northam in November 2020, the park opened for a limited capacity winter event titled \"Taste of the Season\" that operated for three weeks the following month in December.[39] The event featured specialty food trucks, seasonal decorations, a small selection of rides.[40][41][42]Normal operation resumed for the 2021 season, and in August of that year, the park announced that Safari Village would receive a makeover for 2022. The upgraded section of the park, Jungle X-Pedition, is themed to an archeological research facility and dig site. The area received similarly themed restaurants and retail shops, as well as a new roller coaster named Tumbili, a 4D Free Spin model manufactured by S&S – Sansei Technologies.[43][44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"animatronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronic"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40-year_PR-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_for_40-year-47"},{"link_name":"WindSeeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WindSeeker"},{"link_name":"pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Twisted Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Timbers"}],"sub_title":"Candy Apple Grove","text":"Candy Apple Grove was known as Coney Island when the park first opened in 1975. It was renamed Candy Apple Grove in 1976. The area is Kings Dominion's largest section in the park, and in its early years, it featured an orchard theme that included three apple-themed rides: Apple Turnover,[45] Bad Apple, and Adam's Apple. Much of the apple-related themes were removed over the years, and the area became known as simply The Grove when it merged with the former Wayne's World area in 2001.[citation needed]As part of Kings Dominion's 40th-anniversary celebration in 2014, The Grove was restored to its original orchard theme, and the name was changed back to Candy Apple Grove. The animatronic Singing Mushrooms, popular decades ago, was redeveloped with newer technology and placed back on display.[46] Other features that made a return to the area include a fully restored floral clock near the Carousel, oversized candy apples, and the popular blue ice cream that existed in the park for decades.[47]The westernmost corner of Candy Apple Grove, distinct from the rest of the area, is themed to the 1950s.Some of the area's more notable rides include WindSeeker, a 301-foot-tall (92 m) swing ride that opened in 2012, and Delirium, a type of pendulum amusement ride that opened in place of stand-up roller coaster Shockwave in 2016. Candy Apple Grove's newest ride, steel coaster Twisted Timbers, opened in 2018 replacing Hurler and reusing some of the previous support structure. In addition to rides, the area features an arcade, carnival games, counter-service restaurants, and a gift shop.","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"monorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail"},{"link_name":"Tumbili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbili"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Volcano: The Blast Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano:_The_Blast_Coaster"}],"sub_title":"Jungle X-Pedition","text":"Jungle X-Pedition is themed to an archeological base camp in a mysterious jungle. The area's fictional backstory centers around an explorer who discovered the uncharted land in 1935, naming the location \"Site X.\"[49] Initially, the area was part of one of the park's original attractions, Lion Country Safari, which contained a monorail train through a nature preserve until its closure in the 1990s. The area's name changed from Lion Country Safari to Safari Village in the mid-1980s and was changed again by Paramount to Congo in the 1990s. In 2014, the area's name reverted to Safari Village to commemorate the park's 40th anniversary. For the 2022 season, the area was rethemed to Jungle X-Pedition, which includes new immersive theming elements, dining, shopping, and a new roller coaster, Tumbili.[50]The area is home to many of the park's thrill rides and roller coasters. From 1979 until 2019, the area was anchored by a large artificial mountain, originally home to the Lost World ride complex and later to Volcano: The Blast Coaster; the structure was demolished with the coaster in spring 2019.","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KingsDominionTriviaPage-52"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980parkmap-53"},{"link_name":"Action Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Theater"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2005parkmap-54"}],"sub_title":"International Street","text":"International Street is the park's main entry area, featuring a 320-foot-long (98 m) rectangular fountain pool in the center of the walkway,[52] which leads up to a 1/3 scale replica of the Eiffel Tower. Guests can ascend the tower by elevator up to the 315-foot-tall (96 m) observation deck. International Street is designed to showcase a variety of European architecture, with buildings representing France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy. The buildings contain an assortment of gift shops, specialty shops, cafés and eateries. The International Street section of the park, which originally included the walkway, buildings, and Eiffel Tower,[53] was expanded under Paramount ownership to include the former Action Theater.[54]","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grizzly_Lift_and_Switch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980parkmap-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978parkmap-55"}],"sub_title":"Old Virginia","text":"GrizzlyAlong with International Street, Old Virginia is the only original section of Kings Dominion that has kept its same name throughout the park's history. Set in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the area has a vintage, rustic theme marked by its wooded architecture and country-style decor. An Intamin Flying Dutchman flat ride called Jamestown Landing operated in Old Virginia through the 1970s, and was removed in 1980.[53] A steam train ride called Old Dominion Line operated nearby in the same park section.[55] It has since been removed.","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickelodeon Splat City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_Splat_City"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_Central"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"I.P.s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Planet_Snoopy-34"},{"link_name":"Planet Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Snoopy"}],"sub_title":"Planet Snoopy","text":"While under Paramount ownership, Nickelodeon Splat City debuted in 1995, which was later renamed Nickelodeon Central in 2000. After Cedar Fair acquired the park, the area was redesigned in 2010 using a Peanuts theme, one of Cedar Fair's predominant I.P.s, with Snoopy serving as one of the central characters. In 2013, Cedar Fair merged the KidZville section of the park, introducing new attractions and retheming others.[34] Another expansion in 2017 updated the former Nickelodeon Central area of Planet Snoopy with three new attractions and a covered pavilion area.","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richmond.com-35"}],"sub_title":"Soak City","text":"Soak City, formerly known as WaterWorks, is Kings Dominion's water park. It opened in 1992 as Hurricane Reef and is included with admission to Kings Dominion. In 2015, the water park was expanded and re-branded as Soak City.[35]","title":"Areas and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Fast Lane attractions § Kings Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fast_Lane_attractions#Kings_Dominion"},{"link_name":"Fast Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Lane_(Cedar_Fair)"},{"link_name":"virtual queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_queue"}],"text":"Further information: List of Fast Lane attractions § Kings DominionFast Lane is Kings Dominion's virtual queue system. For an increased cost, visitors get a wristband enabling them to get to the front of the line on 17 of the most popular attractions without queueing.","title":"Fast Lane"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halloween_Haunt_Kings_Dominion_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Upper Big Branch Mine disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Big_Branch_Mine_disaster"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galuszka-61"},{"link_name":"Washington Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly"},{"link_name":"Rana Plaza factory disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Halloween Haunt is an annual Halloween event at Kings Dominion on weekends during the months of September and October. It debuted in 2001 as FearFest,[56] but following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park, the event was renamed Halloween Haunt in 2007. In 2017, Kings Dominion's Halloween Haunt was voted the second-best theme park Halloween event by USA Today.[57] Kings Dominion cancelled the event in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[58]In 2013, Halloween Haunt featured a walk-through maze called Miner's Revenge. Advertisements for the attraction characterized it as \"the worst coal mine accident in history,\" and the attraction featured depictions of dead miners' bodies that had been mangled by a mining disaster.[59] The attraction drew criticism in the press due to the region's experience with mining disasters. Washington Post writer Peter Galuszka (author of a book on the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster)[60] said the attraction \"hits a little too close to home for me\" since \"the idea of abandonment is a difficult topic for miners\". He added, \"At Kings Dominion, the suggestion of living miners left to die is meant to inject some enjoyable dramatic tension\".[61] Kathleen Geier of Washington Monthly decried, \"agonizing deaths are being served up for fun and profit to the gawking, peanut-crunching masses\" and asked, \"What next – a thrill ride based on the Rana Plaza factory disaster in Bangladesh? Auschwitz: The Theme Park?\".[62] Following the controversy, Kings Dominion dropped Miner's Revenge from its Halloween maze lineup the following season.[63]","title":"Halloween Haunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_Dominion&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Attractions","text":"As of August 28, 2022[update]:[64]","title":"Halloween Haunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grizzly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Hurler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurler_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Xtreme SkyFlyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtreme_SkyFlyer"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano,_The_Blast_Coaster"},{"link_name":"HyperSonic XLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperSonic_XLC"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo & The Haunted Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_Blasters_on_Boo_Hill"},{"link_name":"Backlot Stunt Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlot_Stunt_Coaster"},{"link_name":"Dominator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominator_(roller_coaster)"},{"link_name":"Geauga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geauga_Lake"},{"link_name":"Intimidator 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidator_305"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"},{"link_name":"Giga Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giga_Coaster"},{"link_name":"WindSeeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WindSeeker"},{"link_name":"Dinosaurs Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_Alive!_(attraction)"},{"link_name":"Fast Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Lane_(Cedar_Fair)"},{"link_name":"motion seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_simulator"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Planet_Snoopy-34"},{"link_name":"Twisted Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Timbers"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"1974: Preview event featuring a film theater, Scooby-Doo (now called Woodstock Express), and Lion Country Safari.\n1975: Grand opening, Eiffel Tower, Rebel Yell (wooden coaster), and Galaxie (steel coaster)\n1976: Apple Turnover (Enterprise flat ride)\n1977: King Kobra (Steel coaster)\n1978: Kings Dominion Campground\n1979: Lost World (Themed area) featuring Journey to Atlantis, Land of the Dooz and Time Shaft\n1980: Haunted River replaced Journey to Atlantis\n1982: Grizzly and Amphitheater\n1983: White Water Canyon; Galaxie coaster closed\n1984: Berserker; Smurf Mountain replaced Land of the Dooz\n1985: Diamond Falls and Scooby's Play Park\n1986: Shockwave; King Kobra removed\n1987: Racing Rivers\n1988: Avalanche\n1989: Sky Pilot (replaced Monster)\n1990: Hanna-Barbera Land expansion\n1991: Anaconda\n1992: Hurricane Reef (Water park)\n1993: Days of Thunder; Smurf Mountain removed\n1994: Hurler\n1995: Nickelodeon Splat City; The Time Shaft and The Haunted River are removed, leaving The Lost World completely empty. Old Dominion Line steam train removed[65]\n1996: The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear and Xtreme SkyFlyer\n1997: Taxi Jam; Hanna-Barbera Land renamed KidZville\n1998: Volcano; Action Theater replaces Days of Thunder\n1999: Expansion of Hurricane Reef to WaterWorks\n2000: Nickelodeon Central; Pipeline Peak added to WaterWorks\n2001: HyperSonic XLC (Xtreme Launch Coaster); Stan Lee's 7th Portal 3D (feature in Action Theater); Shockwave and Anaconda repainted with new colors; The Outer Limits: Flight of Fear becomes Flight of Fear and lap bars replace the shoulder restraints\n2002: Ricochet and Triple Spin; Meteor Attack (feature in Action Theater); Diamond Falls closes\n2003: Drop Tower and SpongeBob SquarePants 3-D (feature in Action Theater)\n2004: Scooby-Doo & The Haunted Mansion\n2005: Tomb Raider Firefall (later known as The Crypt)\n2006: Backlot Stunt Coaster and Thunder Raceway Go-Karts\n2007: Tidal Wave Bay, Tornado and Zoom Flume added to WaterWorks; FearFest becomes Halloween Haunt\n2008: Dominator (Originally from the now-closed amusement park Geauga Lake); Hypersonic XLC removed\n2009: El Dorado and Americana (both relocated from Geauga Lake); Grizzly retracked\n2010: Intimidator 305 (Intamin Giga Coaster); Nickelodeon Central becomes Planet Snoopy; Boo Blasters on Boo Hill replaces Scooby-Doo & The Haunted Mansion; Rebel Yell retracked\n2011: Snoopy's Starlight Spectular; Shockwave repainted a new color; Grizzly retracked; El Dorado closes\n2012: WindSeeker and Dinosaurs Alive!; Fast Lane debuts; Dinosaur 3D replaces SpongeBob SquarePants 3-D (motion seats removed), this was the final year for Snoopy's Splash Dance, Yogi's Cave and 5 other Kidzville rides.\n2013: Planet Snoopy 7-acre (2.8 ha) expansion and merges with KidZville;[34] 8 new rides were added.\n2014: 40th Anniversary celebration; International Street fountain restored, Candy Apple Grove and Safari Village return; Volcano: The Blast Coaster and Anaconda retrofitted.\n2015: 40th Anniversary celebration continues; WaterWorks expands and is renamed to Soak City with new attractions including Aqua Blast, Paradise Plunge, Splash Island and Thunder Falls; Shockwave and Hurler close\n2016: Delirium opens in place of Shockwave\n2017: Planet Snoopy expansion with the addition of Kite Eating Tree, Sally's Sea Plane, and Peanuts 500; Tornado closes\n2018: Twisted Timbers and WinterFest. Rebel Yell renamed Racer 75 and Ricochet renamed Apple Zapple.\n2019: Big Wave Bay, Dinosaurs Alive, and Volcano: The Blast Coaster close\n2020: The Crypt is removed; park closed until December due to the COVID-19 pandemic\n2021: Coconut Shores area opens in Soak City with Lighthouse Landing and Sand Dune Lagoon, replacing Big Wave Bay and Soak City Splash House\n2022: Tumbili coaster replaces The Crypt. Avalanche renamed Reptilian and Scrambler renamed Arachnidia.\n2023: Year Round operations start; Grizzly retracked.\n2024: Year Round operations end. Intimidator 305 renamed to Project 305.[66]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Retired rides and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former roller coasters","title":"Retired rides and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayern Kurve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Kurve"},{"link_name":"Smurf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurf_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crypt_(Kings_Dominion)"},{"link_name":"HUSS Park Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUSS_Park_Attractions"},{"link_name":"ProSlide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSlide"},{"link_name":"Dinosaurs Alive!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_Alive!_(attraction)"}],"sub_title":"Other rides","text":"1974-1993: Lion Country Safari\n1975–1983: Adam's Apple/Vertigo (Himalaya ride)\n1975–1984: Flying Carpets\n1975–1995: Old Dominion Line (steam train)\n1975–1995: Sky Ride (two entrances, one next to the Racer 75 and one in (Planet Snoopy)Hanna-Barbera Land; one entrance still stands)\n1975–1988: Bad Apple (Monster)\n1975–2011: Yogi's Cave (renamed and rethemed later, did not open in 2012 and was demolished after the season was over, replaced by Snoopy's Junction)\n1976–1993: Apple Turnover (Enterprise ride next to Lake Charles)\n1976–1990: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Bayern Kurve)\n1976–1983: Flying Bobs\n1979–1980: Lost World Mountain: Journey to Atlantis (replaced by Haunted River)\n1979–1995: Lost World Mountain: The Time Shaft\n1979–1983: Lost World Mountain: Journey to the Land of Dooz\n1980–1995: Lost World Mountain: The Haunted River\n1984–1993: Smurf Mountain\n1985–2002: Diamond Falls (shoot the chute) (located where Backlot Stunt Coaster sits)\n1986–1996: Fred's Jungle Gym (children's play area)\n1987–1996: Racing Rivers (waterslide complex)\n1989–1998: Sky Pilot (Located near Racer 75 in Candy Apple Grove)\n1992–2004: Kiddie Cove (children's area of WaterWorks(Soak City))\n1992–2007: Spiral Chute (two, body waterslides next to the Anaconda roller coaster)\n1992–2014: Shoot-The-Curl (water slide, demolished to make room for a food stand)\n1995–2012: Snoopy's Splash Dance (formerly Nickelodeon Green Slime Zone)\n1997–2012: KidZville (This section became part of Planet Snoopy in 2013.)\n1998-2019: Soak City Splash House (children's water play area; replaced by Lighthouse Landing)\n1999–2019: Big Wave Bay (wave pool)[67]\n2005–2019: The Crypt (HUSS Park Attractions Top Spin) (replaced by Tumbili in 2022)\n2007–2017: Tornado (a ProSlide Tornado water slide at Soak City)\n2009–2011: El Dorado (where the WindSeeker is now located)\n2010–2016: Snoopy's Moon Bounce (replaced by Sally's Sea Plane)\n2012–2018: Dinosaurs Alive! (animatronic dinosaur walkthrough)\n1995-2023: Gran Prix Raceway","title":"Retired rides and attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_Kings_Dominion_Logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Dominion_(logo).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Dominion_logo_2003.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Dominion_logo_2007-2011.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Dominion_logo.svg"}],"text":"Original Kings Dominion logo used from 1975 to 1992; sometimes used in-park since 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParamount's Kings Dominion Logo used from 1993 to 2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParamount's Kings Dominion logo from 2003 to 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo used briefly in 2007 after the switch from Paramount Parks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKings Dominion 2008–present","title":"Kings Dominion logos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rollercoaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollercoaster_(1977_film)"}],"text":"Parts of the 1977 movie Rollercoaster were filmed at Kings Dominion, and the park was involved in a major part of the film's plot.","title":"In popular culture"}]

[{"image_text":"The park entrance as seen from the observation deck of the replica Eiffel Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PKDEntrance.jpg/220px-PKDEntrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"The replica Eiffel Tower at Kings Dominion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kings_Dominion_Eiffel_Tower.jpg/275px-Kings_Dominion_Eiffel_Tower.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Paramount Theatre (Now known as \"Kings Dominion Theater\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PKDParamountTheater.jpg/220px-PKDParamountTheater.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overview of Volcano: The Blast Coaster and Flight of Fear in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Volcano%2C_The_Blast_Coaster_%28Kings_Dominion%29_02.jpg/300px-Volcano%2C_The_Blast_Coaster_%28Kings_Dominion%29_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dominator, a Bolliger & Mabillard floorless roller coaster formerly located at Geauga Lake, opened in 2008 in International Street. Dominator is the longest floorless roller coaster in the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dominator_%28Kings_Dominion%29_02_Full_Layout.jpg/250px-Dominator_%28Kings_Dominion%29_02_Full_Layout.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grizzly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Grizzly_Lift_and_Switch.jpg/210px-Grizzly_Lift_and_Switch.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Halloween_Haunt_Kings_Dominion_logo.jpg/200px-Halloween_Haunt_Kings_Dominion_logo.jpg"}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Virginia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Virginia"},{"title":"Incidents at Kings Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidents_at_Cedar_Fair_parks#Kings_Dominion"}]

[{"reference":"\"Big day arrives for Kings Dominion\". Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. May 3, 1975. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7N5LAAAAIBAJ&pg=5062%2C500846","url_text":"\"Big day arrives for Kings Dominion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kings Dominion GM retiring after 40-plus years with theme park and parent company\". Richmond Times Dispatch. Retrieved January 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://richmond.com/business/local/kings-dominion-gm-retiring-after-40-plus-years-with-theme-park-and-parent-company/article_a0360392-f65d-59d3-bd54-236a47fc72a6.html","url_text":"\"Kings Dominion GM retiring after 40-plus years with theme park and parent company\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Detailed History of Kings Dominion's General Managers\". ParkFans.net. 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Retrieved 22 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themeparktourist.com/news/20240229/33861/intimidator-305-gets-new-name-kings-dominion-and-transformation-its-way","url_text":"\"Intimidator 305 Gets A New Name At Kings Dominion And A Transformation Is On Its Way!\""}]},{"reference":"@KingsDominionVA (July 5, 2019). \"Wave goodbye to Big Wave Bay 👋 🌊 We're making waves for something new. #KD2020\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/KingsDominionVA/status/1147167550888992768","url_text":"\"Wave goodbye to Big Wave Bay 👋 🌊 We're making waves for something new. #KD2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Location_Tour

Dire Straits

["1 History","1.1 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums","1.2 1980–1984: Making Movies, Love Over Gold and other side projects","1.3 1985–1986: Brothers in Arms and international success","1.4 1987–1990: First break-up","1.5 1990–1995: On Every Street and final dissolution","1.6 1996–present: Reunion speculations and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction","2 Band members","3 Discography","4 Awards","4.1 Honoured and inducted","4.2 Won","4.3 Nominated","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

British rock band For other uses, see Dire Straits (disambiguation). Dire StraitsDire Straits performing in 1985Background informationAlso known asCafé RacersOriginLondon, EnglandGenres Roots rock blues rock pub rock Years active 1977 (1977)–1988 (1988) 1990 (1990)–1995 (1995) Labels Vertigo Mercury Warner Bros. Past members Mark Knopfler David Knopfler John Illsley Pick Withers Alan Clark Hal Lindes Terry Williams Guy Fletcher Jack Sonni Websitedirestraits.com Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (lead vocals and lead guitar), David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Pick Withers (drums and percussion). They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1990 to 1995. Their first single, "Sultans of Swing", from their 1978 self-titled debut album, reached the top ten in the UK and US charts. It was followed by a series of hit singles including "Romeo and Juliet" (1981), "Private Investigations" (1982), "Twisting by the Pool" (1983), "Money for Nothing" (1985), and "Walk of Life" (1985). Their most commercially successful album, Brothers in Arms (1985), has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide; it was the first album to sell a million copies on CD and is the eighth-best-selling album in UK history. According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums, Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, the fifth most to date. Dire Straits drew from influences including country, folk, the blues rock of J. J. Cale, and jazz. Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock. There were several changes in personnel, with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only members who remained with the band for its whole history. After their first breakup in 1988, Mark Knopfler told Rolling Stone: "A lot of press reports were saying we were the biggest band in the world. There's not an accent then on the music, there's an accent on popularity. I needed a rest." They disbanded permanently in 1995, after which Knopfler launched a solo career full-time. He has since declined numerous reunion offers. Dire Straits were called "the biggest British rock band of the 80s" by Classic Rock magazine; their 1985–1986 world tour, which included a performance at Live Aid in July 1985, set a record in Australasia. Their final world tour from 1991 to 1992 sold 7.1 million tickets. Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards (Best British Group twice), two MTV Video Music Awards, and various other awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018. Dire Straits have sold between 100 million and 120 million records worldwide, including 51.4 million certified units, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. History 1977–1979: Early years and first two albums PRS for Music heritage plaque commemorating Dire Straits' first performance in Deptford, London Brothers Mark and David Knopfler, born in Scotland but raised in Blyth in the northeast of England, and friends John Illsley and Pick Withers, from Leicester in the East Midlands, formed Dire Straits in London in 1977. Withers was already a 10-year music business veteran, having been a session drummer for Dave Edmunds, Gerry Rafferty, Magna Carta and others through the 1970s; he was part of the group Spring, which recorded an album for RCA in 1971. At the time of the band's formation, Mark was working as an English teacher, Illsley was studying at Goldsmiths' College, and David was a social worker. Mark and Withers had both been part of the pub rock group Brewers Droop at different points in and around 1973. The band was initially known as the Café Racers. The name Dire Straits was coined by a musician flatmate of Withers, allegedly thought up while they were rehearsing in the kitchen of a friend, Simon Cowe, of Lindisfarne. In 1977, the group recorded a five-song demo tape which included their future hit single, "Sultans of Swing", as well as "Water of Love" and "Down to the Waterline". After a performance at the Rock Garden in 1977, they took a demo tape to MCA in Soho but were turned down. They then went to DJ Charlie Gillett, presenter of Honky Tonk on BBC Radio London. The band simply wanted advice, but Gillett liked the music so much that he played "Sultans of Swing" on his show. Two months later, Dire Straits signed a recording contract with the Vertigo division of Phonogram Inc. In October 1977, the band recorded demo tapes of "Southbound Again", "In the Gallery" and "Six Blade Knife" for BBC Radio London; in November, demo tapes were made of "Setting Me Up", "Eastbound Train" and "Real Girl". The original Dire Straits line-up in Hamburg, Germany (1978); L to R: John Illsley, Mark Knopfler, Pick Withers and David Knopfler The group's first album, Dire Straits, was recorded at Basing Street studios in Notting Hill, London in February 1978, at a cost of £12,500. Produced by Muff Winwood, it was first released in the United Kingdom on Vertigo Records, then a division of Phonogram Inc. It came to the attention of A&R representative Karin Berg, working at Warner Bros. Records in New York City. She felt that it was the kind of music audiences were hungry for, but only one person in her department agreed at first. Many of the songs on the album reflected Mark Knopfler's experiences in Newcastle, Leeds and London. "Down to the Waterline" recalled images of life in Newcastle; "In the Gallery" is a tribute to Leeds sculptor/artist Harry Phillips (father of Steve Phillips); "Wild West End" and "Lions" were drawn from Knopfler's early days in the capital. That year, Dire Straits began a tour as opening band for Talking Heads, after the re-released "Sultans of Swing" finally started to climb the UK charts. This led to a United States recording contract with Warner Bros. Records; before the end of 1978, Dire Straits had released their self-titled debut worldwide. They received more attention in the US, but also arrived at the top of the charts in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Dire Straits eventually went top 10 in every European country. The following year, Dire Straits embarked on their first North American tour. They played 51 sold-out concerts over a 38-day period. "Sultans of Swing" scaled the charts to No. 4 in the United States and No. 8 in the United Kingdom. The song was one of Dire Straits' biggest hits and became a fixture in the band's live performances. Bob Dylan, who had seen the band play in Los Angeles, was so impressed that he invited Mark Knopfler and drummer Pick Withers to play on his next album, Slow Train Coming. Recording sessions for the group's second album, Communiqué, took place in December 1978 at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas. Released in June 1979, Communiqué was produced by Jerry Wexler and Barry Beckett and went to No. 1 on the German album charts, with the debut album Dire Straits simultaneously at No. 3. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at No. 5 in the album charts. Featuring the single "Lady Writer", the second album continued in a similar vein to the first and displayed the expanding scope of Knopfler's lyricism on the opening track, "Once Upon a Time in the West". In the coming year, however, this approach began to change, along with the group's line-up. 1980–1984: Making Movies, Love Over Gold and other side projects Mark Knopfler and Hal Lindes In 1980, Dire Straits were nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for "Sultans of Swing". In July 1980, the band started recording tracks for their third album. Produced by Jimmy Iovine, with Mark Knopfler also sharing credit, Making Movies was released in October 1980. During the recording sessions, tensions between the Knopfler brothers reached a point where David Knopfler decided to leave the band for a solo career. The remaining trio continued the album, with a session guitarist Sid McGinnis on rhythm guitar, although he was uncredited on the album, and Roy Bittan from Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band guesting on keyboards. After the recording sessions were completed, keyboardist Alan Clark and Californian guitarist Hal Lindes joined Dire Straits as full-time members for the On Location tour of Europe, North America, and Oceania. Making Movies received mostly positive reviews and featured longer songs with more complex arrangements, a style which would continue for the rest of the band's career. The album featured many of Mark Knopfler's most personal compositions. The most successful chart single was "Romeo and Juliet" (number 8 in the UK Singles Chart), a song about a failed love affair, with Knopfler's trademark in keeping personal songs under fictitious names. Although never released as a hit single, "Solid Rock" was featured in all Dire Straits' live shows from this point on for the remainder of their career, while the album's lengthy opening track, "Tunnel of Love", with its intro "The Carousel Waltz" by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, was featured in the 1982 Richard Gere film An Officer and a Gentleman. Although "Tunnel of Love" reached only no. 54 in the UK when released as a single in 1981, it remains one of Dire Straits' most famous and popular songs and immediately became a favourite live staple, entering the band’s concert repertoire from this point onwards. Making Movies stayed in the UK Albums Chart for five years, peaking at No. 4. Rolling Stone ranked Making Movies number 52 on its list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties". Knopfler and Lindes onstage in Amsterdam, June 1981 Dire Straits' fourth studio album Love Over Gold, an album of songs filled with lengthy passages that featured Alan Clark's piano and keyboard work, was well received when it was released in September 1982, going gold in America and spending four weeks at number one in the United Kingdom. The title was inspired by graffiti seen from the window of Knopfler's old council flat in London. The phrase was taken from the sleeve of an album by Captain Beefheart. Love Over Gold was the first Dire Straits album produced solely by Mark Knopfler, and its main chart hit, "Private Investigations", gave Dire Straits their first top 5 hit single in the United Kingdom, where it reached the number 2 position, despite its almost seven-minute length, and became another of the band's most popular live songs. In other parts of the world, "Industrial Disease", a song that looks at the decline of the British manufacturing industry in the early 1980s, focusing on strikes, depression and dysfunctionality, was the main single from the album, particularly in Canada, where it became a top 10 hit. As well as the title track and "It Never Rains", Love Over Gold featured the 14-minute epic "Telegraph Road". Also written by Knopfler during this period was "Private Dancer", which did not appear on the album, but was eventually given to Tina Turner for her comeback album of the same name. Love Over Gold reportedly sold two million copies during the first six weeks after its release. Shortly after the release of Love Over Gold, drummer Pick Withers left the band. His replacement was Terry Williams, formerly of Rockpile and a range of other Welsh bands, including Man. Knopfler in Zagreb, 1983 In January 1983, a four-song EP titled ExtendedancEPlay was released while Love Over Gold was still in the album charts. It featured the hit single "Twisting By the Pool", which reached the Top 20 in the UK and Canada. The band won Best British Group at the 1983 Brit Awards. Dire Straits embarked on an eight-month-long Love over Gold Tour, which finished with two concerts at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 22 and 23 July 1983. King Crimson saxophonist Mel Collins and session keyboardist Tommy Mandel, who had played with Bryan Adams since 1981, joined the live line-up to help Clark cover his increasingly detailed keyboard parts and arrangements. The double album Alchemy Live was a recording of excerpts from the final two concerts and was reportedly released without studio overdubs. It was released in March 1984, reaching the Top 3 in the UK Albums Chart. During 1983 and 1984, Mark Knopfler was also involved with other projects outside of Dire Straits, some of which other band members contributed towards. Knopfler and Terry Williams contributed to Phil Everly´s and Cliff Richard´s UK hit single "She Means Nothing To Me", released in early 1983, and Knopfler had also expressed his interest writing film music, and after producer David Puttnam responded he wrote and produced the music score to the film Local Hero. The album was released in April 1983 and received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Original Film Music the following year. Alan Clark contributed significantly, and other Dire Straits members Illsley, Lindes and Williams played on one track, "Freeway Flyer", while Gerry Rafferty sang lead vocals on "The Way It Always Starts". The closing track on the album and played during the credits in the film is the instrumental "Going Home: Theme of the Local Hero" which was released as a single, and remains very popular among football fans, especially those of Knopfler’s home town club, Newcastle United, as it is played as the team runs out before every home game. The track immediately became a popular live staple for Dire Straits, entering the band's repertoire from 1983 onwards. "Local Hero" was followed in 1984 by Cal, which was also released on album and to which John Illsley and Terry Williams contributed, and Comfort and Joy, which also featured contributions from Williams. Also, during this time Knopfler produced Bob Dylan's Infidels which also featured Alan Clark, as well as albums for Aztec Camera and Willy DeVille. Also in 1984, John Illsley released his first solo album, Never Told a Soul, to which Knopfler, Clark and Williams all contributed. Knopfler also teamed up with Bryan Ferry to contribute lead guitar to one track from his solo album Boys and Girls, released in June 1985. 1985–1986: Brothers in Arms and international success Dire Straits returned to recording at the end of 1984 and began recording tracks at George Martin's Air Studios in Montserrat for their upcoming fifth studio album, to be titled Brothers in Arms, with Mark Knopfler and Neil Dorfsman producing. The recording sessions saw further personnel changes. Taking the place of Tommy Mandel, Guy Fletcher, who had previously worked as a session musician with Roxy Music and had worked with Knopfler on the Cal and Comfort and Joy soundtracks, joined Dire Straits full time so that the band had a permanent second keyboardist. Hal Lindes left the band early on during the recording sessions and was replaced in December 1984 by Jack Sonni, a New York-based guitarist and longstanding friend of Knopfler (although Sonni's contribution to the album was minimal). According to a Sound on Sound magazine interview with Neil Dorfsman, the drumming style of Terry Williams was considered to be unsuitable for the desired sound of the album during the first month of the recording sessions at Montserrat. Williams was released from the recording sessions and temporarily replaced by jazz session drummer Omar Hakim, who re-recorded the album's drum parts within three days before leaving for other commitments. Both Hakim and Williams are credited on the album, although Williams’ sole contribution on the finished album was the improvised crescendo at the beginning of "Money for Nothing". According to another interview with Neil Dorsman, Williams played toms and tom fills throughout "Money for Nothing", while Omar Hakim played drums on all the remaining tracks on the album. According to Williams, he recorded all his drum parts to a click track which he felt hindered his ability to channel the rhythmic feel he wanted. Around six weeks after the recording sessions started, Williams voiced his disappointment to Mark Knopfler over some of his playing so far after listening to a playback of what was recorded; shortly after this, he was dismissed from the sessions. Williams would however be back in the band as a full time member for the music videos and the 1985–1986 Brothers in Arms world tour that followed. Released in May 1985, Brothers in Arms entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1 and spent a total of 228 weeks in the charts and sold over 4.3 million copies. It went on to become the best-selling album of 1985 in the UK. Brothers in Arms was similarly successful in the US, peaking at No. 1 on Billboard 200 for nine weeks, going multi-platinum and selling nine million copies there. The album spent 34 weeks at number 1 on the Australian ARIA Charts, and it remains the longest-running number one album in Australia. A National Style 0 resonator guitar features on the cover of Brothers in Arms. Knopfler also used the guitar in the 1981 single "Romeo and Juliet". The album featured a more lavish production and overall sound than Dire Straits' earlier work and spawned several big chart singles: "Money for Nothing", which reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 4 in the UK Singles Chart, "So Far Away" (No. 20 UK, No. 19 US), "Brothers in Arms" (No. 16 UK), "Walk of Life" (No. 2 UK, No. 7 US), and "Your Latest Trick" (No. 26 UK). "Money for Nothing" was the first video to be played on MTV in the UK and featured guest vocals by Sting, who is credited with co-writing the song with Mark Knopfler, although it was the inclusion of the melody from "Don't Stand So Close To Me" that triggered the copyright credit, as no actual lyrics were written by Sting. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in February 1986. Brothers in Arms was the first album recorded entirely digitally, because of Knopfler pushing for improved sound quality. Written during Britain's involvement in the Falklands War of 1982, the album's title track, "Brothers in Arms", deals with the senselessness of war. In 2007, the 25th anniversary of the war, Knopfler recorded a new version of the song at Abbey Road Studios to raise funds for British veterans who he said "are still suffering from the effects of that conflict." "Brothers in Arms" has become a favourite at military funerals. Reported to be the world's first CD single, it was issued in the UK as a promotional item distinguished with a logo for the tour, Live in '85, while a second to commemorate the Australian leg of the tour marked Live in '86. "Walk of Life", meanwhile, was nearly excluded from the album when co-producer Neil Dorfsman voted against its inclusion, but the band members out-voted him. The result was Dire Straits' most commercially successful hit single in the UK, peaking at number two. Dire Straits performing in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, (now Serbia) on 10 May 1985. Left to right: Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, and Jack Sonni. The album is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the first compact disc (CD) to sell a million copies, and it has been credited with popularising the CD format. The Guardian ranked the Brothers in Arms CD number 38 in their list of the 50 key events in rock music history. The album featured the full version of the "Money for Nothing" cut, rather than the LP version, and it also includes extended versions of all tracks on the first side of the LP, with the exception of "Walk of Life". The 1985–1986 Brothers in Arms world tour which followed the album's release was phenomenally successful, with over 2.5 million tickets sold. The tour included dates in Europe, Israel, North America, and Australia and New Zealand. The band, joined by saxophonist Chris White, played 248 shows in over 100 different cities. The tour began on 25 April 1985 in Split, Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia). While playing a 13-night residency at Wembley Arena in London, the band moved down the road to Wembley Stadium on the afternoon of 13 July 1985, to appear in a Live Aid slot, in which their set included "Money For Nothing" with Sting as guest vocalist. John Illsley states, "It was a very special feeling to be part of something so unique. Live Aid was a unique privilege for all of us. It’s become a fabulous memory." The tour ended at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, Australia, on 26 April 1986, where Dire Straits still holds the record for consecutive appearances at 21 nights. The band also made an impromptu attempt at the Australian folk song "Waltzing Matilda". With 900,000 tickets sold in Australia and New Zealand, it was the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, until it was overtaken in 2017–2018 by Ed Sheeran. Dire Straits performed at Live Aid at the old Wembley Stadium (exterior pictured) on 13 July 1985, in between 13 dates at the nearby Wembley Arena. Additionally, in 1985, a group that set out from London to Khartoum to raise money for famine relief, led by John Abbey, was called "The Walk of Life". Dire Straits donated the Brothers in Arms Gold disc to the participants in recognition of what they were doing. The band's concert of 10 July 1985 at Wembley Arena, in which they were accompanied by Nils Lofgren for "Solid Rock" and Hank Marvin joined the band at the end to play "Going Home" (the theme from Local Hero), was televised in the United Kingdom on The Tube on Channel 4 in January 1986. (Although never officially released, bootleg recordings of the performance entitled Wembley does the Walk (2005) have been circulated.) In 1986, Brothers in Arms won two Grammy Awards and also won Best British Album at the 1987 Brit Awards. Q magazine placed the album at number 51 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever in 2000. The album also ranked number 351 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2003. Brothers in Arms is also ranked number 3 in the best albums of 1985 and number 31 in the best albums of the 1980s, and as of December 2017, the album was ranked the eighth-best-selling album in UK chart history, and is the 107th-best-selling album in the United States. In August 1986, MTV Europe was launched with Dire Straits' "Money for Nothing". 1987–1990: First break-up After the Brothers in Arms tour ended, Mark Knopfler took a break from Dire Straits, and, during 1987, he concentrated on solo projects and film soundtracks. Dire Straits regrouped in 1988 for the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert, staged on 11 June 1988 at Wembley Stadium, in which they were the headline act. Guitarist Jack Sonni was unable to play the show as it coincided with the birth of his twin daughters, so Eric Clapton played rhythm guitar with the band, and during the set performed his hit "Wonderful Tonight" with them. Sonni and Terry Williams both officially left the band shortly afterwards. A 1989 signed Knopfler guitar at the Blues bar in Chicago Mark Knopfler announced the dissolution of Dire Straits in September 1988. He told Rob Tannenbaum in Rolling Stone: "A lot of press reports were saying we were the biggest band in the world. There's not an accent then on the music, there's an accent on popularity. I needed a rest." The tremendous success of the Brothers in Arms album and the tour that went with it left the band members under a significant amount of stress, and Knopfler announced that he wanted to work on more personal projects. A best of / greatest hits compilation, Money for Nothing, was released in October 1988 and reached number one in the UK. The group's first hit single "Sultans of Swing" was re-released as a single in the UK to promote the album. Also in 1988, John Illsley released his second solo album, Glass, which featured Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher and Chris White. During this period, Alan Clark joined Eric Clapton's band for three years, during which time Knopfler also briefly joined. In May 1989, Dire Straits reunited for a one off charity concert at the Mayfair Ballroom in Newcastle in honour of 11-year-old Joanne Gillespie – the National Children of Courage and North East Personality award winner who published the 1989 book Brave Heart about her fight against cancer. The concert raised more than £35,000. This was the last ever appearance by Terry Williams as the band’s drummer, and Brendan Croker played rhythm guitar in place of Jack Sonni. Also in 1989 over a meal at a Notting Hill wine bar, Knopfler formed the Notting Hillbillies, a country band featuring Guy Fletcher, Brendan Croker, and Steve Phillips, and their manager, Ed Bicknell on drums. The Notting Hillbillies' one album, Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time, with its single "Your Own Sweet Way", was released in 1990. The Notting Hillbillies toured for the remainder of the year and appeared on Saturday Night Live. Knopfler further emphasised his country music influences on his 1990 collaboration with the guitarist Chet Atkins, Neck and Neck. In 1990, Dire Straits (Knopfler, Illsley, Clark and Fletcher), performed alongside Eric Clapton and his band at the Knebworth Festival, playing "Solid Rock", "Money for Nothing" and "I Think I Love You Too Much". Knopfler explained that the latter was an experimental song and was unsure if they should record it on a following record. The song, a blues rock track with solos by Knopfler and Clapton, also appeared on the 1990 album Hell To Pay as a gift to Canadian blues/jazz artist Jeff Healey from Knopfler. This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year. 1990–1995: On Every Street and final dissolution In 1990, Dire Straits reunited. Retaining Bicknell as their manager, Mark Knopfler, John Illsley, Alan Clark and Guy Fletcher were joined in the studio by saxophonist Chris White, steel guitarist Paul Franklin, percussionist Danny Cummings and guitarist Phil Palmer, with drums split between Jeff Porcaro of Toto and Manu Katché. The new album was produced by Knopfler, Clark and Fletcher. Dire Straits released their sixth studio album, On Every Street, in September 1991, which turned out to be their final studio release. It was met with more moderate success and mixed reviews, as well as a significantly reduced audience. Some retrospective reviewers, including the All Music Guide, dubbed On Every Street an "underwhelming" follow-up to Brothers in Arms. However, it had sold 15 million copies by 2008, and on release, it went straight to number 1 in the UK Albums Chart. The album also reached number 1 in numerous European countries and Australia, and was particularly successful in France, where it achieved Diamond certification. In the United States, it peaked at number 12. Several singles were released from the album, some of which achieved success in Europe, Australasia and the United States; however, none were successful in the UK. An edited version of the opening track "Calling Elvis" was the first single released from the album. With a video based on the 1960s television show Thunderbirds, the track charted at number 21 on its first week in the UK Singles Chart but dropped out of the charts within four weeks. The track fared much better elsewhere, however, reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand and throughout Europe, peaking as high as the number 2 position in several countries, including Denmark and Switzerland, and number 1 in Italy. The follow-up single, "Heavy Fuel", failed to reach the Top 50 in the UK Singles chart; however, it reached number one in the United States on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, their second song to do so (after "Money for Nothing"). The track reached the top 20 in Canada and Belgium and peaked inside the top 30 in other European countries, as well as Australia. The album's title track was also relatively unsuccessful in the UK, failing to reach the top 40, although it reached the top 25 in France. The final single released in the UK was "The Bug", which reached the top 25 in Canada and contains backing vocals by Vince Gill, who was invited to join the band full-time but declined and pursued a solo career. "You and Your Friend" was also released as a single in France and Germany, but not in the UK. Dire Straits, with Chris Whitten on drums, embarked on a world tour to promote the album, which lasted until October 1992. The On Every Street Tour featured 300 shows in front of some 7.1 million ticket-buying fans. While musically more elaborate than the previous 1985–86 world tour, the band's gruelling final tour was not as critically acclaimed nor as commercially successful. This proved to be too much for Dire Straits, and by this time Mark Knopfler had enough of such massive operations. This led to the second and final break-up. Bill Flanagan described the sequence of events in GQ: "The subsequent world tour lasted nearly two years, made mountains of money and drove Dire Straits into the ground. When the tour was over, both Knopfler's marriage and his band were gone." Following their On Every Street Tour, John Illsley stated, "Personal relationships were in trouble and it put a terrible strain on everybody, emotionally and physically. We were changed by it. Neither of us wants to go back to those days." Manager Ed Bicknell also said, "The last tour was utter misery. Whatever the zeitgeist was that we had been part of, it had passed." John Illsley agreed, saying "Personal relationships were in trouble and it put a terrible strain on everybody, emotionally and physically. We were changed by it." The last stop and final touring concert of the group took place on 9 October 1992 in Zaragoza, Spain. After the end of the tour, Mark Knopfler expressed a wish to give up touring on a big scale and took some time out from the music business. A live album, On the Night, was released in May 1993, which documented the tour, again to very mixed reviews. Nevertheless, it reached the UK Top 5, a rare achievement for a live album. The four track Encores EP was also released and rose to number one in the French and Spanish singles charts and reached number 31 in the UK. Dire Straits' final album, Live at the BBC, is a collection of live recordings from 1978 to 1981, which mostly feature the original line-up of the band. Released in June 1995, their third and final live album was a contractual release to Vertigo Records (now a division of Mercury Records). At this time, Mark Knopfler quietly disbanded Dire Straits and prepared to work on his first full-fledged solo album (still signed to Mercury Records). Knopfler later recalled that, "I put the thing to bed because I wanted to get back to some kind of reality. It's self-protection, a survival thing. That kind of scale is dehumanizing." Knopfler spent two years recovering from the experience, which had taken a toll on his creative and personal life. 1996–present: Reunion speculations and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction After disbanding Dire Straits, Mark Knopfler started his career as a solo artist, releasing his first solo album, Golden Heart, in March 1996 after nearly 20 years of collaborations. Brothers in Arms was certified nine times platinum in the US in August 1996. During that year, the entire Dire Straits catalogue was remastered by Bob Ludwig and re-released on CD on Mercury Records, in most of the world outside the United States. The remasters were released in September 2000 in the United States, on Warner Bros. Knopfler, John Illsley, Alan Clark, and Guy Fletcher reunited for one last time on 19 June 1999, with Ed Bicknell on drums, playing five songs, including a performance of Chuck Berry's "Nadine" for Illsley's wedding. In July 2002, Mark Knopfler was joined by John Illsley, Guy Fletcher, Danny Cummings and Chris White for four charity concerts under the name of "Mark Knopfler and friends". Brendan Croker joined Knopfler during the first half, playing mainly material composed with The Notting Hillbillies. Illsley came on for a Dire Straits session, toward the end of which, at a Shepherd's Bush concert, Jimmy Nail came on to provide backing vocals for Knopfler's solo composition, "Why Aye Man". The song appears in the 2002 album The Ragpicker's Dream, an album that contains numerous other references to Knopfler's home area in North East England. The most recent compilation, The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations, was released in November 2005 and reached the UK Top 20. Featuring material from the majority of Dire Straits' studio albums as well as Mark Knopfler's solo and soundtrack material, it was released in two editions, a single CD with a grey cover and a double CD in a blue cover. The only previously unreleased track on the album, "All the Roadrunning", is a duet with singer Emmylou Harris. The album was well received. Also in 2005, Brothers in Arms was re-released in a limited 20th anniversary edition, which was a success, winning a Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album at the 48th Grammy Awards ceremony. Mark Knopfler, pictured in 2015, has declined offers to re-form the band, stating "It just got too big. If anyone can tell me one good thing about fame, I'd be very interested to hear it." Since the break-up of Dire Straits, Mark Knopfler has shown no interest in re-forming the band and is quoted as saying "Oh, I don't know whether to start getting all that stuff back together again," and telling reporters that "I would only do that for a charity. I'm glad I've experienced it all – I had a lot of fun with it – but I like things the way they are." However, keyboardist Guy Fletcher has been associated with almost every piece of Knopfler's solo material to date, and Danny Cummings has frequently contributed, notably to three of Knopfler's most recent solo album releases: All the Roadrunning (with Emmylou Harris), Kill to Get Crimson and Get Lucky. In 2007, Knopfler said he did not miss the global fame that came his way at the height of the band's success, explaining that "It just got too big." In October 2008, John Illsley told the BBC that he wanted Knopfler to agree to re-form Dire Straits for a comeback tour. Knopfler declined, saying that he was often reluctant to re-form the group, and insisted that he "isn't even a fan of Dire Straits' early hits." In the same interview, Illsley also suggested that Knopfler is enjoying his continued success as a solo artist, saying that "He's doing incredibly well as a solo artist, so hats off to him. He's having a perfectly good time doing what he's doing." Guy Fletcher stated on his website that Knopfler has no interest in re-forming Dire Straits. In December 2009, the band were commemorated with a Heritage Award from PRS for Music. A plaque was placed on a block of flats in Deptford, London, the location where Dire Straits played their first gig. In 2011, Alan Clark, Chris White, and Phil Palmer, along with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' drummer Steve Ferrone, formed a new band, the Straits, to perform at a charity show at the Royal Albert Hall in London. On 13 December 2017, Dire Straits were announced as inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for 2018. Speaking to Billboard magazine, John Illsley stated, "It fills me with a lot of pleasure to be recognized and to be included in the thing that we love doing best, which is making music and playing rock n' roll." On a possible reunion performance, he added, "Mark is quite sort of restrained about things like this. We have spoken about , and he just said, 'Oh, that's nice.' I think it would probably be important if Mark and I were there. I'll definitely be there, and I'll definitely talk Mark into coming as well. It's essentially up to him if he wants to do anything, and I completely respect his feelings about it. He doesn't want too much white light." Knopfler did not appear at the ceremony, with Illsley stating, "I'll assure you it's a personal thing. Let's just leave it at that." In 2009, Illsley and Clark performed several Dire Straits songs in an open air concert in San Vigilio, and since then, Clark, Palmer, Illsley, Cummings, Collins, Sonni and Withers, in various line-ups, have toured as the Dire Straits Legends and continue to this day as the Dire Straits Legacy. They also released an album, 3 Chord Trick. In a 2018 US tour, they were joined by Trevor Horn on bass and Steve Ferrone on drums. In September 2021, Alan Clark released his piano solo album Backstory, while in November 2021 John Illsley published his autobiography My Life in Dire Straits. Former guitarist Jack Sonni died on 30 August 2023, at the age of 68. In November 2023, John Illsley reiterated in an interview that he and Mark Knopfler have no interest in reforming Dire Straits, in spite of receiving major financial offers to get back together. He reflected that the band members had "reached the end of the road" after the end of their final world tour in 1992, and that he was "pretty happy" when the band’s run came to an end, recalling feeling "mentally, physically and emotionally exhausted" by the time Dire Straits disbanded. At the time, Illsley also said "I can openly admit to you that I really enjoyed the success of the band, I’m speaking for Mark as well, we both really enjoyed . It comes with a certain amount of stress, obviously. You’ve got to really dig deep sometimes to keep it working. I think Mark said – and I hope I’m quoting him correctly here – but he said that success is great, but fame is what comes out of the exhaust pipe of a car. It’s something you don’t really want". Dire Straits remains one of the most popular British rock bands as well as one of the world's most commercially successful artists, with total worldwide album sales of more than 120 million. Band members Main article: List of Dire Straits band membersFinal members Mark Knopfler – lead vocals, lead & rhythm guitar (1977–1995) John Illsley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1995) Alan Clark – keyboards (1980–1995) Guy Fletcher – keyboards, backing vocals (1984–1995) Former members Pick Withers – drums, occasional backing vocals (1977–1982) David Knopfler – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1977–1980) Hal Lindes – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1980–1984) Terry Williams – drums (1982–1988) Jack Sonni – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1984–1988; died 2023) Discography Main article: Dire Straits discography Dire Straits (1978) Communiqué (1979) Making Movies (1980) Love over Gold (1982) Brothers in Arms (1985) On Every Street (1991) Awards Honoured and inducted PRS for Music Heritage Award 2009 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2018 Won Brit Awards 1983 – British Group Brit Awards 1986 – British Group Grammy Award 1986 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group (for "Money for Nothing") Grammy Award 1986 – Brothers in Arms Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical (for Brothers in Arms, Mark Knopfler Neil Dorfsman engineer) Juno Award 1986 – International Album of the Year MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Video of the Year (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Group Video (for "Money for Nothing") Brit Awards 1987 – British Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms) Grammy Award 1987 – Best Music Video (for "Brothers in Arms") Grammy Award 2006 – Best Surround Sound Album (for his surround sound production for Brothers in Arms—20th Anniversary Edition, Chuck Ainlay, surround mix engineer; Bob Ludwig, surround mastering engineer; Chuck Ainlay and Mark Knopfler, surround producers) Nominated Grammy Award 1980 – Best New Artist Grammy Award 1980 – Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group (for "Sultans of Swing") American Music Award 1986 – Favorite Pop/Rock Single (for "Money for Nothing") Brit Awards 1986 – British Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms) Brit Awards 1986 – British Single (for "Money for Nothing") Brit Awards 1986 – British Video (for "Money for Nothing") Grammy Award 1986 – Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms) Grammy Award 1986 – Record of the Year (for "Money for Nothing") Grammy Award 1986 – Song of the Year (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Concept Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Most Experimental Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Stage Performance in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Overall Performance in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Direction in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Visual Effects in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Art Direction in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Editing in a Video (for "Money for Nothing") MTV Video Music Award 1986 – Viewer's Choice (for "Money for Nothing") Brit Awards 1987 – British Group Brit Awards 1992 – British Group Grammy Award 1992 – Best Music Video (for "Calling Elvis") Brit Awards 2010 – British Album of Thirty Years (for Brothers in Arms) See also "Between dire straits": The Three Weeks References ^ "Timeline". Direstraits.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2022. ^ Greaves, Amanda (11 March 2016). "Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock". The Ilkley Gazette. Retrieved 13 September 2016. ^ "Dire Straits". officialcharts.com. ^ "Mark Knopfler hurt in crash". BBC. 18 March 2003. Retrieved 19 August 2011. ^ Kelly, Heather (2 October 2012). "Rock on! The compact disc turns 30". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ Gibson, Owen (5 July 2005). "Queen most loved band". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Dire Straits". allmusic.com. ^ Swanson, Dave (7 October 2017). "5 Reasons Why Dire Straits Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ a b c d e Youngs, Ian (7 October 2008). "Knopfler declines Straits reunion". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ Rees, Paul (27 April 2015). "Dire Straits: How We Made Brothers In Arms". Classic Rock. LouderSound. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "Ed Sheeran Has Broken Dire Straits' Record For Most Tickets Sold On An Australia And NZ Tour". Triple J. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "Dire Straits given plaque honour". BBC News, 4 December 2009. Retrieved: 14 January 2015. ^ Alexander, Michael (20 October 2017). "Dire Straits reunion 'not on the horizon', says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs". The Courier of Dundee. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ^ a b "Dire Straits given plaque honour". BBC News. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2012. ^ Peter Buckley (2003) The rough guide to rock, p. 297. Retrieved: 29 December 2010. ^ Thompson, C. (2020). Contemporary World Musicians. Taylor & Francis. p. 1362. ISBN 978-1-135-93961-8. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Pick Withers – A Road Well Travelled". The drum doctor (interview). 16 July 2012. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. p. 697. ^ Oldfield, M. (1984). Dire Straits. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-283-98995-7. ^ Dire Straits – Honky Tonk demo, 24 July 2015, retrieved 1 January 2020 ^ a b Lazell, Barry (1989). Rock movers & shakers. Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 143. ^ a b c d "Dire Straits Biography". Sing365.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ Peter Frame (1999) Pete Frame's rockin' around Britain: rock'n'roll landmarks of the UK and Ireland, p. 182. Music Sales Group. Retrieved: 30 December 2010. ^ High fidelity, Volume 29, Issues 1–6, p. 102. Audiocom, 1979. ^ a b c d e f Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited ^ Dafydd Rees, Luke Crampton (1999). Rock stars encyclopedia, p. 229. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. Billboard Books ^ Humphries, Patrick. Absolutely Dylan, p. 213. Viking Studio Books, 1991. ^ Considine, J.D. (2004). "Dire Straits". The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Rolling Stone Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009. ^ a b c d Rock on the Net: Dire Straits/Mark Knopfler Retrieved: 29–12–10. ^ Genzel, Christian. "David Knopfler". All Music. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ Mark Knopfler, accessed 4 March 2008. Archived 4 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Biography Channel ^ Hoffmann, Frank W. Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1, p. 295. Routledge, 2005. ^ "100 Best Albums of the Eighties". Rolling Stone. 15 December 2017. ^ a b International who's who in popular music, p. 282. Routledge, 2002. ^ Terry Williams, All music. Retrieved 16 December 2017 ^ "Brit awards winners list 2013: every winner since 1977". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2018 ^ Drucker, David (1991) Billboard's Complete Book of Audio Billboard Books Retrieved: 29 December 2010. ^ Young, Andrew (17 July 1982). "On the right track". The Glasgow Herald. p. 7. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ Hunter, Alan; Astaire, Mark (1983). Local Hero: The Making of the Film. Edinburgh: Polygon Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-0904919677. ^ "Local Hero (Original Soundtrack) – Mark Knopfler". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ^ "37th British Academy Film Awards". BAFTA. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ Local Hero (Original Soundtrack) – Mark Knopfler AllMusic Retrieved: 30 December 2010. ^ Sexton, Paul (16 April 2020). "'Local Hero': Mark Knopfler's First Soundtrack Resonates Far And Wide". ^ David Nieri. "Mark Knopfler – The Long Highway". pp. 38–43. ^ Paul Sexton, They were different days ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Never Told a Soul". AllMusic. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ a b "Summer of 1985: Eleven Top Music Moments Remembered". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ "Archived copy". www.knopfler.net. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. 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Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Brothers in Arms popularises the CD". The Guardian. 16 December 2017. ^ Buskin, Richard. "Classic Tracks: Dire Straits 'Money For Nothing'". Sound on Sound (SOS), May 2006. ^ Smith, Richard (14 June 2007). "Songs from a pointless war". theguardian.com. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "New version of 'Brothers in Arms' to raise funds for Falklands veterans". Fundraising.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ Producer: Lucy Lunt (18 September 2012). "Brothers in Arms". Soul Music: Series 14 Episode 4 of 5. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ Osborne, Richard (2016). Vinyl: A History of the Analogue Record. Routledge. p. 139. ^ Guinness Book of World Records (1990), p. 156. Sterling Pub. Co. Retrieved: 30 December 2010. ^ Digitally Recorded, Digitally re/mixed and Digitally Mastered (psg). ecoustics.com ^ Audio, Volume 69, Issues 2-11. Radio Magazine. 1985. p. 108. ^ "SA gigs for Dire Straits frontman". News 24. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ "An 80s experience to remember". Stuff.nz. 15 December 2017. ^ Brock Helander (1996) The rock who's who, p. 170. Schirmer Books, 1996. ^ "The Story Behind The Song: Sultans Of Swing by Dire Straits". Louder Sound. Retrieved 8 June 2020. ^ Billboard - 15 August 1992 - Page 34 ^ "Ed Sheeran adds final Australian shows; breaking all records". No. 26 May 2017. News.com.au. 15 December 2017. ^ "Dire Straits Live In '85 at Wembley Arena (1986)". UK: BFI. 16 April 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ Brit Awards 1987 Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ The 100 Greatest British Albums Ever Q Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits Archived 27 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ BPI Highest Retail Sales Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ Billboard 28 Jul 2001. Billboard Retrieved: 29 December 2010. ^ a b "Mark Knopfler – Authorized Biography". Archived from the original on 10 February 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ "Dire Straits & EC - Mandela Benefit Concert 1988". YouTube. 26 March 2013. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Joel Whitburn's Rock Tracks: Mainstream Rock 1981-2002: Modern Rock, 1988-2002: Bonus Section! Classic Rock Tracks, 1964–1980. Record Research. p. 48. ^ "Dire Straits Biography: Contemporary Musicians". Enotes.com. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ "Dire Straits | full Official Chart History". Official Charts. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Glass". All Music. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ "AMIT :: About EGHAM concert in 1989". ^ "Timeline". direstraits.com. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Tour dates". ^ Neck and Neck (booklet). Chet Atkins and Mark Knopfler. New York: Columbia Records. 1990. pp. 1–3. CK 45307.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Dire Straits – Money For Nothing (From "Live At Knebworth" DVD) video Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine NME. Retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ Healey, Jeff (2005). The Jeff Healey Band Live at Montreux 1999 , paragraph 5. Eagle Records. ^ a b Tobler, John. (1991) Who's Who in Rock & Roll, p. 1988. Crescent Books. ^ "On Every Street". Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "On Every Street – Dire Straits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 September 2011. ^ "John Illsley: Strait From The Art". Performing Musician. November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2015. ^ "On Every Street". U discover music. Retrieved 16 March 2021 ^ "Dire Straits". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 March 2021 ^ "On Every Street – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ "Vince Gill on Truck Songs, Clapton & Women's 'Unfair' Role in Country". Rolling Stone. 16 December 2017. ^ Modern Drummer: MD, vol. 26, Modern Drummer Publications, 2002, p. 87 ^ Rees, Dafydd (1999). Rock Stars Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 301. ^ a b Rees, Paul (June 2015). "The sultan of swing". Classic Rock #210. p. 124. ^ a b c "Dire Straits' John Illsley Talks Rock Hall Induction, Odds of a Reunion Performance". No. 13 December 2017. Billboard. 16 December 2017. ^ "Your Latest Trick" ("Encores" EP), French Singles Chart Les charts (Retrieved 10 April 2008) ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ^ a b Dire Straits live at the BBC 26 Aug 1995 Billboard Retrieved: 30 December 2010. ^ "Dire Straits reunion? It's not for Knopfler". The Guardian. 10 May 2018. ^ McCormick, Neil (5 September 2012). "Mark Knopfler: how did we avoid disaster?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2012. ^ "John's Wedding". Archived from the original on 25 January 2000. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ "PICTURES: Who remembers when Dire Straits rocked the New Forest?". 10 January 2022. ^ "The Ragpicker's Dream". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ Billboard 18 Feb 2006 Billboard Retrieved: 30 December 2010. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Kill to Get Crimson". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Get Lucky". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ "Knopfler 'Blocking Dire Straits Reunion'". Contactmusic. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ Youngs, Ian (7 October 2008). "Knopfler declines Straits reunion". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 3 February 2009. ^ Fletcher, Guy. "Mark Knopfler Keyboard Player and Solo Artist Inamorata". Dr Fletch (Forum FAQ). Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015. ^ UK Music Heritage Plaque award Archived 17 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Markknopfler.com ^ "The Straits 22 May 2011". The Royal Albert Hall. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. ^ "Bon Jovi, Dire Straits Lead Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2018 Class". Rolling Stone. 13 December 2017. ^ Rogerson, Ben (16 April 2018). "Mark Knopfler Absent from Induction Ceremony". Music Radar. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ "Dire Straits Legacy all 'Auditorium Conciliazione". Metropolitan. IT. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Former Dire Straits Members Unite as 'Dire Straits Legacy' for Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "Dire Straits' Jack Sonni dies", Planet radio, UK. ^ "Dire Straits turn down "huge amounts of money" to reform". NME. 5 November 2023. ^ "Dire Straits are in demand as 'huge amounts offered' for reunion". Independent.co.uk. 4 November 2023. ^ "Dire Straits Has Turned Down 'Huge Amounts of Money' to Reunite". 5 November 2023. Further reading Illsley, John (2021). My Life in Dire Straits : The Inside Story of One of the Biggest Bands in Rock History. London, UK: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-1-78763-436-7. OCLC 1282301626. External links Dire Straits at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website Dire Straits at IMDb Dire Straits discography at Discogs Dire Straits' demo tape (1977) vteDire Straits Mark Knopfler John Illsley Pick Withers David Knopfler Alan Clark Hal Lindes Terry Williams Guy Fletcher Jack Sonni Studio albums Dire Straits Communiqué Making Movies Love over Gold Brothers in Arms On Every Street Live albums Alchemy On the Night Live at the BBC Compilations Money for Nothing Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits Private Investigations: The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler EPs ExtendedancEPlay Encores Singles "Sultans of Swing" "Water of Love" / "Down to the Waterline" "Lady Writer" "Romeo and Juliet" "Skateaway" "Tunnel of Love" "Telegraph Road" "Private Investigations" "Industrial Disease" "Twisting by the Pool" "Love over Gold" "So Far Away" "Money for Nothing" "Brothers in Arms" "Walk of Life" "Your Latest Trick" "Calling Elvis" "Heavy Fuel" "On Every Street" "The Bug" "You and Your Friend" Tours Brothers in Arms Tour On Every Street Tour Related articles Discography Band members Omar Hakim Chris White The Notting Hillbillies Category Awards for Dire Straits vteBrit Award for British Album of the Year1977–2000 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1977) Kings of the Wild Frontier – Adam and the Ants (1982) Memories – Barbra Streisand (1983) Thriller – Michael Jackson (1984) Diamond Life – Sade (1985) No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1986) Brothers in Arms – Dire Straits (1987) ...Nothing Like the Sun – Sting (1988) The First of a Million Kisses – Fairground Attraction (1989) The Raw and the Cooked – Fine Young Cannibals (1990) Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 – George Michael (1991) Seal – Seal (1992) Diva – Annie Lennox (1993) Connected – Stereo MC's (1994) Parklife – Blur (1995) (What's the Story) Morning Glory? – Oasis (1996) Everything Must Go – Manic Street Preachers (1997) Urban Hymns – The Verve (1998) This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours – Manic Street Preachers (1999) The Man Who – Travis (2000) 2001–present Parachutes – Coldplay (2001) No Angel – Dido (2002) A Rush of Blood to the Head – Coldplay (2003) Permission to Land – The Darkness (2004) Hopes and Fears – Keane (2005) X&Y – Coldplay (2006) Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not – Arctic Monkeys (2007) Favourite Worst Nightmare – Arctic Monkeys (2008) Rockferry – Duffy (2009) Lungs – Florence and the Machine (2010) Sigh No More – Mumford & Sons (2011) 21 – Adele (2012) Our Version of Events – Emeli Sandé (2013) AM – Arctic Monkeys (2014) x – Ed Sheeran (2015) 25 – Adele (2016) Blackstar – David Bowie (2017) Gang Signs & Prayer – Stormzy (2018) A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships – The 1975 (2019) Psychodrama – Dave (2020) Future Nostalgia – Dua Lipa (2021) 30 – Adele (2022) Harry's House – Harry Styles (2023) My 21st Century Blues – Raye (2024) vteBrit Award for British Group The Beatles (1977) The Police (1982) Dire Straits (1983) Culture Club (1984) Wham! (1985) Dire Straits (1986) Five Star (1987) Pet Shop Boys (1988) Erasure (1989) Fine Young Cannibals (1990) The Cure (1991) The KLF and Simply Red (1992) Simply Red (1993) Stereo MC's (1994) Blur (1995) Oasis (1996) Manic Street Preachers (1997) The Verve (1998) Manic Street Preachers (1999) Travis (2000) Coldplay (2001) Travis (2002) Coldplay (2003) The Darkness (2004) Franz Ferdinand (2005) Kaiser Chiefs (2006) Arctic Monkeys (2007) Arctic Monkeys (2008) Elbow (2009) Kasabian (2010) Take That (2011) Coldplay (2012) Mumford & Sons (2013) Arctic Monkeys (2014) Royal Blood (2015) Coldplay (2016) The 1975 (2017) Gorillaz (2018) The 1975 (2019) Foals (2020) Little Mix (2021) Wolf Alice (2022) Wet Leg (2023) Jungle (2024) vteGrammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal1970s "Heartache Tonight" – Eagles (1979) 1980s Against the Wind – Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band (1980) "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (1981) "Eye of the Tiger" – Survivor (1982) Synchronicity – The Police (1983) "Purple Rain" – Prince and the Revolution (1984) "Money for Nothing" – Dire Straits (1985) "Missionary Man" – Eurythmics (1986) The Joshua Tree – U2 (1987) "Desire" – U2 (1988) "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1" – Traveling Wilburys (1989) 1990s "Janie's Got a Gun" – Aerosmith (1990) "Good Man, Good Woman" – Bonnie Raitt and Delbert McClinton (1991) "Achtung Baby" – U2 (1992) "Livin' on the Edge" – Aerosmith (1993) "Crazy" – Aerosmith (1994) "Run-Around" – Blues Traveler (1995) "So Much to Say" – Dave Matthews Band (1996) "One Headlight" – The Wallflowers (1997) "Pink" – Aerosmith (1998) "Put Your Lights On" – Everlast and Santana (1999) 2000s "Beautiful Day" – U2 (2000) "Elevation" – U2 (2001) "In My Place" – Coldplay (2002) "Disorder in the House" – Bruce Springsteen and Warren Zevon (2003) "Vertigo" – U2 (2004) "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – U2 (2005) "Dani California" – Red Hot Chili Peppers (2006) "Icky Thump" – The White Stripes (2007) "Sex on Fire" – Kings of Leon (2008) "Use Somebody" – Kings of Leon (2009) 2010s "Tighten Up" – The Black Keys (2010) vteGrammy Award for Best Music VideoVideo of the Year (1981−1982) Elephant Parts – Michael Nesmith (1981) Olivia Physical – Olivia Newton-John (1982) 1983–1986 "Girls on Film" / "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran (1983) "Jazzin' for Blue Jean" – David Bowie (1984) "We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985) "Brothers in Arms" – Dire Straits (1986) Best ConceptMusic Video (1987−1988) "Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1987) "Fat" – "Weird Al" Yankovic (1988) 1989–2009 "Leave Me Alone" – Michael Jackson (1989) "Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul (1990) "Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991) "Digging in the Dirt" – Peter Gabriel (1992) "Steam" – Peter Gabriel (1993) "Love Is Strong" – The Rolling Stones (1994) "Scream" – Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson (1995) "Free as a Bird" – The Beatles (1996) "Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson (1997) "Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998) "Freak on a Leash" – Korn (1999) "Learn to Fly" – Foo Fighters (2000) "Weapon of Choice" – Fatboy Slim featuring Bootsy Collins (2001) "Without Me" - Eminem (2002) "Hurt" – Johnny Cash (2003) "Vertigo" – U2 (2004) "Lose Control" – Missy Elliott featuring Ciara & Fatman Scoop (2005) "Here It Goes Again" – OK Go (2006) "God's Gonna Cut You Down" – Johnny Cash (2007) "Pork and Beans" – Weezer (2008) "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas (2009) 2010–present "Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010) "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011) "We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012) "Suit & Tie" – Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z (2013) "Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014) "Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018) "Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019) "Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Blue Ivy & Wizkid (2020) "Freedom" – Jon Batiste (2021) All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022) "I'm Only Sleeping" – The Beatles (2023) vteMTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year1980s "You Might Think" – The Cars (1984) "The Boys of Summer" – Don Henley (1985) "Money for Nothing" – Dire Straits (1986) "Sledgehammer" – Peter Gabriel (1987) "Need You Tonight" / "Mediate" – INXS (1988) "This Note's for You" – Neil Young (1989) 1990s "Nothing Compares 2 U" – Sinéad O'Connor (1990) "Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991) "Right Now" – Van Halen (1992) "Jeremy" – Pearl Jam (1993) "Cryin'" – Aerosmith (1994) "Waterfalls" – TLC (1995) "Tonight, Tonight" – The Smashing Pumpkins (1996) "Virtual Insanity" – Jamiroquai (1997) "Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998) "Doo Wop (That Thing)" – Lauryn Hill (1999) 2000s "The Real Slim Shady" – Eminem (2000) "Lady Marmalade" – Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink (2001) "Without Me" – Eminem (2002) "Work It" – Missy Elliott (2003) "Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004) "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" – Green Day (2005) "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" – Panic! at the Disco (2006) "Umbrella" – Rihanna featuring Jay-Z (2007) "Piece of Me" – Britney Spears (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s "Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010) "Firework" – Katy Perry (2011) "We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012) "Mirrors" – Justin Timberlake (2013) "Wrecking Ball" – Miley Cyrus (2014) "Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015) "Formation" – Beyoncé (2016) "Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017) "Havana" – Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug (2018) "You Need to Calm Down" – Taylor Swift (2019) 2020s "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd (2020) "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" – Lil Nas X (2021) All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022) "Anti-Hero" – Taylor Swift (2023) vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2018Performers Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such, Tico Torres The Cars Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek, Benjamin Orr Dire Straits Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler, Pick Withers The Moody Blues Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder, Ray Thomas Nina Simone Early influences Sister Rosetta Tharpe Singles Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats – "Rocket 88" (1951) Link Wray – "Rumble" (1958) Chubby Checker – "The Twist" (1960) The Kingsmen – "Louie Louie" (1963) Procol Harum – "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967) Steppenwolf – "Born to Be Wild" (1968) vteUK best-selling albums (by year) (1970–1989) 1970–71: Bridge over Troubled Water (Simon & Garfunkel) 1972: 20 Dynamic Hits (Various Artists) 1973: Aladdin Sane (David Bowie) 1974: The Singles: 1969–1973 (The Carpenters) 1975: The Best of The Stylistics (The Stylistics) 1976: Greatest Hits (ABBA) 1977: Arrival (ABBA) 1978: Saturday Night Fever (original soundtrack) 1979: Parallel Lines (Blondie) 1980: Super Trouper (ABBA) 1981: Kings of the Wild Frontier (Adam and the Ants) 1982: Love Songs (Barbra Streisand) 1983: Thriller (Michael Jackson) 1984: Can't Slow Down (Lionel Richie) 1985: Brothers in Arms (Dire Straits) 1986: True Blue (Madonna) 1987: Bad (Michael Jackson) 1988: Kylie (Kylie Minogue) 1989: Ten Good Reasons (Jason Donovan) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dire Straits (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"David Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"John Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Illsley"},{"link_name":"Pick Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_Withers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits_(album)"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Private Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Investigations_(song)"},{"link_name":"Twisting by the Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisting_by_the_Pool"},{"link_name":"Money for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)"},{"link_name":"Walk of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"eighth-best-selling album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of British Hit Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hit_Singles_%26_Albums"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"blues rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_rock"},{"link_name":"J. J. Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Cale"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"roots rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_rock"},{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct2008-9"},{"link_name":"Classic Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1985–1986 world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_Tour"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"final world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street_Tour"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best British Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Group"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blpq-12"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-14"}],"text":"For other uses, see Dire Straits (disambiguation).Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (lead vocals and lead guitar), David Knopfler (rhythm guitar and backing vocals), John Illsley (bass guitar and backing vocals) and Pick Withers (drums and percussion). They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1990 to 1995.[2]Their first single, \"Sultans of Swing\", from their 1978 self-titled debut album, reached the top ten in the UK and US charts. It was followed by a series of hit singles including \"Romeo and Juliet\" (1981), \"Private Investigations\" (1982), \"Twisting by the Pool\" (1983), \"Money for Nothing\" (1985), and \"Walk of Life\" (1985).[3] Their most commercially successful album, Brothers in Arms (1985), has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide; it was the first album to sell a million copies on CD[4][5] and is the eighth-best-selling album in UK history. According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums, Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, the fifth most to date.[6]Dire Straits drew from influences including country, folk, the blues rock of J. J. Cale, and jazz.[7] Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock. There were several changes in personnel, with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only members who remained with the band for its whole history. After their first breakup in 1988, Mark Knopfler told Rolling Stone: \"A lot of press reports were saying we were the biggest band in the world. There's not an accent then on the music, there's an accent on popularity. I needed a rest.\"[8] They disbanded permanently in 1995, after which Knopfler launched a solo career full-time. He has since declined numerous reunion offers.[9]Dire Straits were called \"the biggest British rock band of the 80s\" by Classic Rock magazine;[10] their 1985–1986 world tour, which included a performance at Live Aid in July 1985, set a record in Australasia.[11] Their final world tour from 1991 to 1992 sold 7.1 million tickets. Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards (Best British Group twice), two MTV Video Music Awards, and various other awards.[12] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018. Dire Straits have sold between 100 million and 120 million records worldwide, including 51.4 million certified units, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[13][14]","title":"Dire Straits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DireStraits-PRS.jpg"},{"link_name":"PRS for Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_for_Music"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"David Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"John Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Illsley"},{"link_name":"Pick Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_Withers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dave Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Gerry Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta_(band)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brewers Droop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Droop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"flatmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatmate"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"Water of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Down to the Waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_the_Waterline"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gillett"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_London"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_London-21"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Records"},{"link_name":"Phonogram Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonogram_Inc."},{"link_name":"Setting Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_London-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Straits_1978_Hamburg_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Illsley"},{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Pick Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_Withers"},{"link_name":"David Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Dire Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits_(album)"},{"link_name":"Basing Street studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarm_West_Studios"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing365-22"},{"link_name":"Muff Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muff_Winwood"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26R"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing365-22"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Down to the Waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_the_Waterline"},{"link_name":"Steve Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Phillips_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitburn-27"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Slow Train Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_Train_Coming"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Communiqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9_(Dire_Straits_album)"},{"link_name":"Compass Point Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_Point_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nassau, Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Jerry Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Wexler"},{"link_name":"Barry Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Lady Writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Writer"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West_(song)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSalbumguide-29"}],"sub_title":"1977–1979: Early years and first two albums","text":"PRS for Music heritage plaque commemorating Dire Straits' first performance in Deptford, LondonBrothers Mark and David Knopfler, born in Scotland but raised in Blyth in the northeast of England, and friends John Illsley and Pick Withers, from Leicester in the East Midlands, formed Dire Straits in London in 1977.[15] Withers was already a 10-year music business veteran, having been a session drummer for Dave Edmunds, Gerry Rafferty, Magna Carta and others through the 1970s; he was part of the group Spring, which recorded an album for RCA in 1971. At the time of the band's formation, Mark was working as an English teacher,[16] Illsley was studying at Goldsmiths' College, and David was a social worker.[17] Mark and Withers had both been part of the pub rock group Brewers Droop at different points in and around 1973.[18]The band was initially known as the Café Racers. The name Dire Straits was coined by a musician flatmate of Withers, allegedly thought up while they were rehearsing in the kitchen of a friend, Simon Cowe, of Lindisfarne. In 1977, the group recorded a five-song demo tape which included their future hit single, \"Sultans of Swing\", as well as \"Water of Love\" and \"Down to the Waterline\".[19][20] After a performance at the Rock Garden in 1977, they took a demo tape to MCA in Soho but were turned down. They then went to DJ Charlie Gillett, presenter of Honky Tonk on BBC Radio London.[21] The band simply wanted advice, but Gillett liked the music so much that he played \"Sultans of Swing\" on his show. Two months later, Dire Straits signed a recording contract with the Vertigo division of Phonogram Inc. In October 1977, the band recorded demo tapes of \"Southbound Again\", \"In the Gallery\" and \"Six Blade Knife\" for BBC Radio London; in November, demo tapes were made of \"Setting Me Up\", \"Eastbound Train\" and \"Real Girl\".[21]The original Dire Straits line-up in Hamburg, Germany (1978); L to R: John Illsley, Mark Knopfler, Pick Withers and David KnopflerThe group's first album, Dire Straits, was recorded at Basing Street studios in Notting Hill, London in February 1978, at a cost of £12,500.[22] Produced by Muff Winwood, it was first released in the United Kingdom on Vertigo Records, then a division of Phonogram Inc. It came to the attention of A&R representative Karin Berg, working at Warner Bros. Records in New York City. She felt that it was the kind of music audiences were hungry for, but only one person in her department agreed at first.[22] Many of the songs on the album reflected Mark Knopfler's experiences in Newcastle, Leeds and London. \"Down to the Waterline\" recalled images of life in Newcastle; \"In the Gallery\" is a tribute to Leeds sculptor/artist Harry Phillips (father of Steve Phillips); \"Wild West End\" and \"Lions\" were drawn from Knopfler's early days in the capital.[23][24]That year, Dire Straits began a tour as opening band for Talking Heads, after the re-released \"Sultans of Swing\" finally started to climb the UK charts.[25] This led to a United States recording contract with Warner Bros. Records; before the end of 1978, Dire Straits had released their self-titled debut worldwide. They received more attention in the US, but also arrived at the top of the charts in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Dire Straits eventually went top 10 in every European country.The following year, Dire Straits embarked on their first North American tour. They played 51 sold-out concerts over a 38-day period.[26] \"Sultans of Swing\" scaled the charts to No. 4 in the United States and No. 8 in the United Kingdom.[25][27] The song was one of Dire Straits' biggest hits and became a fixture in the band's live performances. Bob Dylan, who had seen the band play in Los Angeles, was so impressed that he invited Mark Knopfler and drummer Pick Withers to play on his next album, Slow Train Coming.[28]Recording sessions for the group's second album, Communiqué, took place in December 1978 at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas. Released in June 1979, Communiqué was produced by Jerry Wexler and Barry Beckett and went to No. 1 on the German album charts, with the debut album Dire Straits simultaneously at No. 3. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at No. 5 in the album charts. Featuring the single \"Lady Writer\", the second album continued in a similar vein to the first and displayed the expanding scope of Knopfler's lyricism on the opening track, \"Once Upon a Time in the West\".[29] In the coming year, however, this approach began to change, along with the group's line-up.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_by_Rik_Walton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Rock_Vocal_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROTN-30"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Iovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Iovine"},{"link_name":"Making Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Movies"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sid McGinnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_McGinnis"},{"link_name":"Roy Bittan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Bittan"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"E Street Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Street_Band"},{"link_name":"Alan Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clark_(keyboardist)"},{"link_name":"Hal Lindes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Lindes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sing365-22"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-32"},{"link_name":"Solid Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Rock_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_of_Love_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"An Officer and a Gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_1981.jpg"},{"link_name":"Love Over Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Over_Gold"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"Private Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Investigations_(song)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHRT-35"},{"link_name":"Industrial Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Disease_(song)"},{"link_name":"manufacturing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Over_Gold_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Telegraph Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Road_(song)"},{"link_name":"Private Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Dancer_(Tina_Turner_song)"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Terry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Williams_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Rockpile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockpile"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_(band)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Straits_1983_Zagreb_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"ExtendedancEPlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExtendedancEPlay"},{"link_name":"Best British Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Group"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brit_Awards_ceremonies#1983"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Mel Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Collins"},{"link_name":"Tommy Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Alchemy Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy:_Dire_Straits_Live"},{"link_name":"overdubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdubs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Phil Everly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Everly"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"She Means Nothing To Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Means_Nothing_To_Me"},{"link_name":"David Puttnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Puttnam"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-making-40"},{"link_name":"Local Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Hero_(album)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Original Film Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Gerry Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Going Home: Theme of the Local Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Home:_Theme_of_the_Local_Hero"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nieri-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexton-46"},{"link_name":"Cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Comfort and Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_and_Joy_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Infidels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidels_(Bob_Dylan_album)"},{"link_name":"Aztec Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Camera"},{"link_name":"Willy DeVille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_DeVille"},{"link_name":"Never Told a Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Told_a_Soul"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bryan Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Boys and Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_and_Girls_(album)"}],"sub_title":"1980–1984: Making Movies, Love Over Gold and other side projects","text":"Mark Knopfler and Hal LindesIn 1980, Dire Straits were nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for \"Sultans of Swing\".[30] In July 1980, the band started recording tracks for their third album. Produced by Jimmy Iovine, with Mark Knopfler also sharing credit, Making Movies was released in October 1980. During the recording sessions, tensions between the Knopfler brothers reached a point where David Knopfler decided to leave the band for a solo career.[31] The remaining trio continued the album, with a session guitarist Sid McGinnis on rhythm guitar, although he was uncredited on the album, and Roy Bittan from Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band guesting on keyboards. After the recording sessions were completed, keyboardist Alan Clark and Californian guitarist Hal Lindes joined Dire Straits as full-time members for the On Location tour of Europe, North America, and Oceania.[22]Making Movies received mostly positive reviews and featured longer songs with more complex arrangements, a style which would continue for the rest of the band's career. The album featured many of Mark Knopfler's most personal compositions. The most successful chart single was \"Romeo and Juliet\" (number 8 in the UK Singles Chart), a song about a failed love affair, with Knopfler's trademark in keeping personal songs under fictitious names.[32] Although never released as a hit single, \"Solid Rock\" was featured in all Dire Straits' live shows from this point on for the remainder of their career, while the album's lengthy opening track, \"Tunnel of Love\", with its intro \"The Carousel Waltz\" by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, was featured in the 1982 Richard Gere film An Officer and a Gentleman. Although \"Tunnel of Love\" reached only no. 54 in the UK when released as a single in 1981, it remains one of Dire Straits' most famous and popular songs and immediately became a favourite live staple, entering the band’s concert repertoire from this point onwards. Making Movies stayed in the UK Albums Chart for five years, peaking at No. 4.[33] Rolling Stone ranked Making Movies number 52 on its list of the \"100 Best Albums of the Eighties\".[34]Knopfler and Lindes onstage in Amsterdam, June 1981Dire Straits' fourth studio album Love Over Gold, an album of songs filled with lengthy passages that featured Alan Clark's piano and keyboard work, was well received when it was released in September 1982, going gold in America and spending four weeks at number one in the United Kingdom. The title was inspired by graffiti seen from the window of Knopfler's old council flat in London. The phrase was taken from the sleeve of an album by Captain Beefheart. Love Over Gold was the first Dire Straits album produced solely by Mark Knopfler, and its main chart hit, \"Private Investigations\", gave Dire Straits their first top 5 hit single in the United Kingdom, where it reached the number 2 position, despite its almost seven-minute length, and became another of the band's most popular live songs.[35]In other parts of the world, \"Industrial Disease\", a song that looks at the decline of the British manufacturing industry in the early 1980s, focusing on strikes, depression and dysfunctionality, was the main single from the album, particularly in Canada, where it became a top 10 hit. As well as the title track and \"It Never Rains\", Love Over Gold featured the 14-minute epic \"Telegraph Road\". Also written by Knopfler during this period was \"Private Dancer\", which did not appear on the album, but was eventually given to Tina Turner for her comeback album of the same name. Love Over Gold reportedly sold two million copies during the first six weeks after its release. Shortly after the release of Love Over Gold, drummer Pick Withers left the band. His replacement was Terry Williams, formerly of Rockpile and a range of other Welsh bands, including Man.[36]Knopfler in Zagreb, 1983In January 1983, a four-song EP titled ExtendedancEPlay was released while Love Over Gold was still in the album charts. It featured the hit single \"Twisting By the Pool\", which reached the Top 20 in the UK and Canada. The band won Best British Group at the 1983 Brit Awards.[37] Dire Straits embarked on an eight-month-long Love over Gold Tour, which finished with two concerts at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 22 and 23 July 1983. King Crimson saxophonist Mel Collins and session keyboardist Tommy Mandel, who had played with Bryan Adams since 1981, joined the live line-up to help Clark cover his increasingly detailed keyboard parts and arrangements. The double album Alchemy Live was a recording of excerpts from the final two concerts and was reportedly released without studio overdubs. It was released in March 1984, reaching the Top 3 in the UK Albums Chart.[38]During 1983 and 1984, Mark Knopfler was also involved with other projects outside of Dire Straits, some of which other band members contributed towards. Knopfler and Terry Williams contributed to Phil Everly´s and Cliff Richard´s UK hit single \"She Means Nothing To Me\", released in early 1983, and Knopfler had also expressed his interest writing film music, and after producer David Puttnam responded[39][40] he wrote and produced the music score to the film Local Hero. The album was released in April 1983[41] and received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Original Film Music the following year.[42] Alan Clark contributed significantly, and other Dire Straits members Illsley, Lindes and Williams played on one track, \"Freeway Flyer\", while Gerry Rafferty sang lead vocals on \"The Way It Always Starts\".[43] The closing track on the album and played during the credits in the film is the instrumental \"Going Home: Theme of the Local Hero\" which was released as a single, and remains very popular among football fans, especially those of Knopfler’s home town club, Newcastle United, as it is played as the team runs out before every home game.[44] The track immediately became a popular live staple for Dire Straits, entering the band's repertoire from 1983 onwards.[45][46]\"Local Hero\" was followed in 1984 by Cal, which was also released on album and to which John Illsley and Terry Williams contributed, and Comfort and Joy, which also featured contributions from Williams. Also, during this time Knopfler produced Bob Dylan's Infidels which also featured Alan Clark, as well as albums for Aztec Camera and Willy DeVille. Also in 1984, John Illsley released his first solo album, Never Told a Soul, to which Knopfler, Clark and Williams all contributed.[47] Knopfler also teamed up with Bryan Ferry to contribute lead guitar to one track from his solo album Boys and Girls, released in June 1985.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin"},{"link_name":"Air Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Studios"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"Neil Dorfsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Dorfsman"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brothers-48"},{"link_name":"Guy Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Roxy 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tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_Tour"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C._Strong_1998_p._207-52"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"best-selling album of 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_British_music#Best-selling_albums"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROTN-30"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"ARIA Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JHS_Vintage%C2%AE_AMG1_Acoustic_Resonator_Guitar_-_left_angled.jpg"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_String_Instrument_Corporation"},{"link_name":"resonator guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator_guitar"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"So Far Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Far_Away_(Dire_Straits_song)"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(song)"},{"link_name":"Walk of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Your Latest Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Latest_Trick"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROTN-30"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Don't Stand So Close To Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Stand_So_Close_To_Me"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Brothers-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brothers-48"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Straits_1985_Mark_Knopfler_Alan_Clark_Jack_Sonni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Brothers-60"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD_Brothers-60"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"1985–1986 Brothers in Arms world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_Tour"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Chris White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_White_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Sydney Entertainment Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Entertainment_Centre"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Waltzing Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wembley_Stadium_Twin_Towers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"Nils Lofgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Lofgren"},{"link_name":"Hank Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Local Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Hero_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"The Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tube_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"bootleg recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BRIT_Awards_ceremonies#1987"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-59"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"eighth-best-selling album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"1985–1986: Brothers in Arms and international success","text":"Dire Straits returned to recording at the end of 1984 and began recording tracks at George Martin's Air Studios in Montserrat for their upcoming fifth studio album, to be titled Brothers in Arms, with Mark Knopfler and Neil Dorfsman producing.[48] The recording sessions saw further personnel changes. Taking the place of Tommy Mandel, Guy Fletcher, who had previously worked as a session musician with Roxy Music and had worked with Knopfler on the Cal and Comfort and Joy soundtracks, joined Dire Straits full time so that the band had a permanent second keyboardist.[22] Hal Lindes left the band early on during the recording sessions and was replaced in December 1984 by Jack Sonni, a New York-based guitarist and longstanding friend of Knopfler (although Sonni's contribution to the album was minimal).[49]According to a Sound on Sound magazine interview with Neil Dorfsman, the drumming style of Terry Williams was considered to be unsuitable for the desired sound of the album during the first month of the recording sessions at Montserrat.[50] Williams was released from the recording sessions and temporarily replaced by jazz session drummer Omar Hakim, who re-recorded the album's drum parts within three days before leaving for other commitments.[51] Both Hakim and Williams are credited on the album,[52] although Williams’ sole contribution on the finished album was the improvised crescendo at the beginning of \"Money for Nothing\". According to another interview with Neil Dorsman, Williams played toms and tom fills throughout \"Money for Nothing\", while Omar Hakim played drums on all the remaining tracks on the album.[53] According to Williams, he recorded all his drum parts to a click track which he felt hindered his ability to channel the rhythmic feel he wanted. Around six weeks after the recording sessions started, Williams voiced his disappointment to Mark Knopfler over some of his playing so far after listening to a playback of what was recorded; shortly after this, he was dismissed from the sessions.[54] Williams would however be back in the band as a full time member for the music videos and the 1985–1986 Brothers in Arms world tour that followed.[52]Released in May 1985, Brothers in Arms entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1 and spent a total of 228 weeks in the charts[55] and sold over 4.3 million copies.[56] It went on to become the best-selling album of 1985 in the UK.[25] Brothers in Arms was similarly successful in the US, peaking at No. 1 on Billboard 200 for nine weeks, going multi-platinum and selling nine million copies there.[30][57] The album spent 34 weeks at number 1 on the Australian ARIA Charts, and it remains the longest-running number one album in Australia.[58]A National Style 0 resonator guitar features on the cover of Brothers in Arms. Knopfler also used the guitar in the 1981 single \"Romeo and Juliet\".The album featured a more lavish production and overall sound than Dire Straits' earlier work and spawned several big chart singles: \"Money for Nothing\", which reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 4 in the UK Singles Chart, \"So Far Away\" (No. 20 UK, No. 19 US), \"Brothers in Arms\" (No. 16 UK), \"Walk of Life\" (No. 2 UK, No. 7 US), and \"Your Latest Trick\" (No. 26 UK).[30] \"Money for Nothing\" was the first video to be played on MTV in the UK and featured guest vocals by Sting, who is credited with co-writing the song with Mark Knopfler, although it was the inclusion of the melody from \"Don't Stand So Close To Me\" that triggered the copyright credit, as no actual lyrics were written by Sting. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in February 1986.[59]Brothers in Arms was the first album recorded entirely digitally, because of Knopfler pushing for improved sound quality.[60][61] Written during Britain's involvement in the Falklands War of 1982, the album's title track, \"Brothers in Arms\", deals with the senselessness of war.[48][62] In 2007, the 25th anniversary of the war, Knopfler recorded a new version of the song at Abbey Road Studios to raise funds for British veterans who he said \"are still suffering from the effects of that conflict.\"[63] \"Brothers in Arms\" has become a favourite at military funerals.[64] Reported to be the world's first CD single, it was issued in the UK as a promotional item distinguished with a logo for the tour, Live in '85, while a second to commemorate the Australian leg of the tour marked Live in '86.[65] \"Walk of Life\", meanwhile, was nearly excluded from the album when co-producer Neil Dorfsman voted against its inclusion, but the band members out-voted him. The result was Dire Straits' most commercially successful hit single in the UK, peaking at number two.[25]Dire Straits performing in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, (now Serbia) on 10 May 1985. Left to right: Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, and Jack Sonni.The album is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the first compact disc (CD) to sell a million copies,[66] and it has been credited with popularising the CD format.[60][67] The Guardian ranked the Brothers in Arms CD number 38 in their list of the 50 key events in rock music history.[60] The album featured the full version of the \"Money for Nothing\" cut, rather than the LP version, and it also includes extended versions of all tracks on the first side of the LP, with the exception of \"Walk of Life\".[68]The 1985–1986 Brothers in Arms world tour which followed the album's release was phenomenally successful, with over 2.5 million tickets sold.[69] The tour included dates in Europe, Israel, North America, and Australia and New Zealand. The band, joined by saxophonist Chris White, played 248 shows in over 100 different cities.[70] The tour began on 25 April 1985 in Split, Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia). While playing a 13-night residency at Wembley Arena in London, the band moved down the road to Wembley Stadium on the afternoon of 13 July 1985, to appear in a Live Aid slot,[71] in which their set included \"Money For Nothing\" with Sting as guest vocalist. John Illsley states, \"It was a very special feeling to be part of something so unique. Live Aid was a unique privilege for all of us. It’s become a fabulous memory.\"[72] The tour ended at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, Australia, on 26 April 1986, where Dire Straits still holds the record for consecutive appearances at 21 nights.[73] The band also made an impromptu attempt at the Australian folk song \"Waltzing Matilda\". With 900,000 tickets sold in Australia and New Zealand, it was the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, until it was overtaken in 2017–2018 by Ed Sheeran.[74]Dire Straits performed at Live Aid at the old Wembley Stadium (exterior pictured) on 13 July 1985, in between 13 dates at the nearby Wembley Arena.Additionally, in 1985, a group that set out from London to Khartoum to raise money for famine relief, led by John Abbey, was called \"The Walk of Life\". Dire Straits donated the Brothers in Arms Gold disc to the participants in recognition of what they were doing. The band's concert of 10 July 1985 at Wembley Arena, in which they were accompanied by Nils Lofgren for \"Solid Rock\" and Hank Marvin joined the band at the end to play \"Going Home\" (the theme from Local Hero), was televised in the United Kingdom on The Tube on Channel 4 in January 1986.[75] (Although never officially released, bootleg recordings of the performance entitled Wembley does the Walk (2005) have been circulated.)In 1986, Brothers in Arms won two Grammy Awards and also won Best British Album at the 1987 Brit Awards.[59][76] Q magazine placed the album at number 51 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever in 2000.[77] The album also ranked number 351 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2003.[78] Brothers in Arms is also ranked number 3 in the best albums of 1985 and number 31 in the best albums of the 1980s, and as of December 2017, the album was ranked the eighth-best-selling album in UK chart history, and is the 107th-best-selling album in the United States.[79] In August 1986, MTV Europe was launched with Dire Straits' \"Money for Nothing\".[80]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_70th_Birthday_Tribute"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Wonderful Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knopfler-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dire_Straits%27_Guitar_@_blues_bar,_Chicago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Money for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHRT-35"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Brendan Croker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Croker"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knopfler-81"},{"link_name":"the Notting Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notting_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"Steve Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Phillips_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing...Presumed_Having_a_Good_Time"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Chet Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Neck and Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_and_Neck"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Knebworth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_Festival"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"blues rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_rock"},{"link_name":"Hell To Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_to_Pay_(The_Jeff_Healey_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Jeff Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Healey"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REUN-93"}],"sub_title":"1987–1990: First break-up","text":"After the Brothers in Arms tour ended, Mark Knopfler took a break from Dire Straits, and, during 1987, he concentrated on solo projects and film soundtracks. Dire Straits regrouped in 1988 for the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert, staged on 11 June 1988 at Wembley Stadium, in which they were the headline act. Guitarist Jack Sonni was unable to play the show as it coincided with the birth of his twin daughters, so Eric Clapton played rhythm guitar with the band, and during the set performed his hit \"Wonderful Tonight\" with them.[81][82] Sonni and Terry Williams both officially left the band shortly afterwards.[83]A 1989 signed Knopfler guitar at the Blues bar in ChicagoMark Knopfler announced the dissolution of Dire Straits in September 1988. He told Rob Tannenbaum in Rolling Stone: \"A lot of press reports were saying we were the biggest band in the world. There's not an accent then on the music, there's an accent on popularity. I needed a rest.\"[84] The tremendous success of the Brothers in Arms album and the tour that went with it left the band members under a significant amount of stress, and Knopfler announced that he wanted to work on more personal projects. A best of / greatest hits compilation, Money for Nothing, was released in October 1988 and reached number one in the UK.[35] The group's first hit single \"Sultans of Swing\" was re-released as a single in the UK to promote the album.[85] Also in 1988, John Illsley released his second solo album, Glass, which featured Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher and Chris White.[86] During this period, Alan Clark joined Eric Clapton's band for three years, during which time Knopfler also briefly joined.In May 1989, Dire Straits reunited for a one off charity concert at the Mayfair Ballroom in Newcastle in honour of 11-year-old Joanne Gillespie – the National Children of Courage and North East Personality award winner who published the 1989 book Brave Heart about her fight against cancer. The concert raised more than £35,000. This was the last ever appearance by Terry Williams as the band’s drummer, and Brendan Croker played rhythm guitar in place of Jack Sonni.[87][88][89] Also in 1989 over a meal at a Notting Hill wine bar,[81] Knopfler formed the Notting Hillbillies, a country band featuring Guy Fletcher, Brendan Croker, and Steve Phillips, and their manager, Ed Bicknell on drums. The Notting Hillbillies' one album, Missing...Presumed Having a Good Time, with its single \"Your Own Sweet Way\", was released in 1990. The Notting Hillbillies toured for the remainder of the year and appeared on Saturday Night Live. Knopfler further emphasised his country music influences on his 1990 collaboration with the guitarist Chet Atkins, Neck and Neck.[90]In 1990, Dire Straits (Knopfler, Illsley, Clark and Fletcher), performed alongside Eric Clapton and his band at the Knebworth Festival, playing \"Solid Rock\", \"Money for Nothing\" and \"I Think I Love You Too Much\". Knopfler explained that the latter was an experimental song and was unsure if they should record it on a following record.[91] The song, a blues rock track with solos by Knopfler and Clapton, also appeared on the 1990 album Hell To Pay as a gift[92] to Canadian blues/jazz artist Jeff Healey from Knopfler. This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year.[93]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Franklin_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Jeff Porcaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Porcaro"},{"link_name":"Toto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_(band)"},{"link_name":"Manu Katché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Katch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REUN-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"On Every Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street"},{"link_name":"All Music Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Music_Guide"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitburn-27"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Calling Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_Elvis"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heavy Fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Fuel"},{"link_name":"Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Mainstream_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bug_(song)"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"You and Your Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_and_Your_Friend"},{"link_name":"Chris Whitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitten"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"On Every Street Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street_Tour"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_John_Illsley_by_2eight-_DSC2851.jpg"},{"link_name":"On Every Street Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street_Tour"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees_124-103"},{"link_name":"Ed Bicknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bicknell"},{"link_name":"zeitgeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rees_124-103"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_Billboard-104"},{"link_name":"On the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Night"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-25"},{"link_name":"Encores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encores_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Live at the BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_BBC_(Dire_Straits_album)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIL-107"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIL-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-109"}],"sub_title":"1990–1995: On Every Street and final dissolution","text":"In 1990, Dire Straits reunited. Retaining Bicknell as their manager, Mark Knopfler, John Illsley, Alan Clark and Guy Fletcher were joined in the studio by saxophonist Chris White, steel guitarist Paul Franklin, percussionist Danny Cummings and guitarist Phil Palmer, with drums split between Jeff Porcaro of Toto and Manu Katché.[93][94] The new album was produced by Knopfler, Clark and Fletcher.Dire Straits released their sixth studio album, On Every Street, in September 1991, which turned out to be their final studio release. It was met with more moderate success and mixed reviews, as well as a significantly reduced audience. Some retrospective reviewers, including the All Music Guide,[95] dubbed On Every Street an \"underwhelming\" follow-up to Brothers in Arms. However, it had sold 15 million copies by 2008,[96] and on release, it went straight to number 1 in the UK Albums Chart.[97] The album also reached number 1 in numerous European countries and Australia, and was particularly successful in France, where it achieved Diamond certification. In the United States, it peaked at number 12.[25][27]Several singles were released from the album, some of which achieved success in Europe, Australasia and the United States; however, none were successful in the UK.[98] An edited version of the opening track \"Calling Elvis\" was the first single released from the album. With a video based on the 1960s television show Thunderbirds, the track charted at number 21 on its first week in the UK Singles Chart but dropped out of the charts within four weeks. The track fared much better elsewhere, however, reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand and throughout Europe, peaking as high as the number 2 position in several countries, including Denmark and Switzerland, and number 1 in Italy.The follow-up single, \"Heavy Fuel\", failed to reach the Top 50 in the UK Singles chart; however, it reached number one in the United States on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart,[99] their second song to do so (after \"Money for Nothing\"). The track reached the top 20 in Canada and Belgium and peaked inside the top 30 in other European countries, as well as Australia. The album's title track was also relatively unsuccessful in the UK, failing to reach the top 40, although it reached the top 25 in France. The final single released in the UK was \"The Bug\", which reached the top 25 in Canada and contains backing vocals by Vince Gill, who was invited to join the band full-time but declined and pursued a solo career.[100] \"You and Your Friend\" was also released as a single in France and Germany, but not in the UK.Dire Straits, with Chris Whitten on drums,[101] embarked on a world tour to promote the album, which lasted until October 1992. The On Every Street Tour featured 300 shows in front of some 7.1 million ticket-buying fans.[102] While musically more elaborate than the previous 1985–86 world tour, the band's gruelling final tour was not as critically acclaimed nor as commercially successful. This proved to be too much for Dire Straits, and by this time Mark Knopfler had enough of such massive operations. This led to the second and final break-up. Bill Flanagan described the sequence of events in GQ: \"The subsequent world tour lasted nearly two years, made mountains of money and drove Dire Straits into the ground. When the tour was over, both Knopfler's marriage and his band were gone.\"Following their On Every Street Tour, John Illsley stated, \"Personal relationships were in trouble and it put a terrible strain on everybody, emotionally and physically. We were changed by it. Neither of us wants to go back to those days.\"[103]Manager Ed Bicknell also said, \"The last tour was utter misery. Whatever the zeitgeist was that we had been part of, it had passed.\" John Illsley agreed, saying \"Personal relationships were in trouble and it put a terrible strain on everybody, emotionally and physically. We were changed by it.\"[103] The last stop and final touring concert of the group took place on 9 October 1992 in Zaragoza, Spain.[104]After the end of the tour, Mark Knopfler expressed a wish to give up touring on a big scale and took some time out from the music business. A live album, On the Night, was released in May 1993, which documented the tour, again to very mixed reviews. Nevertheless, it reached the UK Top 5, a rare achievement for a live album.[25] The four track Encores EP was also released and rose to number one in the French and Spanish singles charts and reached number 31 in the UK.[105][106]Dire Straits' final album, Live at the BBC, is a collection of live recordings from 1978 to 1981, which mostly feature the original line-up of the band.[107] Released in June 1995, their third and final live album was a contractual release to Vertigo Records (now a division of Mercury Records).[107] At this time, Mark Knopfler quietly disbanded Dire Straits and prepared to work on his first full-fledged solo album (still signed to Mercury Records).[108] Knopfler later recalled that, \"I put the thing to bed because I wanted to get back to some kind of reality. It's self-protection, a survival thing. That kind of scale is dehumanizing.\"[109] Knopfler spent two years recovering from the experience, which had taken a toll on his creative and personal life.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Heart"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROTN-30"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Ed Bicknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bicknell"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Nadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_(song)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Nail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Nail"},{"link_name":"Why Aye Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Aye_Man"},{"link_name":"The Ragpicker's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ragpicker%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Dire_Straits_%26_Mark_Knopfler:_Private_Investigations"},{"link_name":"All the Roadrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Roadrunning"},{"link_name":"duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Surround_Sound_Album"},{"link_name":"48th Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mar-Knopfler-Pensa-Blue.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct2008-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct2008-9"},{"link_name":"All the Roadrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Roadrunning"},{"link_name":"Kill to Get Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_to_Get_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Get Lucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Lucky_(Mark_Knopfler_album)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct2008-9"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct2008-9"},{"link_name":"Guy Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Heritage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Award"},{"link_name":"PRS for Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_for_Music"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers"},{"link_name":"Steve Ferrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ferrone"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Induction-121"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_Billboard-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOF_Billboard-104"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Trevor Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Horn"},{"link_name":"Steve Ferrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ferrone"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Jack Sonni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sonni"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-14"}],"sub_title":"1996–present: Reunion speculations and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction","text":"After disbanding Dire Straits, Mark Knopfler started his career as a solo artist, releasing his first solo album, Golden Heart, in March 1996 after nearly 20 years of collaborations. Brothers in Arms was certified nine times platinum in the US in August 1996.[30] During that year, the entire Dire Straits catalogue was remastered by Bob Ludwig and re-released on CD on Mercury Records, in most of the world outside the United States. The remasters were released in September 2000 in the United States, on Warner Bros.Knopfler, John Illsley, Alan Clark, and Guy Fletcher reunited for one last time on 19 June 1999, with Ed Bicknell on drums, playing five songs, including a performance of Chuck Berry's \"Nadine\" for Illsley's wedding.[110] In July 2002, Mark Knopfler was joined by John Illsley, Guy Fletcher, Danny Cummings and Chris White for four charity concerts under the name of \"Mark Knopfler and friends\".[111] Brendan Croker joined Knopfler during the first half, playing mainly material composed with The Notting Hillbillies. Illsley came on for a Dire Straits session, toward the end of which, at a Shepherd's Bush concert, Jimmy Nail came on to provide backing vocals for Knopfler's solo composition, \"Why Aye Man\". The song appears in the 2002 album The Ragpicker's Dream, an album that contains numerous other references to Knopfler's home area in North East England.[112]The most recent compilation, The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations, was released in November 2005 and reached the UK Top 20. Featuring material from the majority of Dire Straits' studio albums as well as Mark Knopfler's solo and soundtrack material, it was released in two editions, a single CD with a grey cover and a double CD in a blue cover. The only previously unreleased track on the album, \"All the Roadrunning\", is a duet with singer Emmylou Harris. The album was well received. Also in 2005, Brothers in Arms was re-released in a limited 20th anniversary edition, which was a success, winning a Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album at the 48th Grammy Awards ceremony.[113]Mark Knopfler, pictured in 2015, has declined offers to re-form the band, stating \"It just got too big. If anyone can tell me one good thing about fame, I'd be very interested to hear it.\"[9]Since the break-up of Dire Straits, Mark Knopfler has shown no interest in re-forming the band and is quoted as saying \"Oh, I don't know whether to start getting all that stuff back together again,\"[9] and telling reporters that \"I would only do that for a charity. I'm glad I've experienced it all – I had a lot of fun with it – but I like things the way they are.\" However, keyboardist Guy Fletcher has been associated with almost every piece of Knopfler's solo material to date, and Danny Cummings has frequently contributed, notably to three of Knopfler's most recent solo album releases: All the Roadrunning (with Emmylou Harris), Kill to Get Crimson and Get Lucky.[114][115]In 2007, Knopfler said he did not miss the global fame that came his way at the height of the band's success, explaining that \"It just got too big.\"[9] In October 2008, John Illsley told the BBC that he wanted Knopfler to agree to re-form Dire Straits for a comeback tour. Knopfler declined, saying that he was often reluctant to re-form the group, and insisted that he \"isn't even a fan of Dire Straits' early hits.\"[116][117] In the same interview, Illsley also suggested that Knopfler is enjoying his continued success as a solo artist, saying that \"He's doing incredibly well as a solo artist, so hats off to him. He's having a perfectly good time doing what he's doing.\"[9] Guy Fletcher stated on his website that Knopfler has no interest in re-forming Dire Straits.[118]In December 2009, the band were commemorated with a Heritage Award from PRS for Music. A plaque was placed on a block of flats in Deptford, London, the location where Dire Straits played their first gig.[119] In 2011, Alan Clark, Chris White, and Phil Palmer, along with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' drummer Steve Ferrone, formed a new band, the Straits, to perform at a charity show at the Royal Albert Hall in London.[120]On 13 December 2017, Dire Straits were announced as inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for 2018.[121] Speaking to Billboard magazine, John Illsley stated, \"It fills me with a lot of pleasure to be recognized and to be included in the thing that we love doing best, which is making music and playing rock n' roll.\"[104] On a possible reunion performance, he added, \"Mark is quite sort of restrained about things like this. We have spoken about [the induction], and he just said, 'Oh, that's nice.' I think it would probably be important if Mark and I were there. I'll definitely be there, and I'll definitely talk Mark into coming as well. It's essentially up to him if he wants to do anything, and I completely respect his feelings about it. He doesn't want too much white light.\"[104] Knopfler did not appear at the ceremony, with Illsley stating, \"I'll assure you it's a personal thing. Let's just leave it at that.\"[122]In 2009, Illsley and Clark performed several Dire Straits songs in an open air concert in San Vigilio, and since then, Clark, Palmer, Illsley, Cummings, Collins, Sonni and Withers, in various line-ups, have toured as the Dire Straits Legends and continue to this day as the Dire Straits Legacy. They also released an album, 3 Chord Trick.[123] In a 2018 US tour, they were joined by Trevor Horn on bass and Steve Ferrone on drums.[124]In September 2021, Alan Clark released his piano solo album Backstory, while in November 2021 John Illsley published his autobiography My Life in Dire Straits. Former guitarist Jack Sonni died on 30 August 2023, at the age of 68.[125]In November 2023, John Illsley reiterated in an interview that he and Mark Knopfler have no interest in reforming Dire Straits, in spite of receiving major financial offers to get back together. He reflected that the band members had \"reached the end of the road\" after the end of their final world tour in 1992, and that he was \"pretty happy\" when the band’s run came to an end, recalling feeling \"mentally, physically and emotionally exhausted\" by the time Dire Straits disbanded.[126][127] At the time, Illsley also said \"I can openly admit to you that I really enjoyed the success of the band, I’m speaking for Mark as well, we both really enjoyed [it]. It comes with a certain amount of stress, obviously. You’ve got to really dig deep sometimes to keep it working. I think Mark said – and I hope I’m quoting him correctly here – but he said that success is great, but fame is what comes out of the exhaust pipe of a car. It’s something you don’t really want\".[128]Dire Straits remains one of the most popular British rock bands as well as one of the world's most commercially successful artists, with total worldwide album sales of more than 120 million.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"John Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Illsley"},{"link_name":"Alan Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clark_(keyboardist)"},{"link_name":"Guy Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Pick Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_Withers"},{"link_name":"David Knopfler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Knopfler"},{"link_name":"Hal Lindes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Lindes"},{"link_name":"Terry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Williams_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Sonni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sonni"}],"text":"Final membersMark Knopfler – lead vocals, lead & rhythm guitar (1977–1995)\nJohn Illsley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1995)\nAlan Clark – keyboards (1980–1995)\nGuy Fletcher – keyboards, backing vocals (1984–1995)Former membersPick Withers – drums, occasional backing vocals (1977–1982)\nDavid Knopfler – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1977–1980)\nHal Lindes – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1980–1984)\nTerry Williams – drums (1982–1988)\nJack Sonni – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1984–1988; died 2023)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dire Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits_(album)"},{"link_name":"Communiqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9_(Dire_Straits_album)"},{"link_name":"Making Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Movies"},{"link_name":"Love over Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_over_Gold"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"On Every Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Every_Street"}],"text":"Dire Straits (1978)\nCommuniqué (1979)\nMaking Movies (1980)\nLove over Gold (1982)\nBrothers in Arms (1985)\nOn Every Street (1991)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PRS for Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS_for_Music"},{"link_name":"Heritage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Award"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"}],"sub_title":"Honoured and inducted","text":"PRS for Music Heritage Award 2009\nRock and Roll Hall of Fame 2018","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Money for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"Juno Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(song)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"}],"sub_title":"Won","text":"Brit Awards 1983 – British Group\nBrit Awards 1986 – British Group\nGrammy Award 1986 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nGrammy Award 1986 – Brothers in Arms Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical (for Brothers in Arms, Mark Knopfler Neil Dorfsman engineer)\nJuno Award 1986 – International Album of the Year\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Video of the Year (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Group Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nBrit Awards 1987 – British Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms)\nGrammy Award 1987 – Best Music Video (for \"Brothers in Arms\")\nGrammy Award 2006 – Best Surround Sound Album (for his surround sound production for Brothers in Arms—20th Anniversary Edition, Chuck Ainlay, surround mix engineer; Bob Ludwig, surround mastering engineer; Chuck Ainlay and Mark Knopfler, surround producers)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"American Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Money for Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Calling Elvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_Elvis"},{"link_name":"Brit Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"Brothers in Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_in_Arms_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Nominated","text":"Grammy Award 1980 – Best New Artist\nGrammy Award 1980 – Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group (for \"Sultans of Swing\")\nAmerican Music Award 1986 – Favorite Pop/Rock Single (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nBrit Awards 1986 – British Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms)\nBrit Awards 1986 – British Single (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nBrit Awards 1986 – British Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nGrammy Award 1986 – Album of the Year (for Brothers in Arms)\nGrammy Award 1986 – Record of the Year (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nGrammy Award 1986 – Song of the Year (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Concept Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Most Experimental Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Stage Performance in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Overall Performance in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Direction in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Visual Effects in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Art Direction in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Best Editing in a Video (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nMTV Video Music Award 1986 – Viewer's Choice (for \"Money for Nothing\")\nBrit Awards 1987 – British Group\nBrit Awards 1992 – British Group\nGrammy Award 1992 – Best Music Video (for \"Calling Elvis\")\nBrit Awards 2010 – British Album of Thirty Years (for Brothers in Arms)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78763-436-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78763-436-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1282301626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1282301626"}],"text":"Illsley, John (2021). My Life in Dire Straits : The Inside Story of One of the Biggest Bands in Rock History. London, UK: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-1-78763-436-7. OCLC 1282301626.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"PRS for Music heritage plaque commemorating Dire Straits' first performance in Deptford, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DireStraits-PRS.jpg/220px-DireStraits-PRS.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original Dire Straits line-up in Hamburg, Germany (1978); L to R: John Illsley, Mark Knopfler, Pick Withers and David Knopfler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dire_Straits_1978_Hamburg_1.jpg/280px-Dire_Straits_1978_Hamburg_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mark Knopfler and Hal Lindes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_by_Rik_Walton.jpg/220px-Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_by_Rik_Walton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Knopfler and Lindes onstage in Amsterdam, June 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_1981.jpg/220px-Mark_Knopfler_and_Hal_Lindes_1981.jpg"},{"image_text":"Knopfler in Zagreb, 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dire_Straits_1983_Zagreb_3.jpg/220px-Dire_Straits_1983_Zagreb_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A National Style 0 resonator guitar features on the cover of Brothers in Arms. Knopfler also used the guitar in the 1981 single \"Romeo and Juliet\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JHS_Vintage%C2%AE_AMG1_Acoustic_Resonator_Guitar_-_left_angled.jpg/170px-JHS_Vintage%C2%AE_AMG1_Acoustic_Resonator_Guitar_-_left_angled.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dire Straits performing in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, (now Serbia) on 10 May 1985. Left to right: Mark Knopfler, Alan Clark, and Jack Sonni.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dire_Straits_1985_Mark_Knopfler_Alan_Clark_Jack_Sonni.jpg/220px-Dire_Straits_1985_Mark_Knopfler_Alan_Clark_Jack_Sonni.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dire Straits performed at Live Aid at the old Wembley Stadium (exterior pictured) on 13 July 1985, in between 13 dates at the nearby Wembley Arena.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wembley_Stadium_Twin_Towers.jpg/220px-Wembley_Stadium_Twin_Towers.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1989 signed Knopfler guitar at the Blues bar in Chicago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dire_Straits%27_Guitar_%40_blues_bar%2C_Chicago.jpg/170px-Dire_Straits%27_Guitar_%40_blues_bar%2C_Chicago.jpg"},{"image_text":"Following their On Every Street Tour, John Illsley stated, \"Personal relationships were in trouble and it put a terrible strain on everybody, emotionally and physically. We were changed by it. Neither of us wants to go back to those days.\"[103]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2015_John_Illsley_by_2eight-_DSC2851.jpg/170px-2015_John_Illsley_by_2eight-_DSC2851.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mark Knopfler, pictured in 2015, has declined offers to re-form the band, stating \"It just got too big. If anyone can tell me one good thing about fame, I'd be very interested to hear it.\"[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mar-Knopfler-Pensa-Blue.jpg/170px-Mar-Knopfler-Pensa-Blue.jpg"}]

[{"title":"The Three Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Weeks"}]

[{"reference":"\"Timeline\". Direstraits.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230128095618/https://www.direstraits.com/about/","url_text":"\"Timeline\""},{"url":"https://www.direstraits.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greaves, Amanda (11 March 2016). \"Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock\". The Ilkley Gazette. Retrieved 13 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilkleygazette.co.uk/leisure/leisure_ents/14338459.Dire_Straits_tribute_turns_back_the_clock/","url_text":"\"Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette_%26_Observer","url_text":"The Ilkley Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Dire Straits\". officialcharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16752/dire-straits/","url_text":"\"Dire Straits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Knopfler hurt in crash\". BBC. 18 March 2003. Retrieved 19 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2859527.stm","url_text":"\"Mark Knopfler hurt in crash\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Heather (2 October 2012). \"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30\". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/28/tech/innovation/compact-disc-turns-30/","url_text":"\"Rock on! The compact disc turns 30\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Owen (5 July 2005). \"Queen most loved band\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/05/arts.artsnews1","url_text":"\"Queen most loved band\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"Dire Straits\". allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dire-straits-mn0000167517/biography","url_text":"\"Dire Straits\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Dave (7 October 2017). \"5 Reasons Why Dire Straits Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/dire-straits-rock-hall/","url_text":"\"5 Reasons Why Dire Straits Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Youngs, Ian (7 October 2008). \"Knopfler declines Straits reunion\". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7656310.stm","url_text":"\"Knopfler declines Straits reunion\""}]},{"reference":"Rees, Paul (27 April 2015). \"Dire Straits: How We Made Brothers In Arms\". Classic Rock. LouderSound. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/dire-straits-how-we-made-brothers-in-arms","url_text":"\"Dire Straits: How We Made Brothers In Arms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Sheeran Has Broken Dire Straits' Record For Most Tickets Sold On An Australia And NZ Tour\". Triple J. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triplem.com.au/story/ed-sheeran-has-broken-dire-straits-record-for-most-tickets-sold-on-an-australia-and-nz-tour-83820","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran Has Broken Dire Straits' Record For Most Tickets Sold On An Australia And NZ Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Michael (20 October 2017). \"Dire Straits reunion 'not on the horizon', says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs\". The Courier of Dundee. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/entertainment/music/rocktalk/516848/dire-straits-reunion-not-horizon-says-band-founder-john-illsley-ahead-tayside-gigs/","url_text":"\"Dire Straits reunion 'not on the horizon', says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier_(Dundee)","url_text":"The Courier of Dundee"}]},{"reference":"\"Dire Straits given plaque honour\". BBC News. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8394556.stm","url_text":"\"Dire Straits given plaque honour\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, C. (2020). Contemporary World Musicians. Taylor & Francis. p. 1362. ISBN 978-1-135-93961-8. Retrieved 17 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1362","url_text":"Contemporary World Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93961-8","url_text":"978-1-135-93961-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Pick Withers – A Road Well Travelled\". The drum doctor (interview). 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedrumdoctor.net/pick-withers-a-road-well-travelled-a-drumdoctor-interview","url_text":"\"Pick Withers – A Road Well Travelled\""}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. p. 697.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oldfield, M. (1984). Dire Straits. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-283-98995-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98995-7","url_text":"978-0-283-98995-7"}]},{"reference":"Dire Straits – Honky Tonk demo, 24 July 2015, retrieved 1 January 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5S6txDr4JYI","url_text":"Dire Straits – Honky Tonk demo"}]},{"reference":"Lazell, Barry (1989). Rock movers & shakers. Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dire Straits Biography\". Sing365.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232747/https://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Dire-Straits-Biography/D51A556F14DC66B548256873002ECB7F","url_text":"\"Dire Straits Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Dire-Straits-Biography/D51A556F14DC66B548256873002ECB7F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Considine, J.D. (2004). \"Dire Straits\". The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Rolling Stone Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726072417/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/direstraits/biography","url_text":"\"Dire Straits\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/direstraits/biography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Genzel, Christian. \"David Knopfler\". All Music. 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ISBN 978-0904919677.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0904919677","url_text":"978-0904919677"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Hero (Original Soundtrack) – Mark Knopfler\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/local-hero-r42531","url_text":"\"Local Hero (Original Soundtrack) – Mark Knopfler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215510/http://www.allmusic.com/album/local-hero-r42531","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"37th British Academy Film Awards\". BAFTA. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla_Riley

Karla Riley

["1 International goals","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Panamanian footballer (born 1997) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Riley and the second or maternal family name is Serracín. Karla RileyPersonal informationFull name Karla Paola Riley SerracínDate of birth (1997-09-18) 18 September 1997 (age 26)Place of birth Panama City, PanamaHeight 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) Position(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)0000–2018 Sporting FC 2019 Universitario 2019–2021 Pozoalbense 37 (12)2021 Santa Teresa 10 (0)2022 Tauro 2022 Cruz Azul 8 (0)2023 Sporting FC 2023 Tauro FC International career‡2011–2012 Panama U17 9 (6)2012 Panama U20 5 (0)2017– Panama 10 (4) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 September 2019‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13 November 2018 Karla Paola Riley Serracín (born 18 September 1997) is a Panamanian footballer who plays as a forward for Liga MX Femenil club Cruz Azul and the Panama women's national team. She is nicknamed La emperatriz del gol (The empress of the goal). International goals Scores and results list Panama's goal tally first No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 27 August 2018 IMG Academy Field 6, Bradenton, United States  Nicaragua 1–0 4–0 2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship qualification 2 3–0 3 29 August 2018 IMG Academy Field 11, Bradenton, United States  El Salvador 2–1 6–2 4 10 October 2018 Sahlen's Stadium, Cary, United States  Mexico 1–0 2–0 2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship 5 6 August 2019 Estadio Universidad San Marcos, Lima, Peru  Mexico 1–4 1–5 2019 Pan American Games 8 9 April 2023 Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama  Dominican Republic 4–3 4–3 Friendly 7 21 June 2023 Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero, Cali, Colombia  Colombia 1–1 1–1 8 26 June 2023 Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar  Gibraltar 3–0 7–0 See also List of Panama women's international footballers References ^ a b c "2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship: Provisional 35-Player Rosters" (PDF). The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football. 10 September 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ "Play-Off Tournament for the FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023" (PDF). FIFA. 12 February 2023. p. 1. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ Karla Riley at Soccerway. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ Arauz Somoza, Darys Alina (7 July 2019). "Panameñas Yomira Pinzón y Karla Riley fichadas por el Pozoalbense" (in Spanish). En Segundos Panamá. Retrieved 7 July 2019. External links Karla Riley at Liga MX Femenil (archive) (in Spanish) Karla Riley on Facebook Karla Riley on Instagram Panama squads vtePanama squad – 2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship fourth place 1 Bailey 2 Jaén 3 Murillo 4 Castillo 5 Pinzón 6 Quintero 7 Rangel 8 Batista 9 Riley 10 Cox 11 Mills 12 Córdoba 13 Alvarado 14 Pérez 15 Espinosa 16 Díaz 17 Angulo 18 Hernández 19 Cedeño 20 Montenegro Coach: Suárez vtePanama squad – 2022 CONCACAF W Championship 1 Fábrega 2 Jaén 3 Reyes 4 Castillo 5 Pinzón 6 Salazar 7 Rangel 8 Batista 9 Riley 10 Cox 11 Camarena 12 Bailey 13 Natis 14 De León 15 Guevara 16 Espinosa 17 Villagrand 18 Hernández 19 Cedeño 20 González 21 De Obaldía 22 Ducreux 23 Vargas Coach: Quintana vtePanama squad – 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Fábrega 2 Jaén 3 Natis 4 Castillo 5 Pinzón 6 Salazar 7 E. Cedeño 8 González 9 Riley 10 Cox 11 Mills 12 Bailey 13 Tanner 14 Montenegro 15 Vargas 16 Espinosa 17 Batista 18 Hernández 19 L. Cedeño 20 Quintero 21 De Obaldía 22 Córdoba 23 Baltrip-Reyes Coach: Quintana This biographical article related to women's association football in Panama is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of Panama women's international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Panama_women%27s_international_footballers"}]

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[{"Link":"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/78d3589fb61466b549ff752e5/files/b52c30c0-478b-46f3-88f4-a287da235b39/CWC_Provisional_Rosters_FINAL.03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship: Provisional 35-Player Rosters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910222211/https://gallery.mailchimp.com/78d3589fb61466b549ff752e5/files/b52c30c0-478b-46f3-88f4-a287da235b39/CWC_Provisional_Rosters_FINAL.03.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce72/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Play-Off Tournament for the FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/219099/","external_links_name":"Karla Riley"},{"Link":"https://ensegundos.com.pa/2019/07/07/panamena-yomira-pinzones-fichada-por-el-pozoalbence/","external_links_name":"\"Panameñas Yomira Pinzón y Karla Riley fichadas por el Pozoalbense\""},{"Link":"https://ligafemenil.mx/cancha/jugador/162012","external_links_name":"Karla Riley"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://ligafemenil.mx/cancha/jugador/162012","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/100000010568887","external_links_name":"Karla Riley"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/riley_karla09/","external_links_name":"Karla Riley"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karla_Riley&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainfoin_(horse)

Sainfoin (horse)

["1 Pedigree","2 Racing career","3 Stud career","4 References"]

British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse SainfoinSireSpringfieldGrandsireSt. AlbansDamSandaDamsireWenlockSexStallionFoaled1887DiedOctober 1911 (aged 23–24)CountryUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandColourChestnutBreederHampton Court StudOwner1) Sir Robert Jardine 2) Sir James Miller 3) Lord CarnarvonTrainerJohn PorterRecord8: 5–0–1Major winsAstley Stakes (1889) Esher Stakes (1890) Dee Stakes (1890) December Stakes (1890)Epsom Derby (1890)HonoursHMS Sainfoin named after racehorseLast updated on 5 May 2011 Sainfoin (1887 – October 1911) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of the 1890 Epsom Derby and was the sire of Rock Sand, the tenth winner of the Triple Crown in 1903. Pedigree Sainfoin was sired by Springfield out of the mare Sanda and was foaled at Hampton Court Stud, owned by Queen Victoria, in 1887. Most of the yearlings produced by Hampton Court Stud were underfed and skinny, which resulted in little interest in Sainfoin as a racing prospect. He was sold as a yearling for 500 guineas to horse trainer John Porter and Sir Robert Jardine. Racing career Sainfoin's only start and win as a two-year-old was in the £928 Astley Stakes at Lewes Racecourse. He carried 120 pounds and won easily by one and a half lengths from Garter, from whom he was receiving eight pounds. In 1890, he made his first appearance in the Esher Stakes, a handicap race at Sandown. After the race, Porter felt that the colt would have little chance in the Derby, and accepted an offer of £6,000 for the colt from Sir James Miller, an officer in the 14th King's Hussars. The sale contract however, contained a clause which stated that if Sainfoin won the Derby, his previous owners would receive half the prize money. On 8 May, Sainfoin won a two runner race for the Dee Stakes at Chester. On 4 June he started at odds of 100/15 (approximately 6.7-1) in The Derby for which Surefoot was favourite. Surefoot was always expected to be favourite, especially after he had won the 2000 Guineas and on the day of the race he was the subject of very heavy betting, so that he started at odds of 40/95. There was an unusually small field of eight runners and the race took place on heavy ground in driving rain. Sainfoin, ridden by John Watts, was prominent from the start and disputed the lead with his stable-companion Orwell after a mile. In the straight it became apparent that Surefoot was beaten and Sainfoin gained the advantage over Orwell and then held off the late challenge of Le Nord to win by three quarters of a length. The winning time was an unusually slow 2:49.8. He did not win any races after the Derby at age four, securing a third place in the Imperial Plate and an unplaced finish at the 1891 City and Suburban Handicap. He was retired to stud in 1892. Stud career After Miller's death in 1906, Sainfoin was sold to Lord Carnarvon for 700 guineas and stood as stud at the Cloghran Stud in Dublin. Sainfoin's most notable son was Rock Sand, winner of the Triple Crown in 1903, but he was also the damsire (through Tout Suite) of 1926 leading sire and St. Leger winner Hurry On. His name appears in the pedigrees of most top class modern thoroughbreds owing to his daughter, Bromus, who produced the influential stallion Phalaris. Sainfoin died in Carlow, Ireland in October 1911. His death was not reported to the press for more than a year after he died. HMS Sainfoin was named after Sainfoin in 1943. References ^ a b c McLean, Ken (2006). Designing Speed in the Racehorse. The Russell Meerdink Company Ltd. pp. 292–293. ISBN 0-929346-80-7. ^ "Papers Past — Auckland Star — 5 June 1890 — Result of the Epsom Derby". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-12-06. ^ "Papers Past — Auckland Star — 30 July 1890 — ENGLISH RACING ITEMS". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-12-06. ^ "Papers Past — Auckland Star — 23 July 1890 — SAINFOIN'S DERBY". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-12-06. ^ "Papers Past — Grey River Argus — 6 June 1890 — DERBY PARTICULARS". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-12-06. ^ "Papers Past — Otago Witness — 24 July 1890 — EPSOM. Wednesday, June 2". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-12-06. ^ a b Staff (April 10, 1913). "Death of the sire of Rock Sand". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved 5 May 2011. ^ Weatherby (1913). "Obituary of stallions". The General Stud Book. 22: 1138. hdl:2027/coo.31924066667290. ^ "Notes and comments". Evening Post, Volume LXXXV, Issue 110, Page 14. 10 May 1913. Retrieved 5 May 2011. ^ Mitchell, W J ("Walt"); Buckenham, Colin (2007). "Sainfoin's War, p4". Diss: Data Tech. Retrieved 4 May 2011. vteEpsom Derby winners 1780 Diomed 1781 Young Eclipse 1782 Assassin 1783 Saltram 1784 Serjeant 1785 Aimwell 1786 Noble 1787 Sir Peter Teazle 1788 Sir Thomas 1789 Skyscraper 1790 Rhadamanthus 1791 Eager 1792 John Bull 1793 Waxy 1794 Daedalus 1795 Spread Eagle 1796 Didelot 1797 colt by Fidget 1798 Sir Harry 1799 Archduke 1800 Champion 1801 Eleanor ♥ 1802 Tyrant 1803 Ditto 1804 Hannibal 1805 Cardinal Beaufort 1806 Paris 1807 Election 1808 Pan 1809 Pope 1810 Whalebone 1811 Phantom 1812 Octavius 1813 Smolensko 1814 Blucher 1815 Whisker 1816 Prince Leopold 1817 Azor 1818 Sam 1819 Tiresias 1820 Sailor 1821 Gustavus 1822 Moses 1823 Emilius 1824 Cedric 1825 Middleton 1826 Lap-dog 1827 Mameluke 1828 Cadland 1829 Frederick 1830 Priam 1831 Spaniel 1832 St. Giles 1833 Dangerous 1834 Plenipotentiary 1835 Mundig 1836 Bay Middleton 1837 Phosphorus 1838 Amato 1839 Bloomsbury 1840 Little Wonder 1841 Coronation 1842 Attila 1843 Cotherstone 1844 Orlando 1845 The Merry Monarch 1846 Pyrrhus The First 1847 Cossack 1848 Surplice 1849 The Flying Dutchman 1850 Voltigeur 1851 Teddington 1852 Daniel O'Rourke 1853 West Australian ₩ 1854 Andover 1855 Wild Dayrell 1856 Ellington 1857 Blink Bonny ♥ 1858 Beadsman 1859 Musjid 1860 Thormanby 1861 Kettledrum 1862 Caractacus 1863 Macaroni 1864 Blair Athol 1865 Gladiateur ₩ 1866 Lord Lyon ₩ 1867 Hermit 1868 Blue Gown 1869 Pretender 1870 Kingcraft 1871 Favonius 1872 Cremorne 1873 Doncaster 1874 George Frederick 1875 Galopin 1876 Kisber 1877 Silvio 1878 Sefton 1879 Sir Bevys 1880 Bend Or 1881 Iroquois 1882 Shotover ♥ 1883 St. Blaise 1884 St. Gatien Harvester 1885 Melton 1886 Ormonde ₩ 1887 Merry Hampton 1888 Ayrshire 1889 Donovan 1890 Sainfoin 1891 Common ₩ 1892 Sir Hugo 1893 Isinglass ₩ 1894 Ladas 1895 Sir Visto 1896 Persimmon 1897 Galtee More ₩ 1898 Jeddah 1899 Flying Fox ₩ 1900 Diamond Jubilee ₩ 1901 Volodyovski 1902 Ard Patrick 1903 Rock Sand ₩ 1904 St. Amant 1905 Cicero 1906 Spearmint 1907 Orby 1908 Signorinetta ♥ 1909 Minoru 1910 Lemberg 1911 Sunstar 1912 Tagalie ♥ 1913 Aboyeur 1914 Durbar 1915 Pommern ₩ 1916 Fifinella ♥ 1917 Gay Crusader ₩ 1918 Gainsborough ₩ 1919 Grand Parade 1920 Spion Kop 1921 Humorist 1922 Captain Cuttle 1923 Papyrus 1924 Sansovino 1925 Manna 1926 Coronach 1927 Call Boy 1928 Felstead 1929 Trigo 1930 Blenheim 1931 Cameronian 1932 April the Fifth 1933 Hyperion 1934 Windsor Lad 1935 Bahram ₩ 1936 Mahmoud 1937 Mid-day Sun 1938 Bois Roussel 1939 Blue Peter 1940 Pont l'Eveque 1941 Owen Tudor 1942 Watling Street 1943 Straight Deal 1944 Ocean Swell 1945 Dante 1946 Airborne 1947 Pearl Diver 1948 My Love 1949 Nimbus 1950 Galcador 1951 Arctic Prince 1952 Tulyar 1953 Pinza 1954 Never Say Die 1955 Phil Drake 1956 Lavandin 1957 Crepello 1958 Hard Ridden 1959 Parthia 1960 St. Paddy 1961 Psidium 1962 Larkspur 1963 Relko 1964 Santa Claus 1965 Sea Bird 1966 Charlottown 1967 Royal Palace 1968 Sir Ivor 1969 Blakeney 1970 Nijinsky ₩ 1971 Mill Reef 1972 Roberto 1973 Morston 1974 Snow Knight 1975 Grundy 1976 Empery 1977 The Minstrel 1978 Shirley Heights 1979 Troy 1980 Henbit 1981 Shergar 1982 Golden Fleece 1983 Teenoso 1984 Secreto 1985 Slip Anchor 1986 Shahrastani 1987 Reference Point 1988 Kahyasi 1989 Nashwan 1990 Quest For Fame 1991 Generous 1992 Dr Devious 1993 Commander in Chief 1994 Erhaab 1995 Lammtarra 1996 Shaamit 1997 Benny the Dip 1998 High-Rise 1999 Oath 2000 Sinndar 2001 Galileo 2002 High Chaparral 2003 Kris Kin 2004 North Light 2005 Motivator 2006 Sir Percy 2007 Authorized 2008 New Approach 2009 Sea the Stars 2010 Workforce 2011 Pour Moi 2012 Camelot 2013 Ruler of the World 2014 Australia 2015 Golden Horn 2016 Harzand 2017 Wings of Eagles 2018 Masar 2019 Anthony Van Dyck 2020 Serpentine 2021 Adayar 2022 Desert Crown 2023 Auguste Rodin 2024 City Of Troy Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners, ♥ = Filly

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Epsom Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Rock Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Sand"},{"link_name":"Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Thoroughbred_Racing#English_Triple_Crowns"}],"text":"Sainfoin (1887 – October 1911) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of the 1890 Epsom Derby and was the sire of Rock Sand, the tenth winner of the Triple Crown in 1903.","title":"Sainfoin (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampton Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"John Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Porter_(horseman)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Jardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Jardine,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLean-1"}],"text":"Sainfoin was sired by Springfield out of the mare Sanda and was foaled at Hampton Court Stud, owned by Queen Victoria, in 1887. Most of the yearlings produced by Hampton Court Stud were underfed and skinny, which resulted in little interest in Sainfoin as a racing prospect. He was sold as a yearling for 500 guineas to horse trainer John Porter and Sir Robert Jardine.[1]","title":"Pedigree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"handicap race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"Sandown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_Park_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Sir James Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Miller,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"14th King's Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_King%27s_Hussars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dee Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"The Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Derby"},{"link_name":"Surefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surefoot_(horse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLean-1"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watts_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLean-1"}],"text":"Sainfoin's only start and win as a two-year-old was in the £928 Astley Stakes at Lewes Racecourse. He carried 120 pounds and won easily by one and a half lengths from Garter, from whom he was receiving eight pounds.[2]In 1890, he made his first appearance in the Esher Stakes, a handicap race at Sandown. After the race, Porter felt that the colt would have little chance in the Derby, and accepted an offer of £6,000 for the colt from Sir James Miller, an officer in the 14th King's Hussars.[3] The sale contract however, contained a clause which stated that if Sainfoin won the Derby, his previous owners would receive half the prize money. On 8 May, Sainfoin won a two runner race for the Dee Stakes at Chester.On 4 June he started at odds of 100/15 (approximately 6.7-1) in The Derby for which Surefoot was favourite.[1] Surefoot was always expected to be favourite, especially after he had won the 2000 Guineas and on the day of the race he was the subject of very heavy betting, so that he started at odds of 40/95.[4] There was an unusually small field of eight runners and the race took place on heavy ground in driving rain. Sainfoin, ridden by John Watts, was prominent from the start and disputed the lead with his stable-companion Orwell after a mile. In the straight it became apparent that Surefoot was beaten and Sainfoin gained the advantage over Orwell and then held off the late challenge of Le Nord to win by three quarters of a length.[5] The winning time was an unusually slow 2:49.8.[6]He did not win any races after the Derby at age four, securing a third place in the Imperial Plate and an unplaced finish at the 1891 City and Suburban Handicap. He was retired to stud in 1892.[1]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drf_obit-7"},{"link_name":"Rock Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Sand"},{"link_name":"leading sire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_sire_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"St. Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Hurry On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurry_On"},{"link_name":"Phalaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalaris_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drf_obit-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-9"},{"link_name":"HMS Sainfoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sainfoin_(F183)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After Miller's death in 1906, Sainfoin was sold to Lord Carnarvon for 700 guineas and stood as stud at the Cloghran Stud in Dublin.[7] Sainfoin's most notable son was Rock Sand, winner of the Triple Crown in 1903, but he was also the damsire (through Tout Suite) of 1926 leading sire and St. Leger winner Hurry On. His name appears in the pedigrees of most top class modern thoroughbreds owing to his daughter, Bromus, who produced the influential stallion Phalaris.\nSainfoin died in Carlow, Ireland in October 1911.[8] His death was not reported to the press for more than a year after he died.[7][9] HMS Sainfoin was named after Sainfoin in 1943.[10]","title":"Stud career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Silverstein

Charles Silverstein

["1 Biography","1.1 Recognition","2 Works","2.1 Books","2.2 Journal articles","2.3 Letters and editorials","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

American LGBTQ activist (1935–2023) Charles C. SilversteinSilverstein during a 2021 video conferenceBornCharles C. Silverstein(1935-04-23)April 23, 1935Brooklyn, New York, U.S.DiedJanuary 30, 2023(2023-01-30) (aged 87)Manhattan, New York, U.S.Alma mater State University of New York at New Paltz City College of New York Rutgers University Known forHomosexuality and psychologyGay men's sex educationLGBT psychologySpouse Bill Bartelt ​ ​(m. 2017; div. 2019)​PartnerWilliam Bory (died 1993)Awards Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Practice of Psychology (2011) GLMA's Achievement Award (2017) Lifetime Achievement Social Justice Award (2022) Scientific careerFieldsPsychologyInstitutions American Psychological Association Thesis The Relationship of Attitude Change to the Complexity of the Environment, the Message, and Conceptual Structure Doctoral advisorPeter Suedfeld Charles Silverstein (April 23, 1935 – January 30, 2023) was an American writer, therapist, and LGBT rights advocate. He was best known for his presentation as a graduate student before the American Psychiatric Association in 1973 that led to the removal of homosexuality as a mental illness from the organization's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. He was also the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal of Homosexuality. Biography Charles C. Silverstein was born at Beth-El Hospital to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, on April 23, 1935. His father was a newspaper deliveryman, and his mother was a homemaker. He recalled his family experiencing antisemitism early in his life. The family attempted to move to Los Angeles in 1946. There his father was fired; he recalled that his father's co-workers had threatened strike action if the boss would not fire "that Jew". After this, the family moved back to Brooklyn. Silverstein studied education at the State University of New York at New Paltz, receiving his degree in 1959. He then became a teacher at Chatsworth Avenue School, an elementary school in Larchmont, for six years. He attended high school at the School of Industrial Art in Manhattan. He then studied at the City College of New York in clinical psychology for three years, but later became a student at Rutgers University. He joined the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) in 1972; he later remarked that it was "an organization that many people will tell you it saved their lives, and I think it did for me." He also led student protests against the Vietnam War. In 1973, as a Rutgers University graduate student and member of the GAA, he provided a key testimony (in which he utilized satire) to the American Psychological Association opposing the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness. Silverstein was one of several speakers who attended the panel: while he provided testimony from a psychologist's perspective, Jean O'Leary gave testimony at the same event from a commoner's perspective. In a 2003 interview he said, "I threw back at them their diagnoses over the decades and how funny it all sounds now, and pointed out that their fun had hurt a lot of people." That same year, Silverstein came out as gay to his mother. He later earned his PhD in social psychology from Rutgers University in 1974. After graduating from Rutgers University, he opened a private psychology practice. His essays and professional papers have been published widely in journals and anthologies. In 1977, Silverstein and Edmund White co-authored The Joy of Gay Sex, described by The Advocate as a "landmark" sex manual that has "educated generations of gay men". In one of his last interviews, Silverstein told the LGBTQ&A podcast in 2021, "When Ed and I first sat down to talk about the book and we made a list of the entries, it was quite clear that a majority of the entries were not about sex, it was about community and it was about relating to each other. While most people think of all the dirty pictures, what we always thought our greatest contribution was, is trying to write something that we would've wanted when we were kids, and that would be something more than just sex. That would be about community." Silverstein was the founding director of the Institute for Human Identity, and the Identity House in New York City. He was the founding editor of the Journal of Homosexuality. He was a member of the American Psychological Association and was made a Fellow in 1987. He was also a member of Division 44 of the APA (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues), the New York State Psychological Association (NYSPA), and the Committee on Ethical Practices of NYSPA. He was a frequent lecturer at conventions on both the state and national levels, author of eight books and many professional papers, and has received many awards from the American Psychological Association. He advocated against conversion therapy, particularly aversion therapy. In 1995, he discussed the prospect of a cure for homosexuality to The New York Times, saying: "At most, it allows a person to develop some kind of relationship with a woman that most of the time will end badly. Even if it doesn't, the gay man invariably feels like a failure." In 2012, he told The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide that the "amount of damage that has been done by the psychological and psychiatry professions to help people change — I see it every day at my practice... I think aversion therapy is a form of torture. I think that psychiatrists of that period enjoyed setting up a sado-masochist relationship between them and their patients." Silverstein died at his home in Manhattan on January 30, 2023, at age 87; According to his executor Aron Berlinger, Silverstein had been diagnosed with lung cancer. Recognition Silverstein received the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Practice of Psychology from the American Psychological Association in 2011, for "his 40-year career challenging the criteria of social morality as the basis for diagnosing sexual disorders", "his presentation before the American Psychiatric Association to eliminate homosexuality as a mental disorder", "his founding two counseling centers for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in order to deliver unbiased treatment", and "his founding of the Journal of Homosexuality." He was also featured in Cured, a documentary film detailing the history of declassifying homosexuality as a mental illness. In 2017, he received an Achievement Award from GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBT Equality. In 2022, he received the Lifetime Achievement Social Justice Award from the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Works Books The Joy of Gay Sex, co-authored with Edmund White (1977). A Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality (1977). Man to Man: Gay Couples in America (1982). Psychological and Medical Treatments of Homosexuality, published as a chapter in Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy (1991). Gays, Lesbians and Their Therapists: Studies in Psychotherapy (1991). The New Joy of Gay Sex, co-authored with Felice Picano (1992). History of Treatment, published as a chapter in Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health (1996). The Origins of the Gay Psychotherapy Movement, published as a chapter in A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (1997). The Initial Psychotherapy Interview: A Gay Man Seeks Treatment (2011). For the Ferryman: A Personal History (2011), Second Edition (2022). Journal articles "Even Psychiatry Can Profit From Its Past Mistakes" (Winter 1976–1977). Journal of Homosexuality. 2 (2): pages 153–158. Homosexuality and the Ethics of Behavioral Intervention: Paper 2 (Spring 1977). Journal of Homosexuality. 2 (3): pages 205–211. The Ethical and Moral Implications of Sexual Classification: A Commentary (1984). Journal of Homosexuality. 9 (4): pages 29–38. Also published as a chapter in Gay Personality And Sexual Labeling (1985). The Borderline Personality Disorder and Gay People (1988). Journal of Homosexuality. 15 (1–2): pages 185–212. Also published as a chapter in The Treatment of Homosexuals With Mental Health Disorders (1988) and Affirmative Dynamic Psychotherapy with Gay Men (1993). Facilitating Support Groups for Professionals Working with People with AIDS (March 1993). Social Work. 38 (2): pages 144–151. Co-authored with Arnold H. Grossman. The Religious Conversion of Homosexuals: Subject Selection Is the 'Voir Dire' of Psychological Research (2003). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 7 (3): pages 31–53. Wearing Two Hats: The Psychologist as Activist and Therapist (2007). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 11 (3–4): pages 9–35. Also published as a chapter in Activism and LGBT Psychology (2007). Are You Saying Homosexuality Is Normal? (October 11, 2008). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 12 (3): pages 277–287. Letters and editorials Editorial (1974). Journal of Homosexuality. 1 (1): pages 5–7. Book Review For "Positively Gay" (January 1980). Book Reviews. SIECUS Report. SIECUS. 8 (3): pages 6–7. Book Review For "Counseling With Gay Men and Women: A Guide For Facilitating Positive Life-Styles" (September 1981). Book Reviews. SIECUS Report. SIECUS. 10 (1): pages 22–23. The Implications of Removing Homosexuality from the DSM as a Mental Disorder (November 11, 2008). Letter to the Editor. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (2): pages 161–163. See also LGBT culture in New York City LGBT people in science List of LGBT people from New York City References ^ "Titles of All PhD Dissertations through Spring 2008 and MA Theses from the Early Years". Rutgers University. p. 11. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ "LGBTQ+ History". Rutgers Oral History Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ "Editorial Board EOV". Journal of Homosexuality. 58 (10): ebi. November 2011. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.619915. ISSN 0091-8369. S2CID 216112250. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Genzlinger, Neil (February 7, 2023). "Charles Silverstein, 87, Dies; Helped Destigmatize Homosexuality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023. ^ a b c d Ring, Trudy (February 5, 2023). "Remembering LGBTQ+ Rights Pioneer Charles Silverstein". The Advocate. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ Goodyear, Sheena (February 8, 2023). "When homosexuality was considered an illness, this late psychologist fought back". CBC Radio. ^ "Charles Silverstein and the Declassification of Homosexuality as a Mental Illness Interview". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved September 27, 2021. ^ a b c d Humm, Andy (February 9, 2023). "Dr. Charles Silverstein, pioneering gay therapist and activist, dies at 87". Gay City News. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ a b c d "Elsevier congratulates Dr. Charles Silverstein upon his receipt of 2 awards". EurekAlert!. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ a b c d Schwartz, Yaakov. "Charles Silverstein, who helped delist homosexuality as mental illness, dies at 87". The Times of Israel. ^ a b c "Charles Silverstein Interview". Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ a b c d e Maxwell, Carrie (February 8, 2023). "PASSAGES: LGBTQ activist, writer and therapist Dr. Charles Silverstein". Windy City Times. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ a b c Langer, E. (2023), "Charles Silverstein, who helped declassify homosexuality as illness, dies at 87", The Washington Post, retrieved February 9, 2023 ^ a b Langer, E. (2023), "Charles Silverstein, who helped declassify homosexuality as illness, dies at 87", The Washington Post, retrieved February 9, 2023 ^ Rensberger, Boyce (February 9, 1973). "Psychiatrists Review Stand on Homosexuals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ Sbordone, Albert J. (September 1, 2003). "An Interview with Charles Silverstein, PhD". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 7 (4): 49–61. doi:10.1300/J236v07n04_05. ISSN 0891-7140. S2CID 216113581. ^ a b Phillips, Craig (September 16, 2021). "Telling the Story of When LGBTQ+ Activists Fought the Establishment and Won". Independent Lens. PBS. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ Masters, Jeffrey (September 28, 2021). "The Joy of Gay Sex Author Charles Silverstein Goes Deep 40 Years Later". The Advocate. Retrieved October 6, 2021. ^ a b c Masters, Jeffrey (February 3, 2023). "Charles Silverstein, an Author of The Joy of Gay Sex, Dies at 87". The Advocate. Retrieved February 6, 2023. ^ "LGBTQ&A: Charles Silverstein: The Joy of Gay Sex on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved October 6, 2021. ^ a b "Why Dr. Silverstein Became Involved — Hunter College". hunter.cuny.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2019. ^ a b "Gold Medal Award For Life Achievement In The Practice Of Psychology: Charles Silverstein". Ebsohost. PsycARTICLES. ^ a b "Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Practice of Psychology: Charles Silverstein". American Psychological Association. 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2023. ^ "Therapy Scored By Homosexuals". The New York Times. October 9, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2023. ^ Dunlap, David W. (December 24, 1995). "An Analyst, a Father, Battles Homosexuality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 16, 2023. ^ "This Week 2/1/23". Gay USA TV. Retrieved February 2, 2023. ^ Radde, K. (2023), "Charles Silverstein, a psychologist who helped destigmatize homosexuality, dies at 87", NPR, retrieved February 9, 2023 ^ "2017 GLMA Achievement Award Recipients". GLMA. Retrieved February 12, 2023. ^ Silverstein, Charles (1977). A Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-057429-8. ^ Silverstein, Charles (1982). Man to Man: Gay Couples in America. Quill. ISBN 978-0-688-00803-1. ^ Silverstein, Charles (1991). Gays, lesbians, and their therapists: Studies in psychotherapy. W. W. Norton & Company. Retrieved February 6, 2023. ^ Silverstein, Charles; Picano, Felice (1992). The New Joy of Gay Sex. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-016813-1. ^ Silverstein, Charles (February 2, 2011). The Initial Psychotherapy Interview: A Gay Man Seeks Treatment. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-16522-8. Further reading Blakemore, Erin (June 9, 2021). "Zapping: The boisterous protest tactic that ignited early LGBTQ activism". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2023. External links Institute for Human Identity Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii

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He was best known for his presentation as a graduate student before the American Psychiatric Association in 1973 that led to the removal of homosexuality as a mental illness from the organization's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.[7][8][4] He was also the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal of Homosexuality.[9][10]","title":"Charles Silverstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beth-El 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Silverstein was born at Beth-El Hospital to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, on April 23, 1935.[10][11][12] His father was a newspaper deliveryman, and his mother was a homemaker.[13] He recalled his family experiencing antisemitism early in his life.[12][14] The family attempted to move to Los Angeles in 1946. There his father was fired; he recalled that his father's co-workers had threatened strike action if the boss would not fire \"that Jew\". After this, the family moved back to Brooklyn.[12] Silverstein studied education at the State University of New York at New Paltz, receiving his degree in 1959.[4] He then became a teacher at Chatsworth Avenue School, an elementary school in Larchmont, for six years.[4][12]He attended high school at the School of Industrial Art in Manhattan.[11] He then studied at the City College of New York in clinical psychology for three years, but later became a student at Rutgers University.[4][11] He joined the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) in 1972; he later remarked that it was \"an organization that many people will tell you it saved their lives, and I think it did for me.\"[4][8] He also led student protests against the Vietnam War.[12] In 1973, as a Rutgers University graduate student and member of the GAA, he provided a key testimony (in which he utilized satire) to the American Psychological Association opposing the classification of homosexuality as a mental illness.[10][4][8] Silverstein was one of several speakers who attended the panel: while he provided testimony from a psychologist's perspective, Jean O'Leary gave testimony at the same event from a commoner's perspective.[5][13][15] In a 2003 interview he said, \"I threw back at them their diagnoses over the decades and how funny it all sounds now, and pointed out that their fun had hurt a lot of people.\"[16][4] That same year, Silverstein came out as gay to his mother.[17]He later earned his PhD in social psychology from Rutgers University in 1974.[10][4] After graduating from Rutgers University, he opened a private psychology practice.[5] His essays and professional papers have been published widely in journals and anthologies.[9] In 1977, Silverstein and Edmund White co-authored The Joy of Gay Sex, described by The Advocate as a \"landmark\" sex manual that has \"educated generations of gay men\".[18][19] In one of his last interviews, Silverstein told the LGBTQ&A podcast in 2021, \"When Ed and I first sat down to talk about the book and we made a list of the entries, it was quite clear that a majority of the entries were not about sex, it was about community and it was about relating to each other. While most people think of all the dirty pictures, what we always thought our greatest contribution was, is trying to write something that we would've wanted when we were kids, and that would be something more than just sex. That would be about community.\"[20]Silverstein was the founding director of the Institute for Human Identity, and the Identity House in New York City.[9] He was the founding editor of the Journal of Homosexuality.[9] He was a member of the American Psychological Association and was made a Fellow in 1987.[21] He was also a member of Division 44 of the APA (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues), the New York State Psychological Association (NYSPA), and the Committee on Ethical Practices of NYSPA.[21] He was a frequent lecturer at conventions on both the state and national levels, author of eight books and many professional papers, and has received many awards from the American Psychological Association.[22][23]He advocated against conversion therapy, particularly aversion therapy.[24] In 1995, he discussed the prospect of a cure for homosexuality to The New York Times, saying: \"At most, it allows a person to develop some kind of relationship with a woman that most of the time will end badly. Even if it doesn't, the gay man invariably feels like a failure.\"[25] In 2012, he told The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide that the \"amount of damage that has been done by the psychological and psychiatry professions to help people change — I see it every day at my practice... I think aversion therapy is a form of torture. I think that psychiatrists of that period enjoyed setting up a sado-masochist relationship between them and their patients.\"[14]Silverstein died at his home in Manhattan on January 30, 2023, at age 87;[26][4] According to his executor Aron Berlinger, Silverstein had been diagnosed with lung cancer.[27][13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Journal of Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_Psychologist_66.5-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-23"},{"link_name":"Cured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cured_(film)"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBT Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLMA:_Health_Professionals_Advancing_LGBT_Equality"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheAdvocateGLMA-5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"Silverstein received the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Practice of Psychology from the American Psychological Association in 2011, for \"his 40-year career challenging the criteria of social morality as the basis for diagnosing sexual disorders\", \"his presentation before the American Psychiatric Association to eliminate homosexuality as a mental disorder\", \"his founding two counseling centers for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in order to deliver unbiased treatment\", and \"his founding of the Journal of Homosexuality.\"[22][23]He was also featured in Cured, a documentary film detailing the history of declassifying homosexuality as a mental illness.[17] In 2017, he received an Achievement Award from GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBT Equality.[5][28] In 2022, he received the Lifetime Achievement Social Justice Award from the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Joy of Gay Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_of_Gay_Sex"},{"link_name":"Edmund White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_White"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"A Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/familymatterpare00silv"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Man to Man: Gay Couples in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/mantomangaycoupl00silv"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Psychological and Medical Treatments of Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.sagepub.com/books/homosexuality/n7.xml"},{"link_name":"Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sk.sagepub.com/books/homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Gays, Lesbians and Their Therapists: Studies in Psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/gayslesbiansthei00silv"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The New Joy of Gay Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Joy_of_Gay_Sex"},{"link_name":"Felice Picano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Picano"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/textbookofhomose00caba"},{"link_name":"A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/queerworldcenter0000unse"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Joy of Gay Sex, co-authored with Edmund White (1977).[19]\nA Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality (1977).[29]\nMan to Man: Gay Couples in America (1982).[30]\nPsychological and Medical Treatments of Homosexuality, published as a chapter in Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy (1991).\nGays, Lesbians and Their Therapists: Studies in Psychotherapy (1991).[31]\nThe New Joy of Gay Sex, co-authored with Felice Picano (1992).[32]\nHistory of Treatment, published as a chapter in Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health (1996).\nThe Origins of the Gay Psychotherapy Movement, published as a chapter in A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (1997).\nThe Initial Psychotherapy Interview: A Gay Man Seeks Treatment (2011).[33]\nFor the Ferryman: A Personal History (2011), Second Edition (2022).[19]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Even Psychiatry Can Profit From Its Past Mistakes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v02n02_06"},{"link_name":"Journal of Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Homosexuality and the Ethics of Behavioral Intervention: Paper 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v02n03_02"},{"link_name":"The Ethical and Moral Implications of Sexual Classification: A Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v09n04_03"},{"link_name":"Gay Personality And Sexual Labeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315804378-3/ethical-moral-implications-sexual-classification-charles-silverstein"},{"link_name":"The Borderline Personality Disorder and Gay People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v15n01_13"},{"link_name":"The Treatment of Homosexuals With Mental Health Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/treatmentofhomos00ross"},{"link_name":"Affirmative Dynamic Psychotherapy with Gay Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/affirmativedynam0000unse"},{"link_name":"Facilitating Support Groups for Professionals Working with People with AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/sw/article-abstract/38/2/144/1888346"},{"link_name":"The Religious Conversion of Homosexuals: Subject Selection Is the 'Voir Dire' of Psychological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J236v07n03_03"},{"link_name":"Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"Wearing Two Hats: The Psychologist as Activist and Therapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J236v11n03_02"},{"link_name":"Activism and LGBT Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315877518-4/wearing-two-hats-charles-silverstein"},{"link_name":"Are You Saying Homosexuality Is Normal?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19359700802111635"},{"link_name":"Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Mental_Health"}],"sub_title":"Journal articles","text":"\"Even Psychiatry Can Profit From Its Past Mistakes\" (Winter 1976–1977). Journal of Homosexuality. 2 (2): pages 153–158.\nHomosexuality and the Ethics of Behavioral Intervention: Paper 2 (Spring 1977). Journal of Homosexuality. 2 (3): pages 205–211.\nThe Ethical and Moral Implications of Sexual Classification: A Commentary (1984). Journal of Homosexuality. 9 (4): pages 29–38. Also published as a chapter in Gay Personality And Sexual Labeling (1985).\nThe Borderline Personality Disorder and Gay People (1988). Journal of Homosexuality. 15 (1–2): pages 185–212. Also published as a chapter in The Treatment of Homosexuals With Mental Health Disorders (1988) and Affirmative Dynamic Psychotherapy with Gay Men (1993).\nFacilitating Support Groups for Professionals Working with People with AIDS (March 1993). Social Work. 38 (2): pages 144–151. Co-authored with Arnold H. Grossman.\nThe Religious Conversion of Homosexuals: Subject Selection Is the 'Voir Dire' of Psychological Research (2003). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 7 (3): pages 31–53.\nWearing Two Hats: The Psychologist as Activist and Therapist (2007). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy. 11 (3–4): pages 9–35. Also published as a chapter in Activism and LGBT Psychology (2007).\nAre You Saying Homosexuality Is Normal? (October 11, 2008). Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health. 12 (3): pages 277–287.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v01n01_01"},{"link_name":"Book Review For \"Positively Gay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sim_siecus-report_1980-01_8_3/page/6"},{"link_name":"SIECUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIECUS"},{"link_name":"Book Review For \"Counseling With Gay Men and Women: A Guide For Facilitating Positive Life-Styles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sim_siecus-report_1981-09_10_1/page/22"},{"link_name":"The Implications of Removing Homosexuality from the DSM as a Mental Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-008-9442-x"},{"link_name":"Archives of Sexual Behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior"}],"sub_title":"Letters and editorials","text":"Editorial (1974). Journal of Homosexuality. 1 (1): pages 5–7.\nBook Review For \"Positively Gay\" (January 1980). Book Reviews. SIECUS Report. SIECUS. 8 (3): pages 6–7.\nBook Review For \"Counseling With Gay Men and Women: A Guide For Facilitating Positive Life-Styles\" (September 1981). Book Reviews. SIECUS Report. SIECUS. 10 (1): pages 22–23.\nThe Implications of Removing Homosexuality from the DSM as a Mental Disorder (November 11, 2008). Letter to the Editor. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (2): pages 161–163.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Zapping: The boisterous protest tactic that ignited early LGBTQ activism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210609195315/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/zapping-the-boisterous-protest-tactic-that-ignited-early-lgbtq-activism"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/zapping-the-boisterous-protest-tactic-that-ignited-early-lgbtq-activism"}],"text":"Blakemore, Erin (June 9, 2021). \"Zapping: The boisterous protest tactic that ignited early LGBTQ activism\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2023.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"LGBT culture in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"LGBT people in science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_in_science"},{"title":"List of LGBT people from New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City"}]

[{"reference":"\"Titles of All PhD Dissertations through Spring 2008 and MA Theses from the Early Years\". Rutgers University. p. 11. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://psych.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/history/15-apendix-a","url_text":"\"Titles of All PhD Dissertations through Spring 2008 and MA Theses from the Early Years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075528/https://psych.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/history/15-apendix-a/file","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LGBTQ+ History\". Rutgers Oral History Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/social-and-cultural-history/782-lgbt-history","url_text":"\"LGBTQ+ History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board EOV\". Journal of Homosexuality. 58 (10): ebi. November 2011. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.619915. ISSN 0091-8369. S2CID 216112250.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2011.619915","url_text":"\"Editorial Board EOV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00918369.2011.619915","url_text":"10.1080/00918369.2011.619915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-8369","url_text":"0091-8369"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216112250","url_text":"216112250"}]},{"reference":"Genzlinger, Neil (February 7, 2023). \"Charles Silverstein, 87, Dies; Helped Destigmatize Homosexuality\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/health/charles-silverstein-dead.html","url_text":"\"Charles Silverstein, 87, Dies; Helped Destigmatize Homosexuality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230212050405/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/07/health/charles-silverstein-dead.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ring, Trudy (February 5, 2023). \"Remembering LGBTQ+ Rights Pioneer Charles Silverstein\". The Advocate. Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/people/charles-silverstein-joy-gay-sex","url_text":"\"Remembering LGBTQ+ Rights Pioneer Charles Silverstein\""}]},{"reference":"Goodyear, Sheena (February 8, 2023). \"When homosexuality was considered an illness, this late psychologist fought back\". CBC Radio.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/charles-silverstein-obit-1.6741582","url_text":"\"When homosexuality was considered an illness, this late psychologist fought back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio","url_text":"CBC Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Silverstein and the Declassification of Homosexuality as a Mental Illness Interview\". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and-strategies/charles-silverstein-and-the-declassification-of-homosexuality-as-a","url_text":"\"Charles Silverstein and the Declassification of Homosexuality as a Mental Illness Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Humm, Andy (February 9, 2023). \"Dr. Charles Silverstein, pioneering gay therapist and activist, dies at 87\". Gay City News. 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The Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/charles-silverstein-who-helped-delist-homosexuality-as-mental-illness-dies-at-87/","url_text":"\"Charles Silverstein, who helped delist homosexuality as mental illness, dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Silverstein Interview\". Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/military-history/64-text-html/2100-silverstein-charles-1","url_text":"\"Charles Silverstein Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Carrie (February 8, 2023). \"PASSAGES: LGBTQ activist, writer and therapist Dr. Charles Silverstein\". Windy City Times. 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(2023), \"Charles Silverstein, who helped declassify homosexuality as illness, dies at 87\", The Washington Post, retrieved February 9, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/02/07/charles-silverstein-gay-rights-dead/","url_text":"\"Charles Silverstein, who helped declassify homosexuality as illness, dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"Rensberger, Boyce (February 9, 1973). \"Psychiatrists Review Stand on Homosexuals\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/09/archives/psychiatrists-review-stand-on-homosexuals-statement-to-be-drafted.html","url_text":"\"Psychiatrists Review Stand on Homosexuals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Sbordone, Albert J. (September 1, 2003). \"An Interview with Charles Silverstein, PhD\". 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Retrieved February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewPage&pageID=1097&nodeID=1","url_text":"\"2017 GLMA Achievement Award Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Charles (1977). A Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-057429-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H-WGAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A Family Matter: A Parents' Guide to Homosexuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill","url_text":"McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-057429-8","url_text":"978-0-07-057429-8"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Charles (1982). Man to Man: Gay Couples in America. Quill. ISBN 978-0-688-00803-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1p7DSAf7aOsC","url_text":"Man to Man: Gay Couples in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00803-1","url_text":"978-0-688-00803-1"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Charles (1991). Gays, lesbians, and their therapists: Studies in psychotherapy. W. W. Norton & Company. Retrieved February 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97040-000","url_text":"Gays, lesbians, and their therapists: Studies in psychotherapy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Charles; Picano, Felice (1992). The New Joy of Gay Sex. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-016813-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fCcgAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The New Joy of Gay Sex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016813-1","url_text":"978-0-06-016813-1"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Charles (February 2, 2011). The Initial Psychotherapy Interview: A Gay Man Seeks Treatment. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-16522-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lx4TDAEACAAJ","url_text":"The Initial Psychotherapy Interview: A Gay Man Seeks Treatment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_Science","url_text":"Elsevier Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-16522-8","url_text":"978-0-323-16522-8"}]},{"reference":"Blakemore, Erin (June 9, 2021). \"Zapping: The boisterous protest tactic that ignited early LGBTQ activism\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210609195315/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/zapping-the-boisterous-protest-tactic-that-ignited-early-lgbtq-activism","url_text":"\"Zapping: The boisterous protest tactic that ignited early LGBTQ activism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/zapping-the-boisterous-protest-tactic-that-ignited-early-lgbtq-activism","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad

Big Bad

["1 On Buffy the Vampire Slayer","2 On other television and film series","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

Major recurring adversary In a 2014 book, Kimberley McMahon-Coleman and Roslyn Weaver speculated that the Big Bad Wolf of fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood may be the origin of the phrase in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Big Bad is a term to describe a major recurring adversary, usually the chief villain or antagonist in a particular broadcast season, originally used by the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series. It has since been used to describe annual villains in other television series, and has also been used in scholarly work discussing Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In gaming, this term is often abbreviated BBEG, which stands for "Big Bad Evil Guy/Gal," a tradition that began on message boards for the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. On Buffy the Vampire Slayer The term "Big Bad" was originally used on American television program Buffy the Vampire Slayer (which aired 1997–2003). According to author Kevin Durand (2009), "While Buffy confronts various forms of evil during each episode, each season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer had its own 'big bad' villain who dominates throughout the season. The power of the 'big bad' always threatens to end the world, but Buffy ultimately overcomes him or her in the season finale." The series balanced its episodic stories with advancing that season's big bad story arc. The term was originally used in the episode "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered", in which Buffy Summers describes the newly soulless Angel as "the big, bad thing in the dark". The prior episode, "Phases", has Xander Harris "being" the werewolf and saying, "I'm the big, bad wolf." The phrase may originate in various fairy tales (particularly "Three Little Pigs" and the related song) about the "Big Bad Wolf". The phrase "big bad" by itself as a noun was first used on screen in Season 3, in the episode "Gingerbread" where Buffy says that an occult symbol is harmless, "not a big bad". Slang generation was encouraged in the writers' room. Marti Noxon, writer and eventually showrunner, said that "Big Bad" was used "long before the characters themselves started using the phrase". Using "big bad" as a noun instead of using as an adjective is a functional shift, which was done often on the show. The first "Big Bad" villain on the program was The Master, played by Mark Metcalf. According to author Jan Jagodzinski, the battle between Buffy and the evil Master is "the central issue of season one"; The Master, like all the "big bads", is a "symptom of postmodernity". David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that Joss Whedon, creator of the series, made the model for the Golden Age of television: Years before streaming TV existed, Whedon helped create the bingeable serial drama—one that endeavored to make every episode a special event, without taking the audience's eyes off the larger story being woven. In basic terms, he did this by making sure every season had a "big bad": a villain or antihero with larger machinations developing in the background of every episode, twinned to our hero Buffy and her resolute band of friends in some magical way. Every season would build to an action-packed climax with sacrifices made and lessons learned, but along the way, Buffy would face off against minions of the "big bad", problems of her own making, and various other monsters of the week amid whirlwinds of teen angst. It was a heady formula, but a surprisingly unusual one for 1997. On other television and film series This section possibly contains original research. Citing sources that happen to use the phrase Big Bad in reference to the recently expanding trend for genre TV shows to have season-long story arcs as demonstrating that "the use of Big Bads has become common in TV science fiction and fantasy series" is textbook OR. What has become common is the use of season-long (or multi-season) story arcs, and those arcs having primary antagonists is practically a given. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The use of Big Bads has become common in TV science fiction and fantasy series, especially with more binge-watching of serialized shows. In the Arrowverse, after 8 years and 20 collective seasons, the series Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl and Legends of Tomorrow had 22 Big Bads, which TVLine ranked based on "Compelling Backstory, Fearsome Appearance, Powers/Skills, Utter Ruthlessness, Eeeevilness of Agenda, Despicable Damage Done". But Den of Geek's Dave Golder questioned the continued use of the "season-long baddie" plot device. The Doctor Who revival has occasionally used Big Bads. Jef Rouner of the Houston Press wrote how Doctor Who series 6 succeed with the "proper format," beginning with a new villain to the series, the Silence. He also wrote that for series 11, "The main villain is regular old human cruelty and apathy to suffering", adding this had some similarity to Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 6's Big Bad, “life.” But Lacy Baugher wrote on Syfy Wire that the show can have the smaller personal, emotional stories, and doesn't need the "big, sweeping arcs and grand monsters". "Each Big Bad the Doctor faced had to be the most dangerous in the universe." In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Big Bad for "The Infinity Saga" was Thanos. In "The Multiverse Saga", the current one, the new bad guy is Kang the Conqueror. See also Boss (video gaming) References ^ McMahon-Coleman, Kimberley; Weaver, Roslyn (2014), Werewolves and Other Shapeshifters in Popular Culture: A Thematic Analysis of Recent Depictions, McFarland, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-7864-9250-3 ^ a b MacNeil, W. P. (2003). "You Slay Me: Buffy as Jurisprude of Desire". Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 24(6), pp. 2421–2440. ^ Brannon, J. S. (2007). "It's About Power: Buffy, Foucault, and the Quest for Self Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine". Slayage, v. 24. ^ a b c Zalben, Alex (December 31, 2014). "Discover The Secret Origin Of TV's 'Big Bad'". MTV News. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ^ a b Durand, Kevin K. (2009). Buffy Meets the Academy: Essays on the Episodes and Scripts as Texts. McFarland. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7864-4355-0. ^ Baird, Scott. "D&D: Who was the first BBEG?". Screen Rant. Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ Mittell, Jason (April 10, 2015). Complex TV: The Poetics of Contemporary Television Storytelling. NYU Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8147-7135-8. ^ Adams, Michael (November 18, 2004). Slayer Slang: A Buffy the Vampire Slayer Lexicon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029192-1. ^ a b Jagodzinski, Jan (2008). Television and youth culture: televised paranoia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4039-7808-0. ^ Sims, David (March 10, 2017). "How 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer' Redefined TV Storytelling". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 21, 2019. ^ a b Golder, Dave (March 22, 2019). "Why the Arrowverse Needs to Defeat the Big Bad Once and For All". Den of Geek. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Fowler, Charity (February 15, 2017). "Seasonal Villainy: Radical Evil, Relativity, and Redemtive Relationships". In Effron, Malcah; Johnson, Brian (eds.). The Function of Evil across Disciplinary Contexts. Lexington Books. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-1-4985-3342-3. ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 16, 2018). "Arrowverse Big Bads, Ranked!". TVLine. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ Rouner, Jef (October 13, 2014). "Doctor Who, Buffy and the Art of the Big Bad". Houston Press. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ Rouner, Jef (November 23, 2018). "The Big Bad of Doctor Who Series 11 is Us". Houston Press. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ Baugher, Lacy (November 26, 2018). "How Doctor Who's return to smaller stories has reinvigorated the series". Syfy Wire. Retrieved December 10, 2019. ^ Motamayor, Rafael (April 19, 2022). "Thanos Wasn't Supposed To Be The Big Bad Of The MCU". /Film. Retrieved May 18, 2022. ^ Milheim, Russ (July 24, 2022). "Marvel Announces the MCU's Next Big Saga Post-Avengers: Endgame". The Direct. Retrieved December 30, 2023. Further reading Ceriello, Linda C. (2018). "The Big Bad and the Big 'Aha!': Metamodern Monsters as Transformational Figures of Instability". In Heyes, Michael E. (ed.). Holy Monsters, Sacred Grotesques: Monstrosity and Religion in Europe and the United States. Lexington. pp. 207–234. ISBN 978-1-4985-5077-2. External links Look up big bad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. TV Tropes: Big Bad The Buffy Formula: Patterns in the Buffyverse on SpoilerSlayer.com Opposing Buffy: Power, Responsibility and the Narrative Function of the Big Bad in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Master of Arts Thesis by Joseph Lipsett vteBuffy the Vampire Slayer Canon Index Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Twelve: The Reckoning Boom! Studios CharactersMain Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Oz Anya Spike Tara Riley Angel Dawn Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray VillainsMain The Master Drusilla The Mayor Adam Glory The First Other Darla Amy Anointed One D'Hoffryn Walsh Warren The Trio Caleb Universe Big Bads Monsters Slayers Sunnydale Vampire Watcher Spin-offsTelevision Angel Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy: The Animated Series Comics Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Video games Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2000) Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2002) Wrath of the Darkhul King Chaos Bleeds Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role-playing games Fandom Buffering the Vampire Slayer podcast Fan productions Related Buffy studies In popular culture Whedonverse Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_Red_Riding_Hood_-_J._W._Smith.jpg"},{"link_name":"Big Bad Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Little Red Riding Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brannon-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalben-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacNeil-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durand-5"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In a 2014 book, Kimberley McMahon-Coleman and Roslyn Weaver speculated that the Big Bad Wolf of fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood may be the origin of the phrase in Buffy the Vampire Slayer[1]Big Bad is a term to describe a major recurring adversary, usually the chief villain or antagonist in a particular broadcast season, originally used by the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series.[2][3][4] It has since been used to describe annual villains in other television series, and has also been used in scholarly work discussing Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[2][5]In gaming, this term is often abbreviated BBEG, which stands for \"Big Bad Evil Guy/Gal,\" a tradition that began on message boards for the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.[6]","title":"Big Bad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durand-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mittell-7"},{"link_name":"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewitched,_Bothered_and_Bewildered_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalben-4"},{"link_name":"Phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Xander Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Harris"},{"link_name":"werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"Big Bad Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Gingerbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerbread_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Marti Noxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Noxon"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalben-4"},{"link_name":"functional shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_shift"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jag-9"},{"link_name":"Mark Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"Buffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Summers"},{"link_name":"season one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jag-9"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Joss Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television_(2000s%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"monsters of the week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain_of_the_week"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The term \"Big Bad\" was originally used on American television program Buffy the Vampire Slayer (which aired 1997–2003). According to author Kevin Durand (2009), \"While Buffy confronts various forms of evil during each episode, each season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer had its own 'big bad' villain who dominates throughout the season. The power of the 'big bad' always threatens to end the world, but Buffy ultimately overcomes him or her in the season finale.\"[5] The series balanced its episodic stories with advancing that season's big bad story arc.[7]The term was originally used in the episode \"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered\", in which Buffy Summers describes the newly soulless Angel as \"the big, bad thing in the dark\".[4] The prior episode, \"Phases\", has Xander Harris \"being\" the werewolf and saying, \"I'm the big, bad wolf.\" The phrase may originate in various fairy tales (particularly \"Three Little Pigs\" and the related song) about the \"Big Bad Wolf\". The phrase \"big bad\" by itself as a noun was first used on screen in Season 3, in the episode \"Gingerbread\" where Buffy says that an occult symbol is harmless, \"not a big bad\". Slang generation was encouraged in the writers' room. Marti Noxon, writer and eventually showrunner, said that \"Big Bad\" was used \"long before the characters themselves started using the phrase\".[4] Using \"big bad\" as a noun instead of using as an adjective is a functional shift, which was done often on the show.[8]The first \"Big Bad\" villain on the program was The Master,[9] played by Mark Metcalf. According to author Jan Jagodzinski, the battle between Buffy and the evil Master is \"the central issue of season one\"; The Master, like all the \"big bads\", is a \"symptom of postmodernity\".[9]David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that Joss Whedon, creator of the series, made the model for the Golden Age of television:Years before streaming TV existed, Whedon helped create the bingeable serial drama—one that endeavored to make every episode a special event, without taking the audience's eyes off the larger story being woven. In basic terms, he did this by making sure every season had a \"big bad\": a villain or antihero with larger machinations developing in the background of every episode, twinned to our hero Buffy and her resolute band of friends in some magical way. Every season would build to an action-packed climax with sacrifices made and lessons learned, but along the way, Buffy would face off against minions of the \"big bad\", problems of her own making, and various other monsters of the week amid whirlwinds of teen angst. It was a heady formula, but a surprisingly unusual one for 1997.[10]","title":"On Buffy the Vampire Slayer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binge-watching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-watching"},{"link_name":"serialized shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golder-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-12"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Supergirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"TVLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitovich-13"},{"link_name":"Den of Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golder-11"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Houston Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who series 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_6)"},{"link_name":"the Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"series 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_11)"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 6's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Syfy Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy_Wire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Infinity Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Infinity_Saga"},{"link_name":"Thanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The use of Big Bads has become common in TV science fiction and fantasy series, especially with more binge-watching of serialized shows.[11][12]In the Arrowverse, after 8 years and 20 collective seasons, the series Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl and Legends of Tomorrow had 22 Big Bads, which TVLine ranked based on \"Compelling Backstory, Fearsome Appearance, Powers/Skills, Utter Ruthlessness, Eeeevilness of Agenda, Despicable Damage Done\".[13] But Den of Geek's Dave Golder questioned the continued use of the \"season-long baddie\" plot device.[11]The Doctor Who revival has occasionally used Big Bads. Jef Rouner of the Houston Press wrote how Doctor Who series 6 succeed with the \"proper format,\" beginning with a new villain to the series, the Silence.[14] He also wrote that for series 11, \"The main villain is regular old human cruelty and apathy to suffering\", adding this had some similarity to Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 6's Big Bad, “life.”[15] But Lacy Baugher wrote on Syfy Wire that the show can have the smaller personal, emotional stories, and doesn't need the \"big, sweeping arcs and grand monsters\". \"Each Big Bad the Doctor faced had to be the most dangerous in the universe.\"[16]In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the Big Bad for \"The Infinity Saga\" was Thanos.[17] In \"The Multiverse Saga\", the current one, the new bad guy is Kang the Conqueror.[18]","title":"On other television and film series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4985-5077-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5077-2"}],"text":"Ceriello, Linda C. (2018). \"The Big Bad and the Big 'Aha!': Metamodern Monsters as Transformational Figures of Instability\". In Heyes, Michael E. (ed.). Holy Monsters, Sacred Grotesques: Monstrosity and Religion in Europe and the United States. Lexington. pp. 207–234. ISBN 978-1-4985-5077-2.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"In a 2014 book, Kimberley McMahon-Coleman and Roslyn Weaver speculated that the Big Bad Wolf of fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood may be the origin of the phrase in Buffy the Vampire Slayer[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Little_Red_Riding_Hood_-_J._W._Smith.jpg/220px-Little_Red_Riding_Hood_-_J._W._Smith.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Boss (video gaming)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)"}]

[{"reference":"McMahon-Coleman, Kimberley; Weaver, Roslyn (2014), Werewolves and Other Shapeshifters in Popular Culture: A Thematic Analysis of Recent Depictions, McFarland, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-7864-9250-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9250-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-9250-3"}]},{"reference":"Zalben, Alex (December 31, 2014). \"Discover The Secret Origin Of TV's 'Big Bad'\". MTV News. Retrieved December 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2037579/big-bad-marti-noxon-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/","url_text":"\"Discover The Secret Origin Of TV's 'Big Bad'\""}]},{"reference":"Durand, Kevin K. (2009). Buffy Meets the Academy: Essays on the Episodes and Scripts as Texts. McFarland. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7864-4355-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4355-0","url_text":"978-0-7864-4355-0"}]},{"reference":"Baird, Scott. \"D&D: Who was the first BBEG?\". Screen Rant. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/dungeons-dragons-original-villains-big-bad-evil-guy/","url_text":"\"D&D: Who was the first BBEG?\""}]},{"reference":"Mittell, Jason (April 10, 2015). Complex TV: The Poetics of Contemporary Television Storytelling. NYU Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-8147-7135-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Prl1BwAAQBAJ&q=%22big+bad%22","url_text":"Complex TV: The Poetics of Contemporary Television Storytelling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7135-8","url_text":"978-0-8147-7135-8"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Michael (November 18, 2004). Slayer Slang: A Buffy the Vampire Slayer Lexicon. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029192-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3uIJCAAAQBAJ&q=%22functional+shift%22+%22adjective%22","url_text":"Slayer Slang: A Buffy the Vampire Slayer Lexicon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029192-1","url_text":"978-0-19-029192-1"}]},{"reference":"Jagodzinski, Jan (2008). Television and youth culture: televised paranoia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4039-7808-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7808-0","url_text":"978-1-4039-7808-0"}]},{"reference":"Sims, David (March 10, 2017). \"How 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer' Redefined TV Storytelling\". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/how-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-redefined-tv-storytelling/519174/","url_text":"\"How 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer' Redefined TV Storytelling\""}]},{"reference":"Golder, Dave (March 22, 2019). \"Why the Arrowverse Needs to Defeat the Big Bad Once and For All\". Den of Geek. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/us/go/280024","url_text":"\"Why the Arrowverse Needs to Defeat the Big Bad Once and For All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Charity (February 15, 2017). \"Seasonal Villainy: Radical Evil, Relativity, and Redemtive Relationships\". In Effron, Malcah; Johnson, Brian (eds.). The Function of Evil across Disciplinary Contexts. Lexington Books. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-1-4985-3342-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eR8CDgAAQBAJ&q=%22big+bad%22&pg=PA55","url_text":"\"Seasonal Villainy: Radical Evil, Relativity, and Redemtive Relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3342-3","url_text":"978-1-4985-3342-3"}]},{"reference":"Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 16, 2018). \"Arrowverse Big Bads, Ranked!\". TVLine. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/gallery/arrow-villains-best-worst-flash-supergirl-legends/","url_text":"\"Arrowverse Big Bads, Ranked!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine","url_text":"TVLine"}]},{"reference":"Rouner, Jef (October 13, 2014). \"Doctor Who, Buffy and the Art of the Big Bad\". Houston Press. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/doctor-who-buffy-and-the-art-of-the-big-bad-6394200","url_text":"\"Doctor Who, Buffy and the Art of the Big Bad\""}]},{"reference":"Rouner, Jef (November 23, 2018). \"The Big Bad of Doctor Who Series 11 is Us\". Houston Press. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/doctor-who-the-villains-thus-far-11056139","url_text":"\"The Big Bad of Doctor Who Series 11 is Us\""}]},{"reference":"Baugher, Lacy (November 26, 2018). \"How Doctor Who's return to smaller stories has reinvigorated the series\". Syfy Wire. Retrieved December 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/how-doctor-whos-return-to-smaller-stories-has-reinvigorated-the-series","url_text":"\"How Doctor Who's return to smaller stories has reinvigorated the series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy_Wire","url_text":"Syfy Wire"}]},{"reference":"Motamayor, Rafael (April 19, 2022). \"Thanos Wasn't Supposed To Be The Big Bad Of The MCU\". /Film. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/836958/thanos-wasnt-supposed-to-be-the-big-bad-of-the-mcu/","url_text":"\"Thanos Wasn't Supposed To Be The Big Bad Of The MCU\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"}]},{"reference":"Milheim, Russ (July 24, 2022). \"Marvel Announces the MCU's Next Big Saga Post-Avengers: Endgame\". The Direct. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedirect.com/article/avengers-endgame-mcu-marvel-phase-next","url_text":"\"Marvel Announces the MCU's Next Big Saga Post-Avengers: Endgame\""}]},{"reference":"Ceriello, Linda C. (2018). \"The Big Bad and the Big 'Aha!': Metamodern Monsters as Transformational Figures of Instability\". In Heyes, Michael E. (ed.). Holy Monsters, Sacred Grotesques: Monstrosity and Religion in Europe and the United States. Lexington. pp. 207–234. ISBN 978-1-4985-5077-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5077-2","url_text":"978-1-4985-5077-2"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherfield_School

Sherfield School

["1 Site history","2 School history","3 Headteachers","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°18′32″N 1°1′26″W / 51.30889°N 1.02389°W / 51.30889; -1.02389 Private day and boarding school in Hampshire, EnglandSherfield SchoolLocationSherfield on LoddonHampshire, RG27 0HUEnglandInformationTypePrivate day and boardingMotto"Ad Vitam Paramus"Established2004 (2004)Department for Education URN134769 TablesHead of SchoolNeil RichardsGenderCoeducationalAge0 to 18EnrolmentAs of 2023: 603Capacity630HousesBuckfield, Wynstow, Lydney, LoddonColour(s)    Navy Blue, Silver, WhiteWebsitewww.sherfieldschool.co.uk Sherfield School is a coeducational private day and boarding school, located in Sherfield Manor by Sherfield on Loddon in Hampshire, England. It is set in 76 acres (31 ha) of parkland and is currently a school of over 600 pupils founded in 2004 by GEMS Education who sold the school to Education in Motion in September 2023. Until 2003 the site was the location of the North Foreland Lodge girls boarding school, founded in 1909; and settled at Sherfield Manor in 1947. Sherfield School - Buckfield House Site history The Sherfield Manor House site has history back to the early 12th century, when it was part of the manor of Odiham, but at some time before 1167 it was granted by Henry II to his Marshall, William FitzAldelm. This created the manor of Sherfield upon Loddon; it is possible that William Fitz Aldelm built the first Manor House. Until the 19th century, the manor of Sherfield upon Loddon passed between various noble families, including the Earl of Winchilsea, Marquises of Winchester and later the Dukes of Wellington. In the 16th century, a country house known as Archer Lodge was built on the site of the Sherfield manor house and was later the residence of Paynton Pigott Stainsby Conant, a rich landowner. In 1870 this house was demolished by John Bramston Stane, who built a new house in a Victorian style, called Buckfield House, in the middle of a wood of the same name. In 1880, the house was renamed as Sherfield Manor and by 1897 had been further extended. The Liddell family acquired the manor house in 1908 and were the last owners to hold manorial courts, responsible for minor offences, local administration, and the regulation and customs of the Sherfield upon Loddon manor. Their son, John Aidan Liddell, a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, won both the Military Cross and the Victoria Cross for gallantry during the First World War and died from the wounds he had suffered in winning the VC. In 1926 the house was purchased by the 14th Earl of Winchilsea owing to his wife's vast inheritance that was derived from the Drexel banking dynasty. During WWII, the Countess of Winchilsea led Britain's Women's Land Army, which trained 25,000 women to replace British farmers who were called up for active service. She also converted Buckfield House into a nurses home around this time. Lady Winchilsea sold the estate in 1947. School history In 1947 (following its use as a military hospital in the Second World War), the Sherfield Manor site was purchased and operated by North Foreland Lodge, a girls' boarding school previously based in North Foreland, Kent. The buildings on the site were then extended over the years to a size in excess of 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) with the site also including nine residential units. The North Foreland Lodge girls' boarding school used this site as a school from 1947 until 2003. In 2001-2002, Gordonstoun School of Scotland sought to acquire the school with the support of some of the North Foreland Lodge governors, and the success of this bid was announced in March 2002, when it was revealed that a new prep school was to be built within the school grounds and that North Foreland would continue as a girls-only senior school. However, having paid only £1 million for the school, in 2003 Gordonstoun closed it, soon selling the land and buildings for £6 million. The Gems Education group relaunched the site as Sherfield School in September 2004. Lucy Ward, writing in The Guardian, said that "this apparently traditional English independent school represents one face of a thrusting young newcomer causing ripples in the UK's private education market - the Dubai-based Global Education Management Systems", and noted that Gems is known overseas "for offering a distinctive brand of no-frills, low-cost private education". According to a Freedom of Information Request the school withdrew from the Teacher's Pension Scheme on 31 August 2020. Headteachers James Murphy O'Connor (Headmaster), 2004 - 2009 Pat Preedy (Executive Principal), 2004 - 2012 Richard Jaine (Head Master), 2012 - 2017 Nick Fisher (Head Master), 2017 - 2018 Christopher James-Roll, (Acting Head Master) 2018 Nick Brain, (Headmaster) 2018 - 2023 Neil Richards (Head of School), 2023- See also Virtual tour of the Sherfield school building References ^ a b c d e "Sherfield School". Get Information about Schools. Gov.UK. Retrieved 4 December 2023. ^ Journal of Education, vol. 31 (Oxford University Press, 1909), p. 176 ^ a b c d Parishes: Sherfield-upon-Loddon, A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 4 (1911), pp. 103–108. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=56759 Date accessed: 19 September 2012 ^ a b c d e Richard Garfield, Noble and rich history of Sherfield Manor, Basingstoke Gazette (26 March 2009). URL: http://www.basingstokegazette.co.uk/memories/4235680.Noble_and_rich_history_of_Sherfield_Manor/ Date accessed: 19 September 2012 ^ "Buckfield House - HouseHistree". househistree.com. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ Wendy Wallace, 'Independents' Day' in The Times (London), issue 68291 dated 22 January 2005, pp. 30–31 ^ a b Ward, Lucy (17 August 2004). "Model schools for a niche market". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2022. ^ https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/763181/response/1830358/attach/3/FOI%20Response%20Smail.pdf?cookie_passthrough=1 ^ This Is Bristol, Tuesday, 22 September 2009. URL: ) Date accessed: 24 September 2012 ^ Emily Roberts, Heading off for a new challenge, Basingstoke Gazette, 15 March 2012. URL: http://www.basingstokegazette.co.uk/news/9591821.Heading_off_for_a_new_challenge___/ Date accessed: 24 September 2012 ^ Independent Schools Magazine, March 2012. URL: http://www.independentschoolsmagazine.co.uk/resources/March+Web.pdf Archived 15 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Date accessed: 24 September 2012 External links Sherfield School home page GEMS Education National Curriculum online official website Department for Education and Skills (England) Independent Schools Association Independent Schools Council Education in Motion 51°18′32″N 1°1′26″W / 51.30889°N 1.02389°W / 51.30889; -1.02389 vteSchools in Hampshire (including Portsmouth and Southampton)vtePrimary schools in Hampshire Alderwood School Brockenhurst CE Primary School Mayfield School Oakley Church of England Junior School St Mark's CE School The Westgate School vteSecondary schools in HampshireHampshire LEA Alderwood School Aldworth School Amery Hill School Applemore College The Arnewood School Bay House School Bishop Challoner Catholic Secondary School Bohunt School Bridgemary School Brighton Hill Community School Brookfield Community School Brune Park Community School The Burgate School Calthorpe Park School Cams Hill School Clere School The Costello School Court Moor School Cove School The Cowplain School Cranbourne School Crestwood Community School Crofton School Crookhorn College Eggar's School Everest Community Academy Fareham Academy Fernhill School Frogmore Community College Hamble School Harrow Way Community School Havant Academy The Hayling College Henry Beaufort School The Henry Cort Community College Horndean Technology College Hounsdown School The Hurst School John Hanson Community School Kings' School The Mountbatten School New Forest Academy Noadswood School Oaklands Catholic School Oakmoor School Park Community School Perins School The Petersfield School Portchester Community School Priestlands School Purbrook Park School Ringwood School Robert May's School The Romsey School Swanmore College Test Valley School Testbourne Community School Testwood School Thornden School Toynbee School The Vyne Community School Warblington School The Wavell School The Westgate School Wildern School Winton Community Academy Wyvern College Yateley School Portsmouth LEA Admiral Lord Nelson School Ark Charter Academy Castle View Academy Mayfield School Miltoncross Academy Portsmouth Academy Priory School St Edmund's Catholic School Springfield School Trafalgar School UTC Portsmouth Southampton LEA Bitterne Park School Cantell School Oasis Academy Lord's Hill Oasis Academy Mayfield Oasis Academy Sholing Redbridge Community School Regents Park Community College St Anne's Catholic School St George Catholic College St Mark's CE School Upper Shirley High School Weston Secondary School Woodlands Community College vteFurther education colleges in HampshireHampshire Alton College Andover College Barton Peveril College Basingstoke College of Technology Brockenhurst College Eastleigh College Fareham College Farnborough College of Technology The Sixth Form College, Farnborough Havant and South Downs College Peter Symonds College Queen Mary's College St Vincent College Sparsholt College Hampshire Totton College Portsmouth Highbury College Portsmouth College Southampton Itchen College Taunton's College vteSpecial schools in Hampshire Baycroft School Coppice Spring Academy Henry Tyndale School Lakeside School The Loddon School Mary Rose Academy Osborne School Rowhill School Southlands School Treloar School vtePrivate schools in HampshirePreparatory Cheam School Farleigh School Horris Hill School The Pilgrims' School Twyford School Walhampton School West Hill Park School Senior Bedales School Churcher's College Farnborough Hill The Gregg School King Edward VI School Lord Wandsworth College The Portsmouth Grammar School St John's College Salesian College Winchester College All ages Alton School Ballard School Ditcham Park School Embley Hurst Lodge School The King's School, Fair Oak Mayville High School Meoncross School Portsmouth High School Rookwood School St Nicholas' School St Swithun's School Sherfield School Special The Loddon School Southlands School Treloar School vteFormer schools in HampshireHampshire LEA Fort Hill Community School Queen Mary's School for Boys Quilley School Southampton LEA Grove Park Business and Enterprise College Inspire Enterprise Academy Millbrook Community School Oaklands Community School Woolston School Private The Atherley School Burney's Academy Eastman's Royal Naval Academy Hyde Abbey School North Foreland Lodge Queenwood College Redrice School St Mary's Independent School Stanbridge Earls School Stubbington House School West Downs School Wixenford School Wykeham House School Authority control databases ISNI

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It is set in 76 acres (31 ha) of parkland and is currently a school of over 600 pupils founded in 2004 by GEMS Education who sold the school to Education in Motion in September 2023.Until 2003 the site was the location of the North Foreland Lodge girls boarding school, founded in 1909;[2] and settled at Sherfield Manor in 1947.Sherfield School - Buckfield House","title":"Sherfield School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"William FitzAldelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_FitzAldelm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"Sherfield upon Loddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherfield_on_Loddon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basingstokegazette.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_country_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basingstokegazette.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basingstokegazette.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"John Aidan Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aidan_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basingstokegazette.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"14th Earl of Winchilsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Finch-Hatton,_14th_Earl_of_Winchilsea"},{"link_name":"Drexel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Sherfield Manor House site has history back to the early 12th century, when it was part of the manor of Odiham, but at some time before 1167 it was granted by Henry II to his Marshall, William FitzAldelm.[3]\nThis created the manor of Sherfield upon Loddon; it is possible that William Fitz Aldelm built the first Manor House.[3]Until the 19th century, the manor of Sherfield upon Loddon passed between various noble families, including the Earl of Winchilsea, Marquises of Winchester and later the Dukes of Wellington.[4] In the 16th century, a country house known as Archer Lodge was built on the site of the Sherfield manor house and was later the residence of Paynton Pigott Stainsby Conant, a rich landowner.[3] In 1870 this house was demolished by John Bramston Stane, who built a new house in a Victorian style, called Buckfield House, in the middle of a wood of the same name.[3] In 1880, the house was renamed as Sherfield Manor and by 1897 had been further extended.[4]The Liddell family acquired the manor house in 1908 and were the last owners to hold manorial courts, responsible for minor offences, local administration, and the regulation and customs of the Sherfield upon Loddon manor.[4] Their son, John Aidan Liddell, a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, won both the Military Cross and the Victoria Cross for gallantry during the First World War and died from the wounds he had suffered in winning the VC.[4]In 1926 the house was purchased by the 14th Earl of Winchilsea owing to his wife's vast inheritance that was derived from the Drexel banking dynasty. During WWII, the Countess of Winchilsea led Britain's Women's Land Army, which trained 25,000 women to replace British farmers who were called up for active service. She also converted Buckfield House into a nurses home around this time. Lady Winchilsea sold the estate in 1947.[5]","title":"Site history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"North Foreland Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Foreland_Lodge"},{"link_name":"North Foreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Foreland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basingstokegazette.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"Gordonstoun School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordonstoun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wendy_Wallace_2005,_pp._30-31-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-7"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1947 (following its use as a military hospital in the Second World War), the Sherfield Manor site was purchased and operated by North Foreland Lodge, a girls' boarding school previously based in North Foreland, Kent. The buildings on the site were then extended over the years to a size in excess of 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) with the site also including nine residential units.[4] The North Foreland Lodge girls' boarding school used this site as a school from 1947 until 2003.In 2001-2002, Gordonstoun School of Scotland sought to acquire the school with the support of some of the North Foreland Lodge governors,[6] and the success of this bid was announced in March 2002, when it was revealed that a new prep school was to be built within the school grounds and that North Foreland would continue as a girls-only senior school. However, having paid only £1 million for the school, in 2003 Gordonstoun closed it, soon selling the land and buildings for £6 million.[citation needed]The Gems Education group relaunched the site as Sherfield School in September 2004.[7] Lucy Ward, writing in The Guardian, said that \"this apparently traditional English independent school represents one face of a thrusting young newcomer causing ripples in the UK's private education market - the Dubai-based Global Education Management Systems\", and noted that Gems is known overseas \"for offering a distinctive brand of no-frills, low-cost private education\".[7] According to a Freedom of Information Request the school withdrew from the Teacher's Pension Scheme on 31 August 2020.[8]","title":"School history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"James Murphy O'Connor (Headmaster), 2004 - 2009 [9]\nPat Preedy (Executive Principal), 2004 - 2012 [10]\nRichard Jaine (Head Master), 2012 - 2017 [11]\nNick Fisher (Head Master), 2017 - 2018[citation needed]\nChristopher James-Roll, (Acting Head Master) 2018\nNick Brain, (Headmaster) 2018 - 2023\nNeil Richards (Head of School), 2023-","title":"Headteachers"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abbott_(bishop)

Robert Abbott (bishop)

["1 Notes"]

This article is about the bishop of Sherborne. For the bishop of Salisbury, see Robert Abbot (bishop). Robert Crowther Abbott (1869–1927) was the inaugural Bishop of Sherborne. Robert AbbottCBEBishop of SherborneDioceseDiocese of SherborneIn office1925–1927PredecessorInaugural AppointmentSuccessorGerald Burton AllenOther post(s)Principle of Salisbury Theological CollegePersonal detailsBorn1869DenominationAnglicanAlma materMarlborough College, Trinity College Robert Crowther Abbott was born into a clerical family: his father was the Rev. A. R. Abbott, sometime Vicar of Gorleston. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. After 15 years as an assistant master (and latterly chaplain) at his old school he was appointed principal of Salisbury Theological College in 1907. After incumbencies at Great St Mary's with St Michael's, Cambridge, Holy Trinity, Weymouth, Dorset and St Mary the Virgin, Gillingham, Dorset he was elevated to the episcopate in 1925, but ill health forced his resignation only two years later. Notes ^ Ecclesiastical News. First Suffragan Bishop Of Sherborne. (Official Appointments and Notices) The Times Saturday, Feb 28, 1925; pg. 15; Issue 43898; col D ^ ”Who was Who 1897-1990” London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X ^ "Abbott, Robert Crowther (ABT888RC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ 'University Intelligence. Cambridge, April 5. (Official Appointments and Notices)', The Times, Saturday, Apr 06, 1889; pg. 13; Issue 32666; col C ^ He was ordained in 1904 Who was Who (ibid) ^ Church web-site (1 ^ Church web-site (2) ^ Church web-site (3) ^ The Times, Saturday, Nov 26, 1927; pg. 10; Issue 44749; col E Bishop R. C. Abbott Obituary Church of England titles Preceded byInaugural appointment Bishop of Sherborne 1925–1927 Succeeded byGerald Burton Allen vteBishops of Sherbornefor the ancient diocesan bishops, see Bishop of Salisbury Robert Abbott Gerald Allen Harold Rodgers Maurice Key Victor Pike John Kirkham (became first area bishop) see area bishops Graham Kings (previously last area bishop) Karen Gorham Modern area bishops John Kirkham Tim Thornton Graham Kings This article about a Church of England bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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For the bishop of Salisbury, see Robert Abbot (bishop).Robert Crowther Abbott (1869–1927) was the inaugural Bishop of Sherborne.[1]Robert Crowther Abbott was born into a clerical family: his father was the Rev. A. R. Abbott, sometime Vicar of Gorleston.[2] He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge.[3][4] After 15 years as an assistant master (and latterly chaplain[5]) at his old school he was appointed principal of Salisbury Theological College in 1907. After incumbencies at Great St Mary's with St Michael's, Cambridge,[6] Holy Trinity, Weymouth, Dorset[7] and St Mary the Virgin, Gillingham, Dorset[8] he was elevated to the episcopate in 1925, but ill health forced his resignation only two years later.[9]","title":"Robert Abbott (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"”Who was Who 1897-1990”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7136-3457-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3457-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Abbott, Robert Crowther (ABT888RC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=ABT888RC&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Church web-site (1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gsm.cam.ac.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Church web-site (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.holytrinityweymouth.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Church web-site (3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gillinghamanglican.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"Bishops of Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Robert Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gerald Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Allen"},{"link_name":"Harold Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Maurice Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Key"},{"link_name":"Victor Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Pike"},{"link_name":"John Kirkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kirkham_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Graham Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kings"},{"link_name":"Karen Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Gorham"},{"link_name":"area bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bishop"},{"link_name":"Tim Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Thornton_(bishop)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MitreSmall.svg"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Abbott_(bishop)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ChurchofEngland-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ChurchofEngland-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ChurchofEngland-bishop-stub"}],"text":"^ Ecclesiastical News. First Suffragan Bishop Of Sherborne. (Official Appointments and Notices) The Times Saturday, Feb 28, 1925; pg. 15; Issue 43898; col D\n\n^ ”Who was Who 1897-1990” London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X\n\n^ \"Abbott, Robert Crowther (ABT888RC)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ 'University Intelligence. Cambridge, April 5. (Official Appointments and Notices)', The Times, Saturday, Apr 06, 1889; pg. 13; Issue 32666; col C\n\n^ He was ordained in 1904 Who was Who (ibid)\n\n^ Church web-site (1\n\n^ Church web-site (2)\n\n^ Church web-site (3)\n\n^ The Times, Saturday, Nov 26, 1927; pg. 10; Issue 44749; col E Bishop R. C. Abbott ObituaryvteBishops of Sherbornefor the ancient diocesan bishops, see Bishop of Salisbury\nRobert Abbott\nGerald Allen\nHarold Rodgers\nMaurice Key\nVictor Pike\nJohn Kirkham (became first area bishop)\nsee area bishops\nGraham Kings (previously last area bishop)\nKaren Gorham\nModern area bishops\nJohn Kirkham\nTim Thornton\nGraham KingsThis article about a Church of England bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimanbhai_Patel

Chimanbhai Patel

["1 Born and Education","2 Political career","2.1 Chief Minister","3 References","4 Further reading"]

Indian politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chimanbhai Patel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chimanbhai Patel5th Chief Minister of GujaratIn office18 July 1973 – 9 February 1974Preceded byGhanshyam OzaSucceeded byPresident's ruleIn office4 March 1990 – 17 February 1994Preceded byMadhavsinh SolankiSucceeded byChhabildas MehtaFirst Deputy Chief Minister of GujaratIn officeMarch 17 1972-July 17 1973 Personal detailsBorn3 June 1929Sankheda, Bombay Presidency, British IndiaDied17 February 1994(aged 64)Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IndiaPolitical partyIndian National CongressSpouseUrmila PatelChildrenSiddharth Patel, Suhrud Patel, Sujata PatelResidence(s)Revaranya, Ahmedabad Chimanbhai Patel (3 June 1929 – 17 February 1994) was an Indian politician associated with Indian National Congress and Janata Dal, and a former Chief Minister of Gujarat state in India representing both those parties at various times. Patel is known as the founder of Kokam Theory which was initiated to counter the Kham Theory of Indian National Congress and it was very successful in Saurashtra and South Gujarat to achieve the huge support from Kolis which were 24% of the state population. Born and Education He was born on 3 June 1929 in Chikodra village of Sankheda Tehsil in Vadodara district. He was elected the first president of student union of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara in 1950. He has completed his master's in economics from that Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Political career He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Sankheda in 1967 and joined the Cabinet of Hitendra K Desai. He also became the minister in the Cabinet of Ghanshyam Oza. In 1972, he won again from Sankheda, and became Chief Minister later. In 1975 he lost from Jetpur himself, but his new party Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha won 11 seats and helped Babubhai Patel of Janata Morcha form government. In 1990, he was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha as a Janata Dal candidate from Unjha, and was appointed CM. In his early career, he was mentored by Dr. Jethalal K Parikh who was a known freedom fighter from the local town of Sankheda. Chief Minister On 17 July 1973, he replaced Ghanshyam Oza as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. He served in that office till 9 February 1974. Chimanbhai Patel was forced out of office in 1974 by the Nav Nirman movement on charges of corruption. After being expelled from the party, he helped in the formation of Janata Morcha government in the leadership of Babubhai J Patel. He again became the chief minister on 4 March 1990 heading Janata Dal-Bharatiya Janata Party coalition government. On breaking of the coalition on 25 October 1990, he managed to retain his post with the help of 34 legislatures of Indian National Congress (INC). Later he joined INC and continued till his death on 17 February 1994. He is the first Chief Minister who ushered in the development of ports of Gujarat, refineries, and power plants by private parties as part of his industrialization master plan of Gujarat. During his second term, he was the first Chief Minister of India to pass a bill for the ban of cow slaughter and all sale of meat on all Hindu and Jain festival days. He died in office on 17 February 1994, aged 65. References ^ Sheth, Pravin N. (1998). Political Development in Gujarat. New Delhi, India: Karnavati Publications. p. 27.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ India on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Problems of National Consolidation. Delhi, India: "Social Science Today" Editorial Board, Nauka Publishers. 1990. p. 174. ISBN 978-5-02-023554-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Report of the National Commission on Cattle / CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION. 20.Plight of the Cow in modern India/item no. 112, 114 Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Further reading Pulse of the people Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004 Preceded byGhanshyambhai C. Oza Chief Minister of Gujarat 18 July 1973 – 9 February 1974 Succeeded byShri Babubhai J. Patel Preceded byMadhavsinh Solanki Chief Minister of Gujarat 4 March 1990 – 17 February 1994 Succeeded byChhabildas Mehta vteChief Ministers of Gujarat Jivraj Narayan Mehta Balwantrai Mehta Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai Ghanshyam Oza Chimanbhai Patel Babubhai J. Patel Madhav Singh Solanki Amarsinh Chaudhary Chhabildas Mehta Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Shankersinh Vaghela Dilip Parikh Keshubhai Patel Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani Bhupendra Patel

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Kokam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokam_(political_theory)"},{"link_name":"Kham Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHAM_theory"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Saurashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)"},{"link_name":"South Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Kolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koli_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chimanbhai Patel (3 June 1929 – 17 February 1994) was an Indian politician associated with Indian National Congress and Janata Dal, and a former Chief Minister of Gujarat state in India representing both those parties at various times. Patel is known as the founder of Kokam Theory which was initiated to counter the Kham Theory of Indian National Congress and it was very successful in Saurashtra and South Gujarat to achieve the huge support from Kolis which were 24% of the state population.[1][2]","title":"Chimanbhai Patel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vadodara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara_district"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda"},{"link_name":"Vadodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda"}],"text":"He was born on 3 June 1929 in Chikodra village of Sankheda Tehsil in Vadodara district. He was elected the first president of student union of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara in 1950. He has completed his master's in economics from that Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.","title":"Born and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujarat Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Sankheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankheda"},{"link_name":"Hitendra K Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitendra_K_Desai"},{"link_name":"Ghanshyam Oza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanshyam_Oza"},{"link_name":"Janata Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Janata Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal"},{"link_name":"Unjha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjha_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)"}],"text":"He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Sankheda in 1967 and joined the Cabinet of Hitendra K Desai. He also became the minister in the Cabinet of Ghanshyam Oza. In 1972, he won again from Sankheda, and became Chief Minister later. In 1975 he lost from Jetpur himself, but his new party Kisan Mazdoor Lok Paksha won 11 seats and helped Babubhai Patel of Janata Morcha form government.In 1990, he was elected to Gujarat Vidhan Sabha as a Janata Dal candidate from Unjha, and was appointed CM. In his early career, he was mentored by Dr. Jethalal K Parikh who was a known freedom fighter from the local town of Sankheda.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nav Nirman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav_Nirman"},{"link_name":"Janata Morcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Morcha"},{"link_name":"Babubhai J Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babubhai_J_Patel"},{"link_name":"Janata Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Chief Minister","text":"On 17 July 1973, he replaced Ghanshyam Oza as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. He served in that office till 9 February 1974. Chimanbhai Patel was forced out of office in 1974 by the Nav Nirman movement on charges of corruption. After being expelled from the party, he helped in the formation of Janata Morcha government in the leadership of Babubhai J Patel. He again became the chief minister on 4 March 1990 heading Janata Dal-Bharatiya Janata Party coalition government. On breaking of the coalition on 25 October 1990, he managed to retain his post with the help of 34 legislatures of Indian National Congress (INC). Later he joined INC and continued till his death on 17 February 1994.He is the first Chief Minister who ushered in the development of ports of Gujarat, refineries, and power plants by private parties as part of his industrialization master plan of Gujarat. During his second term, he was the first Chief Minister of India to pass a bill for the ban of cow slaughter and all sale of meat on all Hindu and Jain festival days.[3] He died in office on 17 February 1994, aged 65.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulse of the people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high"},{"link_name":"Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927025404/http://www.crisisstates.com/download/india/yagnik%26sud.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chief_Ministers_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chief_Ministers_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chief_Ministers_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Chief Ministers of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Jivraj Narayan Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Balwantrai Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balwantrai_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitendra_Kanaiyalal_Desai"},{"link_name":"Ghanshyam Oza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanshyam_Oza"},{"link_name":"Chimanbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Babubhai J. Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babubhai_J._Patel"},{"link_name":"Madhav Singh Solanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_Singh_Solanki"},{"link_name":"Amarsinh Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarsinh_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"Chhabildas Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhabildas_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Keshubhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshubhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"Suresh Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Shankersinh Vaghela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankersinh_Vaghela"},{"link_name":"Dilip Parikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilip_Parikh"},{"link_name":"Keshubhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshubhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Anandiben Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandiben_Patel"},{"link_name":"Vijay Rupani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Rupani"},{"link_name":"Bhupendra Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupendrabhai_Patel"}],"text":"Pulse of the people\nConference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004vteChief Ministers of Gujarat\nJivraj Narayan Mehta\nBalwantrai Mehta\nHitendra Kanaiyalal Desai\nGhanshyam Oza\nChimanbhai Patel\nBabubhai J. Patel\nMadhav Singh Solanki\nAmarsinh Chaudhary\nChhabildas Mehta\nKeshubhai Patel\nSuresh Mehta\nShankersinh Vaghela\nDilip Parikh\nKeshubhai Patel\nNarendra Modi\nAnandiben Patel\nVijay Rupani\nBhupendra Patel","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup

2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

["1 Host selection","1.1 Original round of bidding","1.2 Second round of bidding","2 Qualified teams","3 Venues","4 Emblem and slogan","5 Mascot","6 Theme Song","7 Squads","8 Match officials","9 Draw","10 Group stage","10.1 Group A","10.2 Group B","10.3 Group C","10.4 Group D","11 Knockout stage","11.1 Quarter-finals","11.2 Semi-finals","11.3 Third place match","11.4 Final","12 Awards","13 Goalscorers","14 Marketing","14.1 Sponsorship","14.2 FIFA Sponsors","14.3 National Sponsors","15 References","16 External links"]

8th edition of the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup 2016 FIFA U-20 Women’s World CupTournament detailsHost countryPapua New GuineaDates13 November – 3 DecemberTeams16 (from 6 confederations)Venue(s)4 (in 1 host city)Final positionsChampions North Korea (2nd title)Runners-up FranceThird place JapanFourth place United StatesTournament statisticsMatches played32Goals scored113 (3.53 per match)Attendance159,099 (4,972 per match)Top scorer(s) Gabi Nunes Mami Ueno Stina Blackstenius(5 goals each)Best player(s) Hina SugitaBest goalkeeper Mylène ChavasFair play award Japan← 2014 2018 → International football competition The 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was the 8th edition of the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, the biennial international women's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament was held in Papua New Guinea from 13 November to 3 December 2016. This was the first FIFA tournament held in the country, the first FIFA tournament held in Melanesia, and the first FIFA association football tournament in Oceania to take place outside Australasia. North Korea won their 2nd title in this event by beating France in the final, 3–1. They became the first country to win the U-20 and U-17 Women's World Cup in the same year, with their under-17 team winning the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup earlier in the year. Host selection Original round of bidding The following countries submitted bids to host the tournament by the May 2013 deadline:  Norway  Republic of Ireland  South Africa South Africa were awarded the hosting rights by FIFA Executive Committee at their meeting on 5 December 2013. However, they later withdrew, giving its notice at FIFA's executive committee meeting prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Second round of bidding After South Africa's withdrawal, the following countries announced they would be interested in hosting:  Papua New Guinea  Sweden Papua New Guinea were awarded the hosting rights of the tournament by the FIFA Executive Committee on 20 March 2015. Qualified teams A total of 16 teams qualify for the final tournament. In addition to Papua New Guinea who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 15 teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. The slot allocation was published in June 2014. Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier(s) AFC (Asia) 2015 AFC U-19 Women's Championship  Japan North Korea South Korea CAF (Africa) 2015 African U-20 Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament  Ghana Nigeria CONCACAF (North, Central America & Caribbean) 2015 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship  Canada Mexico United States CONMEBOL (South America) 2015 South American Under-20 Women's Championship  Brazil Venezuela1 OFC (Oceania) Host nation  Papua New Guinea1 2015 OFC U-20 Women's Championship  New Zealand UEFA (Europe) 2015 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship  France Germany Spain Sweden 1.^ Teams that will make their debut. Venues A FIFA delegation visited the following four stadiums in April 2015: Sir Hubert Murray Stadium, Sir John Guise Stadium, Lloyd Robson Oval (National Football Stadium), and Bava Park, all located in Port Moresby. The same four stadiums were submitted to FIFA for approval in October 2015. The final approved stadiums are: Port Moresby Sir John Guise Stadium National Football Stadium PNG Football Stadium Bava Park Capacity: 15,000 Capacity: 14,800 Capacity: 5,000 Capacity: 5,000 Port Moresbyclass=notpageimage| Location of stadiums of the 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Emblem and slogan The official emblem and slogan ("To Inspire, To Excel") were unveiled on 8 March 2016. Mascot The official mascot, a bird-of-paradise nicknamed "Susa", was launched on 11 June 2016. Theme Song The official theme song for the 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World cup Kumul Susa written by dAdiigii and performed by Mereani & dAdiigii. Squads Main article: 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup squads Each team must name a squad of 21 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline. All players must be born on or after 1 January 1996, and on or before 31 December 2000. The official squads were announced on 8 November 2016. Match officials A total of 16 referees, and 27 assistant referees were appointed by FIFA for the tournament. Confederation Referees Assistant referees AFC Aye Thein Qin Liang Casey Reibelt Bao Mengxiao Fang Yan Sarah Ho Kim Kyoung-min CAF Thérèse Neguel Fatou Thioune Mona Mahmoud Tempa Ndah CONCACAF Quetzalli Alvarado Marianela Araya Cruz Melissa Borjas Michelle Pye Elizabeth Aguilar Emperatriz Ayala Chantal Boudreau Lixy Enríquez Kimberly Moreira Shirley Perello CONMEBOL Yercinia Correa Silvia Reyes Mónica Amboya Mariana Corbo Yoly García Viviana Segura OFC Finau Vulivuli Maria Tamalelagi UEFA Jana Adámková Riem Hussein Katalin Kulcsár Monika Mularczyk Sara Persson Biljana Atanasovski Solenne Bartnik Svetlana Bilić Belinda Brem Angela Kyriakou Julia Magnusson Michelle O'Neill Maryna Striletska Elena Țepușă Katalin Török Draw The official draw was held on 17 March 2016, 18:30 CET (UTC+1), at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland. The teams were seeded based on their performances in previous U-20 Women's World Cups and confederation tournaments, with the hosts Papua New Guinea automatically seeded and assigned to position A1. Teams of the same confederation could not meet in the group stage. Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4  Papua New Guinea  Germany  United States  Nigeria  North Korea  Japan  France  South Korea  New Zealand  Brazil  Mexico  Canada  Ghana  Sweden  Spain  Venezuela Group stage The top two teams of each group advance to the quarter-finals. The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows: points obtained in all group matches;goal difference in all group matches;number of goals scored in all group matches; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows: points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned;goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned;number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;fair play points first yellow card: minus 1 point;indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points;direct red card: minus 4 points;yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points;drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee. All times are local, PGT (UTC+10). Group A Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  North Korea 3 3 0 0 13 3 +10 9 Knockout stage 2  Brazil 3 1 1 1 12 5 +7 4 3  Sweden 3 1 1 1 7 3 +4 4 4  Papua New Guinea (H) 3 0 0 3 1 22 −21 0 Source: FIFA(H) Hosts 13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)16:00 Sweden 0–2 North Korea Report Ri Hyang-sim 25'Kim So-hyang 48' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,944Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras) 13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)19:00 Papua New Guinea 0–9 Brazil Report Duda 6'Gabi Nunes 11', 70'Brena 17', 24' (pen.)Yasmim 45+1', 66'Katrine 45+3'Geyse 49' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 12,547Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary) 16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)16:00 North Korea 4–2 Brazil U Sol-gyong 20'Ri Hyang-sim 35'Carla 40' (o.g.)Jon So-yon 45+6' (pen.) Report Gabi Nunes 29'Brena 51' (pen.) Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,906Referee: Riem Hussein (Germany) 16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)19:00 Papua New Guinea 0–6 Sweden Report Blackstenius 8', 43', 58', 72'Kaneryd 75'Anvegård 82' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,123Referee: Aye Thein (Myanmar) 20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)19:00 North Korea 7–1 Papua New Guinea Ri Un-sim 7'Kim So-hyang 37', 45+4', 53'Ju Hyo-sim 45+3'Wi Jong-sim 65'Sung Hyang-sim 90+1' Report Ageva 16' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,231Referee: Yercinia Correa (Venezuela) 20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)19:00 Brazil 1–1 Sweden Gabi Nunes 31' Report Blackstenius 14' PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,553Referee: Qin Liang (China) Group B Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  Japan 3 2 0 1 11 1 +10 6 Knockout stage 2  Spain 3 2 0 1 7 2 +5 6 3  Nigeria 3 2 0 1 5 8 −3 6 4  Canada 3 0 0 3 1 13 −12 0 Source: FIFA 13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)16:00 Spain 5–0 Canada Caldentey 2'L. García 30', 90+5'Bonmatí 58'Guijarro 87' Report Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,187Referee: Qin Liang (China) 13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)19:00 Japan 6–0 Nigeria Momiki 34', 51', 56'Ueno 37', 62', 82' Report Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,651Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico) 16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)16:00 Spain 1–0 Japan Caldentey 81' (pen.) Report Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 858Referee: Marianela Araya Cruz (Costa Rica) 16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)19:00 Nigeria 3–1 Canada Uchendu 45+1' (pen.)Bokiri 46'Ihezuo 73' Report Carle 15' Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,748Referee: Sara Persson (Sweden) 20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)16:00 Nigeria 2–1 Spain Onyebuchi 12'Ihezuo 72' Report Redondo 7' PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,032Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras) 20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)16:00 Canada 0–5 Japan Report Hasegawa 26', 51'Ueno 42'Hayashi 47'Sugita 73' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 5,449Referee: Fatou Thioune (Senegal) Group C Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  United States 3 1 2 0 4 2 +2 5 Knockout stage 2  France 3 1 2 0 4 2 +2 5 3  New Zealand 3 1 0 2 2 5 −3 3 4  Ghana 3 0 2 1 3 4 −1 2 Source: FIFANotes: ^ a b United States finished ahead of France based on fair play points. 14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)16:00 France 0–0 United States Report PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,033Referee: Casey Reibelt (Australia) 14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)19:00 Ghana 0–1 New Zealand Report Christensen 89' PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,877Referee: Monika Mularczyk (Poland) 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)16:00 France 2–2 Ghana D. Cascarino 30'Matéo 90+5' Report Owusu-Ansah 44'Ayieyam 65' PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 808Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico) 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)19:00 New Zealand 1–3 United States Coombes 76' Report Sanchez 3'Pugh 8'Watt 82' PNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,399Referee: Thérèse Neguel (Cameroon) 21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)16:00 New Zealand 0–2 France Report Léger 17'Matéo 47' Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 995Referee: Silvia Reyes (Peru) 21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)16:00 United States 1–1 Ghana Pugh 22' Report Murphy 20' (o.g.) Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,076Referee: Sara Persson (Sweden) Group D Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1  Germany 3 3 0 0 8 1 +7 9 Knockout stage 2  Mexico 3 2 0 1 5 5 0 6 3  South Korea 3 1 0 2 3 4 −1 3 4  Venezuela 3 0 0 3 3 9 −6 0 Source: FIFA 14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)16:00 Germany 3–1 Venezuela Gier 2', 45'Schüller 51' Report Speckmaier 26' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,858Referee: Finau Vulivuli (Fiji) 14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)19:00 Mexico 2–0 South Korea Crowther 56'Palacios 89' Report National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,511Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic) 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)16:00 Germany 3–0 Mexico Sanders 48', 85'Matheis 67' Report National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,685Referee: Silvia Reyes (Peru) 17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)19:00 South Korea 3–0 Venezuela Namgung Ye-ji 77' (pen.)Han Chae-rin 80'Kim Seong-mi 90' Report National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 6,108Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary) 21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)19:00 South Korea 0–2 Germany Report Orschmann 13'Sanders 25' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 7,218Referee: Marianela Araya Cruz (Costa Rica) 21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)19:00 Venezuela 2–3 Mexico García 55'Moreno 83' Report Palacios 4', 10'T. González 53' Bava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,076Referee: Monika Mularczyk (Poland) Knockout stage In the knockout stages, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner, except for the third place match where no extra time is played as the match is played directly before the final. On 18 March 2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time.  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            24 November — (NFS)   North Korea (a.e.t.)3 29 November — (SJG)  Spain2   North Korea (a.e.t.)2 25 November — (SJG)  United States1   United States2 3 December — (NFS)  Mexico1   North Korea3 24 November — (NFS)  France1   Japan3 29 November — (SJG)  Brazil1   Japan1 25 November — (SJG)  France (a.e.t.)2 Third place  Germany0 3 December — (NFS)  France1   United States0   Japan1   Quarter-finals 24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)16:00 North Korea 3–2 (a.e.t.) Spain Ju Hyo-sim 18'Ri Hyang-sim 30'Kim Phyong-hwa 106' Report N. García 38'L. García 63' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,740Referee: Casey Reibelt (Australia) 24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)19:30 Japan 3–1 Brazil Moriya 45+2'Matsubara 50', 68' Report Gabi Nunes 90+1' (pen.) National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,732Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic) 25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)16:00 United States 2–1 Mexico Watt 81'Hedge 90+3' Report Sánchez 66' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,245Referee: Riem Hussein (Germany) 25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)19:30 Germany 0–1 France Report D. Cascarino 16' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,314Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico) Semi-finals 29 November 2016 (2016-11-29)16:00 North Korea 2–1 (a.e.t.) United States Jon So-yon 50' (pen.)Ri Hyang-sim 91' Report Jacobs 89' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 5,037Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary) 29 November 2016 (2016-11-29)19:30 Japan 1–2 (a.e.t.) France Momiki 109' (pen.) Report Matéo 99'Gathrat 101' Sir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 11,313Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras) Third place match 3 December 2016 (2016-12-03)16:00 United States 0–1 Japan Report Ueno 87' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 8,093Referee: Qin Liang (China) Final 3 December 2016 (2016-12-03)19:30 North Korea 3–1 France Wi Jong-sim 30'Kim Phyong-hwa 55'Jon So-yon 87' (pen.) Report Geyoro 17' National Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 14,752Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic)  2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup winners  North KoreaSecond title Awards The following awards were given for the tournament: Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Hina Sugita Kim So-hyang Delphine Cascarino Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Mami Ueno Gabi Nunes Stina Blackstenius 5 goals, 2 assists 5 goals, 1 assist 5 goals Golden Glove Mylène Chavas FIFA Fair Play Award  Japan Goalscorers 5 goals Gabi Nunes Mami Ueno Stina Blackstenius 4 goals Yuka Momiki Kim So-hyang Ri Hyang-sim 3 goals Brena Clara Matéo Stefanie Sanders Kiana Palacios Jon So-yon Lucía García 2 goals Yasmim Delphine Cascarino Madeline Gier Yui Hasegawa Shiho Matsubara Chinwendu Ihezuo Ju Hyo-sim Kim Phyong-hwa Wi Jong-sim Mariona Caldentey Mallory Pugh Ally Watt 1 goal Duda Geyse Katrine Gabrielle Carle Juliane Gathrat Grace Geyoro Marie-Charlotte Léger Saskia Matheis Dina Orschmann Lea Schüller Jane Ayieyam Sandra Owusu-Ansah Honoka Hayashi Miyabi Moriya Hina Sugita Jacqueline Crowther Teresa González Maria Sánchez Tayla Christensen Isabella Coombes Joy Bokiri Ihuoma Onyebuchi Chinaza Uchendu Ri Un-sim Sung Hyang-sim U Sol-gyong Nicollete Ageva Han Chae-rin Kim Seong-mi Namgung Ye-ji Aitana Bonmati Nahikari García Patricia Guijarro Alba Redondo Anna Anvegård Johanna Rytting Kaneryd Kelcie Hedge Natalie Jacobs Ashley Sanchez Gabriela García Kika Moreno Mariana Speckmaier Own goal Carla (against North Korea) Casey Murphy (against Ghana) Marketing Sponsorship FIFA Sponsors Adidas Coca-Cola Hyundai–Kia Visa Wanda Group Gazprom EA Sports National Sponsors Telikom PNG Air Niugini PNG Power (as PNG Power Ltd.) References ^ "Circular #1510 - FIFA U-20 and U-17 Women's World Cups in 2016" (PDF). FIFA. 11 November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ "Crowning glory for Asian duo". FIFA.com. 3 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016. ^ "2016 a dream double year for DPR Korea". AFC. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016. ^ "FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination". FIFA.com. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. ^ "FIFA launches 2014 FIFA World Cup Legacy Trust". FIFA.com. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. ^ "Executive fully backs Brazil to host a great 2014 FIFA World Cup". FIFA.com. 7 June 2014. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014. ^ "South Africa quits as U-20 Women's World Cup host after only seven months". keirradnedge. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014. ^ "PNGFA bid for U-20 World Cup". Papua New Guinea Football Association. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. ^ "Linköping kan få VM". Corren.se. 5 November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2014. ^ "2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December". FIFA.com. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. ^ "Decisions taken by the FIFA Executive Committee concerning women's competitions 2016" (PDF). FIFA.com. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2014. ^ "FIFA delegates inspect venues". Oceania Football Confederation. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015. ^ "Stakeholders confident moving forward". Oceania Football Confederation. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. ^ "Official Emblem and Slogan unveiled for Papua New Guinea 2016". FIFA.com. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. ^ "Official Mascot unveiled in key milestone ahead of Papua New Guinea 2016". FIFA.com. 11 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. ^ "Official Song FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup PNG 2016". YouTube. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ a b c "Regulations – FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Papua New Guinea 2016" (PDF). FIFA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ "Squads named for charge at PNG glory". FIFA.com. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. ^ "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Papua New Guinea 2016 Appointments of Match Officials" (PDF). FIFA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. ^ "RELIVE: U-20 Women's World Cup draw". FIFA.com. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. ^ "Intriguing groups drawn for PNG 2016". FIFA.com. 17 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. ^ "Match Schedule FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Papua New Guinea 2016" (PDF). FIFA.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2016. ^ "FIFA Executive Committee approves key priorities to restore trust in FIFA". FIFA. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. ^ "Awards". FIFA.com. 3 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2016. External links FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Papua New Guinea 2016, FIFA.com FIFA Technical Report Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine vte2016 in Japanese football « 20152017 » League competitionsMen J1 League J2 League J3 League Japan Football League Regional Leagues Women L.League Cup competitionsMen Emperor's Cup (Final) J.League Cup (Final) Super Cup Women Empress's Cup (Final) Nadeshiko League Cup (Final) AFC competitionsMen AFC Champions League FIFA Club World Cup Suruga Bank Championship Related to national teamsMen Summary Qualification for the FIFA World Cup Qualification for the AFC Asian Cup Women Summary Olympic qualifying tournament Youth Summer Olympics (U-23) qualification and AFC U-23 Championship AFC U-19 Championship and qualification for the FIFA U-20 World Cup AFC U-16 Championship and qualification for the FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup Club seasonsJ1 League Vegalta Sendai Kashima Antlers Urawa Red Diamonds Omiya Ardija Kashiwa Reysol FC Tokyo Kawasaki Frontale Yokohama F. 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The tournament was held in Papua New Guinea from 13 November to 3 December 2016.[1] This was the first FIFA tournament held in the country, the first FIFA tournament held in Melanesia, and the first FIFA association football tournament in Oceania to take place outside Australasia.North Korea won their 2nd title in this event by beating France in the final, 3–1.[2] They became the first country to win the U-20 and U-17 Women's World Cup in the same year, with their under-17 team winning the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup earlier in the year.[3]","title":"2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Host selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"FIFA Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Executive_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Africa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Original round of bidding","text":"The following countries submitted bids to host the tournament by the May 2013 deadline:[4]Norway\n Republic of Ireland\n South AfricaSouth Africa were awarded the hosting rights by FIFA Executive Committee at their meeting on 5 December 2013.[5] However, they later withdrew, giving its notice at FIFA's executive committee meeting prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[6][7]","title":"Host selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FIFA Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Executive_Committee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa_decision-10"}],"sub_title":"Second round of bidding","text":"After South Africa's withdrawal, the following countries announced they would be interested in hosting:Papua New Guinea[8]\n Sweden[9]Papua New Guinea were awarded the hosting rights of the tournament by the FIFA Executive Committee on 20 March 2015.[10]","title":"Host selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"text":"A total of 16 teams qualify for the final tournament. In addition to Papua New Guinea who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 15 teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. The slot allocation was published in June 2014.[11]1.^ Teams that will make their debut.","title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Hubert Murray Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hubert_Murray_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Robson Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A FIFA delegation visited the following four stadiums in April 2015: Sir Hubert Murray Stadium, Sir John Guise Stadium, Lloyd Robson Oval (National Football Stadium), and Bava Park, all located in Port Moresby.[12] The same four stadiums were submitted to FIFA for approval in October 2015.[13] The final approved stadiums are:","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The official emblem and slogan (\"To Inspire, To Excel\") were unveiled on 8 March 2016.[14]","title":"Emblem and slogan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird-of-paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The official mascot, a bird-of-paradise nicknamed \"Susa\", was launched on 11 June 2016.[15]","title":"Mascot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The official theme song for the 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World cup Kumul Susa written by dAdiigii and performed by Mereani & dAdiigii.[16]","title":"Theme Song"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Each team must name a squad of 21 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline. All players must be born on or after 1 January 1996, and on or before 31 December 2000.[17] The official squads were announced on 8 November 2016.[18]","title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A total of 16 referees, and 27 assistant referees were appointed by FIFA for the tournament.[19]","title":"Match officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The official draw was held on 17 March 2016, 18:30 CET (UTC+1), at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland.[20][21] The teams were seeded based on their performances in previous U-20 Women's World Cups and confederation tournaments, with the hosts Papua New Guinea automatically seeded and assigned to position A1. Teams of the same confederation could not meet in the group stage.","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-17"},{"link_name":"UTC+10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B10:00"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The top two teams of each group advance to the quarter-finals. The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows:[17]points obtained in all group matches;goal difference in all group matches;number of goals scored in all group matches;If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned;goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned;number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;fair play points first yellow card: minus 1 point;indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points;direct red card: minus 4 points;yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points;drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee.All times are local, PGT (UTC+10).[22]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140729154954/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/groups/index.html"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353187/index.html"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Melissa Borjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Borjas"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_Federation_of_Football_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353164/index.html"},{"link_name":"Gabi Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Nunes"},{"link_name":"Brena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brena_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Yasmim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmim"},{"link_name":"Katrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrine_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Geyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyse_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Katalin Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353166/index.html"},{"link_name":"Gabi Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Nunes"},{"link_name":"Brena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brena_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353175/index.html"},{"link_name":"Blackstenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stina_Blackstenius"},{"link_name":"Kaneryd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Rytting_Kaneryd"},{"link_name":"Anvegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anveg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Ju Hyo-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Hyo-sim"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353167/index.html"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gabi Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Nunes"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353168/index.html"},{"link_name":"Blackstenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stina_Blackstenius"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: FIFA(H) Hosts13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)16:00\nSweden 0–2 North Korea\n\nReport\nRi Hyang-sim 25'Kim So-hyang 48'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,944Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras)13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)19:00\nPapua New Guinea 0–9 Brazil\n\nReport\nDuda 6'Gabi Nunes 11', 70'Brena 17', 24' (pen.)Yasmim 45+1', 66'Katrine 45+3'Geyse 49'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 12,547Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)16:00\nNorth Korea 4–2 Brazil\nU Sol-gyong 20'Ri Hyang-sim 35'Carla 40' (o.g.)Jon So-yon 45+6' (pen.)\nReport\nGabi Nunes 29'Brena 51' (pen.)\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,906Referee: Riem Hussein (Germany)16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)19:00\nPapua New Guinea 0–6 Sweden\n\nReport\nBlackstenius 8', 43', 58', 72'Kaneryd 75'Anvegård 82'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,123Referee: Aye Thein (Myanmar)20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)19:00\nNorth Korea 7–1 Papua New Guinea\nRi Un-sim 7'Kim So-hyang 37', 45+4', 53'Ju Hyo-sim 45+3'Wi Jong-sim 65'Sung Hyang-sim 90+1'\nReport\nAgeva 16'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,231Referee: Yercinia Correa (Venezuela)20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)19:00\nBrazil 1–1 Sweden\nGabi Nunes 31'\nReport\nBlackstenius 14'\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,553Referee: Qin Liang (China)","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140729154954/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/groups/index.html"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Caldentey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariona_Caldentey"},{"link_name":"L. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Bonmatí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitana_Bonmat%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Guijarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Guijarro"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353162/index.html"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"link_name":"Ueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Ueno"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353190/index.html"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Caldentey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariona_Caldentey"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353193/index.html"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Uchendu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaza_Uchendu"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bokiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri"},{"link_name":"Ihezuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwendu_Ihezuo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353169/index.html"},{"link_name":"Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Carle"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ihezuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwendu_Ihezuo"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353163/index.html"},{"link_name":"Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Redondo"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Melissa Borjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Borjas"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_Federation_of_Football_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353178/index.html"},{"link_name":"Hasegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Hasegawa"},{"link_name":"Ueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Ueno"},{"link_name":"Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoka_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Sugita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_Sugita"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: FIFA13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)16:00\nSpain 5–0 Canada\nCaldentey 2'L. García 30', 90+5'Bonmatí 58'Guijarro 87'\nReport\n\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,187Referee: Qin Liang (China)13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)19:00\nJapan 6–0 Nigeria\nMomiki 34', 51', 56'Ueno 37', 62', 82'\nReport\n\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,651Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico)16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)16:00\nSpain 1–0 Japan\nCaldentey 81' (pen.)\nReport\n\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 858Referee: Marianela Araya Cruz (Costa Rica)16 November 2016 (2016-11-16)19:00\nNigeria 3–1 Canada\nUchendu 45+1' (pen.)Bokiri 46'Ihezuo 73'\nReport\nCarle 15'\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,748Referee: Sara Persson (Sweden)20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)16:00\nNigeria 2–1 Spain\nOnyebuchi 12'Ihezuo 72'\nReport\nRedondo 7'\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,032Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras)20 November 2016 (2016-11-20)16:00\nCanada 0–5 Japan\n\nReport\nHasegawa 26', 51'Ueno 42'Hayashi 47'Sugita 73'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 5,449Referee: Fatou Thioune (Senegal)","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140729154954/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/groups/index.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_USA0.38502663904104_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_USA0.38502663904104_23-1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353191/index.html"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353172/index.html"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"D. Cascarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Cascarino"},{"link_name":"Matéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Mat%C3%A9o"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353181/index.html"},{"link_name":"Owusu-Ansah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Owusu-Ansah"},{"link_name":"Ayieyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ayiyem"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353188/index.html"},{"link_name":"Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Watt"},{"link_name":"PNG Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Thérèse Neguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Neguel"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353170/index.html"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Charlotte_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Matéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Mat%C3%A9o"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353165/index.html"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Murphy"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"Source: FIFANotes:^ a b United States finished ahead of France based on fair play points.14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)16:00\nFrance 0–0 United States\n\nReport\n\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,033Referee: Casey Reibelt (Australia)14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)19:00\nGhana 0–1 New Zealand\n\nReport\nChristensen 89'\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,877Referee: Monika Mularczyk (Poland)17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)16:00\nFrance 2–2 Ghana\nD. Cascarino 30'Matéo 90+5'\nReport\nOwusu-Ansah 44'Ayieyam 65'\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 808Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico)17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)19:00\nNew Zealand 1–3 United States\nCoombes 76'\nReport\nSanchez 3'Pugh 8'Watt 82'\nPNG Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,399Referee: Thérèse Neguel (Cameroon)21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)16:00\nNew Zealand 0–2 France\n\nReport\nLéger 17'Matéo 47'\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 995Referee: Silvia Reyes (Peru)21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)16:00\nUnited States 1–1 Ghana\nPugh 22'\nReport\nMurphy 20' (o.g.)\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,076Referee: Sara Persson (Sweden)","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140729154954/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/groups/index.html"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Schüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Sch%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353171/index.html"},{"link_name":"Speckmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Speckmaier"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Finau Vulivuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finau_Vulivuli"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiana_Palacios"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353183/index.html"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353192/index.html"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Han Chae-rin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chae-rin"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353184/index.html"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Katalin Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353176/index.html"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kika_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275987/match=300353189/index.html"},{"link_name":"Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiana_Palacios"},{"link_name":"Bava Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bava_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"Source: FIFA14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)16:00\nGermany 3–1 Venezuela\nGier 2', 45'Schüller 51'\nReport\nSpeckmaier 26'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 1,858Referee: Finau Vulivuli (Fiji)14 November 2016 (2016-11-14)19:00\nMexico 2–0 South Korea\nCrowther 56'Palacios 89'\nReport\n\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,511Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic)17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)16:00\nGermany 3–0 Mexico\nSanders 48', 85'Matheis 67'\nReport\n\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,685Referee: Silvia Reyes (Peru)17 November 2016 (2016-11-17)19:00\nSouth Korea 3–0 Venezuela\nNamgung Ye-ji 77' (pen.)Han Chae-rin 80'Kim Seong-mi 90'\nReport\n\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 6,108Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)19:00\nSouth Korea 0–2 Germany\n\nReport\nOrschmann 13'Sanders 25'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 7,218Referee: Marianela Araya Cruz (Costa Rica)21 November 2016 (2016-11-21)19:00\nVenezuela 2–3 Mexico\nGarcía 55'Moreno 83'\nReport\nPalacios 4', 10'T. González 53'\nBava Park, Port MoresbyAttendance: 2,076Referee: Monika Mularczyk (Poland)","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regulations-17"},{"link_name":"International Football Association Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board"},{"link_name":"fourth substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In the knockout stages, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner, except for the third place match where no extra time is played as the match is played directly before the final.[17]On 18 March 2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time.[23]","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ju Hyo-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Hyo-sim"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275999/match=300353182/index.html"},{"link_name":"N. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahikari_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"L. García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Moriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyabi_Moriya"},{"link_name":"Matsubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiho_Matsubara"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275999/match=300353185/index.html"},{"link_name":"Gabi Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Nunes"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Watt"},{"link_name":"Hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelcie_Hedge"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275999/match=300353174/index.html"},{"link_name":"Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_S%C3%A1nchez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=275999/match=300353186/index.html"},{"link_name":"D. Cascarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Cascarino"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Quarter-finals","text":"24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)16:00\nNorth Korea 3–2 (a.e.t.) Spain\nJu Hyo-sim 18'Ri Hyang-sim 30'Kim Phyong-hwa 106'\nReport\nN. García 38'L. García 63'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 3,740Referee: Casey Reibelt (Australia)24 November 2016 (2016-11-24)19:30\nJapan 3–1 Brazil\nMoriya 45+2'Matsubara 50', 68'\nReport\nGabi Nunes 90+1' (pen.)\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,732Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic)25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)16:00\nUnited States 2–1 Mexico\nWatt 81'Hedge 90+3'\nReport\nSánchez 66'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 4,245Referee: Riem Hussein (Germany)25 November 2016 (2016-11-25)19:30\nGermany 0–1 France\n\nReport\nD. Cascarino 16'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 9,314Referee: Quetzalli Alvarado (Mexico)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=276001/match=300353177/index.html"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Katalin Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=276001/match=300353180/index.html"},{"link_name":"Matéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Mat%C3%A9o"},{"link_name":"Gathrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_Gathrat"},{"link_name":"Sir John Guise Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Guise_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Melissa Borjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Borjas"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_Federation_of_Football_of_Honduras"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"29 November 2016 (2016-11-29)16:00\nNorth Korea 2–1 (a.e.t.) United States\nJon So-yon 50' (pen.)Ri Hyang-sim 91'\nReport\nJacobs 89'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 5,037Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)29 November 2016 (2016-11-29)19:30\nJapan 1–2 (a.e.t.) France\nMomiki 109' (pen.)\nReport\nMatéo 99'Gathrat 101'\nSir John Guise Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 11,313Referee: Melissa Borjas (Honduras)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=276003/match=300353179/index.html"},{"link_name":"Ueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Ueno"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"Third place match","text":"3 December 2016 (2016-12-03)16:00\nUnited States 0–1 Japan\n\nReport\nUeno 87'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 8,093Referee: Qin Liang (China)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=276005/match=300353173/index.html"},{"link_name":"Geyoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onema_Geyoro"},{"link_name":"National Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Robson_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_the_Czech_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"3 December 2016 (2016-12-03)19:30\nNorth Korea 3–1 France\nWi Jong-sim 30'Kim Phyong-hwa 55'Jon So-yon 87' (pen.)\nReport\nGeyoro 17'\nNational Football Stadium, Port MoresbyAttendance: 14,752Referee: Jana Adámková (Czech Republic)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The following awards were given for the tournament:[24]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gabi Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Nunes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mami Ueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Ueno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stina Blackstenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stina_Blackstenius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yuka Momiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuka_Momiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kim So-hyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_So-hyang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ri Hyang-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ri_Hyang-sim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brena_Carolina_Vianna_de_Oliveira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Clara Matéo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Mat%C3%A9o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Sanders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kiana Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiana_Palacios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jon So-yon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_So-yon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lucía García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yasmim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmim_Assis_Ribeiro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Delphine Cascarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_Cascarino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Madeline Gier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madeline_Gier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yui Hasegawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yui_Hasegawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Shiho Matsubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiho_Matsubara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chinwendu Ihezuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwendu_Ihezuo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ju Hyo-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju_Hyo-sim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kim Phyong-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Phyong-hwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mariona Caldentey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariona_Caldentey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Mallory Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_Pugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Ally Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Watt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adailma_da_Silva_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Geyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyse_Ferreira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Katrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrine_da_Silva_Costa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Carle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Carle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Juliane Gathrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_Gathrat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Grace Geyoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onema_Geyoro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Marie-Charlotte Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Charlotte_L%C3%A9ger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Saskia Matheis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Matheis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dina Orschmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Orschmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Lea Schüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Sch%C3%BCller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jane Ayieyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ayieyam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sandra Owusu-Ansah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Owusu-Ansah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Honoka Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoka_Hayashi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Miyabi Moriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyabi_Moriya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hina Sugita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_Sugita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Crowther&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Teresa González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teresa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Maria Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_S%C3%A1nchez_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tayla Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tayla_Christensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Isabella Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_Coombes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Joy Bokiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ihuoma Onyebuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihuoma_Onyebuchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chinaza Uchendu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaza_Uchendu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ri Un-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ri_Un-sim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sung Hyang-sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Hyang-sim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"U Sol-gyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U_Sol-gyong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Nicollete Ageva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicollete_Ageva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Han Chae-rin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chae-rin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kim Seong-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Seong-mi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Namgung Ye-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namgung_Ye-ji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Aitana Bonmati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitana_Bonmati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nahikari García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahikari_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Patricia Guijarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Guijarro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Alba Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Redondo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Anna Anvegård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anveg%C3%A5rd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Johanna Rytting Kaneryd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Rytting_Kaneryd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Kelcie Hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelcie_Hedge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Natalie Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Jacobs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Ashley Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Sanchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gabriela García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kika Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kika_Moreno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mariana Speckmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Speckmaier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carla_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Casey Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Murphy"}],"text":"5 goalsGabi Nunes\n Mami Ueno\n Stina Blackstenius4 goalsYuka Momiki\n Kim So-hyang\n Ri Hyang-sim3 goalsBrena\n Clara Matéo\n Stefanie Sanders\n Kiana Palacios\n Jon So-yon\n Lucía García2 goalsYasmim\n Delphine Cascarino\n Madeline Gier\n Yui Hasegawa\n Shiho Matsubara\n Chinwendu Ihezuo\n Ju Hyo-sim\n Kim Phyong-hwa\n Wi Jong-sim\n Mariona Caldentey\n Mallory Pugh\n Ally Watt1 goalDuda\n Geyse\n Katrine\n Gabrielle Carle\n Juliane Gathrat\n Grace Geyoro\n Marie-Charlotte Léger\n Saskia Matheis\n Dina Orschmann\n Lea Schüller\n Jane Ayieyam\n Sandra Owusu-Ansah\n Honoka Hayashi\n Miyabi Moriya\n Hina Sugita\n Jacqueline Crowther\n Teresa González\n Maria Sánchez\n Tayla Christensen\n Isabella Coombes\n Joy Bokiri\n Ihuoma Onyebuchi\n Chinaza Uchendu\n Ri Un-sim\n Sung Hyang-sim\n U Sol-gyong\n Nicollete Ageva\n Han Chae-rin\n Kim Seong-mi\n Namgung Ye-ji\n Aitana Bonmati\n Nahikari García\n Patricia Guijarro\n Alba Redondo\n Anna Anvegård\n Johanna Rytting Kaneryd\n Kelcie Hedge\n Natalie Jacobs\n Ashley Sanchez\n Gabriela García\n Kika Moreno\n Mariana SpeckmaierOwn goalCarla (against North Korea)\n Casey Murphy (against Ghana)","title":"Goalscorers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors"},{"link_name":"Visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc."},{"link_name":"Wanda Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Group"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"}],"sub_title":"FIFA Sponsors","text":"Adidas\nCoca-Cola\nHyundai–Kia\nVisa\nWanda Group\nGazprom\nEA Sports","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Niugini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Niugini"},{"link_name":"PNG Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG_Power"}],"sub_title":"National Sponsors","text":"Telikom PNG\nAir Niugini\nPNG Power (as PNG Power Ltd.)","title":"Marketing"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Circular #1510 - FIFA U-20 and U-17 Women's World Cups in 2016\" (PDF). FIFA. 11 November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130222/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/73/25/35/circularno.1510-fifau-20andu-17womensworldcupsin2016_neutral.pdf","url_text":"\"Circular #1510 - FIFA U-20 and U-17 Women's World Cups in 2016\""},{"url":"http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/73/25/35/circularno.1510-fifau-20andu-17womensworldcupsin2016_neutral.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crowning glory for Asian duo\". FIFA.com. 3 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204125406/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=12/news=crowning-glory-for-asian-duo-2857829.html","url_text":"\"Crowning glory for Asian duo\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/news/y=2016/m=12/news=crowning-glory-for-asian-duo-2857829.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 a dream double year for DPR Korea\". AFC. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-afc.com/fifa-womens-u-20-world-cup-2016/2016-a-dream-double-year-for-dpr-korea","url_text":"\"2016 a dream double year for DPR Korea\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182801/http://www.the-afc.com/fifa-womens-u-20-world-cup-2016/2016-a-dream-double-year-for-dpr-korea","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination\". FIFA.com. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022094952/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/congress/news/newsid=2085775/index.html","url_text":"\"FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/congress/news/newsid=2085775/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FIFA launches 2014 FIFA World Cup Legacy Trust\". FIFA.com. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206055500/http://www.fifa.com//worldcup/media/newsid=2239771/index.html","url_text":"\"FIFA launches 2014 FIFA World Cup Legacy Trust\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/media/newsid=2239771/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive fully backs Brazil to host a great 2014 FIFA World Cup\". FIFA.com. 7 June 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Ministry_of_Defence_and_National_Security

Ministry of Defence and National Security (Sierra Leone)

["1 Location","2 Mission","3 Objectives","4 Minister of Defence","4.1 List of ministers","5 References","6 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ministry of Defence and National Security" Sierra Leone – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sierra Leone Ministry of Defence and National SecurityAgency overviewFormed1894HeadquartersState Avenue, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra LeoneAgency executiveKellie Hassan Conteh, Minister of Defence Sierra Leone Ministry of Defence and National Security is a Sierra Leonean government department in charge of implementing and supervising the Sierra Leone Armed Forces and the territorial security of Sierra Leone's international border and defending the national interests of Sierra Leone. Location The Ministry of Defence and National Security building is located in State Avenue at Tower Hill in central Freetown, a few distance from the State House. Mission Mission Statement The mission of the Ministry is to formulate, implement, monitor and evaluate strategic defence policy for the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) that is effective and fostered within a framework of democratic governance. Objectives To formulate and implement strategic defence policy; To develop and maintain a re-structured and robust RSLAF that is well trained, well disciplined and well cared for; To equip and provide logistics support to the RSLAF; To transform the RSLAF into an organization that is accountable, incorruptible and subject to democratic control; To continually evolve and improve the RSLAF; To deliver the endorsed Defence Missions and Military Tasks. Minister of Defence The department is headed by the Minister of Defence and National Security, who must be a civilian, and is appointed by the President of Sierra Leone and must be confirmed by the Parliament of Sierra Leone in order to take office. The current Minister of Defence and National Security is a retired Brig Gen Kellie Hassan Conteh, who was appointed by President Julius Maada Bio in October 2020. The Sierra Leone Minister of Defence is one of the most important, government agencies in the country and the position is usually held by a retired Sierra Leonean military officer. Like all government ministries in the country, the Minister of Defence can be dismissed by the president of Sierra Leone at any time. During the Sierra Leone civil war, Sierra Leone's president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah appointed himself Minister of Defence and National Security, which is legal. List of ministers Portrait Minister of Defence Took office Left office Time in office Ref. Kabbah, AhmadAhmad Tejan Kabbah(1932–2014)2 November 1999September 20077 years, 358 days Conteh, AlfredMajor (Rtd.)Alfred Paolo Conteh26 October 20075 May 201810 years, 191 days Sheriff, SimeonColonel (Rtd.)Simeon Nasiru Sheriff(born 1959)Acting5 May 201820 November 20191 year, 199 days Conteh, KellieBrigadier general (Rtd.)Kellie Hassan Conteh GCOR20 November 2019Incumbent4 years, 208 days References ^ "President Kabbah's Third Cabinet". Sierra Leone Web. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ "President Kabbah's Sixth Cabinet". Sierra Leone Web. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ Thomas, Abdul Rashid (5 May 2018). "Sierra Leone parliament approves president Bio's ministers". thesierraleonetelegraph.com. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ State House Media and Communications Unit (20 November 2019). "New Ministers and Deputy Ministers Subscribe to Oath of Office at State House". The Republic of Sierra Leone State House. Retrieved 20 September 2021. External links Official website vte Security forces of Sierra Leone Ministry of Defence and National Security Armed Forces Police vteDepartments of Sierra Leone GovernmentMinisterial Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security Ministry of Defence and National Security Ministry of Lands, Country Planning, & the Environment Ministry of Labour and Social Security Ministry of Mineral Resources Ministry of Health and Sanitation Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Ministry of Information and Communication Non-ministerial Open Government Initiative Category Commons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season

1992–93 Mexican Primera División season

["1 Overview","1.1 Teams","2 Group stage","2.1 Group 1","2.2 Group 2","2.3 Group 3","2.4 Group 4","3 Results","4 Playoff","4.1 Repechaje round","4.2 Final","5 Relegation table","6 References"]

51st professional season of the top-flight football league in Mexico Football league seasonPrimera División de MéxicoSeason1992–93ChampionsAtlante (2nd title)RelegatedPachucaChampions' CupAtlanteMonterreyCONCACAF Cup Winners CupMonterreyMatches played398Goals scored1,063 (2.67 per match)← 1991–92 1993–94 → The following are statistics about Primera División de México for the 1992–93 season. Overview It was contested by 20 teams, and Atlante won the championship. Pachuca, who was promoted from Segunda División the previous season, was relegated. Teams Mexico CityAtlasGuadalajaraTecosUdeGTolucaUATMonterreyUANLVeracruzLeónMoreliaPueblaPachucaQuerétaroSantosMexico City teamsAmérica Atlante Cruz Azul Necaxa UNAM class=notpageimage| Location of the 1992-93 Primera División teams Team City Stadium América Mexico City Azteca Atlante Mexico City Azulgrana Atlas Guadalajara, Jalisco Jalisco Cruz Azul Mexico City Azteca Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco Jalisco León León, Guanajuato Nou Camp Morelia Morelia, Michoacán Morelos Monterrey Monterrey, Nuevo León Tecnológico Necaxa Mexico City Azteca Pachuca Pachuca, Hidalgo Revolución Mexicana / Hidalgo Puebla Puebla, Puebla Cuauhtémoc Querétaro Querétaro, Querétaro Corregidora Santos Laguna Torreón, Coahuila Corona Tecos Zapopan, Jalisco Tres de Marzo Toluca Toluca, State of Mexico La Bombonera UANL Monterrey, Nuevo León Universitario UAT Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas Marte R. Gómez UdeG Guadalajara, Jalisco Jalisco UNAM Mexico City Olímpico Universitario Veracruz Veracruz, Veracruz Luis "Pirata" Fuente Group stage Group 1 Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Atlante 38 14 13 11 66 55 +11 41 Playoff 2 Veracruz 38 14 9 15 56 56 0 37 3 Santos 38 7 14 17 34 61 −27 28 4 Querétaro 38 10 7 21 30 54 −24 27 5 Correcaminos 38 6 12 20 27 55 −28 24 Source: Group 2 Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Necaxa 38 23 8 7 76 43 +33 54 Playoff 2 América 38 18 11 9 51 46 +5 47 3 Tecos 38 15 16 7 43 32 +11 46 4 Puebla 38 16 11 11 58 56 +2 43 5 Morelia 38 8 14 16 43 61 −18 30 Source: Group 3 Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Cruz Azul 38 17 10 11 70 45 +25 44 Playoff 2 UANL 38 14 16 8 57 52 +5 44 3 Atlas 38 12 13 13 48 50 −2 37 4 Guadalajara 38 11 11 16 43 54 −11 33 5 U. de G. 38 8 14 16 35 54 −19 30 Source: Group 4 Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 León 38 17 13 8 64 38 +26 47 Playoff 2 Monterrey 38 15 15 8 51 39 +12 45 3 UNAM 38 17 10 11 70 53 +17 44 4 Toluca 38 9 14 15 49 50 −1 32 5 Pachuca 38 10 7 21 39 56 −17 27 Relegated Source: Results Home \ Away AME ATE ATS CAZ GDL LEO MTY MOR NEC PAC PUE QRO SAN TEC TOL UNL UAT UDG UNM VER América — 0–2 2–0 3–1 2–1 2–1 0–0 2–1 1–0 2–0 3–4 1–0 2–2 2–1 3–3 0–1 1–0 1–0 2–2 1–0 Atlante 1–1 — 1–2 2–4 5–1 0–1 1–1 2–0 1–2 5–2 2–1 0–0 3–1 2–0 3–2 1–1 3–0 1–0 3–3 1–3 Atlas 1–1 2–2 — 0–3 2–1 1–3 0–0 1–1 2–1 1–1 2–1 0–1 1–0 2–3 1–0 1–1 2–0 0–0 1–0 1–1 Cruz Azul 1–1 1–2 2–0 — 4–2 2–1 1–2 2–2 3–4 4–2 0–1 6–0 3–1 5–1 0–0 4–2 1–1 1–2 2–0 3–1 Guadalajara 1–0 3–3 1–1 2–2 — 0–0 0–0 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–1 0–2 0–0 0–1 0–0 1–2 1–0 1–1 3–2 3–0 León 1–1 3–1 0–1 3–1 0–2 — 3–2 2–2 1–0 0–1 2–1 5–0 7–1 1–1 3–2 0–0 4–0 1–0 3–2 4–0 Monterrey 3–1 1–2 1–1 0–2 2–2 1–1 — 2–1 1–0 2–1 0–1 2–0 3–2 0–0 2–2 1–0 1–0 5–1 3–1 1–1 Morelia 1–2 1–1 2–1 0–0 0–2 1–1 1–1 — 2–2 1–0 2–0 0–0 3–0 1–1 2–2 1–2 4–1 2–1 2–5 2–1 Necaxa 1–0 3–2 4–3 0–0 3–1 3–0 2–1 5–1 — 2–0 4–1 2–1 2–1 4–0 2–1 2–2 3–1 2–1 0–0 1–1 Pachuca 5–0 0–2 2–1 0–1 0–1 1–1 1–1 3–1 3–4 — 0–1 1–0 2–0 0–0 3–2 1–0 1–0 0–0 0–2 0–0 Puebla 0–0 0–0 1–4 0–0 4–1 1–1 1–0 3–1 2–3 3–1 — 2–1 3–1 2–1 3–3 1–3 1–1 2–0 3–0 2–0 Querétaro 1–2 1–1 2–1 2–1 1–2 1–4 0–1 4–0 1–0 1–0 2–2 — 0–0 0–0 3–1 0–2 3–0 1–1 1–3 0–3 Santos 1–3 2–1 0–0 1–0 2–0 0–0 0–3 1–1 0–3 2–1 2–2 0–1 — 1–1 1–1 2–1 0–0 1–1 1–1 2–1 Tecos 1–0 2–0 0–2 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 2–0 0–0 1–0 1–1 3–0 3–0 — 0–0 2–1 1–0 3–0 0–1 1–0 Toluca 1–2 3–1 5–0 0–1 2–0 0–0 1–1 0–0 1–0 2–3 4–0 2–0 0–1 1–2 — 2–1 2–0 0–0 1–3 1–1 UANL 2–2 3–3 1–0 2–2 3–1 1–1 1–2 2–0 2–2 3–2 1–1 1–0 0–0 1–1 2–0 — 0–0 4–3 2–2 2–1 UAT 0–1 0–2 1–1 0–2 1–1 1–2 2–2 2–1 2–0 0–0 2–4 2–0 2–1 0–0 0–0 0–0 — 3–1 2–0 1–3 U. de G. 1–1 1–0 0–7 3–1 2–1 1–0 0–1 1–2 0–3 2–0 1–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 0–1 1–1 0–0 — 1–1 1–1 UNAM 2–3 3–3 2–2 1–0 1–2 3–2 3–0 1–0 2–3 2–1 3–1 1–0 2–1 1–1 4–0 6–0 3–0 1–0 — 1–1 Veracruz 3–0 1–1 3–0 0–3 1–3 0–1 2–1 2–0 2–2 2–1 4–0 1–0 3–2 0–1 2–1 3–4 3–2 2–5 3–0 — Updated to match(es) played on 2 May 1993. Source: RSSSFLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Playoff Repechaje round Veracruz 1-1 ; 0-1 Tecos UANL 3-0 ; 1-4 UNAM Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final                3 América 3 3 6 6 Cruz Azul 0 4 4 3 América 0 0 0 5 Monterrey 1 0 1 4 Tecos 1 1 2 5 Monterrey 4 1 5 5 Monterrey 0 0 0 10 Atlante 1 3 4 2 León 2 4 6 8 UANL 0 2 2 2 León 1 1 2 10 Atlante 1 3 4 1 Necaxa 2 0 2 10 Atlante 4 1 5 Final May 26, 199320:45 Atlante1–0Monterrey Daniel Guzmán 54' Report Estadio Azteca, Mexico CityAttendance: 70,000Referee: Bonifacio Núñez Vega May 29, 199317:00 Monterrey0–3Atlante Report Wilson Graniolatti 40'Daniel Guzmán 76', 86' Estadio Tecnológico, MonterreyAttendance: 35,000Referee: Arturo Brizio Atlante won 4–0 on aggregate.  1992–93 winners  Atlante2nd title Relegation table Pos. Team Pts. Pld. Ave. GD. 16. U. de G. 100 114 0.8772 -30 17. UAT 99 114 0.8684 -31 18. Querétaro 88 114 0.7895 -45 19. Santos Laguna 88 114 0.7895 -54 20. Pachuca 27 38 0.7105 -27 References Mexico - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteLiga MX2023–24 clubs América Atlas Atlético San Luis Cruz Azul Guadalajara Juárez León Mazatlán Monterrey Necaxa Pachuca Puebla Querétaro Santos Laguna Tijuana Toluca UANL UNAM Former clubs Ángeles de Puebla Atlante Atletas Campesinos Atlético Español Atlético Potosino BUAP Celaya Chiapas Cobras de Ciudad Juárez Cuernavaca Deportivo Neza Indios de Ciudad Juárez Irapuato La Piedad Morelia Nacional Oaxtepec Oro Real Zamora San Isidro Laguna San Luis Sinaloa Tampico Madero Tecos Toros Neza UAT UdeG Unión de Curtidores Veracruz Zacatepec Seasons 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 Winter 1998 Summer 1999 Winter 1999 Summer 2000 Winter 2000 Summer 2001 Winter 2001 Summer 2002 Apertura 2002 Clausura 2003 Apertura 2003 Clausura 2004 Apertura 2004 Clausura 2005 Apertura 2005 Clausura 2006 Apertura 2006 Clausura 2007 Apertura 2007 Clausura 2008 Apertura 2008 Clausura 2009 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Competition Final phase Associated competitions CONCACAF Champions Cup Campeones Cup Leagues Cup

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe following are statistics about Primera División de México for the 1992–93 season.","title":"1992–93 Mexican Primera División season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Pachuca"}],"text":"It was contested by 20 teams, and Atlante won the championship.Pachuca, who was promoted from Segunda División the previous season, was relegated.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Tecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_F.C."},{"link_name":"UdeG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros_UdeG"},{"link_name":"Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C."},{"link_name":"UAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"UANL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Puebla"},{"link_name":"Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Pachuca"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F.C."},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_Laguna"},{"link_name":"América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"Necaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Necaxa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Teams","text":"Mexico CityAtlasGuadalajaraTecosUdeGTolucaUATMonterreyUANLVeracruzLeónMoreliaPueblaPachucaQuerétaroSantosMexico City teamsAmérica Atlante Cruz Azul Necaxa UNAM class=notpageimage| Location of the 1992-93 Primera División teams","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group 1","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group 2","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group 3","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Group 4","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"ATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"ATS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atlas"},{"link_name":"CAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"GDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"LEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"MTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Necaxa"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Pachuca"},{"link_name":"PUE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Puebla"},{"link_name":"QRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F.C."},{"link_name":"SAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_Laguna"},{"link_name":"TEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_F.C."},{"link_name":"TOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C."},{"link_name":"UNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"UAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT"},{"link_name":"UDG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros_UdeG"},{"link_name":"UNM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"VER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcas_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Necaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Necaxa"},{"link_name":"Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Pachuca"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Puebla"},{"link_name":"Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_F.C."},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Tecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C."},{"link_name":"UANL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"UAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correcaminos_UAT"},{"link_name":"U. de G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros_UdeG"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex93.html"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAME\n\nATE\n\nATS\n\nCAZ\n\nGDL\n\nLEO\n\nMTY\n\nMOR\n\nNEC\n\nPAC\n\nPUE\n\nQRO\n\nSAN\n\nTEC\n\nTOL\n\nUNL\n\nUAT\n\nUDG\n\nUNM\n\nVER\n\n\nAmérica\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nAtlante\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n2–4\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n5–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–3\n\n\nAtlas\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nCruz Azul\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n4–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–4\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n6–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nGuadalajara\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nLeón\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n5–0\n\n7–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–0\n\n\nMonterrey\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nMorelia\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–5\n\n2–1\n\n\nNecaxa\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–3\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n5–1\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nPachuca\n\n5–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–4\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nPuebla\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–4\n\n0–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nQuerétaro\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–4\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–3\n\n\nSantos\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nTecos\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nToluca\n\n1–2\n\n3–1\n\n5–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nUANL\n\n2–2\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n4–3\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nUAT\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–4\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n\nU. de G.\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–7\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nUNAM\n\n2–3\n\n3–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n6–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n\nVeracruz\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–4\n\n3–2\n\n2–5\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\nUpdated to match(es) played on 2 May 1993. Source: RSSSFLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Tecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_F.C."},{"link_name":"UANL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"}],"sub_title":"Repechaje round","text":"Veracruz 1-1 ; 0-1 Tecos\nUANL 3-0 ; 1-4 UNAM","title":"Playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Daniel Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Guzm%C3%A1n_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mex93.html"},{"link_name":"Estadio Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Azteca"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mex93.html"},{"link_name":"Wilson Graniolatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Graniolatti"},{"link_name":"Daniel Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Guzm%C3%A1n_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Estadio Tecnológico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Tecnol%C3%B3gico"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"May 26, 199320:45\nAtlante1–0Monterrey\nDaniel Guzmán 54'\nReport\n\nEstadio Azteca, Mexico CityAttendance: 70,000Referee: Bonifacio Núñez VegaMay 29, 199317:00\nMonterrey0–3Atlante\n\nReport\nWilson Graniolatti 40'Daniel Guzmán 76', 86'\nEstadio Tecnológico, MonterreyAttendance: 35,000Referee: Arturo BrizioAtlante won 4–0 on aggregate.","title":"Playoff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relegation table"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex93.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mex93.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mex93.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402011950/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/mexhist.html","external_links_name":"Mexico - List of final tables (RSSSF)"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Li_Norberg

Anne-Li Norberg

["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]

Swedish actress Anne-Li NorbergBorn(1953-10-05)5 October 1953Sollentuna, SwedenDied17 August 2018(2018-08-17) (aged 64)NationalitySwedishOccupationActressYears active1988-2018 Anne-Li Ingvarsdotter Norberg (5 October 1953 – 17 August 2018) was a Swedish actress. Norberg studied acting at Svenska Artist- och musikskolan and later as well at Kulturama. She graduated from stage school in Malmö in 1978 from the same class as actor Rolf Lassgård. During the 1970s and 1980s, she was in a relationship with actor Peter Haber and the couple had a child together actress Nina Haber. Norberg died on 17 August 2018 from cancer. Selected filmography 1988: Venus 90 - Receptionist vid Perfecturum 1989: S/Y Joy - Seglarflicka 1989: Förhöret (TV Movie) - Journalist 1990: Black Jack - Policewoman 1990: Fiendens fiende (TV Mini-Series) - Bredbergs hustru 1991: Goltuppen (TV Mini-Series) - Jansson 1991: Harry Lund lägger näsan i blöt! - Eva 1993: Sunes sommar - resebyråkvinnan 1994: Polismördaren - Sigbrit Mård 1995: Tre Kronor (TV Series) - Portiern 1995: Tribunal (TV Movie) - Rådgivare 1996: Zonen (TV Mini-Series) - Major Drakenberg 1997: Emma åklagare (TV Series) - Eva Laurén 1997: Snoken (TV Series) - Ursula Sandler 1997: Skärgårdsdoktorn (TV Series) - Ann-Catherine Franzén 1998: Rederiet (TV Series) - Läkare 8 2000: Det grovmaskiga nätet (TV Mini-Series) - Sköterska 2001: En sång för Martin 2001: Känd från TV - Anchorwoman 2002: Beck (TV Series) - Eva Örnberg 2001: Jordgubbar med riktig mjölk - Kajsa 2002: Bella - bland kryddor och kriminella (TV Series) - Liv 2003: Paragraf 9 (TV Series) - Anna-Karin Norberg 2005: Kommissionen (TV Series) - Mirjam Nord 2005: Örnen (TV Series) 2006: Min frus förste älskare - Receptionist 2009: Oskyldigt dömd (TV Series) 2009-2010: Guds tre flickor (TV Series) - Karin 2010: Våra vänners liv (TV Series) - Davids mamma 2010: Den fördömde (TV Series) 2011: Maria Wern (TV Series) - Sjuksköterska 2011: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo - Lindgren 2011: Juni - Oskars mamma 2012: Arne Dahl (TV Mini-Series) - Blomsterhandlare 2012: Morden i Sandhamn (TV Series) - Eva 2013: Bäst före - Ingela 2013-2014: Äkta människor (TV Series) - Justitierådet / Justitieråd 2014: Tjockare än vatten (TV Series) - Görel Hansson (försäkringsdam) 2015: Solsidan (TV Series) - Anita Wechselmann (final appearance) References ^ "Skådespelaren Anne-Li Norberg död". Expressen. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Dagens och morgondagens stjärnor firar att Kulturama fyller 30 år i Berwaldhallen". Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ Scenskolan Malmö Retrieved 28 August 2018 ^ "Skådespelerskan Anne-Li Norberg död i ovanlig cancer". Hant.se. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Skådespelaren Anne-Li Norberg är död – 64 år gammal". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 28 August 2018. External links Anne-Li Norberg at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harelle

Harelle

["1 Background","2 Rouen","3 Paris","4 Resolution","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]

1382 tax revolt in France The Harelle (French pronunciation: ; from haro) was a revolt that occurred in the French city of Rouen in 1382 and followed by the Maillotins uprising a few days later in Paris, as well as numerous other revolts across France in the subsequent week. France was in the midst of the Hundred Years' War, and had seen decades of warfare, widespread destruction, high taxation, and economic decline, made worse by bouts of plague. In Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom, the effects of the war were particularly felt. Tensions had been building nationally for nearly a year following the death of Charles V; on his deathbed he repealed many of the war taxes he had previously imposed. With the re-imposition of the taxes months later, a localized revolt, led by Rouen's guilds, occurred in the city and was followed by many similar such incidents across the kingdom. Charles VI traveled with an army led by his uncle and regent, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, from Paris. Paris itself revolted shortly after the army left the city. After returning to Paris to deal with the rebels there, the Duke and King traveled with an army to Rouen to end the revolt. The leaders of the Harelle in Rouen feared execution on the scale that occurred in Paris, and resolved to not resist the army. Twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's rights were revoked, it was put under the rule of a royal governor, and a fine of 100,000 francs was imposed. Despite the victory, the King was unable to re-enforce the taxation that prompted the revolt, and spent most of the next two years putting down similar tax revolts around the kingdom that followed the example of Rouen. The Harelle was one of many popular revolts in late medieval Europe, including the English peasants' revolt of 1381 one year earlier, all part of a larger crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Background Charles VI of France Charles V, King of France died in 1380 and on his deathbed repealed all of the royal taxes at the suggestion of his confessor, to better prepare his soul for the afterlife. France was in the midst of the Hundred Years War with England. The kingdom was entirely dependent upon the royal taxes for the prosecution of the war effort, and their repeal resulted in the collapse of the war effort for a period of time. Complicating matters was that Charles' successor, Charles VI, was a minor and was under the regency of his three uncles, the Dukes of Burgundy, Berry, and Anjou. Louis, Duke of Anjou was the senior regent, but the three disagreed on policies for France. The plague and war had ravaged the kingdom, and the heavy taxation increased poverty in many parts of the country. The cities were particularly affected, as people abandoned the countryside for the security of the larger walled cities. England was having similar financial difficulties, and the high taxation led to the Peasants' Revolt there in 1381. By 1382 an agreement for managing the country had been agreed to, with Philip, Duke of Burgundy left to manage the administration. After several failed attempts to have taxation approved by the councils and estates general of the numerous French principalities, the Duke resolved to reimpose the gabelle, a sales tax on salt, and the aides, a customs duty. The representatives of Paris were summoned before the King on January 16 and individually pressured to approve the imposition of the new tax. Under duress they agreed, but the news only gradually became known to the public. The Duke, as was customary at the time, appointed tax farmers to collect the tax. Rouen 14th century belfry of Rouen Cathedral, built around the time of the Harelle. The first violence to break out as a result of the re-imposition of the taxes occurred in Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom. On February 24, a group of men led by draper Jean le Gras, began sounding the great bells of the city's commune. Another group of men seized and closed the gates of the city, and a large mob quickly filled the streets. The mob was drawn largely from the poorest section of the city and was referred to as "la merdaille" (meaning approximately "shit-stinking rabble") by a local chronicler. The initial target of the mob was the wealthy, the town's councillors, the churches, and the tax farmers. Few people were killed, but there was widespread destruction. The mob looted every major building in the city. As the day progressed, the leaders of the mob directed the attack against any building thought to contain public records. All records containing evidence of rents, lawsuits, debts, rights and privileges were destroyed. A mob left the city and attacked the nearby Abbey of St. Ouen where they destroyed the gallows and entered the abbey to recover the city's charter, which had been granted to the city by Louis X after a similar rebellion in 1315. The abbot managed to escape to a nearby castle, but a large part of the abbey was destroyed. The charter was put on a large pole and paraded around the city. It granted significant individual rights to the citizens, but the document was rarely enforced in the normal times. The leaders of the city were rounded up and forced to take an oath and swear to abide by the charter. The riots lasted three days. The Archbishop of Rouen William V de Lestranges, who held feudal rights over the city, was captured and forced to renounce his claims to the city. The Duke of Burgundy recruited a small army from the garrisons in and around Paris and set out for Rouen accompanied by Charles VI and several other high officials. After being gone from the city only two days, they learnt that a far more violent revolt had broken out in Paris, and quickly turned the army to return to the capital. Paris On March 3, the tax farmers began to collect the new tax in Paris. Violence began in the market of Les Halles. About five hundred men attacked collector's booths, beating several collectors to death. The mob quickly grew into the thousands and attacked the Place de Grève in search of weapons. They located a large store of iron mallets; Jean Froissart coined the term "maillotins", so naming their revolt. The newly armed mob spread out across the city attacking buildings where anything of value was thought to be. Churches, businesses, the homes of the wealthy, and government buildings were all looted. The hôtel of the Duke of Anjou was seized and used as a headquarters. The mob began to attack wealthy individuals, government officials, business owners, and moneylenders, beating them to death. The riot quickly degenerated into a pogrom, and the Jewish section of the city was attacked. Hundreds of Jews were murdered, their children forcibly baptized. The city's royal captain, Maurise de Treseguidy, led his small contingent in an attempt to stem the violence. The mob quickly ran chains across the streets and began to attack the soldiers, who were forced to flee. The government of the city fled along with most of the royal administration and met with the King and the returning army. What military forces remained held onto the Grand Châtelet, a fortified royal building in the city. When the king arrived at the gates of Paris on March 5, the Duke of Burgundy negotiated with leaders of the mob from the city walls. They offered to submit and allow the king to reenter the city if he met three conditions: abolish all royal taxes, release certain individuals imprisoned by the Duke in recent months, and grant amnesty to everyone who had been involved in the Parisian revolt. The Duke replied that the King would release the prisoners, but not meet their other demands. Fresh violence immediately erupted in the city. The mob attacked the Chatelet and killed several soldiers who were unable to escape. The prisons of the city were opened and everyone released. During the night, however, the mob faded away and leaders of the city's guilds took control of the situation. They too refused to open the gates and offered to negotiate with the King. The King and his army seized posts overlooking the city and stopped river traffic into the city, cutting off its primary source of food. The Duke of Burgundy summoned a large army of retainers from his domains, and the Dukes of Brittany and Anjou sent forces to assist in suppressing the rebellion. Resolution News of the revolts in Rouen and Paris spread across France, and many other places followed suit. Amiens, Dieppe, Falaise, Caen, Orléans, and Rheims were all seized by rebels who followed the pattern established by Rouen and Paris. The cities were looted, the wealthy persecuted, the Jews proscribed, and public records destroyed. More revolts occurred across the south of France, and the Estates of Languedoc who were meeting to consider granting a new tax, dispersed without making the much needed grant. Phoebus Gaston, Count of Foix, repudiated the lieutenancy of the Duke of Berry over southern France and raised an army set up his own administration after seizing Toulouse. The largely autonomous areas of Provence, Brittany, and Burgundy, where the royal government had no taxing authority, were the only parts of the country to avoid a revolt. Tax collection became impossible which in turn made raising a substantial army to deal with the revolution nearly impossible, forcing the royal council to compromise. The King agreed to repeal the taxes and offered amnesty to all those involved, but they were required to submit to mediation. After regaining admittance to Paris, the leaders of the Parisian revolt were rounded up and executed. With control of Paris reestablished, the King and the Duke took the army and again set out for Rouen. The city put up no resistance and opened the gates when the king arrived on March 29. Their leaders feared execution, but most were spared. Only twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's bells were confiscated, the gates of the city symbolically thrown down, a 100,000 franc fine imposed, the city charter was revoked and Rouen was put under the administration of a royal governor. The government was unable to reimpose the taxes needed to continue the war effort in the short term, and considerable effort had to be put forth to reassert authority in all the cities were revolts had occurred. The king refused to call a meeting of the Estates General, but numerous local councils were summoned to meet in Compiègne, where minor taxation concessions were made to partially fund the war effort. Over the course of the next year the Duke of Burgundy set forth a plan to strengthen the government's position and gradually arrested and executed their opponents. It was not until 1387 that the last of the issue of taxation was finally resolved, in favor of the king. The collapse of government revenues hastened the government to negotiate the Truce of Leulinghem, a long truce lasting several years with the English while they attempted to reassert their power. References ^ a b c d Sumption, p. 444 ^ Sumption, p. 440 ^ Sumption, p. 441. ^ Sumption. p. 439 ^ Sumption, p. 429–434 ^ Sumption, p. 442 ^ Cotgrave, Randle (1611). "Merdaille". A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues. London: Adam Islip. Merdaille: f. A crue of shitten knaues , of filthie scowndrells, of stinking fellowes. ^ Sumption, p. 443 ^ a b c Sumption, p. 445 ^ Sumption. p. 446 ^ a b c Sumption, p. 447 ^ Sumption, p. 463 ^ Sumption, p. 448 ^ Sumption, p. 459 Sources Sumption, Jonathan (2009). The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4223-2. External links The Harelle Revolt vteMedieval and Early Modern European peasant wars Bagaudae Stellinga Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand Uprising of Ivaylo Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28 St. George's Night Uprising Jacquerie Ciompi Revolt Peasants' Revolt in England Harelle Cabochien Revolt Transylvanian peasant revolt Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions Jack Cade's rebellion John and William Merfold's uprising Carinthian Peasant Revolt Friulian Revolt of 1511 Poor Conrad Dózsa rebellion Slovene peasant revolt of 1515 Arumer Zwarte Hoop German Peasants' War Dalecarlian Rebellions Palatine Peasants' War Skipper Clement's Rebellion Opryshky Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Dacke War Kett's Rebellion Cudgel War Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion Peasants' War in Upper Austria Kostka-Napierski Uprising Morning Star Rebellion Swiss peasant war of 1653 Stenka Razin Uprising Bulavin Rebellion Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743) Pugachev's Rebellion Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan Great Fear Saxon Peasants' Revolt Peasants' War (1798) vteTax resistanceTopics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance Tax resistance in the United States . List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self-sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Fasci Siciliani I Don't Pay Movement Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women's Tax Resistance League Zuism Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaignsby century14th Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants' Revolt 15th Cornish Rebellion of 1497 16th Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 17th Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va-nu-pieds Salt Tax Revolt in Spain Salt Riot in Moscow 18th Boston Tea Party Fries's Rebellion Gaspee affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada) Regulator Movement in North Carolina Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 19th Anti-Rent War Dog Tax War House Tax Hartal Hut Tax War of 1898 Low Rebellion Mejba Revolt Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War Wallachian uprising 20th Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Vedaranyam March Women's poll tax repeal movement Women's War 21st Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Edward and Elaine Brown standoff Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Movimiento Pos Me Salto Yellow vests protests Related topics Income tax threshold Potentially dangerous taxpayer Render unto Caesar Irwin Schiff Sovereign citizen / Freeman on the land / Redemption movement Tax haven Tax inversion Tax noncompliance Tax protester (arguments / history in the United States) Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft

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In Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom, the effects of the war were particularly felt.Tensions had been building nationally for nearly a year following the death of Charles V; on his deathbed he repealed many of the war taxes he had previously imposed. With the re-imposition of the taxes months later, a localized revolt, led by Rouen's guilds, occurred in the city and was followed by many similar such incidents across the kingdom. Charles VI traveled with an army led by his uncle and regent, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, from Paris. Paris itself revolted shortly after the army left the city. After returning to Paris to deal with the rebels there, the Duke and King traveled with an army to Rouen to end the revolt. The leaders of the Harelle in Rouen feared execution on the scale that occurred in Paris, and resolved to not resist the army. Twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's rights were revoked, it was put under the rule of a royal governor, and a fine of 100,000 francs was imposed. Despite the victory, the King was unable to re-enforce the taxation that prompted the revolt, and spent most of the next two years putting down similar tax revolts around the kingdom that followed the example of Rouen. The Harelle was one of many popular revolts in late medieval Europe, including the English peasants' revolt of 1381 one year earlier, all part of a larger crisis of the Late Middle Ages.","title":"Harelle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_VI_le_Fou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Berry"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_death"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philip, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"gabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelle"},{"link_name":"aides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_(tax)"},{"link_name":"customs duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_duty"},{"link_name":"tax farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_farmer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Charles VI of FranceCharles V, King of France died in 1380 and on his deathbed repealed all of the royal taxes at the suggestion of his confessor, to better prepare his soul for the afterlife. France was in the midst of the Hundred Years War with England. The kingdom was entirely dependent upon the royal taxes for the prosecution of the war effort, and their repeal resulted in the collapse of the war effort for a period of time.[2] Complicating matters was that Charles' successor, Charles VI, was a minor and was under the regency of his three uncles, the Dukes of Burgundy, Berry, and Anjou. Louis, Duke of Anjou was the senior regent, but the three disagreed on policies for France.[3] The plague and war had ravaged the kingdom, and the heavy taxation increased poverty in many parts of the country. The cities were particularly affected, as people abandoned the countryside for the security of the larger walled cities.[4] England was having similar financial difficulties, and the high taxation led to the Peasants' Revolt there in 1381.[5]By 1382 an agreement for managing the country had been agreed to, with Philip, Duke of Burgundy left to manage the administration. After several failed attempts to have taxation approved by the councils and estates general of the numerous French principalities, the Duke resolved to reimpose the gabelle, a sales tax on salt, and the aides, a customs duty. The representatives of Paris were summoned before the King on January 16 and individually pressured to approve the imposition of the new tax. Under duress they agreed, but the news only gradually became known to the public. The Duke, as was customary at the time, appointed tax farmers to collect the tax.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rouen_-_Rue_du_Gros-Horloge_-_ICE_Photocompilation_Viewing_South_on_XIV_Century_Beffroi_-_Belfry_%26_Fountain_1743.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rouen Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_merchant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s444-1"},{"link_name":"Abbey of St. Ouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Ouen,_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Louis X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s444-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s444-1"}],"text":"14th century belfry of Rouen Cathedral, built around the time of the Harelle.The first violence to break out as a result of the re-imposition of the taxes occurred in Rouen, the second largest city in the kingdom. On February 24, a group of men led by draper Jean le Gras, began sounding the great bells of the city's commune. Another group of men seized and closed the gates of the city, and a large mob quickly filled the streets. The mob was drawn largely from the poorest section of the city and was referred to as \"la merdaille\" (meaning approximately \"shit-stinking rabble\"[7]) by a local chronicler.[8] The initial target of the mob was the wealthy, the town's councillors, the churches, and the tax farmers. Few people were killed, but there was widespread destruction. The mob looted every major building in the city. As the day progressed, the leaders of the mob directed the attack against any building thought to contain public records. All records containing evidence of rents, lawsuits, debts, rights and privileges were destroyed.[1]A mob left the city and attacked the nearby Abbey of St. Ouen where they destroyed the gallows and entered the abbey to recover the city's charter, which had been granted to the city by Louis X after a similar rebellion in 1315. The abbot managed to escape to a nearby castle, but a large part of the abbey was destroyed. The charter was put on a large pole and paraded around the city. It granted significant individual rights to the citizens, but the document was rarely enforced in the normal times. The leaders of the city were rounded up and forced to take an oath and swear to abide by the charter. The riots lasted three days. The Archbishop of Rouen William V de Lestranges, who held feudal rights over the city, was captured and forced to renounce his claims to the city.[1]The Duke of Burgundy recruited a small army from the garrisons in and around Paris and set out for Rouen accompanied by Charles VI and several other high officials. After being gone from the city only two days, they learnt that a far more violent revolt had broken out in Paris, and quickly turned the army to return to the capital.[1]","title":"Rouen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Halles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Halles"},{"link_name":"Place de Grève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_l%27H%C3%B4tel-de-Ville"},{"link_name":"Jean Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s445-9"},{"link_name":"pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"forcibly baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jewish_conversion_to_Christianity#Forced_conversions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s445-9"},{"link_name":"Grand Châtelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s445-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On March 3, the tax farmers began to collect the new tax in Paris. Violence began in the market of Les Halles. About five hundred men attacked collector's booths, beating several collectors to death. The mob quickly grew into the thousands and attacked the Place de Grève in search of weapons. They located a large store of iron mallets; Jean Froissart coined the term \"maillotins\", so naming their revolt.[9] The newly armed mob spread out across the city attacking buildings where anything of value was thought to be. Churches, businesses, the homes of the wealthy, and government buildings were all looted. The hôtel of the Duke of Anjou was seized and used as a headquarters. The mob began to attack wealthy individuals, government officials, business owners, and moneylenders, beating them to death. The riot quickly degenerated into a pogrom, and the Jewish section of the city was attacked. Hundreds of Jews were murdered, their children forcibly baptized.[9]The city's royal captain, Maurise de Treseguidy, led his small contingent in an attempt to stem the violence. The mob quickly ran chains across the streets and began to attack the soldiers, who were forced to flee. The government of the city fled along with most of the royal administration and met with the King and the returning army. What military forces remained held onto the Grand Châtelet, a fortified royal building in the city.[9]When the king arrived at the gates of Paris on March 5, the Duke of Burgundy negotiated with leaders of the mob from the city walls. They offered to submit and allow the king to reenter the city if he met three conditions: abolish all royal taxes, release certain individuals imprisoned by the Duke in recent months, and grant amnesty to everyone who had been involved in the Parisian revolt. The Duke replied that the King would release the prisoners, but not meet their other demands. Fresh violence immediately erupted in the city. The mob attacked the Chatelet and killed several soldiers who were unable to escape. The prisons of the city were opened and everyone released. During the night, however, the mob faded away and leaders of the city's guilds took control of the situation. They too refused to open the gates and offered to negotiate with the King. The King and his army seized posts overlooking the city and stopped river traffic into the city, cutting off its primary source of food. The Duke of Burgundy summoned a large army of retainers from his domains, and the Dukes of Brittany and Anjou sent forces to assist in suppressing the rebellion.[10]","title":"Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Falaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s447-11"},{"link_name":"Estates of Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Phoebus Gaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_III_of_Foix-B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"Count of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(French_region)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s447-11"},{"link_name":"franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s447-11"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"},{"link_name":"Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Truce of Leulinghem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Leulinghem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"News of the revolts in Rouen and Paris spread across France, and many other places followed suit. Amiens, Dieppe, Falaise, Caen, Orléans, and Rheims were all seized by rebels who followed the pattern established by Rouen and Paris.[11] The cities were looted, the wealthy persecuted, the Jews proscribed, and public records destroyed. More revolts occurred across the south of France, and the Estates of Languedoc who were meeting to consider granting a new tax, dispersed without making the much needed grant. Phoebus Gaston, Count of Foix, repudiated the lieutenancy of the Duke of Berry over southern France and raised an army set up his own administration after seizing Toulouse. The largely autonomous areas of Provence, Brittany, and Burgundy, where the royal government had no taxing authority, were the only parts of the country to avoid a revolt.[12] Tax collection became impossible which in turn made raising a substantial army to deal with the revolution nearly impossible, forcing the royal council to compromise. The King agreed to repeal the taxes and offered amnesty to all those involved, but they were required to submit to mediation. After regaining admittance to Paris, the leaders of the Parisian revolt were rounded up and executed.[11]With control of Paris reestablished, the King and the Duke took the army and again set out for Rouen. The city put up no resistance and opened the gates when the king arrived on March 29. Their leaders feared execution, but most were spared. Only twelve leaders of the revolt were executed, the city's bells were confiscated, the gates of the city symbolically thrown down, a 100,000 franc fine imposed, the city charter was revoked and Rouen was put under the administration of a royal governor.[11]The government was unable to reimpose the taxes needed to continue the war effort in the short term, and considerable effort had to be put forth to reassert authority in all the cities were revolts had occurred. The king refused to call a meeting of the Estates General, but numerous local councils were summoned to meet in Compiègne, where minor taxation concessions were made to partially fund the war effort. Over the course of the next year the Duke of Burgundy set forth a plan to strengthen the government's position and gradually arrested and executed their opponents. It was not until 1387 that the last of the issue of taxation was finally resolved, in favor of the king.[13] The collapse of government revenues hastened the government to negotiate the Truce of Leulinghem, a long truce lasting several years with the English while they attempted to reassert their power.[14]","title":"Resolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-4223-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4223-2"}],"text":"Sumption, Jonathan (2009). The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4223-2.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Charles VI of France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Charles_VI_le_Fou.jpg/220px-Charles_VI_le_Fou.jpg"},{"image_text":"14th century belfry of Rouen Cathedral, built around the time of the Harelle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rouen_-_Rue_du_Gros-Horloge_-_ICE_Photocompilation_Viewing_South_on_XIV_Century_Beffroi_-_Belfry_%26_Fountain_1743.jpg/220px-Rouen_-_Rue_du_Gros-Horloge_-_ICE_Photocompilation_Viewing_South_on_XIV_Century_Beffroi_-_Belfry_%26_Fountain_1743.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Cotgrave, Randle (1611). \"Merdaille\". A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues. London: Adam Islip. Merdaille: f. A crue [crew] of shitten knaues [knaves], of filthie scowndrells, of stinking fellowes.","urls":[{"url":"http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/cotgrave/merdaille","url_text":"\"Merdaille\""}]},{"reference":"Sumption, Jonathan (2009). The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4223-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4223-2","url_text":"978-0-8122-4223-2"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://micmap.org/dicfro/search/cotgrave/merdaille","external_links_name":"\"Merdaille\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130124050548/http://www.francemonthly.com/n/0206/index.php","external_links_name":"The Harelle Revolt"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorkell_Farserk

Thorkell Farserk

["1 References"]

Thorkell Farserk (Þorkell Farserkur) was a shipmate and relative of Erik the Red. He settled Hvalsey, Greenland, where he started a farmstead. According to the medieval Icelandic Landnámabók (Book of Settlements), Farserk was very strong. He once swam to Hvalsey for an ox, bringing it back on his back to entertain Erik the Red. He was interred in Hvalsey which his ghost has haunted ever since. References ^ "HVALSEY FJORD CHURCH". Wondermondo. November 19, 2015. ^ The Book of the Settlement of Iceland. T. Wilson. 1898. pp. 62. This article about an explorer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language"},{"link_name":"Landnámabók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iceland-2"}],"text":"According to the medieval Icelandic Landnámabók (Book of Settlements), Farserk was very strong. He once swam to Hvalsey for an ox, bringing it back on his back to entertain Erik the Red. He was interred in Hvalsey which his ghost has haunted ever since.[2]","title":"Thorkell Farserk"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"HVALSEY FJORD CHURCH\". Wondermondo. November 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wondermondo.com/hvalsey-fjord-church/","url_text":"\"HVALSEY FJORD CHURCH\""}]},{"reference":"The Book of the Settlement of Iceland. T. Wilson. 1898. pp. 62.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/booksettlementi01ellwgoog","url_text":"The Book of the Settlement of Iceland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/booksettlementi01ellwgoog/page/n107","url_text":"62"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.wondermondo.com/hvalsey-fjord-church/","external_links_name":"\"HVALSEY FJORD CHURCH\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/booksettlementi01ellwgoog","external_links_name":"The Book of the Settlement of Iceland"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/booksettlementi01ellwgoog/page/n107","external_links_name":"62"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorkell_Farserk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslav_Kukel

Boleslav Kukel

["1 History","1.1 As Officer","1.2 With the Anarchists","2 References"]

Russian general, geologist and geographer Boleslav Kazimirovich Kukel (Russian: Болеслав Казимирович Кукель; 1829–1869) was a Russian general, Governor of Transbaikalia, officially "the chief of General Staff of East Siberia," a geologist and geographer, and a Lithuanian strongly inspired with the modern ideas of the epoch, who maintained personal connections to various Russian radical political figures exiled to Siberia. History As Officer He was known have kept personal copies of the works of Alexander Herzen, published in London, in his own officer's library. With the Anarchists Kukel's aide-de-camp was the famous Anarchist, a young Peter Kropotkin, with whom Kukel had shared an interest in geography. In this connection Kropotkin had applauded Kukel's efforts at reforming the prison system, while at the same time criticizing Kukel for not going far enough in the direction of progress, liberty, and human dignity. Kropotkin would eventually inspire Kukel with higher standards of living for Russian prisoners. Kukel would eventually be fondly remembered by the anarchist in his memoirs, Memoirs of a Revolutionist. Kropotkin would say that when Kukel, the reader of Alexander Herzen, was finally recalled from his post, he decided that it was time to become an explorer. While on assignment in Siberia, Kukel introduced Alexander II to the poet, Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov, and he suggested to Peter Kropotkin that he should meet Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the Mutualist-Anarchist from whom many more modern currents of Anarchism sprung. Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Russian authority has been connected with the feud between Kukel and Governor-General Korsakov. Between his connections with Bakunin and with those of Kropotkin, Kukel is probably the most Anarchist-inspired of all Russian generals. There are some who suggest that his cooperation with anarchist Bakunin and poet Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov were responsible for his fate of being replaced. References ^ Peter Kropotkin (1887). "1: My First Acquaintance With Russian Prisons". In Russian and French Prisons. Ward and Downey. ^ Kenneth N. Rabe (2002). Evolutionary Ethics and Moral Idealism: Kropotkin's Theory of Anarchist Communism. University of Wisconsin--Madison. ^ Andrew A. Gentes (2017). The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783319609584. ^ Victor Robinson (1908). Comrade Kropotlein. The Altrurians. p. 25. ISBN 9780795025921. ^ John Powell (2001). Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 236. ISBN 9780313304224. ^ "Canadian-American Slavic Studies". University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1976. p. 519. ^ Caroline Cahm (2002). Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780521891578.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_empire"},{"link_name":"Transbaikalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbaikalia"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Boleslav Kazimirovich Kukel (Russian: Болеслав Казимирович Кукель; 1829–1869) was a Russian general, Governor of Transbaikalia, officially \"the chief of General Staff of East Siberia,\" a geologist and geographer, and a Lithuanian strongly inspired with the modern ideas of the epoch, who maintained personal connections to various Russian radical political figures exiled to Siberia.[1]","title":"Boleslav Kukel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Herzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"As Officer","text":"He was known have kept personal copies of the works of Alexander Herzen, published in London, in his own officer's library.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"Peter Kropotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Herzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Larionovitch_Mikhailov"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bakunin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"With the Anarchists","text":"Kukel's aide-de-camp was the famous Anarchist, a young Peter Kropotkin, with whom Kukel had shared an interest in geography. In this connection Kropotkin had applauded Kukel's efforts at reforming the prison system, while at the same time criticizing Kukel for not going far enough in the direction of progress, liberty, and human dignity.[3] Kropotkin would eventually inspire Kukel with higher standards of living for Russian prisoners. Kukel would eventually be fondly remembered by the anarchist in his memoirs, Memoirs of a Revolutionist. Kropotkin would say that when Kukel, the reader of Alexander Herzen, was finally recalled from his post, he decided that it was time to become an explorer.[4]While on assignment in Siberia, Kukel introduced Alexander II to the poet, Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov, and he suggested to Peter Kropotkin that he should meet Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the Mutualist-Anarchist from whom many more modern currents of Anarchism sprung.[5]Mikhail Bakunin's escape from Russian authority has been connected with the feud between Kukel and Governor-General Korsakov.[6] Between his connections with Bakunin and with those of Kropotkin, Kukel is probably the most Anarchist-inspired of all Russian generals. There are some who suggest that his cooperation with anarchist Bakunin and poet Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov were responsible for his fate of being replaced.[7]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Peter Kropotkin (1887). \"1: My First Acquaintance With Russian Prisons\". In Russian and French Prisons. Ward and Downey.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin","url_text":"Peter Kropotkin"},{"url":"http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=294","url_text":"In Russian and French Prisons"}]},{"reference":"Kenneth N. Rabe (2002). Evolutionary Ethics and Moral Idealism: Kropotkin's Theory of Anarchist Communism. University of Wisconsin--Madison.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hXSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin","url_text":"Evolutionary Ethics and Moral Idealism: Kropotkin's Theory of Anarchist Communism"}]},{"reference":"Andrew A. Gentes (2017). The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783319609584.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_06DwAAQBAJ&q=Boleslar+Kukel&pg=PA2","url_text":"The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319609584","url_text":"9783319609584"}]},{"reference":"Victor Robinson (1908). Comrade Kropotlein. The Altrurians. p. 25. ISBN 9780795025921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5sIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin&pg=PA25","url_text":"Comrade Kropotlein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780795025921","url_text":"9780795025921"}]},{"reference":"John Powell (2001). Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 236. ISBN 9780313304224.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3N3uj_wo-_kC&q=Boleslar+Kukel&pg=PA236","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313304224","url_text":"9780313304224"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian-American Slavic Studies\". University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1976. p. 519.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Boleslar+Kukel","url_text":"\"Canadian-American Slavic Studies\""}]},{"reference":"Caroline Cahm (2002). Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780521891578.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zk7wTSWT3JUC&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin&pg=PA22","url_text":"Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521891578","url_text":"9780521891578"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=294","external_links_name":"In Russian and French Prisons"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hXSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin","external_links_name":"Evolutionary Ethics and Moral Idealism: Kropotkin's Theory of Anarchist Communism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g_06DwAAQBAJ&q=Boleslar+Kukel&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5sIEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"Comrade Kropotlein"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3N3uj_wo-_kC&q=Boleslar+Kukel&pg=PA236","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Boleslar+Kukel","external_links_name":"\"Canadian-American Slavic Studies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zk7wTSWT3JUC&q=%22Kukel%22+kropotkin&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Kropotkin: And the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism, 1872-1886"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_H._W._Chan

Moses H. W. Chan

["1 References","2 External links"]

Chinese-American physicist Moses Hung-Wai ChanMoses Hung-Wai ChanBorn (1946-11-23) November 23, 1946 (age 77)Xi'an, ChinaNationalityAmericanAlma materBridgewater College(BSC), Cornell University(Ph.D.)Known forResearch in Low temperature physics, on solid 4He.AwardsFritz London Memorial Prize(1996) Scientific careerFieldsCondensed matter physics, Low temperature physicsInstitutionsPenn State UniversityDoctoral advisorJohn Reppy Moses Hung-Wai Chan (Chinese: 陳鴻渭; pinyin: Chén Hóngwèi) is a Chinese-American physicist who is Evan Pugh Professor at Pennsylvania State University. He is an alumnus of Bridgewater College and Cornell University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1974 and was a postdoctoral associate at Duke University. He has been a professor at Penn State's University Park Campus since 1979. Through the years, Chan's work has spanned many diverse topics. For his numerous contributions to low-temperature physics, in 1996 he shared the prestigious Fritz London Memorial prize with Carl Wieman and Eric A. Cornell. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2000, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004. Chan is known for the experimental discovery of evidence for a new supersolid quantum state of matter, predicted theoretically in 1969 by Alexander Andreev and Ilya Liftshitz, and its subsequent refutation. Other significant discoveries include the experimental observation of Critical Casimir effect and the experimental confirmation of 2D Ising model. References ^ Complete list of publications. Archived 2006-09-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Fritz London Memorial Prize ^ List of active members by class, October 24, 2014 ^ E. Kim and M. H. W. Chan (2004). "Probable Observation of a Supersolid Helium Phase". Nature. 427 (6971): 225–227. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..225K. doi:10.1038/nature02220. PMID 14724632. S2CID 3112651. ^ Nature story on a supersolid experiment ^ D. Y. Kim and M. H. W. Chan (2012). "Absence of Supersolidity in Solid Helium in Porous Vycor Glass". Physical Review Letters. 109 (15): 155301. arXiv:1207.7050. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109o5301K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.155301. PMID 23102323. S2CID 23590787. ^ R. Garcia and M. H. W. Chan (1999). "Critical Fluctuation-Induced Thinning of 4He Films near the Superfluid Transition". Physical Review Letters. 83 (6): 1187–1190. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.1187G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1187. S2CID 51372560. ^ H. K. Kim and M. H. W. Chan (1984). "An Experimental Determination of a Two-Dmensional Liquid-Vapor Critical Point Exponent". Physical Review Letters. 53 (2): 170–173. Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53..170K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.170. External links His faculty page at Penn State University Authority control databases: Academics Google Scholar zbMATH

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklandville_House

Brooklandville House

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°24′40″N 76°40′3″W / 39.41111°N 76.66750°W / 39.41111; -76.66750United States historic placeBrooklandville HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Brooklandville House, December 2009Show map of MarylandShow map of the United StatesLocation10501 Falls Road (MD 25), Lutherville-Timonium, MD 21093. (South of Brooklandville at Falls and Hillside Roads), Brooklandville, MarylandCoordinates39°24′40″N 76°40′3″W / 39.41111°N 76.66750°W / 39.41111; -76.66750Area1.5 acres (0.61 ha)Built1832Part ofGreen Spring Valley Historic District (ID80001797)NRHP reference No.77000682Added to NRHPNovember 23, 1977 Brooklandville House, or the Valley Inn, is a historic restaurant and tavern building, and a former inn, located in Brooklandville, Baltimore County, Maryland. It is a 2+1⁄2-story stone structure facing the former railroad and dating from about 1832. It is associated with the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, which crossed the property just to the south. Brooklandville House (the Valley Inn), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1977. The historic building is situated in the Green Spring Valley Historic District, near Stevenson in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. References ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Catharine F. Black and James T. Wollon, Jr. (September 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Brooklandville House" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved 2016-03-01. ^ Wollon, James T., Jr., et al. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Green Spring Valley Historic District. National Park Service, 1979. External links Official website (The Valley Inn restaurant) Muffy Fenwick, "Inside The New Valley Inn", Food & Drink Section, Baltimore Fishbowl, March 26, 2014 "Chapter 8: Here's To History: The Valley Inn", pp. 170-171, in Debbie Nunley and Karen Jane Elliott. A Taste of Maryland History: A Guide to Historic Eateries and Their Recipes. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, Publisher. 2005 Maryland's National Register Properties, Brooklandville House, Baltimore County, (Photo credit: Jennifer K. Cosham, 03/25/2006, Maryland Historical Trust) Brooklandville House/Valley Inn, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. Researched and written March 20, 1968 through April 14, 1977 (Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties) Brooklandville House/Valley Inn, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. Researched and written March 20, 1968 through April 14, 1977 (Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties) Maryland's National Register Properties, Green Spring Valley Historic District, near Stevenson, in Baltimore County, Maryland (Photo credit: James T. Wollon, Jr., 07/11/1979, Maryland Historical Trust) Green Spring Valley Historic District, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. Researched and written May 1979 through October 1, 1980 (Maryland Historical Trust Inventory of Historic Properties) (See THE VALLEY INN. Item Number 7. Page 3) vteRestaurants in Baltimore Andy Nelson's Southern Pit Barbecue Brass Elephant The Brewer's Art Brooklandville House Cafe Hon Chicken George Gino's Hamburgers Haussner's Restaurant Little Tavern Looney's Pub Martick's Restaurant Francais Venice Tavern White Coffee Pot Woodberry Kitchen vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MarylandTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore County Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George's Queen Anne's Somerset St. Mary's Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Lists by city Baltimore: (Central North and Northwest West and Southwest East and Northeast South and Southeast) Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Category:National Register of Historic Places in Maryland Portal:National Register of Historic Places This article about a Registered Historic Place in Baltimore County, Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This US-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"Brooklandville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklandville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Susquehanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mht_ihp-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Green Spring Valley Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Spring_Valley_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomination-3"}],"text":"United States historic placeBrooklandville House, or the Valley Inn, is a historic restaurant and tavern building, and a former inn, located in Brooklandville, Baltimore County, Maryland. It is a 2+1⁄2-story stone structure facing the former railroad and dating from about 1832. It is associated with the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, which crossed the property just to the south.[2]Brooklandville House (the Valley Inn), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1977.[1] The historic building is situated in the Green Spring Valley Historic District, near Stevenson in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States.[3]","title":"Brooklandville House"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_military_hospital

Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy

["1 Notable patients","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°48′51″N 2°15′21″E / 48.8142°N 2.25583°E / 48.8142; 2.25583Hospital in Clamart, FranceHôpital d'instruction des armées PercyFrench Defence Health serviceGeographyLocationClamart, FranceCoordinates48°48′51″N 2°15′21″E / 48.8142°N 2.25583°E / 48.8142; 2.25583OrganisationTypeMilitary hospitalLinksWebsitewww.defense.gouv.fr/sites/sante/hopital_dinstruction_des_armees_percy/ListsHospitals in France The Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy or HIA Percy (meaning "Percy Training Hospital of the Armies") is a military hospital in Clamart, near Paris, France. It is managed by the Service de santé des armées (French Defence Health service) and provides health services to both military and civilian patients. It is named after Pierre-François Percy, military surgeon during the Napoleonic wars. The hospital has, in particular, an emergency service, a service for treating severe burns, and a service for treating patients contaminated by radioactivity (including a hematological service). Notable patients The hospital has treated several heads of state and other notable individuals. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat was treated at Percy hospital from October 29, 2004, until his death on November 11, 2004. During his stay at Percy, he had fallen into an increasingly deeper coma despite intensive care. Bassel Fleihan, a Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce was treated at Percy, having suffered major burns on 95% of his body when a massive bomb exploded on the Beirut seafront as he passed by in former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri's motorcade on February 14, 2005. Despite being seated beside Hariri, who was killed when the explosion occurred, Fleihan lived through the attack and was airlifted to Percy where he survived for 64 days before succumbing to his injuries. Zambian president Levy Mwanawasa was admitted to hospital 1 July 2008 to receive treatment following a stroke he suffered on 29 June. He died in hospital on 19 August 2008. References ^ "Ailing Mwanawasa heading to France", Reuters (IOL), July 2, 2008. ^ "'Mwanawasa in semi-coma'", Sapa-Associated Press (IOL), July 2, 2008. ^ "Zambia's president dies in France". 19 August 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy. France portal Official site, another official page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Geographic Mérimée This article about a French building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a hospital in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthure_Agathine

Arthure Agathine

["1 References","2 External links"]

Seychellois athlete Arthure AgathinePersonal informationNationalitySeychelloisBorn(1960-12-17)17 December 1960Died24 October 2016(2016-10-24) (aged 55)SportSportAthleticsEventTriple jump Arthure Agathine (17 December 1960 – 24 October 2016) was a Seychellois athlete. He competed in the men's triple jump at the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was a three-time national champion in the triple jump between 1981 and 1983. He later worked as an athletics coach. He died in 2016 after a short illness. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Arthure Agathine Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ^ "Seychellois Championships". GBR Athletics. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ "Former triple jumper Arthur Agathine passes away". Seychelles Nation. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022. External links Arthure Agathine at Olympedia This biographical article relating to Seychellois athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Arthure Agathine Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080320/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ag/arthure-agathine-1.html","url_text":"\"Arthure Agathine Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ag/arthure-agathine-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seychellois Championships\". GBR Athletics. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/sey.htm","url_text":"\"Seychellois Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former triple jumper Arthur Agathine passes away\". Seychelles Nation. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nation.sc/archive/251561/former-triple-jumper-arthur-agathine-passes-away","url_text":"\"Former triple jumper Arthur Agathine passes away\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunch_at_the_Gotham_Caf%C3%A9

Lunch at the Gotham Café

["1 Plot summary","2 Adaptation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Short story by Stephen King"Lunch at the Gotham Café"Short story by Stephen KingCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenre(s)HorrorPublicationPublished inSix Stories (1st release),Blood and Smoke,Everything's EventualPublication typeAnthologyPublisherPhiltrum PressMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Publication date1997 "Lunch at the Gotham Café" is a horror short story by American writer Stephen King. It originally appeared in the 1995 anthology Dark Love (edited by Nancy A. Collins, Edward E. Kramer and Martin H. Greenberg). It won the 1995 Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction. In 1997, it was published in the limited-edition collection Six Stories. In 2002, it was included in King's collection Everything's Eventual, with a scene from the story featured on the cover of the collection's first edition dust jacket. Plot summary Steven Davis comes home one day to find a letter from his wife, Diane, coldly stating she has left him and intends to get a divorce. He finds himself baffled as to what led her to do this, and over time becomes increasingly depressed. Diane's departure prompts him to give up cigarettes, and he begins to suffer nicotine withdrawal. Diane's lawyer, William Humboldt, calls Steve with plans to meet with the two of them for lunch. He decides on the Gotham Café on 53rd Street, and sets a date. Steve's lawyer is unable to attend due to a family crisis. Despite his lawyer's warnings, however, Steve is determined to keep the date and see Diane again. While waiting he impulsively buys an umbrella, despite the weather being clear and sunny. Upon entering, he finds the maître d', eventually revealed to be named Guy, apparently in the beginnings of a psychotic break, talking senselessly about a non-existent dog. Convening with Diane and Humboldt at a table near the kitchen, Steve pleads with his estranged wife for an explanation. Much to Steve's consternation, she refuses to go into details and regards him with a mixture of apprehension and contempt. They immediately fall into petty squabbling as Humboldt attempts to get the meeting back on track. Suddenly, Guy the maître d' makes a surprise reappearance, homicidally insane, screaming "Eeeee!", ranting in word salad, and brandishing a chef's knife. Going berserk, Guy brutally kills Humboldt. Steve briefly fends off the lunatic with his umbrella, then drags the helplessly terrified Diane into the kitchen. Guy gives chase and leaves the café's cook with a grisly injury. Desperately struggling to hold off the lunatic, Steve implores Diane to unbolt the rear entrance door so they can both escape, but she remains in a state of gaping shock. Steve is able to incapacitate Guy by dousing him with scalding water, and hitting him with a metal frying pan. After finally escaping both the Café and Guy, Steve attempts to make sure Diane is all right. Diane recoils from his touch, and rants at him venomously. Devoid of any shred of gratitude for his protection, the events of the last few minutes have only reinforced her perception of Steve as a bullying control freak, and she's decided it is time to stand up to him. When Steve tries to point out that he just saved her life, Diane flatly denies that he did. Incredulous and overwhelmed with fury, he loses interest in reconciliation; Diane's self-empowering harangue is sharply interrupted by Steve slapping her across the face. After attempting to wound him with claims of extramarital lovers, Diane leaves him for good. As Steve sits on the curb watching an ambulance haul away both victims and the heavily restrained Guy, he is left wondering about Guy's private life, and the nature of insanity. He imagines Guy living in a similar situation to his own, driven insane by the irrationality of his wife, whom he may have murdered before coming to work this day, and the constant barking of the neighbor's dog. Under his breath, he starts to say, "Eeeee," perhaps wondering what appeal going insane might hold... Adaptation The story was adapted into a short film entitled "Gotham Cafe" in 2005, directed by Jack Edward Sawyers. It starred Chaney Kley as Steve, Julie Sands as Diane, Cullen Douglas as Guy, Kevin Brief as Humboldt, Endre Hules, Mick Garris, Robert Axelrod, and Stephen King in a cameo appearance as the voice of Mr. Ring, Steve's lawyer. Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak co-produced the film and also made a cameo appearance as an irate diner. See also Stephen King short fiction bibliography References ^ Hendrix, Grady (2017-07-12). "The Great Stephen King Reread: Everything's Eventual". Tor.com. Retrieved 2023-04-20. ^ "1995 Bram Stoker Award Winners & Nominees – The Bram Stoker Awards". Retrieved 2023-04-20. External links Gotham Cafe at IMDb Stephen King's Gotham Café Gotham Café Trailer and Official Website vteEverything's Eventual by Stephen King "Autopsy Room Four" "The Man in the Black Suit" "All That You Love Will Be Carried Away" "The Death of Jack Hamilton" "In the Deathroom" The Little Sisters of Eluria Everything's Eventual "L. T.'s Theory of Pets" "The Road Virus Heads North" "Lunch at the Gotham Café" "That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French" "1408" Riding the Bullet "Luckey Quarter" vteStephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie (1974) 'Salem's Lot (1975) The Shining (1977) The Stand (1978) The Dead Zone (1979) Firestarter (1980) Cujo (1981) Christine (1983) Pet Sematary (1983) Cycle of the Werewolf (1983) The Talisman (1984) It (1986) The Eyes of the Dragon (1987) Misery (1987) The Tommyknockers (1987) The Dark Half (1989) Needful Things (1991) Gerald's Game (1992) Dolores Claiborne (1992) Insomnia (1994) Rose Madder (1995) The Green Mile (1996) Desperation (1996) Bag of Bones (1998) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon (1999) The Plant (2000; unfinished) Dreamcatcher (2001) Black House (2001) From a Buick 8 (2002) The Colorado Kid (2005) Cell (2006) Lisey's Story (2006) Duma Key (2008) Under the Dome (2009) 11/22/63 (2011) Joyland (2013) Doctor Sleep (2013) Mr. Mercedes (2014) Revival (2014) Finders Keepers (2015) End of Watch (2016) Gwendy's Button Box (2017) Sleeping Beauties (2017) The Outsider (2018) Elevation (2018) The Institute (2019) Later (2021) Billy Summers (2021) Gwendy's Final Task (2022) Fairy Tale (2022) Holly (2023) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger (1982) The Drawing of the Three (1987) The Waste Lands (1991) Wizard and Glass (1997) Wolves of the Calla (2003) Song of Susannah (2004) The Dark Tower (2004) The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012) Richard Bachman novels Rage (1977) The Long Walk (1979) Roadwork (1981) The Running Man (1982) Thinner (1984) The Bachman Books (1985) The Regulators (1996) Blaze (2007) Short fictioncollections Night Shift (1978) Different Seasons (1982) Skeleton Crew (1985) Four Past Midnight (1990) Nightmares & Dreamscapes (1993) Hearts in Atlantis (1999) Everything's Eventual (2002) Just After Sunset (2008) Full Dark, No Stars (2010) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015) If It Bleeds (2020) You Like It Darker (2024) Nonfiction Danse Macabre (1981) Nightmares in the Sky (1988) On Writing (2000) Secret Windows (2000) Faithful (2004) "Guns" (2013) Screenplays Creepshow (1982) Cat's Eye (1985) Silver Bullet (1985) Maximum Overdrive (1986; also director) Pet Sematary (1989) Sleepwalkers (1992) A Good Marriage (2014) Cell (2016) Teleplays "Sorry, Right Number" (1987) Golden Years (1991) The Stand (1994) The Shining (1997) "Chinga" (1998) Storm of the Century (1999) Rose Red (2002) Kingdom Hospital (2004) Desperation (2006) "Heads Will Roll" (2014) The Stand (2020–21) Lisey's Story (2021) Comics Heroes for Hope (1985) American Vampire (2010) Musicalcollaborations Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997) Black Ribbons (2010) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County (2012) Anthologiesedited The Best American Short Stories 2007 (2007) Six Scary Stories (2016) Flight or Fright (2018) Worlds andconcepts Dollar Baby Fictional locations in Maine Castle Rock Derry Jerusalem's Lot Shawshank State Prison All-World Family Tabitha King (wife) Joe Hill (son) Owen King (son) Related List of adaptations Bibliography of works on Stephen King Raymond H. Fogler Library archives Rock Bottom Remainders People, Places and Things Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo-Choo Hearts in Suspension The Secretary of Dreams King on Screen Category

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It originally appeared in the 1995 anthology Dark Love (edited by Nancy A. Collins, Edward E. Kramer and Martin H. Greenberg).[1] It won the 1995 Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction.[2] In 1997, it was published in the limited-edition collection Six Stories. In 2002, it was included in King's collection Everything's Eventual, with a scene from the story featured on the cover of the collection's first edition dust jacket.","title":"Lunch at the Gotham Café"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"53rd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"maître d'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27"},{"link_name":"word salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_salad"},{"link_name":"chef's knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef%27s_knife"},{"link_name":"frying pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying_pan"}],"text":"Steven Davis comes home one day to find a letter from his wife, Diane, coldly stating she has left him and intends to get a divorce. He finds himself baffled as to what led her to do this, and over time becomes increasingly depressed.Diane's departure prompts him to give up cigarettes, and he begins to suffer nicotine withdrawal. Diane's lawyer, William Humboldt, calls Steve with plans to meet with the two of them for lunch. He decides on the Gotham Café on 53rd Street, and sets a date. Steve's lawyer is unable to attend due to a family crisis. Despite his lawyer's warnings, however, Steve is determined to keep the date and see Diane again.While waiting he impulsively buys an umbrella, despite the weather being clear and sunny. Upon entering, he finds the maître d', eventually revealed to be named Guy, apparently in the beginnings of a psychotic break, talking senselessly about a non-existent dog. Convening with Diane and Humboldt at a table near the kitchen, Steve pleads with his estranged wife for an explanation. Much to Steve's consternation, she refuses to go into details and regards him with a mixture of apprehension and contempt. They immediately fall into petty squabbling as Humboldt attempts to get the meeting back on track.Suddenly, Guy the maître d' makes a surprise reappearance, homicidally insane, screaming \"Eeeee!\", ranting in word salad, and brandishing a chef's knife. Going berserk, Guy brutally kills Humboldt. Steve briefly fends off the lunatic with his umbrella, then drags the helplessly terrified Diane into the kitchen. Guy gives chase and leaves the café's cook with a grisly injury. Desperately struggling to hold off the lunatic, Steve implores Diane to unbolt the rear entrance door so they can both escape, but she remains in a state of gaping shock. Steve is able to incapacitate Guy by dousing him with scalding water, and hitting him with a metal frying pan.After finally escaping both the Café and Guy, Steve attempts to make sure Diane is all right. Diane recoils from his touch, and rants at him venomously. Devoid of any shred of gratitude for his protection, the events of the last few minutes have only reinforced her perception of Steve as a bullying control freak, and she's decided it is time to stand up to him. When Steve tries to point out that he just saved her life, Diane flatly denies that he did. Incredulous and overwhelmed with fury, he loses interest in reconciliation; Diane's self-empowering harangue is sharply interrupted by Steve slapping her across the face. After attempting to wound him with claims of extramarital lovers, Diane leaves him for good.As Steve sits on the curb watching an ambulance haul away both victims and the heavily restrained Guy, he is left wondering about Guy's private life, and the nature of insanity. He imagines Guy living in a similar situation to his own, driven insane by the irrationality of his wife, whom he may have murdered before coming to work this day, and the constant barking of the neighbor's dog. Under his breath, he starts to say, \"Eeeee,\" perhaps wondering what appeal going insane might hold...","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaney Kley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_Kley"},{"link_name":"Cullen Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Mick Garris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Garris"},{"link_name":"Robert Axelrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Steve Wozniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniak"}],"text":"The story was adapted into a short film entitled \"Gotham Cafe\" in 2005, directed by Jack Edward Sawyers. It starred Chaney Kley as Steve, Julie Sands as Diane, Cullen Douglas as Guy, Kevin Brief as Humboldt, Endre Hules, Mick Garris, Robert Axelrod, and Stephen King in a cameo appearance as the voice of Mr. Ring, Steve's lawyer. Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak co-produced the film and also made a cameo appearance as an irate diner.","title":"Adaptation"}]

[]

[{"title":"Stephen King short fiction bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King_short_fiction_bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_on_Broadway

Nights on Broadway

["1 Recording","2 Release","3 Chart performance","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Candi Staton version","5 References"]

Song by the Bee Gees "Nights on Broadway"Single by Bee Geesfrom the album Main Course B-side"Edge of the Universe"ReleasedSeptember 1975Recorded20, 30 January 1975StudioCriteria (Miami)Genre Soft rock funk Length2:52 (radio edit)4:32 (album version)LabelRSOSongwriter(s)Barry, Robin & Maurice GibbProducer(s)Arif MardinBee Gees singles chronology "Jive Talkin'" (1975) "Nights on Broadway" (1975) "Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" (1976) "Nights on Broadway" is a song by the Bee Gees from the Main Course album released in 1975. The second single released from the album, it immediately followed their number-one hit "Jive Talkin'". This track was credited to Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. Recording Recording this track started on 20 January 1975 and continued on 30 January, when they started to record songs for the album: "Jive Talkin'" (finished 2 February), "Songbird", "Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" (finished 19 February), "All This Making Love" and "Edge of the Universe". Producer Arif Mardin asked if one of the Bee Gees members could do some screaming during the main chorus to make the song more exciting. In response, Barry Gibb began singing higher and higher, eventually singing it in a falsetto that was unexpectedly powerful. He had never known he had such an ability and Barry's falsetto became a trademark of the Bee Gees. Barry recalled in a May 2001 interview with Mojo magazine: "Arif said to me, 'Can you scream?' I said, 'under certain circumstances'. He said, 'Can you scream in tune?' I said, 'well, I'll try' ". Barry Gibb talked about "Nights on Broadway" on The Larry King Show on 2 February 2002: "It came to me in a dream, there was a request by Arif Mardin, who was like an uncle to us, he was a great record producer during the song 'Nights On Broadway,' for the Main Course album, which is previous to the 'Fever' syndrome. And he said, 'Can any of you scream, scream in falsetto.' So, you know, give us an ad lib or a scream at the end. So from screaming, it turned into things like 'blamin' it all'." Release "Nights on Broadway" reached number seven on the American Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The single was edited for radio airplay, removing the slow section; it fades at 2:52. The version of this song on Tales from the Brothers Gibb is faster than the album, and fades at 4:25. The 45 was also faster and runs 4:26. Cash Box called it a "hard-hitting r&b effort," saying that "the Gibbs brothers wrap more incredible harmonies around the rock and roll mind." Chart performance Weekly charts Chart (1975–1976) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 67 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 15 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 2 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 8 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 8 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 16 US Cash Box 4 US Record World 7 West Germany (Official German Charts) 17 Year-end charts Chart (1975) Position Canada Top Singles (RPM) 35 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 92 US Cash Box 58 Candi Staton version In 1977, Candi Staton released a version of the song, for her, Music Speaks Louder Than Words album. Her version peaked at no. 6 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart in the late summer of that year, and at no. 4 in Ireland. References ^ Kuge, Mara (7 February 2019). "14 Secretly Cruel Soft Rock Love Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 3 January 2021. ^ Molanphy, Chris (28 September 2018). "The Nights on Broadway Edition". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ a b Brennan, Joseph. "Gibb Songs : 1975". Columbia University. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ a b "Nights on Broadway by Bee Gees". Songfacts. Retrieved 20 April 2007. ^ "Singles Reviews > Picks of the Week" (PDF). Cash Box. Vol. XXXVII, no. 20. 4 October 1975. p. 24. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ "Bee Gees – Nights On Broadway" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4043a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bee Gees - Nights On Broadway" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Bee Gees – Nights On Broadway" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Bee Gees – Nights On Broadway". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Bee Gees Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 10 February 2021. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 26. ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending DECEMBER 6, 1975". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. ^ "The Singles Chart" (PDF). Record World. 6 December 1975. p. 31. ISSN 0034-1622. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bee Gees – Nights On Broadway" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 20 February 2019. To see peak chart position, click "TITEL VON Bee Gees" ^ "1975 Wrap Up". RPM. Vol. 24, no. 14. Library and Archives Canada. 27 December 1975. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1975" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1975". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved 25 March 2024. ^ "1977 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive – 3rd September 1977". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "The Irish Charts – All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 14 July 2013. vteBee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Isn't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Live albums Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around, Look at Us Rare, Precious and Beautiful Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception/Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees, Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits: The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless: The All-Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time The Bee Gees: How Can You Mend a Broken Heart Tours The Bee Gees' concerts in 1967 and 1968 Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour Related Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants "The Barry Gibb Talk Show" The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project Robert Stigwood Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Statue of Bee Gees Douglas, Isle of Man Redcliffe, Queensland Category vteBee Gees singlesDiscography1960s1963 "The Battle of the Blue and the Grey" / "The Three Kisses of Love" "Timber!" / "Take Hold of That Star" 1964 "Peace of Mind" / "Don't Say Goodbye" "Turn Around, Look at Me" / "(Theme From) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters" 1965 "Everyday I Have to Cry" / "You Wouldn't Know" "Wine and Women" / "Follow the Wind" "I Was a Lover, a Leader of Men" / "And the Children Laughing" 1966 "I Want Home" / "Cherry Red" "Monday's Rain" / "All of My Life" "Spicks and Specks" / "I Am the World" 1967 "Born a Man" / "Big Chance" "New York Mining Disaster 1941" / "I Can't See Nobody" "To Love Somebody" / "Close Another Door" "Holiday" / "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You" "Massachusetts" / "Barker of the UFO" "World" / "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World" 1968 "Words" / "Sinking Ships" "Jumbo" / "The Singer Sang His Song" "I've Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Kitty Can" "I Started a Joke" / "Kilburn Towers" 1969 "First of May" / "Lamplight" "Tomorrow Tomorrow" / "Sun in My Morning" "Don't Forget to Remember" / "The Lord" 1970s1970 "If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else" / "Sweetheart" (US) "I.O.I.O." / "Sweetheart" "Lonely Days" / "Man for All Seasons" 1971 "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" / "Country Woman" "Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself" / "Walking Back to Waterloo" 1972 "My World" / "On Time" "Run to Me" / "Road to Alaska" "Alive" / Paper Mache, Cabbages and Kings" 1973 "Saw a New Morning" / "My Life Has Been a Song" "Wouldn't I Be Someone" / "Elisa" 1974 "Mr. Natural" / "It Doesn't Matter Much to Me" "Charade" / "Heavy Breathing" 1975 "Jive Talkin'" / "Wind of Change" "Nights on Broadway" / "Edge of the Universe" 1976 "Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" / "Country Lanes" "You Should Be Dancing" / "Subway" "Love So Right" / "You Stepped into My Life" 1977 "Boogie Child" / "Lovers" "Edge of the Universe (live)" / "Words (live)" "How Deep Is Your Love" / "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" (live) "Stayin' Alive" / "If I Can't Have You" 1978 "Night Fever" / "Down the Road (live)" "Too Much Heaven" / "Rest Your Love on Me" 1979 "Tragedy" / "Until" "Love You Inside Out" / "I'm Satisfied" 1980s1981 "He's a Liar" "Living Eyes" / "I Still Love You" 1983 "The Woman in You" / "Stayin' Alive" "Someone Belonging to Someone" / "I Love You Too Much" (instrumental) 1987 "You Win Again" / "Backtafunk" "E.S.P." / "Overnight" 1989 "Ordinary Lives" / "Wing and a Prayer" "One" / "Flesh and Blood" 1990s1990 "Bodyguard" / "Will You Ever Let Me" 1991 "Secret Love" / "Party with No Name" "When He's Gone" / "True Confessions" "The Only Love" / "You Win Again" (live) 1993 "Paying the Price of Love" / "My Destiny" "For Whom the Bell Tolls" / "Decadance" 1994 "How to Fall in Love, Part 1" / "Fallen Angel" 1997 "Alone" / "Rings Around the Moon" "I Could Not Love You More" / "Love Never Dies" (EUR) "Still Waters (Run Deep)" / "Love Never Dies" 2000s2001 "This Is Where I Came In" / "Just in Case" Other countries1968 "And the Sun Will Shine" / "Really and Sincerely" (France) 1970 "Let There Be Love" / "Really and Sincerely" (Netherlands) 1971 "When the Swallows Fly" / "Give Your Best" (Netherlands) "Morning of My Life" / "To Love Somebody" 1972 "Israel" / "Dearest" (Netherlands) 1988 "Crazy for Your Love" / "You Win Again (Remix)" "Angela" / "You Win Again (Remix)" (Germany, Netherlands) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work

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This track was credited to Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb.","title":"Nights on Broadway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jive Talkin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Talkin%27"},{"link_name":"Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_(Be_Tender_with_My_Love)"},{"link_name":"Edge of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_the_Universe_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-3"},{"link_name":"Arif Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Mardin"},{"link_name":"Barry Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF-4"},{"link_name":"The Larry King Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF-4"}],"text":"Recording this track started on 20 January 1975 and continued on 30 January, when they started to record songs for the album: \"Jive Talkin'\" (finished 2 February), \"Songbird\", \"Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)\" (finished 19 February), \"All This Making Love\" and \"Edge of the Universe\".[3]Producer Arif Mardin asked if one of the Bee Gees members could do some screaming during the main chorus to make the song more exciting. In response, Barry Gibb began singing higher and higher, eventually singing it in a falsetto that was unexpectedly powerful. He had never known he had such an ability and Barry's falsetto became a trademark of the Bee Gees. Barry recalled in a May 2001 interview with Mojo magazine: \"Arif said to me, 'Can you scream?' I said, 'under certain circumstances'. He said, 'Can you scream in tune?' I said, 'well, I'll try' \".[4]Barry Gibb talked about \"Nights on Broadway\" on The Larry King Show on 2 February 2002:\"It came to me in a dream, there was a request by Arif Mardin, who was like an uncle to us, he was a great record producer during the song 'Nights On Broadway,' for the Main Course album, which is previous to the 'Fever' syndrome. And he said, 'Can any of you scream, scream in falsetto.' So, you know, give us an ad lib or a scream at the end. So from screaming, it turned into things like 'blamin' it all'.\"[4]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Tales from the Brothers Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_the_Brothers_Gibb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JB-3"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Nights on Broadway\" reached number seven on the American Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The single was edited for radio airplay, removing the slow section; it fades at 2:52. The version of this song on Tales from the Brothers Gibb is faster than the album, and fades at 4:25.[3] The 45 was also faster and runs 4:26.Cash Box called it a \"hard-hitting r&b effort,\" saying that \"the Gibbs brothers wrap more incredible harmonies around the rock and roll mind.\"[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nights_on_Broadway&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Bee_Gees-7"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-8"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Bee_Gees_-_Nights_On_Broadway-9"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Bee_Gees-10"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Bee_Gees-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Bee_Gees-12"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Record World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Bee_Gees-16"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nights_on_Broadway&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1975–1976)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[6]\n\n67\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7]\n\n15\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[8]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[9]\n\n8\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[10]\n\n8\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[12]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Billboard Adult Contemporary[13]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Cash Box[14]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Record World[15]\n\n7\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[16]\n\n17\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1975)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[17]\n\n35\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[18]\n\n92\n\n\nUS Cash Box[19]\n\n58","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candi Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Staton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1977, Candi Staton released a version of the song, for her, Music Speaks Louder Than Words album.[20] Her version peaked at no. 6 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart in the late summer of that year,[21] and at no. 4 in Ireland.[22]","title":"Candi Staton version"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Kuge, Mara (7 February 2019). \"14 Secretly Cruel Soft Rock Love Songs\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 3 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/cruel-love-songs/","url_text":"\"14 Secretly Cruel Soft Rock Love Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Classic_Rock","url_text":"Ultimate Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"Molanphy, Chris (28 September 2018). \"The Nights on Broadway Edition\". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/hit_parade/2018/09/how_the_bee_gees_influenced_pop_rock_easy_listening_country_even_hip_hop.html","url_text":"\"The Nights on Broadway Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Joseph. \"Gibb Songs : 1975\". Columbia University. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beegees/75.html","url_text":"\"Gibb Songs : 1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"}]},{"reference":"\"Nights on Broadway by Bee Gees\". Songfacts. Retrieved 20 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=8114","url_text":"\"Nights on Broadway by Bee Gees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singles Reviews > Picks of the Week\" (PDF). Cash Box. Vol. XXXVII, no. 20. 4 October 1975. p. 24. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-10-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Singles Reviews > Picks of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989\". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=21533&pages=","url_text":"\"Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending DECEMBER 6, 1975\". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121003101941/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/19751206.html","url_text":"\"CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending DECEMBER 6, 1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/19751206.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Singles Chart\" (PDF). Record World. 6 December 1975. p. 31. ISSN 0034-1622. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-12-06.pdf","url_text":"\"The Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_World","url_text":"Record World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0034-1622","url_text":"0034-1622"}]},{"reference":"\"1975 Wrap Up\". RPM. Vol. 24, no. 14. Library and Archives Canada. 27 December 1975. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050316/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4057a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3","url_text":"\"1975 Wrap Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4057a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1975\" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1975&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100","url_text":"Single Top 100"}]},{"reference":"\"The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1975\". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819231700/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/1975YESP.html","url_text":"\"The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/1975YESP.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.allmusic.com\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 25 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/music-speaks-louder-than-words-mw0001880824","url_text":"\"www.allmusic.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive – 3rd September 1977\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19770828/7501/","url_text":"\"1977 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive – 3rd September 1977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know\". Irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 14 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekicks_(album)

Sidekicks (album)

["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1992 studio album by Tom Fogerty and Randy OdaSidekicksStudio album by Tom Fogerty and Randy OdaReleased1992Recorded1988; Studio D, Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, CaliforniaGenreSwamp rockLabelFantasyTom Fogerty and Randy Oda chronology Precious Gems(1984) Sidekicks(1992) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Sidekicks (also known as Rainbow Carousel) is an album by Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda (who previously worked together in the rock band Ruby). The album was recorded in 1988 and released in 1992 on Fantasy Records, two years after Fogerty's death in 1990. Due to its posthumous release, Sidekicks stands as Fogerty's final album. Background During spring 1988, Fogerty and Oda reunited to work on new material for the album that would become Sidekicks. Recorded at Studio D at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, additional overdubs were recorded at Chaton Recording in Scottsdale. The project saw Fogerty's son Jeff and Oda's brother Kevin on bass and drums respectively. After completing half of the album, Fogerty and Oda agreed to return to the studio at a later date so that Fogerty could spend more time with his newly-born daughter. However, soon after, Fogerty fell ill with pneumonia and was diagnosed with AIDS; believed to have been from an unscreened blood transfusion during Fogerty's back surgery earlier in the decade. After recovering from the pneumonia, Fogerty was able to continue working on Sidekicks. In the album's liner notes, Fogerty's wife Trish said: "For Tom, Sidekicks was the culmination of an incredibly close friendship and an absolute musical synchronicity that developed when Tom and Randy first worked together in 1974 with Ruby. When Tom returned to the studio, , his first desire was to finish what now was not just another recording project, but for Tom, a statement. He truly felt that his illness - and all he had gone through - had happened for a reason, that something positive needed to be the result of it and that he would settle for nothing less than his ideal vision of musical perfection for this album. He and Randy went back into the studio with a totally new sense of direction, inspiration and passion. The result is really - I think - a very emotional, intense giving of Tom's true heart and soul. The record evolved into a driving, soulful body of work that Tom and Randy were both incredibly, totally proud of. It was something they put their all into - all energy - all emotion - all talent." After its completion, Fantasy Records decided not to release the album. Fogerty died of AIDS-related tuberculosis in September 1990, and Sidekicks would be posthumously released by Fantasy in 1992. In Germany, the album was released by Line Records. For this version, the artist name was changed to "Sidekicks" and the title Rainbow Carousel. In preparation for its release, the album was digitally remastered by George Horn at Fantasy Studios during the same year. Track listing All tracks written by Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda, except where noted. "Rainbow Carousel" – 7:40 "Money Buys It (Funky Side of Town)" – 3:00 "Video Girl" – 4:40 "Woman of the Year" – 4:12 "Clearwater Rain" – 2:56 "Teardrops" – 4:03 "We've Been Here Before" – 4:26 "Sometimes" – 4:42 "Sloop John B." (Traditional) – 4:40 "Unbearable Lightness of Being" (Fogerty) – 4:02 Personnel Tom Fogerty – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, producer, arranger Randy Oda – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, producer, arranger Jeff Fogerty – bass, backing vocals Kevin Oda – drums, percussion, sequence programming David Luke – chief engineer, co-mixing Bob Ross – additional engineer, drum and keyboard sequencing Tom Size, Steve Escallier, Mark Seagraves – additional engineers George Horn – digital remastering Paul Markow – photography References ^ "Sidekicks - Tom Fogerty | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1993-01-25. Retrieved 2017-05-31. ^ "Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31. ^ Bordowitz, Hank (2007). Bad Moon Rising: The Unauthorized History of Creedence Clearwater Revival. Chicago Review Press. pp. 232, 234. ISBN 978-1556526619. ^ a b Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks - CD Album - FCD-9664-2 - liner notes ^ "Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31. ^ "Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31. vteTom FogertyStudio albums Tom Fogerty Excalibur Zephyr National Myopia Deal It Out Sidekicks (with Randy Oda) Ruby albums Ruby Rock & Roll Madness Precious Gems (Tom Fogerty + Ruby) Compilations The Very Best of Tom Fogerty See also Creedence Clearwater Revival John Fogerty Fantasy Records

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"Randy Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Oda"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sidekicks (also known as Rainbow Carousel) is an album by Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda (who previously worked together in the rock band Ruby). The album was recorded in 1988 and released in 1992 on Fantasy Records,[2] two years after Fogerty's death in 1990. Due to its posthumous release, Sidekicks stands as Fogerty's final album.","title":"Sidekicks (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"}],"text":"During spring 1988, Fogerty and Oda reunited to work on new material for the album that would become Sidekicks. Recorded at Studio D at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, additional overdubs were recorded at Chaton Recording in Scottsdale. The project saw Fogerty's son Jeff and Oda's brother Kevin on bass and drums respectively. After completing half of the album, Fogerty and Oda agreed to return to the studio at a later date so that Fogerty could spend more time with his newly-born daughter. However, soon after, Fogerty fell ill with pneumonia and was diagnosed with AIDS; believed to have been from an unscreened blood transfusion during Fogerty's back surgery earlier in the decade. After recovering from the pneumonia, Fogerty was able to continue working on Sidekicks.[3]In the album's liner notes, Fogerty's wife Trish said:\"For Tom, Sidekicks was the culmination of an incredibly close friendship and an absolute musical synchronicity that developed when Tom and Randy first worked together in 1974 with Ruby. When Tom returned to the studio, [after his AIDS diagnosis], his first desire was to finish what now was not just another recording project, but for Tom, a statement. He truly felt that his illness - and all he had gone through - had happened for a reason, that something positive needed to be the result of it and that he would settle for nothing less than his ideal vision of musical perfection for this album. He and Randy went back into the studio with a totally new sense of direction, inspiration and passion. The result is really - I think - a very emotional, intense giving of Tom's true heart and soul. The record evolved into a driving, soulful body of work that Tom and Randy were both incredibly, totally proud of. It was something they put their all into - all energy - all emotion - all talent.\"[4]After its completion, Fantasy Records decided not to release the album. Fogerty died of AIDS-related tuberculosis in September 1990, and Sidekicks would be posthumously released by Fantasy in 1992.[5] In Germany, the album was released by Line Records. For this version, the artist name was changed to \"Sidekicks\" and the title Rainbow Carousel.[6] In preparation for its release, the album was digitally remastered by George Horn at Fantasy Studios during the same year.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sloop John B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop_John_B"}],"text":"All tracks written by Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda, except where noted.\"Rainbow Carousel\" – 7:40\n\"Money Buys It (Funky Side of Town)\" – 3:00\n\"Video Girl\" – 4:40\n\"Woman of the Year\" – 4:12\n\"Clearwater Rain\" – 2:56\n\"Teardrops\" – 4:03\n\"We've Been Here Before\" – 4:26\n\"Sometimes\" – 4:42\n\"Sloop John B.\" (Traditional) – 4:40\n\"Unbearable Lightness of Being\" (Fogerty) – 4:02","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fogerty"}],"text":"Tom Fogerty – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, producer, arranger\nRandy Oda – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, producer, arranger\nJeff Fogerty – bass, backing vocals\nKevin Oda – drums, percussion, sequence programming\nDavid Luke – chief engineer, co-mixing\nBob Ross – additional engineer, drum and keyboard sequencing\nTom Size, Steve Escallier, Mark Seagraves – additional engineers\nGeorge Horn – digital remastering\nPaul Markow – photography","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Sidekicks - Tom Fogerty | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. 1993-01-25. Retrieved 2017-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sidekicks-mw0000094869","url_text":"\"Sidekicks - Tom Fogerty | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/master/view/582055","url_text":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"Bordowitz, Hank (2007). Bad Moon Rising: The Unauthorized History of Creedence Clearwater Revival. Chicago Review Press. pp. 232, 234. ISBN 978-1556526619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556526619","url_text":"978-1556526619"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks (CD) at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Tom-Fogerty-and-Randy-Oda-Sidekicks/release/3272776","url_text":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks (CD) at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel (CD) at Discogs\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Tom-Fogerty-and-Randy-Oda-Sidekicks-Rainbow-Carousel/release/4790756","url_text":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel (CD) at Discogs\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sidekicks-mw0000094869","external_links_name":"\"Sidekicks - Tom Fogerty | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/view/582055","external_links_name":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Tom-Fogerty-and-Randy-Oda-Sidekicks/release/3272776","external_links_name":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks (CD) at Discogs\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Tom-Fogerty-and-Randy-Oda-Sidekicks-Rainbow-Carousel/release/4790756","external_links_name":"\"Tom Fogerty and Randy Oda - Sidekicks Rainbow Carousel (CD) at Discogs\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Japan

List of metropolitan areas in Japan

["1 Population Census","1.1 2015 Population Census","1.2 2010 Population Census","1.3 2005 Population Census","2 Urban Employment Area","2.1 2015","2.2 2010","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Kantō Major Metropolitan Area Keihanshin MMA This is a list of metropolitan areas (都市圏, toshiken) in Japan by population as defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan (SBJ) and the Center for Spatial Information Service of the University of Tokyo. The region containing most of the people in Japan between Tokyo and Fukuoka is often called the Taiheiyō Belt. Population Census The Statistics Bureau of Japan (SBJ) defines a metropolitan area as one or more central cities and its associated outlying municipalities. To qualify as an outlying municipality, the municipality must have at least 1.5% of its resident population aged 15 and above commuting to school or work into one of the central cities. To qualify as a central city, a city must either be a designated city of any population or a non-designated city with a city proper population of at least 500,000. Metropolitan areas of designated cities are defined as "major metropolitan areas" (大都市圏) while those of non-designated cities are simply "metropolitan areas" (都市圏). If multiple central cities are close enough such that their outlying cities overlap, they are combined and a single metropolitan area is defined rather than independently. 2015 Population Census The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 11 major metropolitan areas of Japan. 2015 MMA: Major Metropolitan Area MA: Metropolitan Area Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan Rank Area Prefecture Central City Area Population 01 Kantō MMA Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture 23 special wards area, Yokohama, Sagamihara, Kawasaki, Chiba, Saitama 37,273,866 02 Keihanshin MMA Osaka Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture Osaka, Sakai, Kobe, Kyoto 19,302,746 03 Chūkyō MMA Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Mie Prefecture Nagoya 9,363,221 04 Fukuoka-Kitakyushu MMA Fukuoka Prefecture Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 5,538,142 05 Shizuoka-Hamamatsu MMA Shizuoka Prefecture Shizuoka, Hamamatsu 2,842,151 06 Sapporo MMA Ishikari Subprefecture in Hokkaidō Sapporo 2,636,254 07 Sendai MMA Miyagi Prefecture Sendai 2,256,964 08 Hiroshima MMA Hiroshima Prefecture Hiroshima 2,096,745 09 Utsunomiya MA Tochigi Prefecture Utsunomiya 1,655,673 10 Okayama MMA Okayama Prefecture Okayama 1,639,414 11 Kumamoto MMA Kumamoto Prefecture Kumamoto 1,492,975 12 Niigata MMA Niigata Prefecture Niigata 1,395,612 13 Kagoshima MA Kagoshima Prefecture Kagoshima 1,126,639 14 Matsuyama MA Ehime Prefecture Matsuyama 706,883 2010 Population Census The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 11 major metropolitan areas of Japan. 2010 MMA: Major Metropolitan Area MA: Metropolitan Area Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan Rank Area Prefecture Central City Area Population 01 Kantō MMA Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture 23 special wards area, Yokohama, Sagamihara, Kawasaki, Chiba, Saitama 36,923,193 02 Keihanshin MMA Osaka Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture Osaka, Sakai, Kobe, Kyoto 19,341,976 03 Chūkyō MMA Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Mie Prefecture Nagoya 9,107,414 04 Fukuoka-Kitakyushu MMA Fukuoka Prefecture Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 5,515,427 05 Shizuoka-Hamamatsu MMA Shizuoka Prefecture Shizuoka, Hamamatsu 2,741,028 06 Sapporo MMA Ishikari Subprefecture in Hokkaidō Sapporo 2,584,880 07 Sendai MMA Miyagi Prefecture Sendai 2,169,757 08 Hiroshima MMA Hiroshima Prefecture Hiroshima 2,099,514 09 Utsunomiya MA Tochigi Prefecture Utsunomiya 1,886,898 10 Okayama MMA Okayama Prefecture Okayama 1,647,892 11 Kumamoto MMA Kumamoto Prefecture Kumamoto 1,476,435 12 Niigata MMA Niigata Prefecture Niigata 1,421,694 13 Kagoshima MA Kagoshima Prefecture Kagoshima 1,152,748 14 Matsuyama MA Ehime Prefecture Matsuyama 717,687 Changes from 2005 census The following changes to metropolitan area definitions were made in the 2010 Census report. New central cities in Kantō and Keihanshin major metropolitan areas Sagamihara in the Kantō MMA and Sakai in the Keihanshin MMA have become designated cities in 2010 and 2006 respectively. These cities are already well within their MMAs and should not greatly alter their formation. Niigata and Okayama major metropolitan areas Niigata became a designated city in 2007 and Okayama became a designated city in 2009. These cities therefore formed major metropolitan areas in the 2010 census. Shizuoka, Hamamatsu major metropolitan area Hamamatsu also became a designated city in 2007. As its outlying areas overlap with Shizuoka, the two cities formed a single major metropolitan area in the 2010 census. Utsunomiya metropolitan area Utsunomiya qualified as a central city for the 2010 census, resulting from mergers with neighboring municipalities and subsequent population growth. 2005 Population Census The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 8 major metropolitan areas of Japan. October 1, 2005 MMA: Major Metropolitan Area MA: Metropolitan Area Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan Rank Area Prefecture Central City Area Population 01 Kantō MMA Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture 23 special wards area, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Chiba, Saitama 35,682,460 02 Keihanshin MMA Osaka Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto 18,768,395 03 Chūkyō MMA Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Mie Prefecture Nagoya 8,923,445 04 Fukuoka-Kitakyushu MMA Fukuoka Prefecture Fukuoka, Kitakyushu 5,590,378 05 Sapporo MMA Ishikari Subprefecture in Hokkaidō Sapporo 2,606,214 06 Sendai MMA Miyagi Prefecture Sendai 2,289,656 07 Hiroshima MMA Hiroshima Prefecture Hiroshima 2,064,536 08 Okayama MMA Okayama Prefecture Okayama 1,646,757 09 Kumamoto MA Kumamoto Prefecture Kumamoto 1,462,409 10 Niigata MMA Niigata Prefecture Niigata 1,442,958 11 Shizuoka MMA Shizuoka Prefecture Shizuoka 1,427,107 12 Hamamatsu MA Shizuoka Prefecture Hamamatsu 1,304,548 13 Kagoshima MA Kagoshima Prefecture Kagoshima 1,132,106 14 Matsuyama MA Ehime Prefecture Matsuyama 724,048 Japan's MEAs in Taiheiyo Belt Tokyo MEA   Kobe MEA,   Osaka MEA,   Kyoto MEA,   Nagoya MEA Urban Employment Area Main article: Urban Employment Area Urban Employment Area is another definition of metropolitan areas, defined by the Center for Spatial Information Service, the University of Tokyo. 2015 The Center for Spatial Information Service, the University of Tokyo has defined 100 metropolitan employment areas (MEAs) and 122 micropolitan employment areas (McEAs) for Japan. Rank Metropolitan area Prefecture Central city Population 1 Tokyo MEA  Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi Special wards of Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Tachikawa, Musashino, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Atsugi 35,303,778 2 Osaka MEA  Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama Osaka, Sakai, Kadoma, Higashiōsaka 12,078,820 3 Nagoya MEA  Gifu, Aichi, Mie Nagoya, Handa, Kariya, Anjō, Komaki, Tōkai 6,871,632 4 Kyoto MEA  Shiga, Kyoto Kyoto, Kusatsu 2,801,044 5 Fukuoka MEA  Fukuoka Fukuoka 2,565,501 6 Kobe MEA  Hyōgo Kobe 2,419,973 7 Sapporo MEA  Ishikari and Shiribeshi Subprefecture in Hokkaido Sapporo, Otaru 2,362,914 8 Sendai MEA  Miyagi Sendai 1,612,499 9 Okayama MEA  Okayama Okayama 1,526,503 10 Hiroshima MEA  Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,431,634 2010 The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry defined 233 areas for the UEAs of Japan. MEA: Metropolitan Employment Area Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Center for Spatial Information Science, the University of Tokyo 2010 Standards Metropolitan area Prefecture Central city Area (km2) GDP (bn. JPY) Population 2010 2005 1995 1980 1965 Tokyo MEA Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Yamanashi Special wards of Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Tachikawa, Musashino, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Atsugi 10,404 157,820 34,834,167 33,652,998 31,707,138 27,853,640 20,156,066 Osaka MEA Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, Nara, Wakayama Osaka, Sakai, Higashiōsaka, Kadoma, Moriguchi 4,291 45,362 12,273,041 12,208,161 12,039,181 11,365,385 8,721,257 Nagoya MEA Gifu, Aichi, Mie Nagoya, Komaki 2,792 22,497 5,490,453 5,385,383 5,151,367 4,713,287 3,708,670 Kyoto MEA Shiga, Kyoto Kyoto 2,836 10,117 2,679,094 2,653,421 2,582,733 2,395,626 1,897,517 Fukuoka MEA Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,283 8,922 2,495,552 2,409,904 2,196,463 1,768,587 1,165,151 Kobe MEA Hyōgo Kobe 1,245 8,427 2,431,076 2,417,914 2,309,076 2,130,237 1,697,644 Sapporo MEA Ishikari Subprefecture, Shiribeshi Subprefecture in Hokkaido Sapporo, Otaru 3,205 7,438 2,341,599 2,325,653 2,198,255 1,798,624 1,151,946 Sendai MEA Miyagi Sendai 2,077 5,414 1,574,942 1,549,746 1,466,989 1,202,186 850,828 Okayama MEA Okayama Okayama 2,710 5,539 1,532,146 1,523,286 1,486,785 1,391,802 1,112,534 Maebashi MEA Gunma Maebashi, Takasaki, Isesaki 2,653 5,252 1,453,528 1,459,895 1,439,840 1,327,539 1,142,579 Hiroshima MEA Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,811 5,414 1,411,848 1,395,530 1,358,060 1,197,465 838,010 Kitakyushu MEA Fukuoka Kitakyushu 1,222 4,889 1,370,169 1,392,145 1,429,463 1,459,479 1,397,618 Hamamatsu MEA Shizuoka Hamamatsu 2,051 4,763 1,133,879 1,139,189 1,086,360 972,356 818,902 Utsunomiya MEA Tochigi Utsunomiya 3,851 4,454 1,120,057 1,121,696 1,093,966 973,728 817,786 Kumamoto MEA Kumamoto Kumamoto 1,604 3,490 1,102,398 1,089,366 1,053,231 924,422 795,803 Niigata MEA Niigata Niigata 2,138 3,805 1,071,152 1,082,159 1,073,394 1,002,106 875,150 Shizuoka MEA Shizuoka Shizuoka 1,677 4,024 1,001,597 1,008,368 1,016,145 966,153 808,584 See also Metropolitan Area List of cities in Japan List of metropolitan areas by population References ^ Statistics Bureau of Japan, 2015 Census Final Data ^ Statistics Bureau of Japan, 2010 Census Final Data ^ Statistics Bureau of Japan ^ Statistics Bureau of Japan, 2005 Census Final Data ^ "Urban Employment Area (UEA) Code Table". Center for Spatial Information Science, the University of Tokyo. Retrieved 2017-12-15. ^ "地域経済の将来動向分析に関する調査研究" (in Japanese). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. Retrieved 2017-04-15. ^ "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, the University of Tokyo. Retrieved 2017-04-15. External links Population Census of Japan Metropolitan Employment Area Map

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The region containing most of the people in Japan between Tokyo and Fukuoka is often called the Taiheiyō Belt.","title":"List of metropolitan areas in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistics Bureau of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Bureau_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"designated city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_city"}],"text":"The Statistics Bureau of Japan (SBJ) defines a metropolitan area as one or more central cities and its associated outlying municipalities. To qualify as an outlying municipality, the municipality must have at least 1.5% of its resident population aged 15 and above commuting to school or work into one of the central cities. To qualify as a central city, a city must either be a designated city of any population or a non-designated city with a city proper population of at least 500,000. Metropolitan areas of designated cities are defined as \"major metropolitan areas\" (大都市圏) while those of non-designated cities are simply \"metropolitan areas\" (都市圏). If multiple central cities are close enough such that their outlying cities overlap, they are combined and a single metropolitan area is defined rather than independently.","title":"Population Census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"2015 Population Census","text":"The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 11 major metropolitan areas of Japan.2015\nMMA: Major Metropolitan Area\nMA: Metropolitan Area\nSource: Statistics Bureau of Japan[1]","title":"Population Census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sagamihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Sakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata,_Niigata"},{"link_name":"Hamamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamatsu,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka,_Shizuoka"},{"link_name":"Utsunomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsunomiya,_Tochigi"}],"sub_title":"2010 Population Census","text":"The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 11 major metropolitan areas of Japan.2010\nMMA: Major Metropolitan Area\nMA: Metropolitan Area\nSource: Statistics Bureau of Japan[2]Changes from 2005 censusThe following changes to metropolitan area definitions were made in the 2010 Census report.[3]New central cities in Kantō and Keihanshin major metropolitan areas\nSagamihara in the Kantō MMA and Sakai in the Keihanshin MMA have become designated cities in 2010 and 2006 respectively. These cities are already well within their MMAs and should not greatly alter their formation.\nNiigata and Okayama major metropolitan areas\nNiigata became a designated city in 2007 and Okayama became a designated city in 2009. These cities therefore formed major metropolitan areas in the 2010 census.\nShizuoka, Hamamatsu major metropolitan area\nHamamatsu also became a designated city in 2007. As its outlying areas overlap with Shizuoka, the two cities formed a single major metropolitan area in the 2010 census.\nUtsunomiya metropolitan area\nUtsunomiya qualified as a central city for the 2010 census, resulting from mergers with neighboring municipalities and subsequent population growth.","title":"Population Census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_metropolitan_employment_areas_of_Taiheiy%C5%8D_Belt.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo-Kanto_definitions,_Tokyo_MEA_2015.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagoya-Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe_MEAs_2015.png"}],"sub_title":"2005 Population Census","text":"The metropolitan areas written in bold are the 8 major metropolitan areas of Japan.October 1, 2005\nMMA: Major Metropolitan Area\nMA: Metropolitan Area\nSource: Statistics Bureau of Japan[4]Japan's MEAs in Taiheiyo BeltTokyo MEAKobe MEA,   Osaka MEA,   Kyoto MEA,   Nagoya MEA","title":"Population Census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"}],"text":"Urban Employment Area is another definition of metropolitan areas, defined by the Center for Spatial Information Service, the University of Tokyo.","title":"Urban Employment Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The Center for Spatial Information Service, the University of Tokyo has defined 100 metropolitan employment areas (MEAs) and 122 micropolitan employment areas (McEAs) for Japan.[5]","title":"Urban Employment Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry defined 233 areas for the UEAs of Japan.MEA: Metropolitan Employment Area\nSource: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan,[6] Center for Spatial Information Science, the University of Tokyo[7]","title":"Urban Employment Area"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawasee_National_Wildlife_Refuge

Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge

["1 Wildlife and Habitat","2 History","3 Canada geese","4 Refuge management","5 References"]

Coordinates: 43°22′N 84°01′W / 43.367°N 84.017°W / 43.367; -84.017Shiawassee National Wildlife RefugeIUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)One of several open water pools in the refugeLocation within United StatesLocationSaginaw County, MichiganNearest citySaginaw, MichiganCoordinates43°22′N 84°01′W / 43.367°N 84.017°W / 43.367; -84.017Area9,870.35 acres (39.9439 km2)Established1953Governing bodyU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWebsiteShiawassee National Wildlife Refuge The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge is a 9,870.35 acres (39.9439 km2) National Wildlife Refuge in Saginaw County managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is located in the central portion of the lower peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of the Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron and five miles (8 km) south of the city of Saginaw in the county's Spaulding and James townships. It was established in 1953 to provide habitat for migratory waterfowl. Known locally as the Shiawassee Flats, the refuge lies in the Saginaw Bay watershed, historically one of the largest and most productive wetland ecosystems in Michigan. The Bad, Flint, and Cass Rivers flow into the Shiawassee River in the refuge. Here also the Shiawassee converges with the Tittabawassee River to form the Saginaw River. Wildlife and Habitat Refuge habitats include riparian, floodplain/bottomland hardwood forests, and emergent marshes, as well as shallow managed wetlands and croplands. Over 265 species of birds have been documented on the refuge, including raptors, shore and wading birds, and more than 100 songbird species. Shiawassee Refuge is designated as an Important Bird Area for its global significance to migratory waterfowl. It is also one of six focus areas designated by the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Basin Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. During peak populations in late October, up to 25,000 Canada geese and 40,000 ducks are present. A great diversity of other wildlife associated with freshwater marshes and floodplain forests are also found here. History In postglacial times, Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay extended much farther inland than they do now. When the water receded, it left behind a flat, sandy wetland surrounded by low hills. It served as the drainage zone for an area of lower Michigan that covers approximately ten counties. The region was a treasure-house of the wetland timber industry in the late 19th century. After the old-growth trees had almost all been removed, starting in 1903 farmers tried to ditch and tile-drain the land for arable crops. The Ferguson Bayou region of this drained land did not prove to be well-suited for this purpose, although the wildlife refuge continues to use, maintain, and rebuild many of the ditches, drains, and dikes dug during this period. The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1953. The area was an attractive hunting and gathering area for many early cultures and later Native American tribes, like the Odawa and Ojibwa. Ducks and geese flocked to this vast area of wetlands and rivers. Mammalian species including river otter, fisher, marten, elk, moose, and black bear were also found here. The Flats received little human impact until the late 19th century, when the lumber industry expanded to this area. Coal was mined in the area from the early 20th century to the late 1930s. In 1903, farmers began converting the land for crops and, by 1950, a system of pumps, drainage tile, ditches and dikes were in place, making this an extensive agricultural area. Canada geese Shiawassee NWR has been designated as a U.S. Important Bird Area by the American Birding Association because of the genuinely migratory James Bay flocks of Canada geese that utilize the wetland annually. These James Bay geese should be sharply distinguished from the stay-at-home geese that have learned how not to migrate. Refuge management Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge in late spring Shiawassee Refuge is also responsible for managing a portion of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge within Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, including Thunder Bay, Scarecrow, and the Charity Islands. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is also under its management, until a permanent staff is hired. The refuge also administers the Shiawassee Management District which coordinates wetland restorations in 22 counties and manages conservation easements in 44 counties of lower Michigan. The refuge is authorized to expand its present boundaries by 7,500 acres (30 km2) along the Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, and Cass rivers from willing sellers. References ^ "National Wildlife Refuges - Acres by State and Unit" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 6 September 2016.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. "Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge profile". "Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge website". vteProtected areas of MichiganSee also: Important Bird Areas and State game and wildlife areasNationalParks Isle Royale Keweenaw (Historical) River Raisin (Battlefield) Lakeshores Pictured Rocks Sleeping Bear Dunes Landmarks Au Sable State Forest Dukes Research Natural Area Grand Mere State Park Haven Hill State Natural Area Newton Woods Porcupine Mountains Roscommon Virgin Pine Stand Strangmoor Bog Tobico Marsh Toumey Woods Warren Woods State Park Waterloo State Recreation Area Forests Hiawatha Huron–Manistee Ottawa Wildlife Refuges Detroit River Harbor Island Huron Kirtlands Warbler Wildlife Management Area Michigan Islands Michigan Wetland Management District Seney Shiawassee Wild and Scenic Rivers Au Sable Bear Creek Black Carp Indian Manistee Ontonagon Paint Pere Marquette Pine Presque Isle Sturgeon (Delta County) Sturgeon (Houghton County) Tahquamenon Whitefish Yellow Dog Other Protected Areas Father Marquette National Memorial Grand Island National Recreation Area Saint Helena Island National Scenic Area Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary StateParks Albert E. Sleeper Algonac Aloha Baraga Bay City Belle Isle Bewabic Brimley Burt Lake Cambridge Junction Cheboygan Clear Lake Coldwater Lake Craig Lake Dodge No.4 Duck Lake Fayette Fisherman's Island Fort Michilimackinac Fort Wilkins Fred Meijer White Pine Trail Grand Haven Grand Mere Harrisville Hart–Montague Trail Hartwick Pines W.J. Hayes P.H. Hoeft P.J. Hoffmaster Holland Indian Lake Interlochen Kal-Haven Trail Lake Gogebic Lakelands Trail Lakeport Laughing Whitefish Falls Leelanau Ludington Mackinac Island Maybury F.J. McLain Charles Mears Meridian-Baseline Mill Creek Wm. Mitchell Muskallonge Lake Muskegon Negwegon Newaygo North Higgins Lake Onaway Orchard Beach Old Mission Otsego Lake Palms Book Petoskey Porcupine Mountains Port Crescent Sanilac Petroglyphs Saugatuck Dunes Seven Lakes Silver Lake Sleepy Hollow South Higgins Lake Wm. C. Sterling Straits Sturgeon Point Tahquamenon Falls Tawas Point Thompson's Harbor Traverse City Twin Lakes Van Buren Van Buren Trail Van Riper Warren Dunes Warren Woods Watkins Lake and County Preserve J.W. Wells Wilderness William G. Milliken Wilson Young Recreation Areas Bald Mountain Bass River Brighton Fort Custer Highland Holly Ionia Island Lake Lake Hudson Lime Island Menominee River Metamora-Hadley Ortonville Pinckney Pontiac Lake Proud Lake Rifle River Rockport Tippy Dam Waterloo W.C. Wetzel Yankee Springs Forests Au Sable Copper Country Escanaba River Lake Superior Mackinaw Pere Marquette Underwater Preserves Alger De Tour Passage Grand Traverse Bay Keweenaw Manitou Passage Marquette Sanilac Shores Southwest Michigan Straits of Mackinac Thumb Area Whitefish Point Other Agate Falls Scenic Site Bond Falls Scenic Site Michigan Islands Wilderness Area Ocqueoc Falls Ralph A. MacMullan Conference Center Wagner Falls Scenic Site   Category   Commons Detroit Grand Rapids Michigan Department of Natural Resources vteNational Wildlife Refuges of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico U.S. Minor Outlying Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Saginaw County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"lower peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaulding_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_River_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_River_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_River_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Shiawassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawassee_River"},{"link_name":"Tittabawassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittabawassee_River"},{"link_name":"Saginaw River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_River"}],"text":"The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge is a 9,870.35 acres (39.9439 km2) National Wildlife Refuge in Saginaw County managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is located in the central portion of the lower peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of the Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron and five miles (8 km) south of the city of Saginaw in the county's Spaulding and James townships. It was established in 1953 to provide habitat for migratory waterfowl.Known locally as the Shiawassee Flats, the refuge lies in the Saginaw Bay watershed, historically one of the largest and most productive wetland ecosystems in Michigan. The Bad, Flint, and Cass Rivers flow into the Shiawassee River in the refuge. Here also the Shiawassee converges with the Tittabawassee River to form the Saginaw River.","title":"Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"hardwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"croplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropland"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"North American Waterfowl Management Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Waterfowl_Management_Plan"},{"link_name":"Canada geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_geese"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"freshwater marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_marsh"}],"text":"Refuge habitats include riparian, floodplain/bottomland hardwood forests, and emergent marshes, as well as shallow managed wetlands and croplands.Over 265 species of birds have been documented on the refuge, including raptors, shore and wading birds, and more than 100 songbird species. Shiawassee Refuge is designated as an Important Bird Area for its global significance to migratory waterfowl. It is also one of six focus areas designated by the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Basin Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.During peak populations in late October, up to 25,000 Canada geese and 40,000 ducks are present. A great diversity of other wildlife associated with freshwater marshes and floodplain forests are also found here.","title":"Wildlife and Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Bay"},{"link_name":"sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"},{"link_name":"Odawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa_people"},{"link_name":"Ojibwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa"},{"link_name":"river otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_marten"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_moose"},{"link_name":"black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"drainage tile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_drainage"}],"text":"In postglacial times, Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay extended much farther inland than they do now. When the water receded, it left behind a flat, sandy wetland surrounded by low hills. It served as the drainage zone for an area of lower Michigan that covers approximately ten counties. The region was a treasure-house of the wetland timber industry in the late 19th century. After the old-growth trees had almost all been removed, starting in 1903 farmers tried to ditch and tile-drain the land for arable crops. The Ferguson Bayou region of this drained land did not prove to be well-suited for this purpose, although the wildlife refuge continues to use, maintain, and rebuild many of the ditches, drains, and dikes dug during this period. The Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1953.The area was an attractive hunting and gathering area for many early cultures and later Native American tribes, like the Odawa and Ojibwa. Ducks and geese flocked to this vast area of wetlands and rivers. Mammalian species including river otter, fisher, marten, elk, moose, and black bear were also found here.The Flats received little human impact until the late 19th century, when the lumber industry expanded to this area. Coal was mined in the area from the early 20th century to the late 1930s. In 1903, farmers began converting the land for crops and, by 1950, a system of pumps, drainage tile, ditches and dikes were in place, making this an extensive agricultural area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_geese"}],"text":"Shiawassee NWR has been designated as a U.S. Important Bird Area by the American Birding Association because of the genuinely migratory James Bay flocks of Canada geese that utilize the wetland annually. These James Bay geese should be sharply distinguished from the stay-at-home geese that have learned how not to migrate.","title":"Canada geese"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiawasee_NWR_54_small.JPG"},{"link_name":"Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_River_International_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"text":"Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge in late springShiawassee Refuge is also responsible for managing a portion of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge within Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, including Thunder Bay, Scarecrow, and the Charity Islands. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is also under its management, until a permanent staff is hired. The refuge also administers the Shiawassee Management District which coordinates wetland restorations in 22 counties and manages conservation easements in 44 counties of lower Michigan.The refuge is authorized to expand its present boundaries by 7,500 acres (30 km2) along the Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, and Cass rivers from willing sellers.","title":"Refuge management"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadlow_Priory

Beadlow Priory

["1 History","2 Priors of Beadlow","3 Burials","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°02′02″N 0°23′26″W / 52.03391°N 0.39059°W / 52.03391; -0.39059 Beadlow PrioryMonastery informationOther namesBeaulieu PrioryOrderBenedictineEstablished1140-1146Disestablished1435Dedicated toMary MagdaleneSiteLocationBeadlow, Bedfordshire, EnglandCoordinates52°02′02″N 0°23′26″W / 52.03391°N 0.39059°W / 52.03391; -0.39059 Beadlow Priory was a monastic foundation established between 1140 and 1146 by Robert D'Albini for a community of Benedictine monks. History Around 1140 the lands of Beadlow Manor were granted to the priory at Millbrook in Hertfordshire, from where the community were moved upon the establishment of the new priory at Beadlow, Bedfordshire, England about 10 km south of Bedford. Initially referred to as Beaulieu Priory, it remained cell of the Abbey at St Albans. Poverty made the community unsustainable and in 1428 the monks left the priory, which became absorbed into St Albans Abbey. In 1434 the ownership of the priory passed to the Crown, whilst the site was finally abandoned as a monastic settlement in 1435. The decay of the buildings ensued after this time, and by 1908 there existed no intact above-ground remains. From 1963 to 1965 archaeological excavations unearthed the foundations as well as artifacts dating to the 12th to 15th centuries. The establishment was close to Chicksands Priory. The Old Priory House, nearby, was not a part of the priory. Priors of Beadlow Walter de Standon, elected 1233; Roger, elected 1237; Roger de Thebrugg, elected 1281; John of Stopsley, elected 1285; John of Stagsden, transferred 1296; William de Parys, elected 1296; Peter de Maydenford, elected 1299; Gregory of Saint Albans, elected 1302; Richard of Northampton, elected 1305; William of Kirkby, elected 1310, transferred 1312; Richard of Hertford, elected 1312; Henry of Saint Neots, elected 1316; Adam of Newark, elected 1340; John of Caldwell, elected 1351; William of Winslow, elected 1374; John Warham, at least 1396 until at least 1401; Richard Smyth of Missenden, at least 1405 to 1428 Burials Peter de Preaux See also Abbeys and priories in England List of monastic houses in Bedfordshire References ^ "Hosted by Bedford Borough Council: Beadlow Priory". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ Historic England. "Monument No. 362499". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 5 October 2015. ^ "Hosted by Bedford Borough Council: The Old Priory House Beadlow". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ "Private viewing: Pick of the property market". Independent.co.uk. 5 November 2008. ^ "Hosted by Bedford Borough Council: Beadlow Priory". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011. External links Priory of Beaulieu on British History Online vteBenedictine abbeys and priories in medieval England and WalesIndependenthouses Abbotsbury Abergavenny Abingdon Alcester Athelney Bardney Bath Battle Bedford Birkenhead Bradwell Brewood (Black Ladies) Buckfast Burton Bury St Edmunds Canterbury (Christ Church) Canterbury (St Augustine's) Canwell Cerne Chertsey Chester Cholsey Colchester Coventry Crowland Durham Ely Evesham Eynsham Farewell Priory Faversham Glastonbury Gloucester Humberston Luffield Malmesbury Milton Monk Bretton Muchelney Molycourt Norwich (Holy Trinity) Pershore Peterborough Ramsey Reading Repton Rochester St Albans St Benet of Hulme Sandwell Selby Sherborne Shrewsbury Snelshall Tavistock Tewkesbury Thorney Upholland Walden Westminster Whitby Winchcombe Winchester (New Minster) Winchester (St Swithun) Worcester York (St Mary's) Dependenthouses Aldeby Alkborough Alcester Alvecote Beadlow Bedemans Berg Belvoir Binham Breedon Brecon Bristol Bromfield Cardiff Cardigan Cranborne Darenth Deeping Dover Dunster Earls Colne Ewenny Ewyas Harold Exeter Farne Felixstowe Finchale Freiston Great Malvern Hatfield Peverel Henes (Sandtoft) Hereford Hertford Holy Island Horton Hoxne Hurley Jarrow Kidwelly Kilpeck King's Mead Kings Lynn Lammana Langley Leominster Leonard Stanley Lincoln Little Malvern Littlemore Lytham Middlesbrough Monkwearmouth Morville Norwich (St Leonard's) Oxford (of Canterbury) Oxford (of Durham) Oxford (of Gloucester) Penwortham Pilton Redbourne Richmond Rumburgh St Bees St Ives Scilly Snaith Snape Stamford Studley (Oxfordshire) Studley (Warwickshire) Tickhill Tynemouth Wallingford Westbury-on-Trym Wetheral Wymondham Yarmouth Alienpriories Allerton Mauleverer Andover Andwell Appuldurcombe Arundel Astley Aston Priors Atherington Avebury Axmouth Blyth Boxgrove Brimpsfield Burstall Burwell Caldy Carisbrooke Chepstow Clatford Cogges Corsham Covenham Cowick Creeting (St. Mary) Creeting (St. Olave) Debden Deerhurst Dunwich Ecclesfield Edith Weston Ellingham Everdon Eye Folkestone Frampton Goldcliff Grovebury Hamble Harmondsworth Hatfield Regis Haugham Hayling Headley Hinckley Holbeck Horsham St Faith Horsley Lancaster Lapley Lewisham Isleham Livers Ocle Llangennith Llangua Loders Minster Minster Lovell Minting Modbury Monks Kirby Monk Sherborne (Pamber) Monmouth Newent Ogbourne Otterton Panfield Pembroke Pill Ruislip Runcton St Cross St Dogmells St Michael's Mount St Neots Sele Spalding Sporle Standon Steventon Stogursey Stoke-by-Clare Stratfield Saye Swavesey Takeley Throwley Tickford Titley Toft Monks Totnes Tutbury Tywardreath Upavon Ware Wareham Warminghurst Warmington Wath Weedon Beck Weedon Lois West Mersea Wilsford Wing Winghale Wolston Wootton Wawen York (Holy Trinity)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Lenstra

Abe Lenstra

["1 Career","2 Career statistics","2.1 Club","2.2 International","3 Legacy","4 Honours","5 External links","6 See also","7 References"]

Dutch footballer (1920–1985) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (December 2021) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Abe Lenstra}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Abe Lenstra Lenstra, photographed in 1951Personal informationFull name Abe Minderts LenstraDate of birth (1920-11-27)27 November 1920Place of birth Heerenveen, NetherlandsDate of death 2 September 1985(1985-09-02) (aged 64)Place of death Heerenveen, NetherlandsPosition(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1936–1955 Heerenveen 395 (471)1955–1960 SC Enschede 107 (65)1960–1963 Enschedese Boys 88 (40)Total 590 (576)International career1940–1959 Netherlands 47 (33)Managerial career1946–1947 Heerenveen (player-coach) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Abe Minderts Lenstra (Dutch pronunciation: ; 27 November 1920 – 2 September 1985) was a Dutch footballer and national football icon in the 1950s who played as a forward. He is regarded as one of the greatest players ever to hail from the Netherlands. He was also a Frisian legend, most notably with the club where he made his name as a football player, Heerenveen. Career Lenstra played for a host of clubs such as SC Enschede, Enschedese Boys, PH: DOS '19, WSV, DOS Kampen and vv LTC. However, it was with VV Heerenveen (the previous name of current day sc Heerenveen) where he first was selected for the Dutch national team. When in 1954 professional football was introduced in the Netherlands the already 34-year-old Abe Lenstra moved from VV Heerenveen to the bigger SC Enschede. It was in Enschede where he missed his best chance of ever winning the Dutch title: in 1958 SC Enschede lost the first and last Eredivisie final ever after 180 minutes from DOS Utrecht. In 1960, he made the move to the rivals Enschedese Boys, where he ended his professional career in 1963. With the national team, for which he played a total of 47 caps scoring 33 goals, he struck a partnership with other internationals such as Faas Wilkes and Kees Rijvers. He was known to stand by his principles and objected to play for the national squad if he was not selected for the position he favoured. It was Lenstra who put the name of sc Heerenveen on the footballing map, where the club was also fondly referred to as 'Abeveen'. In 1977, long after he retired from football, he was diagnosed with having a brain haemorrhage and spent the remainder of his life using a wheelchair. He died in 1985, just a few days before the first ever international match in the stadium that a year later would bear his name. Career statistics Club Appearances and goals by club, season, and competition. Only official games are included in this table. Club Season League League Play-Off Dutch Cup Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Heerenveen 1936/1937 18 20 4 2 0 0 22 22 1937/1938 17 13 0 0 4 11 21 24 1938/1939 18 25 0 0 1 0 19 25 1939/1940 16 21 0 0 0 0 16 21 1940/1941 14 20 0 0 0 0 14 20 1941/1942 17 32 8 6 0 0 25 38 1942/1943 18 27 7 7 0 0 25 34 1943/1944 16 19 8 3 0 0 24 22 1944/1945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1945/1946 19 18 9 7 1 1 29 26 1946/1947 19 30 10 15 0 0 39 45 1947/1948 20 28 10 13 0 0 30 41 1948/1949 18 21 10 12 0 0 28 33 1949/1950 17 30 10 5 0 0 27 35 1950/1951 21 29 4 1 0 0 25 30 1951/1952 26 29 0 0 0 0 26 29 1952/1953 26 19 0 0 0 0 26 19 1953/1954 25 24 0 0 0 0 25 24 1954/1955 34 28 0 0 0 0 34 28 SC Enschede 1955/1956 33 25 0 0 0 0 33 25 1956/1957 30 17 0 0 0 0 30 17 1957/1958 21 11 0 0 0 0 21 11 1958/1959 27 18 0 0 0 0 27 18 1959/1960 25 15 0 0 0 0 25 15 Enschedese Boys 1960/1961 27 13 0 0 4 3 31 16 1961/1962 33 20 0 0 1 2 34 22 1962/1963 23 7 0 0 1 1 24 8 Total 578 559 80 71 12 18 680 648 International Scores and results list Netherlands's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lenstra goal. List of international goals scored by Abe Lenstra No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref. 1 31 March 1940 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Luxembourg 1–0 4–5 Friendly 2 21 September 1947 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands   Switzerland 1–0 6–2 Friendly 3 14 March 1948 Bosuilstadion, Antwerp, Belgium  Belgium 1–0 1–1 Friendly 4 18 April 1948 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Belgium 2–2 2–2 Friendly 5 13 March 1949 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Belgium — 3–3 Friendly 6 12 June 1949 Københavns Idrætspark, Copenhagen, Denmark  Denmark 1–0 2–1 Friendly 7 11 June 1950 Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, Finland  Finland 1–3 1–4 Friendly 8 15 April 1951 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Belgium 4–3 5–4 Friendly 9 5–3 10 6 June 1951 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Norway 2–2 2–3 Friendly 11 27 October 1951 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Finland 1–0 4–4 Friendly 12 25 November 1951 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Belgium 1–2 6–7 Friendly 13 3–3 14 4–4 15 21 September 1952 Københavns Idrætspark, Copenhagen, Denmark  Denmark 2–0 2–3 Friendly 16 19 October 1952 Bosuilstadion, Antwerp, Belgium  Belgium — 1–2 Friendly 17 7 March 1953 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Denmark 1–2 1–2 Friendly 18 22 March 1953 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands   Switzerland 1–1 1–2 Friendly 19 13 March 1955 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Denmark 1–1 1–1 Friendly 20 14 March 1956 Rheinstadion, Düsseldorf, Germany  West Germany 1–0 2–1 Friendly 21 2–0 22 6 June 1956 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Saar 2–0 3–2 Friendly 23 15 September 1956 Stade Olympique de la Pontaise, Lausanne, Switzerland   Switzerland 1–0 3–2 Friendly 24 11 September 1957 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Luxembourg 1–1 5–2 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification 25 3–1 26 25 September 1957 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Austria 1–1 1–1 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification 27 13 April 1958 Bosuilstadion, Antwerp, Belgium  Belgium 1–0 7–2 Friendly 28 4–0 29 23 April 1948 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Netherlands Antilles 4–0 8–1 Friendly 30 8–0 31 15 October 1958 De Kuip, Rotterdam, Netherlands  Denmark 4–0 5–1 Friendly 32 5–1 33 19 April 1959 Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands  Belgium 1–2 2–2 Friendly Legacy Today, his name has been closely associated with sc Heerenveen and its stadium: The Abe Lenstra Stadion has been named in his honour as a lasting memorial. Honours Heerenveen Northern First Division: 1941–42, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51 Netherlands Football League Championship Runner-up: 1946–47, 1947–48 SC Enschede Eredivisie Runner-up: 1957–58 Individual Netherlands national team all-time top scorer: 1958–1959 Dutch Sportsman of the Year: 1951, 1952 Netherlands Football League Championship top scorer: 1946–47, 1947–48 External links Abe Lenstra at sc Heerenveen official website (in Dutch) See also List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals References Yme Kuiper, 'Abe Lenstra (1920–1985). Van Us Abe tot nationaal idool,' in: Fryslân, Nieuwsblad voor geschiedenis en cultuur, jg. 6 (2000), nr. 2, pp. 50–53. Online site ^ "Prolific Scorers Data - Abe Lenstra - Additional Data". ^ "Abe Lenstra". Olympedia. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ^ "Abe Lenstra - Goals in International Matches". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. ^ "Delpher » Kranten, Boeken & Tijdschriften". www.delpher.nl. ^ {https://www.goldengoals.nl/berichten/911840_abe-lenstra-cijfers-per-seizoen ^ "Voetbalarchieven | Statistieken Nederlandse voetbalgeschiedenis". Voetbalarchieven. ^ "Netherlands v Luxembourg, 31 March 1940". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Switzerland, 21 September 1947". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Belgium v Netherlands, 14 March 1948". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Belgium, 18 April 1948". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Belgium, 13 March 1949". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Denmark v Netherlands, 12 June 1949". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Finland v Netherlands, 11 June 1950". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Belgium, 15 April 1951". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Norway, 06 June 1951". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Finland, 27 October 1951". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Belgium, 25 November 1951". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Denmark v Netherlands, 21 September 1952". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Belgium v Netherlands, 19 October 1952". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Denmark, 07 March 1953". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Switzerland, 22 March 1953". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Denmark, 13 March 1955". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "West Germany v Netherlands, 14 March 1956". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Saar, 06 June 1956". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Switzerland v Netherlands, 15 September 1956". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Luxembourg v Netherlands, 11 September 1957". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Austria, 25 September 1957". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "FRIENDLIES 1958 - Europe". football database. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Netherlands Antilles, 23 April 1958". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Denmark, 15 October 1958". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Netherlands v Belgium, 19 April 1959". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024. ^ "Abe Lenstra - Goals in International Matches". Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014. Awards Preceded byNone Dutch Sporter of the Year 1951 to 1952 Succeeded byArie van Vliet vteNetherlands football squad – 1948 Summer Olympics GK Kraak GK Landman DF Van Bun DF Everse DF Schijvenaar MF Biesbrouck MF Krijgh MF Schaap MF Stoffelen MF Terlouw MF De Vroet (c) FW Appel FW Clavan FW Dräger FW Lenstra FW Rijvers FW Roosenburg FW Van der Tuijn FW Wilkes Coach: Carver vteSC Heerenveen – managers No official trainer (1920–30) Van Zuylen (1930–32) Castle (1932) Pinter (1932–33) Steenbergen (1934) Eikenaar (1934–36) Castle (1936–38) Smit (1938–39) Dalhuysen (1939–45) Bonsema (1945) Lenstra (1946–47) Van der Munnik (1947–51) Kelly (1951–55) Ris (1955–58) Plooijer (1958–61) De Vroet (1961–63) Mur (1963–65) Zalai (1965–66) Groenewoud (1966–67) E. Teunissen (1967–69) Paauwe (1969–71) De Jongh (1971–73) Zalai (1973–77) J. Teunissen (1977–80) Kerkstra (a.i.) (1980) Van Brussel (1980–85) De Haan (1985–88) Immers (1988–89) Gritter (1989–90) Korbach (1990–92) De Haan (1992–2004) Verbeek (2004–08) Sollied (2008–09) De Jonge (2009–10) Everse (2010) Jans (2010–12) Van Basten (2012–14) Lodeweges (2014–15) De Haan (2015–16) Streppel (2016–18) Olde Riekerink (2018–19) Jansen (2019–22) Tobiasen (2022) van Wonderen (2022–) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Netherlands

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However, it was with VV Heerenveen (the previous name of current day sc Heerenveen) where he first was selected for the Dutch national team. When in 1954 professional football was introduced in the Netherlands the already 34-year-old Abe Lenstra moved from VV Heerenveen to the bigger SC Enschede. It was in Enschede where he missed his best chance of ever winning the Dutch title: in 1958 SC Enschede lost the first and last Eredivisie final ever after 180 minutes from DOS Utrecht. In 1960, he made the move to the rivals Enschedese Boys, where he ended his professional career in 1963.With the national team, for which he played a total of 47 caps scoring 33 goals,[3] he struck a partnership with other internationals such as Faas Wilkes and Kees Rijvers. He was known to stand by his principles and objected to play for the national squad if he was not selected for the position he favoured.It was Lenstra who put the name of sc Heerenveen on the footballing map, where the club was also fondly referred to as 'Abeveen'. In 1977, long after he retired from football, he was diagnosed with having a brain haemorrhage and spent the remainder of his life using a wheelchair. He died in 1985, just a few days before the first ever international match in the stadium that a year later would bear his name.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Netherlands's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lenstra goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abe Lenstra Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Lenstra_Stadion"}],"text":"Today, his name has been closely associated with sc Heerenveen and its stadium: The Abe Lenstra Stadion has been named in his honour as a lasting memorial.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordelijk_kampioenschap_voetbal"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Netherlands national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1958–1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team_records#Most_goals_scored"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dutch Sportsman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sportsman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sportsman_of_the_Year#Sportsperson_of_the_Year_(1951%E2%80%931958)"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sportsman_of_the_Year#Sportsperson_of_the_Year_(1951%E2%80%931958)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"}],"text":"HeerenveenNorthern First Division: 1941–42, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1950–51\nNetherlands Football League Championship Runner-up: 1946–47, 1947–48SC EnschedeEredivisie Runner-up: 1957–58IndividualNetherlands national team all-time top scorer: 1958–1959[32]\nDutch Sportsman of the Year: 1951, 1952\nNetherlands Football League Championship top scorer: 1946–47, 1947–48","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_footballers_with_500_or_more_goals"}]

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Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/belgium-v-netherlands-19-october-1952-226123/","url_text":"\"Belgium v Netherlands, 19 October 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands v Denmark, 07 March 1953\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/netherlands-v-denmark-07-march-1953-226179/","url_text":"\"Netherlands v Denmark, 07 March 1953\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands v Switzerland, 22 March 1953\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/netherlands-v-switzerland-22-march-1953-226190/","url_text":"\"Netherlands v Switzerland, 22 March 1953\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands v Denmark, 13 March 1955\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/netherlands-v-denmark-13-march-1955-226480/","url_text":"\"Netherlands v Denmark, 13 March 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Germany v Netherlands, 14 March 1956\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/west-germany-v-netherlands-14-march-1956-226659/","url_text":"\"West Germany v Netherlands, 14 March 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands v Saar, 06 June 1956\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/netherlands-v-saar-06-june-1956-226708/","url_text":"\"Netherlands v Saar, 06 June 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switzerland v Netherlands, 15 September 1956\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/switzerland-v-netherlands-15-september-1956-226754/","url_text":"\"Switzerland v Netherlands, 15 September 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxembourg v Netherlands, 11 September 1957\". 11v11. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/matches/luxembourg-v-netherlands-11-september-1957-226969/","url_text":"\"Luxembourg v Netherlands, 11 September 1957\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netherlands v Austria, 25 September 1957\". 11v11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chocolate_War

The Chocolate War

["1 Plot","2 Critical reception","3 Reception","3.1 Awards","3.2 Challenges","4 Film adaptation","5 References","6 External links"]

For the film adaptation, see The Chocolate War (film). The Chocolate War First editionAuthorRobert CormierLanguageEnglishGenreYoung-adult novelPublisherPantheon BooksPublication date1974Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages272 ppISBN0-394-82805-4OCLC722968LC ClassPZ7.C81634 ChFollowed byBeyond the Chocolate War 1974 young adult novel by Robert Cormier The Chocolate War is a 1974 young adult novel by American writer Robert Cormier. It was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time. Set at a fictional Catholic high school, the story depicts a secret student organization's manipulation of the student body, which descends into cruel and ugly mob mentality against a lone, non-conforming student. Because of the novel's language, the concept of a high school secret society using intimidation to enforce the cultural norms of the school and various characters' sexual ponderings, it has been embroiled in censorship controversies and appeared as third on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books in 2000–2009. A sequel was published in 1985 called Beyond the Chocolate War. Plot Jerry is a freshman attending an all-boys Catholic high school called Trinity while coping with depressive feelings and existential questions that stem largely from his mother's recent death and his father's enduring grief. Jerry quickly is recruited onto Trinity's football team, where he meets Roland "The Goober" Goubert, a fellow freshman and instant friend. Vice-principal Brother Leon has recently become acting headmaster and overextends his rising ambition by committing Trinity to selling double the previous year's amount of chocolates during an annual fundraising event, quietly enlisting the support of Archie Costello, the genesis and leader behind The Vigils: the school's cruelly manipulative secret society of student pranksters. Archie arrogantly plans to alternate between betraying and supporting Leon in a frenzied series of power plays. His first "assignment" is to incite Jerry to refuse to sell any chocolate for 10 days. However, Jerry, inspired after reading a quotation inside his locker: "Do I dare disturb the universe?" from T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," feels strangely determined to sell nothing even after the ten days have passed, thus estranging himself from both Leon and The Vigils. At first, Jerry's refusal to cooperate with the corrupt school culture and fundraiser is seen by many classmates as heroic, but the gesture threatens Brother Leon and The Vigils' ability to coerce the student population. Leon presses Archie to put The Vigils' full force behind the chocolate sales, so they set up Jerry as an enemy for the rest of the student body to harass through bullying, prank calls, and vandalism. Only The Goober remains Jerry's friend but does little to protect him. Ultimately, Archie enlists the school bully Emile Janza to beat up Jerry just outside the school, but, even in the aftermath, Jerry maintains his defiant nonconformity. Finally, Archie concocts a showdown: a boxing match at night between Jerry and Emile. On the football field, the match is watched by all students, who can select which blows will be laid during the fight through a randomized lottery system; however, the fight ends when a teacher shuts down the electrical power on the field, and Jerry is brutally injured in the ensuing darkness. Half-conscious, he tells The Goober that there was no way to win and he should have just complied, conceding that it is best, after all, not to "disturb the universe." Though Archie is apprehended as the mastermind of the fight, Brother Leon intervenes on his behalf and privately praises his efforts in the unprecedented success of the chocolate sales. Leon implies that next year, if he is officially made the new headmaster, he will work to preserve Archie's power. Critical reception The book was well-received by critics. Theodore Weesner wrote in The New York Times "The Chocolate War is masterfully structured and rich in theme; the action is well crafted, well timed, suspenseful; complex ideas develop and unfold with clarity." Children's Book Review Service wrote "Robert Cormier has written a brilliant novel." Cormier explained in an interview that he was "interested in creating real people, dramatic situations that will keep the reader turning pages." He went on to say that although some adults dislike the book because of the topics discussed, "the kids can absorb my kind of book because they know this kind of thing happens in life." The New York Times Book Review declared "Mr. Cormier is almost unique in his powerful integration of the personal, political and moral" and The Australian wrote that young readers "recognised his vision as authentic and admired his willingness to tell things as they are". However, the book has been banned from many schools and it was one of the more challenged books of 2006, for its sexual content, strong language, and violence. Reviewers compared the book to A Separate Peace and Lord of the Flies. Reception Awards The Chocolate War has received the following accolades: 1974 School Library Journal Best Books of the Year 1974 ALA Best Books for Young Adults 1974 New York Times Notable Books of the Year 1979 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award 1991 Margaret A. Edwards Award Challenges According to the American Library Association, The Chocolate War has frequently been banned and challenged in the United States over concerns about the book's sexual content, offensive language, religious viewpoint and violence. The book landed on the list of the top ten most banned and challenged books in 2001 (3), 2002 (3), 2004 (1), 2005 (4), 2006 (10), 2007 (2), and 2009 (10). as well as the top 100 books from 2000 to 2009 (3). When the book reached the number one spot in 2004, it marked the first time in five years in which the Harry Potter series did not top the list. Film adaptation Main article: The Chocolate War (film) The Chocolate War inspired the 1988 film of the same name, directed by Keith Gordon. It starred John Glover, Wallace Langham, Ilan Mitchell-Smith, Jenny Wright, Adam Baldwin, and Corey Gunnestad. References ^ The Best Young Adult Novels of All Time, or The Chocolate War One More Time Ted Hipple and Jennifer L. Claiborne, English Journal, high school edition, January 2005 ^ "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". Banned & Challenged Books. American Library Association. Retrieved April 10, 2017. ^ Weesner, Theodore (May 5, 1974). "Ghildren's Books Spring 1974". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ a b Rosenberg, Merri (May 5, 1985). "Children's Books; Teen-Agers Face Evil". New York Times Book Review. p. 36. Retrieved March 9, 2011. ^ Rochman, Hazel (May 5, 1985). "No Headline". New York Times Book Review. p. 37. Retrieved March 9, 2011. ^ "Provocateur of Young Minds – Time & Tide". The Australian. December 6, 2000. Retrieved March 12, 2011. ^ "The Most-Challenged Books of 2006". The Kansas City Star, The (MO). October 4, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2011. ^ a b "The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier". LibraryThing.com. Retrieved January 21, 2018. ^ "The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier". Penguin Random House. ^ a b "The Chocolate War (Chocolate War, #1)". Goodreads. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ a b ""The Chocolate War" tops 2004 most challenged book list". American Library Association. July 28, 2006. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ Office of Intellectual Freedom (March 26, 2013). "Top 10 Most Challenged Books Lists". American Library Association. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ Office of Intellectual Freedom (March 26, 2013). "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Association. Retrieved June 18, 2021. External links "The Chocolate War" on Google Books Robert Cormier's website vteNovels by Robert Cormier Now and At the Hour (1960) A Little Raw on Monday Mornings (1963) Take Me Where the Good Times Are (1965) The Chocolate War (1974) I Am the Cheese (1977) After the First Death (1979) The Bumblebee Flies Anyway (1983) Beyond the Chocolate War (1985) Fade (1988) Other Bells for Us to Ring (1990) We All Fall Down (1991) Tunes for Bears to Dance To (1992) In the Middle of the Night (1995) Tenderness (1998) Heroes (1998) The Rag and Bone Shop (2001)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chocolate War (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chocolate_War_(film)"},{"link_name":"young adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_adult_literature"},{"link_name":"Robert Cormier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cormier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"Challenged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Chocolate War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Chocolate_War"}],"text":"For the film adaptation, see The Chocolate War (film).1974 young adult novel by Robert CormierThe Chocolate War is a 1974 young adult novel by American writer Robert Cormier. It was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time.[1] Set at a fictional Catholic high school, the story depicts a secret student organization's manipulation of the student body, which descends into cruel and ugly mob mentality against a lone, non-conforming student. Because of the novel's language, the concept of a high school secret society using intimidation to enforce the cultural norms of the school and various characters' sexual ponderings, it has been embroiled in censorship controversies and appeared as third on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books in 2000–2009.[2] A sequel was published in 1985 called Beyond the Chocolate War.","title":"The Chocolate War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"power plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_play_(sporting_term)"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock"}],"text":"Jerry is a freshman attending an all-boys Catholic high school called Trinity while coping with depressive feelings and existential questions that stem largely from his mother's recent death and his father's enduring grief. Jerry quickly is recruited onto Trinity's football team, where he meets Roland \"The Goober\" Goubert, a fellow freshman and instant friend.Vice-principal Brother Leon has recently become acting headmaster and overextends his rising ambition by committing Trinity to selling double the previous year's amount of chocolates during an annual fundraising event, quietly enlisting the support of Archie Costello, the genesis and leader behind The Vigils: the school's cruelly manipulative secret society of student pranksters.Archie arrogantly plans to alternate between betraying and supporting Leon in a frenzied series of power plays. His first \"assignment\" is to incite Jerry to refuse to sell any chocolate for 10 days. However, Jerry, inspired after reading a quotation inside his locker: \"Do I dare disturb the universe?\" from T. S. Eliot's \"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,\" feels strangely determined to sell nothing even after the ten days have passed, thus estranging himself from both Leon and The Vigils.At first, Jerry's refusal to cooperate with the corrupt school culture and fundraiser is seen by many classmates as heroic, but the gesture threatens Brother Leon and The Vigils' ability to coerce the student population. Leon presses Archie to put The Vigils' full force behind the chocolate sales, so they set up Jerry as an enemy for the rest of the student body to harass through bullying, prank calls, and vandalism. Only The Goober remains Jerry's friend but does little to protect him. Ultimately, Archie enlists the school bully Emile Janza to beat up Jerry just outside the school, but, even in the aftermath, Jerry maintains his defiant nonconformity.Finally, Archie concocts a showdown: a boxing match at night between Jerry and Emile. On the football field, the match is watched by all students, who can select which blows will be laid during the fight through a randomized lottery system; however, the fight ends when a teacher shuts down the electrical power on the field, and Jerry is brutally injured in the ensuing darkness. Half-conscious, he tells The Goober that there was no way to win and he should have just complied, conceding that it is best, after all, not to \"disturb the universe.\" Though Archie is apprehended as the mastermind of the fight, Brother Leon intervenes on his behalf and privately praises his efforts in the unprecedented success of the chocolate sales. Leon implies that next year, if he is officially made the new headmaster, he will work to preserve Archie's power.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore Weesner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Weesner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenberg-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenberg-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"A Separate Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Separate_Peace"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The book was well-received by critics. Theodore Weesner wrote in The New York Times \"The Chocolate War is masterfully structured and rich in theme; the action is well crafted, well timed, suspenseful; complex ideas develop and unfold with clarity.\"[3]Children's Book Review Service wrote \"Robert Cormier has written a brilliant novel.\"Cormier explained in an interview that he was \"interested in creating real people, dramatic situations that will keep the reader turning pages.\"[4] He went on to say that although some adults dislike the book because of the topics discussed, \"the kids can absorb my kind of book because they know this kind of thing happens in life.\"[4]The New York Times Book Review declared \"Mr. Cormier is almost unique in his powerful integration of the personal, political and moral\"[5] and The Australian wrote that young readers \"recognised his vision as authentic and admired his willingness to tell things as they are\".[6] However, the book has been banned from many schools and it was one of the more challenged books of 2006, for its sexual content, strong language, and violence.[7]Reviewers compared the book to A Separate Peace and Lord of the Flies. [citation needed]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"ALA Best Books for Young Adults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA_Best_Fiction_for_Young_Adults"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"New York Times Notable Books of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The Chocolate War has received the following accolades:1974 School Library Journal Best Books of the Year[8]\n1974 ALA Best Books for Young Adults[8]\n1974 New York Times Notable Books of the Year[9]\n1979 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award[10]\n1991 Margaret A. Edwards Award[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Challenges","text":"According to the American Library Association, The Chocolate War has frequently been banned and challenged in the United States over concerns about the book's sexual content, offensive language, religious viewpoint and violence.[11] The book landed on the list of the top ten most banned and challenged books in 2001 (3), 2002 (3), 2004 (1), 2005 (4), 2006 (10), 2007 (2), and 2009 (10).[12] as well as the top 100 books from 2000 to 2009 (3).[13] When the book reached the number one spot in 2004, it marked the first time in five years in which the Harry Potter series did not top the list.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988 film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chocolate_War_(film)"},{"link_name":"Keith Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gordon"},{"link_name":"John Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glover_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wallace Langham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Langham"},{"link_name":"Ilan Mitchell-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Mitchell-Smith"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wright"},{"link_name":"Adam Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Baldwin"}],"text":"The Chocolate War inspired the 1988 film of the same name, directed by Keith Gordon. It starred John Glover, Wallace Langham, Ilan Mitchell-Smith, Jenny Wright, Adam Baldwin, and Corey Gunnestad.","title":"Film adaptation"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshikaze

Yoshikaze Masatsugu

["1 Early life and sumo background","2 Career","3 Retirement from sumo","4 Fighting style","5 Family","6 Career record","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Yoshikaze Masatsugu嘉風 雅継Personal informationBornMasatsugu Ōnishi (1982-03-19) March 19, 1982 (age 42)Oita, JapanHeight1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Weight148 kg (326 lb; 23.3 st)CareerStableOgurumaUniversityNippon Sport Science UniversityRecord649–642–30DebutJanuary 2004Highest rankSekiwake (Jan 2016)RetiredSeptember 2019Elder nameNakamuraChampionships1 (Sandanme)1 (Jonokuchi)Special PrizesFighting Spirit (4)Outstanding Performance (2)Technique (4)Gold Stars8Kakuryū (3)Hakuhō (2)Harumafuji (2)Kisenosato (1)* Up to date as of September 12, 2019. In this Japanese name, the surname is Ōnishi. Yoshikaze Masatsugu (born March 19, 1982, as Masatsugu Ōnishi) is a former sumo wrestler from Saiki, Oita Prefecture, Japan. His highest rank was sekiwake. A former amateur sumo champion, he turned professional in 2004, reaching the top division two years later. Until his promotion to komusubi in May 2014 he had the active record for the longest serving makuuchi wrestler who had never reached a titled rank. His best performance in a tournament came in July 2015 when he was the runner-up and scored twelve wins against three losses. In the following tournament in September 2015 he defeated two yokozuna and won special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Technique. Yoshikaze is in second place for the slowest promotion from makuuchi debut to the third highest sekiwake rank in history, behind only his stablemate Takekaze. He won ten special prizes in total, and eight gold stars for defeating yokozuna. He retired in September 2019 and is now an elder of the Japan Sumo Association, known as Nakamura Oyakata. Early life and sumo background He was an amateur sumo champion at Nippon Sport Science University, and won the college equivalent of the yokozuna title in his third year. Because he wanted to wait until after his graduation from university before joining professional sumo, he missed out on the chance to enter at the level of the third makushita division. He joined Oguruma stable and made his debut at maezumo level in January 2004, the first former amateur yokozuna to do so. Career At the start of his career he was considerably older and more experienced than most of the competition there and quickly worked his way up the ranks, winning two tournament titles in the jonokuchi and sandanme divisions with perfect 7–0 records. He initially competed under his own surname of Ōnishi, but upon reaching the second highest jūryō division in July 2005 he changed his shikona to Yoshikaze. The Yoshi character came from his grandfather, Yoshio, who had died the previous year, and the kaze character was from his stablemaster and used by many of his stablemates. He was promoted to the top makuuchi division in January 2006. It took him only 12 tournaments to make the top division from his professional debut, equal to the second fastest rise ever since the six tournaments per year system was introduced in 1958. However, until January 2009 he did not manage to rise above the mid maegashira ranks and twice fell back to the second division. In the November 2007 tournament he defeated fan favourite Takamisakari with the rare but spectacular technique of utchari, or spin throw from the edge of the ring. However he was able to win only three other bouts in that tournament and fell to the bottom of the division. An 8–7 record in January 2008 kept him in makuuchi. Yoshikaze in May 2009. One of his best performance in the top division came in November 2008 when he won 11 bouts and was awarded his first sanshō or special prize, for Fighting Spirit. He was promoted to a new high of maegashira 2 for the January 2009 tournament. Although he was not able to come through with a winning record his score of 6–9 was creditable, and he scored a memorable win over new ōzeki Harumafuji on the opening day of the tournament. However, he gradually slipped back down the rankings with three more losing scores in the next three tournaments. The November 2009 tournament was one of his most successful, as he won nine of his first ten bouts before slowing down somewhat to finish on 10–5. In September 2010 he won his second Fighting Spirit prize, which was shared with his stablemate Takekaze, after producing a fine 11–4 score, having been 7–0. He followed up with a solid 8–7 record in November, which saw him return to maegashira 2 in January 2011, and he reached maegashira 1 that July. In March 2014 Yoshikaze scored 10–5 from maegashira 4. This not only saw him win his third Fighting Spirit Prize, but also guaranteed him promotion to the san'yaku ranks for the first time, as all the maegashira above him on the banzuke had losing scores. His promotion to komusubi in the May 2014 tournament ended his record as the active wrestler with the longest career in makuuchi without ever making a san'yaku appearance (47 tournaments). He managed a 6–9 at this rank, and though this would lead to a demotion, it is considered relatively strong showing for a wrestler debuting at this challenging rank. In the following July tournament in Nagoya, he defeated yokozuna Harumafuji for the second tournament in a row, this time earning his first kinboshi as he was back in the maegashira ranks. He added a second kinboshi in September by beating Kakuryū but ended the tournament with a losing record and withdrew from the November tournament after winning only four of his first twelve matches. In early 2015 Yoshikaze dropped to maegashira 14 after losing records in five of the last six tournaments. He recovered in May however, with a 10–5 result and then produced a career-best makuuchi score at Nagoya in July, finishing with 12–3 and earning a fourth Fighting Spirit prize. His excellent form continued in September 2015 when his eleven wins from maegashira 1 included victories over both competing yokozuna, Hakuhō and Kakūryū. He was additionally awarded the special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Technique. Yoshikaze returned to the rank of komusubi for the November 2015 tournament and defeated Kakūryū for the second time in a row on the opening day. He went on to post wins over both sekiwake and the ōzeki Gōeidō to end the tournament with an 8–7 record. He was awarded the special prize for Technique for the second consecutive tournament. His efforts saw him promoted to the rank of sekiwake for the first time, 59 tournaments after his top division debut. This is the second slowest in history, behind only fellow Oguruma stable member Takekaze, who took 68 tournaments to reach sekiwake. Yoshikaze achieved a majority of wins in his debut at sekiwake, but lost the rank after the following tournament where he could only score 4–11. He earned his fifth career gold star in the July 2016 tournament by defeating Harumafuji for the eighth time in thirteen meetings. Despite suffering from facial injuries he ended the tournament with a 10–5 record and was awarded the special prize for Outstanding Performance. In the March 2017 tournament he earned his sixth kinboshi by defeating Kakuryū on Day 10. Returning to the sanyaku ranks at komusubi in May 2017, he defeated two yokozuna, Kisenosato and Kakuryū, in the first four days, and received his third Technique Prize at the end of the tournament. He produced another good performance in July 2017, beating Harumafuji on the opening day and ending with a 9–6 record: he was in consideration for another Technique prize before losing to the in-form Aoiyama on the final day. This returned him to sekiwake rank for the first time since March 2016. He became the fifth oldest wrestler post World War II to earn promotion to sekiwake at 35 years, 5 months. He was demoted from sekiwake after the November 2017 tournament, but back in the maegashira ranks in January 2018 he defeated two yokozuna on consecutive days – Hakuhō on Day 4 and Kisenosato on Day 5. After having surgery on a knee injury in June 2019, he announced that he would miss the July 2019 tournament, resulting in a fall to jūryō for the first time since 2007. Retirement from sumo In February 2013 Yoshikaze acquired the Nakamura toshiyori kabu or elder stock from the former Fujizakura, indicating that he intended to stay in sumo as a coach upon his retirement. On the fifth day of the September 2019 tournament, with his continuing absence making demotion to the makushita division certain, he submitted his retirement papers to the Japan Sumo Association. It was reported in October 2019 that his career-ending knee injury was caused by a canyoning accident in his native Saiki, and that as he was unable to reach an amicable settlement with his hometown, he was suing Saiki for damages as he regarded the canyoning as a PR event for the town. In January 2022 it was announced that due to the imminent closure of Oguruma stable he would be transferring to the Nishonoseki stable. Yoshikaze's danpatsu-shiki, or official retirement ceremony, was held on 5 February 2022. Around 250 people took part in the hair-cutting ceremony, including fellow Nippon Sport Science University graduates Hokutofuji and Myōgiryū, Ikazuchi oyakata (the former Kakizoe, also from Ōita Prefecture), Nishonoseki oyakata (former yokozuna Kisenosato) and Oshiogawa oyakata (former stablemate Takekaze). After the May 2024 tournament, the Sumo Association granted the request of Yoshikaze to branch off from Nishonoseki stable for the purposes of creating his own stable. Wrestlers transferring to the new Nakamura stable included then-maegashira Tomokaze as well as Kayō , who had just been promoted to the second-highest jūryō division. Fighting style Yoshikaze's favourite techniques are listed at the Sumo Association as tsuki/oshi, meaning he preferred pushing and thrusting moves as opposed to fighting on the opponent's mawashi or belt. His most common winning techniques were oshidashi, the push out, and yorikiri, the force out. Family Yoshikaze was married in December 2008, and the wedding ceremony was held in October 2009. He has two children, a daughter and a son. It was reported in November 2020 that he had separated from his wife, which at the time could have impacted his ability to eventually run his own stable. In March 2021 his ex-wife was arrested on charges of physical abuse of their daughter. Career record Yoshikaze Masatsugu Year JanuaryHatsu basho, Tokyo MarchHaru basho, Osaka MayNatsu basho, Tokyo JulyNagoya basho, Nagoya SeptemberAki basho, Tokyo NovemberKyūshū basho, Fukuoka 2004 (Maezumo) West Jonokuchi #277–0Champion  East Jonidan #236–1  West Sandanme #606–1  East Sandanme #67–0–PChampion  West Makushita #113–4  2005 West Makushita #166–1  West Makushita #54–3  East Makushita #35–2  West Jūryō #1310–4–1  West Jūryō #78–7  West Jūryō #510–5  2006 West Maegashira #135–10  West Maegashira #168–7  West Maegashira #149–6  East Maegashira #96–9  East Maegashira #125–10  East Jūryō #18–7  2007 West Maegashira #138–7  West Maegashira #125–10  East Jūryō #18–7  East Maegashira #136–9  West Maegashira #1510–5  West Maegashira #104–11  2008 West Maegashira #158–7  West Maegashira #126–9  West Maegashira #147–8  East Maegashira #158–7  East Maegashira #117–8  East Maegashira #1211–4F 2009 West Maegashira #26–9  West Maegashira #47–8  West Maegashira #54–11  West Maegashira #126–9  East Maegashira #159–6  East Maegashira #910–5  2010 East Maegashira #56–9  West Maegashira #95–10  East Maegashira #139–6  West Maegashira #85–10  West Maegashira #1111–4F East Maegashira #58–7  2011 West Maegashira #24–11  Tournament Cancelled0–0–0 West Maegashira #79–6  West Maegashira #17–8  West Maegashira #26–9  West Maegashira #57–8  2012 East Maegashira #69–6  West Maegashira #23–10–2  West Maegashira #98–7  East Maegashira #87–8  East Maegashira #107–8  West Maegashira #108–7  2013 East Maegashira #87–8  West Maegashira #99–6  East Maegashira #67–8  West Maegashira #77–8  West Maegashira #86–5–4  East Maegashira #138–7  2014 West Maegashira #1110–5  East Maegashira #410–5F East Komusubi #16–9  West Maegashira #27–8★ West Maegashira #37–8★ West Maegashira #44–8–3  2015 West Maegashira #118–7  East Maegashira #95–10  East Maegashira #1410–5  East Maegashira #812–3F West Maegashira #111–4OT★★ West Komusubi8–7T 2016 West Sekiwake #18–7  East Sekiwake #14–11  East Maegashira #47–8  West Maegashira #510–5O★ West Maegashira #17–8  West Maegashira #26–9  2017 West Maegashira #58–7  East Maegashira #48–7★ West Komusubi #18–7T East Komusubi #19–6  West Sekiwake #18–7T West Sekiwake #16–9  2018 East Maegashira #24–11★★ West Maegashira #77–8  East Maegashira #88–7  West Maegashira #52–13  West Maegashira #1511–4  West Maegashira #47–8  2019 West Maegashira #53–12  West Maegashira #1210–5  West Maegashira #64–11  East Maegashira #11Sat out due to injury0–0–15 West Jūryō #7Retired0–0–5 x Record given as wins–losses–absencies    Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation Sanshō key: F=Fighting spirit; O=Outstanding performance; T=Technique     Also shown: ★=Kinboshi; P=Playoff(s) Divisions: Makuuchi — Jūryō — Makushita — Sandanme — Jonidan — Jonokuchi Makuuchi ranks: Yokozuna — Ōzeki — Sekiwake — Komusubi — Maegashira See also List of sumo tournament top division runners-up Glossary of sumo terms List of past sumo wrestlers List of sekiwake References ^ Jonosuke (25 May 2005). "New Juryo for July, Oonishi gets a new shikona". Sumo Forum. Retrieved 8 November 2017. ^ "2008 May Grand Sumo Tournament Banzuke Topics". Japan Sumo Association. April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-28. ^ "Harumafuji crashes to defeat at Nagoya basho". Japan Times. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014. ^ staff (27 September 2015). "Kakuryu bounces back to grab elusive 2nd title". The Japan News by Yomiuri Shimbun. ^ "Hakuho victorious on opening day". Japan Times. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ "Harumafuji wins Kyushu title despite final-day defeat". Japan Today. 22 November 2015. ^ "2016 January Grand Sumo Tournament Banzuke Topics" (PDF). Japan Sumo Association. December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015. ^ "Yoshikaze bouts by opponent". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 19 July 2016. ^ "Harumafuji captures title at Nagoya Basho". Japan Times. July 24, 2016. ^ "Kisenosato, Takayasu remain perfect in Osaka". Japan Today. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017. ^ "Kisenosato falls to 2–2 with loss to maegashira Endo at Summer Basho". Japan Times. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017. ^ "2017 September Grand Sumo Tournament Banzuke Topics". Japan Sumo Association. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ "SUMO/ Injured Hakuho sits out January tournament from 5th day". Asahi Shimbun. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ "SUMO/ Kisenosato pulls out of Tokyo basho, has back to wall". Asahi Shimbun. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ "Absent Rikishi Information". Japan Sumo Association. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019. ^ Gunning, John (13 June 2018). "Byzantine rules govern sumo's name shares". Japan Times. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ "嘉風引退「土俵で散れなかった」尾車親方が無念代弁" (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. ^ "元嘉風の引退、キャニオニング原因…市長明かす". Yomiuri (in Japanese). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019. ^ "元関脇・嘉風、出身の佐伯市を提訴「PRのけがで引退」". Asahi (in Japanese). 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "被告の佐伯市は争う姿勢「渓流下りは嘉風関の強い要請」". Asahi. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "元関脇嘉風の中村親方が二所ノ関部屋に移籍 初場所後尾車部屋閉鎖に伴い". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022. ^ 中村雅継/元 嘉風 "Yoshikaze 319" (19 October 2021). "嘉風引退中村襲名披露大相撲 令和４年２月５日（土）". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "大相撲 元関脇の嘉風が断髪式「生まれ変わっても力士に」" (in Japanese). 5 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "元嘉風の中村親方、二所ノ関部屋から独立し新部屋創設　友風や嘉陽らが転籍　大の里は転籍せず" (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "4億円訴訟の元嘉風が将来のおかみさんと別居＆離婚調停中". New Post Seven (in Japanese). 6 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "元関脇 嘉風 中村親方の妻を逮捕 小5の長女への暴行の疑い". NHK (in Japanese). 22 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "Yoshikaze Masatsugu Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 2012-09-23. External links Yoshikaze Masatsugu's official biography (English) at the Grand Sumo Homepage

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"},{"link_name":"Saiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiki,_Oita"},{"link_name":"Oita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"sekiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekiwake"},{"link_name":"komusubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komusubi"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"titled rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27yaku"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna"},{"link_name":"special prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansho_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"Takekaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takekaze"},{"link_name":"special prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansho_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"gold stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinboshi"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna"},{"link_name":"elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyori"},{"link_name":"Japan Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Ōnishi.Yoshikaze Masatsugu (born March 19, 1982, as Masatsugu Ōnishi) is a former sumo wrestler from Saiki, Oita Prefecture, Japan. His highest rank was sekiwake. A former amateur sumo champion, he turned professional in 2004, reaching the top division two years later. Until his promotion to komusubi in May 2014 he had the active record for the longest serving makuuchi wrestler who had never reached a titled rank. His best performance in a tournament came in July 2015 when he was the runner-up and scored twelve wins against three losses. In the following tournament in September 2015 he defeated two yokozuna and won special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Technique. Yoshikaze is in second place for the slowest promotion from makuuchi debut to the third highest sekiwake rank in history, behind only his stablemate Takekaze. He won ten special prizes in total, and eight gold stars for defeating yokozuna. He retired in September 2019 and is now an elder of the Japan Sumo Association, known as Nakamura Oyakata.","title":"Yoshikaze Masatsugu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nippon Sport Science University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sport_Science_University"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"makushita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makushita"},{"link_name":"Oguruma stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oguruma_stable"}],"text":"He was an amateur sumo champion at Nippon Sport Science University, and won the college equivalent of the yokozuna title in his third year. Because he wanted to wait until after his graduation from university before joining professional sumo, he missed out on the chance to enter at the level of the third makushita division. He joined Oguruma stable and made his debut at maezumo level in January 2004, the first former amateur yokozuna to do so.","title":"Early life and sumo background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jonokuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonokuchi"},{"link_name":"sandanme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanme"},{"link_name":"jūryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABry%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"shikona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Takamisakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamisakari"},{"link_name":"utchari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarite#Utchari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sumo_May09_Yoshikaze.jpg"},{"link_name":"sanshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansh%C5%8D_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"ōzeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi#%C5%8Czeki"},{"link_name":"Harumafuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harumafuji"},{"link_name":"losing scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-koshi"},{"link_name":"Takekaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takekaze"},{"link_name":"san'yaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27yaku"},{"link_name":"banzuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzuke"},{"link_name":"komusubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komusubi"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna"},{"link_name":"Harumafuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harumafuji"},{"link_name":"kinboshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinboshi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kakuryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakury%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Hakuhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gōeidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Deid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Takekaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takekaze"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kisenosato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisenosato"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aoiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoiyama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsa-12"},{"link_name":"Hakuhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Kisenosato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisenosato"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"At the start of his career he was considerably older and more experienced than most of the competition there and quickly worked his way up the ranks, winning two tournament titles in the jonokuchi and sandanme divisions with perfect 7–0 records. He initially competed under his own surname of Ōnishi, but upon reaching the second highest jūryō division in July 2005 he changed his shikona to Yoshikaze. The Yoshi character came from his grandfather, Yoshio, who had died the previous year, and the kaze character was from his stablemaster and used by many of his stablemates.[1]He was promoted to the top makuuchi division in January 2006. It took him only 12 tournaments to make the top division from his professional debut, equal to the second fastest rise ever since the six tournaments per year system was introduced in 1958.[2] However, until January 2009 he did not manage to rise above the mid maegashira ranks and twice fell back to the second division.In the November 2007 tournament he defeated fan favourite Takamisakari with the rare but spectacular technique of utchari, or spin throw from the edge of the ring. However he was able to win only three other bouts in that tournament and fell to the bottom of the division. An 8–7 record in January 2008 kept him in makuuchi.Yoshikaze in May 2009.One of his best performance in the top division came in November 2008 when he won 11 bouts and was awarded his first sanshō or special prize, for Fighting Spirit. He was promoted to a new high of maegashira 2 for the January 2009 tournament. Although he was not able to come through with a winning record his score of 6–9 was creditable, and he scored a memorable win over new ōzeki Harumafuji on the opening day of the tournament. However, he gradually slipped back down the rankings with three more losing scores in the next three tournaments. The November 2009 tournament was one of his most successful, as he won nine of his first ten bouts before slowing down somewhat to finish on 10–5. In September 2010 he won his second Fighting Spirit prize, which was shared with his stablemate Takekaze, after producing a fine 11–4 score, having been 7–0. He followed up with a solid 8–7 record in November, which saw him return to maegashira 2 in January 2011, and he reached maegashira 1 that July.In March 2014 Yoshikaze scored 10–5 from maegashira 4. This not only saw him win his third Fighting Spirit Prize, but also guaranteed him promotion to the san'yaku ranks for the first time, as all the maegashira above him on the banzuke had losing scores. His promotion to komusubi in the May 2014 tournament ended his record as the active wrestler with the longest career in makuuchi without ever making a san'yaku appearance (47 tournaments). He managed a 6–9 at this rank, and though this would lead to a demotion, it is considered relatively strong showing for a wrestler debuting at this challenging rank. In the following July tournament in Nagoya, he defeated yokozuna Harumafuji for the second tournament in a row, this time earning his first kinboshi as he was back in the maegashira ranks.[3] He added a second kinboshi in September by beating Kakuryū but ended the tournament with a losing record and withdrew from the November tournament after winning only four of his first twelve matches.In early 2015 Yoshikaze dropped to maegashira 14 after losing records in five of the last six tournaments. He recovered in May however, with a 10–5 result and then produced a career-best makuuchi score at Nagoya in July, finishing with 12–3 and earning a fourth Fighting Spirit prize. His excellent form continued in September 2015 when his eleven wins from maegashira 1 included victories over both competing yokozuna, Hakuhō and Kakūryū. He was additionally awarded the special prizes for Outstanding Performance and Technique.[4] Yoshikaze returned to the rank of komusubi for the November 2015 tournament and defeated Kakūryū for the second time in a row on the opening day.[5] He went on to post wins over both sekiwake and the ōzeki Gōeidō to end the tournament with an 8–7 record. He was awarded the special prize for Technique for the second consecutive tournament.[6] His efforts saw him promoted to the rank of sekiwake for the first time, 59 tournaments after his top division debut. This is the second slowest in history, behind only fellow Oguruma stable member Takekaze, who took 68 tournaments to reach sekiwake.[7]Yoshikaze achieved a majority of wins in his debut at sekiwake, but lost the rank after the following tournament where he could only score 4–11. He earned his fifth career gold star in the July 2016 tournament by defeating Harumafuji for the eighth time in thirteen meetings.[8] Despite suffering from facial injuries he ended the tournament with a 10–5 record and was awarded the special prize for Outstanding Performance.[9] In the March 2017 tournament he earned his sixth kinboshi by defeating Kakuryū on Day 10.[10] Returning to the sanyaku ranks at komusubi in May 2017, he defeated two yokozuna, Kisenosato and Kakuryū, in the first four days,[11] and received his third Technique Prize at the end of the tournament. He produced another good performance in July 2017, beating Harumafuji on the opening day and ending with a 9–6 record: he was in consideration for another Technique prize before losing to the in-form Aoiyama on the final day. This returned him to sekiwake rank for the first time since March 2016. He became the fifth oldest wrestler post World War II to earn promotion to sekiwake at 35 years, 5 months.[12] He was demoted from sekiwake after the November 2017 tournament, but back in the maegashira ranks in January 2018 he defeated two yokozuna on consecutive days – Hakuhō on Day 4 and Kisenosato on Day 5.[13][14] After having surgery on a knee injury in June 2019, he announced that he would miss the July 2019 tournament,[15] resulting in a fall to jūryō for the first time since 2007.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toshiyori kabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyori"},{"link_name":"Fujizakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujizakura"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunning0613-16"},{"link_name":"Japan Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"canyoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyoning"},{"link_name":"Saiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiki,_%C5%8Cita"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nishonoseki stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishonoseki_stable_(2021)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"danpatsu-shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danpatsu-shiki"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nippon Sport Science University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sport_Science_University"},{"link_name":"Hokutofuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokutofuji"},{"link_name":"Myōgiryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%8Dgiry%C5%AB_Yasunari"},{"link_name":"Kakizoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakizoe"},{"link_name":"Kisenosato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisenosato"},{"link_name":"Takekaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takekaze"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tomokaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomokaze_Y%C5%ABta"},{"link_name":"Kayō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kay%C5%8D_Yasutoki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%99%BD%E5%BF%AB%E5%AE%97"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In February 2013 Yoshikaze acquired the Nakamura toshiyori kabu or elder stock from the former Fujizakura, indicating that he intended to stay in sumo as a coach upon his retirement.[16] On the fifth day of the September 2019 tournament, with his continuing absence making demotion to the makushita division certain, he submitted his retirement papers to the Japan Sumo Association.[17] It was reported in October 2019 that his career-ending knee injury was caused by a canyoning accident in his native Saiki,[18] and that as he was unable to reach an amicable settlement with his hometown, he was suing Saiki for damages as he regarded the canyoning as a PR event for the town.[19][20] In January 2022 it was announced that due to the imminent closure of Oguruma stable he would be transferring to the Nishonoseki stable.[21]Yoshikaze's danpatsu-shiki, or official retirement ceremony, was held on 5 February 2022.[22] Around 250 people took part in the hair-cutting ceremony, including fellow Nippon Sport Science University graduates Hokutofuji and Myōgiryū, Ikazuchi oyakata (the former Kakizoe, also from Ōita Prefecture), Nishonoseki oyakata (former yokozuna Kisenosato) and Oshiogawa oyakata (former stablemate Takekaze).[23]After the May 2024 tournament, the Sumo Association granted the request of Yoshikaze to branch off from Nishonoseki stable for the purposes of creating his own stable. Wrestlers transferring to the new Nakamura stable included then-maegashira Tomokaze as well as Kayō [ja], who had just been promoted to the second-highest jūryō division.[24]","title":"Retirement from sumo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarite"},{"link_name":"Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_Association"},{"link_name":"mawashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawashi"}],"text":"Yoshikaze's favourite techniques are listed at the Sumo Association as tsuki/oshi, meaning he preferred pushing and thrusting moves as opposed to fighting on the opponent's mawashi or belt. His most common winning techniques were oshidashi, the push out, and yorikiri, the force out.","title":"Fighting style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"physical abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Yoshikaze was married in December 2008, and the wedding ceremony was held in October 2009. He has two children, a daughter and a son. It was reported in November 2020 that he had separated from his wife, which at the time could have impacted his ability to eventually run his own stable.[25] In March 2021 his ex-wife was arrested on charges of physical abuse of their daughter.[26]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career record"}]

[{"image_text":"Yoshikaze in May 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sumo_May09_Yoshikaze.jpg/220px-Sumo_May09_Yoshikaze.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of sumo tournament top division runners-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_runners-up"},{"title":"Glossary of sumo terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms"},{"title":"List of past sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of sekiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sekiwake"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Karpaty

Carpathian Army

["1 Tasks","2 Operational history","3 Organization","4 References"]

1939 Polish Army formation Karpaty Army (Polish: Armia Karpaty, lit. 'Carpathian Army') was formed on 11 July 1939 under Major General Kazimierz Fabrycy after Nazi Germany created a puppet state of Slovakia and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed after the events that lead to the breakup of Czechoslovakia. According to Polish historians Czesław Grzelak and Henryk Stańczyk, it consisted of two mountain brigades, Lwów Brigade of National Defence and a Battalion Węgry (Hungary). Altogether, Karpaty Army was made of 26 battalions, 160 cannons and 16 planes. Tasks Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack. Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date. Forces after 14 September with troop movements after this date The main task of the army was to secure mountain passes in the Carpathians from Czorsztyn to the Polish-Romanian border (total length 350 kilometers) and to protect the Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy industrial region. Furthermore, it was tasked with the protection of southern wing of Kraków Army, and the oil-rich area of Borysław and Drohobycz. In late August 1939, concentration of Karpaty Army was not yet completed, as it was to be fully operational only after the completion of mobilization of the Polish Army. Karpaty Army was the weakest of all Polish armies in 1939, lacking heavy equipment, and manned by older officers. Since the first hours of the war, Karpaty Army faced well-prepared Gebirgsjäger German divisions, whose superiority was obvious. Operational history Initially the army consisted of two improvised mountain brigades and a number of smaller units, but later in the course of war (on September 6) it was joined by forces of the withdrawing Armia Kraków, and renamed Armia Małopolska. From 11 September 1939, it was commanded by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (after General Fabrycy was reassigned to command the Polish Southern Front). On September 1 in the morning, Karpaty Army was attacked in the area of Czorsztyn by the 4th Light Division of the Wehrmacht, supported by the 2nd Mountain Division. Backed by the Slovakian units (see Slovak invasion of Poland), the German divisions managed to break through Polish positions near Tymbark and Limanowa, causing a gap between Karpaty Army and the retreating Kraków Army. As a result, Polish headquarters agreed for a withdrawal. In the first days of the invasion, Karpaty Army lacked reserve units, as its main forces, the 24th and 11th Infantry Divisions, were either still mobilized, or were on their way towards the area of Tarnów. The Army took heavy casualties retreating through the San river and was destroyed during the Battle of Lwów on September 20. Organization Karpaty Army was commanded by General Kazimierz Fabrycy. His chief of staff was Colonel Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski. 2nd Mountain Brigade (2 Brygada Górska) 3rd Mountain Brigade (3 Brygada Górska) Carpathian Half-Brigade of National Defence (Karpacka Półbrygada ON) 1st Regiment of the Border Defence Corps 1st Motorized Artillery Regiment 9th Heavy Artillery Regiment Additionally, mobilisation plans called for the creation of Tarnów Group consisting of: 22nd Infantry Division 38th Infantry Division On 4 September the Army was strengthened by reserve units: 11th Infantry Division 24th Infantry Division 38th Infantry Division References This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Carpathian Army" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (in Polish) Armie i samodzielne grupy operacyjne Wojska Polskiego 1939 Archived 2013-02-06 at the Wayback Machine WIEM Encyklopedia vtePolish Armies and notable Operational Groups (GOs) in 1939Armies Karpaty Kraków Lublin Łódź Małopolska Modlin Pomorze Poznań Prusy Warszawa GOs Narew Polesie

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Fabrycy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Fabrycy"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Karpaty Army (Polish: Armia Karpaty, lit. 'Carpathian Army') was formed on 11 July 1939 under Major General Kazimierz Fabrycy after Nazi Germany created a puppet state of Slovakia and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed after the events that lead to the breakup of Czechoslovakia. According to Polish historians Czesław Grzelak and Henryk Stańczyk, it consisted of two mountain brigades, Lwów Brigade of National Defence and a Battalion Węgry (Hungary). Altogether, Karpaty Army was made of 26 battalions, 160 cannons and 16 planes.","title":"Carpathian Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland1939_GermanPlanMap.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland1939_after_14_Sep.png"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Czorsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorsztyn"},{"link_name":"Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralny_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy"},{"link_name":"Kraków Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Army"},{"link_name":"Borysław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryslav"},{"link_name":"Drohobycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohobycz"},{"link_name":"Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Army"},{"link_name":"Gebirgsjäger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger"}],"text":"Forces as of 31 August and German plan of attack.Forces as of 14 September with troop movements up to this date.Forces after 14 September with troop movements after this dateThe main task of the army was to secure mountain passes in the Carpathians from Czorsztyn to the Polish-Romanian border (total length 350 kilometers) and to protect the Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy industrial region. Furthermore, it was tasked with the protection of southern wing of Kraków Army, and the oil-rich area of Borysław and Drohobycz. In late August 1939, concentration of Karpaty Army was not yet completed, as it was to be fully operational only after the completion of mobilization of the Polish Army. Karpaty Army was the weakest of all Polish armies in 1939, lacking heavy equipment, and manned by older officers. Since the first hours of the war, Karpaty Army faced well-prepared Gebirgsjäger German divisions, whose superiority was obvious.","title":"Tasks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armia Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Sosnkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski"},{"link_name":"Czorsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorsztyn"},{"link_name":"4th Light Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Light_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"2nd Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Slovak invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Tymbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymbark"},{"link_name":"Limanowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limanowa"},{"link_name":"24th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Division_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"San river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_river"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1939)"}],"text":"Initially the army consisted of two improvised mountain brigades and a number of smaller units, but later in the course of war (on September 6) it was joined by forces of the withdrawing Armia Kraków, and renamed Armia Małopolska. From 11 September 1939, it was commanded by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (after General Fabrycy was reassigned to command the Polish Southern Front). On September 1 in the morning, Karpaty Army was attacked in the area of Czorsztyn by the 4th Light Division of the Wehrmacht, supported by the 2nd Mountain Division. Backed by the Slovakian units (see Slovak invasion of Poland), the German divisions managed to break through Polish positions near Tymbark and Limanowa, causing a gap between Karpaty Army and the retreating Kraków Army. As a result, Polish headquarters agreed for a withdrawal. In the first days of the invasion, Karpaty Army lacked reserve units, as its main forces, the 24th and 11th Infantry Divisions, were either still mobilized, or were on their way towards the area of Tarnów.The Army took heavy casualties retreating through the San river and was destroyed during the Battle of Lwów on September 20.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazimierz Fabrycy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Fabrycy"},{"link_name":"Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Dzier%C5%BCykraj-Morawski"},{"link_name":"2nd Mountain Brigade (2 Brygada Górska)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_2nd_Mountain_Brigade"},{"link_name":"3rd Mountain Brigade (3 Brygada Górska)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_3rd_Mountain_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Half-Brigade of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Half-Brigade_of_National_Defence"},{"link_name":"1st Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_1st_Border_Defense_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Border Defence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Defence_Corps"},{"link_name":"1st Motorized Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_1st_Motor_Artillery_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"9th Heavy Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_9th_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarnów Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarn%C3%B3w_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"22nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_22nd_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"38th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_38th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"11th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_11th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"24th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_24th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"38th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_38th_Infantry_Division"}],"text":"Karpaty Army was commanded by General Kazimierz Fabrycy. His chief of staff was Colonel Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski.2nd Mountain Brigade (2 Brygada Górska)\n3rd Mountain Brigade (3 Brygada Górska)\nCarpathian Half-Brigade of National Defence (Karpacka Półbrygada ON)\n1st Regiment of the Border Defence Corps\n1st Motorized Artillery Regiment\n9th Heavy Artillery RegimentAdditionally, mobilisation plans called for the creation of Tarnów Group consisting of:22nd Infantry Division\n38th Infantry DivisionOn 4 September the Army was strengthened by reserve units:11th Infantry Division\n24th Infantry Division\n38th Infantry Division","title":"Organization"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namanve_Power_Station

Namanve Thermal Power Station

["1 Location","2 Overview","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 00°22′57″N 32°40′43″E / 0.38250°N 32.67861°E / 0.38250; 32.67861Namanve Power StationCountryUgandaLocationNamanveCoordinates00°22′57″N 32°40′43″E / 0.38250°N 32.67861°E / 0.38250; 32.67861StatusOperationalConstruction began2008Commission date2008Owner(s)Government of UgandaOperator(s)UEGCLEmployees43Thermal power station Primary fuelHeavy fuel oilPower generationNameplate capacity50 MW Namanve Power Station is a 50 MW heavy fuel oil-fired thermal power plant in Uganda. Sometimes the power station is referred to as Kiwanga Power Station. Location The power plant is located in a locality known as Kiwanga, in Namanve in Mukono Municipality, Mukono District, in Central Uganda. This location is approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi), by road, east of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The plant is located in Kampala Industrial and Business Park, an 894 acres (362 ha), business and industrial development area. This location is off of the Kampala-Jinja Highway, in North Namanve. The coordinates of the power plant are:0° 22' 57.00"N, +32° 40' 43"E (Latitude:0.3825; Longitude:32.6786). Overview Namanve Power Station was owned and operated by Jacobsen Electricity Company (Uganda) Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Jacobsen Elektro, an independent Norwegian power production company. The plant cost US$92 million (€66 million) to build. Funding was provided by several sources including: (a) The Government of Norway, through a Norad grant (b) Nordea Bank of Norway (c) Stanbic Bank Uganda and (d) Jacobsen Elektro. The plant uses heavy fuel oil, a byproduct of petroleum distillation. Construction of Namanve Power Station started in January 2008 and was completed in July 2008. Power production began in August 2008 on a trial basis, with commercial production commencing in September 2008. The power station was commissioned in November 2008. Jacobsen Elektro, the company that built the station, also owned it, for the first 13 years of the power station's life. The thermal power station was built under a build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) model for 13 years. On 14 September 2021, Jacobsen Electro transferred ownership to Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited, who now own, operate and maintain the power station. Full and complete handover of the power station to UEGCL was effected on 24 February 2022, after the government of Uganda had compensated Jacobsen for certain expenditures, including "the money spent on buying land, unused fuel and spare parts". The power station has seven thermal generators each rated at 7.17 MW, for total installed capacity of 50.2 MW at maximum output. When there is no electricity emergency in the national grid, this power plant is operated at a baseline of 7 MW, to keep each of the seven generators running and ready. 43 full time employees operate the power station. See also Uganda portalEnergy portal Mukono District KIBP Uganda Power Stations Africa Power Stations References ^ "Norwegian Firm To Build Thermal Plant In Uganda". ElectricityForum.com Quoting Xinhua News Agency. 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2014. ^ Google (25 February 2022). "Namanve Thermal Power Station" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Google (25 February 2022). "Location of Kiwanga Thermal Power Plant, Uganda" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Sylvia Juuko (6 November 2008). "Namanve plant reduces load-shedding". New Vision. Archived from the original (Archived from the original on 14 September 2012) on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ a b Stephen Otage (13 September 2021). "Govt takes over Namanve Thermal Power plant". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ Stephen Otage (24 February 2022). "Govt suggests it will not renew Eskom's contract". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Paul Murungi (18 May 2022). "UEGCL cuts operational costs at Namanve power plant". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 18 May 2022. External links Overview of Namanve Power Station vte Mukono DistrictCapital: MukonoCounties andsub-counties Mukono County Nakifuma County Towns and villages Bukeerere Mukono Namilyango Kalagi Katosi Kasawo Kisoga Kyetume Mbalala Nakifuma Nagalama Kabembe Nagojje Namagunga Namataba Seeta Economy Namanve Coca Cola Plant East African Medical Vitals Global Paper Limited Kampala Cement Company Limited Katosi Water Works Tian Tang Group Banking Absa Bank Uganda Limited Centenary Bank DFCU Bank Ecobank Equity Bank Uganda Limited Finance Trust Bank Housing Finance Bank Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited United Bank for Africa Opportunity Bank Uganda Pride Microfinance Limited FINCA Uganda Limited Notable landmarks Sezibwa River Lake Victoria Ssekabaka Kintu's Palace at Dindo Transport Kampala–Jinja Highway Kampala–Jinja Expressway Mukono–Kayunga–Njeru Road Mukono–Kyetume–Katosi–Nyenga Road Tondeka Metro Bus Service Education Uganda Christian University Namilyango College Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga Uganda Campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Energy Namanve Thermal Power Station Health Mukono Health Centre IV Naggalama Hospital Notable people Janat Mukwaya David Kato Ronald Kibuule Betty Nambooze Jennifer Musisi Joseph Semwanga Lydia Jazmine Teacher Mpamire

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Namanve Power Station is a 50 MW heavy fuel oil-fired thermal power plant in Uganda. Sometimes the power station is referred to as Kiwanga Power Station.[1]","title":"Namanve Thermal Power Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namanve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namanve"},{"link_name":"Mukono Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukono"},{"link_name":"Mukono District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukono_District"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kampala Industrial and Business Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_Industrial_and_Business_Park"},{"link_name":"Kampala-Jinja Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala-Jinja_Highway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The power plant is located in a locality known as Kiwanga, in Namanve in Mukono Municipality, Mukono District, in Central Uganda. This location is approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi), by road, east of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.[2]The plant is located in Kampala Industrial and Business Park, an 894 acres (362 ha), business and industrial development area. This location is off of the Kampala-Jinja Highway, in North Namanve. The coordinates of the power plant are:0° 22' 57.00\"N, +32° 40' 43\"E (Latitude:0.3825; Longitude:32.6786).[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobsen Elektro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jel.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52%3A50-mva-power-station-in-uganda&catid=1%3Asiste-nytt&lang=en"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Government of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Norad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Nordea Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordea_Bank"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Stanbic Bank Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanbic_Bank_(Uganda)_Limited"},{"link_name":"Jacobsen Elektro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jel.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52%3A50-mva-power-station-in-uganda&catid=1%3Asiste-nytt&lang=en"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OwnR-5"},{"link_name":"build–own–operate–transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer"},{"link_name":"Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Electricity_Generation_Company_Limited"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OwnR-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HandOR-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReadyR-7"}],"text":"Namanve Power Station was owned and operated by Jacobsen Electricity Company (Uganda) Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Jacobsen Elektro, an independent Norwegian power production company. The plant cost US$92 million (€66 million) to build. Funding was provided by several sources including: (a) The Government of Norway, through a Norad grant (b) Nordea Bank of Norway (c) Stanbic Bank Uganda and (d) Jacobsen Elektro. The plant uses heavy fuel oil, a byproduct of petroleum distillation. Construction of Namanve Power Station started in January 2008 and was completed in July 2008. Power production began in August 2008 on a trial basis, with commercial production commencing in September 2008. The power station was commissioned in November 2008. Jacobsen Elektro, the company that built the station, also owned it, for the first 13 years of the power station's life.[4][5]The thermal power station was built under a build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) model for 13 years. On 14 September 2021, Jacobsen Electro transferred ownership to Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited, who now own, operate and maintain the power station.[5] Full and complete handover of the power station to UEGCL was effected on 24 February 2022, after the government of Uganda had compensated Jacobsen for certain expenditures, including \"the money spent on buying land, unused fuel and spare parts\".[6]The power station has seven thermal generators each rated at 7.17 MW, for total installed capacity of 50.2 MW at maximum output. When there is no electricity emergency in the national grid, this power plant is operated at a baseline of 7 MW, to keep each of the seven generators running and ready. 43 full time employees operate the power station.[7]","title":"Overview"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Sith

Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Writing","3.2 Art design","3.3 Filming","3.4 Visual effects","3.5 Deleted scenes","3.6 Music","4 Release","4.1 Marketing","4.2 Theatrical","4.3 Leaked workprint","4.4 Rating","4.5 Home media","4.6 3D re-release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Other responses","5.3 Box office","5.4 Accolades","6 Themes","7 Other media","7.1 Novelization","7.2 Video game","7.3 The Clone Wars","7.4 The Bad Batch","7.5 Obi-Wan Kenobi","7.6 Backstroke of the West","8 References","8.1 Footnotes","8.2 Citations","8.3 Sources","9 External links"]

2005 film by George Lucas This article is about the film. For the video game, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game). For the soundtrack, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack). For the novelization, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel). "Star Wars III" redirects here. For the third film released, see Return of the Jedi. Star Wars: Episode III –Revenge of the SithTheatrical release poster by Drew StruzanDirected byGeorge LucasWritten byGeorge LucasProduced byRick McCallumStarring Ewan McGregor Natalie Portman Hayden Christensen Ian McDiarmid Samuel L. Jackson Christopher Lee Anthony Daniels Kenny Baker Frank Oz CinematographyDavid TattersallEdited by Roger Barton Ben Burtt Music byJohn WilliamsProductioncompanyLucasfilm Ltd.Distributed by20th Century FoxRelease dates May 15, 2005 (2005-05-15) (Cannes) May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19) (United States) Running time140 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$113 millionBox office$868.4 million Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film that is the sequel to The Phantom Menace (1999) and Attack of the Clones (2002). It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series, the third installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, and third chronological chapter of the "Skywalker Saga". It is written and directed by George Lucas, who also served as executive producer. The film stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Frank Oz. Revenge of the Sith is set three years after the onset of the Clone Wars as established in Attack of the Clones. The Jedi are spread across the galaxy in a full-scale war against the Separatists. The Jedi Council dispatches Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on a mission to defeat General Grievous, the head of the Separatist army and Count Dooku's former apprentice, to put an end to the war. Meanwhile, after having visions of his wife Padmé Amidala dying in childbirth, Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is tasked by the Council to spy on Palpatine, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and, secretly, the Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Sidious. Sidious manipulates Anakin into turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming his apprentice, Darth Vader, with wide-ranging consequences for the galaxy. Lucas began writing the script before production of Attack of the Clones ended, citing that he wanted the end of the trilogy to have similar aspects to a romantic tragedy, thus building into Darth Vader's state at the beginning of the next film. Production of Revenge of the Sith started in June 2003, and filming took place in Australia with additional locations in Thailand, Switzerland, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Revenge of the Sith premiered on May 15, 2005, at the Cannes Film Festival, then released worldwide on May 19, 2005. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with most regarding it as the best film of the trilogy, although some criticism was reserved for Lucas's screenplay and Christensen's performance. It broke several box office records during its opening week and went on to earn $868.4 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise at the time. It was the highest-grossing film in the U.S. and the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 2005. It also holds the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday, making $50 million. It is also the final Star Wars film to be distributed by Fox, although it would be also acquired by Disney five years after it acquired Lucasfilm. Plot Orbiting above Coruscant, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker lead a mission to rescue Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from the cyborg Separatist commander General Grievous. After infiltrating Grievous' flagship, Obi-Wan and Anakin battle the Sith Lord Count Dooku, whom Anakin decapitates at Palpatine's insistence. Grievous escapes the damaged ship before Obi-Wan and Anakin crash-land it on Coruscant. There, Anakin reunites with his wife Padmé Amidala, who tells him that she is pregnant. Soon after, Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth. Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his own personal representative. Distrusting Palpatine, the Council agrees but refuses to make Anakin a Jedi Master. They instead instruct him to spy on Palpatine, diminishing Anakin's faith in the Jedi. Meanwhile, on Utapau, Grievous relocates the Separatist leaders to the volcanic planet Mustafar. Obi-Wan travels to Utapau where he confronts and kills Grievous, while Yoda travels to the Wookiee planet of Kashyyyk to defend it from the Separatist droid attack on the Wookiees. Palpatine tempts Anakin with the dark side of the Force, promising it can save Padmé. Anakin deduces that Palpatine is the Sith Lord behind the Clone Wars and reports his treachery to Mace Windu, who confronts and subdues Palpatine, leaving the latter disfigured. Desperate to save Padmé, Anakin prevents Windu from killing Palpatine by slicing his right hand off. Palpatine then sends Windu falling to his death. Anakin pledges himself to the Sith, and Palpatine knights him as Darth Vader. Palpatine issues Order 66, which commands the clone troopers to kill their commanding Jedi generals across the galaxy, while Vader and a battalion of clone troopers kill the remaining Jedi in the Jedi Temple. Vader then travels to Mustafar to assassinate the Separatist leaders, while Palpatine declares himself Emperor before the Galactic Senate, transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire. He denounces the Jedi as traitors. Obi-Wan and Yoda return to Coruscant and learn that Anakin has turned to the dark side. Yoda instructs Obi-Wan to confront Vader while he faces Palpatine. Obi-Wan seeks out Padmé to discover Vader's whereabouts and reveals his treachery. Padmé travels to Mustafar—unaware Obi-Wan has stowed aboard her ship—and pleads with Vader to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges, an enraged Vader believes Padmé has betrayed him and strangles her. Obi-Wan and Vader engage in a lightsaber duel, which ends with Obi-Wan severing Vader's left arm and both legs. Vader is then burned alive by a nearby lava flow as Obi-Wan retrieves Vader's lightsaber before leaving him for dead. On Coruscant, Yoda battles Palpatine, culminating in a stalemate. Yoda flees with Senator Bail Organa and regroups with Obi-Wan and Padmé on the planetoid Polis Massa. Padmé gives birth to twins, whom she names Luke and Leia. She dies soon after, still believing there is good in Anakin. Palpatine recovers a barely alive Vader. On Coruscant, Vader's mutilated body is treated and encased in a black, armored life-support suit. When he asks about Padmé, Palpatine says Vader killed her out of rage, leaving Vader devastated. Obi-Wan and Yoda conceal the twins' birth from the Sith and retreat into exile until the Empire can be challenged. As Padmé's funeral is underway on Naboo, Palpatine and Vader supervise the construction of the Death Star. Bail takes Leia to Alderaan to raise her as his daughter. Obi-Wan delivers Luke to his step-uncle and step-aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, on Tatooine. Obi-Wan settles nearby as a recluse while watching over young Luke. Cast See also: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Left to right, top to bottom: Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, and Jimmy Smits Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi, a Jedi Master, general of the Galactic Republic and Anakin Skywalker's best friend and mentor. Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala, a senator of Naboo who is secretly Anakin's wife and pregnant with their children. Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader, a Jedi Knight, hero of the Clone Wars and former Padawan of Obi-Wan and Padmé's secret husband who turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes a Sith Lord. Christensen also plays Vader in his suit. James Earl Jones reprises his role as the voice of Vader from previous Star Wars media in an uncredited cameo. Ian McDiarmid as Palpatine / Darth Sidious, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic who is secretly a Sith Lord, and later the Emperor of the Galactic Empire. He takes advantage of Anakin's distrust of the Jedi and fear of Padmé dying to turn him towards the dark side, becoming Vader's master. Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu, a Jedi Master and senior member of the Jedi Council. Jimmy Smits as Bail Organa, a senator from Alderaan. Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus, Sidious' Sith apprentice and the leader of the Separatists. He is decapitated by Anakin on the orders of his master. Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, Anakin and Padmé's personal protocol droid that Anakin created as a child. Kenny Baker as R2-D2, Anakin's astromech droid. Frank Oz as Yoda, a Jedi Grandmaster and the leader of the Jedi Council. Peter Mayhew, Oliver Ford Davies, Ahmed Best, and Silas Carson reprise their roles as Chewbacca, Sio Bibble, Jar Jar Binks, and Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi, respectively, from the previous films. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse also make cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Owen and Beru Lars respectively from Attack of the Clones. Sound engineer Matthew Wood provides the voice of General Grievous, the fearsome cyborg commander of the Separatists' droid army, who had been trained in wielding a lightsaber by Count Dooku. Wood took over the role, after Gary Oldman was originally cast in the role, but had to drop out of the production due to scheduling conflicts; Oldman had completed some voice-over work. Temuera Morrison portrays Commander Cody and the rest of the clone troopers. Bruce Spence portrays Tion Medon, local administrator of Utapau. Jeremy Bulloch (who played Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi) appears as Captain Colton, the pilot of the CR70 corvette Tantive III. Genevieve O'Reilly portrays senator Mon Mothma, though her speaking scene was ultimately cut. Rohan Nichol portrays Captain Raymus Antilles. Wayne Pygram appears as a young Wilhuff Tarkin, and stunt coordinator Nick Gillard appears as a Jedi named Cin Drallig (his name spelled backward, without the 'k'). Editor Roger Barton's son Aidan Barton portrays Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa as infants. Director and Star Wars creator George Lucas has a cameo as Baron Papanoida, a blue-faced alien in attendance at the Coruscant opera house. Lucas' son Jett portrays Zett Jukassa, a young Jedi-in-training. One of Lucas' daughters, Amanda, appears as Terr Taneel, seen in a security hologram, while his other daughter Katie plays a blue-skinned Pantoran named Chi Eekway, visible when Palpatine arrives at the Senate after being saved by the Jedi and talking to Baron Papanoida at the opera house. Christian Simpson appeared as a stunt double for Hayden Christensen. Production Writing Lucas said he conceived the Star Wars saga's story in the form of a plot outline in 1973. However, he later clarified that, at the time of the saga's conception, he had not fully realized the details—only major plot points. The film's climactic duel has its basis in the Return of the Jedi novelization, in which Obi-Wan recounts his battle with Vader that ended with the latter falling "into a molten pit". Lucas began working on the screenplay for Episode III before the previous film, Attack of the Clones, was released, proposing to concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven battles on seven planets. In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski surmises that Lucas found flaws with Anakin's fall to the dark side and radically reorganized the plot. For example, instead of opening the film with a montage of Clone War battles, Lucas decided to focus on Anakin, ending the first act with him killing Count Dooku, an action that signals his turn to the dark side. A significant number of fans speculated online about the episode title for the film with rumored titles including Rise of the Empire, The Creeping Fear (which was also named as the film's title on the official website on April Fool's 2004), and Birth of the Empire. Eventually, Revenge of the Sith also became a title guessed by fans that George Lucas would indirectly confirm. The title is a reference to Revenge of the Jedi, the original title of Return of the Jedi; Lucas changed the title scant weeks before the premiere of Return of the Jedi, declaring that a true Jedi could never seek revenge. Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his "father", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but later scrapped this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui-Gon Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film). However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization. After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more changes to Anakin's character, rewriting his turn to the dark side. Lucas accomplished this through editing the principal footage and filming new scenes during pickups in London in 2004. In the previous versions, Anakin had several reasons for turning to the dark side, one of which was his sincere belief that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic. Although this is still intact in the finished film, by revising and refilming many scenes, Lucas emphasized Anakin's desire to save Padmé from death. Thus, in the version that made it to theaters, Anakin falls to the dark side primarily to save Padmé. Art design For the Kashyyyk environment, the art department turned to the Star Wars Holiday Special for inspiration. Over a period of months, Lucas would approve hundreds of designs that would eventually appear in the film. He would later rewrite entire scenes and action sequences to correspond to certain designs he had chosen. The designs were then shipped to the pre-visualization department to create moving CGI versions known as animatics. Ben Burtt would edit these scenes with Lucas in order to pre-visualize what the film would look like before the scenes were filmed. The pre-visualization footage featured a basic raw CGI environment with equally unprocessed character models performing a scene, typically for action sequences. Steven Spielberg was brought in as a "guest director" for the film's climax, overseeing the pre-visualization of an unused version of the Utapau chase scene and making art-design suggestions for the Order 66 assassinations as well as the Mustafar duel. The pre-visualization and art department designs were sent to the production department to begin building sets, props and costumes. Filming Although the first scene filmed was the final scene to appear in the film (shot during the filming of Attack of the Clones in 2000), the first bulk of principal photography on the film occurred from June 30, 2003, to September 17, 2003, with additional photography at Shepperton Studios in Surrey and Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire from August 2004 to January 31, 2005. The initial filming took place on sound stages at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, although practical environments were shot as background footage later to be composited into the film. These included the limestone mountains depicting Kashyyyk, which were filmed in Phuket, Thailand. The production company was also fortunate enough to be shooting at the same time that Mount Etna erupted in Italy. Camera crews were sent to the location to shoot several angles of the volcano that were later spliced into the background of the animatics and the final film version of the planet Mustafar. While shooting key dramatic scenes, Lucas would often use an "A camera" and "B camera", or the "V technique", a process that involves shooting with two or more cameras at the same time in order to gain several angles of the same performance. Using the HD technology developed for the film, the filmmakers were able to send footage to the editors the same day it was shot, a process that would require a full 24 hours had it been shot on film. Footage featuring the planet Mustafar was given to editor Roger Barton, who was on location in Sydney cutting the climactic duel. Hayden Christensen said Lucas asked him "to bulk up and physically show the maturity that had taken place between the two films." The actor explained that he worked out with a trainer in Sydney for three months and ate "six meals a day and on every protein, weight gain supplement that man has created" to go from 160 lb (73 kg) to 185 lb (84 kg). Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous prequel film, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles. The speed at which Vader and Obi-Wan engage in their duel is mostly the speed at which it was filmed, although there are instances where single frames were removed to increase the velocity of particular strikes. An example of this occurs as Obi-Wan strikes down on Vader after applying an armlock in the duel's first half. Revenge of the Sith was the first Star Wars film in which Anakin Skywalker and the suited Darth Vader were played by the same actor in the same film. As Christensen recounted, it was originally intended to simply have a "tall guy" in the Darth Vader costume, but, after "begging and pleading", Christensen persuaded Lucas to have the Vader costume used in the film created specifically to fit him. The new costume featured shoe lifts and a muscle suit. It also required Christensen (who is 6 feet or 1.8 metres tall) to look through the helmet's mouthpiece. In 2004, Gary Oldman was originally approached to provide the voice of General Grievous; however, complications arose during contract negotiations after Oldman learned the film was to be made outside of the Screen Actors Guild, of which he is a member. He backed out of the role rather than violate the union's rules. Matthew Wood, who voiced Grievous, disputed this story at Celebration III, held in Indianapolis. According to him, Oldman is a friend of producer Rick McCallum, and thus recorded an audition as a favor to him, but was not chosen. Wood, who was also the supervising sound editor, was in charge of the auditions and submitted his audition anonymously in the midst of 30 others, under the initials "A.S." for Alan Smithee. Days later, he received a phone call asking for the full name to the initials "A.S." Visual effects The post-production department (handled by Industrial Light & Magic) began work during filming and continued until weeks before the film was released in 2005. Special effects were created using almost all formats, including model work, CGI and practical effects. The same department later composited all such work into the filmed scenes—both processes taking nearly two years to complete. Revenge of the Sith has 2,151 shots that use special effects, a world record. The film required 910 artists and 70,441 man-hours to create 49 seconds of footage for the Mustafar duel alone. Members of Hyperspace, the Official Star Wars Fan Club, received a special look into the production. Benefits included not only special articles, but they also received access to a webcam that transmitted a new image every 20 seconds during the time it was operating in Fox Studios Australia. Many times the stars, and Lucas himself, were spotted on the webcam. Deleted scenes Lucas excised all scenes of a group of Senators, including Padmé, Bail Organa, and Mon Mothma (Genevieve O'Reilly), organizing an alliance to prevent Palpatine from usurping any more emergency powers. Though this is essentially the birth of the Rebel Alliance, the scenes were discarded to achieve more focus on Anakin's story. The scene where Yoda arrives on Dagobah to begin his self-imposed exile was also removed, but is featured as an extended scene in the DVD release, although McCallum stated he hoped Lucas would have added it to the new cut as part of a six-episode DVD box set. Bai Ling filmed minor scenes for the film playing a senator, but her role was cut during editing. She claimed this was because she appeared in a nude pictorial for the June 2005 issue of Playboy, whose appearance on newsstands coincided with the film's May release. Lucas denied this, stating that the cut had been made more than a year earlier, and that he had cut his own daughter's scenes as well. The bonus features show an additional removed scene in which Jedi Master Shaak Ti is killed by General Grievous in front of Obi-Wan and Anakin. The bonus features also show Obi-Wan and Anakin running through Grievous' ship, escaping droids through a fuel tunnel, and arguing over what R2-D2 is saying. Music Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack) The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, who has composed and conducted the score for every episode in the Star Wars saga, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and London Voices in February 2005. The film's soundtrack was released by Sony Pictures Classical Records on May 3, 2005, more than two weeks before the film's release. A music video titled A Hero Falls was created for the film's theme, "Battle of the Heroes", featuring footage from the film and was also available on the DVD. The soundtrack also came with a collectors' DVD hosted by McDiarmid, titled Star Wars: A Musical Journey, which features 16 music videos set to remastered selections of music from all six film scores, set chronologically through the saga. Release George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark. Marketing The first trailer for Revenge of the Sith premiered in theaters on November 5, 2004, with the release of The Incredibles. It was also attached to the screenings of The Polar Express, National Treasure, Alexander, Ocean's Twelve, Meet the Fockers, Flight of the Phoenix and other films. At the same time, the trailer became available on the Internet. Just four months later, another trailer was unveiled on March 10, 2005, debuting with The O.C.'s "The Mallpisode" during the second season (Lucas himself would appear in a later episode) and in theaters with the release of Robots the next day on March 11. On March 14, it would then premiere on the official Star Wars website. Three days later on March 17, George Lucas revealed a preview of the film at the ShoWest Convention in Las Vegas, saying "It's not like the old Star Wars. This one's a little bit emotional. We like to describe it as Titanic in space. It's a tearjerker." Theatrical Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith charity premieres took place in Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., Boston, Denver, Atlanta, San Francisco, and Miami on Thursday, May 12, 2005; and on May 13, 2005, there were two additional charity premiere screenings in George Lucas's hometown of Modesto, California. The official premiere was at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival (out of competition) on May 16. Its theatrical release in most other countries took place on May 19 to coincide with the 1999 release of The Phantom Menace (the 1977 release of A New Hope and the 1983 release of Return of the Jedi were also released on the same day and month, six years apart). The global outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas claimed one week before the premiere that it may have cost the U.S. economy approximately US$627 million in lost productivity because of employees who took a day off or reported in sick. Grauman's Chinese Theatre, a traditional venue for the Star Wars films, did not show it. However, a line of people stood there for more than a month hoping to convince someone to change this. Most of them took advantage of an offer to see the film at a nearby cinema, ArcLight Cinemas (formerly the "Cinerama Dome"). On May 16, the Empire Cinema in London's Leicester Square hosted a day-long Star Wars marathon showing of all six films; an army of Imperial stormtroopers "guarded" the area, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra gave a free concert of Star Wars music. Leaked workprint A copy of the film leaked onto peer-to-peer file sharing networks just hours after opening in theaters. The film was a time-stamped workprint, suggesting it may have come from within the industry rather than from someone who videotaped an advance screening. Eight people were later charged with copyright infringement and distributing material illegally. Documents filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney allege that a copy of the film was taken from an unnamed Californian post-production office by an employee, who later pleaded guilty to his charges. The illegal copy was passed among seven people until reaching an eighth party, who also pleaded guilty to uploading to an unnamed P2P network. Rating Revenge of the Sith is the first Star Wars film to receive a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), officially for "sci-fi violence and some intense images", namely for the scene in which Darth Vader is set aflame by lava. Lucas had stated months before the MPAA's decision that he felt the film should receive a PG-13 rating, because of Anakin's final moments and the film's content being the darkest and most intense of all six films. Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper later opined that children would be able to handle the film as long as they had parental guidance. All previously released films in the series were rated PG. Home media Revenge of the Sith was released on DVD and VHS on October 31, 2005, in the UK and Ireland; on November 1, 2005, it was released in the United States and Canada on DVD; and on November 3, 2005, it was released in Australia. It was also released in most major territories on or near the same day. The DVD release consists of widescreen and pan and scan full-screen versions and is THX certified. This two-disc set contains one disc with the film and the other one with bonus features. The first disc features three randomized selected menus, which are Coruscant, Utapau and Mustafar. There is an Easter egg in the options menu. When the THX Optimizer is highlighted, the viewer can press 1-1-3-8. By doing this, a hip hop music video with Yoda and some clone troopers will play. The DVD includes a number of documentaries including a new full-length documentary as well as two featurettes, one which explores the prophecy of Anakin Skywalker as the Chosen One, the other looking at the film's stunts and a 15-part collection of web-documentaries from the official web site. Like the other DVD releases, included is an audio commentary track featuring Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors John Knoll and Roger Guyett. Six deleted scenes were included with introductions from Lucas and McCallum. This release is notable because, due to marketing issues, it was the first Star Wars film never to be released on VHS in the United States. However, the film was released on VHS in Australia, the UK and other countries. The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4, 2008. The six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray on September 16, 2011, in three different editions. On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Revenge of the Sith was released through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment reissued Revenge of the Sith on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on September 22, 2019. Additionally, all six films were available for 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch on November 12, 2019. This version of the film was released by Disney on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 31, 2020, whilst being re-released on Blu-ray and DVD. All 20th Century Fox Fanfare and logo sequences on the first six films have been restored following the completion of Disney's acquisition of that studio in 2019 having been removed for the initial digital releases, except for A New Hope, which Fox had asked to retain all rights for prior to the sale of the studio to Disney. 3D re-release On September 28, 2010, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D. The films would be re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace on February 10, 2012. Revenge of the Sith was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on October 11, 2013. However, on January 28, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that it was postponing the 3D release of episodes II and III in order to "focus 100 percent of our efforts on Star Wars: The Force Awakens" and that further information about 3D release plans would be issued at a later date. The premiere of the 3D version was shown on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim. Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 305 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, George Lucas brings his second Star Wars trilogy to a suitably thrilling and often poignant – if still a bit uneven – conclusion." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the previous two films. Most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequel trilogy. A. O. Scott of The New York Times concluded that it was "the best of the four episodes Mr. Lucas has directed", and equal to The Empire Strikes Back as "the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle". J.R. Jones, a Chicago Reader critic who disliked The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones, gave the film a positive review, saying that it had a "relatively thoughtful story". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, writing "If got bogged down in solemnity and theory in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Force is in a jollier mood this time, and Revenge of the Sith is a great entertainment", but he noted that "the dialogue throughout the movie is once again its weakest point". Though many critics and fans viewed Revenge of the Sith as the strongest of the three prequels, some viewers thought it was more or less on par with the previous two episodes. Much of the criticism was directed towards the dialogue, particularly the film's romantic scenes; critics claimed this demonstrated Lucas's weakness as a writer of dialogue, a subject with which Lucas openly agreed when receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. Some film critics and fans criticized Hayden Christensen's acting, calling it "wooden". A retrospective review by Time felt that Christensen's maligned performance was in part affected by the screenwriting. Other responses Some American conservatives criticized the film, claiming it had a liberal bias and was a commentary on the George W. Bush administration and Iraq War. Some websites went so far as to propose a boycott of the film. Lucas defended the film, stating that the film's storyline was written during the Vietnam War and was influenced by that conflict rather than the war in Iraq. Lucas also said "The parallels between Vietnam and what we're doing in Iraq now are unbelievable". Art critic Camille Paglia praised the film as an essential example of the modern digital art movement due to its "overwhelming operatic power and yes, seriousness", and arguing that its finale has "more inherent artistic value, emotional power, and global impact" than the work of some contemporary artists. During the late 2010s, the film amassed a cult following on social media among some young fans who were children when the film was released, using the film's dialogue to create Internet memes. Box office The film was released in 115 countries. Its worldwide gross eventually reached $849 million—making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2005, behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The film earned an estimated $16.91 million from 2,900 midnight screenings in North America upon its release. In total, it earned a record $50 million on its opening day, marking the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday. It was surpassed the following year by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, which earned $55.5 million on its opening day. With only the May 19 earnings, the film broke four box office records: midnight screenings gross (previously held by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, $8 million), opening day gross (Spider-Man 2, with $40.4 million), single day gross (Shrek 2 with $44.8 million) and Thursday gross (The Matrix Reloaded with $37.5 million). Its single day and opening day gross records were later surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest on July 7, 2006, when that movie grossed $55.5 million on its opening day, and its midnight screening gross was broken by The Dark Knight on July 18, 2008, with $18.5 million. With a total gross of $108.4 million, Revenge of the Sith would go on to hold the record for having the biggest opening weekend for any 20th Century Fox film for a decade until it was taken by Deadpool in 2016. The year prior, Minions had already surpassed Revenge of the Sith for having the largest opening weekend for a prequel. According to box office analysis sites, the film set American records for highest gross in a given number of days for each of its first 12 days of release except for the seventh and eighth, where the record is narrowly held by Spider-Man 2. Within three days, Revenge of the Sith surpassed Spider-Man for having the highest three-day gross of any film, scoring a total of $124.7 million. On its fifth day, it became the highest-grossing film of 2005, surpassing Hitch ($177.6 million). The film earned $158.5 million in its first four-day period, surpassing the previous four-day record held by The Matrix Reloaded ($134.3 million), and joining the latter film, Spider-Man, and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of the only four films to make $100 million in their first three days. In eight days, it reached the $200 million mark (a record tied with Spider-Man 2) and by its 17th day, the film had passed $300 million (surpassing the record of 18 days of Shrek 2). It was eventually the third-fastest film (after Shrek 2 and Spider-Man) to reach $350 million. Revenge of the Sith earned a total of $55.2 million during its second weekend, making it the fourth-highest-grossing second weekend of all time, behind Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Spider-Man and Shrek 2. The film then earned $70 million in just four days, becoming the seventh-highest Memorial Day weekend gross of any film, trailing only behind Shrek 2, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, The Day After Tomorrow, Bruce Almighty, Pearl Harbor and Mission: Impossible 2. The film ended its run in American theaters on October 20, 2005, finishing with a total gross of $380,270,577. It ranks 29th in all-time domestic grosses and is the highest-grossing U.S. of 2005, out-grossing second-place The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by nearly $90 million. The film sold an estimated 59,324,600 tickets in the US. It topped the domestic box office for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Madagascar and The Longest Yard (which were in their second weekend). International grosses that exceeded $460 million include those Australia ($27.2 million), France and Algeria ($56.9 million), Germany ($47.3 million), Italy ($11.3 million), Japan ($82.7 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), South Korea ($10.3 million), Spain ($23.8 million), and the United Kingdom and Ireland ($72.8 million). The total worldwide opening of Revenge of the Sith for each country was $254 million, combined with $304 million from its four-day weekend. It would go on to hold this record for two years before Spider-Man 3 took it in 2007. Accolades Following the release of Revenge of the Sith—the completion of the original and prequel Star Wars series—on June 9, 2005, George Lucas was presented with the 33rd American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award. The institute honored his "astonishing contributions to the art and technology of filmmaking, as well as the impact of the epic Star Wars series". Despite being the prequel trilogy's best reviewed and received film, it received fewer award nominations than the previous films. It became the only Star Wars film not to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects; it was nominated for Best Makeup (Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley), losing to The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. It also won "Favorite Motion Picture" and "Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture" awards at the People's Choice Awards, "Hollywood Movie of the Year" award at the Hollywood Film Festival, Empire Awards for Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film and Scene of the Year (The birth of Vader), and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action. As did every film of the original trilogy, the film won the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Williams also won Best Music. The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards overall, including Best Director and Best Writing for Lucas, Best Actor for Christensen, Best Actress for Natalie Portman, and Best Supporting Actor for Ian McDiarmid. Of the three Star Wars prequels, the film received the fewest Golden Raspberry Awards nominations: only one, for Christensen as Worst Supporting Actor, which he won. (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones received seven nominations each, with one and two wins, respectively.) It is the only Star Wars prequel not to receive a Razzie nomination for Worst Picture. Christensen further won the "Best Villain" award at the MTV Movie Awards. The film also received the fewest nominations (and no wins) at the 2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100M, and Worst On-Screen Couple (Christensen and Portman). Themes See also: Star Wars sources and analogues Throughout Revenge of the Sith, Lucas refers to a wide range of films and other sources, drawing on political, military, and mythological motifs to enhance his story's impact. The most media coverage was likely given to an exchange between Anakin and Obi-Wan, leading to the aforementioned conflict: "If you're not with me, then you're my enemy", Anakin declares. Despite Lucas' insistence to the contrary, The Seattle Times concluded, "Without naming Bush or the Patriot Act, it's all unmistakable no matter what your own politics may be." McDiarmid, Lucas, and others have also called Anakin's journey to the dark side Faustian in the sense of making a "pact with the devil" for short-term gain, with the fiery volcano planet Mustafar representing hell. Midway through the film, Lucas intercuts between Anakin and Padmé by themselves, thinking about one another in the Jedi Temple and their apartment, respectively, during sunset. The sequence is without dialogue and complemented by a moody, synthesized soundtrack. Lucas' coverage of the exterior cityscapes, skylines and interior isolation in the so-called "Ruminations" sequence is similar to the cinematography and mise-en-scène of Rosemary's Baby, a film in which a husband makes a literal pact with the devil. Other media Novelization Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel) The film's novelization was written by Matthew Stover. It has more dialogue than the film, and certain story elements were expanded upon in the novelization including Anakin and Palpatine's relationship and Palpatine's apprenticeship to Darth Plagueis. Video game Main article: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game) A video game based on the film was released on May 5, 2005, two weeks before the film. The game generally followed the film's storyline, integrating scenes from the film. However, many sections of the game featured scenes cut from the film, or entirely new scenes for the game. The style of the game was mostly lightsaber combat and fighting as Obi-Wan or Anakin. It also has a form of multiplayer mode, which includes both "VS" and "Cooperative" mode. In the first mode, two players fight with characters of their choice against each other in a lightsaber duel to the death. In the latter mode, two players team up to combat increasingly difficult waves of enemies. The Clone Wars Main article: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series) The 2008 animated film and subsequent television series fill the three-year gap between the events of Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. A number of plot threads initially developed for inclusion in Revenge of the Sith were instead incorporated into The Clone Wars. These include Boba Fett's revenge plot against Mace Windu for his father Jango's death, and the solving of the mystery behind deceased Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas which was introduced in Attack of the Clones. The final four episodes of the series take place concurrently with Revenge of the Sith. Several scenes from the film were recreated and expanded for these episodes in order to showcase the whereabouts of Anakin Skywalker's former Padawan Ahsoka Tano during the events of the film. While Ahsoka was a major character in The Clone Wars, she is not referenced in Revenge of the Sith as the character had not yet been created at the time that the film was written. The Bad Batch Main article: Star Wars: The Bad Batch Several scenes from Revenge of the Sith were recreated in the first episode Aftermath. This episode also takes place concurrently with the film and the following episodes deal with the aftermath of Order 66 and the Clone Wars. Obi-Wan Kenobi Main article: Obi-Wan Kenobi (TV series) The 2022 miniseries takes place ten years after Revenge of the Sith (and approximately nine years before A New Hope), and features flashbacks taking place prior and during the events of the film, with some of the latter via archive footage. McGregor, Christensen, Earl Jones, Edgerton, Piesse, Smits, McDiarmid, and Daniels reprise their roles from the film. Backstroke of the West In 2016, a fandub of Revenge of the Sith was released titled Star War the Third Gathers: Backstroke of the West. The script used in the fandub originated from the English subtitles of a Mandarin Chinese bootleg DVD of the film that had been purchased by an American in Shanghai. The subtitles, almost entirely filled with errors and mistranslations, stemmed from a bootlegger first having listened to the film in English, writing down what they believed to have heard and occasionally making things up, which was then converted into Mandarin and back into English via inaccurate machine translation, resulting in nonsensical Chinglish. The dub became an Internet meme and a viral video and received praise from multiple news outlets. Patrick Shanley from The Hollywood Reporter described it as "a fan-made masterpiece", while Julia Alexander from Polygon called the dub "hilarious". Derrick Rossignol from Nerdist went so far as to say that the fandub was "way better" than the original film. References Footnotes ^ As depicted in the 2008 television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars ^ As depicted in Star Wars (1977) ^ Jones himself has never confirmed his participation. When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told Newsday: "You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know." ^ As depicted in The Phantom Menace. ^ Her speaking scene (A Stirring in the Senate) was featured in the bonus features of the DVD release. ^ Spielberg suggested that Anakin and Obi-Wan should be "dripping sweat" and that "their hair at some point should be smoking", which Lucas loved. ^ The scene with Obi-Wan delivering Luke to the Lars homestead was reshot on a sound-stage during the production of Episode III. ^ The PG-13 rating had not existed when the films in the original trilogy were released, having been introduced in 1984 as a result of the Lucas-produced film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. ^ Later pushed up to October 4, 2013. ^ Revenge of the Sith is set 19 years before A New Hope (19 BBY) so Obi-Wan Kenobi is 9 BBY. Citations ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith". 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Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at StarWars.com Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at Lucasfilm.com Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at IMDb Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at the TCM Movie Database Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at AllMovie Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith vteStar Wars prequel trilogyFilmsLive-action The Phantom Menace (1999) Attack of the Clones (2002) Revenge of the Sith (2005) Animated The Clone Wars (2008) Series Clone Wars (2003–2005) The Clone Wars (2008–2014, 2020) Characters Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Bail Organa Battle Droid Boba Fett C-3PO Chewbacca Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Darth Maul Emperor Palpatine / Darth Sidious General Grievous Jango Fett Jar Jar Binks Mace Windu Viceroy Nute Gunray Obi-Wan Kenobi Queen Padmé Amidala Qui-Gon Jinn Quinlan Vos R2-D2 Shmi Skywalker Watto Yoda Novelizations The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars Soundtracks The Phantom Menace "Duel of the Fates" Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith Video gamesEpisode I The Phantom Menace (1999) Racer (1999) Racer Arcade (2000) Jedi Power Battles (2000) Battle for Naboo (2000) Obi-Wan's Adventures (2000) Starfighter (2001) Obi-Wan (2001) Racer Revenge (2002) Episode II The Clone Wars (2002) Attack of the Clones (2002) The New Droid Army (2002) Episode III Revenge of the Sith (2005) Clone Wars Jedi Alliance (2008) Lightsaber Duels (2008) Republic Heroes (2009) Clone Wars Adventures (2010) Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars (2011) Other Pit Droids (1999) Lego Star Wars: The Video Game (2005) Other Clone Wars Clone troopers Episode I (pinball) vteStar WarsFilmsSkywalker SagaOriginal trilogy Star Wars (1977) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Return of the Jedi (1983) Prequel trilogy The Phantom Menace (1999) Attack of the Clones (2002) Revenge of the Sith (2005) Sequel trilogy The Force Awakens (2015) The Last Jedi (2017) The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Animated The Clone Wars (2008) Anthology Rogue One (2016) Solo (2018) Television Holiday Special (1978) The Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Television seriesAnimated Droids (1985) Ewoks (1985) Clone Wars (2003) The Clone Wars (2008) episodes Detours (unaired) Rebels (2014) episodes Forces of Destiny (2017) Resistance (2018) The Bad Batch (2021) Visions (2021) Tales (2022) Young Jedi Adventures (2023) Live-action The Mandalorian (2019) season 1 2 3 The Book of Boba Fett (2021) Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) Andor (2022) Ahsoka (2023) The Acolyte (2024) Skeleton Crew (2024) Characters The Clone Wars Rebels The Mandalorian The Book of Boba Fett Legends Knights of the Old Republic Music and audioAudio dramas The Story of Star Wars Audio novels Radio dramatizations of the films Compositions "Main Title" "The 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Rebuild the Galaxy Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Transformers Pez Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Other Video games list Books reference books Star Wars Insider Comics list manga Legends characters Thrawn trilogy Shadows of the Empire Galaxies Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic The High Republic Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast film television series Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Art Sources and analogues comparison to Star Trek Accolades The Force Awakens Special effects of The Empire Strikes Back Duel of the Fates Light & Magic Cultural impact Star Wars fandom 501st Legion Rebel Legion Religion Chewbacchus Jediism Jedi census phenomenon Star Wars Day Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk Fan websites Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Spaceballs Force for Change Chewbacca defense Yoda conditions Death Star (business) Strategic Defense Initiative List of organisms named after the Star Wars series Robot Chicken: Star Wars The Family Guy Trilogy "The Saga Begins" Space Janitors The Force Awakens from Its Nap Rogue Not Quite One A Disturbance in the Force The Force is with Cristal Beer Category vteGeorge Lucas Filmography Bibliography Awards and nominations Films directedFeature THX 1138 (1971) American Graffiti (1973) Star Wars (1977) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Short Look at Life (1965) Herbie (1966) Freiheit (1966) 1:42.08 (1966, documentary) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (1967) The Emperor (1967, documentary) Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB (1967) 6-18-67 (1967, documentary) Filmmaker (1968, documentary) Films written The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Return of the Jedi (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) The Ewok Adventure (1984, TV film) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985, TV film) Captain EO (1986, short attraction) Willow (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Strange Magic (2015) TV series created The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96 / 1999–2001) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–14; 2020) Star Wars Detours (unaired) Books written Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (1976, credit only) Shadow Moon (1995) Shadow Dawn (1996) Shadow Star (2000) Franchises created Star Wars (1977–present) Indiana Jones (1981–present) Willow (1988–present) American Graffiti (1973–1979) Related Bald: The Making of THX 1138 Light & Magic American Zoetrope Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Lucas Museum of Narrative Art Skywalker Ranch The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia vteLucasfilmWalt Disney StudiosProductionsFilms American Graffiti (1973) Star Wars (1977) More American Graffiti (1979) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) Return of the Jedi (1983) Twice Upon a Time (1983) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) Latino (1985) Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985) Labyrinth (1986) Howard the Duck (1986) Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) Willow (1988) The Land Before Time (1988) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) Radioland Murders (1994) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Red Tails (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019) Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023) Unproduced Star Wars: Duel of the Fates TV series Star Wars: Droids (1985–86) Ewoks (1985–86) Maniac Mansion (1990–93) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–96) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Clone Wars (2008–20) Rebels (2014–18) Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–17) Star Wars Forces of Destiny (2017–18) Resistance (2018–20) The Mandalorian (2019–present) Visions (2021–present) The Book of Boba Fett (2021–22) Star Wars: The Bad Batch (2021–2024) Obi-Wan Kenobi (2022) Light & Magic (2022) Andor (2022–present) Star Wars: Tales (2022–present) Willow (2022–23) Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures (2023–present) Ahsoka (2023–present) The Acolyte (2024) Skeleton Crew (2024) Unaired Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) Theme parkfilms Captain EO (1986) Star Tours (1987) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995) Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Willow American Graffiti Relatedproductions THX 1138 (1971) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation Lucasfilm Games Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas (Founder) Kathleen Kennedy (President) Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management) Other StageCraft The Seventh Tower (2000−01) vteEmpire Award for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2006) Pan's Labyrinth (2007) Stardust (2008) Wanted (2009) Star Trek (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2011) Thor (2012) The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2013) The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016) A Monster Calls (2017) Wonder Woman (2018) vteSaturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film1970s Slaughterhouse-Five (1972) Soylent Green (1973) Rollerball (1974/75) Logan's Run (1976) Star Wars (1977) Superman (1978) Alien (1979) 1980s The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Superman II (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) The Terminator (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Aliens (1986) RoboCop (1987) Alien Nation (1988) 1990s Total Recall (1989/90) Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1992) Jurassic Park (1993) Stargate (1994) 12 Monkeys (1995) Independence Day (1996) Men in Black (1997) Armageddon/Dark City (1998) The Matrix (1999) 2000s X-Men (2000) A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Minority Report (2002) X2: X-Men United (2003) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Children of Men (2006) Cloverfield (2007) Iron Man (2008) Avatar (2009) 2010s Inception (2010) Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) The Avengers (2012) Gravity (2013) Interstellar (2014) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016) Blade Runner 2049 (2017) Ready Player One (2018/19) Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019/20) 2020s Nope (2021/22) Avatar: The Way of Water (2022/23) vteTeen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action The Matrix Reloaded (2003) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008) X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) Sherlock Holmes (2010) Fast Five (2011) Abduction (2012) Iron Man 3 (2013) Divergent (2014) Furious 7 (2015) Deadpool (2016) Wonder Woman (2017) Avengers: Infinity War (2018) Avengers: Endgame (2019) vteYearly highest-grossing films in the United StatesFilms listed as number-one by in-year release1970s–1980s Star Wars (1977) Grease (1978) Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) Return of the Jedi (1983) Beverly Hills Cop (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Top Gun (1986) Three Men and a Baby (1987) Rain Man (1988) Batman (1989) 1990s−2000s Home Alone (1990) Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) Aladdin (1992) Jurassic Park (1993) Forrest Gump (1994) Toy Story (1995) Independence Day (1996) Titanic (1997) Saving Private Ryan (1998) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) Spider-Man (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Shrek 2 (2004) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Spider-Man 3 (2007) The Dark Knight (2008) Avatar (2009) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 (2010) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) The Avengers (2012) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) American Sniper (2014) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) Rogue One (2016) Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) Black Panther (2018) Avengers: Endgame (2019) Bad Boys for Life (2020) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Barbie (2023) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic Portals: Film United States Speculative fiction Science fiction Space

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Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"Anthony Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Kenny Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Baker_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_galaxy"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Palpatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"Galactic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"second-highest-grossing film worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film#Highest-grossing_films"},{"link_name":"acquired by Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"}],"text":"2005 film by George LucasThis article is about the film. For the video game, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game). For the soundtrack, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (soundtrack). For the novelization, see Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (novel).\"Star Wars III\" redirects here. For the third film released, see Return of the Jedi.Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith is a 2005 American epic space opera film that is the sequel to The Phantom Menace (1999) and Attack of the Clones (2002). It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series, the third installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy, and third chronological chapter of the \"Skywalker Saga\". It is written and directed by George Lucas, who also served as executive producer. The film stars Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, Christopher Lee, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Frank Oz.Revenge of the Sith is set three years after the onset of the Clone Wars as established in Attack of the Clones. The Jedi are spread across the galaxy in a full-scale war against the Separatists. The Jedi Council dispatches Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi on a mission to defeat General Grievous, the head of the Separatist army and Count Dooku's former apprentice, to put an end to the war. Meanwhile, after having visions of his wife Padmé Amidala dying in childbirth, Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker is tasked by the Council to spy on Palpatine, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and, secretly, the Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Sidious. Sidious manipulates Anakin into turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming his apprentice, Darth Vader, with wide-ranging consequences for the galaxy.Lucas began writing the script before production of Attack of the Clones ended, citing that he wanted the end of the trilogy to have similar aspects to a romantic tragedy, thus building into Darth Vader's state at the beginning of the next film. Production of Revenge of the Sith started in June 2003, and filming took place in Australia with additional locations in Thailand, Switzerland, China, Italy, and the United Kingdom.Revenge of the Sith premiered on May 15, 2005, at the Cannes Film Festival, then released worldwide on May 19, 2005. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with most regarding it as the best film of the trilogy, although some criticism was reserved for Lucas's screenplay and Christensen's performance. It broke several box office records during its opening week and went on to earn $868.4 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise at the time. It was the highest-grossing film in the U.S. and the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 2005. It also holds the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday, making $50 million. It is also the final Star Wars film to be distributed by Fox, although it would be also acquired by Disney five years after it acquired Lucasfilm.","title":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coruscant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coruscant"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"Palpatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Utapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utapau"},{"link_name":"Mustafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafar"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Wookiee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wookiee"},{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"the Clone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_Wars_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mace Windu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Windu"},{"link_name":"Order 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_66_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"clone troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Galactic Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Senate"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"lightsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber"},{"link_name":"Bail Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_Organa"},{"link_name":"planetoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Polis Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis_Massa"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Skywalker"},{"link_name":"Leia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alderaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderaan"},{"link_name":"Tatooine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatooine"}],"text":"Orbiting above Coruscant, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker lead a mission to rescue Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from the cyborg Separatist commander General Grievous. After infiltrating Grievous' flagship, Obi-Wan and Anakin battle the Sith Lord Count Dooku, whom Anakin decapitates at Palpatine's insistence. Grievous escapes the damaged ship before Obi-Wan and Anakin crash-land it on Coruscant. There, Anakin reunites with his wife Padmé Amidala, who tells him that she is pregnant. Soon after, Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth.Palpatine appoints Anakin to the Jedi Council as his own personal representative. Distrusting Palpatine, the Council agrees but refuses to make Anakin a Jedi Master. They instead instruct him to spy on Palpatine, diminishing Anakin's faith in the Jedi. Meanwhile, on Utapau, Grievous relocates the Separatist leaders to the volcanic planet Mustafar. Obi-Wan travels to Utapau where he confronts and kills Grievous, while Yoda travels to the Wookiee planet of Kashyyyk to defend it from the Separatist droid attack on the Wookiees.Palpatine tempts Anakin with the dark side of the Force, promising it can save Padmé. Anakin deduces that Palpatine is the Sith Lord behind the Clone Wars[a] and reports his treachery to Mace Windu, who confronts and subdues Palpatine, leaving the latter disfigured. Desperate to save Padmé, Anakin prevents Windu from killing Palpatine by slicing his right hand off. Palpatine then sends Windu falling to his death. Anakin pledges himself to the Sith, and Palpatine knights him as Darth Vader. Palpatine issues Order 66, which commands the clone troopers to kill their commanding Jedi generals across the galaxy, while Vader and a battalion of clone troopers kill the remaining Jedi in the Jedi Temple. Vader then travels to Mustafar to assassinate the Separatist leaders, while Palpatine declares himself Emperor before the Galactic Senate, transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire. He denounces the Jedi as traitors.Obi-Wan and Yoda return to Coruscant and learn that Anakin has turned to the dark side. Yoda instructs Obi-Wan to confront Vader while he faces Palpatine. Obi-Wan seeks out Padmé to discover Vader's whereabouts and reveals his treachery. Padmé travels to Mustafar—unaware Obi-Wan has stowed aboard her ship—and pleads with Vader to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges, an enraged Vader believes Padmé has betrayed him and strangles her. Obi-Wan and Vader engage in a lightsaber duel, which ends with Obi-Wan severing Vader's left arm and both legs. Vader is then burned alive by a nearby lava flow as Obi-Wan retrieves Vader's lightsaber before leaving him for dead.On Coruscant, Yoda battles Palpatine, culminating in a stalemate. Yoda flees with Senator Bail Organa and regroups with Obi-Wan and Padmé on the planetoid Polis Massa. Padmé gives birth to twins, whom she names Luke and Leia. She dies soon after, still believing there is good in Anakin. Palpatine recovers a barely alive Vader. On Coruscant, Vader's mutilated body is treated and encased in a black, armored life-support suit. When he asks about Padmé, Palpatine says Vader killed her out of rage, leaving Vader devastated.Obi-Wan and Yoda conceal the twins' birth from the Sith and retreat into exile until the Empire can be challenged. As Padmé's funeral is underway on Naboo, Palpatine and Vader supervise the construction of the Death Star.[b] Bail takes Leia to Alderaan to raise her as his daughter. Obi-Wan delivers Luke to his step-uncle and step-aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, on Tatooine. Obi-Wan settles nearby as a recluse while watching over young Luke.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Star Wars characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_characters"},{"link_name":"List of Star Wars cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_cast_members"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ewan_McGregor_Premiere_Down_to_love_in_Sydney_2003_(cropped).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natalie_Portman_Thor_2_cropped.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayden-cfda2010-0004_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Has_No_Robes_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_L._Jackson_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Smits_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi"},{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"Galactic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Republic_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Padmé Amidala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padm%C3%A9_Amidala"},{"link_name":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Vader"},{"link_name":"the Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force"},{"link_name":"Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sith"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Palpatine / Darth Sidious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpatine"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mace Windu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_Windu"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smits"},{"link_name":"Bail Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_Organa"},{"link_name":"Alderaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderaan"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lee"},{"link_name":"Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Dooku"},{"link_name":"Anthony Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels"},{"link_name":"C-3PO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-3PO"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kenny Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Baker_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"R2-D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R2-D2"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Peter Mayhew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mayhew"},{"link_name":"Oliver Ford Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ford_Davies"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Best"},{"link_name":"Silas Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Carson"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"Jar Jar Binks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar_Jar_Binks"},{"link_name":"Nute Gunray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nute_Gunray"},{"link_name":"Ki-Adi-Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-Adi-Mundi"},{"link_name":"Joel Edgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Edgerton"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Piesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Piesse"},{"link_name":"Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Lars"},{"link_name":"Beru Lars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beru_Lars"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"},{"link_name":"General Grievous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grievous"},{"link_name":"cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"droid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Gary Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Oldman"},{"link_name":"voice-over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman_TP-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman_SR-10"},{"link_name":"Temuera Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuera_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Commander Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Cody_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"clone troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_trooper"},{"link_name":"Bruce Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spence"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bulloch"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Genevieve O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Mon Mothma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Mothma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smits-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Reilly-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameos-14"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rohan Nichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Nichol"},{"link_name":"Raymus Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymus_Antilles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wayne Pygram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Pygram"},{"link_name":"Wilhuff Tarkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Moff_Tarkin"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Roger Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Barton_(film_editor)"},{"link_name":"Luke Skywalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Skywalker"},{"link_name":"Leia Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Leia"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lucas_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Katie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"stunt double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_double"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"See also: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast membersLeft to right, top to bottom: Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Hayden Christensen, Ian McDiarmid, Samuel L. Jackson, and Jimmy SmitsEwan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi, a Jedi Master, general of the Galactic Republic and Anakin Skywalker's best friend and mentor.\nNatalie Portman as Padmé Amidala, a senator of Naboo who is secretly Anakin's wife and pregnant with their children.\nHayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader, a Jedi Knight, hero of the Clone Wars and former Padawan of Obi-Wan and Padmé's secret husband who turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes a Sith Lord. Christensen also plays Vader in his suit. James Earl Jones reprises his role as the voice of Vader from previous Star Wars media in an uncredited cameo.[3][c]\nIan McDiarmid as Palpatine / Darth Sidious, the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic who is secretly a Sith Lord, and later the Emperor of the Galactic Empire. He takes advantage of Anakin's distrust of the Jedi and fear of Padmé dying to turn him towards the dark side, becoming Vader's master.\nSamuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu, a Jedi Master and senior member of the Jedi Council.\nJimmy Smits as Bail Organa, a senator from Alderaan.\nChristopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus, Sidious' Sith apprentice and the leader of the Separatists. He is decapitated by Anakin on the orders of his master.\nAnthony Daniels as C-3PO, Anakin and Padmé's personal protocol droid that Anakin created as a child.[d]\nKenny Baker as R2-D2, Anakin's astromech droid.\nFrank Oz as Yoda, a Jedi Grandmaster and the leader of the Jedi Council.Peter Mayhew, Oliver Ford Davies, Ahmed Best, and Silas Carson reprise their roles as Chewbacca, Sio Bibble, Jar Jar Binks, and Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi, respectively, from the previous films. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse also make cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Owen and Beru Lars respectively from Attack of the Clones. Sound engineer Matthew Wood provides the voice of General Grievous, the fearsome cyborg commander of the Separatists' droid army, who had been trained in wielding a lightsaber by Count Dooku. Wood took over the role, after Gary Oldman was originally cast in the role, but had to drop out of the production due to scheduling conflicts; Oldman had completed some voice-over work.[5][6] Temuera Morrison portrays Commander Cody and the rest of the clone troopers. Bruce Spence portrays Tion Medon, local administrator of Utapau. Jeremy Bulloch (who played Boba Fett in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi) appears as Captain Colton, the pilot of the CR70 corvette Tantive III.[7] Genevieve O'Reilly portrays senator Mon Mothma, though her speaking scene was ultimately cut.[8][9][10][e] Rohan Nichol portrays Captain Raymus Antilles.[11]Wayne Pygram appears as a young Wilhuff Tarkin, and stunt coordinator Nick Gillard appears as a Jedi named Cin Drallig (his name spelled backward, without the 'k').[12] Editor Roger Barton's son Aidan Barton portrays Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa as infants.Director and Star Wars creator George Lucas has a cameo as Baron Papanoida, a blue-faced alien in attendance at the Coruscant opera house.[13] Lucas' son Jett portrays Zett Jukassa, a young Jedi-in-training. One of Lucas' daughters, Amanda, appears as Terr Taneel, seen in a security hologram, while his other daughter Katie plays a blue-skinned Pantoran named Chi Eekway, visible when Palpatine arrives at the Senate after being saved by the Jedi and talking to Baron Papanoida at the opera house.[14][15] Christian Simpson appeared as a stunt double for Hayden Christensen.[16]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi novelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Attack of the Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_of_the_Clones"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CConfidential-27"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmpireOfDreams-28"},{"link_name":"original trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_trilogy"},{"link_name":"Han Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Solo"},{"link_name":"midichlorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midichlorians"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"Yoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda"},{"link_name":"Qui-Gon Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui-Gon_Jinn"},{"link_name":"Liam Neeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Neeson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"pickups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick-up_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Lucas said he conceived the Star Wars saga's story in the form of a plot outline in 1973. However, he later clarified that, at the time of the saga's conception, he had not fully realized the details—only major plot points.[17] The film's climactic duel has its basis in the Return of the Jedi novelization, in which Obi-Wan recounts his battle with Vader that ended with the latter falling \"into a molten pit\".[18] Lucas began working on the screenplay for Episode III before the previous film, Attack of the Clones, was released, proposing to concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven battles on seven planets.[19] In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski surmises that Lucas found flaws with Anakin's fall to the dark side and radically reorganized the plot. For example, instead of opening the film with a montage of Clone War battles, Lucas decided to focus on Anakin, ending the first act with him killing Count Dooku, an action that signals his turn to the dark side.[20]A significant number of fans speculated online about the episode title for the film with rumored titles including Rise of the Empire, The Creeping Fear (which was also named as the film's title on the official website on April Fool's 2004), and Birth of the Empire.[21] Eventually, Revenge of the Sith also became a title guessed by fans that George Lucas would indirectly confirm.[22] The title is a reference to Revenge of the Jedi, the original title of Return of the Jedi; Lucas changed the title scant weeks before the premiere of Return of the Jedi, declaring that a true Jedi could never seek revenge.[23]Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his \"father\", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but later scrapped this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui-Gon Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film).[24] However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization.After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more changes to Anakin's character, rewriting his turn to the dark side. Lucas accomplished this through editing the principal footage and filming new scenes during pickups in London in 2004.[25] In the previous versions, Anakin had several reasons for turning to the dark side, one of which was his sincere belief that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic. Although this is still intact in the finished film, by revising and refilming many scenes, Lucas emphasized Anakin's desire to save Padmé from death. Thus, in the version that made it to theaters, Anakin falls to the dark side primarily to save Padmé.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Holiday Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holiday-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"Ben Burtt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Burtt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiel-34"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"}],"sub_title":"Art design","text":"For the Kashyyyk environment, the art department turned to the Star Wars Holiday Special for inspiration.[26] Over a period of months, Lucas would approve hundreds of designs that would eventually appear in the film. He would later rewrite entire scenes and action sequences to correspond to certain designs he had chosen.[25] The designs were then shipped to the pre-visualization department to create moving CGI versions known as animatics. Ben Burtt would edit these scenes with Lucas in order to pre-visualize what the film would look like before the scenes were filmed.[25] The pre-visualization footage featured a basic raw CGI environment with equally unprocessed character models performing a scene, typically for action sequences. Steven Spielberg was brought in as a \"guest director\" for the film's climax, overseeing the pre-visualization of an unused version of the Utapau chase scene[27] and making art-design suggestions for the Order 66 assassinations as well as the Mustafar duel.[28][29][f] The pre-visualization and art department designs were sent to the production department to begin building sets, props and costumes.[25]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suntan-36"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Shepperton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios"},{"link_name":"Elstree Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Fox Studios Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Studios_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Kashyyyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyyyk"},{"link_name":"Phuket, Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province"},{"link_name":"Mount Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etna"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"Roger Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Barton_(film_editor)"},{"link_name":"Hayden Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Christensen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MovieWeb-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciFi-40"},{"link_name":"Ewan McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewan_McGregor"},{"link_name":"lightsaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber"},{"link_name":"Nick Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stunts-41"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freeman-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Celebration-43"},{"link_name":"Gary Oldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Oldman"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldman-44"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wood_(sound_editor)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Rick McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_McCallum"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alan Smithee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smithee"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltersinterview-48"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Although the first scene filmed was the final scene to appear in the film (shot during the filming of Attack of the Clones in 2000),[30][g] the first bulk of principal photography on the film occurred from June 30, 2003, to September 17, 2003, with additional photography at Shepperton Studios in Surrey and Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire from August 2004 to January 31, 2005.[25] The initial filming took place on sound stages at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, although practical environments were shot as background footage later to be composited into the film. These included the limestone mountains depicting Kashyyyk, which were filmed in Phuket, Thailand. The production company was also fortunate enough to be shooting at the same time that Mount Etna erupted in Italy. Camera crews were sent to the location to shoot several angles of the volcano that were later spliced into the background of the animatics and the final film version of the planet Mustafar.[25]While shooting key dramatic scenes, Lucas would often use an \"A camera\" and \"B camera\", or the \"V technique\", a process that involves shooting with two or more cameras at the same time in order to gain several angles of the same performance.[25] Using the HD technology developed for the film, the filmmakers were able to send footage to the editors the same day it was shot, a process that would require a full 24 hours had it been shot on film.[25] Footage featuring the planet Mustafar was given to editor Roger Barton, who was on location in Sydney cutting the climactic duel.Hayden Christensen said Lucas asked him \"to bulk up and physically show the maturity that had taken place between the two films.\"[32] The actor explained that he worked out with a trainer in Sydney for three months and ate \"six meals a day and on every protein, weight gain supplement that man has created\" to go from 160 lb (73 kg) to 185 lb (84 kg).[33]Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it. They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together. As in the previous prequel film, McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles.[34] The speed at which Vader and Obi-Wan engage in their duel is mostly the speed at which it was filmed, although there are instances where single frames were removed to increase the velocity of particular strikes. An example of this occurs as Obi-Wan strikes down on Vader after applying an armlock in the duel's first half.[17]Revenge of the Sith was the first Star Wars film in which Anakin Skywalker and the suited Darth Vader were played by the same actor in the same film. As Christensen recounted, it was originally intended to simply have a \"tall guy\" in the Darth Vader costume, but, after \"begging and pleading\", Christensen persuaded Lucas to have the Vader costume used in the film created specifically to fit him. The new costume featured shoe lifts and a muscle suit.[35] It also required Christensen (who is 6 feet or 1.8 metres tall) to look through the helmet's mouthpiece.[36]In 2004, Gary Oldman was originally approached to provide the voice of General Grievous;[37] however, complications arose during contract negotiations after Oldman learned the film was to be made outside of the Screen Actors Guild, of which he is a member. He backed out of the role rather than violate the union's rules.[38] Matthew Wood, who voiced Grievous, disputed this story at Celebration III, held in Indianapolis. According to him, Oldman is a friend of producer Rick McCallum, and thus recorded an audition as a favor to him, but was not chosen.[39] Wood, who was also the supervising sound editor, was in charge of the auditions and submitted his audition anonymously in the midst of 30 others, under the initials \"A.S.\" for Alan Smithee.[40] Days later, he received a phone call asking for the full name to the initials \"A.S.\"[41]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Light & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Within-30"},{"link_name":"webcam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyperspace-50"}],"sub_title":"Visual effects","text":"The post-production department (handled by Industrial Light & Magic) began work during filming and continued until weeks before the film was released in 2005. Special effects were created using almost all formats, including model work, CGI and practical effects. The same department later composited all such work into the filmed scenes—both processes taking nearly two years to complete. Revenge of the Sith has 2,151 shots that use special effects, a world record.[42]The film required 910 artists and 70,441 man-hours to create 49 seconds of footage for the Mustafar duel alone.[25] Members of Hyperspace, the Official Star Wars Fan Club, received a special look into the production. Benefits included not only special articles, but they also received access to a webcam that transmitted a new image every 20 seconds during the time it was operating in Fox Studios Australia. Many times the stars, and Lucas himself, were spotted on the webcam.[43]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mon Mothma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_Mothma"},{"link_name":"Genevieve O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Rebel Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Dagobah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagobah"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"},{"link_name":"Bai Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Ling"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaiLing-51"},{"link_name":"Shaak Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaak_Ti"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDcom-22"}],"sub_title":"Deleted scenes","text":"Lucas excised all scenes of a group of Senators, including Padmé, Bail Organa, and Mon Mothma (Genevieve O'Reilly), organizing an alliance to prevent Palpatine from usurping any more emergency powers. Though this is essentially the birth of the Rebel Alliance, the scenes were discarded to achieve more focus on Anakin's story.[17] The scene where Yoda arrives on Dagobah to begin his self-imposed exile was also removed, but is featured as an extended scene in the DVD release, although McCallum stated he hoped Lucas would have added it to the new cut as part of a six-episode DVD box set.[17]Bai Ling filmed minor scenes for the film playing a senator, but her role was cut during editing. She claimed this was because she appeared in a nude pictorial for the June 2005 issue of Playboy, whose appearance on newsstands coincided with the film's May release. Lucas denied this, stating that the cut had been made more than a year earlier, and that he had cut his own daughter's scenes as well.[44] The bonus features show an additional removed scene in which Jedi Master Shaak Ti is killed by General Grievous in front of Obi-Wan and Anakin.[45] The bonus features also show Obi-Wan and Anakin running through Grievous' ship, escaping droids through a fuel tunnel, and arguing over what R2-D2 is saying.[17]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classical Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Classical_Records"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heroes"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: A Musical Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith_(soundtrack)#Star_Wars:_A_Musical_Journey"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, who has composed and conducted the score for every episode in the Star Wars saga, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and London Voices in February 2005.[46] The film's soundtrack was released by Sony Pictures Classical Records on May 3, 2005, more than two weeks before the film's release. A music video titled A Hero Falls was created for the film's theme, \"Battle of the Heroes\", featuring footage from the film and was also available on the DVD.[47]The soundtrack also came with a collectors' DVD hosted by McDiarmid, titled Star Wars: A Musical Journey, which features 16 music videos set to remastered selections of music from all six film scores, set chronologically through the saga.[48]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas,_Berlin_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oliver Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Mark"}],"text":"George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Incredibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Polar Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"National Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Ocean's Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve"},{"link_name":"Meet the Fockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Fockers"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Phoenix_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The O.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C."},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O.C._(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Marketing","text":"The first trailer for Revenge of the Sith premiered in theaters on November 5, 2004, with the release of The Incredibles.[49] It was also attached to the screenings of The Polar Express, National Treasure, Alexander, Ocean's Twelve, Meet the Fockers, Flight of the Phoenix and other films. At the same time, the trailer became available on the Internet.[50] Just four months later, another trailer was unveiled on March 10, 2005, debuting with The O.C.'s \"The Mallpisode\" during the second season (Lucas himself would appear in a later episode) and in theaters with the release of Robots the next day on March 11. On March 14, it would then premiere on the official Star Wars website.[51] Three days later on March 17, George Lucas revealed a preview of the film at the ShoWest Convention in Las Vegas, saying \"It's not like the old Star Wars. This one's a little bit emotional. We like to describe it as Titanic in space. It's a tearjerker.\"[52]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Modesto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto,_California"},{"link_name":"2005 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-61"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Menace"},{"link_name":"A New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Return of the Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi"},{"link_name":"Challenger, Gray & Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger,_Gray_%26_Christmas"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economy-62"},{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"ArcLight Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinerama_Dome"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Empire Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"Star Wars marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_marathon"},{"link_name":"Imperial stormtroopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith charity premieres took place in Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., Boston, Denver, Atlanta, San Francisco, and Miami on Thursday, May 12, 2005;[53] and on May 13, 2005, there were two additional charity premiere screenings in George Lucas's hometown of Modesto, California. The official premiere was at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival (out of competition) on May 16.[54] Its theatrical release in most other countries took place on May 19 to coincide with the 1999 release of The Phantom Menace (the 1977 release of A New Hope and the 1983 release of Return of the Jedi were also released on the same day and month, six years apart). The global outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas claimed one week before the premiere that it may have cost the U.S. economy approximately US$627 million in lost productivity because of employees who took a day off or reported in sick.[55] Grauman's Chinese Theatre, a traditional venue for the Star Wars films, did not show it. However, a line of people stood there for more than a month hoping to convince someone to change this.[56] Most of them took advantage of an offer to see the film at a nearby cinema, ArcLight Cinemas (formerly the \"Cinerama Dome\").[57] On May 16, the Empire Cinema in London's Leicester Square hosted a day-long Star Wars marathon showing of all six films; an army of Imperial stormtroopers \"guarded\" the area, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra gave a free concert of Star Wars music.[58]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"workprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workprint"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P-66"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P2-67"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P2P3-68"}],"sub_title":"Leaked workprint","text":"A copy of the film leaked onto peer-to-peer file sharing networks just hours after opening in theaters. The film was a time-stamped workprint, suggesting it may have come from within the industry rather than from someone who videotaped an advance screening.[59] Eight people were later charged with copyright infringement and distributing material illegally. Documents filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney allege that a copy of the film was taken from an unnamed Californian post-production office by an employee, who later pleaded guilty to his charges.[60] The illegal copy was passed among seven people until reaching an eighth party, who also pleaded guilty to uploading to an unnamed P2P network.[61]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PG-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system#PG-13"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-69"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Richard Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roeper"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-71"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-69"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Rating","text":"Revenge of the Sith is the first Star Wars film to receive a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), officially for \"sci-fi violence and some intense images\",[62] namely for the scene in which Darth Vader is set aflame by lava. Lucas had stated months before the MPAA's decision that he felt the film should receive a PG-13 rating, because of Anakin's final moments and the film's content being the darkest and most intense of all six films.[63] Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper later opined that children would be able to handle the film as long as they had parental guidance.[64] All previously released films in the series were rated PG.[62][h]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DVDrelease-73"},{"link_name":"pan and scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_and_scan"},{"link_name":"THX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX"},{"link_name":"Coruscant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coruscant"},{"link_name":"Utapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utapau"},{"link_name":"Mustafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafar"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Rob Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Coleman"},{"link_name":"John Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knoll"},{"link_name":"Roger Guyett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Guyett"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Amazon Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Video"},{"link_name":"Vudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vudu"},{"link_name":"Google Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play"},{"link_name":"Disney Movies Anywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Movies_Anywhere"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital_download-80"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"4K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"HDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video"},{"link_name":"Dolby Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"4K Ultra HD Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_Ultra_HD_Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SkywalkerSagaBoxSet-83"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Revenge of the Sith was released on DVD and VHS on October 31, 2005, in the UK and Ireland; on November 1, 2005, it was released in the United States and Canada on DVD; and on November 3, 2005, it was released in Australia. It was also released in most major territories on or near the same day.[65] The DVD release consists of widescreen and pan and scan full-screen versions and is THX certified. This two-disc set contains one disc with the film and the other one with bonus features. The first disc features three randomized selected menus, which are Coruscant, Utapau and Mustafar.[66] There is an Easter egg in the options menu. When the THX Optimizer is highlighted, the viewer can press 1-1-3-8. By doing this, a hip hop music video with Yoda and some clone troopers will play.[67]The DVD includes a number of documentaries including a new full-length documentary as well as two featurettes, one which explores the prophecy of Anakin Skywalker as the Chosen One, the other looking at the film's stunts and a 15-part collection of web-documentaries from the official web site. Like the other DVD releases, included is an audio commentary track featuring Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors John Knoll and Roger Guyett. Six deleted scenes were included with introductions from Lucas and McCallum.This release is notable because, due to marketing issues, it was the first Star Wars film never to be released on VHS in the United States.[68] However, the film was released on VHS in Australia, the UK and other countries.[69][better source needed]The DVD was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4, 2008.[70]The six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray on September 16, 2011, in three different editions.[71]On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Revenge of the Sith was released through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[72]Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment reissued Revenge of the Sith on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on September 22, 2019.[73] Additionally, all six films were available for 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch on November 12, 2019.[74] This version of the film was released by Disney on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 31, 2020, whilst being re-released on Blu-ray and DVD.[75] All 20th Century Fox Fanfare and logo sequences on the first six films have been restored following the completion of Disney's acquisition of that studio in 2019 having been removed for the initial digital releases, except for A New Hope, which Fox had asked to retain all rights for prior to the sale of the studio to Disney.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_film"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: The Force Awakens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Celebration"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"3D re-release","text":"On September 28, 2010, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D. The films would be re-released in chronological order beginning with The Phantom Menace on February 10, 2012. Revenge of the Sith was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on October 11, 2013.[76][i] However, on January 28, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that it was postponing the 3D release of episodes II and III in order to \"focus 100 percent of our efforts on Star Wars: The Force Awakens\" and that further information about 3D release plans would be issued at a later date.[78][79][80] The premiere of the 3D version was shown on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim.[81]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-94"},{"link_name":"A. O. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-aoscott-95"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-94"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travers-98"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writer-99"},{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Writer-99"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Travers-98"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 305 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"With Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, George Lucas brings his second Star Wars trilogy to a suitably thrilling and often poignant – if still a bit uneven – conclusion.\"[82] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[83] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as the previous two films.[84]Most critics have considered the film to be the best of the prequel trilogy.[85] A. O. Scott of The New York Times concluded that it was \"the best of the four episodes Mr. Lucas has directed\", and equal to The Empire Strikes Back as \"the richest and most challenging movie in the cycle\".[86] J.R. Jones, a Chicago Reader critic who disliked The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones, gave the film a positive review, saying that it had a \"relatively thoughtful story\".[87] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, writing \"If [Lucas] got bogged down in solemnity and theory in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, the Force is in a jollier mood this time, and Revenge of the Sith is a great entertainment\", but he noted that \"the dialogue throughout the movie is once again its weakest point\".[88]Though many critics and fans viewed Revenge of the Sith as the strongest of the three prequels, some viewers thought it was more or less on par with the previous two episodes.[85] Much of the criticism was directed towards the dialogue, particularly the film's romantic scenes;[89][90] critics claimed this demonstrated Lucas's weakness as a writer of dialogue, a subject with which Lucas openly agreed when receiving the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute.[90] Some film critics and fans criticized Hayden Christensen's acting, calling it \"wooden\".[91][89][92][93] A retrospective review by Time felt that Christensen's maligned performance was in part affected by the screenwriting.[94]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liberal bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politics-104"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Politics-104"},{"link_name":"Camille Paglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"contemporary artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Internet memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"Other responses","text":"Some American conservatives criticized the film, claiming it had a liberal bias and was a commentary on the George W. Bush administration and Iraq War. Some websites went so far as to propose a boycott of the film.[95] Lucas defended the film, stating that the film's storyline was written during the Vietnam War and was influenced by that conflict rather than the war in Iraq. Lucas also said \"The parallels between Vietnam and what we're doing in Iraq now are unbelievable\".[95]Art critic Camille Paglia praised the film as an essential example of the modern digital art movement due to its \"overwhelming operatic power and yes, seriousness\", and arguing that its finale has \"more inherent artistic value, emotional power, and global impact\" than the work of some contemporary artists.[96][97][98]During the late 2010s, the film amassed a cult following on social media among some young fans who were children when the film was released, using the film's dialogue to create Internet memes.[99]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_day-110"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirates-112"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_2"},{"link_name":"Shrek 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_2"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_day-110"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirates-112"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool_(film)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Minions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions_(film)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Hitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitch_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Shrek 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"fourth-highest-grossing second weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_second_weekends_for_films"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"The Lost World: Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park"},{"link_name":"The Day After Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Bruce Almighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Almighty"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_2"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mojo-2"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"The Longest Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Longest_Yard_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_3"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was released in 115 countries. Its worldwide gross eventually reached $849 million—making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2005,[2] behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.[100] The film earned an estimated $16.91 million from 2,900 midnight screenings in North America upon its release. In total, it earned a record $50 million on its opening day,[101] marking the record for the highest opening-day gross on a Thursday.[102] It was surpassed the following year by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, which earned $55.5 million on its opening day.[103]With only the May 19 earnings, the film broke four box office records: midnight screenings gross (previously held by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, $8 million), opening day gross (Spider-Man 2, with $40.4 million), single day gross (Shrek 2 with $44.8 million) and Thursday gross (The Matrix Reloaded with $37.5 million).[101] Its single day and opening day gross records were later surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest on July 7, 2006, when that movie grossed $55.5 million on its opening day,[103] and its midnight screening gross was broken by The Dark Knight on July 18, 2008, with $18.5 million.[104] With a total gross of $108.4 million, Revenge of the Sith would go on to hold the record for having the biggest opening weekend for any 20th Century Fox film for a decade until it was taken by Deadpool in 2016.[105] The year prior, Minions had already surpassed Revenge of the Sith for having the largest opening weekend for a prequel.[106]According to box office analysis sites, the film set American records for highest gross in a given number of days for each of its first 12 days of release except for the seventh and eighth, where the record is narrowly held by Spider-Man 2. Within three days, Revenge of the Sith surpassed Spider-Man for having the highest three-day gross of any film, scoring a total of $124.7 million.[107] On its fifth day, it became the highest-grossing film of 2005, surpassing Hitch ($177.6 million). The film earned $158.5 million in its first four-day period, surpassing the previous four-day record held by The Matrix Reloaded ($134.3 million), and joining the latter film, Spider-Man, and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as one of the only four films to make $100 million in their first three days. In eight days, it reached the $200 million mark (a record tied with Spider-Man 2) and by its 17th day, the film had passed $300 million (surpassing the record of 18 days of Shrek 2). It was eventually the third-fastest film (after Shrek 2 and Spider-Man) to reach $350 million.[2] Revenge of the Sith earned a total of $55.2 million during its second weekend, making it the fourth-highest-grossing second weekend of all time, behind Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Spider-Man and Shrek 2. The film then earned $70 million in just four days, becoming the seventh-highest Memorial Day weekend gross of any film, trailing only behind Shrek 2, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, The Day After Tomorrow, Bruce Almighty, Pearl Harbor and Mission: Impossible 2.[108]The film ended its run in American theaters on October 20, 2005,[2] finishing with a total gross of $380,270,577. It ranks 29th in all-time domestic grosses and is the highest-grossing U.S. of 2005, out-grossing second-place The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by nearly $90 million.[2] The film sold an estimated 59,324,600 tickets in the US. It topped the domestic box office for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Madagascar and The Longest Yard (which were in their second weekend).[109]International grosses that exceeded $460 million include those Australia ($27.2 million), France and Algeria ($56.9 million), Germany ($47.3 million), Italy ($11.3 million), Japan ($82.7 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), South Korea ($10.3 million), Spain ($23.8 million), and the United Kingdom and Ireland ($72.8 million).[110] The total worldwide opening of Revenge of the Sith for each country was $254 million, combined with $304 million from its four-day weekend. It would go on to hold this record for two years before Spider-Man 3 took it in 2007.[111]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Visual Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects"},{"link_name":"Best Makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Makeup_and_Hairstyling"},{"link_name":"Dave Elsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Elsey"},{"link_name":"Nikki Gooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Gooley"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Empire Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Best_Sci-Fi/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Scene of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Award_for_Scene_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_%E2%80%93_Action"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Music"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Saturn Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Best Writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Natalie Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Portman"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Ian McDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"which he won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Razzies-130"},{"link_name":"one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"two wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Stinkers_Bad_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Following the release of Revenge of the Sith—the completion of the original and prequel Star Wars series—on June 9, 2005, George Lucas was presented with the 33rd American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award. The institute honored his \"astonishing contributions to the art and technology of filmmaking, as well as the impact of the epic Star Wars series\".[112]Despite being the prequel trilogy's best reviewed and received film, it received fewer award nominations than the previous films. It became the only Star Wars film not to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects; it was nominated for Best Makeup (Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley), losing to The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.[113] It also won \"Favorite Motion Picture\" and \"Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture\" awards at the People's Choice Awards,[114] \"Hollywood Movie of the Year\" award at the Hollywood Film Festival,[115] Empire Awards for Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film and Scene of the Year (The birth of Vader),[116] and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action.[117]As did every film of the original trilogy, the film won the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Williams also won Best Music.[118] The film was nominated for ten Saturn Awards overall, including Best Director and Best Writing for Lucas, Best Actor for Christensen, Best Actress for Natalie Portman, and Best Supporting Actor for Ian McDiarmid.[119]Of the three Star Wars prequels, the film received the fewest Golden Raspberry Awards nominations: only one, for Christensen as Worst Supporting Actor,[120] which he won.[121] (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones received seven nominations each, with one and two wins, respectively.) It is the only Star Wars prequel not to receive a Razzie nomination for Worst Picture. Christensen further won the \"Best Villain\" award at the MTV Movie Awards.[122] The film also received the fewest nominations (and no wins) at the 2005 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards: Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100M, and Worst On-Screen Couple (Christensen and Portman).[123]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Wars sources and analogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_sources_and_analogues"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Patriot Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Faustian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"synthesized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"mise-en-scène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Rosemary's Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevilDeal-135"}],"text":"See also: Star Wars sources and analoguesThroughout Revenge of the Sith, Lucas refers to a wide range of films and other sources, drawing on political, military, and mythological motifs to enhance his story's impact. The most media coverage was likely given to an exchange between Anakin and Obi-Wan, leading to the aforementioned conflict: \"If you're not with me, then you're my enemy\", Anakin declares. Despite Lucas' insistence to the contrary, The Seattle Times concluded, \"Without naming Bush or the Patriot Act, it's all unmistakable no matter what your own politics may be.\"[124]McDiarmid, Lucas, and others have also called Anakin's journey to the dark side Faustian in the sense of making a \"pact with the devil\" for short-term gain, with the fiery volcano planet Mustafar representing hell.[125] Midway through the film, Lucas intercuts between Anakin and Padmé by themselves, thinking about one another in the Jedi Temple and their apartment, respectively, during sunset. The sequence is without dialogue and complemented by a moody, synthesized soundtrack. Lucas' coverage of the exterior cityscapes, skylines and interior isolation in the so-called \"Ruminations\" sequence is similar to the cinematography and mise-en-scène of Rosemary's Baby, a film in which a husband makes a literal pact with the devil.[126]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Stover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Stover"},{"link_name":"Darth Plagueis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darth_Plagueis"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novel-136"}],"sub_title":"Novelization","text":"The film's novelization was written by Matthew Stover. It has more dialogue than the film, and certain story elements were expanded upon in the novelization including Anakin and Palpatine's relationship and Palpatine's apprenticeship to Darth Plagueis.[127]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"scenes cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN2-138"}],"sub_title":"Video game","text":"A video game based on the film was released on May 5, 2005, two weeks before the film. The game generally followed the film's storyline, integrating scenes from the film. However, many sections of the game featured scenes cut from the film, or entirely new scenes for the game.[128] The style of the game was mostly lightsaber combat and fighting as Obi-Wan or Anakin.[129] It also has a form of multiplayer mode, which includes both \"VS\" and \"Cooperative\" mode.[129] In the first mode, two players fight with characters of their choice against each other in a lightsaber duel to the death. In the latter mode, two players team up to combat increasingly difficult waves of enemies.[129]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Boba Fett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boba_Fett"},{"link_name":"Jango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jango_Fett"},{"link_name":"Ahsoka Tano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsoka_Tano"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"The Clone Wars","text":"The 2008 animated film and subsequent television series fill the three-year gap between the events of Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. A number of plot threads initially developed for inclusion in Revenge of the Sith were instead incorporated into The Clone Wars. These include Boba Fett's revenge plot against Mace Windu for his father Jango's death, and the solving of the mystery behind deceased Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas which was introduced in Attack of the Clones. The final four episodes of the series take place concurrently with Revenge of the Sith. Several scenes from the film were recreated and expanded for these episodes in order to showcase the whereabouts of Anakin Skywalker's former Padawan Ahsoka Tano during the events of the film. While Ahsoka was a major character in The Clone Wars, she is not referenced in Revenge of the Sith as the character had not yet been created at the time that the film was written.[130]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Bad Batch","text":"Several scenes from Revenge of the Sith were recreated in the first episode Aftermath. This episode also takes place concurrently with the film and the following episodes deal with the aftermath of Order 66 and the Clone Wars.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"sub_title":"Obi-Wan Kenobi","text":"The 2022 miniseries takes place ten years after Revenge of the Sith (and approximately nine years before A New Hope),[j] and features flashbacks taking place prior and during the events of the film, with some of the latter via archive footage. McGregor, Christensen, Earl Jones, Edgerton, Piesse, Smits, McDiarmid, and Daniels reprise their roles from the film.[131]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fandub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandub"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Chinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinglish"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-144"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"viral video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-144"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Nerdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"Backstroke of the West","text":"In 2016, a fandub of Revenge of the Sith was released titled Star War [sic] the Third Gathers: Backstroke of the West. The script used in the fandub originated from the English subtitles of a Mandarin Chinese bootleg DVD of the film that had been purchased by an American in Shanghai.[132] The subtitles, almost entirely filled with errors and mistranslations, stemmed from a bootlegger first having listened to the film in English, writing down what they believed to have heard and occasionally making things up, which was then converted into Mandarin and back into English via inaccurate machine translation,[133] resulting in nonsensical Chinglish.[134]The dub became an Internet meme and a viral video and received praise from multiple news outlets. Patrick Shanley from The Hollywood Reporter described it as \"a fan-made masterpiece\",[134] while Julia Alexander from Polygon called the dub \"hilarious\".[135] Derrick Rossignol from Nerdist went so far as to say that the fandub was \"way better\" than the original film.[136]","title":"Other media"}]

[{"image_text":"George Lucas in 2005. Portrait by Oliver Mark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas%2C_Berlin_2005.jpg/220px-Oliver_Mark_-_George_Lucas%2C_Berlin_2005.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Ain%27t_Here_Anymore

Love Ain't Here Anymore

["1 Critical reception","2 Music video","3 Track listings","4 Personnel","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 References"]

1994 single by Take That "Love Ain't Here Anymore"UK CD1Single by Take Thatfrom the album Everything Changes B-side"The Party Remix"Released27 June 1994 (1994-06-27)GenrePopLength3:57LabelRCABMGSongwriter(s)Gary BarlowProducer(s)Steve JervierPaul JervierJonathan WalesTake That singles chronology "Everything Changes" (1994) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" (1994) "Sure" (1994) Music video"Love Ain't Here Anymore" on YouTube "Love Ain't Here Anymore" is a song by English boy band Take That. Released on 27 June 1994 by RCA and BMG, it was the sixth and final single taken from the band's second studio album, Everything Changes (1993). The song peaked at number three in the UK Singles Chart, ending their string of consecutive number-one singles. It failed to overtake Wet Wet Wet's cover of "Love Is All Around" at number one, and American R&B group, All-4-One, who reached number two with "I Swear". "Love Ain't Here Anymore" was re-recorded for release in the United States and included on their first Greatest Hits compilation in 1996. Take That also recorded a Spanish version of the song, "No si aqui no hay amor", which entered the Spanish AFYVE chart at number two. It appears as a B-side to Take That's following single, "Sure", while the English version appears on the United States single of "Back for Good". "Love Ain't Here Anymore" has received a silver sales status certification for sales of over 200,000 copies in the UK. A new, re-recorded version of the song appears as a track on the group's 2018 compilation album Odyssey, featuring vocals from US singing group Boyz II Men. Critical reception Peter Fawthrop from AllMusic described the song as a "quality ballad". A reviewer from Music & Media wrote, "Teenage girls can't play with dolls all the time. Actually they're in for a bit of romance too, and dreams about future loves are given some contours by Take That's sophisticated ballad." Alan Jones from Music Week gave it five out of five and named it Pick of the Week, stating, "With this warm and tender ballad, Take That are set to become the third act to have five chart-toppers inside a 12-month period, following in the illustrious footsteps of Elvis Presley and the Beatles." Pop Rescue commented, "Turn the lights down for "Love Ain’t Here Anymore", with Gary singing his regrets out". They also deemed it "a mid-tempo ballad, with soaring strings that fit perfectly with the vocal range of the group". Music video A music video was produced to promote the single. It shows the band performing the song in what appears to be a recording studio. Lighting effects are used to make the video more complex and appealing showing silhouettes of the band. Track listings "Rock 'n' Roll Medley" contains versions of "Great Balls of Fire", "Under the Moon of Love", "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear", and "Born to Hand Jive". UK CD1 and Japanese CD single (74321214832) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" – 3:48 "The Party Remix" – 7:13 "Another Crack in My Heart" (live) – 3:02 "Everything Changes" (live Top of the Pops satellite performance) – 4:25 UK CD2 (74321214822) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) "Rock 'n' Roll Medley" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) "Wasting My Time" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) "Babe" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) UK cassette single 1 (74321214834) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" "The Party Remix" "Everything Changes" (live Top of the Pops satellite performance) UK cassette single 2 (74321214824) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) "Rock 'n' Roll Medley" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) "Babe" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) European CD single (74321214812) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" "The Party Remix" Australasian CD single (74321214802) "Love Ain't Here Anymore" "The Party Remix" "Babe" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) Spanish CD single (74321214842) "No si aqui no hay amor" "The Party Remix" "Love Ain't Here Anymore" "Babe" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) Spanish 12-inch single (743211214841) "No si aqui no hay amor" – 3:54 "The Party Remix" – 7:25 "Love Ain't Here Anymore" – 3:51 "Babe" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) – 6:24 "Rock 'n' Roll Medley" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) – 6:37 Personnel Gary Barlow – lead vocals Howard Donald – backing vocals Jason Orange – backing vocals Mark Owen – backing vocals Robbie Williams – backing vocals Charts Weekly charts Chart (1994) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 38 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 25 Denmark (IFPI) 6 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 5 Europe (European AC Radio) 11 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 9 Germany (Official German Charts) 39 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 27 Ireland (IRMA) 4 Israel (IBA) 9 Lithuania (M-1) 1 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 23 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 24 Scotland (OCC) 2 Spain (AFYVE)"No si aqui no hay amor" 2 UK Singles (OCC) 3 Visegrád Nations Airplay (Music & Media) 20 Year-end charts Chart (1994) Position UK Singles (OCC) 52 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "Single Releases" (PDF). Music Week. 25 June 1994. p. 27. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ Fawthrop, Peter. "Take That – Everything Changes". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 July 1994. p. 9. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ Jones, Alan (25 June 1994). "Market Preview: Mainstream - Singles - Pick of the Week" (PDF). Music Week. p. 18. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "Review: "Everything Changes" By Take That (CD, 1993)". Pop Rescue. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK CD1 liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214832.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (Japanese CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records. 1994. BVCZ1021.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK CD2 liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214822.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK cassette single sleeve). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214834.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK cassette single sleeve). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214824.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (European CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214824.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Love Ain't Here Anymore (Australasian CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214802.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ No si aqui no hay amor (Spanish CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214842.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ No si aqui no hay amor (Spanish 12-inch single vinyl disc). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 743211214841.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore". ARIA Top 50 Singles. ^ "Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 30. 23 July 1994. p. 13. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 30. 23 July 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. 27 August 1994. p. 22. Retrieved 28 May 2023. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 280. ISBN 951-31-2503-3. ^ "Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.7.–27.7. '94)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 21 July 1994. p. 16. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Love Ain't Here Anymore". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ 9 August 1994 ^ "M-1 TOP 40". M-1.fm. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 31, 1994" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ "Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 14 March 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Take That: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ "Major Market Airplay – Week 32/1994" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 33. 13 August 1994. p. 19. Retrieved 21 January 2023. ^ "Top 100 Singles 1994". Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 9. ^ "British single certifications – Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 May 2021. vteTake That Gary Barlow Howard Donald Mark Owen Jason Orange Robbie Williams Studio albums Take That & Party Everything Changes Nobody Else Beautiful World The Circus Progress III Wonderland This Life Other albums The Greatest Day – Take That Present: The Circus Live Progressed Progress Live Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of Take That Forever... Greatest Hits Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection The Platinum Collection Odyssey Singles "Do What U Like" "Promises" "Once You've Tasted Love" "It Only Takes a Minute" "I Found Heaven" "A Million Love Songs" "Could It Be Magic" "Why Can't I Wake Up with You" "Pray" "Relight My Fire" "Babe" "Everything Changes" "Love Ain't Here Anymore" "Sure" "Back for Good" "Never Forget" "How Deep Is Your Love" "Patience" "Shine" "I'd Wait for Life" "Reach Out" "Rule the World" "Greatest Day" "Up All Night" "The Garden" "Said It All" "Hold Up a Light" "The Flood" "Kidz" "Happy Now" "Love Love" "When We Were Young" "These Days" "Let in the Sun" "Higher Than Higher" "Hey Boy" "Cry" "Giants" "Pray (Odyssey version)" "Out of Our Heads" "Greatest Day (Robin Schulz Rework)" "Windows" "Brand New Sun" "This Life" Tours The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Tour 2007 Take That Present: The Circus Live Progress Live Take That Live Greatest Hits Live This Life on Tour Television Take That: For the Record Take That's Countdown to Midnight Musical theatre Never Forget Greatest Days Related articles Discography Songs Nigel Martin-Smith John Shanks Stuart Price SingStar Take That Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Everything Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Changes_(Take_That_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Wet Wet Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Wet_Wet"},{"link_name":"Love Is All Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_All_Around#Wet_Wet_Wet_version"},{"link_name":"All-4-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-4-One"},{"link_name":"I Swear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Swear"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Take_That_album)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Sure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sure_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"Back for Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_for_Good_(song)"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(Take_That_album)"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"}],"text":"\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" is a song by English boy band Take That. Released on 27 June 1994 by RCA and BMG, it was the sixth and final single taken from the band's second studio album, Everything Changes (1993). The song peaked at number three in the UK Singles Chart, ending their string of consecutive number-one singles. It failed to overtake Wet Wet Wet's cover of \"Love Is All Around\" at number one, and American R&B group, All-4-One, who reached number two with \"I Swear\". \"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" was re-recorded for release in the United States and included on their first Greatest Hits compilation in 1996.Take That also recorded a Spanish version of the song, \"No si aqui no hay amor\", which entered the Spanish AFYVE chart at number two. It appears as a B-side to Take That's following single, \"Sure\", while the English version appears on the United States single of \"Back for Good\". \"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" has received a silver sales status certification for sales of over 200,000 copies in the UK. A new, re-recorded version of the song appears as a track on the group's 2018 compilation album Odyssey, featuring vocals from US singing group Boyz II Men.","title":"Love Ain't Here Anymore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolls"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barlow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Peter Fawthrop from AllMusic described the song as a \"quality ballad\".[2] A reviewer from Music & Media wrote, \"Teenage girls can't play with dolls all the time. Actually they're in for a bit of romance too, and dreams about future loves are given some contours by Take That's sophisticated ballad.\"[3] Alan Jones from Music Week gave it five out of five and named it Pick of the Week, stating, \"With this warm and tender ballad, Take That are set to become the third act to have five chart-toppers inside a 12-month period, following in the illustrious footsteps of Elvis Presley and the Beatles.\"[4] Pop Rescue commented, \"Turn the lights down for \"Love Ain’t Here Anymore\", with Gary singing his regrets out\". They also deemed it \"a mid-tempo ballad, with soaring strings that fit perfectly with the vocal range of the group\".[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A music video was produced to promote the single. It shows the band performing the song in what appears to be a recording studio. Lighting effects are used to make the video more complex and appealing showing silhouettes of the band.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Balls of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Balls_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Under the Moon of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Moon_of_Love"},{"link_name":"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Let_Me_Be_Your)_Teddy_Bear"},{"link_name":"Born to Hand Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Hand_Jive"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Everything Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Changes_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandhalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandhalle"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"\"Rock 'n' Roll Medley\" contains versions of \"Great Balls of Fire\", \"Under the Moon of Love\", \"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\", and \"Born to Hand Jive\".UK CD1 and Japanese CD single (74321214832)[6][7]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" – 3:48\n\"The Party Remix\" – 7:13\n\"Another Crack in My Heart\" (live) – 3:02\n\"Everything Changes\" (live Top of the Pops satellite performance) – 4:25\nUK CD2 (74321214822)[8]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\"Rock 'n' Roll Medley\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\"Wasting My Time\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\"Babe\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\nUK cassette single 1 (74321214834)[9]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\"\n\"The Party Remix\"\n\"Everything Changes\" (live Top of the Pops satellite performance)\nUK cassette single 2 (74321214824)[10]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\"Rock 'n' Roll Medley\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\"Babe\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\n\n\nEuropean CD single (74321214812)[11]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\"\n\"The Party Remix\"\nAustralasian CD single (74321214802)[12]\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\"\n\"The Party Remix\"\n\"Babe\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\nSpanish CD single (74321214842)[13]\n\"No si aqui no hay amor\"\n\"The Party Remix\"\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\"\n\"Babe\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle)\nSpanish 12-inch single (743211214841)[14]\n\"No si aqui no hay amor\" – 3:54\n\"The Party Remix\" – 7:25\n\"Love Ain't Here Anymore\" – 3:51\n\"Babe\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) – 6:24\n\"Rock 'n' Roll Medley\" (live at Berlin Deutschlandhalle) – 6:37","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barlow"},{"link_name":"Howard Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Donald"},{"link_name":"Jason Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Orange"},{"link_name":"Mark Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Owen"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"}],"text":"Gary Barlow – lead vocals\nHoward Donald – backing vocals\nJason Orange – backing vocals\nMark Owen – backing vocals\nRobbie Williams – backing vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Ain%27t_Here_Anymore&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Take_That-15"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Take_That-16"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Take_That-21"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-23"},{"link_name":"IBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"M-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-1_(Lithuanian_radio_station)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-26"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Take_That-27"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-28"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Take_That-30"},{"link_name":"Visegrád Nations Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Ain%27t_Here_Anymore&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[15]\n\n38\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[16]\n\n25\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[17]\n\n6\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[18]\n\n5\n\n\nEurope (European AC Radio)[19]\n\n11\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[20]\n\n9\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[21]\n\n39\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[22]\n\n27\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[23]\n\n4\n\n\nIsrael (IBA)[24]\n\n9\n\n\nLithuania (M-1)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26]\n\n23\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[27]\n\n24\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[28]\n\n2\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[29]\"No si aqui no hay amor\"\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[30]\n\n3\n\n\nVisegrád Nations Airplay (Music & Media)[31]\n\n20\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1994)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[32]\n\n52","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Single Releases\" (PDF). Music Week. 25 June 1994. p. 27. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-06-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Releases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Fawthrop, Peter. \"Take That – Everything Changes\". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/everything-changes-mw0000372009","url_text":"\"Take That – Everything Changes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 July 1994. p. 9. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-07-09.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Alan (25 June 1994). \"Market Preview: Mainstream - Singles - Pick of the Week\" (PDF). Music Week. p. 18. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-06-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Market Preview: Mainstream - Singles - Pick of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: \"Everything Changes\" By Take That (CD, 1993)\". Pop Rescue. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://poprescue.com/2015/08/19/pop-rescue-everything-changes-by-take-that-cd-1993/","url_text":"\"Review: \"Everything Changes\" By Take That (CD, 1993)\""}]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK CD1 liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214832.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That","url_text":"Take That"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group","url_text":"BMG"}]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (Japanese CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records. 1994. BVCZ1021.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK CD2 liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK cassette single sleeve). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214834.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (UK cassette single sleeve). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214824.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (European CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214824.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Ain't Here Anymore (Australasian CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214802.","urls":[]},{"reference":"No si aqui no hay amor (Spanish CD single liner notes). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 74321214842.","urls":[]},{"reference":"No si aqui no hay amor (Spanish 12-inch single vinyl disc). Take That. RCA Records, BMG. 1994. 743211214841.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Top National Sellers\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 30. 23 July 1994. p. 13. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-07-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Top National Sellers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 30. 23 July 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-07-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25\" (PDF). Music & Media. 27 August 1994. p. 22. Retrieved 28 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-08-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. p. 280. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-31-2503-3","url_text":"951-31-2503-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.7.–27.7. '94)\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 21 July 1994. p. 16. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2717064#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.7.–27.7. '94)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"M-1 TOP 40\". M-1.fm. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://m-1.fm/top40/?topid=1273","url_text":"\"M-1 TOP 40\""}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Market Airplay – Week 32/1994\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 33. 13 August 1994. p. 19. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1994/MM-1994-08-13.pdf","url_text":"\"Major Market Airplay – Week 32/1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles 1994\". Music Week. 14 January 1995. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/4001-1216-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Take That – Love Ain't Here Anymore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Hume

Basil Hume

["1 Early life and ministry","2 Archbishop","3 Cardinal","4 Legacy","5 Writings","6 Orders, medals and decorations","6.1 National orders","6.2 Foreign orders","6.3 Other","7 See also","8 References"]

English Catholic cardinal (1923–1999) His EminenceBasil HumeOSB OMCardinal, Archbishop of WestminsterPrimate of England and WalesChurchRoman Catholic ChurchProvinceWestminsterAppointed9 February 1976Installed25 March 1976Term ended17 June 1999PredecessorJohn Carmel HeenanSuccessorCormac Murphy-O'ConnorOther post(s)Cardinal Priest of San Silvestro in CapiteOrdersOrdination23 July 1950by Thomas ShineConsecration26 March 1976by Bruno HeimCreated cardinal24 May 1976by Paul VIRankCardinal priestPersonal detailsBornGeorge Haliburton Hume(1923-03-02)2 March 1923Newcastle upon Tyne, EnglandDied17 June 1999(1999-06-17) (aged 76)London, EnglandBuriedChapel of St Gregory and St Augustine, Westminster Cathedral, LondonNationalityBritishDenominationRoman CatholicParentsSir William Errington HumeMaria Elizabeth Hume (née Tisserye)Previous post(s)Abbot of Saint Lawrence's Abbey, Ampleforth (1963–1976)Coat of arms Memorial plaque at Hume's birthplace, 4 Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne George Basil Hume OSB OM (born George Haliburton Hume; 2 March 1923 – 17 June 1999) was an English Catholic bishop. He was a monk and priest of the English Benedictine monastery of Ampleforth Abbey and its abbot for 13 years until his appointment as Archbishop of Westminster in 1976. His elevation to the cardinalate followed during the same year. From 1979, Hume served also as president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He held these appointments until his death from cancer in 1999. His final resting place is at Westminster Cathedral in the Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine. During his lifetime, Hume received wide respect from the general public which went beyond the Catholic community. Following his death, a statue of him in his monastic habit and wearing his abbatial cross was erected in his home town of Newcastle upon Tyne outside St Mary's Cathedral (opposite Newcastle station); it was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II. Early life and ministry Hume was born George Haliburton Hume at 4 Ellison Place in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1923, to Sir William Errington Hume (1879–1960) and Marie Elizabeth (née Tisseyre) Hume (d. 1979). His father was a Protestant and a cardiac physician from Scotland, and his mother the French Catholic daughter of an army officer. He had three sisters and one brother. Hume was a pupil at the independent school Ampleforth College between the ages of 13 and 18. After finishing his studies there, he entered the novitiate of the Benedictine monastery at Ampleforth Abbey in North Yorkshire in 1941, at the age of 18. He received the habit and the monastic name of Basil. He was solemnly professed in 1945. After Ampleforth, Hume went on to study at St Benet's Hall, Oxford, a Benedictine institution, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in modern history. As it was impossible to study Catholic theology at Oxford at the time, he went on to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, to complete his theological studies, earning a Licence in Sacred Theology. Hume was ordained a priest on 23 July 1950. He then returned to Ampleforth to teach religious education, history, French and German. He served as head of the school's Department of Modern Languages before becoming the abbot of Ampleforth in 1963. Hume was a lifelong fan of jogging, squash and Newcastle United F.C. He once described getting an autograph from Jackie Milburn, the Newcastle United legend, as one of his "proudest achievements". Archbishop On 9 February 1976, Hume was appointed Archbishop of Westminster, the highest ranking prelate in the Catholic Church in England and Wales, by Pope Paul VI. He was not considered the most obvious choice for the post of archbishop as he had lacked visible pastoral experience of running a diocese and, as the first monk to hold the post since the 1850 restoration of the English hierarchy, he was seen to be something of an outsider. Receiving news of the appointment during dinner, Hume later remarked, "I must confess I did not enjoy the rest of the meal." Hume received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 March (the feast of the Annunciation) from Archbishop Bruno Heim in Westminster Cathedral. Bishops Basil Butler OSB and John McClean served as co-consecrators. Cardinal This section may contain information not important or relevant to the article's subject. Please help improve this section. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Styles ofBasil HumeReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinal Hume was created Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite by Paul VI in the consistory of 24 May 1976. He was one of the cardinal electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978. He was considered by many the most "papabile" Englishman since Cardinal Pole in 1548–1550. Early in his time as archbishop, Hume found himself involved in the 1981 Irish hunger strike. He visited Derry in April 1981 and stated in a letter to Edward Daly, the Bishop of Derry, that "a hunger strike to death is a form of violence to one's self and violence leads to violence." After the death of Bobby Sands in May 1981, debate over the moral aspects of the strike in The Tablet and whether or not it constituted suicide took place. Following the deaths of Patsy O'Hara and Raymond McCreesh later that month, Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich asked the British government to acquiesce to the hunger strikers' basic demands, seeking to focus more on the question of injustice leading to such an event, while the English Catholic Church preferred to focus on the question of suicide more heavily. Even after becoming an archbishop, Hume never ceased to see himself as a Benedictine monk first and to interpret his duties in the light of those of a Benedictine abbot: "He must hate faults but love the brothers." (Rule of St Benedict, ch. 64:11). Hume was seen as moderate in his theological positions, trying to please both liberals and conservatives. While condemning homosexual acts, for instance, he accepted the validity of love between gay people. Moreover, he was opposed to women priests but described most detractors of Humanae vitae as "good, conscientious and faithful". Despite that comment, Hume supported Humanae vitae and regretted that the British government would rely on using condoms to address AIDS. Hume's time in office saw Catholicism become more accepted in British society than it had been for 400 years, culminating in the first visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Westminster Cathedral in 1995. He had previously read the Epistle at the enthronement of Robert Runcie as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1980. It was also during his tenure in Westminster that Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to England in 1982. In 1998, Hume asked John Paul II for permission to retire, expressing the wish to return to Ampleforth and devote his last years to peace and solitude, fly fishing and following his beloved Newcastle United Football Club. The request was refused. In April 1999, Hume revealed that he had terminal cancer. On 2 June of that year, Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Order of Merit. He died just over two weeks later, June 17, in Westminster, London, at age 76. After a funeral service broadcast live on national television, he was buried in Westminster Cathedral. John Paul II, in his message of condolence to the Church in England and Wales, praised Hume as a "shepherd of great spiritual and moral character". Hume was the last Archbishop of Westminster to employ a gentiluomo. The gentiluomo were a form of ceremonial bodyguard who accompanied the archbishops on formal occasions. As the role had become archaic, no new gentiluomo were appointed after the death of Hume's gentiluomo, Anthony Bartlett OBE, in 2001. See also: Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation Hume was accused of "hushing up" a suspected sexual abuse scandal at Ampleforth College by not calling in the police when he received a complaint from parents in 1975 about Father Piers Grant-Ferris, the son of a Tory peer at Gilling Castle Prep (now St Martin's Ampleforth). In 2005, Grant-Ferris admitted 20 incidents of child abuse. This was not an isolated incident and involved other monks and lay members. In 2005, the Yorkshire Post reported: "Pupils at a leading Roman Catholic school suffered decades of abuse from at least six paedophiles following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police at the beginning of the scandal." In 1984, Hume nominated Jimmy Savile as a member of the Athenaeum, a gentlemen's club in London's Pall Mall. Following the posthumous revelation of Savile's repeated sexual abuse of minors, members of the club have criticised Hume's nomination of him for causing embarrassment to the club. Legacy Hume's tomb in Westminster Cathedral Hume was regularly named Britain's most popular religious figure in opinion polls and this was attributed by some to the great humility and warmth with which he treated everyone he met, regardless of their religion or background. A statue of Hume was erected in his home town of Newcastle and unveiled by the Queen in 2002. The Cardinal Hume Centre based in Westminster works to improve the lives of homeless young people, families and other vulnerable and socially excluded members of society. The Cardinal Hume Rose is named after him. Cardinal Hume Catholic School has been opened in Beacon Lough, part of Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. It replaces the ageing St Edmund Campion School and accommodates over 1,000 students. The Hume Theatre of St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford, is named after him. He opened it a few years before he died. The Hume building of St. Mary's Menston school, opened in 2001, is named after him. The Basil Hume Scholarship is a set of scholarships awarded to new pupils at Ampleforth College. Writings Hume, Basil (1997), Basil in Blunderland, London: Darton, Longman and Todd, ISBN 0-232-52242-1 Hume, Basil (1980), Cardinal John Henry Newman: A saint for our time? (1st ed.), London: Guild of Our Lady of Ransom, OCLC 1039148460. He also wrote To Be a Pilgrim, Searching for God, The Mystery of Love and Footprints of the Northern Saints. Orders, medals and decorations National orders  United Kingdom: Order of Merit Foreign orders  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Order pro merito Melitensi Other Member of the Athenaeum Club, London Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910) See also Anthony Howard, author of "Basil Hume, the monk cardinal", Headline, 2005 (ISBN 0-7553-1247-3). Westminster Cathedral References ^ Miranda, Salvador. "George Basil Hume". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "The Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine - Westminster Cathedral". Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011. ^ Bergonzi, Bernard (15 January 2008). "English Catholics: a singular history & an uncertain future". Commonweal. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ a b Urwin, Ray. "The statue of Cardinal George 'Basil' Hume outside St. Mary's Cathedral". northumbria.info. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ SWAN WG (1960). "Sir William Hume (obituary)". British Heart Journal. 22 (3): 426–8. doi:10.1136/hrt.22.3.426. PMC 1017674. PMID 13836021. ^ a b "Jogger's Progress". Time. 1 March 1976. ^ Clive White; Nick Harris (29 August 1998). "Football: The Sweeper". London: Independent. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ "Abbot Basil Installed as Westminster Archbishop". Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. Colorado Springs, CO. Associated Press. 26 March 1976. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Suicide or self-sacrifice: Catholics debate hunger strikes". Irish Times. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ This quotation, without attribution, was Hume's reply when, during a meeting of "Faith of Our Fathers", he was invited to support the proposed condemnation of a certain educational book and its author. ^ Diocese of Westminster. Cardinal George Basil Hume Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine 11 January 2005 ^ "Basil Hume: From Monk to Cardinal". BBC. 25 June 1999. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ Time Asia. Milestones 28 June 1999 ^ "Milestones". Time. 28 June 1999. ^ "Obituary of Cardinal Basil Hume" Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Tablet, 26 June 1999, accessed 5 November 2010. ^ a b "Queen honours dying Hume". BBC. 2 June 1999. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ "Roman Catholic leader Hume dies". BBC. 17 June 1999. Archived from the original on 19 June 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ "Pope's Tribute to Hume – full text". BBC. 25 June 1999. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009. ^ Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume, Yorkshire Post, 18 November 2005. ^ Walker, Tim (10 October 2012). "Sir Jimmy Savile causes anguish at the Athenaeum". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ "Cardinal Hume Centre website". Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ "Cardinal Hume Catholic School website". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2007. ^ "Bishop unveils school's new building and looks ahead to new sports court". Wharfedale Observer. 8 February 2001. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ Basil in Blunderland; publisher's note on book jacket Catholic Church titles Preceded byHerbert Byrne Abbot of Ampleforth 1963–1976 Succeeded byAmbrose Griffiths Preceded byJohn Heenan Archbishop of Westminster 1976–1999 Succeeded byCormac Murphy-O'Connor Cardinal Priest of S. Silvestro in Capite 1976–1999 Succeeded byDesmond Connell Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Other IdRef vteDiocese of WestminsterRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Westminster Archbishops of Westminster I: Nicholas Wiseman II: Henry Manning III: Herbert Vaughan IV: Francis Bourne V: Arthur Hinsley VI: Bernard Griffin VII: William Godfrey VIII: John Heenan IX: Basil Hume X: Cormac Murphy-O'Connor XI: Vincent Nichols Auxiliary bishops in Westminster: William Weathers James Laird Patterson Christopher Butler Victor Guazzelli Philip James Benedict Harvey James Joseph O'Brien John Sherrington Nicholas Hudson Paul McAleenan James Curry Churches Westminster Cathedral – Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ St Mary of the Angels, Bayswater St Casimir, Bethnal Green Benson Memorial Church Brompton Oratory Holy Trinity, Brook Green St Mary, Cadogan Street Our Lady of Hal, Camden Town Our Lady of the Rosary and St Dominic, Camden Our Lady of Dolours, Chelsea Our Most Holy Redeemer and St Thomas More, Chelsea Our Lady of Grace and St Edward, Chiswick St Peter, Clerkenwell St Etheldreda, Ely Place Immaculate Conception, Farm Street Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Fulham St Thomas of Canterbury, Fulham St Andrew Bobola, Hammersmith St Augustine, Hammersmith St Theodore, Hampton St Francis de Sales, Hampton Hill and Upper Teddington Our Lady and St Thomas of Canterbury, Harrow Our Lady Queen of Apostles, Heston St Joseph, Highgate St Monica, Hoxton Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St Simon Stock, Kensington Our Lady of Victories, Kensington Sacred Heart, Kilburn St Hugh of Lincoln, Letchworth St Anselm and St Cecilia, Lincoln's Inn Fields Corpus Christi, Maiden Lane St Mary Moorfields Mary Immaculate and St Peter, New Barnet Notre Dame de France St Monica, Palmer's Green St Alban and St Stephen, St Albans St Patrick, Soho Square St Anselm, Southall St James, Spanish Place St Ignatius, Stamford Hill St Mary and St Michael, Stepney Sacred Heart, Teddington English Martyrs, Tower Hill St James, Twickenham St Margaret of Scotland, Twickenham Holy Rood, Watford St Mary Magdalen, Whetstone St Edmund of Canterbury, Whitton Patronal Feasts of the Diocese Saint Joseph (March 19) Saint Peter (June 29) Saint Edward the Confessor (October 13) Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (8 December) Schools Our Lady of Lourdes School, Arnos Grove Sacred Heart Primary School, Teddington All Saints Catholic College, North Kensington St Edmund's Roman Catholic Primary School Bishop Challoner Catholic School Bishop Douglass Catholic School Cardinal Pole Catholic School Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School The Cardinal Wiseman Catholic School, Greenford The Douay Martyrs School St Augustine's Priory, Ealing St Benedict's School, Ealing Finchley Catholic High School Gumley House Convent School Gunnersbury Boys' School John F Kennedy Catholic School The John Henry Newman School La Sainte Union Catholic School London Oratory School Loreto College, St Albans Maria Fidelis Roman Catholic Convent School Mount House School Newman Catholic College Nicholas Breakspear School Our Lady's Catholic High School, Stamford Hill Sacred Heart High School, Hammersmith Sacred Heart Language College St Anthony's School, Hampstead St Aloysius' College, Highgate St Angela's Ursuline School St Anne's Catholic High School St Claudine's Catholic School for Girls St Dominic's Sixth Form College St George's Catholic School St Gregory's Catholic Science College St Ignatius College, Enfield St James' Catholic High School, Colindale St Joan of Arc Catholic School, Rickmansworth St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford St Mark's Catholic School, Hounslow St Michael's Catholic Grammar School St Michael's Catholic High School St Columba's College, St Albans St Paul's College, Sunbury-on-Thames St Richard Reynolds Catholic College Salvatorian College St Thomas More Language College St Catherine's School, Twickenham St Edmund's College, Ware Westminster Cathedral Choir School St Thomas More Catholic School, Wood Green See also St Mary's University Allen Hall Seminary Redemptoris Mater House of Formation Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory Christ the King, Cockfosters Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre Ealing Abbey London Oratory George Errington Our Lady of Willesden Apostolic Vicariate of the London District Catholicism portal London portal

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He was a monk and priest of the English Benedictine monastery of Ampleforth Abbey and its abbot for 13 years until his appointment as Archbishop of Westminster in 1976. His elevation to the cardinalate followed during the same year.[1] From 1979, Hume served also as president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He held these appointments until his death from cancer in 1999. His final resting place is at Westminster Cathedral in the Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine.[2]During his lifetime, Hume received wide respect from the general public which went beyond the Catholic community.[3] Following his death, a statue of him in his monastic habit and wearing his abbatial cross was erected in his home town of Newcastle upon Tyne outside St Mary's Cathedral (opposite Newcastle station); it was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II.[4]","title":"Basil Hume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"William Errington Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Errington_Hume"},{"link_name":"French Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ampleforth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampleforth_College"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Ampleforth Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampleforth_Abbey"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit"},{"link_name":"professed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession_(religious)"},{"link_name":"St Benet's Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Benet%27s_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"modern history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history"},{"link_name":"University of Fribourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fribourg"},{"link_name":"Licence in Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"jogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging"},{"link_name":"squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jogger's_Progress-6"},{"link_name":"Jackie Milburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Milburn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hume was born George Haliburton Hume at 4 Ellison Place in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1923, to Sir William Errington Hume (1879–1960) and Marie Elizabeth (née Tisseyre) Hume (d. 1979). His father was a Protestant and a cardiac physician from Scotland, and his mother the French Catholic daughter of an army officer. He had three sisters and one brother.[5]Hume was a pupil at the independent school Ampleforth College between the ages of 13 and 18. After finishing his studies there, he entered the novitiate of the Benedictine monastery at Ampleforth Abbey in North Yorkshire in 1941, at the age of 18. He received the habit and the monastic name of Basil. He was solemnly professed in 1945.After Ampleforth, Hume went on to study at St Benet's Hall, Oxford, a Benedictine institution, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in modern history. As it was impossible to study Catholic theology at Oxford at the time, he went on to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, to complete his theological studies, earning a Licence in Sacred Theology.Hume was ordained a priest on 23 July 1950. He then returned to Ampleforth to teach religious education, history, French and German. He served as head of the school's Department of Modern Languages before becoming the abbot of Ampleforth in 1963.Hume was a lifelong fan of jogging, squash and Newcastle United F.C.[6] He once described getting an autograph from Jackie Milburn, the Newcastle United legend, as one of his \"proudest achievements\".[7]","title":"Early life and ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"restoration of the English hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalis_Ecclesiae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jogger's_Progress-6"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Bruno Heim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Heim"},{"link_name":"Westminster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Basil Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Butler_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"OSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Benedict"},{"link_name":"John McClean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McClean_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"}],"text":"On 9 February 1976, Hume was appointed Archbishop of Westminster, the highest ranking prelate in the Catholic Church in England and Wales, by Pope Paul VI. He was not considered the most obvious choice for the post of archbishop as he had lacked visible pastoral experience of running a diocese and, as the first monk to hold the post since the 1850 restoration of the English hierarchy, he was seen to be something of an outsider. Receiving news of the appointment during dinner, Hume later remarked, \"I must confess I did not enjoy the rest of the meal.\"[6]Hume received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 March (the feast of the Annunciation) from Archbishop Bruno Heim in Westminster Cathedral.[8] Bishops Basil Butler OSB and John McClean served as co-consecrators.","title":"Archbishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal-Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"San Silvestro in Capite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"conclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_August_1978"},{"link_name":"October 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_October_1978"},{"link_name":"Cardinal 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Fiaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Fiaich"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rule of St Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"women priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_of_women"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Humanae vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanae_vitae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Tablet_Obituary-15"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth 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Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"gentiluomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiluomo_of_the_Archbishop_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation"},{"link_name":"Ampleforth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampleforth_College"},{"link_name":"St Martin's Ampleforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Ampleforth"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Savile"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London"},{"link_name":"Pall Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Hume was created Cardinal-Priest of San Silvestro in Capite by Paul VI in the consistory of 24 May 1976. He was one of the cardinal electors in the conclaves of August and October 1978. He was considered by many the most \"papabile\" Englishman since Cardinal Pole in 1548–1550.Early in his time as archbishop, Hume found himself involved in the 1981 Irish hunger strike. He visited Derry in April 1981 and stated in a letter to Edward Daly, the Bishop of Derry, that \"a hunger strike to death is a form of violence to one's self and violence leads to violence.\"[9] After the death of Bobby Sands in May 1981, debate over the moral aspects of the strike in The Tablet and whether or not it constituted suicide took place. Following the deaths of Patsy O'Hara and Raymond McCreesh later that month, Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich asked the British government to acquiesce to the hunger strikers' basic demands, seeking to focus more on the question of injustice leading to such an event, while the English Catholic Church preferred to focus on the question of suicide more heavily.[citation needed]Even after becoming an archbishop, Hume never ceased to see himself as a Benedictine monk first and to interpret his duties in the light of those of a Benedictine abbot: \"He must hate faults but love the brothers.\" (Rule of St Benedict, ch. 64:11).[10]Hume was seen as moderate in his theological positions, trying to please both liberals and conservatives.[11] While condemning homosexual acts, for instance, he accepted the validity of love between gay people.[12] Moreover, he was opposed to women priests[13] but described most detractors of Humanae vitae as \"good, conscientious and faithful\".[14] Despite that comment, Hume supported Humanae vitae and regretted that the British government would rely on using condoms to address AIDS.[15]Hume's time in office saw Catholicism become more accepted in British society than it had been for 400 years, culminating in the first visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Westminster Cathedral in 1995. He had previously read the Epistle at the enthronement of Robert Runcie as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1980. It was also during his tenure in Westminster that Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to England in 1982.In 1998, Hume asked John Paul II for permission to retire, expressing the wish to return to Ampleforth and devote his last years to peace and solitude, fly fishing and following his beloved Newcastle United Football Club. The request was refused.In April 1999, Hume revealed that he had terminal cancer.[16] On 2 June of that year, Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Order of Merit.[16] He died just over two weeks later, June 17, in Westminster, London, at age 76.[17] After a funeral service broadcast live on national television, he was buried in Westminster Cathedral. John Paul II, in his message of condolence to the Church in England and Wales, praised Hume as a \"shepherd of great spiritual and moral character\".[18]Hume was the last Archbishop of Westminster to employ a gentiluomo. The gentiluomo were a form of ceremonial bodyguard who accompanied the archbishops on formal occasions. As the role had become archaic, no new gentiluomo were appointed after the death of Hume's gentiluomo, Anthony Bartlett OBE, in 2001.See also: Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine CongregationHume was accused of \"hushing up\" a suspected sexual abuse scandal at Ampleforth College by not calling in the police when he received a complaint from parents in 1975 about Father Piers Grant-Ferris, the son of a Tory peer at Gilling Castle Prep (now St Martin's Ampleforth). In 2005, Grant-Ferris admitted 20 incidents of child abuse. This was not an isolated incident and involved other monks and lay members. In 2005, the Yorkshire Post reported: \"Pupils at a leading Roman Catholic school suffered decades of abuse from at least six paedophiles following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police at the beginning of the scandal.\"[19]In 1984, Hume nominated Jimmy Savile as a member of the Athenaeum, a gentlemen's club in London's Pall Mall. Following the posthumous revelation of Savile's repeated sexual abuse of minors, members of the club have criticised Hume's nomination of him for causing embarrassment to the club.[20]","title":"Cardinal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombe_du_cardinal_Hume.jpg"},{"link_name":"Westminster Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statue-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Hume Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Hume_Catholic_School"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Catholic_School,_Bishop%27s_Stortford"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Menston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Menston"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Hume's tomb in Westminster CathedralHume was regularly named Britain's most popular religious figure in opinion polls and this was attributed by some to the great humility and warmth with which he treated everyone he met, regardless of their religion or background.A statue of Hume was erected in his home town of Newcastle and unveiled by the Queen in 2002.[4]\nThe Cardinal Hume Centre based in Westminster works to improve the lives of homeless young people, families and other vulnerable and socially excluded members of society.[21]\nThe Cardinal Hume Rose is named after him.\nCardinal Hume Catholic School has been opened in Beacon Lough, part of Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. It replaces the ageing St Edmund Campion School and accommodates over 1,000 students.[22]\nThe Hume Theatre of St Mary's Catholic School, Bishop's Stortford, is named after him. He opened it a few years before he died.\nThe Hume building of St. Mary's Menston school, opened in 2001, is named after him.[23]\nThe Basil Hume Scholarship is a set of scholarships awarded to new pupils at Ampleforth College.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-232-52242-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-232-52242-1"},{"link_name":"Hume, Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cardinal John Henry Newman: A saint for our time?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KAUUtwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Guild of Our Lady of Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Our_Lady_of_Ransom"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1039148460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039148460"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Hume, Basil (1997), Basil in Blunderland, London: Darton, Longman and Todd, ISBN 0-232-52242-1\nHume, Basil (1980), Cardinal John Henry Newman: A saint for our time? (1st ed.), London: Guild of Our Lady of Ransom, OCLC 1039148460.He also wrote To Be a Pilgrim, Searching for God, The Mystery of Love and Footprints of the Northern Saints.[24]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Orders, medals and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit"}],"sub_title":"National orders","text":"United Kingdom: Order of Merit","title":"Orders, medals and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Order pro merito Melitensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_pro_merito_Melitensi"}],"sub_title":"Foreign orders","text":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Order pro merito Melitensi","title":"Orders, medals and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athenaeum Club, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Club,_London"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus_(statuted_1910)"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Member of the Athenaeum Club, London\nOrder of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)","title":"Orders, medals and decorations"}]

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[{"reference":"Hume, Basil (1997), Basil in Blunderland, London: Darton, Longman and Todd, ISBN 0-232-52242-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-232-52242-1","url_text":"0-232-52242-1"}]},{"reference":"Hume, Basil (1980), Cardinal John Henry Newman: A saint for our time? (1st ed.), London: Guild of Our Lady of Ransom, OCLC 1039148460","urls":[{"url_text":"Hume, Basil"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KAUUtwAACAAJ","url_text":"Cardinal John Henry Newman: A saint for our time?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Our_Lady_of_Ransom","url_text":"Guild of Our Lady of Ransom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1039148460","url_text":"1039148460"}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"George Basil Hume\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1976.htm#Hume","url_text":"\"George Basil Hume\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227081108/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1976.htm#Hume","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine - Westminster Cathedral\". Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/tour_3.php","url_text":"\"The Chapel of St Gregory and St Augustine - Westminster Cathedral\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827184319/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/tour_3.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergonzi, Bernard (15 January 2008). \"English Catholics: a singular history & an uncertain future\". Commonweal. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_12_131/ai_n8569018/pg_2","url_text":"\"English Catholics: a singular history & an uncertain future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweal_(UK)","url_text":"Commonweal"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120630145644/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1252/is_12_131/ai_n8569018/pg_2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Urwin, Ray. \"The statue of Cardinal George 'Basil' Hume outside St. Mary's Cathedral\". northumbria.info. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northumbria.info/Pages/cardinalhume.html","url_text":"\"The statue of Cardinal George 'Basil' Hume outside St. Mary's Cathedral\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090721001300/http://www.northumbria.info/Pages/cardinalhume.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"SWAN WG (1960). \"Sir William Hume (obituary)\". British Heart Journal. 22 (3): 426–8. doi:10.1136/hrt.22.3.426. PMC 1017674. PMID 13836021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1017674","url_text":"\"Sir William Hume (obituary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.22.3.426","url_text":"10.1136/hrt.22.3.426"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1017674","url_text":"1017674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13836021","url_text":"13836021"}]},{"reference":"Clive White; Nick Harris (29 August 1998). \"Football: The Sweeper\". London: Independent. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-the-sweeper-1174829.html","url_text":"\"Football: The Sweeper\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109160102/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-the-sweeper-1174829.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abbot Basil Installed as Westminster Archbishop\". Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. Colorado Springs, CO. Associated Press. 26 March 1976. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7832834//","url_text":"\"Abbot Basil Installed as Westminster Archbishop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026220640/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7832834/colorado-springs-gazette-telegraph/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Suicide or self-sacrifice: Catholics debate hunger strikes\". Irish Times. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/suicide-or-self-sacrifice-catholics-debate-hunger-strikes-1.2706886","url_text":"\"Suicide or self-sacrifice: Catholics debate hunger strikes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times","url_text":"Irish Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420135119/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/suicide-or-self-sacrifice-catholics-debate-hunger-strikes-1.2706886","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Basil Hume: From Monk to Cardinal\". BBC. 25 June 1999. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/cardinal_hume_funeral/334766.stm","url_text":"\"Basil Hume: From Monk to Cardinal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212203559/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/cardinal_hume_funeral/334766.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen honours dying Hume\". BBC. 2 June 1999. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/358870.stm","url_text":"\"Queen honours dying Hume\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/358870.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Roman Catholic leader Hume dies\". BBC. 17 June 1999. Archived from the original on 19 June 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/371937.stm","url_text":"\"Roman Catholic leader Hume dies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030619161245/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/371937.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pope's Tribute to Hume – full text\". BBC. 25 June 1999. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/cardinal_hume_funeral/372469.stm","url_text":"\"Pope's Tribute to Hume – full text\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120804133648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/cardinal_hume_funeral/372469.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Tim (10 October 2012). \"Sir Jimmy Savile causes anguish at the Athenaeum\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/9596850/Sir-Jimmy-Savile-causes-anguish-at-the-Athenaeum.html","url_text":"\"Sir Jimmy Savile causes anguish at the Athenaeum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080808/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/9596850/Sir-Jimmy-Savile-causes-anguish-at-the-Athenaeum.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardinal Hume Centre website\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardinalhumecentre.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Cardinal Hume Centre website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023105058/https://www.cardinalhumecentre.org.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardinal Hume Catholic School website\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cardinalhume.com/","url_text":"\"Cardinal Hume Catholic School website\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230945/http://www.cardinalhume.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop unveils school's new building and looks ahead to new sports court\". Wharfedale Observer. 8 February 2001. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wharfedaleobserver.co.uk/archive/2001/02/08/Bradford+District+Archive/8045956.Bishop_unveils_school_s_new_building_and_looks_ahead_to_new_sports_court/","url_text":"\"Bishop unveils school's new building and looks ahead to new sports court\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112232448/http://www.wharfedaleobserver.co.uk/archive/2001/02/08/Bradford+District+Archive/8045956.Bishop_unveils_school_s_new_building_and_looks_ahead_to_new_sports_court/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Francis_Beattie

William Francis Beattie

["1 Life","2 Known works","3 References"]

Scottish sculptor William Francis Beattie R.F.A. MC (23 November 1886 – 3 October 1918) was a Scottish sculptor killed in the closing weeks of the First World War. His most famous work is the 1514 Memorial in Hawick: a memorial to Hawick Callants killed in a skirmish at Hornshole in the aftermath battle following the Battle of Flodden. Life Memorial text to William Francis Beattie is carved on the gravestone of his parents in Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh He was born in Hawick on 23 November 1886, the son of Annie Kate McMann and Thomas Beattie (1861–1933), a local sculptor, whose most notable work includes the interior of the Usher Hall and the war memorial at Carnoustie. William’s grandfather had been a local pioneer of photography. William was educated at George Watson’s College and then the Edinburgh School of Art. Around 1901 he began actively sculpting in Edinburgh, first working from a studio at 109 Haymarket Terrace, then in 1912 moving to the more prestigious Dean Studios on Belford Road. Whilst his work clearly is of great quality only one public work is known, it is therefore presumed that he specialised in figurative work as largely private commissions. In 1910 he joined the Territorial branch of the Lothian and Border Horse Regiment. As a territorial, he was immediately called into service at the onset of the First World War. He transferred as a Lieutenant to the Royal Field Artillery and won the Military Cross from bravery in November 1917 for the rescue of two men from the battlefield during the Second Battle of Passchendaele. He was thereafter promoted to the rank of Major. He fought at the Battle of Loos, Ypres and the Somme and had at least suffered due to a one gas attack (in April 1918). He died of wounds at a field hospital near Joncourt on 3 October 1918, a few weeks before the end of the war, during the Hundred Days Offensive. He is buried in Tincourt New British Cemetery near Peronne, Somme (grave ref V J 27). His parents are noted as living at 41 Lothian Road in Edinburgh at the time of his death. He is memorialised on his parents grave in the north section of Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. Known works Grave of Charles Simson Rankine Simson, Dean Cemetery 1912 The 1514 Memorial, Hawick This memorial was unveiled on 4 June 1914. References ^ "Hawick Common Riding Official Website". Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ^ "Hawick Common Riding Official Website". ^ a b "William Francis Beattie – Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851–1951". ^ The London Gazette, 26 November 1917 ^ Manchester, Reading Room. "Find War Dead". Authority control databases: People Commonwealth War Graves Commission

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_French_Koller

Jackie French Koller

["1 Selected works","2 References","3 External links"]

American novelist For the Australian author, see Jackie French. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jackie French Koller" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Jackie French Koller" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jackie French KollerBorn1948 (age 75–76)OccupationAuthorNationalityAmericanGenreChildren's literature, Young adult literature, Historical fictionWebsitewww.jackiefrenchkoller.com Jackie French Koller (born 1948) is an American author of picture books, chapter books, and novels for children and young adults. She lives and writes in western Massachusetts. Koller is also an accomplished painter. Her interest in art inspired her to open The Little Black Dog Gallery in Westfield, Massachusetts. Koller's young-adult novel If I Had One Wish was adapted into a Disney Channel Original Movie under the title You Wish!. Selected works Baby for Sale (Marshall Cavendish, 2002): ISBN 9780761451068. The Falcon If I Had One Wish Last Voyage of the Misty Day No Such Thing (Boyds Mills Press, 2012): ISBN 9781590789117. One Monkey Too Many A Place to Call Home The Primrose Way Someday Nothing to Fear References ^ Google Books: Baby for Sale- Retrieved 2019-02-01 ^ Google Bookks: No Such Thing- Retrieved 2019-02-01 External links Official website Interview With Children's and YA Author Jackie French Koller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a novelist of the United States born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_marriage

Combined marriage

["1 Definition","2 See also","3 References"]

Form of polyandry practiced in the Arabian peninsula in the pre-Islamic period This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Combined marriage" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Combined marriage" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Combined marriage is a form of polyandry that existed in the pre-Islamic period in the Arabian peninsula. Definition This form of marriage, according to a Hadith narration attributed to Aisha: there were four types of marriage during the ancient Arab period. One ... type of marriage was that a group of less than ten men would assemble and enter upon a woman, and all of them would have sexual relations with her. If she became pregnant and delivered a child and some days had passed after her delivery, she would send for all of them and none of them could refuse to come, and when they all gathered before her she would say to them "You (all) know what you have done and now I have given birth to a child. So it is your child so and so!" Naming whoever she liked and her child would follow him and he could not refuse to take him. This form of marriage was outlawed by Islam, which requires that any man and woman be married prior to sexual intercourse. In addition, Islam requires that the identity of the father be known, in turn prohibiting a woman from having sexual intercourse with more than one man, her husband. See Islamic marital jurisprudence for more information. See also Polyandry Pre-Islamic Arabia References ^ Although the Salafi Islamic scholar, Muhsin Khan, did not translate it in the English, the original Arabic text has Ayesha (Sahih Bukhari, Volume 2 Chapter 37, pages 44-45) "Answering-Ansar.org :: Mu'awiya". Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2006-02-14. vteClose plural relationshipsBy type Bigamy Group marriage Open marriage Open relationship Polyamory Polyandry Polyfidelity Polygamy Polygynandry Polygyny Relationship anarchy History and culture Combined marriage Polygamy in Christianity Polygamy in North America Polygyny in Islam LDS/FLDS Origin Current state List of practitioners Celestial marriage Sealing Spiritual wifery Placement marriage Lost boys Polygamy czar Terms Compersion New relationship energy Primary and secondary Terminology within polyamory

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[]

[{"title":"Polyandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry"},{"title":"Pre-Islamic Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_poets

List of Swedish poets

[]

Part of a series onLists of Swedes Actors Architects Artists Businesspeople Clergymen Diplomats Entrepreneurs Film directors Inventors Military Music Painters Poets Politicians Scientists Sports Writers List of Swedish peoplevte This is a list of Swedish poets, including those who are Swedish by nationality or who write in the Swedish language (years link to the corresponding " in poetry" article): This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also Notes A Arvid August Afzelius (1785–1871), pastor, poet, historian and mythologist Sofia Ahlbom Catharina Ahlgren (1734 – c. 1800), feminist writer, poet, translator, editor, and one of the first identifiable female journalists in Sweden Per Ahlmark (1939-2018), writer and former leader of the Liberal People's Party Kurt Almqvist (1912–2001), poet, academic and spiritual figure August Bernhard Andersson (1877–1961) Dan Andersson (1888–1920) Werner Aspenström (1918–1997) Sun Axelsson (1935–2011), poet, novelist, translator and journalist Back to top B Albert Ulrik Bååth (1853–1912) Frans G. Bengtsson (1894–1954) Bengt Berg (1885–1967) Bo Bergman (1869–1967) Marcus Birro (born 1972) Erik Blomberg (1894–1965) Carl Boberg (1859–1940) Karin Boye (1900–1941) Sophia Elisabet Brenner (1659–1730) Back to top C Siv Cedering (1939–2007) Christina Charlotta Cederström Samuel Columbus (1642–1679) Gustaf Filip Creutz (1731–1785) Back to top D Gunno Eurelius Dahlstierna (1661–1709) Olof von Dalin (1708–1763) Ebba Maria De la Gardie (1657–1697) Back to top E Johannes Edfelt (1904–1997) Vilhelm Ekelund (1880–1949) Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) Back to top F Öyvind Fahlström Nils Ferlin (1898–1961) Lars Forssell (1928–2007) Jacob Frese (1691–1729) Katarina Frostenson (born 1953) Gustaf Fröding (1860–1911) Back to top G Karl Johan Gabrielsson Erik Gustaf Geijer Kay Glans (born 1955) Lars Gustafsson Back to top H Britt G. Hallqvist (1914–1997) Gunnar D. Hansson Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940) Gunnar Henningsson (1895–1960) Urban Hiarne (1641–1724) Rose-Marie Huuva (born 1943) Back to top J Ann Jäderlund (1955–1955) Lars Johansson (1638–1674) Majken Johansson Gabriel Jönsson Back to top K Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) Greta Knutson Back to top L Olof Lagercrantz Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) Stig Larsson Oscar Levertin (1862–1906) Sven Lidman Erik Lindegren Ebba Lindqvist Kristina Lugn Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) Back to top M Bertil Malmberg (1889–1958) Tom Malmquist Harry Martinson (1904–1978) Back to top N Ture Nerman Lars Norén Back to top O Charlotta Öberg (1818–1856) Bruno K. Öijer (born 1951) Mohamed Omar (born 1976) Mathilda Valeria Beatrix d'Orozco Back to top R Johan Runius (1679–1713) Back to top S Östen Sjöstrand (1925–2006), poet, writer and translator Georg Stiernhielm (1598–1672) Eva Ström (born 1947) Jesper Svenbro (born 1944), poet and classical philologist Hjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941) Back to top T Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015), writer, poet and translator Samuel Triewald (1688–1743) Back to top V Karl Vennberg Back to top W Gunnar Wennerberg Jacques Werup Lars Wivallius (1605–1669) Beppe Wolgers See also Poetry portal Swedish literature Notes ^ a b c d e f Preminger, Alex and T. V. F. Brogan, et al., The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993. New York: MJF Books/Fine Communications vteLists of poetsBy language Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Assamese Awadhi Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Greek (Ancient) Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Kashmiri Konkani Kannada Korean Kurdish Latin Maithili Malayalam Maltese Manipuri Marathi Nepali Oriya Pashto Pennsylvania Dutch Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Romanian Russian Sanskrit Sindhi Slovak Slovenian Sorbian Spanish Swedish Syriac Tamil Telugu Turkic Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Welsh Yiddish By nationalityor culture Afghan American Argentine Australian Austrian Bangladeshi Bosniak Brazilian Breton Bulgarian Canadian Chicano Estonian Finnish Ghanaian Greek Indian Iraqi Irish Israeli Mexican Nepalese New Zealander Nicaraguan Nigerian Ottoman Pakistani Peruvian Romani Romanian Somali South African Swedish Swiss Syrian Turkish By type Anarchist Early-modern women (England, Wales, Great Britain) Feminist Lyric Modernist National Performance Romantic Speculative Surrealist War Women Poetry portal

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Bengtsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_G._Bengtsson"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Bengt Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Berg_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Bo Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Bergman"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Marcus Birro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Birro"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Erik Blomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Blomberg_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Carl Boberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Boberg"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Karin Boye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Boye"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Sophia Elisabet Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Elisabet_Brenner"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1730_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Albert Ulrik Bååth (1853–1912)\nFrans G. Bengtsson (1894–1954)\nBengt Berg (1885–1967)\nBo Bergman (1869–1967)\nMarcus Birro (born 1972)\nErik Blomberg (1894–1965)\nCarl Boberg (1859–1940)\nKarin Boye (1900–1941)\nSophia Elisabet Brenner (1659–1730)Back to top","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siv Cedering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siv_Cedering"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Christina Charlotta Cederström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Charlotta_Cederstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"1642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npepap-1"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Filip 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to top","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Johan Gabrielsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Johan_Gabrielsson"},{"link_name":"Erik Gustaf Geijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer"},{"link_name":"Kay Glans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Glans"},{"link_name":"Lars Gustafsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Gustafsson"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Karl Johan Gabrielsson\nErik Gustaf Geijer\nKay Glans (born 1955)\nLars GustafssonBack to top","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britt G. Hallqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_G._Hallqvist"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Gunnar D. Hansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_D._Hansson"},{"link_name":"Verner von Heidenstam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Henningsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Henningsson"},{"link_name":"1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1641_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npepap-1"},{"link_name":"Rose-Marie Huuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-Marie_Huuva"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Britt G. Hallqvist (1914–1997)\nGunnar D. Hansson\nVerner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)\nGunnar Henningsson (1895–1960)\nUrban Hiarne (1641–1724)[1]\nRose-Marie Huuva (born 1943)Back to top","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Jäderlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_J%C3%A4derlund"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Lars Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucidor"},{"link_name":"1638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1638_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1674_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Majken Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majken_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Jönsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_J%C3%B6nsson"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Ann Jäderlund (1955–1955)\nLars Johansson (1638–1674)\nMajken Johansson\nGabriel JönssonBack to top","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erik Axel Karlfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Greta Knutson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Knutson"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931)\nGreta KnutsonBack to top","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olof Lagercrantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Lagercrantz"},{"link_name":"Pär Lagerkvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Stig Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_Larsson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Levertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Levertin"},{"link_name":"1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Sven Lidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Lidman_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Erik Lindegren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Lindegren"},{"link_name":"Ebba Lindqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebba_Lindqvist"},{"link_name":"Kristina Lugn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Lugn"},{"link_name":"Artur Lundkvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Lundkvist"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Olof Lagercrantz\nPär Lagerkvist (1891–1974)\nStig Larsson\nOscar Levertin (1862–1906)\nSven Lidman\nErik Lindegren\nEbba Lindqvist\nKristina Lugn\nArtur Lundkvist (1906–1991)Back to top","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertil Malmberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Malmberg"},{"link_name":"1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Tom Malmquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Malmquist"},{"link_name":"Harry Martinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Martinson"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Bertil Malmberg (1889–1958)\nTom Malmquist\nHarry Martinson (1904–1978)Back to top","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ture Nerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture_Nerman"},{"link_name":"Lars Norén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Nor%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Ture Nerman\nLars NorénBack to top","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotta Öberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotta_%C3%96berg"},{"link_name":"Bruno K. Öijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_K._%C3%96ijer"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_R%C3%A5bock"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Mathilda Valeria Beatrix d'Orozco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilda_d%27Orozco"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Charlotta Öberg (1818–1856)\nBruno K. Öijer (born 1951)\nMohamed Omar (born 1976)\nMathilda Valeria Beatrix d'OrozcoBack to top","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1713_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npepap-1"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Johan Runius (1679–1713)[1]Back to top","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Östen Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sten_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Georg Stiernhielm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Stiernhielm"},{"link_name":"1598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1598_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1672_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Eva Ström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Str%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Jesper Svenbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Svenbro"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Hjalmar Söderberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_S%C3%B6derberg"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Östen Sjöstrand (1925–2006), poet, writer and translator\nGeorg Stiernhielm (1598–1672)\nEva Ström (born 1947)\nJesper Svenbro (born 1944), poet and classical philologist\nHjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941)Back to top","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomas Tranströmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Samuel Triewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Triewald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1688_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1743_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npepap-1"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015), writer, poet and translator\nSamuel Triewald (1688–1743)[1]Back to top","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Vennberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Vennberg"},{"link_name":"Back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#TOP"}],"text":"Karl VennbergBack to top","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnar Wennerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Wennerberg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Werup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Werup"},{"link_name":"1605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1605_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1669_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npepap-1"},{"link_name":"Beppe Wolgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beppe_Wolgers"}],"text":"Gunnar Wennerberg\nJacques Werup\nLars Wivallius (1605–1669)[1]\nBeppe Wolgers","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npepap_1-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_poets"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_poets"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_poets"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poets"},{"link_name":"poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afrikaans-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Albanian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armenian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Assamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Assamese"},{"link_name":"Awadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Awadhi-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belarusian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bengali-language_authors_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bosniak_writers"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catalan-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Croatian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_poets"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch-language_poets"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English-language_poets"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French-language_poets"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_Greek_poets"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Gujarati"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hebrew-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Icelandic-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Kashmiri"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Konkani"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korean-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kurdish-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Maithili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Maithili"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maltese-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Manipuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Manipuri"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepali_language_poets"},{"link_name":"Oriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Oriya"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_Dutch-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Persian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Rajasthani"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_poets"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovak_poets"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovene-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sorbian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syrian_poets"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Tamil"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Telugu"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic-languages_poets"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Urdu-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Uzbek-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yiddish-language_poets"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poets_from_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Argentine_poets"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_poets"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_writers"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_poets"},{"link_name":"Bosniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bosniak_writers"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_poets"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Breton_poets"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_writers"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_poets"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Americans#Authors_and_poets"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Estonian_poets"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Finnish_poets"},{"link_name":"Ghanaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghanaian_poets"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_Greek_poets"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_poets"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_poets"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_poets"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_poets"},{"link_name":"Nepalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_poets"},{"link_name":"New Zealander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_poets"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_writers"},{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_poets"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_poets"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_poets"},{"link_name":"Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_writers"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_poets"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_poets"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somali_poets"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_poets"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_poets"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syrian_poets"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Turkish_poets"},{"link_name":"Anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anarchist_poets"},{"link_name":"Early-modern women (England, Wales, Great Britain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early-modern_women_poets_(England,_Wales,_and_Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets"},{"link_name":"Lyric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry"},{"link_name":"Modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performance_poets"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Speculative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speculative_poets"},{"link_name":"Surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Surrealist_poets"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_poet"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_poets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"link_name":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Preminger, Alex and T. V. F. Brogan, et al., The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993. New York: MJF Books/Fine CommunicationsvteLists of poetsBy language\nAfrikaans\nAlbanian\nArabic\nArmenian\nAzerbaijani\nAssamese\nAwadhi\nBelarusian\nBengali\nBosnian\nBulgarian\nCatalan\nChinese\nCroatian\nDanish\nDutch\nEnglish\nFrench\nGerman\nGreek (Ancient)\nGujarati\nHebrew\nHindi\nIcelandic\nIndonesian\nIrish\nItalian\nJapanese\nKashmiri\nKonkani\nKannada\nKorean\nKurdish\nLatin\nMaithili\nMalayalam\nMaltese\nManipuri\nMarathi\nNepali\nOriya\nPashto\nPennsylvania Dutch\nPersian\nPolish\nPortuguese\nPunjabi\nRajasthani\nRomanian\nRussian\nSanskrit\nSindhi\nSlovak\nSlovenian\nSorbian\nSpanish\nSwedish\nSyriac\nTamil\nTelugu\nTurkic\nUkrainian\nUrdu\nUzbek\nWelsh\nYiddish\nBy nationalityor culture\nAfghan\nAmerican\nArgentine\nAustralian\nAustrian\nBangladeshi\nBosniak\nBrazilian\nBreton\nBulgarian\nCanadian\nChicano\nEstonian\nFinnish\nGhanaian\nGreek\nIndian\nIraqi\nIrish\nIsraeli\nMexican\nNepalese\nNew Zealander\nNicaraguan\nNigerian\nOttoman\nPakistani\nPeruvian\nRomani\nRomanian\nSomali\nSouth African\nSwedish\nSwiss\nSyrian\nTurkish\nBy type\nAnarchist\nEarly-modern women (England, Wales, Great Britain)\nFeminist\nLyric\nModernist\nNational\nPerformance\nRomantic\nSpeculative\nSurrealist\nWar\nWomen\n Poetry portal","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"Swedish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_literature"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1024)

Battle of Lemnos (1024)

["1 References","2 Sources"]

Battle in Aegean Sea in 1024 For battles with the same name, see Battle of Lemnos (disambiguation). vteRus'–Byzantine Wars Paphlagonia (830s) Constantinople (860) Constantinople (907) Bosporus & Bithynia (941) Thrace & Bulgaria (970–971) Lemnos (1024) Constantinople & Aegean Sea (1043) The Battle of Lemnos in 1024 was the culmination of a raid by Kievan Rus' troops through the Dardanelles and into the Aegean Sea. It was the penultimate conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Rus'. The only source for the conflict is the history of John Skylitzes. According to Skylitzes, in 1024 a Rus' leader named Chrysocheir assembled 800 men and sailed to Constantinople, aiming to enlist in the Varangian Guard of Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025). This Chrysocheir was a relative of the late Kievan prince Vladimir of Kiev, who had married the Emperor's sister Anna. His real name is unknown, and "Chrysocheir" is most likely a Greek translation of his name, meaning "gold-hand". Blondal proposed that it derived either from Old Norse Auđmundr, or from Old English Eadmund. At Constantinople, Chrysocheir and his men were asked to surrender their weapons before being allowed into the city to enlist. The Rus' refused, and instead sailed south through the Propontis. The commander of the Dardanelles straits at Abydos tried to block their path, but they defeated him and sailed through the straits to the Aegean Sea. They then made for the island of Lemnos, where they were confronted by a much stronger Byzantine fleet, comprising the forces of the strategos of Samos David of Ohrid, the fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme, and the troops of the doux of Thessalonica, Nikephoros Kabasilas. The Byzantine commanders initially pretended that they wanted to negotiate, so that the Rus' were lulled into false security. Then the Byzantines fell upon them suddenly and killed them all. References ^ a b c Wortley 2010, p. 347. ^ a b Blondal 1978, p. 50. ^ Blondal 1978, p. 51. ^ PmbZ, Chrysocheir (#21341). ^ Blondal 1978, pp. 50–51. Sources Blondal, Sigfus (1978). Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Translated by Benedikz, Benedikt S. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21745-8. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. Wortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah_Meri_people

Mah Meri people

["1 History","2 Population","3 Definition","4 Language","5 Culture","5.1 Carving","5.2 Traditional dances","6 Political organization","7 Settlement area","8 References","9 External links"]

Ethnic group Mah MeriMaq Betiseq / Besisi A Batin (village chief) of the Besisi people from Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia, 1906.Total population2,120 (2010)Regions with significant populations Malaysia (Pulau Carey, Selangor)LanguagesMah Meri language, Malay languageReligionForest & Natural Spirituality, a type of Animism and a significant population practicing Islam or ChristianityRelated ethnic groupsSemaq Beri people, Semelai people, Temoq people The Mah Meri are an ethnic group native to western part of Peninsular Malaysia. They are one of the 18 Orang Asli groups named by the Malaysian government. They are of the Senoi subgroup. Most of the members of the Mah Meri tribe live along the coast of South Selangor from Sungai Pelek up to Pulau Carey, although there is at least one Mah Meri Community on the other side of the Klang River. According to the Orang Asli Office of the Malaysian government, they numbered around 2,200 in 2005. Most of the Mah Meri live in small villages (kampungs) on the fringes of other cities and on Pulau Carey, which has five separate villages of Mah Meri. The Mah Meri people of Pulau Carey are internationally well known for their traditional wood carving skills. History Their ancestors are believed to be associated with the arrival of Austro-Asiatic migrants associated with the emergence of fire-cutting agriculture on the Malay Peninsula and the emergence of rice. Due to cultural exchanges and trade, some Mah Meri and Senoi have intermixed with local Negrito tribes. Population The changes in the Mah Meri population are as the following: Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a. 1960 1,898—     1965 1,212−8.58% 1969 1,198−0.29% 1974 1,356+2.51% 1980 1,389+0.40% 1993 2,185+3.55% 1996 2,185+0.00% 2000 3,503+12.52% 2003 2,986−5.18% 2004 2,856−4.35% 2005 2,200−22.97% 2010 2,120−0.74%Source: Definition A group forming a "war formation" in Jugra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia, 1906. Mah Meri in Mah Meri language means "Jungle people" (Mah = people, Meri = jungle)., while in another term the meaning of the name means Bersisik (meaning, "scaly" in Malay language) or Persisir (meaning, "coastal" in Malay language). They are also considered as Orang Laut due to them residing in settlements that are nearby seasides and work as fishermen. They are believed to have migrated from the islands in southern Johor to the coastal shores of Selangor in order to escape from their enemies. Today Mah Meri community has undergone changes in terms of mentality and development as a result of integrating with other neighbouring communities. Language The Mah Meri language, also called Besisi, is an Austroasiatic language. It is part of Southern Aslian sub-branch of Aslian languages, and is related to Semelai, Temoq and Semaq Beri. There are an estimated 3,000 people still speaking the language, but it is seriously endangered. Culture Carving Mah Meri spider spirit mask. Many among them are skilled in carving statues that are made from wood. Their carvings include deities, humans, flora and fauna figurines. These carvings have gained recognition from the UNESCO. Handicrafts produce of the Mah Meri community in Sungai Bumbun, Kuala Langat have high artistic value and the potential to be recognised at an international level. Traditional dances Sewang dance Tarian Jo'oh (Jungle dance) Tarian Topeng (Mask dance) Political organization In common with other Orang Asli Villages, each kampung elects its own Batin (Village Headman) and a council of "elders" to represent the people living in the kampung. The Batin is paid an annual salary by the Malaysian government. The Bomoh, who functions as a shaman in their society, plays an important role in the kampung. Main puteri (meaning "Playing princess"), a dying ritualistic form of treatment due to Islamisation; is performed by the Mah Meri shaman to rejuvenate patients with emotional depression, physical fatigue or psychological problems caused by metaphysical forces. Settlement area Geographical location of Mah Meri people (located in west coast of Selangor) and other Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia. Major settlements of the Mah Meri people are:- Name of Kampung Nearest Town Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Bangkong Sungai Pelek Kampung Orang Asli, Tanjung Sepat Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Kurau Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Judah Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Bumbun Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Jugra Pulau Carey References ^ Kirk Endicott (2015). Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli. NUS Press. ISBN 978-99-716-9861-4. ^ "Department of Orang Asli Affairs | Orang Asli". Archived from the original on 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2006-12-22. ^ a b Selangor Tourism (5 April 2014). "Celebrate Mah Meri's cultural diversity". Sinar Harian. Retrieved 2016-11-10. ^ Soong Phui Jee (8 June 2013). "Palm tree shaded island". Sin Chew Daily. Retrieved 2016-11-10. ^ Rouwen Lin (2 February 2016). "Mah Meri carvers do it with spirit". The Star. Retrieved 2016-11-10. ^ Nobuta Toshihiro (2009). "Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia" (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ Colin Nicholas (2000). The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. ISBN 87-90730-15-1. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ "Basic Data / Statistics". Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved 2017-10-27. ^ Alberto Gomes (2004). Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads. Routledge. ISBN 11-341-0076-0. ^ Asmah Haji Omar (2006). Bahasa Mah Meri. Penerbit Universiti Malaya. p. 11. ISBN 98-310-0242-3. ^ Ab. Aziz Mohd. Zin (2006). Dakwah Islam di Malaysia. Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya. p. 21. ISBN 98-310-0381-0. ^ Asmah Haji Omar (2004). Massa: majalah berita mingguan, Issues 425-433. Utusan Melayu (Malaysia) Berhad. p. 21. ^ Clare Chan Suet Ching (December 2010). "Mah Meri Onstage: Negotiating National Policies, Tourism, And Modernisation In Kampung Sungai Bumbun, Carey Island, Malaysia". University Of Hawai’i. pp. 49–50. Retrieved 2017-07-07. ^ Asmah Haji Omar (2003). Language and Language Situation in Southeast Asia: With a Focus on Malaysia. Akademi Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya. p. 30. ISBN 98-320-8556-X. ^ Patricia Hului (8 July 2014). "Rediscovering the Mah Meri". The Borneo Post Seeds. Retrieved 2017-07-07. ^ Nurul Afida Kamaludin (1 July 2012). "Bringing the world's attention to Malaysia's heritage". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2017-07-07. ^ Leong Siok Hui (22 July 2006). "Preserving the skill". The Star Online. Retrieved 2017-07-07. ^ "Kekalkan tradisi". Utusan Online. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2017-10-11. ^ "Festival Orang Asli, pribumi pukau pengunjung". Sinar Harian. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2016-11-10. ^ Rouwen Lin (5 August 2015). "Malaysian shamans brave Islam's ill winds". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 2016-11-10. External links http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66E2-7@view Mah Meri in RWAAI Digital Archive Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mah Meri people. vteOrang Asli of MalaysiaSemangSenoiProto-Malay Batek Jahai Kensiu Kintaq Lanoh Mendriq Cheq Wong Jah Hut Mah Meri Semai Semaq Beri Temiar Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Laut Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temoq Temuan vteEthnic groups in MalaysiaMalaysiansBumiputeraMalay(list)Anak Jati Johorean Malay Kedahan Malay Kelantanese Malay Malaccan Malay Negeri Sembilanese Malay Penangite Malay Perakian Malay Perlisan Malay Pahang Malay Selangorian Malay Terengganuan Malay Bruneian Malay Kedayan Sarawakian Malay Anak Dagang Cocos Malays Christmas Island Malays Chams Acehnese Banjarese Batak Mandailing Buginese Javanese Baweanese Makassar Minangkabau Kerinci Ocu Rawa Sundanese Burmese Malays Patani Malays Siamese Orang Asal(OtherIndigenous peoples)PeninsularMalaysia Proto-Malay Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Laut Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temoq Temuan Semang Batek Lanoh Jahai Kensiu Kintaq Mendriq Mintil Mos Senoi Semai Mah Meri Cheq Wong Temiar Jah Hut Semaq Beri Sarawak Dayak Bidayuh Bukitan Iban Selako Orang Ulu Kayan Kelabit Kenyah Lun Bawang Penan Punan Sa'ban Ukit Others Bisaya Melanau Miriek Sabah Kadazan-Dusun Kadazan Dusun Kwijau Lotud Mangka'ak Maragang Minokok Rumanau Bisaya Ida'an Illanun Lun Bawang Murut Orang Sungai Dumpas Tambanuo Rungus Sama-Bajau Suluk Tidong Peranakan Peranakan Arab Peranakan Parsi Peranakan Eropah (including Kristang) Jawi Peranakan Peranakan Siam (Sam-Sam) Peranakan Turki Chinese(list) Hokkien Cantonese Hakka Hainanese Teochew Foochow Henghua Penangite Chinese Peranakan Peranakan Cina (Baba-Nyonya) Sino-Native Indian(list) Gujarati Penangite Indian Punjabi Malayali Indians in Sabah Indians in Sarawak Sri Lankan Tamil Telugu PeranakanPeranakan Chitty Mixed ancestry(non-Peranakan) Chindians Foreign ethnicities/expatriates African Arab (Hadhrami) Bangladeshi Burmese (Rohingya) China/Taiwan Chinese East Timorese Filipino (Zamboangans) Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Jewish (former) Korean Nepali Pakistani Singaporeans Thai Vietnamese Authority control databases: National Israel United States

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They are of the Senoi subgroup. Most of the members of the Mah Meri tribe live along the coast of South Selangor from Sungai Pelek up to Pulau Carey, although there is at least one Mah Meri Community on the other side of the Klang River.According to the Orang Asli Office of the Malaysian government,[2] they numbered around 2,200 in 2005.[3] Most of the Mah Meri live in small villages (kampungs) on the fringes of other cities and on Pulau Carey, which has five separate villages of Mah Meri.[4]The Mah Meri people of Pulau Carey are internationally well known for their traditional wood carving skills.[5]","title":"Mah Meri people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Their ancestors are believed to be associated with the arrival of Austro-Asiatic migrants associated with the emergence of fire-cutting agriculture on the Malay Peninsula and the emergence of rice. Due to cultural exchanges and trade, some Mah Meri and Senoi have intermixed with local Negrito tribes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The changes in the Mah Meri population are as the following:","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_(1906)_(14758624876).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jugra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugra"},{"link_name":"Kuala Langat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Langat"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mah Meri language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah_Meri_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Malay language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Malay language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Laut"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A group forming a \"war formation\" in Jugra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia, 1906.Mah Meri in Mah Meri language means \"Jungle people\" (Mah = people, Meri = jungle).,[10] while in another term the meaning of the name means Bersisik (meaning, \"scaly\" in Malay language)[11] or Persisir (meaning, \"coastal\" in Malay language). They are also considered as Orang Laut due to them residing in settlements that are nearby seasides and work as fishermen.[12] They are believed to have migrated from the islands in southern Johor to the coastal shores of Selangor in order to escape from their enemies.[13]Today Mah Meri community has undergone changes in terms of mentality and development as a result of integrating with other neighbouring communities.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages"},{"link_name":"Aslian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslian_languages"},{"link_name":"Semelai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semelai_language"},{"link_name":"Temoq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temoq_language"},{"link_name":"Semaq Beri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Mah Meri language, also called Besisi, is an Austroasiatic language. It is part of Southern Aslian sub-branch of Aslian languages, and is related to Semelai, Temoq and Semaq Beri.[14] There are an estimated 3,000 people still speaking the language, but it is seriously endangered.","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mah_Meri_spider_spirit_mask_(6346812079).jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTWATMH-16"},{"link_name":"Kuala Langat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Langat"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Carving","text":"Mah Meri spider spirit mask.Many among them are skilled in carving statues that are made from wood. Their carvings include deities, humans, flora and fauna figurines. These carvings have gained recognition from the UNESCO.[15][16] Handicrafts produce of the Mah Meri community in Sungai Bumbun, Kuala Langat have high artistic value and the potential to be recognised at an international level.[17]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sewang dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewang_dance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMCD-3"}],"sub_title":"Traditional dances","text":"Sewang dance[18]\nTarian Jo'oh (Jungle dance)[19]\nTarian Topeng (Mask dance)[3]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In common with other Orang Asli Villages, each kampung elects its own Batin (Village Headman) and a council of \"elders\" to represent the people living in the kampung. The Batin is paid an annual salary by the Malaysian government. The Bomoh, who functions as a shaman in their society, plays an important role in the kampung. Main puteri (meaning \"Playing princess\"), a dying ritualistic form of treatment due to Islamisation; is performed by the Mah Meri shaman to rejuvenate patients with emotional depression, physical fatigue or psychological problems caused by metaphysical forces.[20]","title":"Political organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geographical_location_of_Orang_Asli_communities_recruited_in_the_study.jpg"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Orang Asli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asli"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"}],"text":"Geographical location of Mah Meri people (located in west coast of Selangor) and other Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia.Major settlements of the Mah Meri people are:-","title":"Settlement area"}]

[{"image_text":"A group forming a \"war formation\" in Jugra, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia, 1906.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_%281906%29_%2814758624876%29.jpg/220px-Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_%281906%29_%2814758624876%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mah Meri spider spirit mask.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mah_Meri_spider_spirit_mask_%286346812079%29.jpg/170px-Mah_Meri_spider_spirit_mask_%286346812079%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geographical location of Mah Meri people (located in west coast of Selangor) and other Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Geographical_location_of_Orang_Asli_communities_recruited_in_the_study.jpg/300px-Geographical_location_of_Orang_Asli_communities_recruited_in_the_study.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Kirk Endicott (2015). Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli. NUS Press. ISBN 978-99-716-9861-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99-716-9861-4","url_text":"978-99-716-9861-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Orang Asli Affairs | Orang Asli\". Archived from the original on 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2006-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061210201357/http://www.jheoa.gov.my/e-orangasli.htm","url_text":"\"Department of Orang Asli Affairs | Orang Asli\""},{"url":"http://www.jheoa.gov.my/e-orangasli.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Selangor Tourism (5 April 2014). \"Celebrate Mah Meri's cultural diversity\". Sinar Harian. Retrieved 2016-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2014/04/05/celebrate-mah-meris-cultural-diversity/","url_text":"\"Celebrate Mah Meri's cultural diversity\""}]},{"reference":"Soong Phui Jee (8 June 2013). \"Palm tree shaded island\". Sin Chew Daily. Retrieved 2016-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mysinchew.com/node/85053","url_text":"\"Palm tree shaded island\""}]},{"reference":"Rouwen Lin (2 February 2016). \"Mah Meri carvers do it with spirit\". The Star. Retrieved 2016-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.star2.com/culture/books/book-news/2016/02/02/mah-meri-carvers-do-it-with-spirit/","url_text":"\"Mah Meri carvers do it with spirit\""}]},{"reference":"Nobuta Toshihiro (2009). \"Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia\" (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved 2017-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/93c38c2f6837049ec87607013c0c5404.pdf","url_text":"\"Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Nicholas (2000). The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. ISBN 87-90730-15-1. Retrieved 2017-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications//0133_95_The_Orang_Asli_and_the_contest_for_resources.pdf","url_text":"The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-90730-15-1","url_text":"87-90730-15-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Basic Data / Statistics\". Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved 2017-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=4","url_text":"\"Basic Data / Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Alberto Gomes (2004). Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads. Routledge. ISBN 11-341-0076-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/11-341-0076-0","url_text":"11-341-0076-0"}]},{"reference":"Asmah Haji Omar (2006). Bahasa Mah Meri. Penerbit Universiti Malaya. p. 11. ISBN 98-310-0242-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/98-310-0242-3","url_text":"98-310-0242-3"}]},{"reference":"Ab. Aziz Mohd. Zin (2006). Dakwah Islam di Malaysia. Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya. p. 21. ISBN 98-310-0381-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/98-310-0381-0","url_text":"98-310-0381-0"}]},{"reference":"Asmah Haji Omar (2004). Massa: majalah berita mingguan, Issues 425-433. Utusan Melayu (Malaysia) Berhad. p. 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clare Chan Suet Ching (December 2010). \"Mah Meri Onstage: Negotiating National Policies, Tourism, And Modernisation In Kampung Sungai Bumbun, Carey Island, Malaysia\". University Of Hawai’i. pp. 49–50. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260517575","url_text":"\"Mah Meri Onstage: Negotiating National Policies, Tourism, And Modernisation In Kampung Sungai Bumbun, Carey Island, Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"Asmah Haji Omar (2003). Language and Language Situation in Southeast Asia: With a Focus on Malaysia. Akademi Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya. p. 30. ISBN 98-320-8556-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/98-320-8556-X","url_text":"98-320-8556-X"}]},{"reference":"Patricia Hului (8 July 2014). \"Rediscovering the Mah Meri\". The Borneo Post Seeds. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2014/07/08/rediscovering-the-mah-meri/","url_text":"\"Rediscovering the Mah Meri\""}]},{"reference":"Nurul Afida Kamaludin (1 July 2012). \"Bringing the world's attention to Malaysia's heritage\". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/07/01/bringing-the-worlds-attention-to-malaysias-heritage/","url_text":"\"Bringing the world's attention to Malaysia's heritage\""}]},{"reference":"Leong Siok Hui (22 July 2006). \"Preserving the skill\". The Star Online. Retrieved 2017-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/07/05/13/54/preserving-the-skill/","url_text":"\"Preserving the skill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kekalkan tradisi\". Utusan Online. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2017-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Keluarga/20140222/ke_01/Kekalkan-tradisi","url_text":"\"Kekalkan tradisi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival Orang Asli, pribumi pukau pengunjung\". Sinar Harian. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2016-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/festival-orang-asli-pribumi-pukau-pengunjung-1.444506","url_text":"\"Festival Orang Asli, pribumi pukau pengunjung\""}]},{"reference":"Rouwen Lin (5 August 2015). \"Malaysian shamans brave Islam's ill winds\". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 2016-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/malaysian-shamans-brave-islams-ill-winds","url_text":"\"Malaysian shamans brave Islam's ill winds\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterata

Lacertoidea

["1 References"]

Superfamily of lizards LacertoidsTemporal range: Campanian–Holocene, 84–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N A sand lizard, Lacerta agilis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Superfamily: LacertoideaOppel, 1811 Subgroups †Purbicella? †Cryptolacerta †Slavoia Amphisbaenia Lacertidae †Eolacertidae †Barbatteiidae †Polyglyphanodontia? Gymnophthalmoidea Alopoglossidae Gymnophthalmidae Teiidae The Lacertoidea is a group of squamate reptiles that includes the Lacertidae, Teiidae, Gymnophthalmidae, and Amphisbaenia. The finding from molecular phylogenetic studies that the burrowing Amphisbaenia were nested in a clade with the lizard forms led Vidal & Hedges (2005) to propose a new name for the group based on shared morphogical characters, Laterata, "referring to the presence of tile-like (squarish or quadrangular, and sometimes raised) scales that form the rings in Amphisbaenia, and are also present ventrally in Lacertiformata and Teiformata". Studies of anatomy have traditionally grouped the lacertoids with skinks; however, more recent studies focusing on DNA have placed them as a distinct group of lizards, more closely related to the venomous Toxicofera. The relationships of the Amphisbaenia to other lizards have long been a mystery; although superficially snakelike, their anatomy and locomotion is quite distinct from that of snakes, Amphisbaenia have a reduced right lung as opposed to snakes which have their left lung reduced. However, they do not closely resemble any other group of lizards. Recent molecular studies suggest that amphisbaenians are grouped with the Lacertidae, in a group named the Lacertibaenia. Lacertoids have a wide geographic distribution. The Lacertidae are found throughout Europe and Asia, with a major radiation endemic to Africa. The Teiidae are diverse in South America, but some members of the group occur in southern North America as well. The Amphisbaenia are especially widespread, occurring in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. The origins of the group are unclear. The oldest definitive lacertoid is the amphisbaenian Plesiorhineura, from the early Paleocene of North America. Given that it resembles modern worm lizards, the lacertoids most likely appeared and diversified in the Cretaceous. However, Berriasian taxon Purbicella may be a lacertoid, and would be the oldest known. Within the Laterata there are many species listed on IUCN Redlist conservation status. This family listed 5 species extinct, 31 species critically endangered, 53 species endangered, 40 species vulnerable, 53 species near threatened, and 569 species as least concerned. References ^ a b Evans, S.E.; Jones, M.E.H.; Matsumoto, R. (2012). "A new lizard skull from the Purbeck Limestone Group (Lower Cretaceous) of England". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (6): 517–524. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.517. ^ Vidal, N.; Hedges, S.B. (2005). "The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes". C. R. Biologies. 328 (10–11): 1000–1008. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. PMID 16286089. ^ Gauthier, Jacques A., et al. "Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53.1 (2012): 3-308. ^ a b Wiens, J. J., Hutter, C. R., Mulcahy, D. G., Noonan, B. P., Townsend, T. M., Sites, J. W., & Reeder, T. W. (2012). Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species. Biology Letters, 8(6), 1043-1046. ^ Gans, C. (1978) The characteristics and affinities of the Amphisbaenia. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1978) 34:347-416. vteSquamata families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Dibamia Dibamidae Gekkota Gekkonidae Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Eublepharidae Phyllodactylidae Pygopodidae Sphaerodactylidae Scincoidea Cordylidae Gerrhosauridae Scincidae Xantusiidae Laterata / Lacertoidea Lacertidae Gymnophthalmoidea Alopoglossidae Gymnophthalmidae Teiidae Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Bipedidae Blanidae Cadeidae Rhineuridae Trogonophidae Anguimorpha Shinisauridae Lanthanotidae Varanidae Helodermatidae Xenosauridae Anguidae Anniellidae Diploglossidae Iguania Agamidae Chamaeleonidae Corytophanidae Crotaphytidae Dactyloidae Hoplocercidae Iguanidae Leiocephalidae Leiosauridae Liolaemidae Opluridae Phrynosomatidae Polychrotidae Tropiduridae SerpentesScolecophidia Anomalepididae Gerrhopilidae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenotyphlopidae Alethinophidia Acrochordidae Aniliidae Anomochilidae Atractaspididae Boidae Bolyeriidae Colubridae Cylindrophiidae Elapidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Viperidae Xenopeltidae Data related to Lacertoidea at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersLacertoidea Wikidata: Q13518423 Wikispecies: Lacertoidea CoL: 8SF9P EoL: 12132059

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamate"},{"link_name":"Lacertidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae"},{"link_name":"Teiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae"},{"link_name":"Gymnophthalmidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae"},{"link_name":"Amphisbaenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Lacertiformata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacertiformata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teiformata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teiformata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"skinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Toxicofera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicofera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiensetal2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiensetal2012-4"},{"link_name":"Plesiorhineura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plesiorhineura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berriasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berriasian"},{"link_name":"Purbicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbicella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evans2012-1"}],"text":"The Lacertoidea is a group of squamate reptiles that includes the Lacertidae, Teiidae, Gymnophthalmidae, and Amphisbaenia. The finding from molecular phylogenetic studies that the burrowing Amphisbaenia were nested in a clade with the lizard forms led Vidal & Hedges (2005) to propose a new name for the group based on shared morphogical characters, Laterata, \"referring to the presence of tile-like (squarish or quadrangular, and sometimes raised) scales that form the rings in Amphisbaenia, and are also present ventrally in Lacertiformata and Teiformata\".[2]Studies of anatomy have traditionally grouped the lacertoids with skinks;[3] however, more recent studies focusing on DNA have placed them as a distinct group of lizards, more closely related to the venomous Toxicofera.[4] The relationships of the Amphisbaenia to other lizards have long been a mystery; although superficially snakelike, their anatomy and locomotion is quite distinct from that of snakes, Amphisbaenia have a reduced right lung as opposed to snakes which have their left lung reduced.[5] However, they do not closely resemble any other group of lizards. Recent molecular studies suggest that amphisbaenians are grouped with the Lacertidae, in a group named the Lacertibaenia.[4]Lacertoids have a wide geographic distribution. The Lacertidae are found throughout Europe and Asia, with a major radiation endemic to Africa. The Teiidae are diverse in South America, but some members of the group occur in southern North America as well. The Amphisbaenia are especially widespread, occurring in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. The origins of the group are unclear. The oldest definitive lacertoid is the amphisbaenian Plesiorhineura, from the early Paleocene of North America. Given that it resembles modern worm lizards, the lacertoids most likely appeared and diversified in the Cretaceous. However, Berriasian taxon Purbicella may be a lacertoid, and would be the oldest known.[1]Within the Laterata there are many species listed on IUCN Redlist conservation status. This family listed 5 species extinct, 31 species critically endangered, 53 species endangered, 40 species vulnerable, 53 species near threatened, and 569 species as least concerned.","title":"Lacertoidea"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Evans, S.E.; Jones, M.E.H.; Matsumoto, R. (2012). \"A new lizard skull from the Purbeck Limestone Group (Lower Cretaceous) of England\". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 183 (6): 517–524. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgssgfbull.183.6.517","url_text":"10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.517"}]},{"reference":"Vidal, N.; Hedges, S.B. (2005). \"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes\". C. R. Biologies. 328 (10–11): 1000–1008. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. PMID 16286089.","urls":[{"url":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001/","url_text":"\"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2005.10.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286089","url_text":"16286089"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgi_Popstefanov

Gorgi Popstefanov

["1 Personal life","2 Major results","3 References","4 External links"]

Macedonian road racing cyclist Gorgi PopstefanovPopstefanov at the 2014 UCI Road World ChampionshipsPersonal informationFull nameGorgi PopstefanovBorn (1987-07-19) 19 July 1987 (age 36)Skopje, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia(now North Macedonia)Team informationCurrent teamEuroCyclingTrips Pro CyclingDisciplineRoadRoleRiderAmateur team2012–2019Metra–Cycles 54 Professional team2020–EuroCyclingTrips–CMI Gorgi Popstefanov (Macedonian: Ѓорѓи Попстефанов; born 19 July 1987) is a Macedonian road racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team EuroCyclingTrips Pro Cycling. He is the 2010 and the 2016 Macedonian National Road Race Championships winner. Popstefanov represented Macedonia twice at the UCI Road World Championships, in 2014 and 2015. Personal life Born in Skopje, Popstefanov immigrated with his family from SR Macedonia to the United States at the age of 2 and has since split much of his time between the two countries. He grew up in Garfield, New Jersey, graduated from Seton Hall Preparatory School in West Orange, New Jersey in 2005 and received a B.A. in International Affairs from George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs in 2009, where he was a member of the varsity crew team. As of May 2013, he completed a J.D. in international law at Seton Hall University School of Law. Major results 2010 1st Road race, National Road Championships 2016 1st Road race, National Road Championships 2018 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships References ^ "EuroCyclingTrips - CMI Pro Cycling". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020. ^ CQ ^ "EuroCyclingTrips - CMI Pro Cycling Roster". EuroCyclingTrips–CMI. Equipe CMI. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ National Championship, Road, Elite, Macedonia 2010, , June 3, 2011 ^ Gorgi Popstefanov Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine, George Washington University. Accessed November 7, 2017. "Hometown: Garfield, NJ; High School: Seton Hall Preparatory" ^ Gorgi Popstefanov Public Profile, LinkedIn.com,, April 24, 2012 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorgi Popstefanov. Gorgi Popstefanov at ProCyclingStats

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-cheeked_warbler

Black-cheeked warbler

["1 References"]

Species of bird Black-cheeked warbler Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Basileuterus Species: B. melanogenys Binomial name Basileuterus melanogenysBaird, 1865 Range of B. melanogenys The black-cheeked warbler (Basileuterus melanogenys) is a New World warbler, resident breeding bird endemic to the Talamancan montane forests of Costa Rica and western Panama. It is normally found in oak forests with a dense bamboo understory from 2500 m altitude to the timberline, but occasionally occurs as low as 1600 m. The breeding pair builds a bulky domed nest with a side entrance on a sloping bank or in a gully, and the female lays two white eggs. The black-cheeked warbler is 13–13.5 cm long and weighs 13 g. It has a rufous crown, long white supercilia and black cheeks. The upperparts are dull olive, the breast is olive-grey, and the belly is yellow-white. The sexes are similar, but the young bird is browner on the upperparts, has a dull supercilium, a greyer breast, and shows two cinnamon wingbars. Despite this species' restricted range, it has three subspecies. B. m. melanogenys, the nominate race described above, breeds in central and southern Costa Rica. B. m. eximius is highly localised in a small area of western Panama, and is slightly whiter on the belly than melanogenys. B. m. bensoni is highly localised in a small area of west-central Panama, and is whiter below than eximius, and a purer grey above. The black-cheeked warbler primarily feeds on insects, spiders and other small invertebrates, taken low in the undergrowth. The call note of the black-cheeked warbler is a hard tsit, and the male's song is a lisping spluttered tsi tsi wee tsi tsi wu tsi wee. References ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Basileuterus melanogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22722022A137218012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22722022A137218012.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. Curson, Quinn and Beadle,New World Warblers ISBN 978-0-7136-3932-2 Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica ISBN 978-0-8014-9600-4 Taxon identifiersBasileuterus melanogenys Wikidata: Q791198 Wikispecies: Basileuterus melanogenys Avibase: D2459CC0F72F2E23 BirdLife: 22722022 BOLD: 97913 BOW: blcwar1 CoL: 68D94 eBird: blcwar1 GBIF: 2489744 iNaturalist: 10027 IRMNG: 11257773 ITIS: 558867 IUCN: 22722022 NCBI: 873195 Neotropical: blcwar1 Open Tree of Life: 384916 Xeno-canto: Basileuterus-melanogenys

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevalga

Trevalga

["1 Description","2 History","3 Notable buildings","4 The Battle for Trevalga","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°40′41″N 4°43′01″W / 50.678°N 4.717°W / 50.678; -4.717Hamlet and civil parish in Cornwall, England Human settlement in EnglandTrevalgaCornish: TrevelgiSt Petroc's Church Ruins of Trevalga MillTrevalgaLocation within CornwallPopulation71 (Civil Parish, 2011)OS grid referenceSX082900Civil parishTrevalgaShire countyCornwallRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBOSCASTLEPostcode districtPL35Dialling code01840PoliceDevon and CornwallFireCornwallAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentNorth Cornwall List of places UK England Cornwall 50°40′41″N 4°43′01″W / 50.678°N 4.717°W / 50.678; -4.717 Trevalga (Cornish: Trevelgi) is a coastal civil parish and hamlet in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish is bounded on the north by the Celtic Sea, on the southeast by Forrabury and Minster parish and on the west by Tintagel parish. Gerald Curgenven Description Dating from the time of the Domesday Book (1086), the hamlet of Trevalga lies 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the coast on the seaward side of the road from Boscastle to Tintagel. Trevalga is mentioned in the song Black and Gold along with other places nearby. Unusually, much of the hamlet (The Manor of Trevalga) was, from 1961 to 2023, part of an estate held by The Gerald Curgenven Will Trust with profits after maintenance going to Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire. The intent of this trust was ensure Trevalga’s preservation from development, and to have the Manor managed as much as possible in the way Curgenven had during his lifetime. People with families in the local area were prioritised, and children were allowed to assume the tenancies of their parents. Thus, many of the tenants have lived in the hamlet for generations, and Trevalga has preserved its character in a way many parts of Cornwall have not. Uncommonly for the area, Trevalga remains free of holiday homes. There were formerly a slate quarry and a silver lead mine in the parish. Trevalga lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). History Trevalga was one of the manors held by King William at the time of the Domesday Book (1086); it had formerly been held by Queen Matilda and before her by Britric. There were 2 ploughs but land for 8 ploughs; 14 households (including serfs, villeins and smallholders), the livestock was mainly sheep and the pasture was 1 league long and half a league wide. The annual value was £4. The recorded history of the manor continues in the 13th century when it was held by the family of Bassett; in 1601 the Bassetts sold it to the family of Welsh, who were succeeded by the family of Northcote. In 1682, it was bought by William Bolitho of Exeter; upon the death of Richard Bolitho Stephens in 1928 it was inherited by his widow. Mrs. Stephens donated to the church a fine pulpit, reading desk and sanctuary chair, in memory of her late husband. On 29 September 1934, Mr Gerald Curgenven purchased the whole of the Manor, including the adjacent hamlet, for the sum of £14,000 (equivalent to £1,255,426 in 2023). During the course of his lifetime, he expanded the estate with the addition of five further properties in the vicinity. Upon his death in 1959, at his bequest the estate was placed in a trust to preserve The Manor of Trevalga, with post maintenance profits from rent benefitting his old school, Marlborough College. In October 2023, it was reported that the Manor had been sold for £16 million to Castle Lane Securities, a subsidiary of the British property company William Pears Group. Notable buildings The parish church is dedicated to St Petroc; the patrons of the rectory are the dean and chapter of Truro. The earliest recorded rectors are Richard (1173) and Robert Bardolph (1191). The church was built in the 12th and 13th centuries (the tower being later than the nave and chancel). After restoration work the church was reopened in 1875. For many years it has been a member of the Boscastle Group of Anglican parishes. The original manor house of Trevalga is Redevallen in the adjoining parish of Minster. The current building dates from 1642 but is possibly on the site of an earlier building. Writing in 1879, Sir John Maclean describes the principal room being decorated with a moulded cornice, and that it formerly had a fine moulded ceiling. MacLean also records that the walls were pierced for musketry. The house is a grade II listed building. There is an early Cornish wheel-headed wayside cross in the churchyard. The cross is believed to date from the 8th century. It used to stand by the churchpath but was moved to the churchyard in the early 19th century by the then rector. At the southeastern corner of the parish of Trevalga is Trevalga Mill, a ruined eighteenth century water mill. The mill lies in fields next to the Trevillet River and is the only one of the four mills on the river (the others are Halgabron, Trevillet and Trethevy) to lie upstream of the waterfall currently known as St Nectan's Kieve. The mill belonged to the nearby manor of Redevallen and would have been used first for grinding corn then perhaps also the making of worsted. The hamlet also contains two medieval long houses. The Battle for Trevalga In Gerald Curgenven's will (died 1959) he established a charitable trust which protects Trevalga, instructing that the village be managed as it was during his lifetime, while providing yearly donations to his old school Marlborough College. It is understood locally that the school initially tried to claim Trevalga directly, but this failed and the trust was officially formed in 1961. In 2010, Marlborough College were given faulty legal advice that the Will Trust was failed as it breached the rule against perpetuities. As the only remaining beneficiary, the College took ownership of the Manor and placed it on the market, stating holding the Manor would be in breach of charity rules. This situation caused concern amongst the residents about the hamlet's future. Thereafter, protests and petitions were set up, using the social networking website Facebook in an attempt to prevent the sale which received national attention. The legality of the sale was disputed by the residents of the estate who secured the opinion of Edward "Ted" Nugee QC, on an informal and fee free basis. He found the trust to be a sound, charitable trust which can exist in perpetuity. Thus, the sale was suspended, and the Manor placed back into the hands of the Trustees. The Gerald Curgenven Will Trust was registered with the Charity Commission two years later, in 2012. In 2019, it was discovered that the Gerald Curgenven Will Trust did not have the charitable objective of preserving the Manor of Trevalga as Curgenven intended. In 2020, residents secured a further legal opinion which established that preservation of the Manor was part of the charitable purposes of the trust, and therefore not to be sold. On 23 June 2022, in the midst of Cornwall's ongoing housing crisis, the trustees of the Gerald Curgenven Will Trust wrote to tenants to inform them they are selling Trevalga. The Manor of Trevalga was then placed on the market shortly thereafter, promoted with emphasis on the short hold tenancies and possibilities for leisure, amenities, redevelopment and setting up a shoot. The first viewing occurred on 11 August 2022. The most recent battle for Trevalga is ongoing with the villagers protesting the sale, which contravenes Gerald Curgenven’s original intent to preserve the historic village and landscape, and to continue to provide affordable housing for local families. They have received national attention in ITV and BBC Spotlight, Daily Mirror, and The Daily Telegraph. However, the trustees sold the estate, as reported on 8 October 2023. References ^ "Darlington, William Aubrey, (20 Feb. 1890–24 May 1979), author, journalist, and dramatist; dramatic critic of the Daily Telegraph, 1920–68; Member, Editorial Staff of the Daily Telegraph", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, retrieved 24 August 2022 ^ Grierson, Jamie (9 October 2023). "'Battle of Trevalga' ends with Cornish estate's sale to property giant". the Guardian. Cornwall. Retrieved 9 October 2023. ^ Ellis, Joyce; Walton, John; Keil, Ian (May 1984). "Methodology and sources P. Morgan (ed.), Domesday Book: Leicestershire. Chichester: Phillimore, 1979. No pagination. 2 maps. £5.00". Urban History. 11: 219–220. doi:10.1017/s0963926800007355. ISSN 0963-9268. ^ "Tenants lose 'Battle of Trevalga' after whole village sold for £16m". The Telegraph. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023. ^ Palmer, W. S. Cave. Souvenir of the Parish and Church of Trevalga. Trevalga. ^ PEVSNER, NIKOLAUS (1970). CORNWALL (BUILDINGS OF ENGLAND) (2nd ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9780140710014. ^ Maclean, John (20 January 1872). "Mural decorations: Trevalga church". Notes and Queries. s4-IX (212): 52–53. doi:10.1093/nq/s4-ix.212.52. ISSN 1471-6941. ^ "REDEVALLEN, Trevalga - 1267261 | Historic England". Historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Pollard, Wm. Edward (21 November 1896). "'Our old Town'". Notes and Queries. s8-X (256): 426–426. doi:10.1093/nq/s8-x.256.426a. ISSN 1471-6941. ^ Arthur, G, Langdon (1896). Old Cornish Crosses (1st ed.). Joseph Pollard. ^ "Trevalga Cross - Ancient Cross in England in Cornwall". Megalithic.co.uk. ^ Madge, Sidney J. (1950). The "Chapel", Kieve and Gorge of "Saint Nectan". Liddell and Son. ^ Lightfoot, Liz. "The battle of Trevalga". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Trevalga Support Group". Facebook.com. Retrieved 9 October 2023. ^ "14.4.1 Sale-and-Lease-Back", Real Estate Asset Management, Vahlen, pp. 417–419, 2010, retrieved 24 August 2022 ^ "Responding to Cornwall's Housing Crisis". Let's Talk Cornwall. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "The Manor Of Trevalga, Boscastle, Cornwall, PL35 0EE". Property. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ "Tenants fear eviction as £15million Cornish village up for sale". ITV News. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ Letcher, Lisa; Elliott-Gibbs, Sam (17 August 2022). "Residents fear being kicked out as beautiful village goes on the market for £16m". mirror. Retrieved 30 August 2022. ^ Chandler-Wilde, Helen (20 August 2022). "Battle of Trevalga: Fate of historic village rests on archaic 'Royal lives clause'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 30 August 2022. External links Cornwall portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trevalga. BBC Radio 4 documentary about Trevalga and its sale by Marlborough College, broadcast in December 2010 vte Ceremonial county of CornwallCornwall PortalUnitary authorities Cornwall Council Council of the Isles of Scilly Major settlements(cities in italics) Bodmin Bude Callington Camborne Camelford Falmouth Fowey Hayle Helston Hugh Town Launceston Liskeard Looe Lostwithiel Marazion Newlyn Newquay Padstow Penryn Penzance Porthleven Redruth St Austell St Blazey St Columb Major St Ives St Just in Penwith Saltash Stratton Torpoint Truro WadebridgeSee also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall Rivers Allen Camel Carnon Cober De Lank Fal Fowey Gannel Gover Hayle Helford Inny Kensey Lerryn Looe Lynher Menalhyl Ottery Par Pont Pill Port Navas Red St Austell Seaton Tamar Tiddy Truro Valency full list... Topics History (Civil War) Status debate Flag Culture Economy Fishing Flora and fauna Places List of farms Population of major settlements Demography Notable people The Duchy Diocese Politics Schools Hundreds/shires Places of interest Outline of Cornwall Index of Cornwall-related articles vteCivil parishes of North Cornwall constituency Cornwall Advent Altarnun Blisland Bodmin Boyton Bude–Stratton Camelford Cardinham Davidstow Delabole Egloshayle Egloskerry Forrabury and Minster Helland Jacobstow Kilkhampton Laneast Lanhydrock Lanivet Launceston Launcells Lawhitton Rural Lesnewth Lewannick Lezant Marhamchurch Michaelstow Morwenstow North Hill North Petherwin North Tamerton Otterham Padstow Poundstock South Petherwin St Breock St Breward St Clether St Endellion St Ervan St Eval St Gennys St Issey St Juliot St Kew St Mabyn St Merryn St Minver Highlands St Minver Lowlands St Stephens by Launceston Rural St Teath St Thomas the Apostle Rural St Tudy Stoke Climsland Tintagel Tremaine Treneglos Tresmeer Trevalga Trewen Wadebridge Warbstow Week St Mary Werrington Whitstone Withiel Cornwall Portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Celtic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Forrabury and Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrabury_and_Minster"},{"link_name":"Tintagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintagel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerald_Curgenven.jpg"}],"text":"Hamlet and civil parish in Cornwall, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandTrevalga (Cornish: Trevelgi) is a coastal civil parish and hamlet in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish is bounded on the north by the Celtic Sea, on the southeast by Forrabury and Minster parish and on the west by Tintagel parish.Gerald Curgenven","title":"Trevalga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boscastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscastle"},{"link_name":"Black and Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Gold_(Will_Coleman_song)"},{"link_name":"Marlborough College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"}],"text":"Dating from the time of the Domesday Book (1086), the hamlet of Trevalga lies 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the coast on the seaward side of the road from Boscastle to Tintagel. Trevalga is mentioned in the song Black and Gold along with other places nearby.Unusually, much of the hamlet (The Manor of Trevalga) was, from 1961 to 2023, part of an estate held by The Gerald Curgenven Will Trust with profits after maintenance going to Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire. [1][2]The intent of this trust was ensure Trevalga’s preservation from development, and to have the Manor managed as much as possible in the way Curgenven had during his lifetime. People with families in the local area were prioritised, and children were allowed to assume the tenancies of their parents. Thus, many of the tenants have lived in the hamlet for generations, and Trevalga has preserved its character in a way many parts of Cornwall have not. Uncommonly for the area, Trevalga remains free of holiday homes.There were formerly a slate quarry and a silver lead mine in the parish.Trevalga lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marlborough College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_College"},{"link_name":"William Pears Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pears_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Trevalga was one of the manors held by King William at the time of the Domesday Book (1086); it had formerly been held by Queen Matilda and before her by Britric. There were 2 ploughs but land for 8 ploughs; 14 households (including serfs, villeins and smallholders), the livestock was mainly sheep and the pasture was 1 league long and half a league wide. The annual value was £4.[3]The recorded history of the manor continues in the 13th century when it was held by the family of Bassett; in 1601 the Bassetts sold it to the family of Welsh, who were succeeded by the family of Northcote.In 1682, it was bought by William Bolitho of Exeter; upon the death of Richard Bolitho Stephens in 1928 it was inherited by his widow. Mrs. Stephens donated to the church a fine pulpit, reading desk and sanctuary chair, in memory of her late husband.On 29 September 1934, Mr Gerald Curgenven purchased the whole of the Manor, including the adjacent hamlet, for the sum of £14,000 (equivalent to £1,255,426 in 2023). During the course of his lifetime, he expanded the estate with the addition of five further properties in the vicinity. Upon his death in 1959, at his bequest the estate was placed in a trust to preserve The Manor of Trevalga, with post maintenance profits from rent benefitting his old school, Marlborough College.In October 2023, it was reported that the Manor had been sold for £16 million to Castle Lane Securities, a subsidiary of the British property company William Pears Group.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Petroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petroc"},{"link_name":"restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"Boscastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boscastle"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minster,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"John Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacLean_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"St Nectan's Kieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nectan%27s_Kieve"},{"link_name":"worsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worsted"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The parish church is dedicated to St Petroc; the patrons of the rectory are the dean and chapter of Truro. The earliest recorded rectors are Richard (1173) and Robert Bardolph (1191). The church was built in the 12th and 13th centuries (the tower being later than the nave and chancel). After restoration work the church was reopened in 1875. For many years it has been a member of the Boscastle Group of Anglican parishes.[5][6]The original manor house of Trevalga is Redevallen in the adjoining parish of Minster. The current building dates from 1642 but is possibly on the site of an earlier building. Writing in 1879, Sir John Maclean describes the principal room being decorated with a moulded cornice, and that it formerly had a fine moulded ceiling. MacLean also records that the walls were pierced for musketry. The house is a grade II listed building.[7][8]There is an early Cornish wheel-headed wayside cross in the churchyard.[9][10] The cross is believed to date from the 8th century. It used to stand by the churchpath but was moved to the churchyard in the early 19th century by the then rector.[11]At the southeastern corner of the parish of Trevalga is Trevalga Mill, a ruined eighteenth century water mill. The mill lies in fields next to the Trevillet River and is the only one of the four mills on the river (the others are Halgabron, Trevillet and Trethevy) to lie upstream of the waterfall currently known as St Nectan's Kieve. The mill belonged to the nearby manor of Redevallen and would have been used first for grinding corn then perhaps also the making of worsted.[12]The hamlet also contains two medieval long houses.","title":"Notable buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Edward \"Ted\" Nugee QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Nugee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In Gerald Curgenven's will (died 1959) he established a charitable trust which protects Trevalga, instructing that the village be managed as it was during his lifetime, while providing yearly donations to his old school Marlborough College.[citation needed]It is understood locally that the school initially tried to claim Trevalga directly, but this failed and the trust was officially formed in 1961.[citation needed] In 2010, Marlborough College were given faulty legal advice that the Will Trust was failed as it breached the rule against perpetuities.[citation needed] As the only remaining beneficiary, the College took ownership of the Manor and placed it on the market, stating holding the Manor would be in breach of charity rules. This situation caused concern amongst the residents about the hamlet's future.[13] Thereafter, protests and petitions were set up, using the social networking website Facebook in an attempt to prevent the sale[14] which received national attention.The legality of the sale was disputed by the residents of the estate who secured the opinion of Edward \"Ted\" Nugee QC, on an informal and fee free basis.[citation needed] He found the trust to be a sound, charitable trust which can exist in perpetuity. Thus, the sale was suspended, and the Manor placed back into the hands of the Trustees.[15] The Gerald Curgenven Will Trust was registered with the Charity Commission two years later, in 2012.In 2019, it was discovered that the Gerald Curgenven Will Trust did not have the charitable objective of preserving the Manor of Trevalga as Curgenven intended.[citation needed] In 2020, residents secured a further legal opinion which established that preservation of the Manor was part of the charitable purposes of the trust, and therefore not to be sold.[citation needed]On 23 June 2022, in the midst of Cornwall's ongoing housing crisis,[16] the trustees of the Gerald Curgenven Will Trust wrote to tenants to inform them they are selling Trevalga. The Manor of Trevalga was then placed on the market shortly thereafter, promoted with emphasis on the short hold tenancies and possibilities for leisure, amenities, redevelopment and setting up a shoot.[17] The first viewing occurred on 11 August 2022.The most recent battle for Trevalga is ongoing with the villagers protesting the sale, which contravenes Gerald Curgenven’s original intent to preserve the historic village and landscape, and to continue to provide affordable housing for local families. They have received national attention in ITV[18] and BBC Spotlight, Daily Mirror,[19] and The Daily Telegraph.[20]However, the trustees sold the estate, as reported on 8 October 2023.","title":"The Battle for Trevalga"}]

[{"image_text":"Ruins of Trevalga Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ruins_of_Trevalga_Mill.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_Trevalga_Mill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gerald Curgenven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gerald_Curgenven.jpg/220px-Gerald_Curgenven.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Darlington, William Aubrey, (20 Feb. 1890–24 May 1979), author, journalist, and dramatist; dramatic critic of the Daily Telegraph, 1920–68; Member, Editorial Staff of the Daily Telegraph\", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, retrieved 24 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u153715","url_text":"\"Darlington, William Aubrey, (20 Feb. 1890–24 May 1979), author, journalist, and dramatist; dramatic critic of the Daily Telegraph, 1920–68; Member, Editorial Staff of the Daily Telegraph\""}]},{"reference":"Grierson, Jamie (9 October 2023). \"'Battle of Trevalga' ends with Cornish estate's sale to property giant\". the Guardian. Cornwall. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/oct/09/battle-of-trevalga-ends-with-cornish-estates-sale-to-property-giant","url_text":"\"'Battle of Trevalga' ends with Cornish estate's sale to property giant\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Joyce; Walton, John; Keil, Ian (May 1984). \"Methodology and sources P. Morgan (ed.), Domesday Book: Leicestershire. Chichester: Phillimore, 1979. No pagination. 2 maps. £5.00\". Urban History. 11: 219–220. doi:10.1017/s0963926800007355. ISSN 0963-9268.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800007355","url_text":"\"Methodology and sources P. Morgan (ed.), Domesday Book: Leicestershire. Chichester: Phillimore, 1979. No pagination. 2 maps. £5.00\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0963926800007355","url_text":"10.1017/s0963926800007355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9268","url_text":"0963-9268"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenants lose 'Battle of Trevalga' after whole village sold for £16m\". The Telegraph. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/10/08/trevalga-cornwall-sale-william-pears-group-gerald-curgenven/","url_text":"\"Tenants lose 'Battle of Trevalga' after whole village sold for £16m\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, W. S. Cave. Souvenir of the Parish and Church of Trevalga. Trevalga.","urls":[]},{"reference":"PEVSNER, NIKOLAUS (1970). CORNWALL (BUILDINGS OF ENGLAND) (2nd ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9780140710014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140710014","url_text":"9780140710014"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, John (20 January 1872). \"Mural decorations: Trevalga church\". Notes and Queries. s4-IX (212): 52–53. doi:10.1093/nq/s4-ix.212.52. ISSN 1471-6941.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s4-ix.212.52","url_text":"\"Mural decorations: Trevalga church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs4-ix.212.52","url_text":"10.1093/nq/s4-ix.212.52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941","url_text":"1471-6941"}]},{"reference":"\"REDEVALLEN, Trevalga - 1267261 | Historic England\". Historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1267261","url_text":"\"REDEVALLEN, Trevalga - 1267261 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Wm. Edward (21 November 1896). \"'Our old Town'\". Notes and Queries. s8-X (256): 426–426. doi:10.1093/nq/s8-x.256.426a. ISSN 1471-6941.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s8-x.256.426a","url_text":"\"'Our old Town'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs8-x.256.426a","url_text":"10.1093/nq/s8-x.256.426a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6941","url_text":"1471-6941"}]},{"reference":"Arthur, G, Langdon (1896). Old Cornish Crosses (1st ed.). Joseph Pollard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Trevalga Cross - Ancient Cross in England in Cornwall\". Megalithic.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=11120","url_text":"\"Trevalga Cross - Ancient Cross in England in Cornwall\""}]},{"reference":"Madge, Sidney J. (1950). The \"Chapel\", Kieve and Gorge of \"Saint Nectan\". Liddell and Son.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lightfoot, Liz. \"The battle of Trevalga\". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-battle-of-trevalga-sl325b5ph77","url_text":"\"The battle of Trevalga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Trevalga Support Group\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 9 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/login/","url_text":"\"Trevalga Support Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"14.4.1 Sale-and-Lease-Back\", Real Estate Asset Management, Vahlen, pp. 417–419, 2010, retrieved 24 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.15358/9783800644681_417","url_text":"\"14.4.1 Sale-and-Lease-Back\""}]},{"reference":"\"Responding to Cornwall's Housing Crisis\". Let's Talk Cornwall. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://letstalk.cornwall.gov.uk/cornwall-housing-crisis-response","url_text":"\"Responding to Cornwall's Housing Crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Manor Of Trevalga, Boscastle, Cornwall, PL35 0EE\". Property. Retrieved 24 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fwi.co.uk/property/property/the-manor-of-trevalga-boscastle-cornwall-pl35-0ee/","url_text":"\"The Manor Of Trevalga, Boscastle, Cornwall, PL35 0EE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenants fear eviction as £15million Cornish village up for sale\". ITV News. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-08-12/tenants-fear-eviction-as-15million-cornish-village-up-for-sale","url_text":"\"Tenants fear eviction as £15million Cornish village up for sale\""}]},{"reference":"Letcher, Lisa; Elliott-Gibbs, Sam (17 August 2022). \"Residents fear being kicked out as beautiful village goes on the market for £16m\". mirror. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/residents-fear-being-evicted-stunning-27761832","url_text":"\"Residents fear being kicked out as beautiful village goes on the market for £16m\""}]},{"reference":"Chandler-Wilde, Helen (20 August 2022). \"Battle of Trevalga: Fate of historic village rests on archaic 'Royal lives clause'\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/08/20/battle-trevalga-fate-historic-village-rests-archaic-royal-lives/","url_text":"\"Battle of Trevalga: Fate of historic village rests on archaic 'Royal lives clause'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1611

1611

["1 Events","1.1 January–March","1.2 April–June","1.3 July–September","1.4 October–December","1.5 Date unknown","2 Births","2.1 January–March","2.2 April–June","2.3 July–September","2.4 October–December","2.5 Date unknown","2.6 Probable","3 Deaths","3.1 January–March","3.2 April–June","3.3 July–September","3.4 October–December","3.5 Date unknown","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1611" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 16th century 17th century 18th century Decades: 1590s 1600s 1610s 1620s 1630s Years: 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 May 2: King James Version of the Bible first published June 22: Explorer Henry Hudson and eight of his crew are abandoned at Hudson Bay after mutiny (pictured: The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson, painted by John Collier in 1881) 1611 by topic Arts and science Architecture Art Literature Music Science Leaders State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Works category Works vte 1611 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1611MDCXIAb urbe condita2364Armenian calendar1060ԹՎ ՌԿAssyrian calendar6361Balinese saka calendar1532–1533Bengali calendar1018Berber calendar2561English Regnal year8 Ja. 1 – 9 Ja. 1Buddhist calendar2155Burmese calendar973Byzantine calendar7119–7120Chinese calendar庚戌年 (Metal Dog)4308 or 4101    — to —辛亥年 (Metal Pig)4309 or 4102Coptic calendar1327–1328Discordian calendar2777Ethiopian calendar1603–1604Hebrew calendar5371–5372Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1667–1668 - Shaka Samvat1532–1533 - Kali Yuga4711–4712Holocene calendar11611Igbo calendar611–612Iranian calendar989–990Islamic calendar1019–1020Japanese calendarKeichō 16(慶長１６年)Javanese calendar1531–1532Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 daysKorean calendar3944Minguo calendar301 before ROC民前301年Nanakshahi calendar143Thai solar calendar2153–2154Tibetan calendar阳金狗年(male Iron-Dog)1737 or 1356 or 584    — to —阴金猪年(female Iron-Pig)1738 or 1357 or 585 February 27: Sunspots are observed for the first time. Events January–March January 26 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully is forced by Queen regent Marie's Regency Council to resign as chief minister of France. He is replaced by Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy. February 27 – Sunspots are observed by telescope, by Frisian astronomers Johannes Fabricius and David Fabricius. Johannes publishes the results of these observations, in De Maculis in Sole observatis in Wittenberg, later this year. Such early discoveries are overlooked, however, and the first sighting is claimed a few months later, by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner. March 4 – George Abbot is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury in England. March 9 – Battle of Segaba in Begemder: Yemana Kristos, brother of Emperor of Ethiopia Susenyos I, ends the rebellion of Melka Sedeq. March 19–20 – The Moscow Uprising, an armed rising of the inhabitants of Moscow in the Tsardom of Russia against the military Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (Fall 1610–Fall 1612), results in the occupying forces starting a major fire in the city and the death of 6–7,000 Muscovites. April–June April 4 – Denmark-Norway declares war on Sweden, then captures Kalmar. April 7 (March 28 O.S.) – False Dmitry III, the third pretender to the Russian throne to claim to be Prince Dmitry of Uglich, son of Ivan the Terrible, arrives at Ivangorod and proclaims himself as the Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich I. April 28 – The Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario is established in Manila, the Philippines (later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas, and later still the University of Santo Tomas). April 30 – The priest implicated in the Aix-en-Provence possessions in France is executed. May 2 – The Authorized King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time, printed by Robert Barker in London. May 9 – At the age of 16, Emperor Go-Mizunoo succeeds his father Emperor Go-Yōzei as Emperor of Japan. May 11 – The first known performance of William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, probably new this year, is given at the Globe Theatre in London. May–December – Entrepreneur Thomas Sutton founds Charterhouse School, on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London. June 13 – The Siege of Smolensk in Russia by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth succeeds after nearly two years of fighting that started on 29 September 1609. The conquest of the city is made possible by the discovery of a weakness in the walls of the fortress and the detonating of an explosive in a drainage canal. June 22 – English explorer and sea captain Henry Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen are set adrift in or near Hudson Bay, after a mutiny on his ship Discovery. They are never seen again. July–September July 12 – The Perpetual Edict is proclaimed for the government of the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) by Archduke Albert VII and his wife Isabella, the joint rulers of the Austrian-controlled nation. July 17 – The army of the Swedish Empire commanded by Jacob De la Gardie captures the Russian city of Novgorod after a nine-day battle. Novgorod will remain Swedish territory for the next eight years. August 2 – Jamestown's Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Gates returns to Virginia with 280 people, provisions and cattle on six ships and assumes control, ruling that the fort must be strengthened. August 5 – Nasuh Pasha becomes the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after the death of Kuyucu Murad Pasha. September 11 – Greek Orthodox bishop Dionysios Skylosophos leads an army of 700 men in a surprise attack on the city of Yanya (formerly the ancient Greek city of Ioannina) in an attempt to liberate the inhabitants from Ottoman Imperial rule. The Ottoman provincial governor, Osman Pasha, is forced to flee and his home is burned down, but Ottoman troops commanded by Aslan Pasha rout the rebels. Skylosophos is captured on September 14, then tortured to death in public. October–December October 30 – At the age of 16, Gustav II Adolf succeeds his father Charles IX as King of Sweden. November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's last solo play, The Tempest, is given its earliest reported performance. December 2 (Keichō 16, 10th month, 28th day) – The 1611 Sanriku earthquake of 8.1 magnitude strikes off of the coast of Japan and causes a tsunami that kills almost 5,000 people in the northern section of Honshu island. December 5 (30 Ramadan 1020 A.H.) – To celebrate the end of the daily fasting of the month of Ramadan, the Mughal Empire Army commander, Mubariz Khan, hosts the celebration banquet and learns that Pashtun rebel leader Khwaja Usman and 250 of his men have evacuated Bokainagar (modern-day Gouripur in Bangladesh) during the Mughal Army's holiday observance. December – The week-long Conquest of Bakla leads to the fall of the Chandradwip kingdom and the Mughal annexation of Barisal into the Bengal Subah Date unknown At Jamestown, John Rolfe imports tobacco seeds from the island of Trinidad (Nicotiana tabacum); the native tobacco is Nicotiana rustica. Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River, with the assistance of 350 men, a few miles south of present day Richmond, Virginia. Famine in Ethiopia resulting from crop failure in the north due to weather conditions and the outbreak of a plague. Construction begins on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, Persia. Itoh Gofuku, a predecessor of Matsuzakaya, a famous department store, is founded for the sale of silk in Nagoya, Japan. Births John Pell William Cartwright January–March January 3 – James Harrington, English political theorist of classical republicanism (d. 1677) January 5 – Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich, pretender to the Russian throne (k. 1614) January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer (d. 1687) February 2 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1633) February 3 – Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve, Danish diplomat and military officer (d. 1640) February 5 (bapt.) – Philip Sherman, English-born founder of Rhode Island (d. 1687) February 6 – Chongzhen Emperor of China (d. 1644) February 19 – Andries de Graeff, Dutch politician (d. 1678) February 24? (bapt. March 4) – William Dobson, English portrait painter (d. 1646) February 28 – William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1664) March 1 – John Pell, English mathematician (d. 1685) March 9 – Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot, French missionary (d. 1693) March 15 – Jan Fyt, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1661) March 17 – Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, Swedish field marshal (d. 1662) March 25 – Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Turk, travels around the Ottoman Empire for 40 years (d. 1682) March 28 Magdalena Elisabeth of Hanau, German noblewoman (d. 1687) Henry Sherburne, American colonist (d. 1680) April–June April 11 – Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1684) April 17 – Simone Pignoni, Italian painter (d. 1698) May 4 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1691) May 16 – Pope Innocent XI (d. 1689) May 19 – Joachim Irgens von Westervick, Dano–Norwegian noble (d. 1675) June 15 – Salomon Sweers, Dutch businessman (d. 1674) June 22 – Pablo Bruna, blind Spanish composer and organist (d. 1679) June 24 – Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman (d. 1657) June 28 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English noble (d. 1659) July–September July 15 – Jai Singh I, Maharaja of Jaipur (d. 1667) July 16 – Cecilia Renata of Austria, queen consort of Poland (d. 1644) July 21 – Jan van Balen, Flemish painter (d. 1654) July 23 – Henry Hungerford, English politician (d. 1673) July 24 – Giancarlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1663) August 4 – Jan van den Hoecke, Dutch painter (d. 1651) August 9 – Henry of Nassau-Siegen, German count, officer in the Dutch Army, diplomat for the Dutch Republic (d. 1652) September 1 – William Cartwright, English dramatist (d. 1643) September 3 – Toussaint Rose, French writer (d. 1701) September 4 – George III of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (1633–1664) (d. 1664) September 8 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671) September 11 – Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (d. 1675) September 17 – Johann Olearius, German hymnwriter (d. 1684) October–December October 1 – Mathias Balen, Dutch writer (d. 1691) October 11 Samuel Enys, English politician (d. 1697) Hugues de Lionne, French statesman (d. 1671) October 22 – Jacques Esprit, French writer (d. 1677) October 26 Ove Bjelke, Norwegian civil servant (d. 1674) Antonio Coello, Spanish dramatist and poet (d. 1652) November 1 François-Marie, comte de Broglie, French soldier and commander in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1656) Walter J. Johnson, English explorer and fur trader (d. 1703) November 12 – Joachim Gersdorff, Danish politician (d. 1661) November 18 – Andreas Tscherning, German poet (d. 1659) December 23 – Abraham Wright, English theological writer and deacon (d. 1690) December – Leonora Baroni, Italian singer (d. 1670) Date unknown Diego Quispe Tito, Peruvian painter (d. 1681) Probable Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, French count and musketeer, on whom the fictional character from the novel The Three Musketeers is based (d. 1673) Deaths Juan de Ribera Christian II, Elector of Saxony Eleanor de' Medici Charles IX of Sweden January–March January 6 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (b. 1532) January 16 – Niiro Tadamoto, Japanese samurai (b. 1526) February 7 – Ruprecht von Eggenberg, Austrian general (b. 1546) February 12 – Henry Lee of Ditchley, English noble (b. 1533) February 26 – Antonio Possevino, Italian Jesuit protagonist of Counter Reformation, papal diplomat (b. 1533) March 2 – Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (b. 1564) March 3 – William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus, son of William Douglas (b. 1552) March 5 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese warlord and samurai (b. 1533) March 13 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein since 1541 (b. 1530) March 17 – Princess Sophia of Sweden (b. 1547) March 20 – Johann Georg Gödelmann, German demonologist (b. 1559) April–June April 23 – Martin Ruland the Younger, German alchemist (b. 1569) May 19 Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (b. 1588) Zhu Zaiyu, Chinese mathematician, music theorist (b. 1536) June 8 – Jean Bertaut, French poet (b. 1552) June 23 – Christian II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1583) July–September July 9 – János Imreffy, Hungarian politician (b. 1559) July 26 – Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1542) August – Antoni Clarassó i Terès, Spanish priest August 2 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese warlord and samurai (b. 1561) August 9 – John Blagrave, English mathematician (b. 1561) August 12 – Herman van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (b. 1558) August 27 – Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spanish composer (b. c. 1548) September 9 – Eleanor de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (b. 1567) September 17 – Johannes Corputius, Dutch engineer, cartographer and military leader (b. 1542) September 18 – John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein, German count (b. 1575) September 25 – Šurhaci, Chinese prince (b. 1564) October–December October 3 Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain (b. 1584) Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (b. 1554) October 11 – Thomas Blague, English priest and writer (b. 1545) October 30 – King Charles IX of Sweden (b. 1550) November 6 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (b. 1539) November 17 – Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans, French duke (b. 1607) November 22 – Thomas Berkeley, English politician (b. 1575) Date unknown Camillo Mariani, Italian sculptor (b. 1565) Tiryaki Hasan Pasha, Turkish beylerbey (b. 1530) Henry Hudson, English explorer References ^ "Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de", by C. J. H. Hayes, in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), , Vol. 26 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 58 ^ Thony, C. (January 8, 2011). "Spotting the spots". The Renaissance Mathematicus. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. ^ Charles Hole (1910). A Manual of English Church History. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 278. ^ "Оглобли против сабель: московское восстание 1611 года против поляков и его итог". Press. March 19, 2021. ^ Domingo Abella (1978). From Indio to Filipino: And Some Historical Works. M. Romualdez-Abella. p. 196. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. ^ Ivan Volkoff; Ernest Franzgrote; A. Dean Larsen (1971). Johannes Hevelius and his catalog of stars. Brigham Young University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780842514798. ^ The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Baker Book House. 1977. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-8010-7947-4. ^ The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Limited. 1923. p. 35. ^ Campbell, Gordon (January 1, 2005). "Bertaut, Jean". The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-860175-3. Retrieved June 8, 2022. ^ Christopher Baker (2002). Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-313-30827-7. ^ Michael Conforti; Guy Walton; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1988). Sweden: A Royal Treasury, 1550-1700. National Gallery of Art. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-89468-111-0. ^ The Independent. Independent Publications, Incorporated. July 1909. p. 700.

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Johannes publishes the results of these observations, in De Maculis in Sole observatis in Wittenberg, later this year.[2] Such early discoveries are overlooked, however, and the first sighting is claimed a few months later, by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner.\nMarch 4 – George Abbot is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury in England.[3]\nMarch 9 – Battle of Segaba in Begemder: Yemana Kristos, brother of Emperor of Ethiopia Susenyos I, ends the rebellion of Melka Sedeq.\nMarch 19–20 – The Moscow Uprising, an armed rising of the inhabitants of Moscow in the Tsardom of Russia against the military Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (Fall 1610–Fall 1612), results in the occupying forces starting a major fire in the city and the death of 6–7,000 Muscovites.[4]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4"},{"link_name":"Denmark-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark-Norway"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_War"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kalmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar"},{"link_name":"April 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_7"},{"link_name":"False Dmitry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Dmitry_III"},{"link_name":"Dmitry of Uglich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"Ivangorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivangorod"},{"link_name":"April 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"April 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30"},{"link_name":"Aix-en-Provence possessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_possessions"},{"link_name":"May 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2"},{"link_name":"Authorized King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Robert Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barker_(printer)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"May 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_9"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Mizunoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Mizunoo"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Yōzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"The Winter's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"Globe Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Theatre"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_Square"},{"link_name":"Smithfield, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_London"},{"link_name":"June 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_13"},{"link_name":"Siege of Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1609%E2%80%931611)"},{"link_name":"June 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)"}],"sub_title":"April–June","text":"April 4 – Denmark-Norway declares war on Sweden, then captures Kalmar.\nApril 7 (March 28 O.S.) – False Dmitry III, the third pretender to the Russian throne to claim to be Prince Dmitry of Uglich, son of Ivan the Terrible, arrives at Ivangorod and proclaims himself as the Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich I.\nApril 28 – The Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario is established in Manila, the Philippines (later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas, and later still the University of Santo Tomas).[5]\nApril 30 – The priest implicated in the Aix-en-Provence possessions in France is executed.\nMay 2 – The Authorized King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time, printed by Robert Barker in London.\nMay 9 – At the age of 16, Emperor Go-Mizunoo succeeds his father Emperor Go-Yōzei as Emperor of Japan.\nMay 11 – The first known performance of William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, probably new this year, is given at the Globe Theatre in London.[6]\nMay–December – Entrepreneur Thomas Sutton founds Charterhouse School, on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London.\nJune 13 – The Siege of Smolensk in Russia by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth succeeds after nearly two years of fighting that started on 29 September 1609. The conquest of the city is made possible by the discovery of a weakness in the walls of the fortress and the detonating of an explosive in a drainage canal.\nJune 22 – English explorer and sea captain Henry Hudson, his teenage son John, and seven crewmen are set adrift in or near Hudson Bay, after a mutiny on his ship Discovery. They are never seen again.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Edict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Edict_(1611)"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Archduke Albert VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"July 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_17"},{"link_name":"Jacob De la Gardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_De_la_Gardie"},{"link_name":"captures the Russian city of Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Novgorod_(1611)"},{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"August 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_5"},{"link_name":"Nasuh Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasuh_Pasha"},{"link_name":"grand vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kuyucu Murad Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyucu_Murad_Pasha"},{"link_name":"September 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11"},{"link_name":"Dionysios Skylosophos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysios_Skylosophos"},{"link_name":"Yanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina"}],"sub_title":"July–September","text":"July 12 – The Perpetual Edict is proclaimed for the government of the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) by Archduke Albert VII and his wife Isabella, the joint rulers of the Austrian-controlled nation.\nJuly 17 – The army of the Swedish Empire commanded by Jacob De la Gardie captures the Russian city of Novgorod after a nine-day battle. Novgorod will remain Swedish territory for the next eight years.\nAugust 2 – Jamestown's Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Gates returns to Virginia with 280 people, provisions and cattle on six ships and assumes control, ruling that the fort must be strengthened.\nAugust 5 – Nasuh Pasha becomes the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after the death of Kuyucu Murad Pasha.\nSeptember 11 – Greek Orthodox bishop Dionysios Skylosophos leads an army of 700 men in a surprise attack on the city of Yanya (formerly the ancient Greek city of Ioannina) in an attempt to liberate the inhabitants from Ottoman Imperial rule. The Ottoman provincial governor, Osman Pasha, is forced to flee and his home is burned down, but Ottoman troops commanded by Aslan Pasha rout the rebels. Skylosophos is captured on September 14, then tortured to death in public.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_30"},{"link_name":"Gustav II Adolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"King of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"November 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1"},{"link_name":"Whitehall Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall_Palace"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"December 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2"},{"link_name":"Keichō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keich%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"1611 Sanriku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1611_Sanriku_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"December 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mubariz Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubariz_Khan_(Bengal)"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Usman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Usman"},{"link_name":"Bokainagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouripur,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Bakla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla"},{"link_name":"Chandradwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandradwip"},{"link_name":"Bengal Subah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Subah"}],"sub_title":"October–December","text":"October 30 – At the age of 16, Gustav II Adolf succeeds his father Charles IX as King of Sweden.\nNovember 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's last solo play, The Tempest, is given its earliest reported performance.\nDecember 2 (Keichō 16, 10th month, 28th day) – The 1611 Sanriku earthquake of 8.1 magnitude strikes off of the coast of Japan and causes a tsunami that kills almost 5,000 people in the northern section of Honshu island.\nDecember 5 (30 Ramadan 1020 A.H.) – To celebrate the end of the daily fasting of the month of Ramadan, the Mughal Empire Army commander, Mubariz Khan, hosts the celebration banquet and learns that Pashtun rebel leader Khwaja Usman and 250 of his men have evacuated Bokainagar (modern-day Gouripur in Bangladesh) during the Mughal Army's holiday observance.\nDecember – The week-long Conquest of Bakla leads to the fall of the Chandradwip kingdom and the Mughal annexation of Barisal into the Bengal Subah","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"John Rolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolfe"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana tabacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana rustica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dale"},{"link_name":"Henricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Famine in Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Jahan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Matsuzakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuzakaya"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"At Jamestown, John Rolfe imports tobacco seeds from the island of Trinidad (Nicotiana tabacum); the native tobacco is Nicotiana rustica.\nThomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River, with the assistance of 350 men, a few miles south of present day Richmond, Virginia.\nFamine in Ethiopia resulting from crop failure in the north due to weather conditions and the outbreak of a plague.\nConstruction begins on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, Persia.\nItoh Gofuku, a predecessor of Matsuzakaya, a famous department store, is founded for the sale of silk in Nagoya, Japan.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Pell.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Cartwright.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cartwright_(dramatist)"}],"text":"John PellWilliam Cartwright","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3"},{"link_name":"James Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)"},{"link_name":"1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1677"},{"link_name":"January 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_5"},{"link_name":"Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich"},{"link_name":"1614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1614"},{"link_name":"January 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hevelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius"},{"link_name":"1687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"February 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2"},{"link_name":"Ulrik of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_of_Denmark_(1611%E2%80%931633)"},{"link_name":"1633","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1633"},{"link_name":"February 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3"},{"link_name":"Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Ulrik_Gyldenl%C3%B8ve"},{"link_name":"1640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640"},{"link_name":"February 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5"},{"link_name":"Philip Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sherman_(settler)"},{"link_name":"1687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687"},{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"Chongzhen Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor"},{"link_name":"1644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1644"},{"link_name":"February 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_19"},{"link_name":"Andries de Graeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_de_Graeff"},{"link_name":"1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1678"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"William Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dobson"},{"link_name":"1646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1646"},{"link_name":"February 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28"},{"link_name":"William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brereton,_2nd_Baron_Brereton"},{"link_name":"1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1664"},{"link_name":"March 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1"},{"link_name":"John Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pell_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"1685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685"},{"link_name":"March 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph-Marie_Chaumonot"},{"link_name":"1693","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1693"},{"link_name":"March 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15"},{"link_name":"Jan Fyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Fyt"},{"link_name":"1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661"},{"link_name":"March 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17"},{"link_name":"Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Douglas,_Count_of_Skenninge"},{"link_name":"1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1662"},{"link_name":"March 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"1682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1682"},{"link_name":"March 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_28"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Elisabeth of Hanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Elisabeth_of_Hanau"},{"link_name":"1687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687"},{"link_name":"Henry Sherburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sherburne"},{"link_name":"1680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1680"}],"sub_title":"January–March","text":"January 3 – James Harrington, English political theorist of classical republicanism (d. 1677)\nJanuary 5 – Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich, pretender to the Russian throne (k. 1614)\nJanuary 28 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer (d. 1687)[7]\nFebruary 2 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1633)\nFebruary 3 – Christian Ulrik Gyldenløve, Danish diplomat and military officer (d. 1640)\nFebruary 5 (bapt.) – Philip Sherman, English-born founder of Rhode Island (d. 1687)\nFebruary 6 – Chongzhen Emperor of China (d. 1644)\nFebruary 19 – Andries de Graeff, Dutch politician (d. 1678)\nFebruary 24? (bapt. March 4) – William Dobson, English portrait painter (d. 1646)\nFebruary 28 – William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1664)\nMarch 1 – John Pell, English mathematician (d. 1685)\nMarch 9 – Pierre-Joseph-Marie Chaumonot, French missionary (d. 1693)\nMarch 15 – Jan Fyt, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1661)\nMarch 17 – Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, Swedish field marshal (d. 1662)\nMarch 25 – Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Turk, travels around the Ottoman Empire for 40 years (d. 1682)\nMarch 28\nMagdalena Elisabeth of Hanau, German noblewoman (d. 1687)\nHenry Sherburne, American colonist (d. 1680)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_11"},{"link_name":"Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eusebius,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1684"},{"link_name":"April 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17"},{"link_name":"Simone Pignoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Pignoni"},{"link_name":"1698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1698"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4"},{"link_name":"Carlo Rainaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rainaldi"},{"link_name":"1691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1691"},{"link_name":"May 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI"},{"link_name":"1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1689"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"May 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19"},{"link_name":"Joachim Irgens von Westervick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Irgens_von_Westervick"},{"link_name":"1675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Salomon Sweers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Sweers"},{"link_name":"1674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1674"},{"link_name":"June 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"},{"link_name":"Pablo Bruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Bruna"},{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679"},{"link_name":"June 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_24"},{"link_name":"Johan Oxenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Oxenstierna"},{"link_name":"1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657"},{"link_name":"June 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_28"},{"link_name":"Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rich,_3rd_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659"}],"sub_title":"April–June","text":"April 11 – Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1684)\nApril 17 – Simone Pignoni, Italian painter (d. 1698)\nMay 4 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1691)\nMay 16 – Pope Innocent XI (d. 1689)[8]\nMay 19 – Joachim Irgens von Westervick, Dano–Norwegian noble (d. 1675)\nJune 15 – Salomon Sweers, Dutch businessman (d. 1674)\nJune 22 – Pablo Bruna, blind Spanish composer and organist (d. 1679)\nJune 24 – Johan Oxenstierna, Swedish count and statesman (d. 1657)\nJune 28 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English noble (d. 1659)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15"},{"link_name":"Jai Singh I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Singh_I"},{"link_name":"1667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667"},{"link_name":"July 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_16"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Renata of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Renata_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"1644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1644"},{"link_name":"July 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21"},{"link_name":"Jan van Balen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Balen"},{"link_name":"1654","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1654"},{"link_name":"July 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_23"},{"link_name":"Henry Hungerford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hungerford"},{"link_name":"1673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1673"},{"link_name":"July 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_24"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"1663","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1663"},{"link_name":"August 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_4"},{"link_name":"Jan van den Hoecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_den_Hoecke"},{"link_name":"1651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651"},{"link_name":"August 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9"},{"link_name":"Henry of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Nassau-Siegen_(1611%E2%80%931652)"},{"link_name":"1652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652"},{"link_name":"September 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1"},{"link_name":"William Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cartwright_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"1643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1643"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Toussaint Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Rose"},{"link_name":"1701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1701"},{"link_name":"September 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4"},{"link_name":"George III of Brieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_Brieg"},{"link_name":"1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1664"},{"link_name":"September 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gronovius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gronovius"},{"link_name":"1671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1671"},{"link_name":"September 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11"},{"link_name":"Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Vicomte_de_Turenne"},{"link_name":"1675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17"},{"link_name":"Johann Olearius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Olearius_(1611%E2%80%931684)"},{"link_name":"1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1684"}],"sub_title":"July–September","text":"July 15 – Jai Singh I, Maharaja of Jaipur (d. 1667)\nJuly 16 – Cecilia Renata of Austria, queen consort of Poland (d. 1644)\nJuly 21 – Jan van Balen, Flemish painter (d. 1654)\nJuly 23 – Henry Hungerford, English politician (d. 1673)\nJuly 24 – Giancarlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1663)\nAugust 4 – Jan van den Hoecke, Dutch painter (d. 1651)\nAugust 9 – Henry of Nassau-Siegen, German count, officer in the Dutch Army, diplomat for the Dutch Republic (d. 1652)\nSeptember 1 – William Cartwright, English dramatist (d. 1643)\nSeptember 3 – Toussaint Rose, French writer (d. 1701)\nSeptember 4 – George III of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (1633–1664) (d. 1664)\nSeptember 8 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671)\nSeptember 11 – Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (d. 1675)[9]\nSeptember 17 – Johann Olearius, German hymnwriter (d. 1684)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1"},{"link_name":"Mathias Balen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Balen"},{"link_name":"1691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1691"},{"link_name":"October 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_11"},{"link_name":"Samuel Enys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Enys"},{"link_name":"1697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1697"},{"link_name":"Hugues de Lionne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne"},{"link_name":"1671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1671"},{"link_name":"October 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22"},{"link_name":"Jacques Esprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Esprit"},{"link_name":"1677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1677"},{"link_name":"October 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26"},{"link_name":"Ove Bjelke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_Bjelke"},{"link_name":"1674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1674"},{"link_name":"Antonio Coello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Coello"},{"link_name":"1652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652"},{"link_name":"November 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1"},{"link_name":"François-Marie, comte de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_comte_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"1656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1656"},{"link_name":"Walter J. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Johnson"},{"link_name":"1703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1703"},{"link_name":"November 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12"},{"link_name":"Joachim Gersdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gersdorff"},{"link_name":"1661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661"},{"link_name":"November 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18"},{"link_name":"Andreas Tscherning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Tscherning"},{"link_name":"1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659"},{"link_name":"December 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_23"},{"link_name":"Abraham Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Wright_(deacon)"},{"link_name":"1690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1690"},{"link_name":"December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December"},{"link_name":"Leonora Baroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Baroni"},{"link_name":"1670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670"}],"sub_title":"October–December","text":"October 1 – Mathias Balen, Dutch writer (d. 1691)\nOctober 11\nSamuel Enys, English politician (d. 1697)\nHugues de Lionne, French statesman (d. 1671)\nOctober 22 – Jacques Esprit, French writer (d. 1677)\nOctober 26\nOve Bjelke, Norwegian civil servant (d. 1674)\nAntonio Coello, Spanish dramatist and poet (d. 1652)\nNovember 1\nFrançois-Marie, comte de Broglie, French soldier and commander in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1656)\nWalter J. Johnson, English explorer and fur trader (d. 1703)\nNovember 12 – Joachim Gersdorff, Danish politician (d. 1661)\nNovember 18 – Andreas Tscherning, German poet (d. 1659)\nDecember 23 – Abraham Wright, English theological writer and deacon (d. 1690)\nDecember – Leonora Baroni, Italian singer (d. 1670)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diego Quispe Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito"},{"link_name":"Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"1681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1681"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"Diego Quispe Tito, Peruvian painter (d. 1681)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Batz-Castelmore_d%27Artagnan"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"1673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1673"}],"sub_title":"Probable","text":"Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, French count and musketeer, on whom the fictional character from the novel The Three Musketeers is based (d. 1673)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_de_Morales_-_San_Juan_de_Ribera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan de Ribera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Ribera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurf%C3%BCrst_Christian_II._von_Sachsen_(Portr%C3%A4t).jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian II, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elenora_de_Medici.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de%27_Medici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"}],"text":"Juan de RiberaChristian II, Elector of SaxonyEleanor de' MediciCharles IX of Sweden","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6"},{"link_name":"Juan de Ribera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Ribera"},{"link_name":"1532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1532"},{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Niiro Tadamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiro_Tadamoto"},{"link_name":"1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1526"},{"link_name":"February 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"Ruprecht von Eggenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruprecht_von_Eggenberg"},{"link_name":"1546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1546"},{"link_name":"February 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_12"},{"link_name":"Henry Lee of Ditchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_of_Ditchley"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533"},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"Antonio Possevino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Possevino"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533"},{"link_name":"March 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2"},{"link_name":"Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"1564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1564"},{"link_name":"March 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_3"},{"link_name":"William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Douglas,_10th_Earl_of_Angus"},{"link_name":"1552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1552"},{"link_name":"March 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_5"},{"link_name":"Shimazu Yoshihisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimazu_Yoshihisa"},{"link_name":"1533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1533"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"Louis III, Count of Löwenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III,_Count_of_L%C3%B6wenstein"},{"link_name":"1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1530"},{"link_name":"March 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophia of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"1547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1547"},{"link_name":"March 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Gödelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_G%C3%B6delmann"},{"link_name":"1559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1559"}],"sub_title":"January–March","text":"January 6 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (b. 1532)\nJanuary 16 – Niiro Tadamoto, Japanese samurai (b. 1526)\nFebruary 7 – Ruprecht von Eggenberg, Austrian general (b. 1546)\nFebruary 12 – Henry Lee of Ditchley, English noble (b. 1533)\nFebruary 26 – Antonio Possevino, Italian Jesuit protagonist of Counter Reformation, papal diplomat (b. 1533)\nMarch 2 – Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (b. 1564)\nMarch 3 – William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus, son of William Douglas (b. 1552)\nMarch 5 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese warlord and samurai (b. 1533)\nMarch 13 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein since 1541 (b. 1530)\nMarch 17 – Princess Sophia of Sweden (b. 1547)\nMarch 20 – Johann Georg Gödelmann, German demonologist (b. 1559)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_23"},{"link_name":"Martin Ruland the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ruland_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"1569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1569"},{"link_name":"May 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19"},{"link_name":"Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IX,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"1588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1588"},{"link_name":"Zhu Zaiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Zaiyu"},{"link_name":"1536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1536"},{"link_name":"June 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_8"},{"link_name":"Jean Bertaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bertaut"},{"link_name":"1552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1552"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"June 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_23"},{"link_name":"Christian II, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"1583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1583"}],"sub_title":"April–June","text":"April 23 – Martin Ruland the Younger, German alchemist (b. 1569)\nMay 19\nFrederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (b. 1588)\nZhu Zaiyu, Chinese mathematician, music theorist (b. 1536)\nJune 8 – Jean Bertaut, French poet (b. 1552)[10]\nJune 23 – Christian II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1583)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_9"},{"link_name":"János Imreffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Imreffy"},{"link_name":"1559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1559"},{"link_name":"July 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_26"},{"link_name":"Horio Yoshiharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horio_Yoshiharu"},{"link_name":"1542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1542"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August"},{"link_name":"Antoni Clarassó i Terès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Clarass%C3%B3_i_Ter%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Katō Kiyomasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Kiyomasa"},{"link_name":"1561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1561"},{"link_name":"August 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9"},{"link_name":"John Blagrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blagrave"},{"link_name":"1561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1561"},{"link_name":"August 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12"},{"link_name":"Herman van den Bergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_van_den_Bergh"},{"link_name":"Eighty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1558"},{"link_name":"August 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_27"},{"link_name":"Tomás Luis de Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria"},{"link_name":"1548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1548"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"September 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_9"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"1567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1567"},{"link_name":"September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Corputius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Corputius"},{"link_name":"1542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1542"},{"link_name":"September 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_18"},{"link_name":"John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Augustus,_Count_Palatine_of_L%C3%BCtzelstein"},{"link_name":"1575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1575"},{"link_name":"September 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_25"},{"link_name":"Šurhaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0urhaci"},{"link_name":"1564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1564"}],"sub_title":"July–September","text":"July 9 – János Imreffy, Hungarian politician (b. 1559)\nJuly 26 – Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1542)\nAugust – Antoni Clarassó i Terès, Spanish priest\nAugust 2 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese warlord and samurai (b. 1561)\nAugust 9 – John Blagrave, English mathematician (b. 1561)\nAugust 12 – Herman van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (b. 1558)\nAugust 27 – Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spanish composer (b. c. 1548)[11]\nSeptember 9 – Eleanor de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (b. 1567)\nSeptember 17 – Johannes Corputius, Dutch engineer, cartographer and military leader (b. 1542)\nSeptember 18 – John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein, German count (b. 1575)\nSeptember 25 – Šurhaci, Chinese prince (b. 1564)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"1584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1584"},{"link_name":"Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne"},{"link_name":"1554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1554"},{"link_name":"October 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Blague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blague"},{"link_name":"1545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1545"},{"link_name":"October 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_30"},{"link_name":"Charles IX of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"1550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"November 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_6"},{"link_name":"Peter Vok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vok"},{"link_name":"1539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1539"},{"link_name":"November 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_17"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"1607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1607"},{"link_name":"November 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_22"},{"link_name":"Thomas Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Berkeley_(1575%E2%80%931611)"},{"link_name":"1575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1575"}],"sub_title":"October–December","text":"October 3\nMargaret of Austria, Queen of Spain (b. 1584)\nCharles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (b. 1554)\nOctober 11 – Thomas Blague, English priest and writer (b. 1545)\nOctober 30 – King Charles IX of Sweden (b. 1550)[12]\nNovember 6 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (b. 1539)\nNovember 17 – Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans, French duke (b. 1607)\nNovember 22 – Thomas Berkeley, English politician (b. 1575)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camillo Mariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Mariani"},{"link_name":"1565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1565"},{"link_name":"Tiryaki Hasan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiryaki_Hasan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1530"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"Camillo Mariani, Italian sculptor (b. 1565)\nTiryaki Hasan Pasha, Turkish beylerbey (b. 1530)\nHenry Hudson, English explorer[13]","title":"Deaths"}]

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[{"reference":"Thony, C. (January 8, 2011). \"Spotting the spots\". The Renaissance Mathematicus. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721212233/http://thonyc.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/spotting-the-spots/","url_text":"\"Spotting the spots\""},{"url":"http://thonyc.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/spotting-the-spots/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Charles Hole (1910). A Manual of English Church History. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 278.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O40zAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"A Manual of English Church History"}]},{"reference":"\"Оглобли против сабель: московское восстание 1611 года против поляков и его итог\". Press. March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.lv/post/oglobli-protiv-sabel-moskovskoe-vosstanie-1611-goda-protiv-polyakov-i-ego-itog","url_text":"\"Оглобли против сабель: московское восстание 1611 года против поляков и его итог\""}]},{"reference":"Domingo Abella (1978). From Indio to Filipino: And Some Historical Works. M. Romualdez-Abella. p. 196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JlxwAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"From Indio to Filipino: And Some Historical Works"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Ivan Volkoff; Ernest Franzgrote; A. Dean Larsen (1971). Johannes Hevelius and his catalog of stars. Brigham Young University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780842514798.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u_REAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Johannes Hevelius and his catalog of stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842514798","url_text":"9780842514798"}]},{"reference":"The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Baker Book House. 1977. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-8010-7947-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oVzWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-7947-4","url_text":"978-0-8010-7947-4"}]},{"reference":"The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Limited. 1923. p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6WYPAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Army Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gordon (January 1, 2005). \"Bertaut, Jean\". The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-860175-3. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753-e-424","url_text":"\"Bertaut, Jean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198601753.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860175-3","url_text":"978-0-19-860175-3"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Baker (2002). Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-313-30827-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SDy-MtS9mvgC&pg=PA391","url_text":"Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30827-7","url_text":"978-0-313-30827-7"}]},{"reference":"Michael Conforti; Guy Walton; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1988). Sweden: A Royal Treasury, 1550-1700. National Gallery of Art. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-89468-111-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tKfWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sweden: A Royal Treasury, 1550-1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89468-111-0","url_text":"978-0-89468-111-0"}]},{"reference":"The Independent. Independent Publications, Incorporated. July 1909. p. 700.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iycxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA700","url_text":"The Independent"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyosung_GT650

Hyosung GT650

["1 References","2 External links"]

Type of motorcycle GT650ManufacturerHyosungAlso calledComet GT650Engine647 cc carbureted 4-stroke, water-cooled DOHC 8-valve 90° V-twinBore / stroke81.5 mm × 62 mm (3.21 in × 2.44 in)Top speed136 mph (219 km/h)Power79.0 hp (58.9 kW) @9,000 rpm (claimed)65.4 hp (48.8 kW) (rear wheel)Torque42.9 lb⋅ft (58.2 N⋅m) (rear wheel)Transmission6-speed, wet clutchBrakesFront: dual discRear: discTiresFront: 120/60-ZR 17 55WRear: 160/60-ZR 17 69WWheelbase1,435 mm (56.5 in)DimensionsL: 2,060 mm (81 in) W: 655 mm (25.8 in) H: 1,125 mm (44.3 in)Seat height785 mm (30.9 in)Weight208–210 kg (459–463 lb) (dry)Fuel capacity17 litres (4.5 US gal)RelatedHyosung Comet Series The Hyosung GT650 Comet is a motorcycle manufactured by Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc. It is available in naked (GT650), half-fairing (GT650S), and full-fairing (GT650R) variants. Cycle World recorded a tested 0-60mph time of 4.2 sec. and a 1/4 mile time of 12.84 sec. @ 102.22 mph. References ^ a b c d e Miles, Matthew (December 17, 2015). "Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST". Cycle World. Retrieved January 13, 2017. ^ Guy Allen (2004-02-27). "Hyosung Comet 650". bikesales.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-03. ^ a b c d "GT650 Comet | Bike Social - Bennetts", webpage: B-gt650. External links Model information, Hyosung Hyosung GT650R Review, Motorcycle.com This motorcycle, scooter or moped-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"Miles, Matthew (December 17, 2015). \"Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST\". Cycle World. Retrieved January 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cycleworld.com/2015/12/17/affordable-priced-light-middleweight-motorcycles-comparison-test-review-specifications-photos//","url_text":"\"Affordable Light Middleweight Motorcycles - COMPARISON TEST\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_World","url_text":"Cycle World"}]},{"reference":"Guy Allen (2004-02-27). \"Hyosung Comet 650\". bikesales.com.au. Retrieved 2009-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikesales.com.au/editorial/reviews/2004/road/hyosung/comet-gt650/hyosung-comet-650-13895/","url_text":"\"Hyosung Comet 650\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_Association

Fassa Association

["1 History","2 Electoral results","3 Leadership","4 References","5 External links"]

Political party in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Fassa Association Associazione FassaPresidentArmando MichPolitical secretaryLuca GuglielmiFounded2008; 16 years ago (2008)Split fromDaisy Civic ListHeadquartersStrèda Dolomites n° 56, CanazeiIdeologyLadin minority interestsChristian democracyPolitical positionCentre-rightNational affiliationForza Italia (until 2020)League (2020–present)Chamber of Deputies0 / 400 Senate1 / 200 (Into the League) Provincial Council1 / 35 Websitewww.forzafassa.itPolitics of Trentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolPolitical partiesElectionsPolitics of ItalyPolitical partiesElections Fassa Association (Associazione Fassa), often referred simply as Fassa, is a minor Christian-democratic political party in Trentino, Italy. The party seeks to represent the Ladin minority in the Province and especially Ladins living in Fassa Valley. History Fassa was formed as Fassa List (Lista Fassa) in August 2008 as a centre-right alternative to the centre-left Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL), which used to garner a large majority of Ladin votes in Fassa Valley. Its first leader was Gino Fontana, mayor of Vigo di Fassa and, formerly, provincial councillor for Daisy Civic List, a centrist party aligned with the centre-left. A year later, the List was institutionalised and became a fully fledged party under the current name. In the 2008 provincial election the party won 0.6% of the vote (26.6% in Fassa Valley), while the UAL gained 1.2% (54.0%). In March 2012 the party replaced its leadership during an assembly: Elena Testor was elected president and Luca Guglielmi secretary. In September 2013 Riccardo Franceschetti, mayor of Moena and leading member of the UAL, left that party in order to join Fassa. In the 2013 provincial election the party won 0.8% of the vote (31.9% in Fassa Valley), but still lost to the UAL, which gained 1.1% (51.8%). However, in 2015, the party prevailed over the UAL in the first Fassa community election and Testor was elected Attorney General. In the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum won Fassa supported the No with 57.9% against the UAL supported Yes in Fassa Valley. In the 2018 general election Testor, affiliated to Forza Italia, was elected to the Italian Senate from the single-seat constituency of Pergine Valsugana. Electoral results Results are expressed in %. 2008 provincial 2013 provincial 2015 communal 2018 general 2018 provincial 2020 communal 2022 general 2023 provincial Trentino 0.6 0.8 – 1.0 1.0 – 1.0 0.9 Fassa Valley 26.6 31.9 59.4 55.0 38.9 47.8 59.7 42.3 ^ a b c First-past-the-post votes for Elena Testor. Leadership President: Anita Santuari (2009–2012), Elena Testor (2012–present) Secretary: Riccardo Cociardi (2009–2012), Luca Guglielmi (2012–present) References ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Trentino/Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 6 October 2018. ^ "Il centrodestra rilanciaNasce "Progetto Fassa" | L'Adige". Ladige.it. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-14. ^ Archived March 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "L-Associazione Fassa guarda avanti - Cronaca - Trentino Corriere Alpi". Trentinocorrierealpi.gelocal.it. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-08-14. ^ ""In valle serve più decisione" - Trentino" (in Italian). Ricerca.gelocal.it. 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-08-14. ^ "Elezioni 2013 - Provincia autonoma di Trento". Elezioni-2013.provincia.tn.it. Retrieved 2014-08-14. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.comunitavalle.provincia.tn.it. 2015. ^ "Fassa, oggi l'insediamento della procuradora Elena Testor". 19 May 2015. ^ "Al referendum costituzionale noi votiamo NO!" (in Italian). facebook.com. 30 November 2016. ^ "Referendum, ecco chi si è schierato" (in Italian). trentinocorrierealpi.gelocal.it. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ "Provincia TRENTO". Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali. Retrieved 2018-09-24. ^ "Testor, la val di Fassa ora guarda a destra". 24 January 2018. ^ "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali". elezioni.interno.gov.it. ^ "Elezioni in Trentino: tutti gli eletti uninominali sono del centrodestra, ecco i nuovi deputati e senatori". ^ http://www.comunitavalle.provincia.tn.it/binary/pat_comunita_valle/elezioni_comun_general_de_Fascia_2020/risultati_Proclamazione_Procurador_da_pubblicare.1602233754.pdf External links Official website vtePolitical parties in TrentinoParties with seats in theProvincial Council Democratic Party (7) Lega Trentino (6) We Trentino for Fugatti for President (Lega Trentino) (4) Campobase (4) Brothers of Italy (4) Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (3) La Civica (2) Autonomy House (1) Greens and Left Alliance (1) Wave (1) Fassa Association (1) Mixed Group (1) Politics of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol List of political parties in Trentino

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The party seeks to represent the Ladin minority[1] in the Province and especially Ladins living in Fassa Valley.","title":"Fassa Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladin Autonomist Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin_Autonomist_Union"},{"link_name":"Gino Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Fontana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vigo di Fassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo_di_Fassa"},{"link_name":"Daisy Civic List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Civic_List"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2008 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#Trentino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Elena Testor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Testor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luca Guglielmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luca_Guglielmi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Franceschetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Franceschetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2013 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_provincial_elections#Trentino"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2016 Italian constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Italian_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2018 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_general_election,_2018_(Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol)"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Italian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Pergine Valsugana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergine_Valsugana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Fassa was formed as Fassa List (Lista Fassa) in August 2008 as a centre-right alternative to the centre-left Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL), which used to garner a large majority of Ladin votes in Fassa Valley. Its first leader was Gino Fontana, mayor of Vigo di Fassa and, formerly, provincial councillor for Daisy Civic List, a centrist party aligned with the centre-left. A year later, the List was institutionalised and became a fully fledged party under the current name.[2]In the 2008 provincial election the party won 0.6% of the vote (26.6% in Fassa Valley), while the UAL gained 1.2% (54.0%).[3]In March 2012 the party replaced its leadership during an assembly: Elena Testor was elected president and Luca Guglielmi secretary.[4] In September 2013 Riccardo Franceschetti, mayor of Moena and leading member of the UAL, left that party in order to join Fassa.[5]In the 2013 provincial election the party won 0.8% of the vote (31.9% in Fassa Valley), but still lost to the UAL, which gained 1.1% (51.8%).[6]However, in 2015, the party prevailed over the UAL in the first Fassa community election and Testor was elected Attorney General.[7][8]In the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum won Fassa supported the No[9] with 57.9% against the UAL supported Yes[10] in Fassa Valley.[11]In the 2018 general election Testor, affiliated to Forza Italia,[12] was elected to the Italian Senate from the single-seat constituency of Pergine Valsugana.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_15-2"}],"text":"Results are expressed in %.^ a b c First-past-the-post votes for Elena Testor.","title":"Electoral results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anita Santuari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Santuari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elena Testor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Testor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Cociardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Cociardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luca Guglielmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luca_Guglielmi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"President: Anita Santuari (2009–2012), Elena Testor (2012–present)\nSecretary: Riccardo Cociardi (2009–2012), Luca Guglielmi (2012–present)","title":"Leadership"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie_Raja

Selfie Raja

["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Soundtrack","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"]

2016 telugu language film Selfie RajaTheatrical release posterDirected byG. Eshwar ReddyScreenplay byDiamond RatnababuStory byG. Eshwar ReddyProduced byChalasani Rambrahmam ChowdaryStarring Allari Naresh Sakshi Chaudhary Kamna Singh Ranawat CinematographyLoganathan SrinivasanEdited byM. R. VarmaMusic bySai KarthikProductioncompanyGopi MoviesDistributed byAnil SunkaraRelease date 15 July 2016 (2016-07-15) Running time126 minsCountryIndiaLanguageTelugu Selfie Raja is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language comedy film starring Allari Naresh, Sakshi Chaudhary, and Kanwa Ranawat. It is a remake of the Kannada film Victory (2013). At the time of release, the film proved to be the highest-grossing film for Allari Naresh. The film made 1.3 crs in the Nizam region. Cast Allari Naresh as Selfie Raja and Bheems (dual roles) Sakshi Chaudhary Kamna Singh Ranawat as the police commissioner's daughter Nagineedu as the police commissioner Saptagiri as a thief Prudhvi Raj as Ankusham Thagubothu Ramesh as the drunk Kattappa Shakalaka Shankar as Katraj Ravi Babu as Mams Satya as Mams's assistant Krishna Bhagawan Rajitha Balli Reddy Ajay Ghosh Chammak Chandra Snigdha Sudigali Sudheer as Police constable Production Sakshi Chaudhary was cast opposite Allari Naresh for the second time after James Bond (2015). Newcomer Kanwa Ranawat was signed to play one of the lead actresses. Soundtrack The soundtrack was composed by Sai Karthik. Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Life Antene"BhaskarabhatlaSai Karthik3:542."Selfie Raja"Ramajogayya SastrySaketh Komanduri, Sahithi Komanduri3:313."Khali Quarter"Ramajogayya SastryL. V. Revanth4:244."Bumper Offer"GaneshDhanunjay, Divija Karthik3:185."Kolathalu"Thaidala BapuAparna, Sai Charan4:03Total length:19:10 Release Sify wrote that "Despite no proper script, Selfie Raja offers some laughs in the first half, but the movie meanders into a mess post interval. Except for few scattered laughs and spoofs, the second half is bore". The Times of India gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and noted that "Cut to 2016, four years after the release of one of his best films, Sudigadu (2012). Naresh is still making films. But sadly, he hasn't been able to deliver anything with punch and yet again, Selfie Raja just adds to that dull streak of his career". The Hindu stated that "Selfie Raja by Eshwar Reddy looks like a movie made in a hurry, inspired by a selfie concept". References ^ Jonnalagedda, Pranita (16 January 2017). "Allari Naresh's next is a remake of Oru Vadakan Selfie". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021. ^ a b "Selfie Raja' breaches break-even mark in all the areas". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ a b c "Selfie Raja Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Selfie Raja by Times of India". The Times of India. ^ "Saptagiri to play lead role in next?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Kavirayani, Suresh (8 July 2016). "No spoofs in Selfie Raja: Allari Naresh". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Kavirayani, Suresh (14 July 2016). "It's raining debutants in T-town". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "Selfie Raja review: A bore". Sify. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. ^ Chowdhary, Y. Sunita (15 July 2016). "Selfie Raja: Marred by shoddy execution". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2020 – via www.thehindu.com. External links Selfie Raja at IMDb

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allari Naresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allari_Naresh"},{"link_name":"Sakshi Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ti-2"},{"link_name":"Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ti-2"}],"text":"Selfie Raja is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language comedy film starring Allari Naresh, Sakshi Chaudhary, and Kanwa Ranawat. It is a remake of the Kannada film Victory (2013).[1] At the time of release, the film proved to be the highest-grossing film for Allari Naresh.[2] The film made 1.3 crs in the Nizam region.[2]","title":"Selfie Raja"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allari Naresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allari_Naresh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-3"},{"link_name":"Sakshi Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"Nagineedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagineedu"},{"link_name":"Saptagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptagiri_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prudhvi Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhvi_Raj"},{"link_name":"Thagubothu Ramesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thagubothu_Ramesh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-3"},{"link_name":"Shakalaka Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakalaka_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Ravi Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Babu"},{"link_name":"Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_(Telugu_actor)"},{"link_name":"Krishna Bhagawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Bhagawan"},{"link_name":"Rajitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajitha"},{"link_name":"Ajay Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Chammak Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chammak_Chandra"},{"link_name":"Snigdha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snigdha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sudigali Sudheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudigali_Sudheer"}],"text":"Allari Naresh as Selfie Raja and Bheems (dual roles)[3]\nSakshi Chaudhary\nKamna Singh Ranawat as the police commissioner's daughter\nNagineedu as the police commissioner\nSaptagiri as a thief[4]\nPrudhvi Raj as Ankusham\nThagubothu Ramesh as the drunk Kattappa[3]\nShakalaka Shankar as Katraj\nRavi Babu as Mams\nSatya as Mams's assistant\nKrishna Bhagawan\nRajitha\nBalli Reddy\nAjay Ghosh\nChammak Chandra\nSnigdha\nSudigali Sudheer as Police constable","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sakshi Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakshi_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sakshi Chaudhary was cast opposite Allari Naresh for the second time after James Bond (2015).[5] Newcomer Kanwa Ranawat was signed to play one of the lead actresses.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sai Karthik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Karthik"},{"link_name":"Bhaskarabhatla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskarabhatla"},{"link_name":"Ramajogayya Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramajogayya_Sastry"},{"link_name":"L. V. Revanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._V._Revanth"}],"text":"The soundtrack was composed by Sai Karthik.Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Life Antene\"BhaskarabhatlaSai Karthik3:542.\"Selfie Raja\"Ramajogayya SastrySaketh Komanduri, Sahithi Komanduri3:313.\"Khali Quarter\"Ramajogayya SastryL. V. Revanth4:244.\"Bumper Offer\"GaneshDhanunjay, Divija Karthik3:185.\"Kolathalu\"Thaidala BapuAparna, Sai Charan4:03Total length:19:10","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Sudigadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudigadu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-3"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sify wrote that \"Despite no proper script, Selfie Raja offers some laughs in the first half, but the movie meanders into a mess post interval. Except for few scattered laughs and spoofs, the second half is bore\".[7] The Times of India gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and noted that \"Cut to 2016, four years after the release of one of his best films, Sudigadu (2012). Naresh is still making films. But sadly, he hasn't been able to deliver anything with punch and yet again, Selfie Raja just adds to that dull streak of his career\".[3] The Hindu stated that \"Selfie Raja by Eshwar Reddy looks like a movie made in a hurry, inspired by a selfie concept\".[8]","title":"Release"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_-_Grande-Ceinture

Saint-Germain-en-Laye–Grande-Ceinture station

["1 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°54′11″N 2°4′23″E / 48.90306°N 2.07306°E / 48.90306; 2.07306 This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Saint-Germain-en-Laye–Grande-Ceinture station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) St Germain's Grande-Ceinture station St Germain's Grande-Ceinture station Saint-Germain-en-Laye–Grande-Ceinture is railway station in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Its creation was decided on 11 March 1875 and opened in 1877. The station was built as a passenger stop on the Grande Ceinture but the line soon lost its passenger traffic only to become a goods station. The station recently reopened on 29 November 2004 and is the terminus of a small line to Noisy-le-Roi. From this station, one can go to the Gare St-Lazare by taking the Grande Ceinture Ouest to St.Nom-la-Bretèche, where one changes platforms to get a train to Paris. In July 2022, the T13 tram stops at this station indicated on the map as "Lisière Péreire", replacing the old Transilien L line. External links Saint-Germain-en-Laye–Grande-Ceinture station at Transilien, the official website of SNCF (in French) Preceding station Transilien Following station Terminus Line L Saint-Germain-en-Laye-Bel Air-Fourqueuxtowards Noisy-le-Roi vteSaint-Germain-en-LayeSchools CY Tech Lycée International de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Lycée Jeanne-d'Albret Lycée technologique Léonard-de-Vinci Lycée technologique Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin Lycée agricole et horticole de Saint-Germain-Chambourcy (FR) École Saint-Érembert (FR) Collège et Lycée Notre-Dame Landmarks Camp des Loges Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre Paris RER andTransilien stations Saint-Germain-en-Laye-Grande-Ceinture Station Saint-Germain-en-Laye Station Achères - Grand-Cormier Station Saint-Germain – Bel-Air – Fourqueux (SNCF) Culture Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Stade Saint-Germain 48°54′11″N 2°4′23″E / 48.90306°N 2.07306°E / 48.90306; 2.07306 This article about a railway station in the Île-de-France région of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Service

The Service

["1 Themes","2 Note","3 On-line text","4 Printed sources"]

1840 essay by Henry David Thoreau Not to be confused with the Uniformed Services, such as the Armed Forces and Police. Henry David Thoreau Core works and topics Civil Disobedience Herald of Freedom The Last Days of John Brown Life Without Principle Paradise (to be) Regained A Plea for Captain John Brown Reform and the Reformers Remarks After theHanging of John Brown The Service Sir Walter Raleigh Slavery in Massachusetts Thomas Carlyle and His Works Walden A Walk to Wachusett A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Wendell Phillips Before theConcord Lyceum The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau Thoreau Society Related topics AbolitionismAnarchism Anarchism in the United States Civil disobedience Concord, Massachusetts Conscientious objection Direct actionEcology Environmentalism History of tax resistance Individualist anarchism John BrownLyceum movement Nonviolent resistance Ralph Waldo Emerson Simple livingTax resistance Tax resistersTranscendentalism The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail Walden Pond vte This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Service" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Service is an essay written in 1840 by Henry David Thoreau. He submitted it to The Dial for publication, but they declined to print it. It was not published until after Thoreau's death. The essay uses war and military discipline as metaphors that, as Thoreau would have it, can instruct us in how to order and conduct our lives. Themes The Service is in part a contrarian swipe at the many pacifist writers and lecturers whose teachings on "nonresistance" were then very much in vogue, in part thanks to Christian anarchist and pacifist Adin Ballou who spoke on the subject at the Concord Lyceum on occasion and who founded the New England Non-Resistance Society (of which William Lloyd Garrison was also a leader, and a Lyceum speaker as well). Thoreau debated the subject "Is it ever proper to offer forcible resistance?" in a formal Lyceum debate (arguing the affirmative) in 1841, and surviving records of the Lyceum note that the subject came up many times in debates, discussions, and lectures. Thoreau's own views were very much influenced by these non-resistants, and are often confused with them even today. When Amos Bronson Alcott resisted his taxes to protest war and slavery, three years before Thoreau would resist his taxes over the same issues, Alcott's action was explained within the context of "non-resistant" philosophy. When Thoreau explained his own tax resistance, he took pains to distinguish his theory from theirs, titling his essay Resistance to Civil Government. In The Service, Thoreau tosses barbs at the non-resistance preachers, warning his readers that pacifism can be a temptation to passivity: Better that we have some of that testy spirit of knight errantry, and if we are so blind as to think the world is not rich enough nowadays to afford a real foe to combat, with our trusty swords and double-handed maces, hew and mangle some unreal phantom of the brain. In the pale and shivering fogs of the morning, gathering them up betimes, and withdrawing sluggishly to their daylight haunts, I see Falsehood sneaking from the full blaze of truth, and with good relish could do execution on their rearward ranks, with the first brand that came to hand. We too are such puny creatures as to be put to flight by the sun, and suffer our ardor to grow cool in proportion as his increases; our own short-lived chivalry sounds a retreat with the fumes and vapors of the night; and we turn to meet mankind, with its meek face preaching peace, and such non-resistance as the chaff that rides before the whirlwind. Of such sort, then, be our crusade, – which, while it inclines chiefly to the hearty good will and activity of war, rather than the insincerity and sloth of peace, will set an example to both of calmness and energy; – as unconcerned for victory as careless of defeat, – not seeking to lengthen our term of service, nor to cut it short by a reprieve, – but earnestly applying ourselves to the campaign before us. Note ^ The Service by Henry David Thoreau; Edited by F.B. Sanborn. Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed. 1902. Retrieved February 1, 2018 – via Internet Archive. On-line text A complete collection of Thoreau's essays, including The Service at Standard Ebooks The Service at Project Gutenberg The Service at sniggle.net. The Service public domain audiobook at LibriVox Printed sources My Thoughts are Murder to the State by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1434804266) The Service by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1410104700) The Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform (ISBN 978-0691118765) Collected Essays and Poems by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1-88301195-6) vteHenry David ThoreauBooks A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) Walden (1854) Speeches Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown (1859) Essays "The Service" (1840) "A Walk to Wachusett" (1842) "Paradise (to be) Regained" (1843) "Sir Walter Raleigh" (1844) "Herald of Freedom" (1844) "Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum" (1845) "Reform and the Reformers" (1846–1848) Thomas Carlyle and His Works (1847) Resistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience) (1849) Slavery in Massachusetts (1854) A Plea for Captain John Brown (1859) The Last Days of John Brown (1860) "Walking" (1861) "Life Without Principle" (1863) Excursions anthology (1863) Related Thoreau Society The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse (birthplace) Thoreau–Alcott House Concord Museum Walden Pond Walden Woods Project The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail (1969 play) Thoreau: A Sublime Life (2012 comic book)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uniformed Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_Services"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"The Dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"metaphors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Uniformed Services, such as the Armed Forces and Police.The Service is an essay written in 1840 by Henry David Thoreau. He submitted it to The Dial for publication, but they declined to print it. It was not published until after Thoreau's death.[1]The essay uses war and military discipline as metaphors that, as Thoreau would have it, can instruct us in how to order and conduct our lives.","title":"The Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonresistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonresistance"},{"link_name":"Christian anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism"},{"link_name":"Adin Ballou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adin_Ballou"},{"link_name":"New England Non-Resistance Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Non-Resistance_Society"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Amos Bronson Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Resistance to Civil Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_to_Civil_Government"}],"text":"The Service is in part a contrarian swipe at the many pacifist writers and lecturers whose teachings on \"nonresistance\" were then very much in vogue, in part thanks to Christian anarchist and pacifist Adin Ballou who spoke on the subject at the Concord Lyceum on occasion and who founded the New England Non-Resistance Society (of which William Lloyd Garrison was also a leader, and a Lyceum speaker as well).Thoreau debated the subject \"Is it ever proper to offer forcible resistance?\" in a formal Lyceum debate (arguing the affirmative) in 1841, and surviving records of the Lyceum note that the subject came up many times in debates, discussions, and lectures.Thoreau's own views were very much influenced by these non-resistants, and are often confused with them even today. When Amos Bronson Alcott resisted his taxes to protest war and slavery, three years before Thoreau would resist his taxes over the same issues, Alcott's action was explained within the context of \"non-resistant\" philosophy. When Thoreau explained his own tax resistance, he took pains to distinguish his theory from theirs, titling his essay Resistance to Civil Government.In The Service, Thoreau tosses barbs at the non-resistance preachers, warning his readers that pacifism can be a temptation to passivity:Better that we have some of that testy spirit of knight errantry, and if we are so blind as to think the world is not rich enough nowadays to afford a real foe to combat, with our trusty swords and double-handed maces, hew and mangle some unreal phantom of the brain. In the pale and shivering fogs of the morning, gathering them up betimes, and withdrawing sluggishly to their daylight haunts, I see Falsehood sneaking from the full blaze of truth, and with good relish could do execution on their rearward ranks, with the first brand that came to hand. We too are such puny creatures as to be put to flight by the sun, and suffer our ardor to grow cool in proportion as his increases; our own short-lived chivalry sounds a retreat with the fumes and vapors of the night; and we turn to meet mankind, with its meek face preaching peace, and such non-resistance as the chaff that rides before the whirlwind.\nOf such sort, then, be our crusade, – which, while it inclines chiefly to the hearty good will and activity of war, rather than the insincerity and sloth of peace, will set an example to both of calmness and energy; – as unconcerned for victory as careless of defeat, – not seeking to lengthen our term of service, nor to cut it short by a reprieve, – but earnestly applying ourselves to the campaign before us.","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Service by Henry David Thoreau; Edited by F.B. Sanborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/service1902thor#page/n9/mode/2up"}],"text":"^ The Service by Henry David Thoreau; Edited by F.B. Sanborn. Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed. 1902. Retrieved February 1, 2018 – via Internet Archive.","title":"Note"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A complete collection of Thoreau's essays, including The Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/essays"},{"link_name":"Standard Ebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks"},{"link_name":"The Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.org/ebooks/60951"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"The Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sniggle.net/Experiment/index.php?entry=theservice"},{"link_name":"The Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//librivox.org/search?title=The+Service&author=Thoreau&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"},{"link_name":"LibriVox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox"}],"text":"A complete collection of Thoreau's essays, including The Service at Standard Ebooks\n\n The Service at Project Gutenberg\nThe Service at sniggle.net.\n The Service public domain audiobook at LibriVox","title":"On-line text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1434804266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1434804266"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1410104700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1410104700"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691118765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691118765"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-88301195-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-88301195-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Week_on_the_Concord_and_Merrimack_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_David_Thoreau_by_Gaspard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown"},{"link_name":"Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Essays_by_Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"The Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"A Walk to Wachusett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Walk_to_Wachusett"},{"link_name":"Paradise (to be) Regained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(to_be)_Regained"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_(essay)"},{"link_name":"Herald of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_of_Freedom_(essay)"},{"link_name":"Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Phillips_Before_the_Concord_Lyceum"},{"link_name":"Reform and the Reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_the_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Carlyle and His Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle_and_His_Works"},{"link_name":"Resistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)"},{"link_name":"Slavery in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"A Plea for Captain John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Last Days of John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown"},{"link_name":"Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_(Thoreau)"},{"link_name":"Life Without Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Without_Principle"},{"link_name":"Excursions anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excursions_(anthology)"},{"link_name":"Thoreau Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoreau_Society"},{"link_name":"The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writings_of_Henry_D._Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Wheeler-Minot Farmhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse"},{"link_name":"Thoreau–Alcott House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoreau%E2%80%93Alcott_House"},{"link_name":"Concord Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Museum"},{"link_name":"Walden Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Pond"},{"link_name":"Walden Woods Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Woods_Project"},{"link_name":"The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Thoreau_Spent_in_Jail"},{"link_name":"Thoreau: A Sublime Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoreau:_A_Sublime_Life"}],"text":"My Thoughts are Murder to the State by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1434804266)\nThe Service by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1410104700)\nThe Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform (ISBN 978-0691118765)\nCollected Essays and Poems by Henry David Thoreau (ISBN 978-1-88301195-6)vteHenry David ThoreauBooks\nA Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)\nWalden (1854)\nSpeeches\nRemarks After the Hanging of John Brown (1859)\nEssays\n\"The Service\" (1840)\n\"A Walk to Wachusett\" (1842)\n\"Paradise (to be) Regained\" (1843)\n\"Sir Walter Raleigh\" (1844)\n\"Herald of Freedom\" (1844)\n\"Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum\" (1845)\n\"Reform and the Reformers\" (1846–1848)\nThomas Carlyle and His Works (1847)\nResistance to Civil Government (Civil Disobedience) (1849)\nSlavery in Massachusetts (1854)\nA Plea for Captain John Brown (1859)\nThe Last Days of John Brown (1860)\n\"Walking\" (1861)\n\"Life Without Principle\" (1863)\nExcursions anthology (1863)\nRelated\nThoreau Society\nThe Writings of Henry D. Thoreau\nWheeler-Minot Farmhouse (birthplace)\nThoreau–Alcott House\nConcord Museum\nWalden Pond\nWalden Woods Project\nThe Night Thoreau Spent in Jail (1969 play)\nThoreau: A Sublime Life (2012 comic book)","title":"Printed sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami%27s_Ping_Pong

Konami's Ping Pong

["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 Ports","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"]

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1985 video gameKonami's Ping PongDeveloper(s)KonamiPublisher(s)KonamiPlatform(s)Arcade, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Famicom Disk System, MSX, ZX SpectrumReleaseArcadeJP: 1985MSXJP: 1985Famicom Disk SystemJP: 1987Virtual ConsoleJP: November 25, 2008 (Wii)PAL: July 17, 2009 (Wii)JP: March 18, 2015 (Wii U)Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, 2-player Konami's Ping Pong is a sports arcade game created in 1985 by Konami. It is the first video game to accurately reflect the gameplay of table tennis, as opposed to earlier simplifications like Pong. It was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Famicom Disk System, MSX, and ZX Spectrum. Gameplay Arcade screenshot Konami's Ping Pong can be played singleplayer or multiplayer, using 11 point scoring rules; the first player to attain a score of 11 or higher, leading by two points, wins the game (to a maximum of 14-14, at which point the next point wins). The player must win the best of two out of three games in order to beat the match. The playfield is shown from an isometric perspective with the players shown as disembodied hands; players placed on the far-side of the table will find hitting the ball is much more difficult. However, the player is always positioned on the near side during the single player mode. All the essential moves are represented: forehand, backhand, lob, and smash. The game includes the penguin protagonist from Konami's earlier title Antarctic Adventure on the title screen and as a member of the audience in the game. This penguin would be later be known as Penta. In the introductory animation, a pingpong ball bounces along the table, and finally hits Penta on the head, who appears to faint. Reception In Japan, Game Machine listed Konami's Ping Pong on their September 1, 1985 issue as being the nineteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. Ports ReceptionAwardPublicationAwardCrashSmash! In 1985 the game was released by Konami for MSX computers and in 1986 the game was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum by Imagine Software and Bernie Duggs, under the name Ping Pong. Apart from scaled-down graphics and sound due to limited system capabilities, the ports perfectly replicate the arcade gameplay. In 1987 the game was ported to the Famicom Disk System as Smash Ping Pong and published by Nintendo. Nintendo's character Donkey Kong Jr. replaces Konami's Penta in the crowd. Diskun, a Famicom Disk System Mascot, also replaces Pentarou in a title screen. Legacy The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in Japan and the PAL region (the latter got this as an import game under the title Smash Table Tennis). Konami's Ping Pong was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs in June 2010. Smash Ping Pong was digitally re-released as part of Nintendo Switch Online's library of Famicom games in December 2020. References ^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 267. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 September 1985. p. 25. ^ Game review, Crash issue 28, May 1986, page 112 ^ "Nintendo Switch Online NES Update 5.1.0 and SNES Update 2.1.0 patch notes". 18 December 2020. External links Konami's Ping Pong at the Killer List of Videogames Information on ZX Spectrum Conversion from CRASH magazine.

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It is the first video game to accurately reflect the gameplay of table tennis, as opposed to earlier simplifications like Pong.[citation needed] It was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Famicom Disk System, MSX, and ZX Spectrum.","title":"Konami's Ping Pong"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konami_Ping_Pong.png"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"single player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_player"},{"link_name":"penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Adventure"},{"link_name":"title screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_screen"}],"text":"Arcade screenshotKonami's Ping Pong can be played singleplayer or multiplayer, using 11 point scoring rules; the first player to attain a score of 11 or higher, leading by two points, wins the game (to a maximum of 14-14, at which point the next point wins). The player must win the best of two out of three games in order to beat the match. The playfield is shown from an isometric perspective with the players shown as disembodied hands; players placed on the far-side of the table will find hitting the ball is much more difficult.[original research?] However, the player is always positioned on the near side during the single player mode. All the essential moves are represented: forehand, backhand, lob, and smash.The game includes the penguin protagonist from Konami's earlier title Antarctic Adventure on the title screen and as a member of the audience in the game. This penguin would be later be known as Penta. In the introductory animation, a pingpong ball bounces along the table, and finally hits Penta on the head, who appears to faint.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In Japan, Game Machine listed Konami's Ping Pong on their September 1, 1985 issue as being the nineteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Imagine Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Software"},{"link_name":"Bernie Duggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Duggs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Famicom Disk System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famicom_Disk_System"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Diskun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskun"}],"text":"ReceptionAwardPublicationAwardCrashSmash![2]In 1985 the game was released by Konami for MSX computers and in 1986 the game was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum by Imagine Software and Bernie Duggs, under the name Ping Pong. Apart from scaled-down graphics and sound due to limited system capabilities, the ports perfectly replicate the arcade gameplay.In 1987 the game was ported to the Famicom Disk System as Smash Ping Pong and published by Nintendo. Nintendo's character Donkey Kong Jr. replaces Konami's Penta in the crowd. Diskun, a Famicom Disk System Mascot, also replaces Pentarou in a title screen.","title":"Ports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Virtual Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Console"},{"link_name":"Microsoft's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Game Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Room"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Windows-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online"},{"link_name":"library of Famicom games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_Switch_Online_games#Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The game was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in Japan and the PAL region (the latter got this as an import game under the title Smash Table Tennis).Konami's Ping Pong was made available on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs in June 2010.Smash Ping Pong was digitally re-released as part of Nintendo Switch Online's library of Famicom games in December 2020.[3]","title":"Legacy"}]

[{"image_text":"Arcade screenshot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Konami_Ping_Pong.png/220px-Konami_Ping_Pong.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)\". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 267. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 September 1985. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Nintendo Switch Online NES Update 5.1.0 and SNES Update 2.1.0 patch notes\". 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/670118-nintendo-switch-online-nes-update-5-1-0-snes-update-2-1-0-patch-notes","url_text":"\"Nintendo Switch Online NES Update 5.1.0 and SNES Update 2.1.0 patch notes\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/news/670118-nintendo-switch-online-nes-update-5-1-0-snes-update-2-1-0-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"Nintendo Switch Online NES Update 5.1.0 and SNES Update 2.1.0 patch notes\""},{"Link":"https://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=8349","external_links_name":"Konami's Ping Pong"},{"Link":"http://www.crashonline.org.uk/28/pingpong.htm","external_links_name":"Information on ZX Spectrum Conversion"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Delphini

Epsilon Delphini

["1 Proper names","2 References"]

Star in the constellation Delphinus ε Delphini Location of ε Delphini (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) Constellation Delphinus Right ascension 20h 33m 12.77192s Declination +11° 18′ 11.7412″ Apparent magnitude (V) 4.03 (3.95−4.05) Characteristics Spectral type B6 III U−B color index −0.46 B−V color index −0.13 Variable type suspected AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)−19.4±0.7 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: +11.96 mas/yr Dec.: −28.97 mas/yr Parallax (π)9.87 ± 0.21 masDistance330 ± 7 ly (101 ± 2 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)−0.06 DetailsRadius4.6 R☉Luminosity676 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.71±0.09 cgsTemperature13,614±15 KMetallicity +0.08±0.10 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)52±4 km/sAge220 Myr Other designations Aldulfin, ε Del, 2 Del, BD+10° 4321, FK5 768, HD 195810, HIP 101421, HR 7852, SAO 106230 Database referencesSIMBADdata Epsilon Delphini (ε Delphini, abbreviated Eps Del, ε Del), officially named Aldulfin /ælˈdʌlfən/, is a solitary, blue-white hued star in the northern constellation of Delphinus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.03. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.87 mas as seen from the Earth, the system is located about 330 light-years from the Sun. At Epsilon Delphini's distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.11 due to interstellar dust. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −19 km/s. This is a B-type giant star with a stellar classification of B6 III. It has 4.6 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 676 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,614 K. The star may be slightly variable, occasionally brightening to magnitude 3.95. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 52 km/s. Proper names ε Delphini (Latinised to Epsilon Delphini) is the star's Bayer designation. The star bore the traditional Arabic name ðanab ad-dulfīn or Dzaneb al Delphin, which appeared in the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket and which was translated into Latin as Cauda Delphini, meaning 'the dolphin's tail'. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Aldulfin for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese, 敗瓜 (Bài Guā), meaning Rotten Gourd, refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Delphini, Eta Delphini, Theta Delphini, Iota Delphini and Kappa Delphini. Consequently, the Chinese name for Epsilon Delphini itself is 敗瓜一 (Bài Guā yī, English: the First Star of Rotten Gourd.). From this Chinese name, the name Pae Chaou was formed. References ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Crawford, D. L.; et al. (1971), "Four-color, H-beta, and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere", The Astronomical Journal, 76: 1058, Bibcode:1971AJ.....76.1058C, doi:10.1086/111220. ^ a b c Samus, N. N.; et al. (January 2017), "General Catalogue of Variable Stars", Astronomy Reports, GCVS 5.1, 61 (1): 80–88, Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S, doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085, S2CID 125853869. ^ a b Lesh, Janet Rountree (December 1968), "The Kinematics of the Gould Belt: an Expanding Group?", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 17: 371, Bibcode:1968ApJS...17..371L, doi:10.1086/190179. ^ a b Gontcharov, G. A. (November 2006), "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos stars in a common system", Astronomy Letters, 32 (11): 759–771, arXiv:1606.08053, Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G, doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065, S2CID 119231169. ^ a b c Gontcharov, G. A. (November 2012), "Spatial distribution and kinematics of OB stars", Astronomy Letters, 38 (11): 694–706, arXiv:1606.09028, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..694G, doi:10.1134/S1063773712110035, S2CID 119108982. ^ a b c d Underhill, A. B.; et al. (November 1979), "Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 189 (3): 601–605, Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U, doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601. ^ a b McDonald, I.; et al. (2012), "Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 427 (1): 343–57, arXiv:1208.2037, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x, S2CID 118665352. ^ a b Wu, Yue; et al. (January 2011), "Coudé-feed stellar spectral library - atmospheric parameters", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525: A71, arXiv:1009.1491, Bibcode:2011A&A...525A..71W, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015014, S2CID 53480665. ^ a b Bailey, J. D.; Landstreet, J. D. (2013), "Abundances determined using Si ii and Si iii in B-type stars: Evidence for stratification", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 551: A30, arXiv:1301.3050, Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..30B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220671, S2CID 59291051. ^ "eps Del -- Variable Star", SIMBAD Astronomical Database, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2017-06-28. ^ a b "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976. ^ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895), "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 55: 429–438, Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K, doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429. ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016. ^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7. ^ (in Chinese) 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Archived September 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010. ^ Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning (Dover ed.), p. 201, retrieved 2017-06-29. vteConstellation of Delphinus List of stars in Delphinus Delphinus in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Sualocin) β (Rotanev) γ1 γ2 δ ε (Aldulfin) ζ η θ ι κ ρ Aql (Tso Ke) Flamsteed 1 10 13 14 15 16 17 18 (Musica) Variable EU HR HU V339 QV Sge HR 7771 7774 7778 7793 7824 7839 7899 7907 7975 8010 8044 HD 195019 Other HAT-P-23 (Moriah) WASP-2 WISE J2030+0749 WISE 2056+1459 Exoplanets 18 Delphini b HD 195019 b HD 196885 Ab WASP-2b Star clusters Laevens 3 NGC 6934 NGC 7006 Nebulae NGC 6905 GalaxiesNGC 7003 7025 7028 Other ZW II 96 Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ælˈdʌlfən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-LSN-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggleton2008-13"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Delphinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinus"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford1971-2"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Symbols_and_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanLeeuwen2007-1"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"extinction factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"interstellar dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gontcharov2012-6"},{"link_name":"radial velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_velocity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gontcharov2006-5"},{"link_name":"B-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_B"},{"link_name":"giant star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_star"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lesh1968-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras189_601-7"},{"link_name":"Sun's radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mcdonald2012-8"},{"link_name":"solar luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_luminosity"},{"link_name":"photosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras189_601-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcvs-3"},{"link_name":"projected rotational velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_rotation#Measurement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey2013-10"}],"text":"Epsilon Delphini (ε Delphini, abbreviated Eps Del, ε Del), officially named Aldulfin /ælˈdʌlfən/,[12] is a solitary,[13] blue-white hued star in the northern constellation of Delphinus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.03.[2] Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.87 mas as seen from the Earth,[1] the system is located about 330 light-years from the Sun. At Epsilon Delphini's distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.11 due to interstellar dust.[6] The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −19 km/s.[5]This is a B-type giant star with a stellar classification of B6 III.[4] It has 4.6[7] times the Sun's radius and is radiating 676[8] times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,614 K.[7] The star may be slightly variable, occasionally brightening to magnitude 3.95.[3] It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 52 km/s.[10]","title":"Epsilon Delphini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knobel1895-14"},{"link_name":"Working Group on Star Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WGSN-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-LSN-12"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Rotten Gourd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)"},{"link_name":"asterism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"Eta Delphini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Delphini"},{"link_name":"Theta Delphini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Delphini"},{"link_name":"Iota Delphini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Delphini"},{"link_name":"Kappa Delphini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Delphini"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_star_names"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen1963-18"}],"text":"ε Delphini (Latinised to Epsilon Delphini) is the star's Bayer designation.The star bore the traditional Arabic name ðanab ad-dulfīn or Dzaneb al Delphin, which appeared in the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket and which was translated into Latin as Cauda Delphini, meaning 'the dolphin's tail'.[14] In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[15] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Aldulfin for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[12]In Chinese, 敗瓜 (Bài Guā), meaning Rotten Gourd, refers to an asterism consisting of Epsilon Delphini, Eta Delphini, Theta Delphini, Iota Delphini and Kappa Delphini.[16] Consequently, the Chinese name for Epsilon Delphini itself is 敗瓜一 (Bài Guā yī, English: the First Star of Rotten Gourd.).[17] From this Chinese name, the name Pae Chaou was formed.[18]","title":"Proper names"}]

[]

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A. (November 2006), \"Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos stars in a common system\", Astronomy Letters, 32 (11): 759–771, arXiv:1606.08053, Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G, doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065, S2CID 119231169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.08053","url_text":"1606.08053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AstL...32..759G","url_text":"2006AstL...32..759G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773706110065","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773706110065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119231169","url_text":"119231169"}]},{"reference":"Gontcharov, G. A. (November 2012), \"Spatial distribution and kinematics of OB stars\", Astronomy Letters, 38 (11): 694–706, arXiv:1606.09028, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..694G, doi:10.1134/S1063773712110035, S2CID 119108982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.09028","url_text":"1606.09028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..694G","url_text":"2012AstL...38..694G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712110035","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773712110035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119108982","url_text":"119108982"}]},{"reference":"Underhill, A. B.; et al. (November 1979), \"Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 189 (3): 601–605, Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U, doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979MNRAS.189..601U","url_text":"1979MNRAS.189..601U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F189.3.601","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/189.3.601"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, I.; et al. 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(January 2011), \"Coudé-feed stellar spectral library - atmospheric parameters\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525: A71, arXiv:1009.1491, Bibcode:2011A&A...525A..71W, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015014, S2CID 53480665.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.1491","url_text":"1009.1491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...525A..71W","url_text":"2011A&A...525A..71W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201015014","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/201015014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53480665","url_text":"53480665"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, J. D.; Landstreet, J. D. 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(September 2008), \"A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2878","url_text":"0806.2878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.389..869E","url_text":"2008MNRAS.389..869E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14878976","url_text":"14878976"}]},{"reference":"Knobel, E. B. (June 1895), \"Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 55: 429–438, Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K, doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1895MNRAS..55..429K","url_text":"1895MNRAS..55..429K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F55.8.429","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/55.8.429"}]},{"reference":"\"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)\". Retrieved 22 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/","url_text":"\"IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning (Dover ed.), p. 201, retrieved 2017-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Delphinus*.html","url_text":"Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Melbourne_railway_station

South Melbourne light rail station

["1 History","2 Tram services","3 References"]

Coordinates: 37°50′00″S 144°57′20″E / 37.83333°S 144.95556°E / -37.83333; 144.95556Light rail station in Melbourne, Victoria South MelbournePTV tram stopPhoto from bridge over South Melbourne railway station of the stationGeneral informationLocationSouth Melbourne, Victoria 3205AustraliaCoordinates37°50′00″S 144°57′20″E / 37.83333°S 144.95556°E / -37.83333; 144.95556Owned byVicTrackOperated byYarra TramsLine(s)St KildaPlatforms2 (2 side)Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeAt gradeAccessibleYesOther informationStatusOperationalStation code127SMB (former)Fare zoneMyki Zone 1HistoryOpened16 September 1858Closed1 August 1987Rebuilt21 November 1987Electrified600 V DC overheadPrevious namesEmerald HillSouth Melbourne railway stationServices Preceding station Yarra Trams Following station City Roadtowards East Brunswick Route 96 Albert Parktowards St Kilda Beach Former services Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station Sandridge Bridge   St Kilda line   Albert Park   List of closed railway stations in Melbourne   South Melbourne is a light rail station on the former St Kilda railway line, and was located in the Melbourne suburb of South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The station was adjacent to the intersection of Ferrars and Dorcas Streets, just minutes from South Melbourne Market. A pair of low-level side platforms, immediately north of the disused station, now serve route 96 trams on the light rail line, with a pedestrian crossing in between. History South Melbourne station opened in 1858, not long after the line through it opened in 1857. It was originally known as Emerald Hill, and was renamed South Melbourne in 1884. To the south of the station are three road overpasses in quick succession, carrying Dorcas, Bank and Park streets over the light rail line. The St Kilda railway line was closed in 1987, and was converted to a light rail route. The route 96 tram now runs past the former station. The last train service ran on 31 July 1987, and the light rail service was officially commissioned on 21 November of the same year. The high-level railway platforms have been fenced off from public access. The station building is now a child care centre. Tram services Yarra Trams operates one route via South Melbourne station: : East Brunswick – St Kilda Beach References ^ "News". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. June 1988. p. 178. ^ "South Melbourne". VICSIG - Infrastructure. www.vicsig.net. Retrieved 5 July 2008. ^ "St Kilda line 1952". www.victorianrailways.net. Retrieved 5 July 2008. ^ Chris Banger (March 1997). "Rail Passenger Service Withdrawals Since 1960". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division). pp. 77–82. ^ "Child Care & Kindergarten South Melbourne". Only About Children. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ "96 East Brunswick - St Kilda Beach". Public Transport Victoria. vteTrams in MelbourneCurrent routes 1 3 5 6 11 12 16 19 30 35 48 57 58 59 64 67 70 72 75 78 82 86 96 109 Former routes 3a 8 24 31 55 68 79 95 112 Current trams W Z A B C D C2 E Future trams G Former trams A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X X1 X2 Y Y1 Current operator Yarra Trams (Keolis Downer) Former operatorsTramway trusts Fitzroy, Northcote & Preston Footscray Hawthorn Melbourne, Brunswick & Coburg Prahran & Malvern Private operators North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company Government owned Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board Metropolitan Transit Authority Public Transport Corporation Victorian Railways Franchises Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Company M>Tram TransdevTSL Tourist services City Circle tram Colonial Tramcar Restaurant Current depots Brunswick Camberwell Essendon Glenhuntly Kew Malvern Preston Southbank Former depots East Preston Hawthorn North Fitzroy South Melbourne Future depots Maidstone Stops Albert Park Anzac Station Beacon Cove Clarendon Street Junction Graham Street Melbourne University Middle Park Montague Street Moonee Ponds Junction North Port South Melbourne St Kilda Station St Vincent's Plaza Miscellaneous Classification system Balaclava Junction Domain Interchange Haymarket roundabout Hook turn Karachi Tram Melbourne Art Trams Melbourne Cable Trams Proposed extensions St Kilda Junction Timeline Think Tram project VicTrack Museums Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association Tramway Museum Society of Victoria This Melbourne rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a railway station in Victoria (state) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This tram-, streetcar-, or light rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Kaplan

Gabe Kaplan

["1 Early life","2 Acting career","3 Poker","4 Later activities","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]

American actor, comedian, and poker player Not to be confused with Gabe Kapler. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gabe Kaplan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gabe KaplanKaplan playing poker in 2006ResidenceLos Angeles, California, U.S.BornGabriel Weston Kaplan (1945-03-31) March 31, 1945 (age 79)New York City, U.S.World Series of PokerBracelet(s)NoneMoney finish(es)11Highest ITMMain Event finish13th, 1991World Poker TourTitle(s)NoneFinal table(s)1Money finish(es)3Information accurate as of 27 July 2021. Gabriel Weston Kaplan (born March 31, 1945) is an American actor, comedian, and professional poker player. He played the eponymous teacher in the 1970s sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter. He later became a professional poker player and a commentator for the series High Stakes Poker on PokerGO. Early life Kaplan was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Jewish family. He was a student at New Utrecht High School but did not graduate. Acting career As a child, Kaplan had aspirations of being a Major League Baseball player. However, he was unable to make the roster of a minor league team and decided to pursue other interests. He began working as a bellman at a hotel in Lakewood, New Jersey. Touring comedians sometimes performed at the hotel, and Kaplan began to work toward his own career as a stand-up comedian. Gabe honed his standup routine in 1964 in places such as the Cafe Tel Aviv at 250 West 72nd Street, New York City. Kaplan's comedy was successful, and he toured the country with his act based on his childhood experiences in Brooklyn. He appeared five times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from May 1973 to December 1974. During that time, he also recorded the comedy album Holes and Mello-Rolls, which included long routines about his high school days and other topics. The sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, whose central characters he helped Eric Cohen and Alan Sacks create and whose core format he helped them to develop, was in part based on his comedy act. In the sitcom, Kaplan played Gabe Kotter, who returns as a teacher to the dysfunctional high school where he had been a student. The series ran from 1975 to 1979, and Kaplan bought a home in Palm Springs, California with his earnings. "Up your nose with a rubber hose!", sanitized from the original album line "Up your hole with a Mello-Roll!", became an unlikely catchphrase from the show. It became so popular that a comedy record by Kaplan, Up Your Nose, was released by Elektra Records. The record, co-written and co-produced by Kaplan, dented the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1977, peaking at #93. The phrase also became the title of a board game for the series, which came with a small, green tube to be inserted in a nostril by an opposing player upon the conditions required to recite the catchphrase. From 1976 to 1978 and again in 1981, Kaplan participated in the ABC celebrity athletic competition Battle of the Network Stars. For the first five competitions, Kaplan was the captain of the ABC network team. In the very first competition, Kaplan defeated Robert Conrad, who was participating in the event representing the NBC team as its captain, in a race much to Conrad's chagrin. Kaplan, who was 31 at the time, passed Conrad, then 40, with a strong sprint to the finish line, giving ABC television network the win with 175 points. In 1981, Kaplan returned to the competition as the team captain for the NBC side, as he was appearing in the NBC TV show Lewis & Clark. Kaplan in a scene from Welcome Back Kotter, with Marcia Strassman and Ron Palillo After Welcome Back, Kotter, Kaplan continued with his stand-up act and was in several movies, including a starring role in Fast Break in 1979. In 1982, he portrayed Groucho Marx in a play titled Groucho. A filmed version of the play aired on HBO in 1983. Poker Kaplan became involved in financial markets and poker during his acting career. He made his first appearance at the World Series of Poker in 1978. In 1980, Kaplan was considered one of poker's elite, as he won the main event at Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker and was presented with "a loving cup that was so enormous it made the gaudy gold bracelets given to the winners at the World Series of Poker look understated." Over the next five years his reputation was solidified as he made the final table at the Super Bowl's main event two more times. In July 2004, Kaplan finished third in a World Poker Tour no-limit Texas hold 'em event, earning more than $250,000. He also finished second in the 2005 World Series of Poker $5,000 Limit Hold 'Em event, winning $222,515. Kaplan was joint TV commentator for the 1997 and 2002 WSOP events. In 2007, Kaplan won on NBC's Poker After Dark in the episode "Queens and Kings" after defeating Kristy Gazes heads-up and outlasting Howard Lederer, Ali Nejad, Vanessa Rousso and Annie Duke in a $20,000 buy-in, six-person No-Limit Texas Hold-Em winner-take-all Sit-and-Go. In the 2007 World Series of Poker, Kaplan finished in ninth place in the $50,000 World Championship HORSE event, winning $131,424. As of June 2017, Kaplan's total live tournament winnings were $1,991,248. His eleven cashes at the WSOP were $539,159 of those winnings. Kaplan won again on Poker After Dark during "Cowboys" week that first aired in February 2008 against Chris Ferguson, Andy Bloch, Chau Giang, Hoyt Corkins and Doyle Brunson. Kaplan's Poker After Dark win in the first week of the 2010 season (the "Commentators III" episode) was the greatest comeback in the show's history. Kaplan returned to host High Stakes Poker when Season 8 aired on PokerGO in 2021 alongside A.J. Benza. He retired from his position after the first episode of Season 10, with Nick Schulman replacing him. Later activities Kaplan resumed performing stand-up comedy and worked on adaptations of Welcome Back, Kotter. He still plays poker frequently and became a commentator for poker events and televised poker shows, including the National Heads-Up Poker Championship on NBC, High Stakes Poker on GSN, and the Intercontinental Poker Championship on CBS. In 2007, he appeared in Zak Penn's improvisational comedy The Grand as Seth Schwartzman, father of brother-and-sister poker players. Also in 2007, Kaplan published a book titled Kotter's Back: E-mails from a Faded Celebrity to a Bewildered World. In the book, people react to absurd e-mailed claims by Kaplan, such as that he: has slept with more women than Wilt Chamberlain is an expert at Cossack dancing thinks he's smart enough to become a member of Mensa would like NASA to send him into orbit with Jimmy Carter and Dr. J The book also describes his e-mails: to the Athens Olympic Committee offering to light the Olympic torch to AAA (the auto club) about signing up for Alcoholics Anonymous to the makers of Metamucil suggesting it feature constipated celebrities in its TV ads to the Postmaster General offering to have his picture on a stamp. In January 2011, GSN announced that Norm Macdonald would replace Kaplan as host of High Stakes Poker. Kaplan would return alongside A.J. Benza when PokerGO relaunched the show for Season 8 in 2020. In December 2022, PokerGO announced Season 10 of High Stakes Poker. The first episode of the new season aired on January 24, 2023, and during the episode, Kaplan hinted at retirement. On January 25, 2023, Kaplan officially retired as the High Stakes Poker commentator with a replacement to be named on the next episode. Filmography Film and Television Year Title Role Notes 1975–1979 Welcome Back, Kotter Gabe Kotter Main role (75 episodes) 1976 The Love Boat Stan Nichols TV movie 1977 Police Story Paul Cazenovia Episode: "One of Our Cops Is Crazy" 1979 Fast Break David Greene 1981 Nobody's Perfekt Dibley 1981 Tulips Leland Irving 1981–82 Lewis & Clark Stewart Lewis Main role (13 episodes) 1982 Groucho Groucho Marx TV movie 1984 Murder, She Wrote Freddy York Episode: "Birds of a Feather" 1984 The Hoboken Chicken Emergency Anthony DePalma TV movie 2001 Jack the Dog Richie 2007 The Grand Seth Schwartzman 2018 BoJack Horseman Abe Ziegler Episode: "Head in the Clouds" References ^ US Search "Gabe Kaplan" ^ Arfa, Orit (October 13, 2005). "Celebs Stick to Their Tzedakah Box Job". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ Lynch, Dennis (October 28, 2015). "Old school: New Utrecht High celebrates centennial". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved February 20, 2019. ^ Maron, Marc (May 24, 2021). "Episode 1229 - Gabe Kaplan - WTF with Marc Maron Podcast". Retrieved May 26, 2021. ^ Meeks, Eric G. (2012). The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. p. 99. ISBN 978-1479328598. ^ Reback, Storm (March 5, 2009). "From the Poker Vaults: Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker, Part I". PokerNews. Retrieved March 10, 2010. ^ "Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, No Limit Hold'em - Main Event". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Main Event - No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "2004 Mirage Poker Showdown, No Limit Hold'em Final Day". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "36th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2005, Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Poker After Dark (PAD) Season II, Week 3 - Queens and Kings". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "38th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2007, World Championship H.O.R.S.E." The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Gabe Kaplan's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ "WSOP Player Profile – Gabe Kaplan". WSOP.com. Caesars Interactive Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Poker After Dark (PAD) Season III, Week 5 - Cowboys". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Poker After Dark: Commentators III recap – Poker on NBC- NBC Sports". Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2014. ^ Fast, Erik (December 10, 2020). "Gabe Kaplan and AJ Benza Return As Hosts For New Season of High Stakes Poker TV Show - Poker News". CardPlayer.com. Retrieved July 27, 2021. ^ Sofen, Jon (February 1, 2023). "Nick Schulman Shines as Kaplan's Replacement on New Episode of High Stakes Poker". PokerNews.com. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ Levine, Stuart (April 11, 2007). "NBC's 'Heads-Up' aces ratings". Variety. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "High Stakes Poker Season 3 Premieres on Monday, January 15 at 9 PM" Archived May 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine GSN.com retrieved April 15, 2007. ^ a b Kaplan, Gabe. Kotter's Back: E-mails from a Faded Celebrity to a Bewildered World (Simon and Schuster, 2007). ^ Zerschling, Lynn. "A prank that will pay off", Sioux City Journal (July 3, 2007). ^ Slagter, Josh (February 8, 2011). "Not funny, GSN: Gabe Kaplan out as 'High Stakes Poker' host, replaced by Norm MacDonald". MLive.com. Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ Maglio, Tony (December 10, 2020). "Former GSN Series 'High Stakes Poker' to Return on PokerGO (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved July 27, 2021. ^ "PokerGO® Announces Season 10 of High Stakes Poker, Poker's Most Iconic High-Stakes Cash Game Show, Coming January 2023". PokerGO Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ "Iconic Commentator Gabe Kaplan is Retiring from High Stakes Poker". www.pokernews.com. Retrieved January 27, 2023. ^ "Gabe Kaplan Retires As High Stakes Poker Commentator". PokerGO Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ Bradley, Lance (January 25, 2023). "Gabe Kaplan Calls It Quits After 9-Season High Stakes Poker Run". World Poker Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024. External links Gabe Kaplan at IMDb Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile PokerNews profile WPT profile WSOP profile Gabe Kaplan discography at Discogs Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data United States Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabe Kapler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Kapler"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"High Stakes Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Stakes_Poker"},{"link_name":"PokerGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PokerGO"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Gabe Kapler.Gabriel Weston Kaplan (born March 31, 1945) is an American actor, comedian, and professional poker player.[1] He played the eponymous teacher in the 1970s sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter. He later became a professional poker player and a commentator for the series High Stakes Poker on PokerGO.","title":"Gabe Kaplan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Utrecht High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Utrecht_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Centennial-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTF-4"}],"text":"Kaplan was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Jewish family.[2]He was a student at New Utrecht High School but did not graduate.[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellhop"},{"link_name":"Lakewood, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"stand-up comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_up_comedy"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Network Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Network_Stars"},{"link_name":"Robert Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conrad"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Lewis & Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcia_Strassman_Ron_Palillo_Gabe_Kaplan_Welcome_Back_Kotter_1977.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marcia Strassman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Strassman"},{"link_name":"Ron Palillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Palillo"},{"link_name":"Fast Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Break_(film)"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Groucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho:_A_Life_in_Revue"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"}],"text":"As a child, Kaplan had aspirations of being a Major League Baseball player. However, he was unable to make the roster of a minor league team and decided to pursue other interests. He began working as a bellman at a hotel in Lakewood, New Jersey. Touring comedians sometimes performed at the hotel, and Kaplan began to work toward his own career as a stand-up comedian. Gabe honed his standup routine in 1964 in places such as the Cafe Tel Aviv at 250 West 72nd Street, New York City.Kaplan's comedy was successful, and he toured the country with his act based on his childhood experiences in Brooklyn. He appeared five times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from May 1973 to December 1974. During that time, he also recorded the comedy album Holes and Mello-Rolls, which included long routines about his high school days and other topics. The sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, whose central characters he helped Eric Cohen and Alan Sacks create and whose core format he helped them to develop, was in part based on his comedy act. In the sitcom, Kaplan played Gabe Kotter, who returns as a teacher to the dysfunctional high school where he had been a student. The series ran from 1975 to 1979, and Kaplan bought a home in Palm Springs, California with his earnings.[5] \"Up your nose with a rubber hose!\", sanitized from the original album line \"Up your hole with a Mello-Roll!\", became an unlikely catchphrase from the show. It became so popular that a comedy record by Kaplan, Up Your Nose, was released by Elektra Records. The record, co-written and co-produced by Kaplan, dented the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1977, peaking at #93. The phrase also became the title of a board game for the series, which came with a small, green tube to be inserted in a nostril by an opposing player upon the conditions required to recite the catchphrase.From 1976 to 1978 and again in 1981, Kaplan participated in the ABC celebrity athletic competition Battle of the Network Stars. For the first five competitions, Kaplan was the captain of the ABC network team. In the very first competition, Kaplan defeated Robert Conrad, who was participating in the event representing the NBC team as its captain, in a race much to Conrad's chagrin. Kaplan, who was 31 at the time, passed Conrad, then 40, with a strong sprint to the finish line, giving ABC television network the win with 175 points. In 1981, Kaplan returned to the competition as the team captain for the NBC side, as he was appearing in the NBC TV show Lewis & Clark.Kaplan in a scene from Welcome Back Kotter, with Marcia Strassman and Ron PalilloAfter Welcome Back, Kotter, Kaplan continued with his stand-up act and was in several movies, including a starring role in Fast Break in 1979. In 1982, he portrayed Groucho Marx in a play titled Groucho. A filmed version of the play aired on HBO in 1983.","title":"Acting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"Amarillo Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo_Slim"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World Poker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Poker_Tour"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2005 World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WSOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Poker After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"Kristy Gazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristy_Gazes"},{"link_name":"Howard Lederer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Lederer"},{"link_name":"Ali Nejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Nejad"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Rousso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Rousso"},{"link_name":"Annie Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Duke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2007 World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"HORSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HORSE_(poker)"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Series_of_Poker_results#Event_39"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HENDON-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSOPKaplan-14"},{"link_name":"Poker After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"Chris Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Andy Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Chau Giang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chau_Giang"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Corkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Corkins"},{"link_name":"Doyle Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Brunson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Poker After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc-16"},{"link_name":"High Stakes Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Stakes_Poker"},{"link_name":"PokerGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PokerGO"},{"link_name":"A.J. Benza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Benza"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nick Schulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Schulman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Kaplan became involved in financial markets and poker during his acting career. He made his first appearance at the World Series of Poker in 1978. In 1980, Kaplan was considered one of poker's elite, as he won the main event at Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker and was presented with \"a loving cup that was so enormous it made the gaudy gold bracelets given to the winners at the World Series of Poker look understated.\"[6] Over the next five years his reputation was solidified as he made the final table at the Super Bowl's main event two more times.[7][8]In July 2004, Kaplan finished third in a World Poker Tour no-limit Texas hold 'em event, earning more than $250,000.[9] He also finished second in the 2005 World Series of Poker $5,000 Limit Hold 'Em event, winning $222,515.[10] Kaplan was joint TV commentator for the 1997 and 2002 WSOP events. In 2007, Kaplan won on NBC's Poker After Dark in the episode \"Queens and Kings\" after defeating Kristy Gazes heads-up and outlasting Howard Lederer, Ali Nejad, Vanessa Rousso and Annie Duke in a $20,000 buy-in, six-person No-Limit Texas Hold-Em winner-take-all Sit-and-Go.[11]In the 2007 World Series of Poker, Kaplan finished in ninth place in the $50,000 World Championship HORSE event, winning $131,424.[12] As of June 2017, Kaplan's total live tournament winnings were $1,991,248.[13] His eleven cashes at the WSOP were $539,159 of those winnings.[14]Kaplan won again on Poker After Dark during \"Cowboys\" week that first aired in February 2008 against Chris Ferguson, Andy Bloch, Chau Giang, Hoyt Corkins and Doyle Brunson.[15] Kaplan's Poker After Dark win in the first week of the 2010 season (the \"Commentators III\" episode) was the greatest comeback in the show's history.[16]Kaplan returned to host High Stakes Poker when Season 8 aired on PokerGO in 2021 alongside A.J. Benza.[17] He retired from his position after the first episode of Season 10, with Nick Schulman replacing him.[18]","title":"Poker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"National Heads-Up Poker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heads-Up_Poker_Championship"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"High Stakes Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Stakes_Poker"},{"link_name":"GSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Show_Network"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Poker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Poker_Championship"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Zak Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Penn"},{"link_name":"The Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_(film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-21"},{"link_name":"Wilt Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Cossack dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopak"},{"link_name":"Mensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa_International"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Dr. J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Erving"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Olympic torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_torch"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"Alcoholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Metamucil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamucil"},{"link_name":"Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"Norm Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"High Stakes Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Stakes_Poker"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"A.J. Benza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Benza"},{"link_name":"PokerGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PokerGO"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Kaplan resumed performing stand-up comedy and worked on adaptations of Welcome Back, Kotter. He still plays poker frequently and became a commentator for poker events and televised poker shows, including the National Heads-Up Poker Championship on NBC,[19] High Stakes Poker on GSN,[20] and the Intercontinental Poker Championship on CBS.In 2007, he appeared in Zak Penn's improvisational comedy The Grand as Seth Schwartzman, father of brother-and-sister poker players. Also in 2007, Kaplan published a book titled Kotter's Back: E-mails from a Faded Celebrity to a Bewildered World.[21] In the book, people react to absurd e-mailed claims by Kaplan, such as that he:[21]has slept with more women than Wilt Chamberlain\nis an expert at Cossack dancing\nthinks he's smart enough to become a member of Mensa\nwould like NASA to send him into orbit with Jimmy Carter and Dr. JThe book also describes his e-mails:[22]to the Athens Olympic Committee offering to light the Olympic torch\nto AAA (the auto club) about signing up for Alcoholics Anonymous\nto the makers of Metamucil suggesting it feature constipated celebrities in its TV ads\nto the Postmaster General offering to have his picture on a stamp.In January 2011, GSN announced that Norm Macdonald would replace Kaplan as host of High Stakes Poker.[23] Kaplan would return alongside A.J. Benza when PokerGO relaunched the show for Season 8 in 2020.[24]In December 2022, PokerGO announced Season 10 of High Stakes Poker.[25] The first episode of the new season aired on January 24, 2023, and during the episode, Kaplan hinted at retirement. On January 25, 2023, Kaplan officially retired as the High Stakes Poker commentator with a replacement to be named on the next episode.[26][27][28]","title":"Later activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]

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[{"reference":"Arfa, Orit (October 13, 2005). \"Celebs Stick to Their Tzedakah Box Job\". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishjournal.com/wandering_jew/12053/celebs-stick-to-their-tzedakah-box-job/","url_text":"\"Celebs Stick to Their Tzedakah Box Job\""}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Dennis (October 28, 2015). \"Old school: New Utrecht High celebrates centennial\". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved February 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/38/44/bn-bb-new-utrecht-reunion-2015-10-30-bk.html","url_text":"\"Old school: New Utrecht High celebrates centennial\""}]},{"reference":"Maron, Marc (May 24, 2021). \"Episode 1229 - Gabe Kaplan - WTF with Marc Maron Podcast\". Retrieved May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-1229-gabe-kaplan","url_text":"\"Episode 1229 - Gabe Kaplan - WTF with Marc Maron Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"Meeks, Eric G. (2012). The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes. Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe. p. 99. ISBN 978-1479328598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479328598","url_text":"978-1479328598"}]},{"reference":"Reback, Storm (March 5, 2009). \"From the Poker Vaults: Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker, Part I\". PokerNews. Retrieved March 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pokernews.com/news/2009/03/poker-vaults-amarillo-slim-super-bowl-poker-1197.htm","url_text":"\"From the Poker Vaults: Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker, Part I\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, No Limit Hold'em - Main Event\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=25926","url_text":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, No Limit Hold'em - Main Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Main Event - No Limit Hold'em\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=25096","url_text":"\"Amarillo Slim's Superbowl Of Poker, Main Event - No Limit Hold'em\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Mirage Poker Showdown, No Limit Hold'em Final Day\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=7397","url_text":"\"2004 Mirage Poker Showdown, No Limit Hold'em Final Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"36th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2005, Limit Hold'em\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=8812","url_text":"\"36th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2005, Limit Hold'em\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poker After Dark (PAD) Season II, Week 3 - Queens and Kings\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=27854","url_text":"\"Poker After Dark (PAD) Season II, Week 3 - Queens and Kings\""}]},{"reference":"\"38th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2007, World Championship H.O.R.S.E.\" The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=26183","url_text":"\"38th World Series of Poker - WSOP 2007, World Championship H.O.R.S.E.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gabe Kaplan's profile on The Hendon Mob\". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=14510","url_text":"\"Gabe Kaplan's profile on The Hendon Mob\""}]},{"reference":"\"WSOP Player Profile – Gabe Kaplan\". WSOP.com. Caesars Interactive Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerID=164","url_text":"\"WSOP Player Profile – Gabe Kaplan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poker After Dark (PAD) Season III, Week 5 - Cowboys\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=31179","url_text":"\"Poker After Dark (PAD) Season III, Week 5 - Cowboys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poker After Dark: Commentators III recap – Poker on NBC- NBC Sports\". Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101207034436/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/34782190/ns/sports-poker_on_nbc","url_text":"\"Poker After Dark: Commentators III recap – Poker on NBC- NBC Sports\""},{"url":"http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/34782190/ns/sports-poker_on_nbc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fast, Erik (December 10, 2020). \"Gabe Kaplan and AJ Benza Return As Hosts For New Season of High Stakes Poker TV Show - Poker News\". CardPlayer.com. Retrieved July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/25537-gabe-kaplan-and-aj-benza-return-as-hosts-for-new-season-of-high-stakes-poker-tv-show","url_text":"\"Gabe Kaplan and AJ Benza Return As Hosts For New Season of High Stakes Poker TV Show - Poker News\""}]},{"reference":"Sofen, Jon (February 1, 2023). \"Nick Schulman Shines as Kaplan's Replacement on New Episode of High Stakes Poker\". PokerNews.com. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pokernews.com/news/2023/02/nick-schulman-high-stakes-poker-kaplan-42977.htm","url_text":"\"Nick Schulman Shines as Kaplan's Replacement on New Episode of High Stakes Poker\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Stuart (April 11, 2007). \"NBC's 'Heads-Up' aces ratings\". Variety. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/tv/news/nbc-s-heads-up-aces-ratings-1117962825/","url_text":"\"NBC's 'Heads-Up' aces ratings\""}]},{"reference":"Slagter, Josh (February 8, 2011). \"Not funny, GSN: Gabe Kaplan out as 'High Stakes Poker' host, replaced by Norm MacDonald\". MLive.com. Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.mlive.com/deadmoney/2011/02/not_funny_gsn_gabe_kaplan_out.html","url_text":"\"Not funny, GSN: Gabe Kaplan out as 'High Stakes Poker' host, replaced by Norm MacDonald\""}]},{"reference":"Maglio, Tony (December 10, 2020). \"Former GSN Series 'High Stakes Poker' to Return on PokerGO (Exclusive)\". TheWrap. Retrieved July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/high-stakes-poker-aj-benza-gabe-kaplan-to-return-pokergo-season-8-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Former GSN Series 'High Stakes Poker' to Return on PokerGO (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PokerGO® Announces Season 10 of High Stakes Poker, Poker's Most Iconic High-Stakes Cash Game Show, Coming January 2023\". PokerGO Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgt.com/press-releases/pokergo-announces-season-10-of-high-stakes-poker-coming-january-2023","url_text":"\"PokerGO® Announces Season 10 of High Stakes Poker, Poker's Most Iconic High-Stakes Cash Game Show, Coming January 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconic Commentator Gabe Kaplan is Retiring from High Stakes Poker\". www.pokernews.com. Retrieved January 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pokernews.com/news/2023/01/gabe-kaplan-retires-from-high-stakes-poker-42935.htm","url_text":"\"Iconic Commentator Gabe Kaplan is Retiring from High Stakes Poker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gabe Kaplan Retires As High Stakes Poker Commentator\". PokerGO Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgt.com/press-releases/gabe-kaplan-retires-as-high-stakes-poker-commentator","url_text":"\"Gabe Kaplan Retires As High Stakes Poker Commentator\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Lance (January 25, 2023). \"Gabe Kaplan Calls It Quits After 9-Season High Stakes Poker Run\". World Poker Tour. Retrieved April 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldpokertour.com/news/gabe-kaplan-calls-it-quits-after-9-season-high-stakes-poker-run/","url_text":"\"Gabe Kaplan Calls It Quits After 9-Season High Stakes Poker Run\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_466

U.S. Route 466

["1 Route description","1.1 California","1.2 Nevada","1.3 Arizona","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Route map: Former Numbered Highway in the United States This article is about the routing of US 466 that existed between 1935 and 1971. For the route proposed as US 466 in 1925, see U.S. Route 85. U.S. Route 466US 466 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 66Length526 mi (847 km)ExistedApril 25, 1933–December 3, 1971Major junctionsWest end SR 1 in Morro Bay, CA (1935–1965)California border at Primm, NV (1965–1971)Major intersections US 101 from Atascadero, California to Paso Robles, California US 99 / US 399 in Bakersfield US 66 in Barstow, California US 91 / I-15 from Barstow to Las Vegas, Nevada US 93 / US 95 from Las Vegas to Boulder City, Nevada US 93 from Boulder City to Kingman, Arizona East end US 66 in Kingman, AZ (1935–1969)AZ border near Boulder City, NV (1969–1971) LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesCalifornia, Nevada, Arizona Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided ← I-405CA→ SR 480← SR 447NV→ SR 485← SR 464AZ→ SR 473 U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was an east–west United States highway. Though it reached a length of around 500 miles (805 km), the route was co-signed with other US routes for much of its length. When California deleted most of its U.S. Highways in the mid-1960s, including US 466 in 1964, there was no longer a need for the designation. The general route between Barstow and Kingman is now more directly served by Interstate 40. The route is known for being the highway on which actor James Dean died in a car accident on September 30, 1955, at the intersection of CA 41 near Cholame, California. Route description California US 466 shield in California US 466 began in Morro Bay, continuing to US 101 before turning north and following the path of today's SR 41 to Shandon in San Luis Obispo County. From there, US 466 followed the path of today's SR 46 east. At Famoso, US 466 joined US 99 and ran south to Bakersfield. From Bakersfield, U.S. Route 466 generally followed what is now the alignment of SR 58. Between Barstow, California and the Nevada line, the route followed the path of today's Interstate 15 and was co-signed with U.S. Route 91. Nevada U.S. Route 466 entered Nevada at Primm. It headed north concurrent with U.S. Route 91 to Las Vegas, where the route followed Las Vegas Boulevard. In downtown Las Vegas, US 466 turned east on Fremont Street with U.S. Route 93 (and later, U.S. Route 95). The two routes followed Fremont Street and Boulder Highway heading southeast through Henderson and Boulder City towards the Arizona state line on Hoover Dam. Arizona Main article: U.S. Route 93 in Arizona Directional colored shields found on US 466 in Arizona during the 1950s. From the Nevada state line on Hoover Dam, U.S. Route 466 remained co-signed with US 93 as it headed southeast. At Grasshopper Junction, US 66 / US 466 served the western terminus of Arizona State Route 62 (SR 62), which was the main route connecting Chloride to the rest of the state highway system. The highway was also the eastern terminus of SR 68 at Coyote Pass, which headed west towards Bullhead City and Laughlin, Nevada. The highway reached its eastern terminus in Kingman, entering town on Beale Street, where it connected to U.S. Route 66 at Front Street (now Andy Devine Boulevard). US 93 continued past the terminus of US 466, running concurrent with US 66 east out of Kingman. History U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was originally commissioned on April 25, 1933, extending from U.S. Route 66 in Barstow, California to the Pacific Ocean at Morro Bay, California. On October 9, 1933, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) approved an extension of US 466 from Barstow to US 66 in Kingman, Arizona. From Kingman to Las Vegas, Nevada, US 466 replaced the original Arizona State Route 69 (SR 69) and Nevada State Route 26 (SR 26). US 466 would use the Boulder Dam to cross the Colorado River over Boulder Canyon between Nevada and Arizona. Between Las Vegas and Barstow, California, the route was co-signed with U.S. Route 91. However, the state of Arizona continued to sign the route between Hoover Dam (formerly Boulder Dam) and Kingman as SR 69, until May 16, 1935. This coincided with the completion of the main dam structure on May 29. On June 17, 1935, US 93 was extended from its southern terminus at US 91 north of Las Vegas to US 66 in Barstow, being co-signed with US 466 from its eastern terminus at Kingman, Arizona to the US 91 junction in Las Vegas, Nevada. This left the California segment of US 466 as the only section of the route not co-signed with another route. California decommissioned its section of US 466 during the 1964 state highway renumbering. The California state legislature re-designated the stand alone section of US 466 between Morro Bay and Barstow as California State Route 46 (SR 46), SR 99 and SR 58 respectively. On December 3, 1971, AASHTO approved a request from Arizona and Nevada to remove the US 466 entirely from both states, after which, the US 466 designation ceased to exist. Major intersections StateCountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes CaliforniaSan Luis ObispoMorro Bay00.0 SR 1 Atascadero1931 US 101 Shandon4776 SR 41 southWestern end of SR 41 overlap Cholame5487 SR 41 northEastern end of SR 41 overlap KernBlackwells Corner81130 SR 33 Famoso119192 US 99 northWestern end of US 99 overlap Bakersfield139224 US 99 south / SR 178Eastern end of US 99 overlap Mojave205330 US 6 San BernardinoKramer Junction243391 US 395 Barstow275443 US 91 south to US 66Western end of US 91 overlap Baker338544 SR 127 north Mojave Desert40006400.0California–Nevada state line NevadaClarkJean1219 SR 53 Las Vegas3048 US 91 north / US 93 north / US 95 northEastern end of US 91 overlap; western end of US 93 and US 95 overlaps Henderson4471 SR 41 Alunite4979 US 95 southEastern end of US 95 overlap Colorado River570.00920.00Hoover Dam; Nevada–Arizona state line ArizonaMohaveGrasshopper Junction52.7484.88 SR 62 east – ChlorideWestern terminus of SR 62; now CR 125 east ​67.59108.78 SR 68 west – Bullhead CityEastern terminus of SR 68 Kingman72.59116.82 US 66 / US 93 ends (Front Street) to SR 93 south – Needles, Flagstaff, PhoenixEastern terminus; eastern end of US 93 overlap 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus See also California Roads portal References ^ Photogrammetry and Mapping Division (1971). State Highway Department Road Map of Arizona (Map). 1:1,267,200. Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via AARoads. ^ U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1933). (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 33. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. U.S. 466, California. Beginning at an intersection with U.S. 66 at Barstow, via Majave (sic), Tehachapi, Bakersfield, Famosa, Wasco, Atascadero to Morro. ^ U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1933). (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 34. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. ARIZONA-NEVADA-CALIFORNIA. U.S. No. 466. ARIZONA, beginning at Kingman, via State Route 69 to Boulder Dam. NEVADA, beginning at Boulder Dam via State Route 26 west to a junction with U.S. Route 91 in Las Vegas, then via U.S. 91 to the California state line. CALIFORNIA, from the California state line on U.S. 91 thence over U.S. 91 to Barstow, thence via Mojave, Tehachapi, Bakersfield, Famosa, Wasco, Atascadero to Morro. ^ Arizona State Highway Department (May 16, 1935). "ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1935-P-216". Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via Arizona Highway Data. ESTABLISH ROUTE OF HWY FROM LAS VEGAS TO BOULDER, NEVADA, S ON S.R.69 TO U.S. 66 AT KINGMAN ^ "Hoover Dam". Bureau of Reclaimation. March 12, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023. ^ U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1935). (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 39. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. U.S. Route 93, Arizona. Paragraph 39 should be changed to read as follows: The request for an extension of U.S. 93 to Kingman, Arizona, was approved – it being the understanding that this route would be developed southeastward at the earliest opportunity. (Agenda to the Minutes of Executive Committee; June 17, 1935) ^ California State Assembly. "An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the..." 1963 Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 385 p. 1182. ^ State Highway Routes, Selected Information - 1994 with 1995 Revisions (PDF) ^ U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee (December 3, 1971). "U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee Agenda" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 419. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikisource. Eliminate the U.S. 466 designation between the intersection of US 66 in Kingman, Arizona to the intersection of I-15 in Baker, California. ^ "California, Nevada, and Arizona" (Map). Road Reference and Atlas (1947 ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 20, 25, 60. ^ Planning Survey Division (July 1, 1965). "1965-1966 Arizona Highway Sufficiency Rating; Route Log Showing Sufficiency Ratings For Each Section" (PDF). Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Arizona Memory Project. Endpoints of US highways: US 466 (II) External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 466KML is not from Wikidata Media related to U.S. Route 466 at Wikimedia Commons California @ AARoads.com - U.S. Route 466 California Highways: US 466 vteU.S. Routes related to US 66 US 166 US 266 US 366 1927–1932 1932–1939 US 466 US 566 US 666 Special Italics denotes former route

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"United States highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highways"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Barstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"James Dean died","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_James_Dean"},{"link_name":"CA 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Cholame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholame"}],"text":"Former Numbered Highway in the United StatesThis article is about the routing of US 466 that existed between 1935 and 1971. For the route proposed as US 466 in 1925, see U.S. Route 85.U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was an east–west United States highway. Though it reached a length of around 500 miles (805 km), the route was co-signed with other US routes for much of its length. When California deleted most of its U.S. Highways in the mid-1960s, including US 466 in 1964, there was no longer a need for the designation.The general route between Barstow and Kingman is now more directly served by Interstate 40.The route is known for being the highway on which actor James Dean died in a car accident on September 30, 1955, at the intersection of CA 41 near Cholame, California.","title":"U.S. Route 466"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_466_(1961_cutout).svg"},{"link_name":"Morro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_Bay,_California"},{"link_name":"US 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Shandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandon,_California"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"Famoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famoso,_California"},{"link_name":"US 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_99"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_California"},{"link_name":"SR 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_58"},{"link_name":"Barstow, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_91#California"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"US 466 shield in CaliforniaUS 466 began in Morro Bay, continuing to US 101 before turning north and following the path of today's SR 41 to Shandon in San Luis Obispo County. From there, US 466 followed the path of today's SR 46 east. At Famoso, US 466 joined US 99 and ran south to Bakersfield. From Bakersfield, U.S. Route 466 generally followed what is now the alignment of SR 58. Between Barstow, California and the Nevada line, the route followed the path of today's Interstate 15 and was co-signed with U.S. Route 91.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primm,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Fremont Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Street"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Boulder Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_State_Route_582"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Boulder City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Hoover Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam"}],"sub_title":"Nevada","text":"U.S. Route 466 entered Nevada at Primm. It headed north concurrent with U.S. Route 91 to Las Vegas, where the route followed Las Vegas Boulevard. In downtown Las Vegas, US 466 turned east on Fremont Street with U.S. Route 93 (and later, U.S. Route 95). The two routes followed Fremont Street and Boulder Highway heading southeast through Henderson and Boulder City towards the Arizona state line on Hoover Dam.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_466_Arizona_1956_West.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_466_Arizona_1956_East.svg"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Junction,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_62"},{"link_name":"Chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"SR 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_68"},{"link_name":"Bullhead City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Laughlin, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"Directional colored shields found on US 466 in Arizona during the 1950s.From the Nevada state line on Hoover Dam, U.S. Route 466 remained co-signed with US 93 as it headed southeast. At Grasshopper Junction, US 66 / US 466 served the western terminus of Arizona State Route 62 (SR 62), which was the main route connecting Chloride to the rest of the state highway system. The highway was also the eastern terminus of SR 68 at Coyote Pass, which headed west towards Bullhead City and Laughlin, Nevada. The highway reached its eastern terminus in Kingman, entering town on Beale Street, where it connected to U.S. Route 66 at Front Street (now Andy Devine Boulevard). US 93 continued past the terminus of US 466, running concurrent with US 66 east out of Kingman.[1]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66"},{"link_name":"Barstow, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Morro Bay, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_Bay,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials"},{"link_name":"Kingman, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Nevada State Route 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Boulder Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Barstow, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow,_California"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_91"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"US 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_93"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"1964 state highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_state_highway_renumbering_(California)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leg1963-7"},{"link_name":"California State Route 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"SR 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"SR 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_58"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1995_SHR-8"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was originally commissioned on April 25, 1933, extending from U.S. Route 66 in Barstow, California to the Pacific Ocean at Morro Bay, California.[2] On October 9, 1933, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) approved an extension of US 466 from Barstow to US 66 in Kingman, Arizona. From Kingman to Las Vegas, Nevada, US 466 replaced the original Arizona State Route 69 (SR 69) and Nevada State Route 26 (SR 26). US 466 would use the Boulder Dam to cross the Colorado River over Boulder Canyon between Nevada and Arizona. Between Las Vegas and Barstow, California, the route was co-signed with U.S. Route 91.[3] However, the state of Arizona continued to sign the route between Hoover Dam (formerly Boulder Dam) and Kingman as SR 69, until May 16, 1935.[4] This coincided with the completion of the main dam structure on May 29.[5]On June 17, 1935, US 93 was extended from its southern terminus at US 91 north of Las Vegas to US 66 in Barstow, being co-signed with US 466 from its eastern terminus at Kingman, Arizona to the US 91 junction in Las Vegas, Nevada. This left the California segment of US 466 as the only section of the route not co-signed with another route.[6]California decommissioned its section of US 466 during the 1964 state highway renumbering.[7] The California state legislature re-designated the stand alone section of US 466 between Morro Bay and Barstow as California State Route 46 (SR 46), SR 99 and SR 58 respectively.[8] On December 3, 1971, AASHTO approved a request from Arizona and Nevada to remove the US 466 entirely from both states, after which, the US 466 designation ceased to exist.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]

[{"image_text":"US 466 shield in California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/US_466_%281961_cutout%29.svg/100px-US_466_%281961_cutout%29.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"California Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California_Roads"}]

[{"reference":"Photogrammetry and Mapping Division (1971). State Highway Department Road Map of Arizona (Map). 1:1,267,200. Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via AARoads.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aaroads.com/maps/1971-az.php","url_text":"State Highway Department Road Map of Arizona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Arizona State Highway Department"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1933). [Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee] (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 33. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. U.S. 466, California. Beginning at an intersection with U.S. 66 at Barstow, via Majave (sic), Tehachapi, Bakersfield, Famosa, Wasco, Atascadero to Morro.","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/AASHO_USRN_1933-04-25.pdf","url_text":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1933). [Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee] (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 34. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. ARIZONA-NEVADA-CALIFORNIA. U.S. No. 466. ARIZONA, beginning at Kingman, via State Route 69 to Boulder Dam. NEVADA, beginning at Boulder Dam via State Route 26 west to a junction with U.S. Route 91 in Las Vegas, then via U.S. 91 to the California state line. CALIFORNIA, from the California state line on U.S. 91 thence over U.S. 91 to Barstow, thence via Mojave, Tehachapi, Bakersfield, Famosa, Wasco, Atascadero to Morro.","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/AASHO_USRN_1933-04-25.pdf","url_text":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"Arizona State Highway Department (May 16, 1935). \"ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1935-P-216\". Retrieved June 21, 2023 – via Arizona Highway Data. ESTABLISH ROUTE OF HWY FROM LAS VEGAS TO BOULDER, NEVADA, S ON S.R.69 TO U.S. 66 AT KINGMAN","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Arizona State Highway Department"},{"url":"http://azhighwaydata.com/resolutions/?resnum=1935-P-216","url_text":"\"ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1935-P-216\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hoover Dam\". Bureau of Reclaimation. March 12, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/damfaqs.html","url_text":"\"Hoover Dam\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Route Numbering Committee (1935). [Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee] (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 39. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikimedia Commons. U.S. Route 93, Arizona. Paragraph 39 should be changed to read as follows: The request for an extension of U.S. 93 to Kingman, Arizona, was approved – it being the understanding that this route would be developed southeastward at the earliest opportunity. (Agenda to the Minutes of Executive Committee; June 17, 1935)","urls":[{"url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/AASHO_USRN_1935-01-19.pdf","url_text":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"California State Assembly. \"An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the...\" 1963 Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 385 p. 1182.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/content/statutes-and-amendments-codes-1963?archive_type=statutes","url_text":"\"An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the...\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee (December 3, 1971). \"U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee Agenda\" (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 419. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Wikisource. Eliminate the U.S. 466 designation between the intersection of US 66 in Kingman, Arizona to the intersection of I-15 in Baker, California.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/U.S._Route_Numbering_Sub-Committee_Agenda_1971-12-03","url_text":"\"U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee Agenda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"California, Nevada, and Arizona\" (Map). Road Reference and Atlas (1947 ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 20, 25, 60.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally","url_text":"Rand McNally"}]},{"reference":"Planning Survey Division (July 1, 1965). \"1965-1966 Arizona Highway Sufficiency Rating; Route Log Showing Sufficiency Ratings For Each Section\" (PDF). Arizona State Highway Department. Retrieved June 20, 2023 – via Arizona Memory Project.","urls":[{"url":"https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/158909","url_text":"\"1965-1966 Arizona Highway Sufficiency Rating; Route Log Showing Sufficiency Ratings For Each Section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Arizona State Highway Department"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.aaroads.com/maps/1971-az.php","external_links_name":"State Highway Department Road Map of Arizona"},{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/AASHO_USRN_1933-04-25.pdf","external_links_name":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/AASHO_USRN_1933-04-25.pdf","external_links_name":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"Link":"http://azhighwaydata.com/resolutions/?resnum=1935-P-216","external_links_name":"\"ADOT Right-of-Way Resolution 1935-P-216\""},{"Link":"https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/faqs/damfaqs.html","external_links_name":"\"Hoover Dam\""},{"Link":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/AASHO_USRN_1935-01-19.pdf","external_links_name":"[Report of the U.S. Route Numbering Committee to the Executive Committee]"},{"Link":"http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/content/statutes-and-amendments-codes-1963?archive_type=statutes","external_links_name":"\"An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the...\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/HSEB/products/state_highway_routes_selected_information_1995_revised.pdf","external_links_name":"State Highway Routes, Selected Information - 1994 with 1995 Revisions"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/U.S._Route_Numbering_Sub-Committee_Agenda_1971-12-03","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Route Numbering Subcommittee Agenda\""},{"Link":"https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/158909","external_links_name":"\"1965-1966 Arizona Highway Sufficiency Rating; Route Log Showing Sufficiency Ratings For Each Section\""},{"Link":"http://usends.com/466.html","external_links_name":"US 466 (II)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_466&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_466&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.aaroads.com/california/us-466.html","external_links_name":"California @ AARoads.com - U.S. Route 466"},{"Link":"http://www.cahighways.org/466-740.html#466","external_links_name":"California Highways: US 466"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mooney_(American_football)

Mike Mooney (American football)

["1 References","2 External links"]

American football player (1969–2007) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mike Mooney" American football – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mike MooneyDate of birthMay 31, 1969Place of birthBaltimore, Maryland, U.S.Date of deathMarch 2, 2007(2007-03-02) (aged 37)Place of deathWestminster, California, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)Offensive tackleHeight6 ft 6 in (198 cm)Weight320 lb (150 kg)US collegeGeorgia TechNFL draft1992 / Round: 4 / Pick 108Career historyAs player1992Houston Oilers1992–1993San Diego Chargers Career highlights and awards National champion (1990) Career statsPlaying stats at DatabaseFootball.com Michael Paul Mooney (May 31, 1969 – March 2, 2007) was a National Football League (NFL) player for the San Diego Chargers and the Houston Oilers. He was selected by the Oilers in the fourth round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Mooney, who played collegiately at Georgia Tech and appeared in one game for the Chargers as an offensive tackle. References ^ "1992 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 7, 2023. External links "Former Tech Standout Mike Mooney Dies". RamblinWreck.com. Georgia Tech Athletic Association. March 6, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. "Former Ga. Tech player Mike Mooney dies in his sleep". CBS Sportsline. March 7, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2007. vte1990 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football—UPI national champions William Bell Willie Clay Marco Coleman Shawn Jones Mike Mooney Coleman Rudolph Scott Sisson Ken Swilling Calvin Tiggle Head coach: Bobby Ross Assistant coaches: Brian Baker Chuck Bresnahan Ralph Friedgen Mark Hendrickson George O'Leary Chuck Priefer Joe Reich Chris Rorke Danny Smith vteHouston Oilers 1992 NFL draft selections Eddie Robinson Corey Harris Mike Mooney Joe Bowden Tony Brown Tim Roberts Mario Bailey Elbert Turner Bucky Richardson Bernard Dafney Dion Johnson Anthony Davis Joe Wood This biographical article relating to an American football offensive lineman born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuda_Auditorium

Yasuda Auditorium

["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 General bibliography"]

Coordinates: 35°42′47.999″N 139°45′42.999″E / 35.71333306°N 139.76194417°E / 35.71333306; 139.76194417Building at the University of Tokyo Yasuda Auditorium安田講堂東京大学大講堂Yasuda Auditorium as seen from the frontAlternative namesYasuda HallGeneral informationArchitectural styleGothic revivalTown or cityHongō, Bunkyō-ku, Tokyo, JapanCoordinates35°42′47.999″N 139°45′42.999″E / 35.71333306°N 139.76194417°E / 35.71333306; 139.76194417Named forYasuda ZenjiroOpened1925AffiliationUniversity of TokyoTechnical detailsFloor count8Floor area6,990 square metersDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Yoshikazu Uchida, Hideto KishidaMain contractorShimizu Corporation Yasuda Auditorium (安田講堂, Yasuda kōdō) is a building and clock tower at the center of the Hongō campus of the University of Tokyo. It serves as the central symbol of the campus, where special events and graduation ceremonies are held. History The building was completed in 1925 with a donation from businessman Yasuda Zenjirō, who intended for the building to be a binden (a place the Emperor of Japan could stay). The building was designed by architects Yoshikazu Uchida and Hideto Kishida, the latter of whom was an expressionist. During the Second World War, in October 1940, the auditorium was the site of a special celebration of the anniversaries of the Imperial Rescript on Education and of the establishment of the Imperial Family of Japan in power. During the 1968-69 Japanese university protests, the building was occupied by student demonstrators - first in June 1968, when a dispute at the University of Tokyo Medical School led to medical students occupying the building and then being expelled from it soon after by riot police, and again starting in summer, when students barricaded themselves inside the building. Over the weekend of 18–19 January 1969, the protestors were cleared out of the building by riot police. After the protests, the Yasuda zaibatsu helped renovate the building. Since the protests, the building has never been used to commemorate entrance or graduation ceremonies, but it has become a symbol of the University of Tokyo. Architecture The architecture of Yasuda Auditorium has been compared to that of the University of Cambridge's gate tower, which Uchida could have been inspired by. To the university, the building represents the modernization efforts of the University of Tokyo. The red-brick used in the building is indicative of the architecture in the period following the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. The building's architecture is part of the Gothic Revival school, a school of architecture new to Japan by the time the building was built. The prominence of the clock tower over the circular building has been described as "phallic". The building includes an auditorium, central administrative offices for the university, and a room made specifically for the Emperor where he would wait to give special watches to all graduates. References Citations ^ a b Steinhoff 2013, p. 142. ^ a b Devine & Summerfield 2013, p. 649. ^ a b c The University of Tokyo. ^ Kohte, Adam & Hubert 2017, p. 213. ^ Steinhoff 2013, pp. 142–45. ^ Steinhoff 2013, pp. 149–50. ^ Adriasola 2015, p. 113. General bibliography Adriasola, Ignacio (1 January 2015). "Modernity and Its Doubles: Uncanny Spaces of Postwar Japan". October (151): 108–127. doi:10.1162/OCTO_a_00205. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Devine, Mary Elizabeth; Summerfield, Carol (2 December 2013). International Dictionary of University Histories. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-26217-5. "Yasuda Auditorium". The University of Tokyo. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Kohte, Susanne; Adam, Hubertus; Hubert, Daniel (20 March 2017). Encounters and Positions: Architecture in Japan. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-0715-4. Steinhoff, Patricia G. (2013). "Memories of New Left protest". Contemporary Japan. 25 (2): 127–165. doi:10.1515/cj-2013-0007. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Remembers

Michelle Remembers

["1 Background","1.1 Summary","2 Publication history","3 Investigation and debunking","3.1 Witchcraft in City","4 Legacy","5 Documentary","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Discredited book about recovered memory psychotherapy Michelle Remembers First editionAuthorsLawrence PazderMichelle SmithLanguageEnglishPublisherSt. Martin's PressPublication dateNovember 1, 1980Publication placeCanadaMedia typePrintISBN978-0-671-69433-3 Michelle Remembers is a discredited 1980 book co-written by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his psychiatric patient (and eventual wife) Michelle Smith. A best-seller, Michelle Remembers relied on the discredited practice of recovered-memory therapy to make sweeping, lurid claims about Satanic ritual abuse involving Smith, which contributed to the rise of the Satanic panic in the 1980s. While the book presents its claims as fact, and was extensively marketed on that basis at the time, no evidence was provided; all investigations into the book failed to corroborate any of its claims, with investigators describing its content as being primarily based on elements of popular culture and fiction that were popular at the time when it was written. Background Michelle Remembers chronicles Pazder's therapy during the late 1970s with his long-time patient Smith. In 1973, Pazder first started treating Smith at his private psychiatric practice in Victoria, British Columbia. In 1976, when Pazder was treating Smith for depression (related to her having had a miscarriage), Smith confided she felt that she had something important to tell him, but could not remember what it was. Soon thereafter, Pazder and Smith had a session where Smith purportedly screamed for 25 minutes non-stop and eventually started speaking in the voice of a five-year-old. According to Pazder, during the next 14 months he spent more than 600 hours using hypnosis to help Smith recover seeming memories of Satanic ritual abuse that occurred when she was five years old in 1954 and 1955 at the hands of her mother (Virginia Proby) and others, all of whom Smith said were members of a "satanic cult" in Victoria. Summary The book chronicles therapy sessions between Pazder and Smith and alleged recovered memories of satanic rituals she claims she was forced to attend. Pazder stated that Smith was abused by the "Church of Satan," purportedly a worldwide organization predating the Christian church. The first alleged ritual attended by Smith occurred in 1954 when she was five years old, with the final one an 81-day ritual in 1955, that supposedly summoned Satan himself and involved the intervention of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and Michael the Archangel, who removed the scars received by Smith throughout the year of abuse and blocked memories of the events "until the time was right". The book claims that during the rites, Smith was allegedly tortured, locked in cages, sexually assaulted, forced to participate in various rituals, witnessed several human sacrifices, and was rubbed with the blood and body parts of various sacrificed infants and adults. After Smith had seemingly recovered her memories, she and Pazder consulted with various church authorities, eventually traveling to the Vatican. Publication history Michelle Remembers was first publicized with articles in People magazine and the National Enquirer. During 1980, Pazder and Smith toured the United States to promote the book. Ultimately a publishing success, the book earned Pazder and Smith a $100,000 hard-cover advance, $242,000 for paperback rights, royalties, and a potential movie deal. In 1989, almost 10 years after the publication of Michelle Remembers, Oprah Winfrey featured Smith as a guest on her show alongside Laurel Rose Willson, author of the equally fictitious Satanic ritual abuse survival memoir Satan's Underground, which was published using the pseudonym Lauren Stratford. Both women's experiences were presented by Winfrey as incontrovertible fact, and not once did she question the authenticity of any claim in either book. Investigation and debunking Pazder was a credentialed psychiatrist and fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and the book states that its source materials (therapy tapes) were scrutinized. However, the accuracy of the allegations in Michelle Remembers was questioned soon after the book was published. After the book's publication, Pazder withdrew his assertion that it was the Church of Satan that had abused Smith when Anton LaVey (who founded the church years after the alleged events of Michelle Remembers) threatened to sue for libel. In an October 27, 1980 article in the magazine Maclean's, Paul Grescoe interviewed Smith's father, Jack Proby, who denied the allegations against Smith's mother, Virginia (who died in 1964), and claimed he could refute all the allegations in the book. Grescoe also noted that the book failed to make any mention of Smith's two sisters, Charyl (younger) and Tertia (older), or that Pazder and Smith (both Catholics) had divorced their spouses and married each other. The book also fails to mention any police investigations or any attempt Pazder made to involve the police in verifying any of the book's accusations. The authors of a 1995 book found no newspaper record of the car crash that the book describes in the time frame described despite the fact that the local newspaper reported on all vehicle accidents at the time. Former neighbors, teachers and friends were interviewed and yearbooks from Smith's elementary school were reviewed and found no indication of Smith being absent from school or missing for lengthy periods of time, including the alleged 81-day non-stop ceremony. Ultimately the book's authors were unable to find anyone who knew Smith during the 1950s who could corroborate any of the details in her allegations. A 2002 article by Kerr Cuhulain explored what Cuhulain considered the unlikeliness of Smith's allegations. Among other things, Cuhulain noted that it seemed unlikely that a sophisticated cult that had secretly existed for generations could be outwitted by a five-year-old; that the cult could hold rituals in the Ross Bay Cemetery unnoticed given that Smith claimed she was screaming and given that the Ross Bay Cemetery is surrounded on three sides by residential neighborhoods; that an 81-day non-stop ceremony involving hundreds of participants and a massive round room could have gone on in Victoria unnoticed; and that none of Smith's tormentors (other than her mother) have ever been identified, especially given that some of them had cut off one of their middle fingers at the Black Mass. He also notes that during the alleged 81-day ritual, Michelle was confirmed to be attending school, with no remarkable absences and no apparent signs that she was being abused. Like other authors, Cuhulain also noted that many of Smith's so-called recovered memories appear to have represented elements of popular culture at the time (e.g. the movie The Exorcist) and Pazder's own religious beliefs and experiences from when he was living and working in Africa during the early 1960s. He noted it is odd that Pazder did not report any of the sexual abuse that Michelle allegedly had endured to police. Finally, Cuhulain hypothesized that Smith's motivation for making the allegations may have come from her desire to spend time with Pazder; though both were initially married to other people, they divorced their spouses and remarried each other after the publication of the book. James R. Lewis, in The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, wrote that Michelle Remembers "must be treated with great skepticism, not least because literally all the charges involved seem drawn from accounts of West African secret societies from the 1950s, imported to Canada." Nichol Spanos has stated that in addition to the lack of corroboration of Smith's alleged memories, "skepticism appears warranted by the fact that some of these 'memories' involve Michelle's encounters with supernatural beings". Spanos also mentions that Smith's father and unmentioned two siblings deny the allegations made by Smith, as well as Pazder's time in West Africa during a time when there was widespread concern about secret, blood-drinking, cannibalistic cults. Despite the lack of evidence and criticism concerning the allegations made in Michelle Remembers, there are still people who believe that Smith's claims of abuse are true, and are evidence of a worldwide intergenerational satanic conspiracy to abuse and sacrifice human beings. The book allegedly inspired imitative accusations throughout the world, against members of the Church of Satan, other occultists, and others who seemed to have no association with the occult. Witchcraft in City The appendix to Michelle Remembers contains the reprint of the article "'Witchcraft in City' Claim" by Paul Jeune, as the article was referenced by Smith in the book concerning the alleged black magic practiced in Victoria. An evangelist named Len Olsen claimed on television evangelist David Mainse's talk show 100 Huntley Street that he and his wife were nearly sacrificed in a satanic ritual by Mark Fedoruk, also known as Lion Serpent Sun. Sun sued for defamation, and in court it was ascertained that Olsen had been delusional, apparently due to drug use and guilt; Sun was awarded $10,000 and an appeal was denied. The lawsuit and result were not reported in the book, only the original false allegations by Olsen. Legacy The Grescoe article did not garner much attention and the allegations in Michelle Remembers were still considered by many during the early 1980s to be true. As a result, Pazder was considered to be an expert in the topic of Satanic ritual abuse. With the sudden emergence of Satanic ritual abuse cases during the 1980s (likely due in part to the publication of Michelle Remembers), Pazder's expertise was requested. In 1984, Pazder acted as a consultant in the McMartin preschool trial which featured allegations of Satanic ritual abuse. Pazder appeared on the May 16, 1985 broadcast of the popular television series 20/20, in a segment that further accelerated the spread of the panic. As part of the Cult Crime Impact Network, Pazder conducted Satanic ritual abuse seminars for police agencies during the 1980s. By 1987, Pazder reported that he was spending a third of his time consulting on Satanic ritual abuse cases. Legal prosecutors used the book as a guide when preparing cases against alleged Satanists. Prior to the start of the Kern County child abuse cases, several local social workers attended a training seminar that listed Satanic ritual abuse as a major element of child sexual abuse and used Michelle Remembers as training material. A 2023 Skeptical Inquirer article covering Michelle Remembers states that it has had long lasting negative repercussions, including the Hampstead Hoax, Pizzagate, and the widespread belief in QAnon. It concludes that this demonstrates "the persistence of conspiracy theories over time and reminds us that no matter how much critical thinking and careful investigation might cast reasonable doubt on the belief that Satanists are dangerous child abusers, people who truly believe will continue try to warn and influence new believers." Documentary The 2023 documentary Satan Wants You from directors Sean Horlor and Steve J. Adams investigates the story behind the book and other Canadian origins of North America's moral panic over alleged satanic cults and ritual abuse in the 1980s. See also Laurel Rose Willson References ^ Victor, Jeffrey S. (1993). Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 13-14. ISBN 978-0-8126-9192-4. ^ Cara, Ed (November 3, 2014). "The Most Dangerous Idea in Mental Health". Pacific Standard. ^ Yuhas, Alan (March 31, 2021). "It's Time to Revisit the Satanic Panic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via NYTimes.com. ^ a b Nathan, Debbie; Snedeker, Michael (2001) . Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (2nd ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-595-18955-5. ^ a b c Cuhulain, Kerr (July 8, 2002). "Michelle Remembers". Pagan Protection Center. Archived from the original on May 25, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006. ^ Smith, Michelle (1989). Michelle Remembers. New York: Pocket. ISBN 0-671-69433-2. ^ a b c d e f Paul Grescoe (October 27, 1980). "Things That Go Bump in Victoria". Maclean's. ^ a b c d e f Wenegrat, Brant (2001). Theater of disorder: patients, doctors, and the construction of illness. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514087-7. ^ a b c d de Young, Mary (2004). The day care ritual abuse moral panic. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1830-3. Retrieved October 10, 2008. ^ Shewan, Dan (June 14, 2017). "CONVICTION OF THINGS NOT SEEN: THE UNIQUELY AMERICAN MYTH OF SATANIC CULTS". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020. ^ Nathan & Snedeker 2001, pp. 33–34, 50. ^ Lewis, James R. (2003). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-19-514986-6. ^ Spanos, N. P (1996). Multiple Identities & False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective. American Psychological Association (APA). p. 269. ISBN 1-55798-340-2. ^ Frankfurter, David (2006). Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 60–2. ISBN 0-691-11350-5. ^ Ney, Tara (1995). "The Assessment and Investigation of Ritual Abuse". True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management. Psychology Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780876307588. ^ Aquino, Michael (1994). Witchcraft, Satanism & Occult Crime: Who's Who & What's What, a Manual of Reference Materials for the Professional Investigator. Phoenix Pub. ISBN 0-919345-86-7. Archived from the original (reprint) on August 27, 2015. ^ Crockford, Ross (2006). Victoria: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. p. 198. ISBN 1-55152-195-4. ^ Ennis, Charles (July 13, 2002). "Michelle Remembers- False "Survivor" Story of Satanic Abuse". Retrieved January 22, 2009. ^ Nathan & Snedeker 2001, p. 50. ^ Ellis, Bill (2000). Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN 0-8131-2170-1. ^ Nathan & Snedeker 2001, p. 89. ^ "The Devil Worshippers". ABC News 20/20 transcript, show #521. May 16, 1985. pp. 6–7. ^ Nathan & Snedeker 2001, p. 113. ^ Shirley Downing and Tom Charlier (January 17–23, 1988). "Justice Aborted: A 1980s Witch-Hunt". The Commercial Appeal. ^ "Michelle Remembers: Fiction, not Fact". Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2011. ^ Sword, JD (December 11, 2023). "Michelle Misremembers: How a Psychiatrist and His Patient Created the Blueprint for Satanic Ritual Abuse". skepticalinquirer.org. CSI. Archived from the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023. ^ Pugh, Joseph (August 11, 2023). "Canadian origins of the satanic panic explored in documentary Satan Wants You". CBC News. Retrieved August 12, 2023. External links Web page containing pictures of the locations discussed in Michelle Remembers vteSatanic panicList of satanic ritual abuse allegationsCases and accused Cleveland child abuse scandal Country Walk case Faith Chapel Church ritual abuse case Fells Acres day care sexual abuse trial Franklin child prostitution ring allegations Kern County child abuse cases Little Rascals day care sexual abuse trial Martensville satanic sex scandal McMartin preschool trial Oak Hill satanic ritual abuse trial South African satanic panic South Ronaldsay child abuse scandal The Finders Thurston County ritual abuse case Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial Other events Fall River murders Ricky Kasso Murders of Sally McNelly and Shane Stewart West Memphis Three People Gerald Amirault Anne Johnson Davis Mary de Young Paul and Shirley Eberle Peter Ellis Stephen A. Kent Kee MacFarlane Liz Mullinar Diana Napolis Debbie Nathan Cathy O'Brien Richard Ofshe Lawrence Pazder Dorothy Rabinowitz Valerie Sinason Ralph Underwager Mike Warnke Publications andmedia Jay's Journal Michelle Remembers The Courage to Heal Pace memorandum Indictment: The McMartin Trial Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse Cult and Ritual Abuse Speak of the Devil No Crueler Tyrannies Related topics Believe the Children Blood libel Children's Institute Inc. Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome Day-care sex-abuse hysteria Dungeons & Dragons controversies QAnon Dissociative identity disorder False memory syndrome Moral panic National Center for Reason and Justice Maury Terry

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence Pazder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Pazder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"recovered-memory therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy"},{"link_name":"Satanic ritual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse"},{"link_name":"Satanic panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuhulain-5"}],"text":"Michelle Remembers is a discredited 1980 book co-written by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his psychiatric patient (and eventual wife) Michelle Smith.[1] A best-seller, Michelle Remembers relied on the discredited practice of recovered-memory therapy to make sweeping, lurid claims about Satanic ritual abuse involving Smith, which contributed to the rise of the Satanic panic in the 1980s.[2][3] While the book presents its claims as fact, and was extensively marketed on that basis at the time, no evidence was provided; all investigations into the book failed to corroborate any of its claims, with investigators describing its content as being primarily based on elements of popular culture and fiction that were popular at the time when it was written.[4][5]","title":"Michelle Remembers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MR-6"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depression"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"}],"text":"Michelle Remembers chronicles Pazder's therapy during the late 1970s with his long-time patient Smith.[6] In 1973, Pazder first started treating Smith at his private psychiatric practice in Victoria, British Columbia.[7][8] In 1976, when Pazder was treating Smith for depression (related to her having had a miscarriage), Smith confided she felt that she had something important to tell him, but could not remember what it was.[8] Soon thereafter, Pazder and Smith had a session where Smith purportedly screamed for 25 minutes non-stop and eventually started speaking in the voice of a five-year-old.[7] According to Pazder, during the next 14 months he spent more than 600 hours using hypnosis to help Smith recover seeming memories of Satanic ritual abuse that occurred when she was five years old in 1954 and 1955 at the hands of her mother (Virginia Proby) and others, all of whom Smith said were members of a \"satanic cult\" in Victoria.[7][8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Michael the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"sexually assaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"human sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"recovered her memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressed_memory_therapy"},{"link_name":"the Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"The book chronicles therapy sessions between Pazder and Smith and alleged recovered memories of satanic rituals she claims she was forced to attend. Pazder stated that Smith was abused by the \"Church of Satan,\" purportedly a worldwide organization predating the Christian church. The first alleged ritual attended by Smith occurred in 1954 when she was five years old, with the final one an 81-day ritual in 1955, that supposedly summoned Satan himself and involved the intervention of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and Michael the Archangel, who removed the scars received by Smith throughout the year of abuse and blocked memories of the events \"until the time was right\". The book claims that during the rites, Smith was allegedly tortured, locked in cages, sexually assaulted, forced to participate in various rituals, witnessed several human sacrifices, and was rubbed with the blood and body parts of various sacrificed infants and adults.[citation needed]After Smith had seemingly recovered her memories, she and Pazder consulted with various church authorities, eventually traveling to the Vatican.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"National Enquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Enquirer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deYoung-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deYoung-9"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"Laurel Rose Willson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Rose_Willson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Michelle Remembers was first publicized with articles in People magazine and the National Enquirer.[9] During 1980, Pazder and Smith toured the United States to promote the book.[7] Ultimately a publishing success, the book earned Pazder and Smith a $100,000 hard-cover advance, $242,000 for paperback rights, royalties, and a potential movie deal.[7][9] In 1989, almost 10 years after the publication of Michelle Remembers, Oprah Winfrey featured Smith as a guest on her show alongside Laurel Rose Willson, author of the equally fictitious Satanic ritual abuse survival memoir Satan's Underground, which was published using the pseudonym Lauren Stratford. Both women's experiences were presented by Winfrey as incontrovertible fact, and not once did she question the authenticity of any claim in either book.[10]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Church of Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Satan"},{"link_name":"Anton LaVey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_LaVey"},{"link_name":"libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deYoung-9"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macleans-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nathan-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuhulain-5"},{"link_name":"Ross Bay Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Bay_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Black Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deYoung-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanSnedeker200133%E2%80%9334,_50-11"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuhulain-5"},{"link_name":"James R. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"West African secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_secret_societies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jameslewis-12"},{"link_name":"cannibalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenegrat-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frankfurter-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charles-15"},{"link_name":"Church of Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Satan"},{"link_name":"occultists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquino-16"}],"text":"Pazder was a credentialed psychiatrist and fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and the book states that its source materials (therapy tapes) were scrutinized. However, the accuracy of the allegations in Michelle Remembers was questioned soon after the book was published. After the book's publication, Pazder withdrew his assertion that it was the Church of Satan that had abused Smith when Anton LaVey (who founded the church years after the alleged events of Michelle Remembers) threatened to sue for libel.[9]In an October 27, 1980 article in the magazine Maclean's, Paul Grescoe interviewed Smith's father, Jack Proby, who denied the allegations against Smith's mother, Virginia (who died in 1964), and claimed he could refute all the allegations in the book. Grescoe also noted that the book failed to make any mention of Smith's two sisters, Charyl (younger) and Tertia (older), or that Pazder and Smith (both Catholics) had divorced their spouses and married each other. The book also fails to mention any police investigations or any attempt Pazder made to involve the police in verifying any of the book's accusations.[7]The authors of a 1995 book found no newspaper record of the car crash that the book describes in the time frame described despite the fact that the local newspaper reported on all vehicle accidents at the time. Former neighbors, teachers and friends were interviewed and yearbooks from Smith's elementary school were reviewed and found no indication of Smith being absent from school or missing for lengthy periods of time, including the alleged 81-day non-stop ceremony. Ultimately the book's authors were unable to find anyone who knew Smith during the 1950s who could corroborate any of the details in her allegations.[4]A 2002 article by Kerr Cuhulain[5] explored what Cuhulain considered the unlikeliness of Smith's allegations. Among other things, Cuhulain noted that it seemed unlikely that a sophisticated cult that had secretly existed for generations could be outwitted by a five-year-old; that the cult could hold rituals in the Ross Bay Cemetery unnoticed given that Smith claimed she was screaming and given that the Ross Bay Cemetery is surrounded on three sides by residential neighborhoods; that an 81-day non-stop ceremony involving hundreds of participants and a massive round room could have gone on in Victoria unnoticed; and that none of Smith's tormentors (other than her mother) have ever been identified, especially given that some of them had cut off one of their middle fingers at the Black Mass. He also notes that during the alleged 81-day ritual, Michelle was confirmed to be attending school, with no remarkable absences and no apparent signs that she was being abused. Like other authors,[8][9][11] Cuhulain also noted that many of Smith's so-called recovered memories appear to have represented elements of popular culture at the time (e.g. the movie The Exorcist) and Pazder's own religious beliefs and experiences from when he was living and working in Africa during the early 1960s. He noted it is odd that Pazder did not report any of the sexual abuse that Michelle allegedly had endured to police. Finally, Cuhulain hypothesized that Smith's motivation for making the allegations may have come from her desire to spend time with Pazder; though both were initially married to other people, they divorced their spouses and remarried each other after the publication of the book.[5]James R. Lewis, in The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, wrote that Michelle Remembers \"must be treated with great skepticism, not least because literally all the charges involved seem drawn from accounts of West African secret societies from the 1950s, imported to Canada.\"[12] Nichol Spanos has stated that in addition to the lack of corroboration of Smith's alleged memories, \"skepticism appears warranted by the fact that some of these 'memories' involve Michelle's encounters with supernatural beings\". Spanos also mentions that Smith's father and unmentioned two siblings deny the allegations made by Smith, as well as Pazder's time in West Africa during a time when there was widespread concern about secret, blood-drinking, cannibalistic cults.[13]Despite the lack of evidence and criticism concerning the allegations made in Michelle Remembers, there are still people who believe that Smith's claims of abuse are true, and are evidence of a worldwide intergenerational satanic conspiracy to abuse and sacrifice human beings.[8] The book allegedly inspired imitative accusations throughout the world,[8][14][15] against members of the Church of Satan, other occultists, and others who seemed to have no association with the occult.[16]","title":"Investigation and debunking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic"},{"link_name":"evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"David Mainse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mainse"},{"link_name":"defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"false allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Witchcraft in City","text":"The appendix to Michelle Remembers contains the reprint of the article \"'Witchcraft in City' Claim\" by Paul Jeune, as the article was referenced by Smith in the book concerning the alleged black magic practiced in Victoria. An evangelist named Len Olsen claimed on television evangelist David Mainse's talk show 100 Huntley Street that he and his wife were nearly sacrificed in a satanic ritual by Mark Fedoruk, also known as Lion Serpent Sun. Sun sued for defamation, and in court it was ascertained that Olsen had been delusional, apparently due to drug use and guilt; Sun was awarded $10,000 and an appeal was denied. The lawsuit and result were not reported in the book, only the original false allegations by Olsen.[17][18]","title":"Investigation and debunking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanSnedeker200150-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"McMartin preschool trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanSnedeker200189-21"},{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(US_television_show)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-22"},{"link_name":"Cult Crime Impact Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cult_Crime_Impact_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanSnedeker2001113-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commercial_Appeal-24"},{"link_name":"Kern County child abuse cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County_child_abuse_cases"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Skeptical Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Hoax"},{"link_name":"Pizzagate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"QAnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAnon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Grescoe article did not garner much attention and the allegations in Michelle Remembers were still considered by many during the early 1980s to be true. As a result, Pazder was considered to be an expert in the topic of Satanic ritual abuse. With the sudden emergence of Satanic ritual abuse cases during the 1980s (likely due in part to the publication of Michelle Remembers),[19][20] Pazder's expertise was requested. In 1984, Pazder acted as a consultant in the McMartin preschool trial which featured allegations of Satanic ritual abuse.[21] Pazder appeared on the May 16, 1985 broadcast of the popular television series 20/20,[22] in a segment that further accelerated the spread of the panic. As part of the Cult Crime Impact Network, Pazder conducted Satanic ritual abuse seminars for police agencies during the 1980s. By 1987, Pazder reported that he was spending a third of his time consulting on Satanic ritual abuse cases.[23] Legal prosecutors used the book as a guide when preparing cases against alleged Satanists.[24] Prior to the start of the Kern County child abuse cases, several local social workers attended a training seminar that listed Satanic ritual abuse as a major element of child sexual abuse and used Michelle Remembers as training material.[25]A 2023 Skeptical Inquirer article covering Michelle Remembers states that it has had long lasting negative repercussions, including the Hampstead Hoax, Pizzagate, and the widespread belief in QAnon. It concludes that this demonstrates \"the persistence of conspiracy theories over time and reminds us that no matter how much critical thinking and careful investigation might cast reasonable doubt on the belief that Satanists are dangerous child abusers, people who truly believe will continue try to warn and influence new believers.\"[26]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satan Wants You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan_Wants_You"},{"link_name":"Sean Horlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Horlor"},{"link_name":"Steve J. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_J._Adams"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2023-27"}],"text":"The 2023 documentary Satan Wants You from directors Sean Horlor and Steve J. Adams investigates the story behind the book and other Canadian origins of North America's moral panic over alleged satanic cults and ritual abuse in the 1980s.[27]","title":"Documentary"}]

[]

[{"title":"Laurel Rose Willson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Rose_Willson"}]

[{"reference":"Victor, Jeffrey S. (1993). Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 13-14. ISBN 978-0-8126-9192-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/satanicpaniccrea00vict","url_text":"Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Open Court Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9192-4","url_text":"978-0-8126-9192-4"}]},{"reference":"Cara, Ed (November 3, 2014). \"The Most Dangerous Idea in Mental Health\". Pacific Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://psmag.com/social-justice/dangerous-idea-mental-health-93325","url_text":"\"The Most Dangerous Idea in Mental Health\""}]},{"reference":"Yuhas, Alan (March 31, 2021). \"It's Time to Revisit the Satanic Panic\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 14, 2021 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/us/satanic-panic.html","url_text":"\"It's Time to Revisit the Satanic Panic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, Debbie; Snedeker, Michael (2001) [1995]. Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (2nd ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-595-18955-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Nathan","url_text":"Nathan, Debbie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3vAuI0VzMN8C","url_text":"Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUniverse","url_text":"iUniverse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-18955-5","url_text":"0-595-18955-5"}]},{"reference":"Cuhulain, Kerr (July 8, 2002). \"Michelle Remembers\". Pagan Protection Center. Archived from the original on May 25, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060525161207/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=cabc&c=whs&id=4349","url_text":"\"Michelle Remembers\""},{"url":"http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=cabc&c=whs&id=4349","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michelle (1989). Michelle Remembers. New York: Pocket. ISBN 0-671-69433-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-69433-2","url_text":"0-671-69433-2"}]},{"reference":"Paul Grescoe (October 27, 1980). \"Things That Go Bump in Victoria\". Maclean's.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s","url_text":"Maclean's"}]},{"reference":"Wenegrat, Brant (2001). Theater of disorder: patients, doctors, and the construction of illness. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514087-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o5i5utgOjvgC","url_text":"Theater of disorder: patients, doctors, and the construction of illness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514087-7","url_text":"0-19-514087-7"}]},{"reference":"de Young, Mary (2004). The day care ritual abuse moral panic. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1830-3. Retrieved October 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_de_Young","url_text":"de Young, Mary"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_e8ZkJBtz0EC","url_text":"The day care ritual abuse moral panic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1830-3","url_text":"0-7864-1830-3"}]},{"reference":"Shewan, Dan (June 14, 2017). \"CONVICTION OF THINGS NOT SEEN: THE UNIQUELY AMERICAN MYTH OF SATANIC CULTS\". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://psmag.com/social-justice/make-a-cross-with-your-fingers-its-the-satanic-panic","url_text":"\"CONVICTION OF THINGS NOT SEEN: THE UNIQUELY AMERICAN MYTH OF SATANIC CULTS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200318002438/https://psmag.com/social-justice/make-a-cross-with-your-fingers-its-the-satanic-panic","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, James R. (2003). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-19-514986-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpqKdDvLV0gC&pg=PA233","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6","url_text":"0-19-514986-6"}]},{"reference":"Spanos, N. P (1996). Multiple Identities & False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective. American Psychological Association (APA). p. 269. ISBN 1-55798-340-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos","url_text":"Spanos, N. P"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/multipleidentiti0000span","url_text":"Multiple Identities & False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association","url_text":"American Psychological Association"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/multipleidentiti0000span/page/269","url_text":"269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-340-2","url_text":"1-55798-340-2"}]},{"reference":"Frankfurter, David (2006). Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 60–2. ISBN 0-691-11350-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ysTcp21NfP0C&pg=PA60","url_text":"Evil Incarnate: Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11350-5","url_text":"0-691-11350-5"}]},{"reference":"Ney, Tara (1995). \"The Assessment and Investigation of Ritual Abuse\". True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management. Psychology Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780876307588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BggJjhbBJzwC&pg=PA304","url_text":"\"The Assessment and Investigation of Ritual Abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780876307588","url_text":"9780876307588"}]},{"reference":"Aquino, Michael (1994). Witchcraft, Satanism & Occult Crime: Who's Who & What's What, a Manual of Reference Materials for the Professional Investigator. Phoenix Pub. ISBN 0-919345-86-7. Archived from the original (reprint) on August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150827051451/http://www.holysmoke.org/sdhok/sat33.htm","url_text":"Witchcraft, Satanism & Occult Crime: Who's Who & What's What, a Manual of Reference Materials for the Professional Investigator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919345-86-7","url_text":"0-919345-86-7"},{"url":"http://www.holysmoke.org/sdhok/sat33.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crockford, Ross (2006). Victoria: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. p. 198. ISBN 1-55152-195-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VfFGAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Victoria: The Unknown City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_Pulp_Press","url_text":"Arsenal Pulp Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55152-195-4","url_text":"1-55152-195-4"}]},{"reference":"Ennis, Charles (July 13, 2002). \"Michelle Remembers- False \"Survivor\" Story of Satanic Abuse\". Retrieved January 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerr_Cuhulain&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ennis, Charles"},{"url":"http://www.unsolvedmysteries.com/usm271496.html","url_text":"\"Michelle Remembers- False \"Survivor\" Story of Satanic Abuse\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Bill (2000). Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN 0-8131-2170-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oLcqlypMCe8C&pg=PA62","url_text":"Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2170-1","url_text":"0-8131-2170-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Devil Worshippers\". ABC News 20/20 transcript, show #521. May 16, 1985. pp. 6–7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shirley Downing and Tom Charlier (January 17–23, 1988). \"Justice Aborted: A 1980s Witch-Hunt\". The Commercial Appeal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Remembers: Fiction, not Fact\". Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324024950/http://members.shaw.ca/imaginarycrimes/michelleremembers.htm","url_text":"\"Michelle Remembers: Fiction, not Fact\""},{"url":"http://members.shaw.ca/imaginarycrimes/michelleremembers.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sword, JD (December 11, 2023). \"Michelle Misremembers: How a Psychiatrist and His Patient Created the Blueprint for Satanic Ritual Abuse\". skepticalinquirer.org. CSI. Archived from the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/michelle-misremembers-how-a-psychiatrist-and-his-patient-created-the-blueprint-for-satanic-ritual-abuse/","url_text":"\"Michelle Misremembers: How a Psychiatrist and His Patient Created the Blueprint for Satanic Ritual Abuse\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20231222205100/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/michelle-misremembers-how-a-psychiatrist-and-his-patient-created-the-blueprint-for-satanic-ritual-abuse/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Joseph (August 11, 2023). \"Canadian origins of the satanic panic explored in documentary Satan Wants You\". CBC News. Retrieved August 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/documentary-directors-canada-satanic-1.6933084","url_text":"\"Canadian origins of the satanic panic explored in documentary Satan Wants You\""}]}]

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