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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji_language

Kurmanji

["1 Phonology","2 Dialect continuum","2.1 Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics","3 Kurmanji among other groups","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Northern Kurdish dialect KurmanjiNorthern Kurdishکورمانجی, KurmancîKurmanji Kurdish written in both scriptsRegionAutochthonous to Kurdistan, Kurdish diasporaEthnicityKurdsNative speakers16 million (2021–2023)Language familyIndo-European Indo-IranianIranianWesternNorthwesternKurdishKurmanjiDialects Botani (Boti) Marashi Ashiti Bayezidi Hekari Shemdinani Badini Shikaki Silivi Mihemedi Writing system Hawar alphabet (Latin) in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran Sorani alphabet (Arabic) in Iraq and Iran Cyrillic script in Russia and Armenia Official statusOfficial language in  Kurdistan Region  Rojava Recognised minoritylanguage in ArmeniaLanguage codesISO 639-1kuISO 639-3kmrGlottolognort2641Linguasphere58-AAA-aGeographic distribution of the Kurdish languages spoken by Kurds   Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)   Sorani (Central Kurdish)   Zaza language   Southern Kurdish (Gorani is included)   mixed language areas Kurmanji (Kurdish: کورمانجی, Kurmancî, lit. 'Kurdish'), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions. It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish. The earliest textual record of Kurmanji Kurdish dates back to approximately the 16th century and many prominent Kurdish poets like Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707) wrote in this language. Kurmanji Kurdish is also the common and ceremonial language of Yazidis. Their sacred book Mishefa Reş and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji. Ethnologue reports that the use of Kurmanji is declining in Turkey even when the language is used as a language of wider communication (LWC) by immigrants to Turkey, and that the language is threatened because it is losing speakers. Phonology Further information: Kurdish phonology Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops and the presence of facultative phonemes. For example, Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus /p/ contrasts with /pʰ/, /t/ with /tʰ/, /k/ with /kʰ/, and the affricate /t͡ʃ/ with /t͡ʃʰ/. Dialect continuum Kurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability. Loosely, six dialect areas can be distinguished: Northwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the Kahramanmaraş (in Kurmanji: Meraş), Malatya (Meletî) and Sivas (Sêwaz) provinces of the northwest of Turkish Kurdistan. Southwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the Adıyaman (Semsûr), Gaziantep (Entab) and Şanlıurfa (Riha) provinces of Turkish, and Aleppo Governorate in the west of Syrian Kurdistan. Northern Kurmanji or Serhed Kurdish, spoken mainly in the Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum (Erzerom) and Muş (Mûş) provinces of the northeast of Turkish Kurdistan, as well as adjacent areas. Southern Kurmanji, spoken in Al-Hasakah Governorate in the east of Syrian Kurdistan, Sinjar District (Şingal) in the west of Iraqi Kurdistan, and in several adjacent parts of the south of Turkish Kurdistan, centered on the Mardin (Mêrdîn) and Batman (Êlih) provinces. Southeastern Kurmanji or Badînî, spoken in Hakkâri Province (Parêzgeha Colêmêrgê) in the southeast of Turkish Kurdistan, and the Dohuk Governorate (Parêzgeha Dihokê) and parts of Erbil Governorate (Parêzgeha Hewlêr) in the north of Iraqi Kurdistan. Anatolian Kurmanji is spoken in Central Anatolia (Anatolya Navîn), especially in Konya, Ankara, and Aksaray, by Anatolian Kurds Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics Among some Yazidis, the glossonym Ezdîkî is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds. While Ezdîkî is no different from Kurmanji, some attempt to prove that Ezdîkî is an independent language, including claims that it is a Semitic language. This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus. On January 25, 2002, Armenia ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and placed Kurdish under state protection. However, because of the divided Yazidi community in Armenia and after strong criticism from parts of the community, the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both "Kurdish" and "Yezidi" as two separate languages. This resulted in the term Êzdîkî being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia, since most Kurdish-speakers in Armenia are Yazidis. As a consequence of this move, Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Êzdîkî as two different dialects. Kurmanji among other groups During the end of the Ottoman era, Assyrians in Tur Abdin shifted from speaking their traditional Turoyo language to either Kurmanji or Arabic. Kurdophone Armenians also exist and there were prior to the Armenian genocide around 110 Kurmanji-speaking Armenian villages in Beşiri and Silvan. Bulgarian, Chechen and Circassian immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji. See also Kurdistan portalLanguages portal Kurdish alphabets Kurdish grammar Sorani Southern Kurdish Kurmancî, a Kurdish linguistic magazine References ^ a b c d e f "Ethnologue - Kurmanji Kurdish". Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ Kurmanji at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) ^ "Social Contract - Sa-Nes". Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ "Rojava could be a model for all Syria". Salih Muslim. Nationalita. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ Captain R. E. Jardine (1922). Bahdinan Kurmanji - A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan. Baghdad: Government Press. p. ii. ^ Ayfer Gokalp (August 2015). "Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey" (PDF). Arizona State University. p. 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ a b Paul, Ludwig (2008). "Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved 28 August 2013. ^ Georg Krotkoff (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East. p. 299. ^ "Ethnologue - Kurdish". Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ E. S. Soane (1909). Notes on Kurdish Dialects. Asian Educational Services. p. 906. ISBN 9788120617506. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl (2005). The Kurds : a Contemporary Overview. Routledge. ISBN 1134907656. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. pp. 164–165. ^ a b "Yazidis i. General". Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2001). "Healing Practices among the Yezidi Sheikhs of Armenia". Asian Folklore Studies. 60 (2): 319–328. doi:10.2307/1179060. JSTOR 1179060. As for their language, the Yezidis themselves, in an attempt to avoid being identified with Kurds, call it Ezdiki. ^ "Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)". Ethnologue. Retrieved November 26, 2023. ^ Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970). Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ a b Haig, Geoffrey; Matras, Yaron (2002). "Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview" (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 55 (1). Berlin: 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013. ^ Öpengin, Ergin; Haig, Geoffrey (2014), "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects", Kurdish Studies, 2, ISSN 2051-4883 ^ "The Kurdish language". previous.cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ "The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus" (PDF). Refworld. May 2008. p. 5. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2017). Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 123. ^ Coene, Frederik (2009-10-16). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9781135203023. ^ Tork Dalalyan (2011). "Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011". Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. Voronkov, S. Khutsishvili, J. Horan), Heinrich Böll Stiftung South Caucasus: 6. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ Majid Hassan Ali (15 February 2019). "The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (5). Routledge: 8. doi:10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 150358224. ^ Witzlack-Makarevich, Kai; Wulff, Nadja (2017-08-08). Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. ISBN 9783732902279. ^ "Kurds (Kurdmanzh)". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ Schulze, Ilona. "Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193" (in German). ^ Serinci, Deniz (28 May 2014). "The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity". Rudaw. ^ Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Gorgias Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0. ^ Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 9783030594008. ^ Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 355. ISBN 9780857730206. ^ "Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor". Rûdaw. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ Aşiretler raporu (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 2000. ISBN 9753432208. Further reading Mustafa, Hanar Hoshyar, and Rebwar M. Nabi. "Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7.1 (2023): 43-52. External links Kurmanji Kurdish edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kurdish. Wîkîferheng Kurdish (Kurmanji) Wiktionary Kurdish Institute Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles. Egerîn, Kurdish (Kurmanji) search engine Reference Grammar with Selected Readings for Kurmanji Kurdish, written by W. M. Thackston (Harvard University) Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Baran, Murat (2021). Kurdish Grammar: Kurmanji Reference Book. Erzîrom: Amazon publishing. ISBN 979-8666578360. Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) DoReCo corpus Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations. Links to related articles vte Languages of IraqOfficial languages Standard Arabic Mesopotamian Arabic (Main) Kurdish Sorani (Main) Kurmanji Official minority languages Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Armenian Turkish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Other minority languages Gorani (Hawrami) Southern Kurdish (Xwarin) Persian Hebrew Shabaki Sign languages Iraqi Sign Language Kurdish Sign Language vte Languages of IranOfficial language Persian Regional languages Azerbaijani Achomi Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Laki Gorani Luri Gilaki Mazanderani Arabic Balochi Talysh Tati Qashqai Turkmen Semnani Khorasani Turkic Minority languages Armenian Assyrian Circassian Domari Georgian Hebrew Jadgali Zargari Romani Khalaj Working languages English Russian Sign languages Persian Sign Language Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language vte Languages of TurkeyOfficial language Turkish Recognized minority languages Armenian (Eastern, Western) Bulgarian Greek Hebrew Other minority languages Albanian Domari Georgian Kurdish (Kurmanji) Ladino Laz Levantine Arabic Romeika Syriac/Assyrian/Neo-Aramaic Zaza(ki) Sign languages Turkish Sign Language Mardin Sign Language Central Taurus Sign Language Whistle languages Turkish bird language Turkey portal Category vteLanguages of SyriaOfficial language Standard Arabic Minority languages Armenian Circassian languages (Kabardian) Chechen Domari Greek Kurdish Kurmanji Turkish Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Aramaic Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean) Turoyo Western Neo-Aramaic Varieties of Arabic Shawi Levantine Aleppine Damascene Mesopotamian Najdi Sign languages Levantine Arabic Sign Language Immigrant languages English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian Danish Dutch vteLanguages of ArmeniaOfficial language Armenian Eastern Armenian Minority languages Assyrian Greek Kurmanji Lomavren Russian Western Armenian Sign languages Armenian Sign Language Armenian Women's Sign Language vteKurdish language Alphabets Grammar Literature Languages Kurmanji (Northern) Sorani (Central) Xwarin (Southern) Laki Related languages Gorani Zaza vteIranian languagesHistory Proto-Iranian Old Iranian Middle Iranian New Iranian EasternPamir Bartangi Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Roshani Sanglechi Sarikoli Shughni Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha Others Avestan Bactrian Khwarezmian Parachi Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri Scythian Alanian Ossetian Digor Iron Jassic Saka Sogdian Yaghnobi WesternNorth Ashtiani Balochi Daylami Fars Gilaki Gorani Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Kordali Laki Mazanderani Tabaroid Median Old Azeri Parthian Semnani Lasgerdi Sangsari Sorkhei Taleshi Tati Tatoid Zaza Zoroastrian Dari South Achomi Bashkardi Garmsiri Kuhmareyi Kumzari Luri Bakhtiari Persian Caucasian Tat Dari Hazaragi Tajik Old Persian Middle Persian Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Authority control databases: National Germany

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Thus /p/ contrasts with /pʰ/, /t/ with /tʰ/, /k/ with /kʰ/, and the affricate /t͡ʃ/ with /t͡ʃʰ/.[17]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dialect continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kahramanmaraş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"Malatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya_Province"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkish Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Adıyaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep_Province"},{"link_name":"Şanlıurfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province"},{"link_name":"Aleppo Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syrian Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Ağrı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Province"},{"link_name":"Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"Al-Hasakah Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Sinjar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_District"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Province"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province"},{"link_name":"Dohuk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Erbil Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Central Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Aksaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksaray"},{"link_name":"Anatolian Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_of_Central_Anatolia"}],"text":"Kurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability. Loosely, six dialect areas can be distinguished:[18]Northwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the Kahramanmaraş (in Kurmanji: Meraş), Malatya (Meletî) and Sivas (Sêwaz) provinces of the northwest of Turkish Kurdistan.\nSouthwestern Kurmanji, spoken in the Adıyaman (Semsûr), Gaziantep (Entab) and Şanlıurfa (Riha) provinces of Turkish, and Aleppo Governorate in the west of Syrian Kurdistan.\nNorthern Kurmanji or Serhed Kurdish, spoken mainly in the Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum (Erzerom) and Muş (Mûş) provinces of the northeast of Turkish Kurdistan, as well as adjacent areas.\nSouthern Kurmanji, spoken in Al-Hasakah Governorate in the east of Syrian Kurdistan, Sinjar District (Şingal) in the west of Iraqi Kurdistan, and in several adjacent parts of the south of Turkish Kurdistan, centered on the Mardin (Mêrdîn) and Batman (Êlih) provinces.\nSoutheastern Kurmanji or Badînî, spoken in Hakkâri Province (Parêzgeha Colêmêrgê) in the southeast of Turkish Kurdistan, and the Dohuk Governorate (Parêzgeha Dihokê) and parts of Erbil Governorate (Parêzgeha Hewlêr) in the north of Iraqi Kurdistan.[19]\nAnatolian Kurmanji is spoken in Central Anatolia (Anatolya Navîn), especially in Konya, Ankara, and Aksaray, by Anatolian Kurds","title":"Dialect continuum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yazidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi"},{"link_name":"glossonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossonym"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IranicaY-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Semitic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"Yazidi community in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schulze-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics","text":"Among some Yazidis, the glossonym Ezdîkî is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds. While Ezdîkî is no different from Kurmanji,[13][20][21][22][23] some attempt to prove that Ezdîkî is an independent language, including claims that it is a Semitic language. This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus.[24]On January 25, 2002, Armenia ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and placed Kurdish under state protection.[25] However, because of the divided Yazidi community in Armenia and after strong criticism from parts of the community, the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both \"Kurdish\" and \"Yezidi\" as two separate languages.[26] This resulted in the term Êzdîkî being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia, since most Kurdish-speakers in Armenia are Yazidis.[27] As a consequence of this move, Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Êzdîkî as two different dialects.[28]","title":"Dialect continuum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Turoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turoyo_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Beşiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Firi"},{"link_name":"Silvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"During the end of the Ottoman era, Assyrians in Tur Abdin shifted from speaking their traditional Turoyo language to either Kurmanji or Arabic.[29] Kurdophone Armenians also exist and there were prior to the Armenian genocide around 110 Kurmanji-speaking Armenian villages in Beşiri and Silvan.[30][31]Bulgarian,[32] Chechen and Circassian[33] immigrants in Turkish Kurdistan also speak Kurmanji.","title":"Kurmanji among other groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.uhd.edu.iq/index.php/uhdjst/article/view/1076/755"}],"text":"Mustafa, Hanar Hoshyar, and Rebwar M. Nabi. \"Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction.\" UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7.1 (2023): 43-52.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Ethnologue - Kurmanji Kurdish\". Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmr","url_text":"\"Ethnologue - Kurmanji Kurdish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Social Contract - Sa-Nes\". Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862","url_text":"\"Social Contract - Sa-Nes\""},{"url":"http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rojava could be a model for all Syria\". Salih Muslim. Nationalita. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria","url_text":"\"Rojava could be a model for all Syria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_Muslim","url_text":"Salih Muslim"}]},{"reference":"Captain R. E. Jardine (1922). Bahdinan Kurmanji - A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan. Baghdad: Government Press. p. ii.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ayfer Gokalp (August 2015). \"Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey\" (PDF). Arizona State University. p. 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330233135/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/158115/content/Gokalp_asu_0010E_15288.pdf","url_text":"\"Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/158115/content/Gokalp_asu_0010E_15288.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Ludwig (2008). \"Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved 28 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i","url_text":"\"Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Georg Krotkoff (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East. p. 299.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ethnologue - Kurdish\". Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kur","url_text":"\"Ethnologue - Kurdish\""}]},{"reference":"E. S. Soane (1909). Notes on Kurdish Dialects. Asian Educational Services. p. 906. ISBN 9788120617506. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=va7ofEPkxpYC","url_text":"Notes on Kurdish Dialects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120617506","url_text":"9788120617506"}]},{"reference":"Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl (2005). The Kurds : a Contemporary Overview. Routledge. ISBN 1134907656.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134907656","url_text":"1134907656"}]},{"reference":"Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. pp. 164–165.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Yazidis i. General\". Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1","url_text":"\"Yazidis i. General\""}]},{"reference":"Arakelova, Victoria (2001). \"Healing Practices among the Yezidi Sheikhs of Armenia\". Asian Folklore Studies. 60 (2): 319–328. doi:10.2307/1179060. JSTOR 1179060. As for their language, the Yezidis themselves, in an attempt to avoid being identified with Kurds, call it Ezdiki.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1179060","url_text":"10.2307/1179060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1179060","url_text":"1179060"}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)\". Ethnologue. Retrieved November 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kmr/","url_text":"\"Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970). Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve. Retrieved 28 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celadet_Bedir_Khan","url_text":"Khan, Celadet Bedir"},{"url":"http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/celadet_ali_bedirxan/Grammaire%20kurde%20(Dialecte%20kurmandji).pdf","url_text":"Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji)"}]},{"reference":"Haig, Geoffrey; Matras, Yaron (2002). \"Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview\" (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 55 (1). Berlin: 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095745/https://www.uni-bamberg.de/fileadmin/aspra/bib-haig/kurdish_linguistics_a_brief.pdf","url_text":"\"Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview\""},{"url":"https://www.uni-bamberg.de/fileadmin/aspra/bib-haig/kurdish_linguistics_a_brief.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Öpengin, Ergin; Haig, Geoffrey (2014), \"Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects\", Kurdish Studies, 2, ISSN 2051-4883","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-4883","url_text":"2051-4883"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kurdish language\". previous.cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://previous.cabinet.gov.krd/p/page.aspx?l=12&s=050000&r=305&p=215","url_text":"\"The Kurdish language\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus\" (PDF). Refworld. May 2008. p. 5. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/485fa2342.pdf","url_text":"\"The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus\""}]},{"reference":"Sebastian Maisel (2017). Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 123.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Coene, Frederik (2009-10-16). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9781135203023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&q=ezdiki&pg=PA68","url_text":"The Caucasus - An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135203023","url_text":"9781135203023"}]},{"reference":"Tork Dalalyan (2011). \"Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011\". Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. Voronkov, S. Khutsishvili, J. Horan), Heinrich Böll Stiftung South Caucasus: 6. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/23284513","url_text":"\"Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Majid Hassan Ali (15 February 2019). \"The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003\". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (5). Routledge: 8. doi:10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 150358224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2019.1577129","url_text":"10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194","url_text":"1353-0194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150358224","url_text":"150358224"}]},{"reference":"Witzlack-Makarevich, Kai; Wulff, Nadja (2017-08-08). Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. ISBN 9783732902279.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4M4wDwAAQBAJ&q=jesidisch+sprache&pg=PA186","url_text":"Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783732902279","url_text":"9783732902279"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurds (Kurdmanzh)\". Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorityrights.org/minorities/kurds-kurdmanzh/","url_text":"\"Kurds (Kurdmanzh)\""}]},{"reference":"Schulze, Ilona. \"Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193\" (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15116713","url_text":"\"Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193\""}]},{"reference":"Serinci, Deniz (28 May 2014). \"The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity\". Rudaw.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rudaw.net/english/people-places/28052014","url_text":"\"The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity\""}]},{"reference":"Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Gorgias Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0","url_text":"978-1-59333-301-0"}]},{"reference":"Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020). New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 9783030594008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030594008","url_text":"9783030594008"}]},{"reference":"Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 355. ISBN 9780857730206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857730206","url_text":"9780857730206"}]},{"reference":"\"Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor\". Rûdaw. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/170520178","url_text":"\"Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor\""}]},{"reference":"Aşiretler raporu (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 2000. ISBN 9753432208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9753432208","url_text":"9753432208"}]},{"reference":"Baran, Murat (2021). Kurdish Grammar: Kurmanji Reference Book. Erzîrom: Amazon publishing. ISBN 979-8666578360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8666578360","url_text":"979-8666578360"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Fox_(designer)

Kevin Fox (designer)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Kevin Fox is the user experience designer who created the interface for Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Reader, and Friendfeed. He was a co-founder of the Internet of Things startup Electric Imp. Since 2015 he has been the chief experience officer at Evan Prodromou's fuzzy.io. References ^ Lenssen, Philipp. "Kevin Fox of Gmail & FriendFeed on User Experience Design — Google Blogoscoped". blogoscoped.com. Retrieved 2009-05-29. ^ Schwartz, Barry (4 January 2008). "Google's User Experience Expert, Kevin Fox, Joins New Start-up Company". searchengineland.com. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ^ Buchheit, Paul. "Another new Friendfeeder!". FriendFeed Blog. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ^ Gannes, Liz. "iPhone Engineer and Gmail Designer Team Up on Electric Imp to Connect Devices". AllThingsD. Retrieved 2014-02-02. ^ "Designer of Gmail User Interface Joins Montreal's Fuzzy.io". Techvibes. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-25. External links Kevin Fox's twitter account, @kfury Authority control databases: Academics DBLP This biographical article about a designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stacking

Speckle imaging

["1 Explanation","2 Types","2.1 Shift-and-add method","2.2 Speckle interferometry","3 Biology","4 See also","5 Example images","6 References","7 External links"]

Astronomical imaging methods Typical short-exposure image of a binary star (ζ Boötis) as seen through atmospheric turbulence. Each star should appear as a single point, but the atmosphere causes the images of the two stars to break up into two patterns of speckles. The speckles move around rapidly, so that each star appears as a single fuzzy blob in long exposure images. Slow-motion speckle imaging movie, showing how a high-magnification (negative) image of a star breaks up into multiple blobs (speckles), entirely an atmospheric effect. Speckle imaging comprises a range of high-resolution astronomical imaging techniques based on the analysis of large numbers of short exposures that freeze the variation of atmospheric turbulence. They can be divided into the shift-and-add ("image stacking") method and the speckle interferometry methods. These techniques can dramatically increase the resolution of ground-based telescopes, but are limited to bright targets. Explanation The principle of all the techniques is to take very short exposure images of astronomical targets, and then process those so as to remove the effects of astronomical seeing. Use of these techniques led to a number of discoveries, including thousands of binary stars that would otherwise appear as a single star to a visual observer working with a similar-sized telescope, and the first images of sunspot-like phenomena on other stars. Many of the techniques remain in wide use today, notably when imaging relatively bright targets. The resolution of a telescope is limited by the size of the main mirror, due to the effects of Fraunhofer diffraction. This results in images of distant objects being spread out to a small spot known as the Airy disk. A group of objects whose images are closer together than this limit appear as a single object. Thus larger telescopes can image not only dimmer objects (because they collect more light), but resolve objects that are closer together as well. This improvement of resolution breaks down due to the practical limits imposed by the atmosphere, whose random nature disrupts the single spot of the Airy disk into a pattern of similarly-sized spots scattered over a much larger area (see the adjacent image of a binary). For typical seeing, the practical resolution limits are at mirror sizes much less than the mechanical limits for the size of mirrors, namely at a mirror diameter equal to the astronomical seeing parameter r0 – about 20 cm in diameter for observations with visible light under good conditions. For many years, telescope performance was limited by this effect, until the introduction of speckle interferometry and adaptive optics provided a means of removing this limitation. Speckle imaging recreates the original image through image processing techniques. The key to the technique, found by the American astronomer David L. Fried in 1966, was to take very fast images in which case the atmosphere is effectively "frozen" in place. At infrared wavelengths, coherence times τ0 are on the order of 100 ms, but for the visible region they drop to as little as 10 ms. When exposure times are shorter than τ0, the movement of the atmosphere is too sluggish to have an effect; the speckles recorded in the image are a snapshot of the atmospheric seeing at that instant. Coherence time τ0 = r0/v is a function of wavelength, because r0 is a function of wavelength. The downside of the technique is that taking images at this short an exposure is difficult, and if the object is too dim, not enough light will be captured to make analysis possible. Early uses of the technique in the early 1970s were made on a limited scale using photographic techniques, but since photographic film captures only about 7% of the incoming light, only the brightest of objects could be viewed in this way. The introduction of the CCD into astronomy, which captures more than 70% of the light, lowered the bar on practical applications by an order of magnitude, and today the technique is widely used on bright astronomical objects (e.g. stars and star systems). Many of the simpler speckle imaging methods have multiple names, largely from amateur astronomers re-inventing existing speckle imaging techniques and giving them new names. Another use of the technique is in industry. By shining a laser (whose smooth wavefront is an excellent simulation of the light from a distant star) on a surface, the resulting speckle pattern can be processed to give detailed images of flaws in the material. Types Shift-and-add method This section is about an imaging method. For the multiplication algorithm, see multiplication algorithm § Shift and add. Lucky imaging images of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure time, illustrate the principle that coherence time τ0 increases with wavelength. The shift-and-add method (more recently "image-stacking" method) is a form of speckle imaging commonly used for obtaining high quality images from a number of short exposures with varying image shifts. It has been used in astronomy for several decades, and is the basis for the image stabilisation feature on some cameras. The short exposure images are aligned by using the brightest speckle and averaged to give a single output image. The method involves calculation of the differential shifts of the images. This is easily accomplished in astronomical images since they can be aligned with the stars. Once the images are aligned they are averaged together. It is a basic principle of statistics that variation in a sample can be reduced by averaging together the individual values. In fact, when using an average, the signal-to-noise ratio should be increased by a factor of the square root of the number of images. A number of software packages exist for performing this, including IRAF, RegiStax, Autostakkert, Keiths Image Stacker, Hugin, and Iris. In the lucky imaging approach, only the best short exposures are selected for averaging. Early shift-and-add techniques aligned images according to the image centroid, giving a lower overall Strehl ratio. Speckle interferometry In 1970, the French astronomer Antoine Labeyrie showed that Fourier analysis (speckle interferometry) can obtain information about the high-resolution structure of the object from the statistical properties of the speckle patterns. This technique was first implemented in 1971 at Palomar Observatory (200-inch telescope) by Daniel Y. Gezari, Antoine Labeyrie and Robert V. Stachnick. Methods developed in the 1980s allowed simple images to be reconstructed from this power spectrum information. One more recent type of speckle interferometry called speckle masking' involves calculation of the bispectrum or closure phases from each of the short exposures. The "average bispectrum" can then be calculated and then inverted to obtain an image. This works particularly well using aperture masks. In this arrangement the telescope aperture is blocked except for a few holes which allow light through, creating a small optical interferometer with better resolving power than the telescope would otherwise have. This aperture masking technique was pioneered by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group. One limitation of the technique is that it requires extensive computer processing of the image, which was hard to come by when the technique was first developed. This limitation has faded away over the years as computing power has increased, and nowadays desktop computers have more than enough power to make such processing a trivial task. Biology Speckle imaging in biology refers to the underlabeling of periodic cellular components (such as filaments and fibers) so that instead of appearing as a continuous and uniform structure, it appears as a discrete set of speckles. This is due to statistical distribution of the labeled component within unlabeled components. The technique, also known as dynamic speckle enables real-time monitoring of dynamical systems and video image analysis to understand biological processes. See also Aperture masking interferometry Aperture synthesis Astronomical interferometer Bispectral analysis Diffraction-limited system Electronic speckle pattern interferometry Focus stacking Holographic interferometry Lucky imaging Optical interferometry Super-resolution Example images All of these were obtained using infrared AO or IR interferometry (not speckle imaging) and have higher resolution than can be obtained with e.g. the Hubble Space Telescope. Speckle imaging can produce images with four times better resolution than these. WR 104 WR 98a LKHa 101 MWC 349A Betelgeuse References ^ Fried, David L. (1966). "Optical Resolution Through a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium for Very Long and Very Short Exposures". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 56 (10): 1372. Bibcode:1966JOSA...56.1372F. doi:10.1364/JOSA.56.001372. ^ Jacquot, P.: Speckle interferometry: a review of the principal methods in use for experimental mechanics applications. Strain 44, 57–69 (2008) ^ Gemini Gets Lucky and Takes a Deep Dive Into Jupiter’s Clouds, NOIRLab press release, 2020-05-08. ^ Wong, M.H., A.A. Simon, J.W. Tollefson, I. de Pater, M.N. Barnett, A.I. Hsu, A.W. Stephens, G.S. Orton, S.W. Fleming, C. Goullaud, W. Januszewski, A. Roman, G.L. Bjoraker, S.K. Atreya, A. Adriani, and L.N. Fletcher (2020) High-resolution UV/Optical/IR Imaging of Jupiter in 2016–2019. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 247: 58 (25 pp.). ^ Baba, N.; Isobe, S.; Norimoto, Y.; Noguchi, M. Stellar speckle image reconstruction by the shift-and-add method, Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935), vol. 24, May 15, 1985, p. 1403-1405 ^ Christou, J. C., Image quality, tip-tilt correction, and shift-and-add infrared imaging, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 103, Sept.1991, p. 1040-1048 ^ Baba, N; Isobe, Syuzo; Norimoto, Youji; Noguchi, Motokazu (May 1985). "Stellar speckle image reconstruction by the shift-and-add method". Applied Optics. 24 (10): 1403–5. Bibcode:1985ApOpt..24.1403B. doi:10.1364/AO.24.001403. PMID 20440355. ^ Labeyrie, Antoine (May 1970). "Attainment of Diffraction Limited Resolution in Large Telescopes by Fourier Analysing Speckle Patterns in Star Images". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6: 85L. Bibcode:1970A&A.....6...85L. ^ "Speckle Interferometry : Diffraction-Limited Measurements of Nine Stars with the 200-inch Telescope", Daniel Y. Gezari, Antoine Labeyrie and Robert V. Stachnik, 1972, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 173, L1 ^ Weigelt, Gerd (April 1977). "Modified astronomical speckle interferometry 'speckle masking'". Optics Communications. 21 (1): 55–59. Bibcode:1977OptCo..21...55W. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(77)90077-3. ^ Baldwin, John; Haniff, C. A.; MacKay, C. D.; Warner, P. J. (April 1986). "Closure phase in high-resolution optical imaging". Nature. 320 (6063): 595. Bibcode:1986Natur.320..595B. doi:10.1038/320595a0. S2CID 4338037. ^ Baldwin, John; MacKay, C. D.; Titterington, D. J.; Sivia, D.; Baldwin, J. E.; Warner, P. J. (August 1987). "The First Images from Optical Aperture Synthesis". Nature. 328 (6132): 694. Bibcode:1987Natur.328..694B. doi:10.1038/328694a0. S2CID 4281897. External links Hugin - open source image software with shift-and-add "image-stacking" Iris - freeware astronomical images processing software Autostakkert - alignment and stacking of image sequences, minimizing the influence of atmospheric distortions

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeta_bootis_short_exposure.png"},{"link_name":"ζ Boötis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96_Bo%C3%B6tis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eps_aql_movie_not_2000.gif"},{"link_name":"astronomical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography"},{"link_name":"exposures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)"},{"link_name":"atmospheric turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"shift-and-add","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-and-add"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"}],"text":"Typical short-exposure image of a binary star (ζ Boötis) as seen through atmospheric turbulence. Each star should appear as a single point, but the atmosphere causes the images of the two stars to break up into two patterns of speckles. The speckles move around rapidly, so that each star appears as a single fuzzy blob in long exposure images.Slow-motion speckle imaging movie, showing how a high-magnification (negative) image of a star breaks up into multiple blobs (speckles), entirely an atmospheric effect.Speckle imaging comprises a range of high-resolution astronomical imaging techniques based on the analysis of large numbers of short exposures that freeze the variation of atmospheric turbulence. They can be divided into the shift-and-add (\"image stacking\") method and the speckle interferometry methods. These techniques can dramatically increase the resolution of ground-based telescopes, but are limited to bright targets.","title":"Speckle imaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronomical seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"binary stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"sunspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot"},{"link_name":"Fraunhofer diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_diffraction"},{"link_name":"Airy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disk"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"astronomical seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_seeing"},{"link_name":"adaptive optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_optics"},{"link_name":"image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"David L. Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Fried"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"coherence times τ0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_time"},{"link_name":"visible region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_region"},{"link_name":"τ0 = r0/v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UZKnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2584"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The principle of all the techniques is to take very short exposure images of astronomical targets, and then process those so as to remove the effects of astronomical seeing. Use of these techniques led to a number of discoveries, including thousands of binary stars that would otherwise appear as a single star to a visual observer working with a similar-sized telescope, and the first images of sunspot-like phenomena on other stars. Many of the techniques remain in wide use today, notably when imaging relatively bright targets.The resolution of a telescope is limited by the size of the main mirror, due to the effects of Fraunhofer diffraction. This results in images of distant objects being spread out to a small spot known as the Airy disk. A group of objects whose images are closer together than this limit appear as a single object. Thus larger telescopes can image not only dimmer objects (because they collect more light), but resolve objects that are closer together as well.This improvement of resolution breaks down due to the practical limits imposed by the atmosphere, whose random nature disrupts the single spot of the Airy disk into a pattern of similarly-sized spots scattered over a much larger area (see the adjacent image of a binary). For typical seeing, the practical resolution limits are at mirror sizes much less than the mechanical limits for the size of mirrors, namely at a mirror diameter equal to the astronomical seeing parameter r0 – about 20 cm in diameter for observations with visible light under good conditions. For many years, telescope performance was limited by this effect, until the introduction of speckle interferometry and adaptive optics provided a means of removing this limitation.Speckle imaging recreates the original image through image processing techniques. The key to the technique, found by the American astronomer David L. Fried in 1966, was to take very fast images in which case the atmosphere is effectively \"frozen\" in place.[1] At infrared wavelengths, coherence times τ0 are on the order of 100 ms, but for the visible region they drop to as little as 10 ms. When exposure times are shorter than τ0, the movement of the atmosphere is too sluggish to have an effect; the speckles recorded in the image are a snapshot of the atmospheric seeing at that instant. Coherence time τ0 = r0/v is a function of wavelength, because r0 is a function of wavelength.The downside of the technique is that taking images at this short an exposure is difficult, and if the object is too dim, not enough light will be captured to make analysis possible. Early uses of the technique in the early 1970s were made on a limited scale using photographic techniques, but since photographic film captures only about 7% of the incoming light, only the brightest of objects could be viewed in this way. The introduction of the CCD into astronomy, which captures more than 70% of the light, lowered the bar on practical applications by an order of magnitude, and today the technique is widely used on bright astronomical objects (e.g. stars and star systems).Many of the simpler speckle imaging methods have multiple names, largely from amateur astronomers re-inventing existing speckle imaging techniques and giving them new names.Another use of the technique is in industry. By shining a laser (whose smooth wavefront is an excellent simulation of the light from a distant star) on a surface, the resulting speckle pattern can be processed to give detailed images of flaws in the material.[2]","title":"Explanation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplication algorithm § Shift and add","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_algorithm#Shift_and_add"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucky imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_imaging"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"image stabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilisation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IRAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAF"},{"link_name":"RegiStax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registax"},{"link_name":"Hugin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugin_(software)"},{"link_name":"Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIS_(astronomical_software)"},{"link_name":"lucky imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_imaging"},{"link_name":"centroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid"},{"link_name":"Strehl ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strehl_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Shift-and-add method","text":"This section is about an imaging method. For the multiplication algorithm, see multiplication algorithm § Shift and add.Lucky imaging images of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure time, illustrate the principle that coherence time τ0 increases with wavelength.[3][4]The shift-and-add method (more recently \"image-stacking\" method) is a form of speckle imaging commonly used for obtaining high quality images from a number of short exposures with varying image shifts.[5][6] It has been used in astronomy for several decades, and is the basis for the image stabilisation feature on some cameras. The short exposure images are aligned by using the brightest speckle and averaged to give a single output image.[7]The method involves calculation of the differential shifts of the images. This is easily accomplished in astronomical images since they can be aligned with the stars. Once the images are aligned they are averaged together. It is a basic principle of statistics that variation in a sample can be reduced by averaging together the individual values. In fact, when using an average, the signal-to-noise ratio should be increased by a factor of the square root of the number of images. A number of software packages exist for performing this, including IRAF, RegiStax, Autostakkert, Keiths Image Stacker, Hugin, and Iris.In the lucky imaging approach, only the best short exposures are selected for averaging. Early shift-and-add techniques aligned images according to the image centroid, giving a lower overall Strehl ratio.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Antoine Labeyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_%C3%89mile_Henry_Labeyrie"},{"link_name":"Fourier analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"bispectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_masking"},{"link_name":"closure phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_phase"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"aperture masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_Masking_Interferometry"},{"link_name":"optical interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interferometry"},{"link_name":"aperture masking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_Masking_Interferometry"},{"link_name":"Cavendish Astrophysics Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_Astrophysics_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Speckle interferometry","text":"In 1970, the French astronomer Antoine Labeyrie showed that Fourier analysis (speckle interferometry) can obtain information about the high-resolution structure of the object from the statistical properties of the speckle patterns.[8] This technique was first implemented in 1971 at Palomar Observatory (200-inch telescope) by Daniel Y. Gezari, Antoine Labeyrie and Robert V. Stachnick.[9] Methods developed in the 1980s allowed simple images to be reconstructed from this power spectrum information.One more recent type of speckle interferometry called speckle masking' involves calculation of the bispectrum or closure phases from each of the short exposures.[10] The \"average bispectrum\" can then be calculated and then inverted to obtain an image. This works particularly well using aperture masks. In this arrangement the telescope aperture is blocked except for a few holes which allow light through, creating a small optical interferometer with better resolving power than the telescope would otherwise have. This aperture masking technique was pioneered by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group.[11][12]One limitation of the technique is that it requires extensive computer processing of the image, which was hard to come by when the technique was first developed. This limitation has faded away over the years as computing power has increased, and nowadays desktop computers have more than enough power to make such processing a trivial task.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"dynamic speckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_speckle"}],"text":"Speckle imaging in biology refers to the underlabeling[clarification needed] of periodic cellular components (such as filaments and fibers) so that instead of appearing as a continuous and uniform structure, it appears as a discrete set of speckles. This is due to statistical distribution of the labeled component within unlabeled components. The technique, also known as dynamic speckle enables real-time monitoring of dynamical systems and video image analysis to understand biological processes.","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"WR 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/wr104.html"},{"link_name":"WR 98a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/wr98a.html"},{"link_name":"LKHa 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/doughnut.html"},{"link_name":"MWC 349A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/mwc349.html"},{"link_name":"Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141015000000*/http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/outreach/radio-telescopes/coast/coast-astronomical-results/surface-imaging-of-betelgeuse/"}],"text":"All of these were obtained using infrared AO or IR interferometry (not speckle imaging) and have higher resolution than can be obtained with e.g. the Hubble Space Telescope. Speckle imaging can produce images with four times better resolution than these.WR 104\nWR 98a\nLKHa 101\nMWC 349A\nBetelgeuse","title":"Example images"}]

[{"image_text":"Typical short-exposure image of a binary star (ζ Boötis) as seen through atmospheric turbulence. Each star should appear as a single point, but the atmosphere causes the images of the two stars to break up into two patterns of speckles. The speckles move around rapidly, so that each star appears as a single fuzzy blob in long exposure images.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Zeta_bootis_short_exposure.png/220px-Zeta_bootis_short_exposure.png"},{"image_text":"Slow-motion speckle imaging movie, showing how a high-magnification (negative) image of a star breaks up into multiple blobs (speckles), entirely an atmospheric effect.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Eps_aql_movie_not_2000.gif"},{"image_text":"Lucky imaging images of Jupiter at 5 μm, using stacks of individual Gemini Observatory frames each with a relatively long 309-msec exposure time, illustrate the principle that coherence time τ0 increases with wavelength.[3][4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg/310px-Gemini_North_Infrared_View_of_Jupiter.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Aperture masking interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_masking_interferometry"},{"title":"Aperture synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_synthesis"},{"title":"Astronomical interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_interferometer"},{"title":"Bispectral analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckle_masking"},{"title":"Diffraction-limited system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system"},{"title":"Electronic speckle pattern interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_speckle_pattern_interferometry"},{"title":"Focus stacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_stacking"},{"title":"Holographic interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_interferometry"},{"title":"Lucky imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_imaging"},{"title":"Optical interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interferometry"},{"title":"Super-resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution"}]

[{"reference":"Fried, David L. (1966). \"Optical Resolution Through a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium for Very Long and Very Short Exposures\". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 56 (10): 1372. Bibcode:1966JOSA...56.1372F. doi:10.1364/JOSA.56.001372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Fried","url_text":"Fried, David L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America","url_text":"Journal of the Optical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JOSA...56.1372F","url_text":"1966JOSA...56.1372F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.56.001372","url_text":"10.1364/JOSA.56.001372"}]},{"reference":"Baba, N; Isobe, Syuzo; Norimoto, Youji; Noguchi, Motokazu (May 1985). \"Stellar speckle image reconstruction by the shift-and-add method\". Applied Optics. 24 (10): 1403–5. Bibcode:1985ApOpt..24.1403B. doi:10.1364/AO.24.001403. PMID 20440355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ApOpt..24.1403B","url_text":"1985ApOpt..24.1403B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.24.001403","url_text":"10.1364/AO.24.001403"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20440355","url_text":"20440355"}]},{"reference":"Labeyrie, Antoine (May 1970). \"Attainment of Diffraction Limited Resolution in Large Telescopes by Fourier Analysing Speckle Patterns in Star Images\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6: 85L. Bibcode:1970A&A.....6...85L.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_%C3%89mile_Henry_Labeyrie","url_text":"Labeyrie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A&A.....6...85L","url_text":"1970A&A.....6...85L"}]},{"reference":"Weigelt, Gerd (April 1977). \"Modified astronomical speckle interferometry 'speckle masking'\". Optics Communications. 21 (1): 55–59. Bibcode:1977OptCo..21...55W. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(77)90077-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977OptCo..21...55W","url_text":"1977OptCo..21...55W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0030-4018%2877%2990077-3","url_text":"10.1016/0030-4018(77)90077-3"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, John; Haniff, C. A.; MacKay, C. D.; Warner, P. J. (April 1986). \"Closure phase in high-resolution optical imaging\". Nature. 320 (6063): 595. Bibcode:1986Natur.320..595B. doi:10.1038/320595a0. S2CID 4338037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.320..595B","url_text":"1986Natur.320..595B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F320595a0","url_text":"10.1038/320595a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338037","url_text":"4338037"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, John; MacKay, C. D.; Titterington, D. J.; Sivia, D.; Baldwin, J. E.; Warner, P. J. (August 1987). \"The First Images from Optical Aperture Synthesis\". Nature. 328 (6132): 694. Bibcode:1987Natur.328..694B. doi:10.1038/328694a0. S2CID 4281897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.328..694B","url_text":"1987Natur.328..694B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F328694a0","url_text":"10.1038/328694a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4281897","url_text":"4281897"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UZKnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2584","external_links_name":"τ0 = r0/v"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/wr104.html","external_links_name":"WR 104"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/wr98a.html","external_links_name":"WR 98a"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/doughnut.html","external_links_name":"LKHa 101"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/mwc349.html","external_links_name":"MWC 349A"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015000000*/http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/outreach/radio-telescopes/coast/coast-astronomical-results/surface-imaging-of-betelgeuse/","external_links_name":"Betelgeuse"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JOSA...56.1372F","external_links_name":"1966JOSA...56.1372F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.56.001372","external_links_name":"10.1364/JOSA.56.001372"},{"Link":"https://www.gemini.edu/pr/gemini-gets-lucky-and-takes-deep-dive-jupiter-s-clouds","external_links_name":"Gemini Gets Lucky and Takes a Deep Dive Into Jupiter’s Clouds"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab775f","external_links_name":"High-resolution UV/Optical/IR Imaging of Jupiter in 2016–2019"},{"Link":"http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1985ApOpt..24.1403B&db_key=AST","external_links_name":"Stellar speckle image reconstruction by the shift-and-add method"},{"Link":"http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991PASP..103.1040C&db_key=AST","external_links_name":"Image quality, tip-tilt correction, and shift-and-add infrared imaging"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ApOpt..24.1403B","external_links_name":"1985ApOpt..24.1403B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.24.001403","external_links_name":"10.1364/AO.24.001403"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20440355","external_links_name":"20440355"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970A&A.....6...85L","external_links_name":"1970A&A.....6...85L"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977OptCo..21...55W","external_links_name":"1977OptCo..21...55W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0030-4018%2877%2990077-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/0030-4018(77)90077-3"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.320..595B","external_links_name":"1986Natur.320..595B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F320595a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/320595a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4338037","external_links_name":"4338037"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.328..694B","external_links_name":"1987Natur.328..694B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F328694a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/328694a0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4281897","external_links_name":"4281897"},{"Link":"http://hugin.sourceforge.net/","external_links_name":"Hugin"},{"Link":"http://www.astrosurf.com/buil/us/iris/iris.htm","external_links_name":"Iris"},{"Link":"https://www.autostakkert.com/","external_links_name":"Autostakkert"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Santo_Stefano

William of Santo Stefano

["1 Life","2 Translations","3 Writings","4 Notes","5 Bibliography","6 Further reading"]

The dedication to Brother William (frere Guillaume in the text) in the Chantilly manuscript of the rhetoric and logicThe colophon identifying Brother William (frere Guillaume) in the Vatican manuscript of the order's documents William of Santo Stefano, in Italian Guglielmo di Santo Stefano (fl. c. 1278–1303), was an Italian nobleman, historian and patron of letters. He was an active member of the Knights Hospitaller in Outremer, northern Italy and Cyprus, where he was commander from at least 1299 until 1303. William was one of the most educated Hospitallers of the age. He commissioned translations from Latin into Old French of classical works of rhetoric and logic as well as legal and devotional documents from the Hospital's archives. He also wrote original legal and historical works in Old French. Life William was from the Hospitaller priory of Lombardy, which means that besides Lombardy proper he may have come from Savoy, Piedmont or the County of Nice. He was probably a relative of Daniel of Santo Stefano, who was the lieutenant of the prior of Lombardy in 1315 and in that year commissioned a copy of the order's statutes. He was almost certainly trained as a lawyer and was well educated at a time when the Hospital was not known for intellectual pursuits. Between about 1278 and 1283, William was in Acre, capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He returned to northern Italy after that, seemingly bringing some documents with him. By 1296 he was living in the Kingdom of Cyprus. By 1299, he was the commander (preceptor) of the Hospital in Cyprus, a position he held until 1303 or so. No later reference to him is known. He probably died in that year or shortly after. Translations During his time in Acre, William commissioned two translation projects. He is in fact the only nobleman known to have commissioned a book in 13th-century Acre. He had John of Antioch translate Cicero's De inventione and the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium from Latin into Old French. This was completed in 1282. What is probably the original presentation copy of John's work still survives in Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS fr. 433 (590). This manuscript also contains a translation of selections from Boethius' De topicis differentiis, a work on logic. It is unclear if these were new translations commissioned by William or if they are the work of John. William's other translation project from Latin into French was of certain documents in the archives of the Hospital in Acre, including the order's statutes, prayers and privileges. The translator of this selection of texts is unknown. Possibly it was John. The original copy of these translations is in the Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS lat. 4852. A marginal colophon dedicates the work to William. Writings William's views on the vernacular were advanced for his time. When even Roger Bacon thought it insufficient for formal logic, a codex prepared for William contained one of the earliest vernacular texts on the subject in Europe. William himself wrote on history and jurisprudence in French, which was the official language of the Hospital. He is not known to have written in Italian or Latin. William wrote his history of the order after the fall of Acre in 1291. It is crudely structured around the grand masters, but William displays a critical eye to his sources, which he always carefully cites. He swept aside numerous legends about the Hospital's foundation, including some that pushed it as far back as the second century before Christ, as fabrications designed to encourage donations. He beseeches his readers, Ores leissons la vanité, et tenons la verité ("Now let us let go of vanity, and hold to the truth"). In 1296 while on Cyprus, William wrote a treatise on the order's statutes, in which he displays his legal training by discussing the principles of natural law and citing Gratian, Cicero, Isidore and Augustine. His original works were probably intended in part to replace some of what was lost in the fall of Acre. Notes ^ a b c d e f Luttrell 1965, p. 450. ^ a b c d e Luttrell 1998, p. 139. ^ Nicholson 2001, p. 93, compares him to Juan Fernández de Heredia. ^ a b Rubin 2018, pp. 26–27. ^ a b Rubin 2018, p. 24. ^ Luttrell 2021, p. 109. ^ a b Rubin 2018, pp. 72–73. ^ Rubin 2018, pp. 183–184. ^ Rubin 2018, pp. 188–189. ^ a b Rubin 2018, p. 74. ^ Nicholson 2001, p. 4. ^ Riley-Smith 1967, p. 472; Riley-Smith 2012, p. 13. Bibliography Luttrell, Anthony T. (1965). "Fourteenth-Century Hospitaller Lawyers". Traditio. 21: 449–456. doi:10.1017/s0362152900017761. Luttrell, Anthony T. (1998). "The Hospitallers' Early Written Records". In John France; William G. Zajac (eds.). The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Ashgate. pp. 135–154. doi:10.4324/9781315240442. ISBN 9781315240442. Luttrell, Anthony T. (2021). "Confusion in the Hospital's pre-1291 Statutes". Crusades. 19: 109–114. doi:10.4324/9781003118596-5. Nicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. The Boydell Press. Rubin, Jonathan (2018). Learning in a Crusader City: Intellectual Activity and Intercultural Exchanges in Acre, 1191–1291. Cambridge University Press. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1967). The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050–1310. Macmillan. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070–1309. Palgrave Macmillan. Further reading Klement, Katja (1995). "Alcune osservazioni sul Vat. Lat. 4852". Studi Melitensi. 3: 229–243.

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He was an active member of the Knights Hospitaller in Outremer, northern Italy and Cyprus, where he was commander from at least 1299 until 1303.William was one of the most educated Hospitallers of the age. He commissioned translations from Latin into Old French of classical works of rhetoric and logic as well as legal and devotional documents from the Hospital's archives. He also wrote original legal and historical works in Old French.","title":"William of Santo Stefano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"County of Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Nice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200193-3"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201826%E2%80%9327-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139-2"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"},{"link_name":"preceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preceptor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201824-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell2021109-6"}],"text":"William was from the Hospitaller priory of Lombardy, which means that besides Lombardy proper he may have come from Savoy, Piedmont or the County of Nice.[1] He was probably a relative of Daniel of Santo Stefano, who was the lieutenant of the prior of Lombardy in 1315 and in that year commissioned a copy of the order's statutes.[2] He was almost certainly trained as a lawyer and was well educated at a time when the Hospital was not known for intellectual pursuits.[3]Between about 1278 and 1283, William was in Acre, capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[4] He returned to northern Italy after that, seemingly bringing some documents with him.[2] By 1296 he was living in the Kingdom of Cyprus.[1] By 1299, he was the commander (preceptor) of the Hospital in Cyprus, a position he held until 1303 or so.[2][5] No later reference to him is known.[2] He probably died in that year or shortly after.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(translator)"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"De inventione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_inventione"},{"link_name":"Rhetorica ad Herennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201824-5"},{"link_name":"presentation copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_copy"},{"link_name":"Musée Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201872%E2%80%9373-7"},{"link_name":"Boethius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2018183%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201872%E2%80%9373-7"},{"link_name":"Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana"},{"link_name":"colophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin2018188%E2%80%93189-9"}],"text":"During his time in Acre, William commissioned two translation projects. He is in fact the only nobleman known to have commissioned a book in 13th-century Acre. He had John of Antioch translate Cicero's De inventione and the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium from Latin into Old French.[5] This was completed in 1282. What is probably the original presentation copy of John's work still survives in Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS fr. 433 (590).[7] This manuscript also contains a translation of selections from Boethius' De topicis differentiis, a work on logic. It is unclear if these were new translations commissioned by William or if they are the work of John.[8]William's other translation project from Latin into French was of certain documents in the archives of the Hospital in Acre, including the order's statutes, prayers and privileges.[1] The translator of this selection of texts is unknown. Possibly it was John.[7] The original copy of these translations is in the Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS lat. 4852. A marginal colophon dedicates the work to William.[9]","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201874-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201874-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139-2"},{"link_name":"fall of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Acre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201826%E2%80%9327-4"},{"link_name":"grand masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson20014-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450-1"}],"text":"William's views on the vernacular were advanced for his time. When even Roger Bacon thought it insufficient for formal logic, a codex prepared for William contained one of the earliest vernacular texts on the subject in Europe.[10] William himself wrote on history and jurisprudence in French,[10] which was the official language of the Hospital.[1] He is not known to have written in Italian or Latin.[2]William wrote his history of the order after the fall of Acre in 1291.[4] It is crudely structured around the grand masters, but William displays a critical eye to his sources, which he always carefully cites.[1] He swept aside numerous legends about the Hospital's foundation, including some that pushed it as far back as the second century before Christ, as fabrications designed to encourage donations.[11] He beseeches his readers, Ores leissons la vanité, et tenons la verité (\"Now let us let go of vanity, and hold to the truth\").[12]In 1296 while on Cyprus, William wrote a treatise on the order's statutes, in which he displays his legal training by discussing the principles of natural law and citing Gratian, Cicero, Isidore and Augustine. His original works were probably intended in part to replace some of what was lost in the fall of Acre.[1]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1965450_1-5"},{"link_name":"Luttrell 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuttrell1965"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell1998139_2-4"},{"link_name":"Luttrell 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuttrell1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200193_3-0"},{"link_name":"Nicholson 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNicholson2001"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernández de Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Heredia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201826%E2%80%9327_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201826%E2%80%9327_4-1"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201824_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201824_5-1"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttrell2021109_6-0"},{"link_name":"Luttrell 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuttrell2021"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201872%E2%80%9373_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201872%E2%80%9373_7-1"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2018183%E2%80%93184_8-0"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin2018188%E2%80%93189_9-0"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201874_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201874_10-1"},{"link_name":"Rubin 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubin2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson20014_11-0"},{"link_name":"Nicholson 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNicholson2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Riley-Smith 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiley-Smith1967"},{"link_name":"Riley-Smith 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiley-Smith2012"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Luttrell 1965, p. 450.\n\n^ a b c d e Luttrell 1998, p. 139.\n\n^ Nicholson 2001, p. 93, compares him to Juan Fernández de Heredia.\n\n^ a b Rubin 2018, pp. 26–27.\n\n^ a b Rubin 2018, p. 24.\n\n^ Luttrell 2021, p. 109.\n\n^ a b Rubin 2018, pp. 72–73.\n\n^ Rubin 2018, pp. 183–184.\n\n^ Rubin 2018, pp. 188–189.\n\n^ a b Rubin 2018, p. 74.\n\n^ Nicholson 2001, p. 4.\n\n^ Riley-Smith 1967, p. 472; Riley-Smith 2012, p. 13.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/s0362152900017761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0362152900017761"},{"link_name":"\"The Hospitallers' Early Written Records\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/10785"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9781315240442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315240442"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781315240442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315240442"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9781003118596-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003118596-5"},{"link_name":"Nicholson, Helen J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Nicholson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith"}],"text":"Luttrell, Anthony T. (1965). \"Fourteenth-Century Hospitaller Lawyers\". Traditio. 21: 449–456. doi:10.1017/s0362152900017761.\nLuttrell, Anthony T. (1998). \"The Hospitallers' Early Written Records\". In John France; William G. Zajac (eds.). The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Ashgate. pp. 135–154. doi:10.4324/9781315240442. ISBN 9781315240442.\nLuttrell, Anthony T. (2021). \"Confusion in the Hospital's pre-1291 Statutes\". Crusades. 19: 109–114. doi:10.4324/9781003118596-5.\nNicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. The Boydell Press.\nRubin, Jonathan (2018). Learning in a Crusader City: Intellectual Activity and Intercultural Exchanges in Acre, 1191–1291. Cambridge University Press.\nRiley-Smith, Jonathan (1967). The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050–1310. Macmillan.\nRiley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070–1309. Palgrave Macmillan.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Klement, Katja (1995). \"Alcune osservazioni sul Vat. Lat. 4852\". Studi Melitensi. 3: 229–243.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Luttrell, Anthony T. (1965). \"Fourteenth-Century Hospitaller Lawyers\". Traditio. 21: 449–456. doi:10.1017/s0362152900017761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0362152900017761","url_text":"10.1017/s0362152900017761"}]},{"reference":"Luttrell, Anthony T. (1998). \"The Hospitallers' Early Written Records\". In John France; William G. Zajac (eds.). The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Ashgate. pp. 135–154. doi:10.4324/9781315240442. ISBN 9781315240442.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/10785","url_text":"\"The Hospitallers' Early Written Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315240442","url_text":"10.4324/9781315240442"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315240442","url_text":"9781315240442"}]},{"reference":"Luttrell, Anthony T. (2021). \"Confusion in the Hospital's pre-1291 Statutes\". Crusades. 19: 109–114. doi:10.4324/9781003118596-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003118596-5","url_text":"10.4324/9781003118596-5"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. The Boydell Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Nicholson_(historian)","url_text":"Nicholson, Helen J."}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Jonathan (2018). Learning in a Crusader City: Intellectual Activity and Intercultural Exchanges in Acre, 1191–1291. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1967). The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050–1310. Macmillan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith","url_text":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan"}]},{"reference":"Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2012). The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070–1309. Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Klement, Katja (1995). \"Alcune osservazioni sul Vat. Lat. 4852\". Studi Melitensi. 3: 229–243.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0362152900017761","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0362152900017761"},{"Link":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/10785","external_links_name":"\"The Hospitallers' Early Written Records\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315240442","external_links_name":"10.4324/9781315240442"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003118596-5","external_links_name":"10.4324/9781003118596-5"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52975_Cyllarus

52975 Cyllarus

["1 Orbit and classification","2 Naming","3 Physical characteristics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

52975 CyllarusHubble Space Telescope image of Cyllarus taken in 2010DiscoveryDiscovered byN. DanzlDiscovery siteKitt Peak National Obs.Discovery date12 October 1998DesignationsMPC designation(52975) CyllarusPronunciation/ˈsɪlərəs/Named afterCyllarus (Greek mythology)Alternative designations1998 TF35Minor planet categorycentaur  · distant Symbol (astrological)Orbital characteristicsEpoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)Uncertainty parameter 4Observation arc9.95 yr (3,636 days)Aphelion35.971 AUPerihelion16.254 AUSemi-major axis26.113 AUEccentricity0.3775Orbital period (sidereal)133.44 yr (48,739 days)Mean anomaly75.673°Mean motion0° 0m 26.64s / dayInclination12.651°Longitude of ascending node52.073°Argument of perihelion300.77°TJupiter4.2470Physical characteristicsDimensions62 kmGeometric albedo0.115Spectral typeRRB–V = 1.096±0.095V–R = 0.680±0.085Apparent magnitude23.93Absolute magnitude (H)9.4 52975 Cyllarus /ˈsɪlərəs/ (provisional designation 1998 TF35) is a very red centaur, approximately 62 kilometers (39 miles) in diameter, orbiting the Sun in the outer Solar System. It was discovered on 12 October 1998, by American astronomer Nichole Danzl at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Sells, Arizona, in the United States. It was later named after the mythological centaur Cyllarus. Orbit and classification Cyllarus as seen by the Keck telescope at an apparent magnitude of 23 Cyllarus orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 16.3–36.0 AU once every 133 years and 5 months (48,739 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Cyllarus came to perihelion in September 1989. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. Naming This minor planet was named for the Cyllarus, a centaur of Greek mythology. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003 (M.P.C. 49102). A symbol derived from that for 2060 Chiron, , was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a CY for Cyllarus. Physical characteristics As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period and shape, as well as its spectral type remains unknown. Cyllarus measures approximately 62 kilometers (39 miles) in diameter, for an albedo of 0.115. It is a red centaur with (RR), and has an absolute magnitude of 9.4. See also List of centaurs (small Solar System bodies) § 52975 References ^ a b c d e f g "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)" (2008-09-25 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2006). "(52975) Cyllarus ". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2003–2005. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 217. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34361-5_2577. ISBN 978-3-540-34361-5. ^ Marc W. Buie. "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 52975" (2008-09-25 using 29 observations). SwRI (Space Science Department). Retrieved 22 November 2009. ^ a b c "52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 25 April 2017. ^ a b c d Johnston, Wm. Robert (18 August 2020). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 12 August 2021. ^ a b Hainaut, O. R.; Boehnhardt, H.; Protopapa, S. (October 2012). "Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system. II. A statistical analysis revisited". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 546: 20. arXiv:1209.1896. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.115H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219566. S2CID 54776793. Retrieved 26 September 2019. ^ "AstDys (52975) Cyllarus Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 25 April 2017. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 25 April 2017. ^ Miller, Kirk; Stein, Zane (26 August 2021). "Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON" (PDF). L2/21-225. External links Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (50001)-(55000) – Minor Planet Center 52975 Cyllarus at the JPL Small-Body DatabaseClose approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters vteMinor planets navigator 52975 Cyllarus vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris Authority control databases JPL SBDB MPC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈsɪlərəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"provisional designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet_provisional_designation"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)"},{"link_name":"outer Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Solar_System"},{"link_name":"Nichole Danzl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichole_M._Danzl"},{"link_name":"Kitt Peak National Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Cyllarus-5"},{"link_name":"Cyllarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyllarus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springer-3"}],"text":"52975 Cyllarus /ˈsɪlərəs/ (provisional designation 1998 TF35) is a very red centaur, approximately 62 kilometers (39 miles) in diameter, orbiting the Sun in the outer Solar System. It was discovered on 12 October 1998, by American astronomer Nichole Danzl at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Sells, Arizona, in the United States.[5] It was later named after the mythological centaur Cyllarus.[3]","title":"52975 Cyllarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyllarus-Keck-Nov2009-mag23.gif"},{"link_name":"Keck telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory"},{"link_name":"apparent magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude"},{"link_name":"outer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_gap"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination"},{"link_name":"°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-1"},{"link_name":"perihelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis"},{"link_name":"observation arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_arc"},{"link_name":"precoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoveries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Cyllarus-5"}],"text":"Cyllarus as seen by the Keck telescope at an apparent magnitude of 23Cyllarus orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 16.3–36.0 AU once every 133 years and 5 months (48,739 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] Cyllarus came to perihelion in September 1989. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.[5]","title":"Orbit and classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Cyllarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyllarus"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springer-3"},{"link_name":"naming citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_52001%E2%80%9353000#975"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"M.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars"},{"link_name":"49102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_52001%E2%80%9353000#975"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-9"},{"link_name":"2060 Chiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2060_Chiron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyllarus_symbol.svg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chironcomment-10"}],"text":"This minor planet was named for the Cyllarus, a centaur of Greek mythology.[3] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003 (M.P.C. 49102).[9]A symbol derived from that for 2060 Chiron, , was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a CY for Cyllarus.[10]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightcurve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightcurve"},{"link_name":"rotation period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period"},{"link_name":"spectral type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-1"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_albedo"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_object_spectral_type"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnstonsarchive-TNOs-6"},{"link_name":"absolute magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-1"}],"text":"As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period and shape, as well as its spectral type remains unknown.[1] Cyllarus measures approximately 62 kilometers (39 miles) in diameter, for an albedo of 0.115. It is a red centaur with (RR),[6] and has an absolute magnitude of 9.4.[1]","title":"Physical characteristics"}]

[{"image_text":"Cyllarus as seen by the Keck telescope at an apparent magnitude of 23","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Cyllarus-Keck-Nov2009-mag23.gif/200px-Cyllarus-Keck-Nov2009-mag23.gif"}]

[{"title":"List of centaurs (small Solar System bodies) § 52975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_centaurs_(small_Solar_System_bodies)#52975"}]

[{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)\" (2008-09-25 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2052975","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Schmadel, Lutz D. (2006). \"(52975) Cyllarus [26.3, 0.38, 12.6]\". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2003–2005. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 217. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34361-5_2577. ISBN 978-3-540-34361-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg","url_text":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-34361-5_2577","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-34361-5_2577"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34361-5","url_text":"978-3-540-34361-5"}]},{"reference":"Marc W. Buie. \"Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 52975\" (2008-09-25 using 29 observations). SwRI (Space Science Department). Retrieved 22 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/52975.html","url_text":"\"Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 52975\""}]},{"reference":"\"52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=52975","url_text":"\"52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35)\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Wm. Robert (18 August 2020). \"List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects\". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html","url_text":"\"List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects\""}]},{"reference":"Hainaut, O. R.; Boehnhardt, H.; Protopapa, S. (October 2012). \"Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system. II. A statistical analysis revisited\". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 546: 20. arXiv:1209.1896. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.115H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219566. S2CID 54776793. Retrieved 26 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012A&A...546A.115H","url_text":"\"Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system. II. A statistical analysis revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1896","url_text":"1209.1896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...546A.115H","url_text":"2012A&A...546A.115H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219566","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361/201219566"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54776793","url_text":"54776793"}]},{"reference":"\"AstDys (52975) Cyllarus Ephemerides\". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=52975","url_text":"\"AstDys (52975) Cyllarus Ephemerides\""}]},{"reference":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html","url_text":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Kirk; Stein, Zane (26 August 2021). \"Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON\" (PDF). L2/21-225.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21225-chiron-comment.pdf","url_text":"\"Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sousa

Lisa Sousa

["1 Studies and career","2 Research","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]

American academic historian (born 1962) Lisa Sousa (born 1962) is an American academic historian active in the field of Latin American studies. A specialist in the colonial-era history of Latin America and of Colonial Mexico in particular, Sousa is noted for her research, commentary, and translations of colonial Mesoamerican literature and Nahuatl-language historical texts. She has also published research on historical and contemporary indigenous peoples in Mexico, the roles of women in indigenous societies and cultural definitions of gender. Sousa is a full professor in the History Department at Occidental College in Los Angeles, California. Studies and career Lisa Sousa was born 1962 in Sebastopol, California. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an undergraduate, completing a B.A. in Latin American studies in 1990. Her postgraduate studies in Latin American history were also undertaken at UCLA, where her research focused on the history and experience of women and indigenous cultures in colonial-era Mexico. Sousa first completed her Master's degree in 1992 before entering the doctorate studies program, and was awarded her PhD in 1998. Her doctoral dissertation, "Women in Native Societies and Cultures of Colonial Mexico", won UCLA's Mary Wollstonecraft Dissertation Award for the best thesis in Women's studies. As her PhD was being completed, Sousa obtained a position as adjunct professor at Occidental College in the 1997–98 academic year. After a brief term as a visiting lecturer at UCLA, Sousa took up an assistant professorship at Occidental, from 1998 onwards. In addition to her continuing research and publications in the field, Sousa teaches a number of related courses in Latin American history, Mesoamerican literature and gender studies, and also provides instruction in learning Nahuatl. At Occidental, Sousa was awarded the prestigious Graham L. Sterling Memorial Award, established in 1972 to recognize a faculty member with a distinguished record of teaching, service and professional achievement. Research During the course of her studies at UCLA Sousa obtained a proficiency in Classical Nahuatl, an indigenous language of the central Mexican altiplano and lingua franca of the Aztec Empire at the time of the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. While studying at UCLA in the 1990s Sousa researched and published papers on a themes relating to women and gender among indigenous cultures in Mexico. Themes analysed by Sousa include rationalisation of and attitudes to violence against women, the representation and participation of women in crime and colonial-era rebellion, and slavery of indigenous groups in the New World. Her publications and seminars also explore the nature of gender roles in Mesoamerican cultures, particularly among Nahua, Mixtec and Zapotec peoples of the pre- and post-conquest eras. In 1998 as her PhD was being completed, Sousa co-edited and translated an English-language edition of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica, a 17th-century Nahuatl-language manuscript that is central to the claims of the Guadalupan apparition to Juan Diego. The book, The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649, jointly published by Stanford University Press and UCLA's Latin American Center, also contains analysis of and translated excerpts from the 1648 document, Imagen de la Virgen María, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe by Miguel Sánchez. Together with her collaborators Stafford Poole and James Lockhart, Sousa affirms that Luis Laso de la Vega was indeed the principal author of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica, and that portions of the work bear affinities with Sánchez's document. They regard Sánchez's Imagen de la Virgen María as the earliest known written account of the Guadalupan apparition, and that consequently these two mid-17th-century texts are the principal origins of the apparition story, and not any earlier source or tradition contemporaneous with the events purported to have taken place more than a century before those documents were written. In 2004, Sousa and UCLA professor Kevin Terraciano were presented with the Robert F. Heizer Article Award by the American Society for Ethnohistory, for their co-authored paper "The 'Original Conquest' of Oaxaca: Nahua and Mixtec Accounts of the Spanish Conquest", published the preceding year in the journal Ethnohistory. In 2005 Sousa co-edited with Matthew Restall and Terraciano a volume of translated colonial-era Nahuatl-, Mayan- and Mixtec-language primary source texts, under the title Mesoamerican Voices: Native-Language Writings from Colonial Mexico and Guatemala. In 2017, Sousa published a book, The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico (Stanford University Press). The book is a social and cultural history of gender relations among indigenous peoples of New Spain, focusing on four native groups in highland Mexico―the Nahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, and Mixe―tracing cross-cultural similarities and differences in the roles and status attributed to women in prehispanic and colonial Mesoamerica. The book won wide praise among reviewers and was awarded both the American Historical Associations 2018 Friedrich Katz Prize in Latin American and Caribbean History and the American Society for Ethnohistory’s Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Prize for the year’s best book of ethnohistory. In the 2017-2018 academic year, Sousa was selected as one of 40 Getty Center Scholars-in-Residence for 2017-18. The academics and artists will work on a range of topics at the Getty Center on the theme of "Iconoclasm and Vandalism." Notes ^ Date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF). ^ "Lisa Sousa". 3 October 2018. ^ Birthplace information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF). ^ a b c "Curriculum Vitae". Occidental College. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ "Lisa Sousa [profile". History Department faculty. Occidental College. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ "Occidental college Sterling award winners". 7 May 2019. ^ Sousa et al. 1998, pp.43–47 ^ Summarised in Sousa et al. 1998, pp.5–17 ^ Sousa et al. 1998, pp.1–2 ^ Sousa et al. 1998, p.1 ^ "Robert F. Heizer Article Award". Awards and Prizes. American Society for Ethnohistory. Retrieved 2009-06-01. ^ Restall et al. 2005 ^ "Friedrich Katz Prize Recipients | AHA". ^ "Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Book Award". ^ "History Prof. Sousa Named Getty Scholar-in-Residence". 25 September 2018. References Brading, D. A. (2001). Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80131-1. OCLC 44868981. Restall, Matthew; Lisa Sousa; Kevin Terraciano, eds. (2005). Mesoamerican Voices: Native-Language Writings from Colonial Mexico, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Guatemala. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01221-8. OCLC 60323147. Sousa, Lisa; Stafford Poole; James Lockhart, eds. (1998). The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 84; Nahuatl studies series, no. 5. Stanford & Los Angeles, CA: Stanford University Press, UCLA Latin American Center Publications. ISBN 0-8047-3482-8. OCLC 39455844. External links profile, History Department, Occidental College Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Latin American studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_studies"},{"link_name":"colonial-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Colonial Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"Occidental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lisa Sousa (born 1962)[1] is an American academic historian active in the field of Latin American studies. A specialist in the colonial-era history of Latin America and of Colonial Mexico in particular, Sousa is noted for her research, commentary, and translations of colonial Mesoamerican literature and Nahuatl-language historical texts. She has also published research on historical and contemporary indigenous peoples in Mexico, the roles of women in indigenous societies and cultural definitions of gender. Sousa is a full professor in the History Department at Occidental College in Los Angeles, California.[2]","title":"Lisa Sousa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastopol, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastopol,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Latin American studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_studies"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curriculum_Vitae-4"},{"link_name":"dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation"},{"link_name":"Women's studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_studies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lisa_Sousa_profile-5"},{"link_name":"visiting lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_lecturer"},{"link_name":"assistant professorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_professor"},{"link_name":"Latin American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature"},{"link_name":"gender studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curriculum_Vitae-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lisa Sousa was born 1962 in Sebastopol, California.[3] She attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an undergraduate, completing a B.A. in Latin American studies in 1990. Her postgraduate studies in Latin American history were also undertaken at UCLA, where her research focused on the history and experience of women and indigenous cultures in colonial-era Mexico.Sousa first completed her Master's degree in 1992 before entering the doctorate studies program, and was awarded her PhD in 1998.[4] Her doctoral dissertation, \"Women in Native Societies and Cultures of Colonial Mexico\", won UCLA's Mary Wollstonecraft Dissertation Award for the best thesis in Women's studies.[5]As her PhD was being completed, Sousa obtained a position as adjunct professor at Occidental College in the 1997–98 academic year. After a brief term as a visiting lecturer at UCLA, Sousa took up an assistant professorship at Occidental, from 1998 onwards. In addition to her continuing research and publications in the field, Sousa teaches a number of related courses in Latin American history, Mesoamerican literature and gender studies, and also provides instruction in learning Nahuatl.[4]At Occidental, Sousa was awarded the prestigious Graham L. Sterling Memorial Award, established in 1972 to recognize a faculty member with a distinguished record of teaching, service and professional achievement.[6]","title":"Studies and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classical Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"central Mexican altiplano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Plateau"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"violence against women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women"},{"link_name":"slavery of indigenous groups in the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies"},{"link_name":"gender roles in Mesoamerican cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_roles_in_Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"Nahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_peoples"},{"link_name":"Mixtec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_peoples"},{"link_name":"Zapotec peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_peoples"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curriculum_Vitae-4"},{"link_name":"Huei tlamahuiçoltica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huei_tlamahui%C3%A7oltica"},{"link_name":"Guadalupan apparition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"Juan Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Diego"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Stafford Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Poole"},{"link_name":"James Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Luis Laso de la Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Laso_de_la_Vega"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kevin Terraciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Terraciano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Society for Ethnohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Ethnohistory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ethnohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnohistory_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Matthew Restall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Restall"},{"link_name":"Mayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_languages"},{"link_name":"Mixtec-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"During the course of her studies at UCLA Sousa obtained a proficiency in Classical Nahuatl, an indigenous language of the central Mexican altiplano and lingua franca of the Aztec Empire at the time of the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.While studying at UCLA in the 1990s Sousa researched and published papers on a themes relating to women and gender among indigenous cultures in Mexico. Themes analysed by Sousa include rationalisation of and attitudes to violence against women, the representation and participation of women in crime and colonial-era rebellion, and slavery of indigenous groups in the New World. Her publications and seminars also explore the nature of gender roles in Mesoamerican cultures, particularly among Nahua, Mixtec and Zapotec peoples of the pre- and post-conquest eras.[4]In 1998 as her PhD was being completed, Sousa co-edited and translated an English-language edition of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica, a 17th-century Nahuatl-language manuscript that is central to the claims of the Guadalupan apparition to Juan Diego. The book, The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649, jointly published by Stanford University Press and UCLA's Latin American Center, also contains analysis of and translated excerpts from the 1648 document, Imagen de la Virgen María, Madre de Dios de Guadalupe by Miguel Sánchez. Together with her collaborators Stafford Poole and James Lockhart, Sousa affirms that Luis Laso de la Vega was indeed the principal author of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica,[7] and that portions of the work bear affinities with Sánchez's document.[8] They regard Sánchez's Imagen de la Virgen María as the earliest known written account of the Guadalupan apparition,[9] and that consequently these two mid-17th-century texts are the principal origins of the apparition story, and not any earlier source or tradition contemporaneous with the events purported to have taken place more than a century before those documents were written.[10]In 2004, Sousa and UCLA professor Kevin Terraciano were presented with the Robert F. Heizer Article Award by the American Society for Ethnohistory, for their co-authored paper \"The 'Original Conquest' of Oaxaca: Nahua and Mixtec Accounts of the Spanish Conquest\", published the preceding year in the journal Ethnohistory.[11]In 2005 Sousa co-edited with Matthew Restall and Terraciano a volume of translated colonial-era Nahuatl-, Mayan- and Mixtec-language primary source texts, under the title Mesoamerican Voices: Native-Language Writings from Colonial Mexico and Guatemala.[12]In 2017, Sousa published a book, The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico (Stanford University Press). The book is a social and cultural history of gender relations among indigenous peoples of New Spain, focusing on four native groups in highland Mexico―the Nahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, and Mixe―tracing cross-cultural similarities and differences in the roles and status attributed to women in prehispanic and colonial Mesoamerica. The book won wide praise among reviewers and was awarded both the American Historical Associations 2018 Friedrich Katz Prize in Latin American and Caribbean History[13] and the American Society for Ethnohistory’s Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Prize for the year’s best book of ethnohistory.[14]In the 2017-2018 academic year, Sousa was selected as one of 40 Getty Center Scholars-in-Residence for 2017-18. The academics and artists will work on a range of topics at the Getty Center on the theme of \"Iconoclasm and Vandalism.\"[15]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat"},{"link_name":"linked authority file (LAF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//errol.oclc.org/laf/n98-53975.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Lisa Sousa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxy.edu/academics/faculty/lisa-sousa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat"},{"link_name":"linked authority file (LAF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//errol.oclc.org/laf/n98-53975.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Curriculum_Vitae_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Curriculum_Vitae_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Curriculum_Vitae_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"Curriculum Vitae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101116122352/http://departments.oxy.edu/history/profs/sousa/cv.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//departments.oxy.edu/history/profs/sousa/cv.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lisa_Sousa_profile_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lisa Sousa [profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081009060737/http://departments.oxy.edu/history/lsousa/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Occidental College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//departments.oxy.edu/history/lsousa/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Occidental college Sterling award winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxy.edu/academics/faculty/graham-l-sterling-memorial-award"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Robert F. Heizer Article Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ethnohistory.org/sections/awards_prizes/robert_f_heizer.html"},{"link_name":"American Society for Ethnohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Ethnohistory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Friedrich Katz Prize Recipients | AHA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historians.org/awards-and-grants/past-recipients/friedrich-katz-prize-recipients"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Book Award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ethnohistory.org/index.php/awards-and-prizes/book-award/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"History Prof. Sousa Named Getty Scholar-in-Residence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxy.edu/news/history-prof-sousa-named-getty-scholar-residence"}],"text":"^ Date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF).\n\n^ \"Lisa Sousa\". 3 October 2018.\n\n^ Birthplace information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF).\n\n^ a b c \"Curriculum Vitae\". Occidental College. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2009-06-01.\n\n^ \"Lisa Sousa [profile\". History Department faculty. Occidental College. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2009-06-01.\n\n^ \"Occidental college Sterling award winners\". 7 May 2019.\n\n^ Sousa et al. 1998, pp.43–47\n\n^ Summarised in Sousa et al. 1998, pp.5–17\n\n^ Sousa et al. 1998, pp.1–2\n\n^ Sousa et al. 1998, p.1\n\n^ \"Robert F. Heizer Article Award\". Awards and Prizes. American Society for Ethnohistory. Retrieved 2009-06-01.\n\n^ Restall et al. 2005\n\n^ \"Friedrich Katz Prize Recipients | AHA\".\n\n^ \"Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Book Award\".\n\n^ \"History Prof. Sousa Named Getty Scholar-in-Residence\". 25 September 2018.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80131-1. OCLC 44868981.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brading","url_text":"Brading, D. A."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mexicanphoenixou00dabr","url_text":"Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80131-1","url_text":"0-521-80131-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44868981","url_text":"44868981"}]},{"reference":"Restall, Matthew; Lisa Sousa; Kevin Terraciano, eds. (2005). Mesoamerican Voices: Native-Language Writings from Colonial Mexico, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Guatemala. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01221-8. OCLC 60323147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Restall","url_text":"Restall, Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01221-8","url_text":"978-0-521-01221-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60323147","url_text":"60323147"}]},{"reference":"Sousa, Lisa; Stafford Poole; James Lockhart, eds. (1998). The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 84; Nahuatl studies series, no. 5. Stanford & Los Angeles, CA: Stanford University Press, UCLA Latin American Center Publications. ISBN 0-8047-3482-8. OCLC 39455844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Poole","url_text":"Stafford Poole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)","url_text":"James Lockhart"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/storyofguadalupe84lass","url_text":"The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles","url_text":"UCLA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3482-8","url_text":"0-8047-3482-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39455844","url_text":"39455844"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capua_Palace

Palazzo Capua

["1 Further reading","1.1 Main details","2 References"]

Coordinates: 35°54′45.5″N 14°30′9.9″E / 35.912639°N 14.502750°E / 35.912639; 14.502750A view of Palazzo Capua Palazzo Capua, also known as Capua Palace, is an early 19th-century Neoclassic palace in Sliema, Malta. It was built by a Russian banker who named it Selma Hall. It later came into the possession of the Prince of Capua Carlo de Borbon, and his wife Penelope Caroline Smyth, for whom it is still named today. At the time of construction it was the most attractive building of the area, surrounded by extensive country views when most of Sliema was underdeveloped. It has always been identified by its Neoclassic architecture, notably with the use of columns on its façade. The area where the place is found has been built up throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the early 20th century the Capua Palace has gone under different adaptive reuse. The building now hosts a boutique hotel while the St James Capua Hospital was built on the site of its former gardens. The architecture of the building is attributed to William Scamp. Further reading Historical palace to form part of hotel. Times of Malta. 7 November 2003. Capua Palace refurbished. Times of Malta. 23 November 2003. Palazzo turned into conference centre. Times of Malta. 28 July 2005. Ripard, Joanna (18 December 2008). Palazzo Capua added to The Palace's portfolio. Times of Malta. Palazzo Capua has its own wines. Times of Malta. 10 June 2012. Main details Capua Palace incorporated in Victoria Hotel set-up. Times of Malta. 21 August 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. 35°54′45.5″N 14°30′9.9″E / 35.912639°N 14.502750°E / 35.912639; 14.502750 Palazzo Capua, Sliema. Malta-Vacations. 1996–2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Women's Places (Itineraries). From Floriana to Naxxar via Sliema (Ch 19). p. 387–388. p=234 References ^ McGill, Thomas (1838). "A hand book, or guide, for strangers visiting Malta", Oxford University Press. p. 116. ^ "Palazzo Capua". Palazzo Capua Malta. Malta. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ History. St James Capua Hospital. Retrieved 5 September 2016. ^ Mahoney, Leonardo (1996). 5,000 Years of Architecture in Malta. Valletta Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 9789990958157. This article about a Maltese building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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It was built by a Russian banker who named it Selma Hall. It later came into the possession of the Prince of Capua Carlo de Borbon, and his wife Penelope Caroline Smyth, for whom it is still named today.At the time of construction it was the most attractive building of the area, surrounded by extensive country views when most of Sliema was underdeveloped. It has always been identified by its Neoclassic architecture, notably with the use of columns on its façade.[1] The area where the place is found has been built up throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the early 20th century the Capua Palace has gone under different adaptive reuse. The building now hosts a boutique hotel while the St James Capua Hospital was built on the site of its former gardens.[2][3]The architecture of the building is attributed to William Scamp.[4]","title":"Palazzo Capua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical palace to form part of hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150927135454/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20031107/local/historical-palace-to-form-part-of-hotel.137133"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Capua Palace refurbished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160420142120/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20031123/business/capua-palace-refurbished.135917"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Palazzo turned into conference centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160906172112/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050728/local/palazzo-turned-into-conference-centre.82813"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Capua added to The Palace's portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160906173044/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081218/business-news/palazzo-capua-added-to-the-palaces-portfolio.237747"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Capua has its own wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151009040113/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120610/food-drink/Palazzo-Capua-has-its-own-wines.423855"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"}],"text":"Historical palace to form part of hotel. Times of Malta. 7 November 2003.\nCapua Palace refurbished. Times of Malta. 23 November 2003.\nPalazzo turned into conference centre. Times of Malta. 28 July 2005.\nRipard, Joanna (18 December 2008). Palazzo Capua added to The Palace's portfolio. Times of Malta.\nPalazzo Capua has its own wines. Times of Malta. 10 June 2012.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capua Palace incorporated in Victoria Hotel set-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050821/local/capua-palace-incorporated-in-victoria-hotel-set-up.80477"},{"link_name":"Times of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160906165440/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050821/local/capua-palace-incorporated-in-victoria-hotel-set-up.80477"},{"link_name":"35°54′45.5″N 14°30′9.9″E / 35.912639°N 14.502750°E / 35.912639; 14.502750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Capua&params=35_54_45.5_N_14_30_9.9_E_"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Capua, Sliema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160623105725/http://www.malta-vacations.com/holidays-malta/malta-gozo-holiday-accommodation/property-malta-gozo/HA234-palazzo-capua-sliema.htm"},{"link_name":"From Floriana to Naxxar via Sliema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160920231221/http://www.holobooks.co.uk/MaltaItineraryChapter19.pdf"},{"link_name":"p=234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Archivio%20storico%20di%20Malta/ASM.11(1940)1-2(Genn.-Agosto)/03.pdf"}],"sub_title":"Main details","text":"Capua Palace incorporated in Victoria Hotel set-up. Times of Malta. 21 August 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016.35°54′45.5″N 14°30′9.9″E / 35.912639°N 14.502750°E / 35.912639; 14.502750Palazzo Capua, Sliema. Malta-Vacations. 1996–2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016.\nWomen's Places (Itineraries). From Floriana to Naxxar via Sliema (Ch 19). p. 387–388.\np=234","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A view of Palazzo Capua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Palazzo_Capua_3.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Capua_3.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeric_shrublands

Deserts and xeric shrublands

["1 Degradation","1.1 Desertification","1.2 Woody plant encroachment","2 Ecoregions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature "Xeric" redirects here. For the comic book grant foundation, see Xeric Foundation. Desertic region at the M'Sila Province, Algeria Extent of deserts and xeric shrublands Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (ancient Greek xērós, “dry") shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive, usually less than 250 millimetres (10 in) annually except in the margins. Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions. Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands. Many deserts, such as the Sahara, are hot year-round, but others, such as East Asia's Gobi, become quite cold during the winter. Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts. High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover. The diversity of climatic conditions, though quite harsh, supports a rich array of habitats. Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature, reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water. Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions. Above all, these plants have evolved to minimize water loss. Animal biodiversity is equally well adapted and quite diverse. Degradation Desertification Main article: Desertification The Nama Karoo in South Africa is a xeric shrubland that receives between 100 and 500 millimetres (4 and 20 in) of rain a year. The conversion of productive drylands to desert conditions, known as desertification, can occur from a variety of causes. One is human intervention, including intensive agricultural tillage or overgrazing in areas that cannot support such exploitation. Climatic shifts such as global warming or the Milankovitch cycle (which drives glacials and interglacials) also affect the pattern of deserts on Earth. Woody plant encroachment Main article: Woody plant encroachment Xeric shrublands can experience woody plant encroachment, which is the thickening of bushes and shrubs at the expense of grasses. This process is often caused by unsustainable land management practices, such as overgrazing and fire suppression, but can also be a consequence of climate change. As a result, core ecosystem services of the shrublands are affected, including its biodiversity, productivity and groundwater recharge. Woody plant encroachment can be an expression of land degradation. Ecoregions See also: List of desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions The World Wide Fund for Nature highlights a number of desert ecoregions that have a high degree of biodiversity and endemism: The Nama Karoo of Namibia has the world's richest desert fauna. The Chihuahuan desert and Central Mexican matorral are the richest deserts in the Neotropics. The Carnarvon xeric shrublands of Australia are a regional center for endemism. The Sonoran and Baja deserts of Mexico are unusual desert communities dominated by giant columnar cacti. Madagascar spiny forests Atacama Desert See also Desert – Area of land where little precipitation occurs Hydric soil – soil typePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Mesic – Habitat with a moderate supply of moisture Rain shadow – Leeward side of a mountain range Sagebrush steppe – Grassland ecosystem Shrub-steppe – Ecoregion characterized by semi-arid grassland and/or shrubland plainsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands – Terrestrial biome Xeriscaping — gardening or landscaping in xeric environments Xerocoles — animals adapted to xeric environments Xerophytes — plants adapted to xeric environments References ^ a b c d e f g  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. World Wide Fund for Nature. "Deserts and Xeric Shrubland Ecoregions". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-29. ^ Lockwood, M. Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide. p. 199. ^ "Nama Karoo". WWF. Retrieved 2018-12-19. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2009). "Overgrazing". In Draggan, Sidney; Cleveland, Cutler J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National council for Science and the Environment. ^ Eldridge, David J.; Bowker, Matthew A.; Maestre, Fernando T.; Roger, Erin; Reynolds, James F.; Whitford, Walter G. (July 2011). "Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis: Synthesizing shrub encroachment effects". Ecology Letters. 14 (7): 709–722. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x. PMC 3563963. PMID 21592276. ^ Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017), Briske, David D. (ed.), "Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences", Rangeland Systems, Springer Series on Environmental Management, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 25–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2, ISBN 978-3-319-46707-8, S2CID 133015720 ^ Schlesinger, William H.; Reynolds, James F.; Cunningham, Gary L.; Huenneke, Laura F.; Jarrell, Wesley M.; Virginia, Ross A.; Whitford, Walter G. (1990-03-02). "Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification". Science. 247 (4946): 1043–1048. Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1043S. doi:10.1126/science.247.4946.1043. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17800060. S2CID 33033125. ^ Cowling, RM; Hilton-Taylor, C (1994). "Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: An overview". In Huntley, BJ (ed.). Botanical diversity in southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute. pp. 31–52. ^ Hernandez, HM; Barcenas, RT (1995). "Endangered cacti in the Chihuahuan Desert: I. Distribution patterns". Conservation Biology. 9 (5): 1176–1188. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051169.x-i1. PMID 34261239. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deserts and xeric shrublands. Index to Deserts & Xeric Shrublands at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Xeric World Online community focused on the study of xeric plant species Desert Plants: List, Names and Adaptations vtePalearctic deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregionsAfrica Atlantic coastal desert North Saharan steppe and woodlands Red Sea coastal desert Sahara desert South Saharan steppe and woodlands Tibesti–Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands West Saharan montane xeric woodlands Western Asia Arabian Desert Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe Central Persian desert basins Mesopotamian shrub desert Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert Red Sea Nubo–Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert South Iran Nubo–Sindian desert and semi-desert Central Asia Afghan Mountains semi-desert Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert Baluchistan xeric woodlands Caspian lowland desert Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands Central Asian northern desert Central Asian riparian woodlands Central Asian southern desert Kazakh semi-desert Kopet Dag semi-desert Paropamisus xeric woodlands Registan–North Pakistan sandy desert Eastern Asia Alashan Plateau semi-desert Dzungaria Eastern Gobi desert steppe Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe Great Lakes Basin desert steppe Qaidam Basin Taklamakan Desert vteBiogeographic regionalisationsBiomesTerrestrialbiomesPolar/montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Alpine tundra Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Tropical rainforest Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Steppe Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Mangrove Aquaticbiomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realmsTerrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Holarctic Indomalayan Nearctic Neotropical Oceanian Palearctic Marine Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Central Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific Temperate Australasia Temperate Northern Atlantic Temperate Northern Pacific Temperate South America Temperate Southern Africa Tropical Atlantic Tropical Eastern Pacific Western Indo-Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions Lists of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Altitudinal zonation Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions vteBiodiversity of South Africa Afrotropical realm Marine biodiversity of South Africa Temperate Southern Africa Western Indo-Pacific Wildlife of South Africa National taxon checklistsPlants Conifers Cycads Hornworts Liverworts Lycophytes Mosses Pteridophytes Floweringplants Acorales Alismatales Apiales Apiaceae Aquifoliales Arecales Asparagales Asphodelaceae Hyacinthaceae Iridaceae Orchidaceae Asterales Asteraceae Boraginales Brassicales Bruniales Buxales Canellales Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Celastrales Ceratophyllales Commelinales Cornales Crossosomatales Cucurbitales Dioscoreales Dipsacales Ericales Escalloniales Fabales Fagales Gentianales Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Geraniales Gunnerales Huerteales Icacinales Lamiales Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Scrophulariaceae Laurales Liliales Magnoliales Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Malvales Myrtales Nymphaeales Oxalidales Pandanales Piperales Poales Poaceae Proteales Ranunculales Rosales Santalales Sapindales Saxifragales Solanales Vahliales Vitales Zingiberales Zygophyllales Animals Ascidians Bryozoans Comb jellies Echinoderms Nematodes Polychaetes Marine cnidarians Marine flatworms Sponges Tardigrades Arthropods Marine crustaceans Sea spiders Centipedes Millipedes Entognatha Arachnids Harvestmen Microwhip scorpions Pseudoscorpions Scorpions Shorttailed whipscorpions Solifugae Araneae Ixodida Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions Insects Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies Beetles Booklice, barklice and barkflies Butterflies and moths Caddisflies Cockroaches and termites Dragonflies and damselflies Earwigs Fleas Flies Jumping bristletails Lice Mantises Mayflies Net-winged insects Notoptera Orthoptera Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants Scorpionflies Silverfish and firebrats Stick and leaf insects Stoneflies Strepsiptera Termites Thrips True bugs Webspinners Molluscs Non-marine molluscs Marine molluscs Marine gastropods Marine heterobranch gastropods Vertebrates Amphibians Birds Freshwater fishes Marine fishes Marine bony fishes Marine spiny-finned fishes Marine Perciform fishes Mammals Reptiles Seaweeds Green seaweeds Brown seaweeds Red seaweeds Fungi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Related List of bacteria of South Africa List of invasive species in South Africa List of invasive plant species in South Africa List of Oomycetes of South Africa List of slime moulds of South Africa List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes List of botanists by author abbreviation Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay Related: Timber trees of Gauteng Biodiversity hotspots and Centres of diversity Cape Floristic Region Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot Succulent Karoo Succulent Karoo Cape Floristic Region Griqualand West Centre Albany Centre Drakensberg Alpine Centre Soutpansberg Centre Wolkberg Centre Sekhukhuneland Centre Barberton Centre Maputaland-Pondoland Region Ecoregions List of ecoregions in South Africa Tropical and subtropicalmoist broadleaf forests Knysna–Amatole montane forests KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic Maputaland coastal forest mosaic Tropical and subtropical grasslands,savannas, and shrublands Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands Southern Africa bushveld Zambezian and mopane woodlands Montane grasslandsand shrublands Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Highveld grasslands Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets Mediterranean forests,woodlands, and scrub Albany thickets Lowland fynbos and renosterveld Montane fynbos and renosterveld Deserts and xeric shrublands Kalahari xeric savanna Nama Karoo Succulent Karoo Tundra Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra Mangroves Southern Africa mangroves Marine ecoregions Agulhas ecoregion Benguela ecoregion Delagoa ecoregion Natal ecoregion Southeast Atlantic ecoregion Southwest Indian ecoregion Biomes and Vegetation classification List of vegetation types of South Africa Savanna Andesite Mountain Bushveld Aoub Duneveld Barberton Serpentine Sourveld Bhisho Thornveld Cathedral Mopane Bushveld Central Sandy Bushveld Delagoa Lowveld Dwaalboom Thornveld Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld Eastern Valley Bushveld Gabbro Grassy Bushveld Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Gordonia Duneveld Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld Gordonia Plains Shrubland Granite Lowveld Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld Kathu Bushveld Kimberley Thornveld Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Thornveld Kuruman Vaalbosveld KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld Lebombo Summit Sourveld Legogote Sour Bushveld Limpopo Ridge Bushveld Limpopo Sweet Bushveld Loskop Mountain Bushveld Loskop Thornveld Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld Mafikeng Bushveld Makatini Clay Thicket Makhado Sweet Bushveld Makuleke Sandy Bushveld Malelane Mountain Bushveld Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld Marikana Thornveld Molopo Bushveld Moot Plains Bushveld Mopane Basalt Shrubland Mopane Gabbro Shrubland Musina Mopane Bushveld Ngongoni Veld Norite Koppies Bushveld Northern Lebombo Bushveld Northern Zululand Sourveld Nossob Bushveld Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld Polokwane Plateau Bushveld Postmasburg Thornveld Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld Roodeberg Bushveld Schmidtsdrif Thornveld Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld South Eastern Coastal Thornveld Southern Lebombo Bushveld Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld Springbokvlakte Thornveld Stella Bushveld Swaziland Sour Bushveld Tembe Sandy Bushveld Thukela Thornveld Thukela Valley Bushveld Tsende Mopaneveld Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld Tzaneen Sour Bushveld Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland VhaVenda Miombo Waterberg Mountain Bushveld Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld Western Sandy Bushveld Zeerust Thornveld Zululand Coastal Thornveld Zululand Lowveld Grassland Aliwal North Dry Grassland Amathole Mistbelt Grassland Amathole Montane Grassland Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland Barberton Montane Grassland Basotho Montane Shrubland Bedford Dry Grassland Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland Bloemfontein Dry Grassland Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Central Free State Grassland Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos East Griqualand Grassland Eastern Free State Clay Grassland Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Egoli Granite Grassland Frankfort Highveld Grassland Income Sandy Grassland Ithala Quartzite Sourveld KaNgwane Montane Grassland Karoo Escarpment Grassland Klerksdorp Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld Leolo Summit Sourveld Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland Low Escarpment Moist Grassland Lydenburg Montane Grassland Lydenburg Thornveld Mabela Sandy Grassland Midlands Mistbelt Grassland Mooi River Highland Grassland Mthatha Moist Grassland Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld Northern Free State Shrubland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland Queenstown Thornveld Rand Highveld Grassland Sekhukhune Montane Grassland Senqu Montane Shrubland Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld Soweto Highveld Grassland Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland Stormberg Plateau Grassland Strydpoort Summit Sourveld Tarkastad Montane Shrubland Tsakane Clay Grassland Tsomo Grassland uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld Western Free State Clay Grassland Western Highveld Sandy Grassland Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland Winburg Grassy Shrubland Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland Woodbush Granite Grassland Xhariep Karroid Grassland Zastron Moist Grassland Fynbos Agulhas Limestone Fynbos Agulhas Sand Fynbos Albertinia Sand Fynbos Algoa Sandstone Fynbos Atlantis Sand Fynbos Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos Boland Granite Fynbos Breede Alluvium Fynbos Breede Quartzite Fynbos Breede Sand Fynbos Breede Shale Fynbos Canca Limestone Fynbos Cape Flats Sand Fynbos Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation De Hoop Limestone Fynbos Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Elgin Shale Fynbos Elim Ferricrete Fynbos Garden Route Granite Fynbos Garden Route Shale Fynbos Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos Greyton Shale Fynbos Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos Hangklip Sand Fynbos Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos Hopefield Sand Fynbos Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos Kango Conglomerate Fynbos Knysna Sand Fynbos Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Kouga Sandstone Fynbos Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos Montagu Shale Fynbos Namaqualand Sand Fynbos North Hex Sandstone Fynbos North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Olifants Sandstone Fynbos Overberg Sandstone Fynbos Peninsula Granite Fynbos Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos Potberg Sandstone Fynbos Robertson Granite Fynbos South Hex Sandstone Fynbos South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Southern Cape Dune Fynbos Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Shale Fynbos Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Swartberg Shale Fynbos Swartland Alluvium Fynbos Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos Renosterveld Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld Breede Alluvium Renosterveld Breede Shale Renosterveld Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Ceres Shale Renosterveld Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld Kango Limestone Renosterveld Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld Montagu Shale Renosterveld Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld Peninsula Shale Renosterveld Robertson Granite Renosterveld Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld Swartberg Shale Renosterveld Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld Swartland Granite Renosterveld Swartland Shale Renosterveld Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld Uniondale Shale Renosterveld Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld SucculentKaroo Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld Agter-Sederberg Shrubland Anenous Plateau Shrubland Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland Citrusdal Vygieveld Die Plate Succulent Shrubland Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo Eastern Little Karoo Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland Hantam Karoo Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland Klawer Sandy Shrubland Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld Namaqualand Arid Grassland Namaqualand Blomveld Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld Namaqualand Inland Duneveld Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland Namaqualand Shale Shrubland Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland Namaqualand Strandveld Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland Prince Albert Succulent Karoo Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld Richtersveld Red Duneveld Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld Robertson Karoo Roggeveld Karoo Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Steytlerville Karoo Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland Tanqua Karoo Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland Western Bushmanland Klipveld Western Gwarrieveld Western Little Karoo Willowmore Gwarrieveld AlbanyThicketandStrandveld Albany Arid Thicket Albany Bontveld Albany Mesic Thicket Albany Valley Thicket Baviaans Valley Thicket Bethelsdorp Bontveld Blombos Strandveld Buffels Mesic Thicket Buffels Valley Thicket Cape Flats Dune Strandveld Crossroads Grassland Thicket Doubledrift Karroid Thicket Eastern Gwarrieveld Elands Forest Thicket Escarpment Arid Thicket Escarpment Mesic Thicket Escarpment Valley Thicket Fish Arid Thicket Fish Mesic Thicket Fish Valley Thicket Gamka Arid Thicket Gamka Valley Thicket Geluk Grassland Thicket Goukamma Dune Thicket Gouritz Valley Thicket Grahamstown Grassland Thicket Grassridge Bontveld Groot Brak Dune Strandveld Hamburg Dune Thicket Hartenbos Dune Thicket Kasouga Dune Thicket Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket Lambert's Bay Strandveld Langebaan Dune Strandveld Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket Motherwell Karroid Thicket Nanaga Savanna Thicket Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket Overberg Dune Strandveld Saldanha Flats Strandveld Saldanha Granite Strandveld Saldanha Limestone Strandveld Saltaire Karroid Thicket Sardinia Forest Thicket St Francis Dune Thicket Subtropical Dune Thicket Sundays Arid Thicket Sundays Mesic Thicket Sundays Valley Thicket Thorndale Forest Thicket Umtiza Forest Thicket Vanstadens Forest Thicket Western Gwarrieveld Willowmore Gwarrieveld NamaKarooanddesert Albany Broken Veld Blouputs Karroid Thornveld Bushmanland Arid Grassland Bushmanland Basin Shrubland Bushmanland Sandy Grassland Eastern Lower Karoo Eastern Upper Karoo Gamka Karoo Kalahari Karroid Shrubland Lower Gariep Broken Veld Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld Northern Upper Karoo Upper Karoo Hardeveld Western Upper Karoo Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld Eastern Gariep Plains Desert Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert Helskloof Canyon Desert Kahams Mountain Desert Kwaggarug Mountain Desert Namib Lichen Fields Noms Mountain Desert Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Richtersberg Mountain Desert Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Western Gariep Hills Desert Western Gariep Lowland Desert Western Gariep Plains Desert Azonal Albany Alluvial Vegetation Albany Dune Strandveld Algoa Dune Strandveld Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes Bushmanland Vloere Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes Cape Inland Salt Pans Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands Cape Seashore Vegetation Cape Vernal Pools Drakensberg Wetlands Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Fynbos Riparian Vegetation Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Highveld Salt Pans Lesotho Mires Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation Muscadel Riviere Namaqualand Riviere Namaqualand Salt Pans Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation Namib Seashore Vegetation Southern Kalahari Mekgacha Southern Kalahari Salt Pans Southern Karoo Riviere Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation Subtropical Dune Thicket Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Subtropical Salt Pans Subtropical Seashore Vegetation Tanqua Wash Riviere Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation ForestandCoastalbelt KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt Maputaland Coastal Belt Maputaland Wooded Grassland Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld Transkei Coastal Belt Ironwood Dry Forest Lowveld Riverine Forest Mangrove Forest Northern Afrotemperate Forest Northern Coastal Forest Northern Mistbelt Forest Sand Forest Scarp Forest Southern Afrotemperate Forest Southern Coastal Forest Southern Mistbelt Forest Swamp Forest Subantarcticbiome Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation Subantarctic Fellfield Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation Subantarctic Mire Subantarctic Polar Desert not onVEGMAP List of forests of South Africa List of forests of the Eastern Cape Forests of KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest List of forests of the Western Cape Protected areas of South Africa Index of protected areas of South Africa SouthAfricanNationalParks Addo Elephant National Park Agulhas National Park Augrabies Falls National Park Bontebok National Park Camdeboo National Park Garden Route National Park Tsitsikamma National Park Wilderness National Park Golden Gate Highlands National Park Karoo National Park Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Kruger National Park Mapungubwe National Park Marakele National Park Mokala National Park Mountain Zebra National Park Namaqua National Park Table Mountain National Park Tankwa Karoo National Park West Coast National Park ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park Biospherereserves Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve Kogelberg Nature Reserve Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve Waterberg Biosphere Marineprotectedareas ofSouthAfricaCoastal Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area Amathole Marine Protected Area Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area Bird Island Marine Protected Area De Hoop Marine Protected Area Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area Goukamma Marine Protected Area Helderberg Marine Protected Area Hluleka Marine Protected AreaI iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Jutten Island Marine Protected Area Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area Malgas Island Marine Protected Area Marcus Island Marine Protected Area Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area Pondoland Marine Protected Area Robben Island Marine Protected Area Rocherpan Marine Protected Area Robberg Marine Protected Area Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area Stilbaai Marine Protected Area Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Trafalgar Marine Protected Area Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary Offshore Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area Childs Bank Marine Protected Area iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area Protea Banks Marine Protected Area Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area Managementorganisations CapeNature City of Cape Town Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries Department of Science and Innovation Eastern Cape Parks Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality South African National Parks Biodiversity research in SA Bolus Herbarium Iziko South African Museum National Research Foundation South African National Collection of Fungi Researchorganisations Animal Demography Unit BirdLife South Africa South African Association for Marine Biological Research South African Environmental Observation Network South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity South African National Biodiversity Institute Researchprojects African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme National Biodiversity Assessment National Vegetation Map Project Reef Atlas Project SeaKeys Citizen sciencedatabases iNaturalist iSpot Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum Botanicalgardens Durban Botanic Gardens Free State National Botanical Garden Garden Route Botanical Garden Hantam National Botanical Garden Harold Porter National Botanical Garden Johannesburg Botanical Garden Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden Lowveld National Botanical Garden Makana Botanical Gardens Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden North-West University Botanical Garden Pretoria National Botanical Garden Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden Taxonomists List of authors of South African botanical taxa List of authors of South African animal taxa Related Biodiversity Biosphere Ecotourism Encyclopedia of Life Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine protected area National park Nature conservation Nature reserve Scuba diving tourism South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative World Register of Marine Species World Wide Fund for Nature Regional biodiversity Biodiversity of Cape Town List of nature reserves in Cape Town Legislation Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 Publications List of field guides to South African biota Categories: Biodiversity of South Africa Index

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xeric Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeric_Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ain_Errich1.jpg"},{"link_name":"M'Sila Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Sila_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biome_map_13.svg"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_desert"},{"link_name":"Gobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_desert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"ephemeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"}],"text":"\"Xeric\" redirects here. For the comic book grant foundation, see Xeric Foundation.Desertic region at the M'Sila Province, AlgeriaExtent of deserts and xeric shrublandsDeserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature.[1] Deserts and xeric (ancient Greek xērós, “dry\") shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area.[2] Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive, usually less than 250 millimetres (10 in) annually except in the margins. Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions. Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands. Many deserts, such as the Sahara, are hot year-round, but others, such as East Asia's Gobi, become quite cold during the winter.[1]Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts. High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover. The diversity of climatic conditions, though quite harsh, supports a rich array of habitats. Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature, reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water.[1] Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions. Above all, these plants have evolved to minimize water loss. Animal biodiversity is equally well adapted and quite diverse.[1]","title":"Deserts and xeric shrublands"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Degradation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sengi-landscape_Nama_Karoo.tif"},{"link_name":"Nama Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Karoo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"drylands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drylands"},{"link_name":"desertification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification"},{"link_name":"overgrazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"Milankovitch cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycle"},{"link_name":"glacials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_period"},{"link_name":"interglacials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacial"}],"sub_title":"Desertification","text":"The Nama Karoo in South Africa is a xeric shrubland that receives between 100 and 500 millimetres (4 and 20 in) of rain a year.[3]The conversion of productive drylands to desert conditions, known as desertification, can occur from a variety of causes. One is human intervention, including intensive agricultural tillage or overgrazing[4] in areas that cannot support such exploitation. Climatic shifts such as global warming or the Milankovitch cycle (which drives glacials and interglacials) also affect the pattern of deserts on Earth.","title":"Degradation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ecosystem services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_services"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Woody plant encroachment","text":"Xeric shrublands can experience woody plant encroachment, which is the thickening of bushes and shrubs at the expense of grasses.[5] This process is often caused by unsustainable land management practices, such as overgrazing and fire suppression, but can also be a consequence of climate change. As a result, core ecosystem services of the shrublands are affected, including its biodiversity, productivity and groundwater recharge.[6] Woody plant encroachment can be an expression of land degradation.[7]","title":"Degradation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_desert_and_xeric_shrubland_ecoregions"},{"link_name":"ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"endemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"Nama Karoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Karoo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chihuahuan desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_desert"},{"link_name":"Central Mexican matorral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mexican_matorral"},{"link_name":"Neotropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carnarvon xeric shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon_xeric_shrublands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"Sonoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoran_Desert"},{"link_name":"Baja deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_desert"},{"link_name":"columnar cacti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnar_cactus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwf-1"},{"link_name":"Madagascar spiny forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_spiny_forests"},{"link_name":"Atacama Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert"}],"text":"See also: List of desert and xeric shrubland ecoregionsThe World Wide Fund for Nature highlights a number of desert ecoregions that have a high degree of biodiversity and endemism:[1]The Nama Karoo of Namibia has the world's richest desert fauna.[8]\nThe Chihuahuan desert and Central Mexican matorral are the richest deserts in the Neotropics.[9]\nThe Carnarvon xeric shrublands of Australia are a regional center for endemism.[1]\nThe Sonoran and Baja deserts of Mexico are unusual desert communities dominated by giant columnar cacti.[1]\nMadagascar spiny forests\nAtacama Desert","title":"Ecoregions"}]

[{"image_text":"Desertic region at the M'Sila Province, Algeria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ain_Errich1.jpg/300px-Ain_Errich1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Extent of deserts and xeric shrublands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biome_map_13.svg/250px-Biome_map_13.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Nama Karoo in South Africa is a xeric shrubland that receives between 100 and 500 millimetres (4 and 20 in) of rain a year.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sengi-landscape_Nama_Karoo.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Sengi-landscape_Nama_Karoo.tif.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"title":"Hydric soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydric_soil"},{"title":"Mesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesic_habitat"},{"title":"Rain shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow"},{"title":"Sagebrush steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush_steppe"},{"title":"Shrub-steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub-steppe"},{"title":"Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands"},{"title":"Xeriscaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscaping"},{"title":"Xerocoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerocole"},{"title":"Xerophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophyte"}]

[{"reference":"World Wide Fund for Nature. \"Deserts and Xeric Shrubland Ecoregions\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2019-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat13.cfm","url_text":"\"Deserts and Xeric Shrubland Ecoregions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425205057/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat13.cfm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lockwood, M. Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide. p. 199.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nama Karoo\". WWF. Retrieved 2018-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1314","url_text":"\"Nama Karoo\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, C. Michael (2009). \"Overgrazing\". In Draggan, Sidney; Cleveland, Cutler J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National council for Science and the Environment.","urls":[{"url":"https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Overgrazing","url_text":"\"Overgrazing\""}]},{"reference":"Eldridge, David J.; Bowker, Matthew A.; Maestre, Fernando T.; Roger, Erin; Reynolds, James F.; Whitford, Walter G. (July 2011). \"Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis: Synthesizing shrub encroachment effects\". Ecology Letters. 14 (7): 709–722. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x. PMC 3563963. PMID 21592276.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563963","url_text":"\"Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis: Synthesizing shrub encroachment effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2011.01630.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563963","url_text":"3563963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21592276","url_text":"21592276"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017), Briske, David D. (ed.), \"Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences\", Rangeland Systems, Springer Series on Environmental Management, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 25–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2, ISBN 978-3-319-46707-8, S2CID 133015720","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-46709-2_2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46707-8","url_text":"978-3-319-46707-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133015720","url_text":"133015720"}]},{"reference":"Schlesinger, William H.; Reynolds, James F.; Cunningham, Gary L.; Huenneke, Laura F.; Jarrell, Wesley M.; Virginia, Ross A.; Whitford, Walter G. (1990-03-02). \"Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification\". Science. 247 (4946): 1043–1048. Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1043S. doi:10.1126/science.247.4946.1043. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17800060. S2CID 33033125.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.247.4946.1043","url_text":"\"Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1043S","url_text":"1990Sci...247.1043S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4946.1043","url_text":"10.1126/science.247.4946.1043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800060","url_text":"17800060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33033125","url_text":"33033125"}]},{"reference":"Cowling, RM; Hilton-Taylor, C (1994). \"Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: An overview\". In Huntley, BJ (ed.). Botanical diversity in southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute. pp. 31–52.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hernandez, HM; Barcenas, RT (1995). \"Endangered cacti in the Chihuahuan Desert: I. Distribution patterns\". Conservation Biology. 9 (5): 1176–1188. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051169.x-i1. PMID 34261239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1995.9051169.x-i1","url_text":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051169.x-i1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261239","url_text":"34261239"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Ad%C3%A8s)

Piano Concerto (Adès)

["1 Composition","1.1 Instrumentation","2 Reception","3 Recording","4 See also","5 References"]

The Concerto for Piano and Orchestra is a piano concerto by the British composer Thomas Adès. The work was commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra for the pianist Kirill Gerstein and was completed in 2018. It was first performed by Gerstein and the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by the composer at Symphony Hall, Boston, on 7 March 2019. The piece is Adès's second piano concerto following In Seven Days in 2008. Composition The Piano Concerto has a performance duration of approximately 22 minutes and is cast in three movements in the traditional fast–slow–fast form: AllegramenteAndante gravementeAllegro gioioso Instrumentation The work is scored for solo piano and a large orchestra comprising three flutes (3rd doubling piccolo and alto flute), three oboes (3rd doubling cor anglais), three clarinets (1st in B♭, 2nd in A, and 3rd in B♭ doubling bass clarinet), three bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, rototoms, three percussionists, and strings. Reception Adès's Piano Concerto has been highly praised by music critics. Zoë Madonna of The Boston Globe lauded the world premiere as "an auspicious meeting of giants" between Adès and Gerstein. Aaron Keebaugh of the Boston Classical Review wrote, "Throughout its thirty-minute span, the composer paints a bright sonic picture through thorny dissonances and wild chromatic diversions. Its melodies unfold through quick-changing meters to form asymmetric shapes, with orchestral tuttis never seeming to fall on the beat." He added, "The effect is mesmerizing, and the Concerto for Piano and Orchestra stands as Adès' greatest achievement to date." Anthony Tommasini of The New York Times enthusiastically wrote, "This breathless, 20-minute concerto, structured in three essentially traditional movements (fast, slow, fast), comes across as zesty and accessible. But don't be fooled. Just below the surface, the music sizzles with modernist harmonies, fractured phrases, gaggles of counterpoint and lyrical strands that keep breaking into skittish bits. The finale is a riotous, clattering, assaultive romp. I can’t wait to hear it again." The music was also praised by Alex Ross of The New Yorker. Reviewing a recording of the work, the music was later praised by the music critics Richard Fairman of the Financial Times and Tom Huizenga of NPR, who declared, "It may be the most attractive concerto so far this century." Recording A recording of the Piano Concerto's world premiere performance was released on album together with Adès's Totentanz through Deutsche Grammophon on 28 February 2020. See also List of compositions by Thomas Adès References ^ a b Adès, Thomas (2018). "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra". Faber Music. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Madonna, Zoë (8 March 2019). "Adès piano concerto receives impressive world premiere from BSO". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Keebaugh, Aaron (8 March 2019). "Adès' spiky, exuberant Piano Concerto receives a brilliant world premiere from Gerstein, BSO". Boston Classical Review. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (21 March 2019). "Thomas Adès Brings Fresh Wildness to the Boston Symphony". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Ross, Alex (18 March 2019). "The Concerto Challenge: John Adams and Thomas Adès offer new takes on a beloved form". The New Yorker. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Fairman, Richard (28 February 2020). "Boston Symphony Orchestra releases Thomas Adès's Concerto for Piano and Orchestra and Totentanz". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Huizenga, Tom (28 February 2020). "A New Piano Concerto For The People". Deceptive Cadence. NPR. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ Barone, Joshua (7 May 2020). "A Pianist Has Cracked a Composer's Code". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020. vteThomas AdèsList of compositionsOpera Powder Her Face (1995) The Tempest (2004) The Exterminating Angel (2016) Orchestra Asyla (1997) America: A Prophecy (1999) Violin Concerto, Concentric Paths (2005) Tevot (2007) In Seven Days (2008) Polaris (2010) Totentanz (2013) Piano Concerto (2018) Other compositions Arcadiana (1994) Living Toys (1994) Traced Overhead (1996) Category

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The finale is a riotous, clattering, assaultive romp. I can’t wait to hear it again.\"[4] The music was also praised by Alex Ross of The New Yorker.[5]Reviewing a recording of the work, the music was later praised by the music critics Richard Fairman of the Financial Times[6] and Tom Huizenga of NPR, who declared, \"It may be the most attractive concerto so far this century.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Totentanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totentanz_(Ad%C3%A8s)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A recording of the Piano Concerto's world premiere performance was released on album together with Adès's Totentanz through Deutsche Grammophon on 28 February 2020.[8]","title":"Recording"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimen_Rizouk

Aimen Rizouk

["1 Chess career","2 References","3 External links"]

Algerian chess grandmaster Aimen RizoukCountryAlgeriaBorn (1979-08-03) 3 August 1979 (age 44)Algiers, AlgeriaTitleGrandmaster (2007)FIDE rating2433 (June 2024)Peak rating2540 (March 2010) Aimen Rizouk (born 3 August 1979) is an Algerian chess player born in Algiers. He was the first Algerian player to be awarded the title of Grandmaster (GM) by FIDE in 2007. Chess career Rizouk won the Algerian Chess Championship in 1999. In international team chess competitions, he represented Algeria in the 1994 and 2008 Chess Olympiads, and won a gold and a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan Arab Games. He played in the Chess World Cup 2000, where he finished at the bottom of Group C, the FIDE World Chess Championship 2002, where he was defeated by Alexei Shirov in the first round, References ^ Di Felice, Gino (2017), Chess International Titleholders: 1950–2016, McFarland, ISBN 978-1-4766-7132-1 ^ Fodil, Salima (30 November 2009). "Echecs : Aïmen Rizouk " Cette discipline a un aspect pédagogique et éducatif"". Planète Sport. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ "Organizations: Algeria". E-ChessPedia. Chess Network Company. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015. ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "Rizouk, Aimen". OlimpBase. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "11th Pan Arab Games (men): Cairo 2007". OlimpBase. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ Bartelski, Wojciech. "Individual statistics". OlimpBase. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ "World Chess Championship 2001-02 FIDE Knockout Matches". FIDE. Retrieved 4 May 2022. External links Aimen Rizouk rating card at FIDE Aimen Rizouk chess games at 365Chess.com Aimen Rizouk player profile and games at Chessgames.com

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_(1929_film)

Illusion (1929 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

1929 film IllusionTheatrical release posterDirected byLothar MendesScreenplay byRichard H. Digges Jr.E. Lloyd SheldonArthur Chesney TrainProduced byB. P. SchulbergStarringCharles "Buddy" RogersNancy CarrollJune CollyerKay FrancisRegis ToomeyKnute EricksonEugenie BessererCinematographyHarry FischbeckEdited byGeorge Nichols Jr.ProductioncompanyParamount PicturesDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date September 21, 1929 (1929-09-21) Running time84 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Illusion is a 1929 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Lothar Mendes and written by Richard H. Digges Jr., E. Lloyd Sheldon and Arthur Chesney Train. The film stars Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Nancy Carroll, June Collyer, Kay Francis, Regis Toomey, Knute Erickson and Eugenie Besserer. The film was released on September 21, 1929, by Paramount Pictures. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Charles "Buddy" Rogers as Carlee Thorpe Nancy Carroll as Claire Jernigan June Collyer as Hilda Schmittlap Kay Francis as Zelda Paxton Regis Toomey as Eric Knute Erickson as Mr. Jacob Schmittlap Eugenie Besserer as Mrs. Jacob Schmittlap Maude Turner Gordon as Queen of Dalmatia William Austin as Mr. Z Emilie Melville as Mother Fay Frances Raymond as Mrs. Y Catherine Wallace as Mrs. Z J.E. Nash as Mr. X William McLaughlin as Mr. Y Eddie Kane as Gus Bloomberg Michael Visaroff as Equerry Paul Lukas as Count Fortuny Richard Cramer as Magus Bessie Lyle as Consuelo G.L. McDonnell as Jarman Lillian Roth as Revolutionary Rhythm Dance Specialty Harriet Spiker as A Midget Anna Magruder as Fat Lady Albert Wolffe as Giant See also List of early sound feature films (1926–1929) References ^ "Movie Review - Hard to Get - THE SCREEN; Queer Happenings. A Wise Manikin. - NYTimes.com". nytimes.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015. ^ "Illusion". afi.com. Retrieved February 14, 2015. External links Illusion at IMDb vteFilms directed by Lothar Mendes The Secret of Santa Maria (1921) The Adventurer (1922) Certificates of Death (1923) The Island of Tears (1923) The Monk from Santarem (1924) Love Is Blind (1925) Three Cuckoo Clocks (1926) Prince of Tempters (1926) Convoy (1927) A Night of Mystery (1928) The Street of Sin (1928) Interference (1928) The Four Feathers (1929) Dangerous Curves (1929) Illusion (1929) The Marriage Playground (1929) Paramount on Parade (1930) Ladies' Man (1931) Personal Maid (1931) Strangers in Love (1932) Payment Deferred (1932) If I Had a Million (1932) Luxury Liner (1933) Jew Süss (1934) The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936) Moonlight Sonata (1937) International Squadron (1941) Flight for Freedom (1943) Tampico (1944) The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1946) This 1920s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_sound_feature_films_(1926%E2%80%931929)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition

Social-liberal coalition

["1 Social–liberal coalitions at the federal state level","1.1 Berlin","1.2 Bremen","1.3 Hamburg","1.4 Hesse","1.5 Lower Saxony","1.6 North Rhine-Westphalia","1.7 Rhineland-Palatinate","2 See also","3 References"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,901 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Sozialliberale Koalition}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Social-liberal coalition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Social–liberal coalition (German: Sozialliberale Koalition) in the politics of Germany refers to a governmental coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP). From 1969 to 1982 social–liberal coalitions led by Federal Chancellors Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt governed the Federal Republic of Germany. The term stems from social democracy of the SPD and the liberalism of the FDP. Because of the colours traditionally used to symbolise the two parties (red for SPD and yellow for FDP), such a coalition is also referred to as a "red–yellow" coalition (rot–gelbe Koalition). The FDP is basically an economic/classical liberal party, but under the coalition, the FDP and the SPD are close to left-liberalism (Linksliberalismus). Social–liberal coalitions are currently rare, as the SPD usually governs with the Alliance '90/The Greens and the FDP orients itself towards long-term co-operation with the Christian Democratic Union and Bavarian Christian Social Union. However, a social–liberal coalition ruled from 1991 to 2006 in the German State of Rhineland-Palatinate and would have continued to do so, had the SPD not won an absolute majority. Social–liberal coalitions have previously been in power in many other federal states of Germany as well. The traffic light coalition is a combination of the social-liberal coalition and the red-green coalition insofar as it includes the Social Democratic Party, the FDP and the greens, which are the constituent elements of the other two coalitions. The Weimar Coalition was a similar constellation of parties as it included the Social Democratic Party as well as a left-liberal party (the then German Democratic Party one of the predecessors of the FDP) and the liberal-conservative/conservative-liberal element also present in the FDP with the Zentrumspartei. However, the political Catholicism espoused by the Zentrum is absent in the postwar social-liberal coalition. Social–liberal coalitions at the federal state level After the term, the leader of the government is given. Berlin 1963–66 Willy Brandt (despite having an absolute majority) 1966–67 Heinrich Albertz (despite having an absolute majority) 1967–71 Klaus Schütz (despite having an absolute majority) 1975–77 Klaus Schütz 1977–81 Dietrich Stobbe 1981 Hans-Jochen Vogel Bremen 1959–65 Wilhelm Kaisen 1967–71 Hans Koschnick Hamburg 1957–61 Max Brauer 1961–65 Paul Nevermann 1965–66 Herbert Weichmann 1970–71 Herbert Weichmann 1971–74 Peter Schulz 1974–78 Hans-Ulrich Klose 1987–88 Klaus von Dohnanyi 1988–91 Henning Voscherau Hesse 1970–76 Albert Osswald 1976–82 Holger Börner Lower Saxony 1963–65 Georg Diederichs 1974–76 Alfred Kubel North Rhine-Westphalia 1956–58 Fritz Steinhoff 1966–78 Heinz Kühn 1978–80 Johannes Rau Rhineland-Palatinate 1991–94 Rudolf Scharping 1994–2006 Kurt Beck See also German governing coalition Grand coalition (Germany) Traffic light coalition Jamaica coalition Red–green alliance Lib–Lab pact for the equivalent in British politics Purple coalition References ^ ""Dare more democracy" – Domestic and social policy 1969–1974". Willy Brandt Biografie. Retrieved 2023-05-25. vte Social Democratic PartyPresident of GermanyWeimar Republic(1918–1933) Friedrich Ebert Federal Republic(1949–present) Gustav Heinemann Johannes Rau Jens Böhrnsen (Acting) Frank-Walter Steinmeier Chancellor of GermanyWeimar Republic(1918–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Reich Minister President) Gustav Bauer Hermann Müller Federal Republic(1949–present) Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Gerhard Schröder Olaf Scholz Federal chairmen(since 1946) Kurt Schumacher Erich Ollenhauer Willy Brandt Hans-Jochen Vogel Björn Engholm Rudolf Scharping Oskar Lafontaine Gerhard Schröder Franz Müntefering Matthias Platzeck Kurt Beck Franz Müntefering Sigmar Gabriel Martin Schulz Andrea Nahles Saskia Esken & Norbert Walter-Borjans Saskia Esken & Lars Klingbeil Leaders in the Bundestag Kurt Schumacher Erich Ollenhauer Fritz Erler Helmut Schmidt Herbert Wehner Hans-Jochen Vogel Hans-Ulrich Klose Rudolf Scharping Peter Struck Ludwig Stiegler Franz Müntefering Peter Struck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Thomas Oppermann Andrea Nahles Rolf Mützenich General Secretaries(since 1999) Franz Müntefering Olaf Scholz Klaus Uwe Benneter Hubertus Heil Andrea Nahles Yasmin Fahimi Katarina Barley Hubertus Heil Lars Klingbeil Kevin Kühnert Governments Kiesinger Brandt (I II) Schmidt (I II III) Schröder (I II) Merkel (I III IV) Scholz Affiliated organisations Friedrich Ebert Foundation Jusos German Trade Union Confederation Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Parlamentarische Linke Seeheimer Kreis Related articles Grand coalition Social-liberal coalition Red–green coalition Red–red–green coalition Kenya coalition Category vteFree Democratic PartyPresident of Germany Theodor Heuss Walter Scheel Federal chairmen Heuss Blücher Dehler Maier Mende Scheel Genscher Bangemann Lambsdorff Kinkel Gerhardt Westerwelle Rösler Lindner Leaders in the Bundestag Heuss Schäfer Euler Schäfer Dehler Becker Mende Kühlmann-Stumm Mischnick Solms Gerhardt Westerwelle Homburger Brüderle Lindner Governments Adenauer I Adenauer II Adenauer IV Adenauer V Erhard I Erhard II Brandt I Brandt II Schmidt I Schmidt II Schmidt III Kohl I Kohl II Kohl III Kohl IV Kohl V Merkel II Scholz Affiliated organisations Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups Friedrich Naumann Foundation Young Liberals Liberal International European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Related articles Liberalism in Germany Jamaica coalition Social-liberal coalition Traffic light coalition

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bernard

Andrew Bernard

["1 References","2 External links"]

American economist For The Office character, see Andy Bernard. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Andrew Bernard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andrew BernardBorn (1963-06-20) June 20, 1963 (age 60)NationalityAmericanAcademic careerFieldInternational economicsInformation at IDEAS / RePEc Andrew Barnes Bernard (born June 20, 1963) is an American economist, currently the Kadas T'90 Distinguished Professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. He has been on the faculty at Tuck since 1999. He received his A.B. from Harvard and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in economics in 1991 and was on the faculty at MIT and Yale School of Management prior to coming to Tuck. At the Tuck School, Bernard teaches electives focused on global issues facing firms. In 2017, Professor Bernard received the Tuck Teaching Excellence Award in MBA Core Curriculum and was the inaugural recipient of the Dean's Award for Mentoring. Professor Bernard presented the 2020 Ohlin Lecture at the Stockholm School of Economics in March 2022. Bernard is an expert on firm and industry responses to globalization. He was one of the first academics to study how firms respond to globalization and has published papers on exporting, offshoring, outsourcing, and productivity. He has also examined the strategic response of U.S. and German firms to competition from low-cost countries such as China, transfer pricing decisions by US-based multinationals, and the effects of tariff and trade cost reductions on firm performance and productivity growth in the economy. In recent papers, he has documented the emergence of factory-less goods producers in the US, revisited traditional views of deindustrialization and explored the dynamics of new exporters and the role of intermediaries in global trade. His current research focuses on the evolution of global (and domestic) production networks and the consequences for firm performance. He received a grant from the National Science Foundation to support his work on firms and products in international trade. Professor Bernard has been named as a highly cited researcher by Clarivate Analytics since 2014, was named by Thomson Reuters as one of the World's Most Influential Scientific Minds and is among the 100 most cited economists. In addition to being published in top academic journals such as the American Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, the Quarterly Journal of Economics and the Review of Economic Studies, his research has been featured on CNN, CNBC, Good Morning America, MSNBC, NPR's Morning Edition, the Marketplace Morning Report, the BBC, and in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, the Economist, Nikkei, Fortune, and Business Week. Bernard is a Research Associate for the National Bureau of Economic Research, the Centre for Economic Policy Research in London, Ifo Institute for Economic Research in Munich, and the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics. He has presented his research on the topic of firms and globalization at the IMF, World Bank, White House, the European Central Bank, and the European Commission. The Office character Andy Bernard was named for Professor Bernard by the producer, Greg Daniels. References ^ "The Ohlin lectures". ^ "Highly Cited Researchers". ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2017-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Ho, Catherine (4 January 2015). "Jim Halpert, namesake of 'The Office' character, has little in common with on-screen counterpart". www.washingtonpost.com. External links Faculty Website Personal Website Survey of research as of 2006 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Academics Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Other SNAC

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanyaspor

Alanyaspor

["1 History","2 Statistics","2.1 Domestic leagues affiliation","2.2 Domestic season records","2.3 European competitions records","3 Honours","4 Stadium","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Other players under contract","5.3 Out on loan","5.4 Retired numbers","6 Club officials","6.1 Board members","6.2 Technical staff","7 References","8 External links"]

Turkish professional football club Football clubAlanyasporFull nameAlanyaspor KulübüFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948)GroundAlanya Oba StadiumCapacity9,789PresidentHasan ÇavuşoğluHead coachFatih TekkeLeagueSüper Lig2023–24Süper Lig, 8th of 20WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Alanyaspor Kulübü is a Turkish professional football club located in the city of Alanya in Antalya Province. Formed in 1948, the club colours are orange and green. Home matches are played at Alanya Oba Stadium. History Alanyaspor club was founded in 1948 by Doctor Ali Nazım Köseoğlu and a group of young people. The club was initially known as Alanya Kalespor and later changed its name to Kale Gençspor. The first jersey color chosen was blue and white. The club continued to operate in a semi-federal status until 1966, when it gained federated status in the 1965–66 season. That same season, Alanyaspor joined the Antalya Amateur Cluster for the first time, playing in red and white colors. In May 1982, under the chairmanship of Hüseyin Arıkan, the head of the new administration, the club changed its name to Alanyaspor and adopted the current colors of orange and green. This change was made following a bylaws change. In the 1984–85 season, with the establishment of the Turkish 3rd league, Alanyaspor was included in the 3rd League. This marked a significant milestone for Alanya, as it gained its first football team playing in professional leagues. During this period, the construction of Alanya Stadium, which had been ongoing for several years, was finally completed. Prior to the 2014–15 season, Alanya team signed a name sponsorship agreement with Albimo company and competed that season in the 1st League under the name Albimo Alanyaspor. Despite finishing in third place in the 2014–15 season, the team was knocked out by Samsunspor in the first match of the play-off battle, losing its chance to qualify for the Super League. In the 2015–16 season, the club changed its name sponsor and was renamed Multigroup Alanyaspor. After eliminating Balıkesirspor in the first round, Alanyaspor faced Adana Demirspor in the final. Alanyaspor won the match 3–1 on penalties and secured a place in the Super League for the first time in its history. During the 2016–17 season, the club's name was changed to Aytemiz Alanyaspor as part of a new sponsorship agreement. This sponsorship deal lasted until the end of the 2021–2022 season. Statistics Domestic leagues affiliation Süper Lig: 2016– TFF First League: 1988–97, 2014–16 TFF Second League: 2004–14 TFF Third League: 1984–88, 1997–04 Amateur Level: 1948–84 Domestic season records Season League Position G W D L GF GA Pts Turkish Cup 1948–84 1984–85 TFF Third League (IV) 11 26 6 6 14 27 48 24 – 1985–86 5 24 16 3 5 40 22 51 4th round 1986–87 2 30 20 7 3 64 21 67 1st round 1987–88 1 32 21 9 2 71 25 72 2nd round 1988–89 TFF First League (II) 4 34 16 7 11 51 41 55 1st round 1989–90 5 32 11 13 8 44 43 46 2nd round 1990–91 10 34 11 10 13 54 53 43 1st round 1991–92 5 34 15 8 11 51 47 53 1st round 1992–93 7 32 12 9 11 35 32 45 Last 16 1993–94 5 32 12 9 11 34 49 45 1st round 1994–95 8 32 13 7 12 32 37 46 4th round 1995–96 8 32 10 7 15 36 46 37 2nd round 1996–97 10 32 6 5 21 26 69 23 3rd round 1997–98 TFF Third League (IV) 7 32 14 10 8 53 48 52 – 1998–99 15 32 7 12 13 35 46 33 – 1999–00 13 32 9 9 14 32 43 36 – 2000–01 4 32 6 15 11 48 47 33 – 2001–02 12 34 12 8 14 54 47 7 – 2002–03 11 28 10 5 13 32 32 35 – 2003–04 1 32 20 6 6 59 30 66 – 2004–05 TFF Second League (III) 2 32 16 9 7 64 34 57 – 2005–06 7 37 18 5 14 53 44 59 1st round 2006–07 4 38 17 16 5 65 48 67 2nd round 2007–08 3 33 18 3 12 55 34 58 Last 20 2008–09 5 36 14 10 12 59 47 52 Last 20 2009–10 8 36 11 11 14 47 60 44 – 2010–11 14 34 9 8 17 35 54 35 – 2011–12 11 32 9 15 8 26 28 42 – 2012–13 9 32 12 5 15 34 33 41 2nd round 2013–14 2 39 26 7 6 82 37 85 3rd round 2014–15 TFF First League (II) 3 36 17 6 13 56 49 57 3rd round 2015–16 3 37 18 12 7 62 39 66 2nd round 2016–17 Süper Lig 12 34 12 4 18 54 65 40 2nd round 2017–18 12 34 11 7 16 55 59 40 2nd round 2018–19 9 34 12 8 14 37 43 44 5th Round 2019–20 5 34 16 9 9 61 37 57 Runners-up 2020–21 7 40 17 9 14 58 45 60 Semi-finals 2021–22 5 38 19 7 12 67 58 64 Semi-finals 2022–23 15 36 11 8 17 54 70 41 Round of 16 European competitions records Season Competition Round Club Home Away Aggregate 2020–21 UEFA Europa League Q3 Rosenborg — 0−1 — UEFA ranking history: See also: UEFA coefficient As of 21 June 2023 Season Rank Points Ref. 2021 182 6.020 2022 248 5.420 2023 206 6.420 2024 Honours 1. Lig Play-off winner: 2015–16 2. Lig Play-off winner: 2013–14 3. Lig Champions: 1987–88, 2003–04 Turkish Cup Runners-up: 2019–20 Stadium See also: Alanya Oba Stadium The Alanya Oba Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Alanya, Turkey. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Alanyaspor. The stadium was completed in 2011 and holds 9,789, all seated. Players Current squad As of 9 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  TUR Ertuğrul Taşkıran 2 DF  POR Nuno Lima 4 DF  TUR Furkan Bayır 5 DF  KOS Fidan Aliti 7 FW  TUR Efecan Karaca 8 MF  NED Leroy Fer 10 MF  POR João Novais 11 MF  TUR Oğuz Aydın 16 FW  KOR Hwang Ui-jo (on loan from Nottingham Forest) 17 MF  FRA Nicolas Janvier 18 MF  DEN Pione Sisto 20 DF  TUR Fatih Aksoy 22 FW  EGY Ahmed Hassan No. Pos. Nation Player 25 MF  BRA Richard 26 MF  TUR Eren Altıntaş 27 MF  ANG Loide Augusto 28 FW  BRA Carlos Eduardo 29 DF  SVN Jure Balkovec 33 FW  BRA Anderson Silva 35 GK  TUR Yavuz Aygün 37 MF  GER Mert Yusuf Torlak 42 DF  BEL Yunus Bahadır 88 MF  TUR Yusuf Özdemir 94 DF  KOS Florent Hadergjonaj 99 GK  TUR Yusuf Karagöz Other players under contract Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  TUR Çağrı Güney No. Pos. Nation Player 61 DF  TUR Emre Bekir Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  TUR Musa Koç (at Karaman FK until 30 June 2024) — DF  ROU Ümit Akdağ (at Göztepe until 30 June 2024) — DF  TUR Çağan Kayra Erciyas (at Fethiyespor until 30 June 2024) — DF  TUR Eray Güneş (at Afyonspor until 30 June 2024) — DF  TUR Hamza Özdemir (at Batman Petrolspor until 30 June 2024) — MF  TUR Buluthan Bulut (at Alanya Kestelspor until 30 June 2024) — MF  TUR Emirhan Çavuş (at Erbaaspor until 30 June 2024) — MF  TUR Cem Çelik (at Diyarbekirspor until 30 June 2024) No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  COD Arnaud Lusamba (at Pendikspor until 30 June 2024) — MF  TUR Emin Sarıgül (at Afjet Afyonspor until 30 June 2024) — MF  TUR İsmail Zehir (at Düzcespor until 30 June 2024) — FW  TUR Osman Arslantaş (at Bulvarspor until 30 June 2024) — FW  TUR Onur Demir (at Nazilli Belediyespor until 30 June 2024) — FW  MTN El Mami Tetah (at Arda Kardzhali until 30 June 2024) — FW  TUR Veysel Ünal (at Turgutluspor until 30 June 2024) — FW  VEN Sergio Córdova (at Sochi until 30 June 2024) Retired numbers See also: Retired numbers in association football No. Player Nationality Position Alanyaspor debut Last match Ref 90 Josef Šural Czech Republic Forward 17 January 2019 6 April 2019 Club officials Board members Office Name President Hasan Çavuşoğlu Deputy chairman Kamil Köseoğlu Vice-President Bilal Gömeç Vice-President Dilaver Çekiç Vice-President Nazmi Yüksel Vice-President Ali Baki Boz board member Fikret Arık board member M. Fahri Özçelik board member Mehmet Uslu board member Muhammet Çetin board member Mehmet Güler board member Fahri Gürses board member Enver Vural board member Ahmet Tuncer board member Muzaffer Barcın board member Murat Kayacan board member Hüseyin Girenes board member Fatih Göçmenoğulları board member Hüseyin Gümrükçüler board member Eray Erdem board member Hüseyin Karaman board member Ahmet Söylemez board member Ahmet Saz board member Mehmet Kuş board member Ahmet Pehlivan Source:  Technical staff This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023) Position Staff Head Coach Fatih Tekke Assistant Coach Volkan Kazak Assistant Coach Niyazi Eniseler Assistant Coach Erdi Tokul Athletic Performance Coach Hakan Karabıyık Match and Performance Analyst Göktuğ Ertetik Goalkeeping Coach Mehmet Altundal Mental Performance Consultant Seren Akıncı Özdurulmuş Conditioning Coach Ali Can Sümbül Doctor İsmail Yetkin Media Officer Teoman Eriş Interpreter Baran Boçnak Physiotherapist Ali Şanlı Physiotherapist İbrahim Karaca Masseur Niyazi Bilgin Masseur Saitnur Işık Nutritionist Ali Yoylu Material Manager Ali Taşpınar Material Manager Soner Karateke Transportation Özer Karapınar Last updated: 24 March 2023Source: Alanyaspor.org.tr References Footnotes ^ From 1948 since 1984 Alanyaspor played in Amateur Level Citation ^ a b c Club details tff.org. Retrieved 4 March 2024. ^ Bert Kassies. "UEFA Team Ranking 2022". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2022-09-09. ^ "Member associations – UEFA rankings – Club coefficients –". Uefa.com. Retrieved 2022-09-09. ^ Bert Kassies. "UEFA Team Ranking 2021". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2022-09-15. ^ Bert Kassies. "UEFA Team Ranking 2022". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2022-09-15. ^ Bert Kassies. "UEFA Team Ranking 2023". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2022-09-15. ^ Bert Kassies. "UEFA Team Ranking 2024". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ "Alanya Oba Stadyumu" (in Turkish). stadionwelt.de. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ "AYTEMİZ ALANYASPOR - Kulüp Bilgileri TFF". ^ "Home". alanyaspor.com. ^ "ALANYASPOR A TAKIM KADROSU 2022-2023" (in Turkish). Alanyaspor. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "Josef Sural'ın forması emekli edildi!" (in Turkish). Habertürk. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. ^ "Aytemiz Alanyaspor Josef Sural'ın formasını emekli etti" (in Turkish). Akşam. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. ^ "ALANYASPOR YÖNETİM KURULU 2018–2019" (in Turkish). alanyaspor.org.tr. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alanyaspor. Official website (archived 18 December 2018) Alanyaspor on TFF.org vteAlanyaspor Kulübü Founded in 1948 Based in Alanya Stadium Alanya Oba Stadium Facilities Alanyaspor Tesisleri Football Football Footballers Reserves Academy Managers Seasons Supporter groups AlanyasporTaraftar Website alanyaspor.org.tr vteSüper Lig TFF Union of Clubs Millî Lig 1959 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1. Lig 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 Süper Lig 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Champions Galatasaray (24) Fenerbahçe (19) Beşiktaş (16) Trabzonspor (7) Başakşehir (1) Bursaspor (1) Current teams Adana Demirspor Alanyaspor Antalyaspor Başakşehir Beşiktaş Bodrum Eyüpspor Fenerbahçe Galatasaray Gaziantep Göztepe Hatayspor Kasımpaşa Kayserispor Konyaspor Rizespor Samsunspor Sivasspor Trabzonspor Former clubs Adanaspor Adalet Akçaabat Sebatspor Akhisarspor Altay Altınordu Ankara Demirspor Ankaragücü Ankaraspor Aydınspor Bakırköyspor Balıkesirspor Beykozspor Beyoğlu Boluspor Bucaspor Bursaspor Çanakkale Dardanelspor Denizlispor Diyarbakırspor Elazığspor Erzurumspor Erzurumspor Eskişehirspor Fatih Karagümrük Feriköy Gaziantepspor Gençlerbirliği Giresunspor Hacettepe İstanbulspor İzmirspor Kahramanmaraşspor Karabükspor Karşıyaka Kayseri Erciyesspor Keçiörengücü MKE Kırıkkalespor Kocaelispor Malatyaspor Manisaspor Mersin İdman Yurdu Orduspor Pendikspor Petrolofisi PTT Sakaryaspor Sarıyer Siirtspor Şekerspor Ümraniyespor Vanspor Vefa Yeni Malatyaspor Yeşildirek Yozgatspor Zeytinburnuspor Zonguldakspor vteTurkish clubs in European footballMen 1990–1999 overview Adana Demirspor Adanaspor Akhisarspor Alanyaspor Altay Ankaraspor Antalyaspor Beşiktaş Boluspor Bursaspor Çaykur Rizespor Denizlispor Eskişehirspor Fenerbahçe Galatasaray Gaziantepspor Gençlerbirliği Göztepe İstanbul Başakşehir İstanbulspor Kardemir Karabükspor Karşıyaka Kayseri Erciyesspor Kayserispor Kocaelispor Konyaspor Malatyaspor Mersin İdman Yurdu MKE Ankaragücü Orduspor Sakaryaspor Samsunspor Sarıyer Sivasspor Trabzonspor Türk Telekomspor Yeni Malatyaspor Women ALG Spor Ataşehir Belediyespor Beşiktaş FOMGET Gazi Üniversitesi Konak Belediyespor Trabzonspor

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya"},{"link_name":"Antalya Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province"},{"link_name":"Alanya Oba Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya_Oba_Stadium"}],"text":"Football clubAlanyaspor Kulübü is a Turkish professional football club located in the city of Alanya in Antalya Province. Formed in 1948, the club colours are orange and green. Home matches are played at Alanya Oba Stadium.","title":"Alanyaspor"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alanyaspor club was founded in 1948 by Doctor Ali Nazım Köseoğlu and a group of young people. The club was initially known as Alanya Kalespor and later changed its name to Kale Gençspor. The first jersey color chosen was blue and white. The club continued to operate in a semi-federal status until 1966, when it gained federated status in the 1965–66 season. That same season, Alanyaspor joined the Antalya Amateur Cluster for the first time, playing in red and white colors.In May 1982, under the chairmanship of Hüseyin Arıkan, the head of the new administration, the club changed its name to Alanyaspor and adopted the current colors of orange and green. This change was made following a bylaws change. In the 1984–85 season, with the establishment of the Turkish 3rd league, Alanyaspor was included in the 3rd League. This marked a significant milestone for Alanya, as it gained its first football team playing in professional leagues. During this period, the construction of Alanya Stadium, which had been ongoing for several years, was finally completed.Prior to the 2014–15 season, Alanya team signed a name sponsorship agreement with Albimo company and competed that season in the 1st League under the name Albimo Alanyaspor. Despite finishing in third place in the 2014–15 season, the team was knocked out by Samsunspor in the first match of the play-off battle, losing its chance to qualify for the Super League.In the 2015–16 season, the club changed its name sponsor and was renamed Multigroup Alanyaspor. After eliminating Balıkesirspor in the first round, Alanyaspor faced Adana Demirspor in the final. Alanyaspor won the match 3–1 on penalties and secured a place in the Super League for the first time in its history.During the 2016–17 season, the club's name was changed to Aytemiz Alanyaspor as part of a new sponsorship agreement. This sponsorship deal lasted until the end of the 2021–2022 season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"TFF First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"TFF Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"TFF Third League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Third_League"},{"link_name":"Amateur Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Amateur_Football_Leagues"}],"sub_title":"Domestic leagues affiliation","text":"Süper Lig: 2016–\nTFF First League: 1988–97, 2014–16\nTFF Second League: 2004–14\nTFF Third League: 1984–88, 1997–04\nAmateur Level: 1948–84","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic season records","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"European competitions records","text":"UEFA ranking history:See also: UEFA coefficientAs of 21 June 2023[2][3]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1. Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"2. Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"3. Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Third_League"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Turkish_Cup"}],"text":"1. Lig\nPlay-off winner: 2015–16\n2. Lig\nPlay-off winner: 2013–14\n3. Lig\nChampions: 1987–88, 2003–04\nTurkish Cup\nRunners-up: 2019–20","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alanya Oba Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya_Oba_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Alanya Oba Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya_Oba_Stadium"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Alanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanya"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"home ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"See also: Alanya Oba StadiumThe Alanya Oba Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Alanya, Turkey. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Alanyaspor. The stadium was completed in 2011 and holds 9,789, all seated.[8][9][10]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 9 February 2024[11]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Retired numbers in association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retired_numbers_in_association_football"}],"sub_title":"Retired numbers","text":"See also: Retired numbers in association football","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Board members","text":"Source: [14]","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alanyaspor.org.tr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alanyaspor.org.tr/A-Takim/Teknik-Ekip"}],"sub_title":"Technical staff","text":"Last updated: 24 March 2023Source: Alanyaspor.org.tr","title":"Club officials"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Park

Waverley Park

["1 Origins","2 Construction","3 Memorable events","4 Football records","5 Special events","6 Closure","7 Current status","8 References","9 External links","10 Sources"]

Coordinates: 37°55′32″S 145°11′19″E / 37.92556°S 145.18861°E / -37.92556; 145.18861Park in Mulgrave, Victoria This article is about the park in Mulgrave, Victoria. For the park in Thunder Bay, Ontario, see Waverley Park (Thunder Bay). Waverley ParkRicoh CentreExterior of the Sir Kenneth Luke Stand in October 2006.Former namesVFL ParkAddress2A Stadium CircuitMulgrave, VictoriaAustraliaCoordinates37°55′32″S 145°11′19″E / 37.92556°S 145.18861°E / -37.92556; 145.18861OwnerMirvacOperatorHawthorn Football ClubCapacity6,000 (formerly 72,000)Record attendance92,935 – Hawthorn vs Collingwood, 6 June 1981SurfaceGrassConstructionBroke ground5 January 1966Opened1970RenovatedAugust 2000 – 2006Construction costA$3m (original)TenantsHawthorn Football ClubAdministration & Training (2006–present) AFL (1991–1999)St Kilda Football Club (AFL) (1992–1999)Waverley Reds (ABL) (1989–1994) Waverley Park (also and originally called VFL Park) is an Australian rules football stadium in Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia. The first venue to be designed and built specifically for Australian Rules football, for most of its history, its purpose was as a neutral venue and used by all Victorian-based Victorian Football League/Australian Football League clubs. During the 1990s it became the home ground of both the Hawthorn and St Kilda football clubs. It ceased to be used for AFL games from the 2000 season following the opening of Docklands Stadium. It is currently used as a training venue by Hawthorn. The main grandstand and oval are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. The seating capacity is now 6,000, down from a peak of 72,000–90,000. Origins Aerial perspective of Waverley Park facing east towards Mount Dandenong. September 2023. Sir Kenneth Luke Stand. September 2023. Aerial panorama of Waverley Park facing the Melbourne city skyline. September 2023. Waverley Park (then VFL Park) was first conceived in 1959 when delegates from the 12 VFL clubs asked the league to find land that was suitable for the building of a new stadium. In September 1962, the VFL secured a 212-acre (86 ha) block of grazing and market garden land in Mulgrave. The area was chosen because it was believed that, with the effects of urban sprawl and the proposed building of the South-Eastern (later called Monash) freeway, the area would become the demographic centre of Melbourne. The VFL lobbied the state government to construct a rail connection to the stadium, but that never occurred. The push for rail to allow transportation to the stadium was still in existence in early to mid 1980s The original plans were for a stadium catering for up to 157,000 patrons, which would have made it one of the biggest in the world. To accommodate the large number of patrons, the members' stand was to be extended around the whole ground. However, in 1982-1983, when the extensions were due to commence, the Government of Victoria, led by Premier John Cain, who was a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club, refused to approve the plans for the upgrade because it would have threatened the Melbourne Cricket Ground's (MCG) right to host the VFL Grand Final. The league-owned VFL Park had originally been built with the intent of replacing the MCG as the permanent home of the grand final, but the Victorian government, with interests in the MCG, refused to allow its capacity upgrade. No further development occurred and the ground capacity was set at just over 100,000 patrons, later reduced to 72,000. In 1965 construction started. In 1970, the first game was played, between Geelong and Fitzroy. Roads not upgraded and rail line never built. The previous government of 17 years wasn't interested in VFL Park. The playing surface, being 200 metres long and 160 metres wide, was the biggest in the league. That caused some controversy, and the boundary lines and goals were relocated to make the playing area a similar size to that of the MCG. Waverley allowed Gippsland-based football patrons to attend VFL games, given the shorter travelling distance. Although its relative remoteness was irritating for some, it was a significant multi-purpose venue not based in the environs of the Melbourne CBD. In contrast with more central venues, its reliance on car transport to get spectators to the venue became an obvious weakness. The legacy of Waverley Park remains controversial. Construction Under the direction of architect Reginald E. Padey of Meldrum and Partners, work started at the site on 5 January 1966 when the VFL President Sir Kenneth Luke turned the first sod. Construction of the stadium involved the excavation of 378,000 cubic yards (289,000 m3) of topsoil, and the surface of the oval was lowered to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 metres) from the surrounding area. The spoil was used to form the banks for some sections of the stadium. The foundations of the K.G. Luke stand were laid in 1969 and more than 12 miles (19 kilometres) of concrete terracing was laid around the ground. On 18 April 1970, Fitzroy and Geelong played the first game at Waverley Park, in front of a crowd of 25,887. However, the stadium was far from completed, with only the first level of the K.G. Luke Stand having been finished. The rest of the stadium had only been constructed to ground level. The Public Reserve Stands encircling the rest of the stadium were finished in 1974, at a cost of $4.5 million, and the car park was extended to fit a total of 25,000 cars. Lighting was added in May 1977, at a cost of $1.2 million, in time for the first of the 1977 night-series televised matches. In 1982, a monochrome video matrix scoreboard was installed, for the first time in VFL history, displaying instant replay highlights. In 1984, the arena was re-turfed and the drainage system upgraded. Two years later a mosaic mural, commemorating many great names of VFL football, was installed on the grandstand façade above the members' entrance. During the 1988 season, automatic turnstiles were introduced at the members' entrance. Memorable events The first-ever final played at the ground was also the first ever elimination final played in VFL/AFL history, played between St Kilda and Essendon in 1972. During the 1973 season, 42,610 attended the first interstate match at the ground (between Victoria and Western Australia) and a record 60,072 attended the second semi-final between Carlton and Collingwood. Essendon and Carlton contested a once-off match on Anzac Day in 1975 (which Essendon won) in front of a crowd of 77,770. The record attendance was 92,935 for Collingwood versus Hawthorn in 1981. In 1977 Fitzroy played North Melbourne in the first night match at the stadium in the Amco-Herald Cup. The game started 55 minutes late after the State Electricity Commission's supply to the $1 million lighting system failed just ten minutes before the game was due to begin. A fuse was thought to have blown in the feeder pole to the ground. All power to the ground was turned off for 18 minutes while it was repaired. In 1977 VFL Park played host to the first 'Supertest' of Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket. It was also host to the first-ever day-night cricket game. In 1978 Fitzroy defeated North Melbourne to win the Night series premiership. On 15 November 1980 the band KISS played for a crowd of over 40,000 on their first tour of Australia. In 1987 Fitzroy played North Melbourne in the first night match at the stadium for premiership points in the major competition. A total of 183,383 people watched the three finals games at VFL Park and the preliminary final attendance of 71,298 was the largest since 1984. The game was between Melbourne and Hawthorn, and Hawthorn won from a goal kicked after the siren, by Gary Buckenara after a 15-metre penalty was awarded against Jim Stynes. In 1989, VFL Park hosted the first ever Sunday VFL match played for premiership points. The ground hosted its first and only AFL Grand Final in 1991, which was contested by Hawthorn and the West Coast Eagles because the Melbourne Cricket Ground at the time was undergoing construction of the Great Southern Stand. In front of a crowd of 75,230, Hawthorn defeated West Coast by 53 points in the seniors grand final. The same day saw history in the making with Brisbane defeating Melbourne by 34 points in the reserves grand final, and with North Melbourne defeating Collingwood by 38 points in the very last under 19s grand final. In 1996 an unexpected pitch invasion occurred when the lights went out at the stadium in a night game between Essendon and St Kilda, during the third quarter due to a car hitting a transmission tower nearby. After declaring the match finished for the evening the AFL commission held an emergency meeting to decide what should happen as there was no provision in the official rules for an event like this. They decided to continue the match three days later. Essendon kept their winning position comfortably, starting with a 20-point lead and winning with a 22-point margin. Controversially, the Bombers made five changes to their line-up between the two parts of the match. One of Essendon players, James Hird, managed to pick up match votes in some of the media awards. Prior to the match, St Kilda coach Stan Alves complained about the situation and stated that his team is "not going to go kamikaze" and risk an injury when they did not have much chance of winning. The AFL subsequently decided on a set of rules to be applied for incidents of this kind, those being that if a game is not started the league in control of the match shall determine the result. Games that start but are interrupted prior to half-time are deemed to be drawn if the game can not recommence within 30 minutes, while if the game is interrupted after half-time the scores at the time are deemed to be final. Football records In its history, 732 AFL/VFL matches were played at Waverley Park, 70 of which were finals and one a grand final. Highest score: Fitzroy: 36.22 (238) v Melbourne: 6.12 (48) in round 17, 1979 Largest crowd: 92,935, Queen's Birthday (6 June) 1981, Hawthorn v Collingwood Most goals scored in one game: Jason Dunstall, 17 goals, Round 7, 1992, Hawthorn v Richmond Special events Waverley Park hosted many special events other than Australian rules football. These included: Rock concerts: Rod Stewart (1979), Kiss (1980), David Bowie (1983), U2 (1998) and Simon & Garfunkel (1983). A 6 December 1993 concert for Michael Jackson's Dangerous World Tour was cancelled after the tour was cut short. Cricket: World Series Cricket games between 1977 and 1979. International rules football: Matches between Australia and Ireland. Baseball: Home of the Waverley Reds from 1989 until 1994. Closure This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1988 concrete cancer was discovered in the Southern Stand at the MCG. This provided the impetus to replace the 50-year-old stand with a state-of-the-art facility that was completed in 1992 at a cost of $150 million, subsequently named the Great Southern Stand. The new stand was jointly funded by the AFL, allowing the AFL the opportunity to negotiate a better commercial arrangement with the Melbourne Cricket Club. This reduced the AFL's incentive to drive finals and blockbuster games to Waverley Park. The old practice of scheduling 'match of the round' at the ground ended quickly, and by 1993 it was used as a home ground by Hawthorn and St Kilda. In 1999 the Australian Football League announced that it would not schedule any further matches at Waverley Park. Instead it would aim to sell the ground and its surrounding land, hoping to raise a sum of $30 million to $80 million to go towards the construction of a new stadium under construction at Docklands at the western end of the Melbourne central business district. Later the League would also argue that a portion of the income from the sale of Waverley would provide further finance for the development of AFL football as a national code in Australia. The last official VFL game was played in 1999 between Hawthorn and Sydney in front of a sell-out crowd of 72,130. After the decision to close the venue was made by the AFL, the ground's fundamental flaws were highlighted. Despite an excellent playing surface and its own water storage, focus shifted to its unfavourable position, and its antiquated corporate and spectator facilities available, such as the originally high tech but now ageing sepia-toned video screen. Although Waverley Park was only 20 minutes from the Melbourne CBD by car and was serviced by the Monash Freeway, it was only easily accessible by car, as successive governments had failed to provide adequate public transport to the venue. The stadium's car park was large enough to service its crowds, but the access roads were incapable of dispersing them, and long delays for driving spectators were common. Spectators felt distanced from the game in the huge arena, and seating was only partly undercover giving it the unflattering nickname "Arctic Park" which was due to its location on an exposed site, with the prevailing south-westerly winds bringing rain to Melbourne's eastern suburbs directly from Port Phillip Bay. In 2000, AFL pre-season cup matches were played at the venue, and Victorian Football League games also took place there, including finals and the grand final. Melbourne's Eastern Football League also played division 1 and division 2 Grand Finals at the venue at the conclusion of the 2000 season. The 2000 VFA/VFL Grand Final was the last official game of football played at the venue when Sandringham 15.18 (108) defeated North Ballarat 11.11 (77) in front of a sparse crowd of 8,652 people. Afterwards, Waverley Park was not maintained and vandals eventually broke into the site and damaged the facilities. The playing surface, once one of the best in Australia, was reduced to a field of weeds. In mid-2002, Victorian MP Mary Delahunty called on the AFL to mow the dilapidated stadium, as it remained under their control until the plans for the site by housing developer Mirvac (who brought the land off the AFL in late 2001) were approved. In December 2001, the ground and surrounds were sold by the AFL to Australian property development company Mirvac for a reported $110 million; Once the plans were approved, the ground was demolished starting on 11 December 2002. Current status Following its cessation as a venue for AFL football, the stadium fell into a state of disrepair, and anticipating complete demolition, the City of Greater Dandenong, on behalf of football patrons in southeast Victoria, moved quickly to nominate the whole of the facility and its grounds for heritage listing. The basis for the nomination is that the stadium was the first major stadium purpose built for Australian rules football, that its construction and ownership by the VFL provided the basis on which the league built its power base and eventual evolution to become the AFL, that it hosted the 1991 AFL Grand Final, that night-time cricket games were first held at the ground, and that the members' (or K.G. Luke) stand features a mural of football legends by noted artist Harold Freedman. The state-level heritage listing of Waverley Park has been cited by the executive director of Heritage Victoria as the seminal case for an understanding of the cultural heritage significance of 20th-century places. Successful lobbying saw Heritage Victoria grant legislative protection to the site and, beginning in December 2002, portions of the stadium were demolished except for the members' stand and the members' stand mural. The surrounding car park has been replaced by suburban housing, including 1,400 new dwellings for 3,500 people. In homage to the original place and its purpose, the street layout mirrors the original car park and street names honour Waverley's patron Sir Kenneth Luke, architect Reginald Padey and other associations with football and cricket. The members' stand is visible from the nearby Monash Freeway; however, due to new noise walls being installed on the freeway alignment, the stand's visibility from the freeway has been significantly reduced. The oval itself and the eight bays of the Sir Kenneth Luke Stand have been retained with the remaining section of the members stand, which have been redeveloped into a state-of-the-art training and administrative facility for the Hawthorn Football Club a similar arrangement to what fellow AFL club Adelaide have with Football Park in Adelaide. The Hawthorn Football Club moved its administrative and training facilities from Glenferrie Oval to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 season. The facility incorporates an MCG-dimension oval, the size of the playing arena having been reduced from its original size, and includes a 25-metre heated indoor swimming pool, four refrigerated ice tanks, a gymnasium with a 60-metre running track and a warm-up area with projection and screen facilities to simulate match-day conditions. The grandstand has seating for around 2,000 patrons with the seating in the top level of the grandstand having been retained. In 2018, the Hawthorn Football Club announced plans to build a new training and administration facility named the Kennedy Community Centre in Dingley to replace Waverley Park. It is currently unknown what the future is for Waverley Park once Hawthorn move to their new facility in Dingley. References ^ "Waverley Park". Austadiums. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ Miles, Daniel. "Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 May 2024. ^ a b "Victorian Heritage Database". Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 27 February 2009. ^ a b Bednall, Jai (2 October 2015). "The 157,000-seat super stadium that never was". News.com.au. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ "Club History". Essendon FC. Retrieved 10 May 2007. ^ "Round 10, 1996". Retrieved 28 February 2009. ^ "Part D: Pre-Match and Match Provisions". Laws Of Australian Football 2014 (PDF). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Football League. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "The MCG". Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ a b c Hay, R., Lazenby, C., Haig-Muir, M. and Mewett, P. (2002) 'Whither Sporting Heritage: reflections on debates in Victoria about Waverley Park and the Melbourne Cricket Ground', in Dr David S Jones (ed.), 20th Century Heritage – Our Recent Cultural Legacy: Proceedings of the Australia ICOMOS National Conference 2001, pp. 367–370, University of Adelaide, Adelaide. ^ a b c "Waverley Park". Austadiums.com. 12 March 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2009. ^ Miles, Daniel. "Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 May 2024. ^ "Waverley Park". Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Proposed Kennedy Community Centre". Retrieved 10 May 2022. External links Waverley Park Housing Estate official website Waverley Park at Austadiums Ballparks.com Waverly Baseball Club Links to related articles vteMelbourne RedsFranchise History Records Players Managers Award winners and league leaders Ballparks Waverley Park Moorabbin Oval Important figures Phil Dale Postseason appearances (5) 1989-90 1992-93 1994-95 1995-96 1997-98 Australian Baseball LeagueChampions (3) 1989-90 1994-95 1997-98 Seasons (10)1990s 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 vteBaseball Australia stadiumsCurrent stadiums Baxter Field Blacktown Baseball Stadium Diamond Sports Stadium Empire Ballpark Geelong Baseball Park Holloway Field John Murray Field Melbourne Ballpark Narrabundah Ballpark Traeger Park Former stadiums Auburn Stadium Melbourne Showgrounds Norwood Oval Palm Meadows Parry Field Thebarton Oval RNA Showgrounds ABL 1989–99 era stadiums Belmore Oval Canberra Stadium Carrara Oval Concord Oval Lang Park Moorabbin Oval Newcastle International Sports Centre Norwood Oval Parramatta Stadium Queensland Sport & Athletics Centre RNA Showgrounds Sydney Football Stadium Sydney Showground (Moore Park) Sydney Showground Stadium WACA Ground Waverley Park vteAustralian Football League groundsMain grounds: Adelaide Oval Engie Stadium The Gabba GMHBA Stadium Marvel Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Optus Stadium People First Stadium Sydney Cricket Ground Secondary grounds: Blundstone Arena Cazalys Stadium Mars Stadium Manuka Oval Norwood Oval TIO Stadium TIO Traeger Park Summit Sport and Recreation Park University of Tasmania Stadium Former grounds: Albury Oval Arden Street Oval Blacktown ISP Oval Brisbane Exhibition Ground Canberra Stadium Brunswick Street Oval Coburg Oval Corio Oval East Melbourne Cricket Ground Euroa Oval Football Park Glenferrie Oval Jiangwan Stadium (China) Junction Oval Lake Oval Moorabbin Oval Motordrome North Hobart Oval Princes Park Punt Road Oval Riverway Stadium Stadium Australia Subiaco Oval Toorak Park Victoria Park WACA Ground Waverley Park Wellington Regional Stadium (NZ) Whitten Oval Windy Hill Yarraville Oval Future grounds: Macquarie Point Stadium Training grounds: AAMI Park Alberton Oval Arden Street Oval Austworld Centre Oval Brighton Homes Arena Football Park GMHBA Stadium Ikon Park Mineral Resources Park Mission Whitten Oval NEC Hangar Olympic Park Oval Punt Road Oval RSEA Park Sydney Cricket Ground Tom Wills Oval Victor George Kailis Oval Waverley Park Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waverley Park. Greg Hobbs, "A Restless Birth," AFL Football Record, Vol 80, No 28, 28 September 1991, pp. 10–11. Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waverley Park (Thunder Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Park_(Thunder_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mulgrave, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgrave,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League/Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Docklands Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Victorian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagedatabase-3"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"}],"text":"Park in Mulgrave, VictoriaThis article is about the park in Mulgrave, Victoria. For the park in Thunder Bay, Ontario, see Waverley Park (Thunder Bay).Waverley Park (also and originally called VFL Park) is an Australian rules football stadium in Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia. The first venue to be designed and built specifically for Australian Rules football,[2] for most of its history, its purpose was as a neutral venue and used by all Victorian-based Victorian Football League/Australian Football League clubs. During the 1990s it became the home ground of both the Hawthorn and St Kilda football clubs.It ceased to be used for AFL games from the 2000 season following the opening of Docklands Stadium. It is currently used as a training venue by Hawthorn. The main grandstand and oval are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.[3] The seating capacity is now 6,000, down from a peak of 72,000–90,000.","title":"Waverley Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_perspective_of_Waverley_Park_facing_east_towards_Mount_Dandenong._September_2023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Kenneth_Luke_Stand._September_2023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_panorama_of_Waverley_Park_facing_the_Melbourne_city_skyline._September_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"VFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Mulgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgrave,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"Monash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_Freeway"},{"link_name":"demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Government of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"John Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cain_(41st_Premier_of_Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"VFL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bednall-4"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bednall-4"}],"text":"Aerial perspective of Waverley Park facing east towards Mount Dandenong. September 2023.Sir Kenneth Luke Stand. September 2023.Aerial panorama of Waverley Park facing the Melbourne city skyline. September 2023.Waverley Park (then VFL Park) was first conceived in 1959 when delegates from the 12 VFL clubs asked the league to find land that was suitable for the building of a new stadium. In September 1962, the VFL secured a 212-acre (86 ha) block of grazing and market garden land in Mulgrave. The area was chosen because it was believed that, with the effects of urban sprawl and the proposed building of the South-Eastern (later called Monash) freeway, the area would become the demographic centre of Melbourne.[citation needed] The VFL lobbied the state government to construct a rail connection to the stadium, but that never occurred. The push for rail to allow transportation to the stadium was still in existence in early to mid 1980sThe original plans were for a stadium catering for up to 157,000 patrons, which would have made it one of the biggest in the world. To accommodate the large number of patrons, the members' stand was to be extended around the whole ground. However, in 1982-1983, when the extensions were due to commence, the Government of Victoria, led by Premier John Cain, who was a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club, refused to approve the plans for the upgrade because it would have threatened the Melbourne Cricket Ground's (MCG) right to host the VFL Grand Final. The league-owned VFL Park had originally been built with the intent of replacing the MCG as the permanent home of the grand final, but the Victorian government, with interests in the MCG, refused to allow its capacity upgrade. No further development occurred and the ground capacity was set at just over 100,000 patrons, later reduced to 72,000.[4]In 1965 construction started. In 1970, the first game was played, between Geelong and Fitzroy. Roads not upgraded and rail line never built. The previous government of 17 years wasn't interested in VFL Park.\nThe playing surface, being 200 metres long and 160 metres wide, was the biggest in the league. That caused some controversy, and the boundary lines and goals were relocated to make the playing area a similar size to that of the MCG.[when?] [ambiguous] [clarification needed]Waverley allowed Gippsland-based football patrons to attend VFL games, given the shorter travelling distance. Although its relative remoteness was irritating for some, it was a significant multi-purpose venue not based in the environs of the Melbourne CBD. In contrast with more central venues, its reliance on car transport to get spectators to the venue became an obvious weakness.[4] The legacy of Waverley Park remains controversial.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Luke"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"}],"text":"Under the direction of architect Reginald E. Padey of Meldrum and Partners, work started at the site on 5 January 1966 when the VFL President Sir Kenneth Luke turned the first sod. Construction of the stadium involved the excavation of 378,000 cubic yards (289,000 m3) of topsoil, and the surface of the oval was lowered to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 metres) from the surrounding area. The spoil was used to form the banks for some sections of the stadium.The foundations of the K.G. Luke stand were laid in 1969 and more than 12 miles (19 kilometres) of concrete terracing was laid around the ground. On 18 April 1970, Fitzroy and Geelong played the first game at Waverley Park, in front of a crowd of 25,887. However, the stadium was far from completed, with only the first level of the K.G. Luke Stand having been finished. The rest of the stadium had only been constructed to ground level.The Public Reserve Stands encircling the rest of the stadium were finished in 1974, at a cost of $4.5 million, and the car park was extended to fit a total of 25,000 cars. Lighting was added in May 1977, at a cost of $1.2 million, in time for the first of the 1977 night-series televised matches. In 1982, a monochrome video matrix scoreboard was installed, for the first time in VFL history, displaying instant replay highlights. In 1984, the arena was re-turfed and the drainage system upgraded. Two years later a mosaic mural, commemorating many great names of VFL football, was installed on the grandstand façade above the members' entrance. During the 1988 season, automatic turnstiles were introduced at the members' entrance.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Australian_rules_football_team"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_Australian_rules_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Anzac Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Amco-Herald Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_VFL_Night_Series"},{"link_name":"State Electricity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Electricity_Commission_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Kerry Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Packer"},{"link_name":"World Series Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cricket"},{"link_name":"day-night cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-night_cricket"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Gary Buckenara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Buckenara"},{"link_name":"Jim Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes"},{"link_name":"AFL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_AFL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"West Coast Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"pitch invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_invasion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-round_10_1996-6"},{"link_name":"James Hird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hird"},{"link_name":"Stan Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Alves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laws2014p31-7"}],"text":"The first-ever final played at the ground was also the first ever elimination final played in VFL/AFL history, played between St Kilda and Essendon in 1972.\nDuring the 1973 season, 42,610 attended the first interstate match at the ground (between Victoria and Western Australia) and a record 60,072 attended the second semi-final between Carlton and Collingwood.\nEssendon and Carlton contested a once-off match on Anzac Day in 1975 (which Essendon won) in front of a crowd of 77,770.[5]\nThe record attendance was 92,935 for Collingwood versus Hawthorn in 1981.\nIn 1977 Fitzroy played North Melbourne in the first night match at the stadium in the Amco-Herald Cup. The game started 55 minutes late after the State Electricity Commission's supply to the $1 million lighting system failed just ten minutes before the game was due to begin. A fuse was thought to have blown in the feeder pole to the ground. All power to the ground was turned off for 18 minutes while it was repaired.\nIn 1977 VFL Park played host to the first 'Supertest' of Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket. It was also host to the first-ever day-night cricket game.\nIn 1978 Fitzroy defeated North Melbourne to win the Night series premiership.\nOn 15 November 1980 the band KISS played for a crowd of over 40,000 on their first tour of Australia.\nIn 1987 Fitzroy played North Melbourne in the first night match at the stadium for premiership points in the major competition. A total of 183,383 people watched the three finals games at VFL Park and the preliminary final attendance of 71,298 was the largest since 1984. The game was between Melbourne and Hawthorn, and Hawthorn won from a goal kicked after the siren, by Gary Buckenara after a 15-metre penalty was awarded against Jim Stynes.\nIn 1989, VFL Park hosted the first ever Sunday VFL match played for premiership points.\nThe ground hosted its first and only AFL Grand Final in 1991, which was contested by Hawthorn and the West Coast Eagles because the Melbourne Cricket Ground at the time was undergoing construction of the Great Southern Stand. In front of a crowd of 75,230, Hawthorn defeated West Coast by 53 points in the seniors grand final. The same day saw history in the making with Brisbane defeating Melbourne by 34 points in the reserves grand final, and with North Melbourne defeating Collingwood by 38 points in the very last under 19s grand final.\nIn 1996 an unexpected pitch invasion occurred when the lights went out at the stadium in a night game between Essendon and St Kilda, during the third quarter due to a car hitting a transmission tower nearby. After declaring the match finished for the evening the AFL commission held an emergency meeting to decide what should happen as there was no provision in the official rules for an event like this. They decided to continue the match three days later. Essendon kept their winning position comfortably, starting with a 20-point lead and winning with a 22-point margin. Controversially, the Bombers made five changes to their line-up between the two parts of the match.[6] One of Essendon players, James Hird, managed to pick up match votes in some of the media awards. Prior to the match, St Kilda coach Stan Alves complained about the situation and stated that his team is \"not going to go kamikaze\" and risk an injury when they did not have much chance of winning. The AFL subsequently decided on a set of rules to be applied for incidents of this kind, those being that if a game is not started the league in control of the match shall determine the result. Games that start but are interrupted prior to half-time are deemed to be drawn if the game can not recommence within 30 minutes, while if the game is interrupted after half-time the scores at the time are deemed to be final.[7]","title":"Memorable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Queen's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Jason Dunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Dunstall"}],"text":"In its history, 732 AFL/VFL matches were played at Waverley Park, 70 of which were finals and one a grand final.Highest score: Fitzroy: 36.22 (238) v Melbourne: 6.12 (48) in round 17, 1979\nLargest crowd: 92,935, Queen's Birthday (6 June) 1981, Hawthorn v Collingwood\nMost goals scored in one game: Jason Dunstall, 17 goals, Round 7, 1992, Hawthorn v Richmond","title":"Football records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Simon & Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Dangerous World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"World Series Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cricket"},{"link_name":"International rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Waverley Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Reds"}],"text":"Waverley Park hosted many special events other than Australian rules football. These included:Rock concerts: Rod Stewart (1979), Kiss (1980), David Bowie (1983), U2 (1998) and Simon & Garfunkel (1983). A 6 December 1993 concert for Michael Jackson's Dangerous World Tour was cancelled after the tour was cut short.\nCricket: World Series Cricket games between 1977 and 1979.\nInternational rules football: Matches between Australia and Ireland.\nBaseball: Home of the Waverley Reds from 1989 until 1994.","title":"Special events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concrete cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Melbourne central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whither-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whither-9"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Monash Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austadiums-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whither-9"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Mary Delahunty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Delahunty"},{"link_name":"Mirvac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirvac"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austadiums-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austadiums-10"}],"text":"In 1988 concrete cancer was discovered in the Southern Stand at the MCG. This provided the impetus to replace the 50-year-old stand with a state-of-the-art facility that was completed in 1992 at a cost of $150 million, subsequently named the Great Southern Stand. The new stand was jointly funded by the AFL, allowing the AFL the opportunity to negotiate a better commercial arrangement with the Melbourne Cricket Club. This reduced the AFL's incentive to drive finals and blockbuster games to Waverley Park.[8] The old practice of scheduling 'match of the round' at the ground ended quickly, and by 1993 it was used as a home ground by Hawthorn and St Kilda.In 1999 the Australian Football League announced that it would not schedule any further matches at Waverley Park. Instead it would aim to sell the ground and its surrounding land, hoping to raise a sum of $30 million to $80 million to go towards the construction of a new stadium under construction at Docklands at the western end of the Melbourne central business district.[9] Later the League would also argue that a portion of the income from the sale of Waverley would provide further finance for the development of AFL football as a national code in Australia.[9] The last official VFL game was played in 1999 between Hawthorn and Sydney in front of a sell-out crowd of 72,130.After the decision to close the venue was made by the AFL, the ground's fundamental flaws were highlighted. Despite an excellent playing surface and its own water storage, focus shifted to its unfavourable position, and its antiquated corporate and spectator facilities available, such as the originally high tech but now ageing sepia-toned video screen. Although Waverley Park was only 20 minutes from the Melbourne CBD by car and was serviced by the Monash Freeway, it was only easily accessible by car, as successive governments had failed to provide adequate public transport to the venue. The stadium's car park was large enough to service its crowds, but the access roads were incapable of dispersing them, and long delays for driving spectators were common. Spectators felt distanced from the game in the huge arena,[10] and seating was only partly undercover giving it the unflattering nickname \"Arctic Park\"[9] which was due to its location on an exposed site, with the prevailing south-westerly winds bringing rain to Melbourne's eastern suburbs directly from Port Phillip Bay.In 2000, AFL pre-season cup matches were played at the venue, and Victorian Football League games also took place there, including finals and the grand final. Melbourne's Eastern Football League also played division 1 and division 2 Grand Finals at the venue at the conclusion of the 2000 season. \nThe 2000 VFA/VFL Grand Final was the last official game of football played at the venue when Sandringham 15.18 (108) defeated North Ballarat 11.11 (77) in front of a sparse crowd of 8,652 people.Afterwards, Waverley Park was not maintained and vandals eventually broke into the site and damaged the facilities. The playing surface, once one of the best in Australia, was reduced to a field of weeds. In mid-2002, Victorian MP Mary Delahunty called on the AFL to mow the dilapidated stadium, as it remained under their control until the plans for the site by housing developer Mirvac (who brought the land off the AFL in late 2001) were approved. [10] In December 2001, the ground and surrounds were sold by the AFL to Australian property development company Mirvac for a reported $110 million;[11] Once the plans were approved, the ground was demolished starting on 11 December 2002.[10]","title":"Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Greater Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Dandenong"},{"link_name":"Heritage Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagedatabase-3"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Luke"},{"link_name":"Monash Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Football Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Park"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Glenferrie Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenferrie_Oval"},{"link_name":"2006 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Following its cessation as a venue for AFL football, the stadium fell into a state of disrepair, and anticipating complete demolition, the City of Greater Dandenong, on behalf of football patrons in southeast Victoria, moved quickly to nominate the whole of the facility and its grounds for heritage listing. The basis for the nomination is that the stadium was the first major stadium purpose built for Australian rules football, that its construction and ownership by the VFL provided the basis on which the league built its power base and eventual evolution to become the AFL, that it hosted the 1991 AFL Grand Final, that night-time cricket games were first held at the ground, and that the members' (or K.G. Luke) stand features a mural of football legends by noted artist Harold Freedman. The state-level heritage listing of Waverley Park has been cited by the executive director of Heritage Victoria as the seminal case for an understanding of the cultural heritage significance of 20th-century places.Successful lobbying saw Heritage Victoria grant legislative protection to the site and, beginning in December 2002, portions of the stadium were demolished except for the members' stand and the members' stand mural.[3] The surrounding car park has been replaced by suburban housing, including 1,400 new dwellings for 3,500 people. In homage to the original place and its purpose, the street layout mirrors the original car park and street names honour Waverley's patron Sir Kenneth Luke, architect Reginald Padey and other associations with football and cricket. The members' stand is visible from the nearby Monash Freeway; however, due to new noise walls being installed on the freeway alignment, the stand's visibility from the freeway has been significantly reduced.The oval itself and the eight bays of the Sir Kenneth Luke Stand have been retained with the remaining section of the members stand, which have been redeveloped into a state-of-the-art training and administrative facility for the Hawthorn Football Club a similar arrangement to what fellow AFL club Adelaide have with Football Park in Adelaide. The Hawthorn Football Club moved its administrative and training facilities from Glenferrie Oval to a redeveloped Waverley Park early in 2006 in preparation for the 2006 season. The facility incorporates an MCG-dimension oval, the size of the playing arena having been reduced from its original size, and includes a 25-metre heated indoor swimming pool, four refrigerated ice tanks, a gymnasium with a 60-metre running track and a warm-up area with projection and screen facilities to simulate match-day conditions. The grandstand has seating for around 2,000 patrons with the seating in the top level of the grandstand having been retained.[12]In 2018, the Hawthorn Football Club announced plans to build a new training and administration facility named the Kennedy Community Centre in Dingley to replace Waverley Park.[13] It is currently unknown what the future is for Waverley Park once Hawthorn move to their new facility in Dingley.","title":"Current status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waverley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waverley_Park"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7975430#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/place/067670cb-93db-4f4b-9add-5b997ac2992d"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waverley Park.Greg Hobbs, \"A Restless Birth,\" AFL Football Record, Vol 80, No 28, 28 September 1991, pp. 10–11.Authority control databases: Geographic \nMusicBrainz place","title":"Sources"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Waverley Park\". Austadiums. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/stadiums.php?id=133","url_text":"\"Waverley Park\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Daniel. \"Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-04/waverley-vfl-afl-park-stadium-twenty-five-years-tasmania/103608408","url_text":"\"Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian Heritage Database\". Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 27 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;6059","url_text":"\"Victorian Heritage Database\""}]},{"reference":"Bednall, Jai (2 October 2015). \"The 157,000-seat super stadium that never was\". News.com.au. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/the-157000seat-super-stadium-that-never-was/news-story/2c031a2774cc7e2353cf3857f3985723","url_text":"\"The 157,000-seat super stadium that never was\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club History\". Essendon FC. Retrieved 10 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essendonfc.com.au/club/history.asp","url_text":"\"Club History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club","url_text":"Essendon FC"}]},{"reference":"\"Round 10, 1996\". Retrieved 28 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.vicnet.net.au/~brad/96/round10.htm","url_text":"\"Round 10, 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Part D: Pre-Match and Match Provisions\". Laws Of Australian Football 2014 (PDF). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Football League. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140705203906/http://www.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/Images/2212%20LawsAusFootball_Web.pdf","url_text":"Laws Of Australian Football 2014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League","url_text":"Australian Football League"},{"url":"http://www.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/AFL/Files/Images/2212%20LawsAusFootball_Web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The MCG\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001223437/http://www.worldofwookie.com/aflbusiness/?page_id=342","url_text":"\"The MCG\""},{"url":"http://www.worldofwookie.com/aflbusiness/?page_id=342","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Waverley Park\". Austadiums.com. 12 March 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/stadiums.php?id=133","url_text":"\"Waverley Park\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Daniel. \"Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-04/waverley-vfl-afl-park-stadium-twenty-five-years-tasmania/103608408","url_text":"\"Twenty-five years after Waverley Park's last AFL game, political football moves to Tasmania stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waverley Park\". Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/waverley-park","url_text":"\"Waverley Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed Kennedy Community Centre\". Retrieved 10 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/proposed/18","url_text":"\"Proposed Kennedy Community Centre\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDC_School_of_Design

IDC School of Design

["1 Notable faculty","2 Notable alumni","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 19°08′00″N 72°55′03″E / 19.133408°N 72.917384°E / 19.133408; 72.917384Design school of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "IDC School of Design" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) IIT Bombay IDC School of Designआई.डी.सी. अभिकल्प विद्यालयTypePublicEstablished1969Academic staff27Undergraduates120Postgraduates150Doctoral students45LocationMumbai19°08′00″N 72°55′03″E / 19.133408°N 72.917384°E / 19.133408; 72.917384CampusUrbanWebsitewww.idc.iitb.ac.in The IIT Bombay Industrial Design Centre School of Design (IITB IDC School of Design) is a design school part of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, a public research university in Powai, Mumbai. It offers four-year Bachelor of Design (B.Des.) and two-year Master of Design (M.Des.) programmes, a five-year integrated Bachelor's plus Master's in design programme, and doctoral programmes (PhD) in design across various disciplines such as industrial design, communication design, animation and automobile design. Notable faculty Prof. R. K. Joshi Prof. Ravi Poovaiah Prof. Shilpa Ranade Prof. Nina Sabnani Notable alumni Pranav Mistry - inventor of 6th sense and Global Vice President of Research at Samsung Satyendra Pakhale - of Pakhale Associates Udaya Kumar - designer of the Indian rupee sign Ramkripa Ananthan - Designer of Mahindra Bolero, Thar, XUVs, Jeep References ^ "About". Official website. ^ "IDC IIT Bombay - Industrial Design Centre". www.careers360.com. Retrieved 21 July 2022. External links IDC official site vteIndian Institutes of Technology (IITs) History of IITs Institutes Bhilai Bhubaneswar Bombay Dharwad Delhi Dhanbad Gandhinagar Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Indore Jammu Jodhpur Kanpur Kharagpur Mandi Madras Palakkad Patna Roorkee Ropar Tirupati Varanasi Schools of Management Department of Industrial and Management Engineering (DIME, IIT Kanpur) Department of Management Studies (DMS, IIT Delhi) Department of Management Studies (DMS, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad) Department of Management Studies (DoMS, IIT Madras) Department of Management Studies, IIT Roorkee (DoMS, IIT Roorkee) Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management (SJMSoM, IIT Bombay) Vinod Gupta School of Management (VGSoM, IIT Kharagpur) Admissions Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Common Admission Test Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. Policy of Reservation Common Entrance Examination for Design Joint Seat Allocation Authority FestsCultural fests Alcheringa Alma Fiesta Antaragni Anwesha Exodia Fluxus Kashiyatra Mood Indigo Performing Arts Festival Rendezvous Saarang Spring Fest Srijan Thomso Technical fests Cognizance Kshitij Shaastra Techfest Techkriti Technex Techniche Wissenaire Sports fests Infinito Aavhan Agrata Udghosh Spardha Sportech Shaurya Parakram Sparsha Sangram Spirit Notable alumni IIT Bombay IIT Delhi IIT Kanpur IIT Kharagpur IIT Madras IIT Roorkee IIT (BHU) Varanasi Legal status Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 Institutes of National Importance Institutes of Eminence Related subjects AIIMSs IIITs IIMs IISc IISERs NITs NIPERs SPAs NIDs NIFTs Category Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bombay"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"doctoral programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Design school of the Indian Institute of Technology BombayThe IIT Bombay Industrial Design Centre School of Design (IITB IDC School of Design) is a design school part of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, a public research university in Powai, Mumbai.[1] It offers four-year Bachelor of Design (B.Des.) and two-year Master of Design (M.Des.) programmes, a five-year integrated Bachelor's plus Master's in design programme, and doctoral programmes (PhD) in design across various disciplines such as industrial design, communication design, animation and automobile design.[2]","title":"IDC School of Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prof. R. K. Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_K_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Prof. Ravi Poovaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Poovaiah"},{"link_name":"Prof. Shilpa Ranade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilpa_Ranade"},{"link_name":"Prof. Nina Sabnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Sabnani"}],"text":"Prof. R. K. Joshi\nProf. Ravi Poovaiah\nProf. Shilpa Ranade\nProf. Nina Sabnani","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pranav Mistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranav_Mistry"},{"link_name":"Satyendra Pakhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Pakhale"},{"link_name":"Udaya Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaya_Kumar_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Indian rupee sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign"},{"link_name":"Ramkripa Ananthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramkripa_Ananthan"}],"text":"Pranav Mistry - inventor of 6th sense and Global Vice President of Research at Samsung\nSatyendra Pakhale - of Pakhale Associates\nUdaya Kumar - designer of the Indian rupee sign\nRamkripa Ananthan - Designer of Mahindra Bolero, Thar, XUVs, Jeep","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_1942%E2%80%9345

Burma campaign

["1 Japanese conquest of Burma","1.1 Japanese advance to the Indian frontier","1.2 Thai army enters Burma","2 Allied setbacks, 1942–1943","3 The balance shifts 1943–1944","3.1 Allied plans","3.2 Japanese plans","3.3 Northern and Yunnan front 1943–1944","3.4 Southern front 1943–1944","4 Japanese invasion of India 1944","5 Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945","5.1 Southern front 1944–1945","5.2 Northern front 1944–1945","5.3 Central front 1944–1945","5.4 Race for Rangoon","5.5 Operation Dracula","6 Final operations","7 Results","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Citations","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links","12.1 Associations","12.2 Museums","12.3 Media","12.4 Primary sources","12.5 History"]

1941–1945 campaign during World War II For the British non-governmental organisation, see Burma Campaign UK. Not to be confused with Anglo-Burmese Wars. Burma campaignPart of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific Theater of World War IISikh soldiers of the 7th Indian Infantry Division at an observation post in the Ngakyedauk Pass, February 1944Date14 December 1941 – 13 September 1945(3 years, 11 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)LocationBurma and IndiaResult Allied victoryTerritorialchanges Britain reoccupied BurmaBelligerents Allies: United Kingdom  India Burma Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Nigeria Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia Nyasaland Uganda China  United States Nepal (See also Gurkha) PBF (1945) Medical support: Belgian Congo Axis: Japan State of Burma Azad Hind ThailandCommanders and leaders Archibald Wavell Louis Mountbatten George Giffard William Slim Du Yuming Luo Zhuoying Wei Lihuang Joseph Stilwell George Stratemeyer Aung San (1945) Shojiro Iida Masakazu Kawabe Heitaro Kimura   Renya Mutaguchi Ba Maw Aung San (1941–1945) Charun Rattanakun Phin Choonhavan Strength 1942–1943 95,000 42,000–47,0001944–1945 1,000,000 250,000 12,000 15,000 1942–1943 ~300,000 35,000 23,000 (1942)1944–1945 316,700 (1944) 43,000 (1945)Casualties and losses ~107,391 including sick 40,000 casualties during the Japanese conquest of Burma in 1942 31,443 dead by all causes (1943–1945) 35,948 wounded (1943–1945) ~86,600 excluding sick 28,878 killed and missing 44,731 wounded ~12,700 died of disease 3,253 total casualties Total Allied: ~207,244 200,000 overall 144,000 – 164,500 total dead including disease 40,000 killed in action 56,000 wounded ~5,600 2,615 dead or missing Total Axis: ~210,000 250,000 to 1,000,000 Burmese civilians killed ^ a b The Burma National Army after it revolted against the Japanese and joined the allies as the Patriotic Burmese Forces. ^ Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma. ^ They were drawn primarily from British India. Most of them stayed and defended in India, and did not participate in the counter-offensives in Burma. ^ The X Force (About 75,000 troops) and Y Force (175,000 troops) ^ 3,000 were frontline combat troops (Merrill's Marauders); the rest were engineering and air force personnel. ^ Merrill's Marauders losses accounted for 2,394 of this figure, including 424 combat casualties and 1,970 deaths or evacuations due to disease. ^ Total excludes the approximately 3 million civilians who died in the Bengal famine. vteBurma campaign Japanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942) Bilin River Sittang Bridge Pegu Taukkyan Yunnan-Burma Road Tachiao Oktwin Toungoo Shwedaung Prome Yenangyaung Burma campaign (1942–1943) Arakan The Hump Chindits Burma campaign (1943–1944) Chindits (II) Admin Box U Go Imphal Shangshak Tennis Court Kohima Myitkyina Mogaung Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945) Mount Song Burma campaign (1944–1945) Meiktila and Mandalay Pakokku Hill 170 Ramree Island Tanlwe Chaung Dracula Elephant Point Sittang Bend vteSecond Sino-Japanese War 1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) Manchuria Mukden Lytton Report Jiangqiao Nenjiang Bridge Jinzhou Harbin 1st Shanghai Pacification of Manchukuo Inner Mongolia Great Wall Rehe Suiyuan 1937–1939 Marco Polo Bridge Beiping–Tianjin Chahar 2nd Shanghai Sihang Warehouse Railway Operation Beiping–Hankou Tianjin–Pukou Taiyuan Pingxingguan Xinkou Nanking Massacre Xuzhou Taierzhuang North-East Henan Lanfeng Amoy Chongqing Yellow River flood Wuhan Wanjialing Wenxi fire Canton Hainan Nanchang Suixian–Zaoyang Swatow 1st Changsha South Guangxi Kunlun Pass Winter Offensive West Suiyuan Wuyuan 1940–1942 Zaoyang–Yichang Hundred Regiments North Vietnam Central Hubei South Anhui South Henan West Hubei Shanggao South Shanxi 2nd Changsha 3rd Changsha Yunnan-Burma Road Tachiao Oktwin Toungoo Yenangyaung Zhejiang–Jiangxi Sichuan (cancelled) 1943–1945 West Hubei North Burma and West Yunnan Myitkyina Mount Song Changde Ichi-Go 4th Changsha Hengyang Guilin–Liuzhou West Henan–North Hubei West Hunan Guangxi Air War Taihoku vteSouth-East Asian Theater French Indochina Franco-Thai War Ko Chang Invasion Coup de main August Revolution Thailand Invasion Air raids Malaya and Singapore Invasion 1st Singapore Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse Jitra Krohcol Gurun Kampar Slim River Gemas Muar Parit Sulong Massacre Endau 2nd Singapore Dutch East Indies 1st Borneo Manado Tarakan Balikpapan Ambon Makassar Strait Sumatra Palembang Badung Strait Timor USS Langley 1st Java Sea Sunda Strait Java 2nd Java Sea 8 June 1945 2nd Borneo Tarakan North Borneo Balikpapan Indian Ocean 27 February 1941 8 May 1941 Sydney vs Kormoran Japanese raiders Andaman and Nicobar Homfreyganj massacre Christmas Island 1st Indian Ocean Easter Sunday Raid Madagascar Cocos Islands mutiny Réunion 13 November 1943 11 January 1944 14 February 1944 2nd Indian Ocean 17 July 1944 Burma, India and China Japanese invasion of Burma Bilin River Sittang Bridge Pegu Taukkyan Yunnan-Burma Road Tachiao Oktwin Toungoo Shwedaung Prome Yenangyaung Burma campaign (1942–1943) Arakan The Hump Chindits Burma campaign (1944) Chindits (II) Admin Box U Go Imphal Sangshak Tennis Court Kohima Myitkyina Mogaung Mount Song Burma campaign (1944–1945) Meiktila & Mandalay Pakokku Hill 170 Ramree Island Tanlwe Chaung Dracula Elephant Point Sittang Bend vtePacific War Central Pacific Pearl Harbor Marshalls–Gilberts raids K Doolittle Raid Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Truk Ocean Island Indian Ocean (1941–1945) Japanese merchant raids Andaman Islands Homfreyganj massacre Christmas Island 1st Indian Ocean Ceylon Bay of Bengal 2nd Indian Ocean Southeast Asia Indochina (1940) Franco-Thai War Thailand Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina (1945) Malacca Strait Vietnam Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing (1944–45) Burma and India Burma (1941–42) Burma (1942–43) Burma and India (1944) Burma (1944–45) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies (1941–42) Philippines (1941–42) RY Solomon Islands Coral Sea Timor Australia New Guinea New Britain Philippines (1944–45) Borneo (1945) North America Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon bombs Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Tokyo Yokosuka Kure Hiroshima and Nagasaki Mariana Islands Volcano and Ryukyu Islands Starvation Naval bombardments Sagami Bay South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Downfall Japanese surrender Manchuria and Northern Korea Kantokuen Manchuria (1945) Mutanchiang Chongjin Second Sino-Japanese War vteMilitary campaigns of the Empire of JapanMeiji period Taiwan (1874) Ganghwa (1875) Ryukyu (1879) Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) Liaodong Peninsula (1895) China (1899–1901) Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) Korea (1910) Taishō period Tsingtao (1914) Siberia (1918–1922) Shōwa period Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) China (1937–45) French Indochina (1940) Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) vteCampaigns of World War IIEurope Poland Phoney War Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Denmark and Norway Western Front 1940 1944–1945 Britain Balkans Eastern Front Italy Sicily Asia-Pacific China Pacific Ocean South West Pacific Franco-Thai War South-East Asia Burma and India Japan Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Mediterranean and Middle East Africa North Africa East Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Americas Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing French West Africa Indian Ocean Madagascar Coups Yugoslavia Iraq Italy Romania Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma. It was part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II and primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan. Imperial Japan was supported by the Thai Phayap Army, as well as two collaborationist independence movements and armies. Nominally independent puppet states were established in the conquered areas and some territories were annexed by Thailand. In 1942 and 1943, the international Allied force in British India launched several failed offensives to retake lost territories. Fighting intensified in 1944, and British Empire forces peaked at around 1 million land and air forces. These forces were drawn primarily from British India, with British Army forces (equivalent to eight regular infantry divisions and six tank regiments), 100,000 East and West African colonial troops, and smaller numbers of land and air forces from several other Dominions and Colonies. These additional forces allowed the Allied recapture of Burma in 1945. The campaign had a number of notable features. The geographical characteristics of the region meant that weather, disease and terrain had a major effect on operations. The lack of transport infrastructure placed an emphasis on military engineering and air transport to move and supply troops, and evacuate wounded. The campaign was also politically complex, with the British, the United States and the Chinese all having different strategic priorities. It was also the only land campaign by the Western Allies in the Pacific Theatre which proceeded continuously from the start of hostilities to the end of the war. This was due to its geographical location. By extending from South East Asia to India, its area included some lands which the British lost at the outset of the war, but also included areas of India wherein the Japanese advance was eventually stopped. The climate of the region is dominated by the seasonal monsoon rains, which allowed effective campaigning for only just over half of each year. This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the priority given by the Allies to the defeat of Nazi Germany, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, from late 1942 to early 1944; the 1944 Japanese invasion of India, which ultimately failed following the battles of Imphal and Kohima; and finally the successful Allied offensive which liberated Burma from late 1944 to mid-1945. The campaign was also strongly affected from the political atmosphere which erupted in the South-East Asian regions occupied by Japan, who pursued the Pan-Asianist policy of a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere". These led to a Japanese-sponsored revolution during the initial invasion and the establishment of the State of Burma, whose Burma Independence Army had spearheaded the initial attacks against the country. The Provisional Government of Free India, with its Indian National Army fought under Imperial Japan, especially during Operation U-Go in 1944. The INA had earlier collaborated with Nazi Germany. The dominating attitude of the Japanese militarist who commanded the army stationed in the country, ultimately doomed the co-prosperity sphere as a whole, leading to local hopes for real independence fading and a revolt by the Burma National Army in 1945. On the Allied side, political relations were mixed for much of the war. The China Burma India Theater American-trained Chinese X Force led to cooperation between the two countries, but the clashing strategies proposed by General Joseph Stilwell and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek would lead to Stilwell's eventual removal from his position as American Commander of the theater. On the other hand, China–India relations were positive from the cooperative Burma Road, built to reach the Chinese Y Force and the Chinese war effort inside China, as well as from the heroic missions over the extremely dangerous air route over the Himalayas, nicknamed "The Hump". The campaign would have a great impact on the independence struggle of Burma and India in the post-war years. Japanese conquest of Burma Main article: Japanese invasion of Burma See also: Malayan Campaign, Battle of Singapore, and Dutch East Indies campaign Japanese objectives in Burma were initially limited to the capture of Rangoon (now known as Yangon), the capital and principal seaport. This would close the overland supply line to China and provide a strategic bulwark to defend Japanese gains in British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant General Shōjirō Iida, initially consisting of only two infantry divisions, moved into northern Thailand (which had signed a treaty of friendship with Japan), and launched an attack over jungle-clad mountain ranges into the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim (now Tanintharyi Region) in January 1942. In the face of the Japanese advances, huge numbers of Indians, Anglo-Indians, and Anglo-Burmese fled Burma, around 600,000 by the autumn of 1942, which was until then the largest mass migration in history. Perhaps 80,000 of those in flight would die from starvation, exhaustion and disease. Some of the worst massacres in Burma during World War II would be perpetrated not by the Japanese but by Burmese gangs linked to the Burma Independence Army. The Japanese successfully attacked over the Kawkareik Pass and captured the port of Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River after overcoming stiff resistance. They then advanced northwards, outflanking successive British defensive positions. Troops of the 17th Indian Infantry Division tried to retreat over the Sittaung River, but Japanese parties reached the vital bridge before they did. On 22 February, the bridge was demolished to prevent its capture, a decision that has since been extremely contentious. The loss of two brigades of 17th Indian Division meant that Rangoon could not be defended. General Archibald Wavell, the commander-in-chief of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, nevertheless ordered Rangoon to be held as he was expecting substantial reinforcements from the Middle East. Although some units arrived, counterattacks failed and the new commander of Burma Army (General Harold Alexander), ordered the city to be evacuated on 7 March after its port and oil refinery had been destroyed. The remnants of Burma Army broke out to the north, narrowly escaping encirclement. On the eastern part of the front, in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road, the Chinese 200th Division held up the Japanese for a time around Toungoo, but after its fall the road was open for motorised troops of the Japanese 56th Division to shatter the Chinese Sixth Army to the east in the Karenni States and advance northward through the Shan States to capture Lashio, outflanking the Allied defensive lines and cutting off the Chinese armies from Yunnan. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan. Japanese advance to the Indian frontier After the fall of Rangoon in March 1942, the Allies attempted to make a stand in the north of the country (Upper Burma), having been reinforced by a Chinese Expeditionary Force. The Japanese had also been reinforced by two divisions made available by the capture of Singapore and defeated both the newly organised Burma Corps and the Chinese force. The Allies were also faced with growing numbers of Burmese insurgents and the civil administration broke down in the areas they still held. With their forces cut off from almost all sources of supply, the Allied commanders finally decided to evacuate their forces from Burma. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. The retreat was conducted in very difficult circumstances. Starving refugees, disorganised stragglers, and the sick and wounded clogged the primitive roads and tracks leading to India. Burma Corps managed to make it most of the way to Imphal, in Manipur in India, just before the monsoon broke in May 1942, having lost most of their equipment and transport. There, they found themselves living out in the open under torrential rains in extremely unhealthy circumstances. The army and civil authorities in India were very slow to respond to the needs of the troops and civilian refugees. Due to lack of communication, when the British retreated from Burma, almost none of the Chinese knew about the retreat. Realising that they could not win without British support, some of the X Force committed by Chiang Kai-shek made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India, where they were put under the command of the American General Joseph Stilwell. After recuperating they were re-equipped and retrained by American instructors. The rest of the Chinese troops tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and of these, at least half died. Thai army enters Burma Main articles: Phayap Army and Saharat Thai Doem In accordance with the Thai military alliance with Japan that was signed on 21 December 1941, on 21 March, the Thais and Japanese also agreed that the Karenni State and Shan States were to be under Thai control. The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control. The leading elements of the Thai Phayap Army under General J. R. Seriroengrit crossed the border into the Shan States on 10 May 1942. Three Thai infantry division and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the Royal Thai Air Force, engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. Kengtung, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. On 12 July, General Phin Choonhavan, who would become the Thai military governor of the occupied Shan State later in the war, ordered the 3rd Division of the Phayap Army from the southern part of the Shan State to occupy Karenni State and expel the Chinese 55th Division from Loikaw. The Chinese troops could not retreat because the routes to Yunnan were controlled by Axis forces and many Chinese soldiers were captured. The Thais remained in control of the Shan States for the remainder of the war. Their troops suffered from supply shortages and disease, but were not subjected to Allied attacks. Allied setbacks, 1942–1943 Main article: Burma Campaign 1942–43 Indian troops move ammunition in very muddy conditions whilst on the road to Tamu, 1943. The Japanese did not renew their offensive after the monsoon ended. They installed a nominally independent Burmese government under Ba Maw, and reformed the Burma Independence Army on a more regular basis as the Burma National Army under General Aung San. In practice, both government and army were strictly controlled by the Japanese authorities. On the Allied side, operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. Britain could only maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the Middle East and Far East proved impossible through lack of resources. The Middle East was accorded priority, being closer to home and in accordance with the "Germany First" policy in London and Washington. The Allied build up was also hampered by the disordered state of Eastern India at the time. There were violent Quit India protests in Bengal and Bihar, which required large numbers of British troops to suppress. There was also a disastrous famine in Bengal, which may have led to 3 million deaths through starvation, disease and exposure. In such conditions of chaos, it was difficult to improve the inadequate lines of communication to the front line in Assam or make use of local industries for the war effort. Efforts to improve the training of Allied troops took time and in forward areas poor morale and endemic disease combined to reduce the strength and effectiveness of the fighting units. Nevertheless, the Allies mounted two operations during the 1942–1943 dry season. The first was a small offensive into the coastal Arakan Province of Burma. The Indian Eastern Army intended to reoccupy the Mayu peninsula and Akyab Island, which had an important airfield. A division advanced to Donbaik, only a few miles from the end of the peninsula but was halted by a small but well entrenched Japanese force. At this stage of the war, the Allies lacked the means and tactical ability to overcome strongly constructed Japanese bunkers. Repeated British and Indian attacks failed with heavy casualties. Japanese reinforcements arrived from Central Burma and crossed rivers and mountain ranges which the Allies had declared to be impassable, to hit the Allies' exposed left flank and overrun several units. The exhausted British were unable to hold any defensive lines and were forced to abandon much equipment and fall back almost to the Indian frontier. The second action was controversial. Under the command of Brigadier Orde Wingate, a long-range penetration unit known as the Chindits infiltrated through the Japanese front lines and marched deep into Burma, with the initial aim of cutting the main north–south railway in Burma in an operation codenamed Operation Longcloth. Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They damaged communications of the Japanese in northern Burma, cutting the railway for possibly two weeks but they suffered heavy casualties. Though the results were questioned the operation was used to propaganda effect, particularly to insist that British and Indian soldiers could live, move and fight as effectively as the Japanese in the jungle, doing much to restore morale among Allied troops. The balance shifts 1943–1944 Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, seen during his tour of the Arakan Front in February 1944 Main article: Burma Campaign 1944 From December 1943 to November 1944 the strategic balance of the Burma campaign shifted decisively. Improvements in Allied leadership, training and logistics, together with greater firepower and growing Allied air superiority, gave Allied forces a confidence they had previously lacked. In the Arakan, XV Indian Corps withstood, and then broke, a Japanese counterstrike, while the Japanese invasion of India resulted in unbearably heavy losses and the ejection of the Japanese back beyond the Chindwin River. Allied plans In August 1943, the Allies created South East Asia Command (SEAC), a new combined command responsible for the South-East Asian Theatre, under Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. The training, equipment, health and morale of Allied troops under British Fourteenth Army under Lieutenant General William Slim was improving, as was the capacity of the lines of communication in North-eastern India. An innovation was the extensive use of aircraft to transport and supply troops. SEAC had to accommodate several rival plans, many of which had to be dropped for lack of resources. Amphibious landings on the Andaman Islands (Operation "Pigstick") and in Arakan were abandoned when the landing craft assigned were recalled to Europe in preparation for the Normandy Landings. The major effort was intended to be by American-trained Chinese troops of Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC) under Stilwell, to cover the construction of the Ledo Road. Orde Wingate had controversially gained approval for a greatly expanded Chindit force, which was given the task of assisting Stilwell by disrupting the Japanese lines of supply to the northern front. Chiang Kai-shek had also agreed reluctantly to mount an offensive from the Yunnan. Under British Fourteenth Army, the Indian XV Corps prepared to renew the advance in Arakan province, while IV Corps launched a tentative advance from Imphal in the centre of the long front to distract Japanese attention from the other offensives. Japanese plans Lieutenant General Kawabe, commander of the Japanese Burma Area Army About the same time that SEAC was established, the Japanese created the Burma Area Army under Lieutenant General Masakazu Kawabe, which took under command the Fifteenth Army and the newly formed Twenty-Eighth Army. The new commander of Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi was keen to mount an offensive against India. Burma Area Army originally quashed this idea, but found that their superiors at Southern Expeditionary Army Group HQ in Singapore were keen on it. When the staff at Southern Expeditionary Army were persuaded that the plan was inherently risky, they in turn found that Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo was in favour of Mutaguchi's plan. The Japanese were influenced to an unknown degree by Subhas Chandra Bose, commander of the Indian National Army. This was composed largely of Indian soldiers who had been captured in Malaya or Singapore, and Indians (Tamils) living in Malaya. At Bose's instigation, a substantial contingent of the INA joined in this Chalo Delhi ("March on Delhi"). Both Bose and Mutaguchi emphasised the advantages which would be gained by a successful attack into India. With misgivings on the part of several of Mutaguchi's superiors and subordinates, Operation U-Go was launched. Northern and Yunnan front 1943–1944 Stilwell's forces (designated X Force) initially consisted of two American-equipped Chinese divisions with a Chinese-manned M3 Light Tank battalion and an American long-range penetration brigade known as "Merrill's Marauders". In 1943, the Thai Phayap Army invasion headed to Xishuangbanna at China, but were driven back by the Chinese nationalist force. The India–China airlift delivered approximately 650,000 tons of material to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft. In October 1943 the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen began to advance from Ledo, Assam towards Myitkyina and Mogaung while American engineers and Indian labourers extended the Ledo Road behind them. The Japanese 18th Division was repeatedly outflanked by the Marauders and threatened with encirclement. In Operation Thursday, the Chindits were to support Stilwell by interdicting Japanese communications in the region of Indaw. A brigade began marching across the Patkai mountains on 5 February 1944. In early March three other brigades were flown into landing zones behind Japanese lines by the Royal Air Force and the USAAF and established defensive strongholds around Indaw. Meanwhile, the Chinese forces on the Yunnan front (Y Force) mounted an attack starting in the second half of April, with nearly 75,000 troops crossing the Salween river on a 300-kilometre (190 mi) front. Soon some twelve Chinese divisions of 175,000 men, under General Wei Lihuang, were attacking the Japanese 56th Division. The Japanese forces in the North were now fighting on two fronts in northern Burma. On 17 May, control of the Chindits passed from Slim to Stilwell. The Chindits now moved from the Japanese rear areas to new bases closer to Stilwell's front, and were given additional tasks by Stilwell for which they were not equipped. They achieved several objectives, but at the cost of heavy casualties. By the end of June, they had linked up with Stilwell's forces but were exhausted, and were withdrawn to India. Also on 17 May, a force of two Chinese regiments, Unit Galahad (Merrill's Marauders) and Kachin guerrillas captured the airfield at Myitkyina. The Allies did not immediately follow up this success and the Japanese were able to reinforce the town, which fell only after a siege that lasted until 3 August. The capture of Myitkyina airfield nevertheless immediately helped secure the air link from India to Chongqing over the Hump. By the end of May, the Yunnan offensive, though hampered by the monsoon rains and lack of air support, succeeded in annihilating the garrison of Tengchong and eventually reached as far as Longling. Strong Japanese reinforcements then counterattacked and halted the Chinese advance. Southern front 1943–1944 The scene on Scraggy Hill, captured by the 10th Gurkhas during the Battle of Imphal In Arakan, Indian XV Corps under Lieutenant General Philip Christison renewed the advance on the Mayu peninsula. Ranges of steep hills channelled the advance into three attacks each by an Indian or West African division. The 5th Indian Infantry Division captured the small port of Maungdaw on 9 January 1944. The Corps then prepared to capture two railway tunnels linking Maungdaw with the Kalapanzin valley but the Japanese struck first. A strong force from the Japanese 55th Division infiltrated Allied lines to attack the 7th Indian Infantry Division from the rear, overrunning the divisional HQ. Unlike previous occasions on which this had happened, the Allied forces stood firm against the attack and supplies were dropped to them by parachute. In the Battle of the Admin Box from 5 to 23 February, the Japanese concentrated on XV Corps' Administrative Area, defended mainly by line of communication troops but they were unable to deal with tanks supporting the defenders, while troops from 5th Indian Division broke through the Ngakyedauk Pass to relieve the defenders of the box. Although battle casualties were approximately equal, the result was a heavy Japanese defeat. Their infiltration and encirclement tactics had failed to panic Allied troops and as the Japanese were unable to capture enemy supplies, they starved. Over the next few weeks, XV Corps' offensive ended as the Allies concentrated on the Central Front. After capturing the railway tunnels, XV Corps halted during the monsoon. Japanese invasion of India 1944 Main articles: Operation U-Go, Battle of Imphal, and Battle of Kohima Imphal and Kohima Campaign IV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones, had pushed forward two divisions to the Chindwin River. One division was in reserve at Imphal in Manipur. There were indications that a major Japanese offensive was building. Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw and force the Japanese to fight with their logistics stretched beyond the limit. However, they misjudged the date on which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives. The Japanese Fifteenth Army consisted of three infantry divisions and a brigade-sized detachment ("Yamamoto Force"), and initially a regiment from the Indian National Army. Mutaguchi, the Army commander, planned to cut off and destroy the forward divisions of IV Corps before capturing Imphal, while the Japanese 31st Division isolated Imphal by capturing Kohima. Mutaguchi intended to exploit the capture of Imphal by capturing the strategic city of Dimapur, in the Brahmaputra River valley. If this could be achieved, the lines of communication to General Stilwell's forces and the airbases used to supply the Chinese over the Hump would be cut. The Japanese troops crossed the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones (and Slim) were slow to order their forward troops to withdraw and the 17th Indian Infantry Division was cut off at Tiddim. It fought its way back to Imphal with aid from Scoones's reserve division, supplied by parachute drops. North of Imphal, 50th Indian Parachute Brigade was defeated at Sangshak by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. Imphal was thus left vulnerable to an attack by the Japanese 15th Division from the north but because the diversionary attack launched by Japanese in Arakan had already been defeated, Slim was able to move the 5th Indian Division by air to the Central Front. Two brigades went to Imphal, the other went to Dimapur from where it sent a detachment to Kohima. By the end of the first week in April, IV Corps had concentrated in the Imphal plain. The Japanese launched several offensives during the month, which were repulsed. At the start of May, Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division north of Imphal. Progress was slow, as movement was made difficult by monsoon rains and IV Corps was short of supplies. Also at the beginning of April, the Japanese 31st Division under Lieutenant-General Kotoku Sato reached Kohima. Instead of isolating the small British garrison there and pressing on with his main force to Dimapur, Sato chose to capture the hill station. The siege lasted from 5 to 18 April, when the exhausted defenders were relieved. A new formation HQ, the Indian XXXIII Corps under Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford, now took over operations on this front. The 2nd British Infantry Division began a counter-offensive and by 15 May, they had prised the Japanese off Kohima Ridge itself. After a pause during which more Allied reinforcements arrived, XXXIII Corps renewed its offensive. View of the Garrison Hill battlefield, the key to the British defences at Kohima By now, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Their troops (particularly 15th and 31st Divisions) were starving, and during the monsoon, disease spread rapidly among them. Lieutenant-General Sato had notified Mutaguchi that his division would withdraw from Kohima at the end of May if it were not supplied. In spite of orders to hold on, Sato did indeed retreat. The leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109 on the Dimapur-Imphal road on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised. Mutaguchi (and Kawabe) continued to order renewed attacks. 33rd Division and Yamamoto Force made repeated efforts, but by the end of June they had suffered so many casualties both from battle and disease that they were unable to make any progress. The Imphal operation was finally broken off early in July, and the Japanese retreated painfully to the Chindwin River. It was the greatest defeat to that date in Japanese history. They had suffered 50–60,000 dead, and 100,000 or more casualties. Most of these losses were the result of disease, malnutrition and exhaustion. The Allies suffered 12,500 casualties, including 2,269 killed. Mutaguchi had already relieved all his divisions' commanders, and was himself subsequently relieved of command. During the monsoon from August to November, Fourteenth Army pursued the Japanese to the Chindwin River. While the 11th East Africa Division advanced down the Kabaw Valley from Tamu, the 5th Indian Division advanced along the mountainous Tiddim road. By the end of November, Kalewa had been recaptured, and several bridgeheads were established on the east bank of the Chindwin. Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945 Main article: Burma Campaign 1944–1945 Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, January 1945. The Allies launched a series of offensive operations into Burma during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. The command on the front was rearranged in November 1944. Eleventh Army Group HQ was replaced by Allied Land Forces South East Asia and NCAC and XV Corps were placed directly under this new headquarters. Although the Allies were still attempting to complete the Ledo Road, it was apparent that it would not materially affect the course of the war in China. The Japanese also made major changes in their command. The most important was the replacement of General Kawabe at Burma Area Army by Hyotaro Kimura. Kimura threw Allied plans into confusion by refusing to fight at the Chindwin River. Recognising that most of his formations were weak and short of equipment, he withdrew his forces behind the Irrawaddy River, forcing the Allies to greatly extend their lines of communication. Southern front 1944–1945 In Arakan, XV Corps resumed its advance on Akyab Island for the third year in succession. This time the Japanese were far weaker, and retreated before the steady Allied advance. They evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. It was occupied by XV Corps without resistance on 3 January 1945 as part of Operation Talon, the amphibious landing at Akyab. Landing craft had now reached the theatre, and XV Corps launched amphibious attacks on the Myebon peninsula on 12 January 1945 and at Kangaw ten days later during the Battle of Hill 170 to cut off the retreating Japanese. There was severe fighting until the end of the month, in which the Japanese suffered heavy casualties. An important objective for XV Corps was the capture of Ramree Island and Cheduba Island to construct airfields which would support the Allies' operations in Central Burma. Most of the Japanese garrison died during the Battle of Ramree Island. XV Corps operations on the mainland were curtailed to release transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army. Northern front 1944–1945 NCAC resumed its advance late in 1944, although it was progressively weakened by the flyout of Chinese troops to the main front in China. On 10 December 1944, the 36th British Infantry Division on NCAC's right flank made contact with units of Fourteenth Army near Indaw in Northern Burma. Five days later, Chinese troops on the command's left flank captured the city of Bhamo. NCAC made contact with Chiang's Yunnan armies on 21 January 1945, and the Ledo road could finally be completed, although by this point in the war its value was uncertain. Chiang ordered the American General Daniel Isom Sultan, commanding NCAC, to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. This was a blow to British plans as it endangered the prospects of reaching Yangon before the onset of the monsoon, expected at the beginning of May. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister, appealed directly to American chief of staff George Marshall for the transport aircraft which had been assigned to NCAC to remain in Burma. From 1 April, NCAC's operations stopped, and its units returned to China and India. A US-led guerrilla force, OSS Detachment 101, took over the remaining military responsibilities of NCAC. Central front 1944–1945 An RAF Hawker Hurricane Mk IIC flies alongside Ava Bridge, which spans the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay, Burma, during a low-level reconnaissance sortie, March 1945. Main article: Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay The Fourteenth Army, now consisting of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps, made the main offensive effort into Burma. Although the Japanese retreat over the Irrawaddy forced the Allies to completely change their plans, such was the Allies' material superiority that this was done. IV Corps was switched in secret from the right to the left flank of the army and aimed to cross the Irrawaddy near Pakokku and seize the Japanese line-of-communication centre of Meiktila, while XXXIII Corps continued to advance on Mandalay. During January and February 1945, XXXIII Corps seized crossings over the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay. There was heavy fighting, which attracted Japanese reserves and fixed their attention. Late in February, the 7th Indian Division leading IV Corps, seized crossings at Nyaungu near Pakokku. 17th Indian Division and 255th Indian Tank Brigade followed them across and struck for Meiktila. In the open terrain of Central Burma, this force outmanoeuvred the Japanese and fell on Meiktila on 1 March. The town was captured in four days, despite resistance to the last man. The Japanese tried first to relieve the garrison at Meiktila and then to recapture the town and destroy its defenders. Their attacks were not properly coordinated and were repulsed. By the end of March the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. They broke off the attack and retreated to Pyawbwe. XXXIII Corps had renewed its attack on Mandalay. It fell to 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel which the British called Fort Dufferin for another week. Much of the historically and culturally significant portions of Mandalay were burned to the ground. Race for Rangoon An M3 Stuart of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon, April 1945 Though the Allied force had advanced successfully into central Burma, it was vital to capture the port of Rangoon before the monsoon to avoid a logistics crisis. In the spring of 1945, the other factor in the race for Rangoon was the years of preparation by the liaison organisation, Force 136, which resulted in a national uprising within Burma and the defection of the entire Burma National Army to the allied side. In addition to the allied advance, the Japanese now faced open rebellion behind their lines. XXXIII Corps mounted Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley against stiff resistance from the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. IV Corps made the main attack down the "Railway Valley", which was also followed by the Sittaung River. They began by striking at a Japanese delaying position (held by the remnants of the Japanese Thirty-Third Army) at Pyawbwe. The attackers were initially halted by a strong defensive position behind a dry waterway, but a flanking move by tanks and mechanised infantry struck the Japanese from the rear and shattered them. From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. An uprising by Karen guerillas prevented troops from the reorganised Japanese Fifteenth Army from reaching the major road centre of Taungoo before IV Corps captured it. The leading Allied troops met Japanese rearguards north of Bago, 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon, on 25 April. Heitarō Kimura had formed the various service troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Yangon into the 105 Independent Mixed Brigade. This scratch formation held up the British advance until 30 April and covered the evacuation of the Rangoon area. Operation Dracula Main articles: Operation Dracula and Battle of Elephant Point The original conception of the plan to re-take Burma had envisaged XV Corps making an amphibious assault on Rangoon well before Fourteenth Army reached the capital, in order to ease supply problems. This operation, codenamed Operation Dracula, was postponed several times as the necessary landing craft were retained in Europe and finally dropped in favour of an attack on Phuket Island, off the west coast of Thailand. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man through the monsoon, which would put Fourteenth Army in a disastrous supply situation. He therefore asked for Operation Dracula to be re-mounted at short notice. The naval forces for the attack on Phuket were diverted to Operation Dracula, and units of XV Corps were embarked from Akyab and Ramree. On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on Elephant Point, and cleared Japanese rearguards from the mouth of the Yangon River. The 26th Indian Infantry Division landed by ship the next day. When they arrived they discovered that Kimura had ordered Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. After the Japanese withdrawal, Yangon had experienced an orgy of looting and lawlessness similar to the last days of the British in the city in 1942. On the afternoon of 2 May 1945, the monsoon rains began in full force. The Allied drive to liberate Rangoon before the rains had succeeded with only a few hours to spare. The leading troops of the 17th and 26th Indian divisions met at Hlegu, 28 miles (45 km) north of Rangoon, on 6 May. Final operations Main article: Battle of the Sittang Bend Lieutenant General Kawada, commander of the Japanese 31st Division, surrenders to Major General Arthur W Crowther, DSO, commander of the 17th Indian Division, near Moulmein, Burma. After the Allies captured Rangoon, a new Twelfth Army headquarters was created from XXXIII Corps HQ to take control of the formations which were to remain in Burma. The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army, after withdrawing from Arakan and resisting XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, retreated into the Pegu Yomas, a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. They planned to break out and rejoin Burma Area Army. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Thirty-Third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. On 3 July, they attacked British positions in the "Sittang Bend". On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely flooded, both the Japanese and the Allies withdrew. The Japanese had attacked too early. Sakurai's Twenty-Eighth Army was not ready to start the break-out until 17 July. The break-out was a disaster. The British had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes the Japanese were to use. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. The break-out cost the Japanese nearly 10,000 men, half the strength of Twenty-Eighth Army. British and Indian casualties were minimal. Fourteenth Army (now under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey) and XV Corps had returned to India to plan the next stage of the campaign to re-take Southeast Asia. A new corps, the Indian XXXIV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Ouvry Lindfield Roberts was raised and assigned to Fourteenth Army for further operations. This was to be an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed Operation Zipper. The dropping of the atomic bombs forestalled this operation, but it was undertaken post-war as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya. Results East African troops in Burma, 1944 Generally, the recovery of Burma is reckoned as a triumph for the British Indian Army and resulted in the greatest defeat the Japanese armies had suffered to that date. The attempted Japanese invasion of India in 1944 was launched on unrealistic premises as after the Singapore debacle and the loss of Burma in 1942, the British were bound to defend India at all costs. A successful invasion by Japanese Imperial forces would have been disastrous. The defence operations at Kohima and Imphal in 1944 have since taken on huge symbolic value as the turning of the tide in British fortunes in the war in the East. The American historian Raymond Callahan concluded "Slim's great victory ... helped the British, unlike the French, Dutch or, later, the Americans, to leave Asia with some dignity". After the war ended, a combination of the pre-war agitation among the Bamar population for independence and the economic ruin of Burma during the four-year campaign made it impossible for the former regime to be resumed. Within three years both Burma and India were independent. American goals in Burma had been to aid the Nationalist Chinese regime. Apart from the "Hump" airlift, these bore no fruit until so near the end of the war that they made little contribution to the defeat of Japan. These efforts have also been criticised as fruitless because of the self-interest and corruption of Chiang Kai-Shek's regime. See also Japan portalUnited Kingdom portalRepublic of China portal India in World War II Japanese occupation of Burma Second Sino-Japanese War Soviet invasion of Manchuria References Citations ^ The Burma Boy, Al Jazeera Documentary, Barnaby Phillips follows the life of one of the forgotten heroes of World War II Archived 3 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Al Jazeera Correspondent Last Modified: 22 July 2012, 07:21. ^ Killingray, David (2012). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. London: James Currey Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978-1847010476. ^ >Facts on File: World War II in the China-Burma-India theater Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ a b Ellis, John, World War II: A Statistical Survey: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants, 1993. ^ a b 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (in Chinese). pp. 460–461. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015. ^ 《中缅印战场抗日战争史》，徐康明 著，解放军出版社，2007年 ^ "远征军入缅作战简介_远征军入缅作战的时间死亡人数_远征军入缅作战的意义结果损失 – 趣历史 – 趣历史". Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ McLynn, p. 1. ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Scarecrow Press, 2006). ^ Bayly & Harper 2005, p. 273. ^ Reynolds, Bruce E. (1994). Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance, 1940-1945. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-312-10402-3. ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Scarecrow Press, 2006), 125. ^ Allen, Burma: The Longest War, p. 662. ^ Japanese conquest of Burma, December 1941 – May 1942 Archived 16 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ Mclynn pp. 67 ^ Bradford, James (19 September 2006). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. p. 221. ^ 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (in Chinese). p. 476. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016. ^ a b McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945, p. 1. ^ Nesbit, The Battle for Burma pp. 240. ^ US Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War 2: Final Report. Archived 22 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Combined Arms Research Library, Department of the Army. 25 June 1953. P. 76. Includes 1,466 "battle deaths" (1,121 killed in action) and 123 who died of wounds, for a total of 1,589 killed. ^ Marauder.org: casualties. Archived 22 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 July 2015. ^ McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945, p. 1. Includes 144,000 dead and 56,000 wounded. ^ Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 March 2016. ^ USSBS Japan pp. 12 Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 March 2016. ^ Mclynn, p. 1. ^ Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). Asia: A Concise History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8476-8063-4. ^ Lewis et al. World War II, p. 287. ^ Micheal Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 556. ^ Martin Brayley, Mike Chappell. "The British Army 1939–45 (3): The Far East". Osprey Publishing, p. 6. ^ Bayly & Harper 2005, p. 167. ^ Bayly & Harper 2005, p. 172. ^ Slim 1972, pp. 71–4. ^ Bayly & Harper 2005, pp. 247–249. ^ Allen, Burma: the Longest Campaign, pp. 157–170. ^ Allen, Burma: The Longest War, pp. 364–365. ^ William, Slim (9 February 2000). Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942-1945 (First Cooper Square press edition 2000 ed.). New York, NY: First Cooper Square Press. pp. 329–340 (Chapter XIII). ISBN 978-0-8154-1022-5. ^ Despatch "Operations in Assam and Burma from 23RD June 1944 to 12TH November 1944", Supplement to the London Gazette, 3 March 1951, p. 1711. ^ Despatch "Operations in Burma 12th November 1944 to 15th August 1945", Supplement to the London Gazette, 6 April 1951, p. 1885. ^ Despatch "Operations in Burma and North East India 16th November 1943 to 22nd June 1944", Supplement to the London Gazette, 13 March 1951, p. 1361. ^ Churchill (1954), Chapter 18. ^ Callahan, Raymond (1978). Burma 1942–1945: The Politics And Strategy of the Second World War. Davis-Poynter. ISBN 978-0-7067-0218-7. Sources Allen, Louis, Burma: The Longest War Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99463-6. Carew, Tim. The Longest Retreat Calvert, Mike. Fighting Mad has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Churchill, Winston (1954). The Second World War. Volume 6: Triumph and Tragedy. London: Cassel. OCLC 312199790. Dillon, Terence. Yangon to Kohima Drea, Edward J. (1998). "An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0. Fraser, George MacDonald (2007). Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-60239-190-1. Farquharson, Robert (2006). For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945. Trafford Publishing. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-41201-536-3. Fujino, Hideo. Singapore and Burma Grant, Ian Lyall, & Tamayama, Kazuo, Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion Iida, Shojiro From the Battlefields Ikuhiko Hata, Road to the Pacific War Hastings, Max (2007). Nemesis. Harper Press. ISBN 978-0-00-721982-7. Hickey, Michael. The Unforgettable Army Hodsun, J. L. War in the Sun Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp. 387–388. ISBN 978-1-85285-517-8. Duncan Anderson (1991). Keegan, John (ed.). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. pp. 243–255. ISBN 0-304-36712-5. Latimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War Lunt, James. 'A Hell of a Licking' – The Retreat from Burma 1941–2 London 1986 ISBN 0-00-272707-2. Personal account by a British Burma Rifles officer, who later became an Oxford academic. McLynn, Frank. The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 (Yale University Press; 2011), 532 pages; focus on William Slim, Orde Wingate, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stilwell. Moser, Don (1978). World War II: China-Burma-India. Time-Life. ISBN 0809424843. LCCN 78003819. Slim, William Slim, Viscount (1972). Defeat into victory (Unabridged ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29114-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Ochi, Harumi. Struggle in Burma Reynolds, E. Bruce. Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance Rolo, Charles J. Wingate's Raiders Sadayoshi Shigematsu, Fighting Around Burma Shores, Christopher (2005). Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945 (Bloody Shambles, Volume 3). Grub Street. ISBN 1-904010-95-4. Smyth John Before the Dawn Sugita, Saiichi. Burma Operations Thompson, Robert. Make for the Hills has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign Thompson, Julian. Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict Webster, Donovan. The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II Williams, James Howard was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his Elephant Bill (1950) and Bandoola (1953) Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand Further reading Callahan, Raymond. (2017) Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut (University Press of Kansas, 2017) online review Edwards, Roderick (2020). Should've Been With Me: The Wilfred Scull Story. United States: KDP Books. ASIN B095BG9N18 Newell, Clayton R. Burma, 1942. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-21. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Hogan, David W. India-Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Leasor, James (2012) . NTR: Nothing to Report. London: James Leasor Ltd. ISBN 978-1-908291-44-8. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012. Leasor, James (2011) . The Marine from Mandalay. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-908291-33-2. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012. MacGarrigle, George L. Central Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-37. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010. Burchett, Wilfred G. (1943). Trek Back from Burma. Allhabad: Kitabistan. Pearson, Michael (2007). The Burma Air Campaign: December 1941 – August 1945. Pen & Sword. Spiller, David (2012). Out of Burma. Amazon Kindle. External links Associations Burma Star Association Imphal and Kohima, Britain's Greatest Battles, National Army Museum Museums Imperial War Museum London Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Burma Summary The Kohima Museum. A museum dedicated to the Battle of Kohima Royal Engineers Museum. Engineers in the Burma Campaigns Royal Engineers Museum. Engineers with the Chindits Canadian War Museum: Newspaper Articles on the Burma Campaigns, 1941–1945 Media World War II animated campaign maps Primary sources "No. 37728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 September 1946. pp. 4663–4671. "Operations in Eastern Theatre, Based on India from March 1942 to December 31, 1942", official despatch by Field Marshal The Viscount Wavell "No. 38274". The London Gazette. 27 April 1948. pp. 2651–2684. "Operations in the Indo-Burma Theatre Based on India from 21 June 1943 to 15 November 1943" official despatch by Field Marshal Sir Claude E. Auchinleck, War Office. (or see this html version) "No. 39195". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 April 1951. pp. 1881–1963. "Operations in Burma from 12 November 1944 to 15 August 1945" official despatch by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese History Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burma Campaign. Siam goes to war Canadians in south east Asia List of Regimental Battle Honours in the Burma Campaign (1942–1945) – also some useful links vteIndian National ArmyHistorical Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI Rash Behari Har Dayal Ghadr Chatto Berlin Committee Bagha Jatin Barkatullah Kabul mission Provisional Government of India Imperial Japan Pan Asianism Greater East Asia more Indian IndependenceLeague (IIL) Pritam Singh Swami Satyananda Puri Indian National Council I Fujiwara F Kikan K.P.K. Menon A.M. Sahay S.A. Ayer Rash Behari Bose Bidadary Resolutions Tokyo Conference H Iwakuro I Kikan Bangkok Conference Azad Hind Hikari Kikan Azad Hind Dal more Subhas Chandra Bose Indian National Congress C.R. 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Bhonsle Janaki Davar Rasammah Bhupalan Shaukat Malik John Thivy Battles Burma theatre Admin Box U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Battle of Irrawaddy Battle of Meiktila Surrender of Japan more Red Fort trials CSDIC Dhillon Sahgal Shah Nawaz Burhan-ud-Din INA Defence Committee Kailash Nath Katju Asaf Ali Tej Bahadur Sapru Bhulabhai Desai Jawaharlal Nehru Bombay mutiny more Related topics Azad Hind Radio Battaglione Azad Hindoustan Special Bureau for India Azad Hind Decorations Selarang Barracks incident Japanese occupation of Burma Burma Area Army Masakasu Kawabe India in World War II 14th Army William Slim Malaysian Indian Congress INA treasure Peter Fay Joyce Lebra Hugh Toye more Authority control databases: National Israel United States

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bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"French West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma"},{"link_name":"South-East Asian theatre of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Phayap Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayap_Army"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"territories were annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharat_Thai_Doem"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"several failed offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_1942%E2%80%9343"},{"link_name":"Fighting intensified in 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"Allied recapture of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"priority given by the Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_first"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"of Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal"},{"link_name":"Kohima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima"},{"link_name":"Pan-Asianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Asianism"},{"link_name":"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere"},{"link_name":"State of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Burma Independence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of Free India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Free_India"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation U-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_U-Go"},{"link_name":"collaborated with Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy"},{"link_name":"Japanese militarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_militarism"},{"link_name":"China Burma India Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater"},{"link_name":"X Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Force_(Chinese_Expeditionary_Force)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stilwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"China–India relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations"},{"link_name":"Burma Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Road"},{"link_name":"Y Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Force"},{"link_name":"Chinese war effort inside China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"The Hump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hump"},{"link_name":"independence struggle of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-independence_Burma,_1948%E2%80%9362"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"}],"text":"For the British non-governmental organisation, see Burma Campaign UK.Not to be confused with Anglo-Burmese Wars.Burma campaignPart of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific Theater of World War IISikh soldiers of the 7th Indian Infantry Division at an\nobservation post in the Ngakyedauk Pass, February 1944Date14 December 1941 – 13 September 1945(3 years, 11 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)LocationBurma and IndiaResult\nAllied victoryTerritorialchanges\nBritain reoccupied BurmaBelligerents\nAllies: United Kingdom\n\n India Burma Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Nigeria[1] Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia Nyasaland Uganda\n\n China\n United States\n Nepal\n(See also Gurkha)\n\n PBF[i] (1945)\n\nMedical support:\n\n Belgian Congo[2]\nAxis: Japan\n\n State of Burma\n Azad Hind\n ThailandCommanders and leaders\n\n Archibald Wavell\n Louis Mountbatten\n George Giffard\n William Slim\n Du Yuming\n Luo Zhuoying\n Wei Lihuang\n Joseph Stilwell\n George Stratemeyer\n Aung San (1945)\n\n\n Shojiro Iida\n Masakazu Kawabe\n Heitaro Kimura  \n Renya Mutaguchi\n Ba Maw\n Aung San (1941–1945)\n Charun Rattanakun\n Phin Choonhavan\nStrength\n1942–1943 95,000[ii] 42,000–47,000[3]1944–1945 1,000,000[iii][4] 250,000[iv][5][6][7] 12,000[8][v] 15,000[i][9]\n1942–1943 ~300,000[10] 35,000[11] 23,000 (1942)[12]1944–1945 316,700 (1944)[13] 43,000 (1945)Casualties and losses\n ~107,391 including sick\n\n40,000 casualties during the Japanese conquest of Burma in 1942[14][15][16]\n31,443 dead by all causes (1943–1945)\n35,948 wounded (1943–1945)[17]\n ~86,600 excluding sick[18][19]\n\n28,878 killed and missing\n44,731 wounded\n~12,700 died of disease\n 3,253 total casualties[20][21][vi]\n\nTotal Allied: ~207,244\n 200,000 overall\n\n144,000[22] – 164,500[23] total dead including disease\n40,000 killed in action[24]\n56,000 wounded[25]\n ~5,600[26][27] 2,615 dead or missing\n\nTotal Axis: ~210,000\n250,000[28] to 1,000,000[18] Burmese civilians killed[vii]\n\n\n\n\n^ a b The Burma National Army after it revolted against the Japanese and joined the allies as the Patriotic Burmese Forces.\n\n^ Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma.\n\n^ They were drawn primarily from British India. Most of them stayed and defended in India, and did not participate in the counter-offensives in Burma.\n\n^ The X Force (About 75,000 troops) and Y Force (175,000 troops)\n\n^ 3,000 were frontline combat troops (Merrill's Marauders); the rest were engineering and air force personnel.\n\n^ Merrill's Marauders losses accounted for 2,394 of this figure, including 424 combat casualties and 1,970 deaths or evacuations due to disease.\n\n^ Total excludes the approximately 3 million civilians who died in the Bengal famine.\n\nvteBurma campaign\nJapanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942)\nBilin River\nSittang Bridge\nPegu\nTaukkyan\nYunnan-Burma Road\nTachiao\nOktwin\nToungoo\nShwedaung\nProme\nYenangyaung\nBurma campaign (1942–1943)\nArakan\nThe Hump\nChindits\nBurma campaign (1943–1944)\nChindits (II)\nAdmin Box\nU Go\nImphal\nShangshak\nTennis Court\nKohima\nMyitkyina\nMogaung\nNorthern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945)\nMount Song\nBurma campaign (1944–1945)\nMeiktila and Mandalay\nPakokku\nHill 170\nRamree Island\nTanlwe Chaung\nDracula\nElephant Point\nSittang Bend\n\nvteSecond Sino-Japanese War\n1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)\nManchuria\nMukden\nLytton Report\nJiangqiao\nNenjiang Bridge\nJinzhou\nHarbin\n1st Shanghai\nPacification of Manchukuo\nInner Mongolia\nGreat Wall\nRehe\nSuiyuan\n1937–1939\nMarco Polo Bridge\nBeiping–Tianjin\nChahar\n2nd Shanghai\nSihang Warehouse\nRailway Operation\nBeiping–Hankou\nTianjin–Pukou\nTaiyuan\nPingxingguan\nXinkou\nNanking\nMassacre\nXuzhou\nTaierzhuang\nNorth-East Henan\nLanfeng\nAmoy\nChongqing\nYellow River flood\nWuhan\nWanjialing\nWenxi fire\nCanton\nHainan\nNanchang\nSuixian–Zaoyang\nSwatow\n1st Changsha\nSouth Guangxi\nKunlun Pass\nWinter Offensive\nWest Suiyuan\nWuyuan\n1940–1942\nZaoyang–Yichang\nHundred Regiments\nNorth Vietnam\nCentral Hubei\nSouth Anhui\nSouth Henan\nWest Hubei\nShanggao\nSouth Shanxi\n2nd Changsha\n3rd Changsha\nYunnan-Burma Road\nTachiao\nOktwin\nToungoo\nYenangyaung\nZhejiang–Jiangxi\nSichuan (cancelled)\n1943–1945\nWest Hubei\nNorth Burma and West Yunnan\nMyitkyina\nMount Song\nChangde\nIchi-Go\n4th Changsha\nHengyang\nGuilin–Liuzhou\nWest Henan–North Hubei\nWest Hunan\nGuangxi\nAir War\nTaihoku\n\nvteSouth-East Asian Theater\nFrench Indochina\nFranco-Thai War\nKo Chang\nInvasion\nCoup de main\nAugust Revolution\n\nThailand\nInvasion\nAir raids\n\nMalaya and Singapore\nInvasion\n1st Singapore\nSinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse\nJitra\nKrohcol\nGurun\nKampar\nSlim River\nGemas\nMuar\nParit Sulong Massacre\nEndau\n2nd Singapore\n\nDutch East Indies\n1st Borneo\nManado\nTarakan\nBalikpapan\nAmbon\nMakassar Strait\nSumatra\nPalembang\nBadung Strait\nTimor\nUSS Langley\n1st Java Sea\nSunda Strait\nJava\n2nd Java Sea\n8 June 1945\n2nd Borneo\nTarakan\nNorth Borneo\nBalikpapan\n\nIndian Ocean\n27 February 1941\n8 May 1941\nSydney vs Kormoran\nJapanese raiders\nAndaman and Nicobar\nHomfreyganj massacre\nChristmas Island\n1st Indian Ocean\nEaster Sunday Raid\nMadagascar\nCocos Islands mutiny\nRéunion\n13 November 1943\n11 January 1944\n14 February 1944\n2nd Indian Ocean\n17 July 1944\n\nBurma, India and China\nJapanese invasion of Burma\nBilin River\nSittang Bridge\nPegu\nTaukkyan\nYunnan-Burma Road\nTachiao\nOktwin\nToungoo\nShwedaung\nProme\nYenangyaung\nBurma campaign (1942–1943)\nArakan\nThe Hump\nChindits\nBurma campaign (1944)\nChindits (II)\nAdmin Box\nU Go\nImphal\nSangshak\nTennis Court\nKohima\nMyitkyina\nMogaung\nMount Song\nBurma campaign (1944–1945)\nMeiktila & Mandalay\nPakokku\nHill 170\nRamree Island\nTanlwe Chaung\nDracula\nElephant Point\nSittang Bend\n\nvtePacific War\nCentral Pacific\nPearl Harbor\nMarshalls–Gilberts raids\nK\nDoolittle Raid\nMidway\nGilberts and Marshalls\nMarianas and Palau\nVolcano and Ryukyu\nTruk\nOcean Island\nIndian Ocean (1941–1945)\nJapanese merchant raids\nAndaman Islands\nHomfreyganj massacre\nChristmas Island\n1st Indian Ocean\nCeylon\nBay of Bengal\n2nd Indian Ocean\nSoutheast Asia\nIndochina (1940)\nFranco-Thai War\nThailand\nMalaya\nHong Kong\nSingapore\nIndochina (1945)\nMalacca Strait\nVietnam\nJurist\nTiderace\nZipper\nStrategic bombing (1944–45)\nBurma and India\nBurma (1941–42)\nBurma (1942–43)\nBurma and India (1944)\nBurma (1944–45)\nSouthwest Pacific\nDutch East Indies (1941–42)\nPhilippines (1941–42)\nRY\nSolomon Islands\nCoral Sea\nTimor\nAustralia\nNew Guinea\nNew Britain\nPhilippines (1944–45)\nBorneo (1945)\nNorth America\nEllwood\nAleutian Islands\nEstevan Point Lighthouse\nFort Stevens\nLookout Air Raids\nFire balloon bombs\nProject Hula\nPX\nJapan\nAir raids\nTokyo\nYokosuka\nKure\nHiroshima and Nagasaki\nMariana Islands\nVolcano and Ryukyu Islands\nStarvation\nNaval bombardments\nSagami Bay\nSouth Sakhalin\nKuril Islands\nShumshu\nDownfall\nJapanese surrender\nManchuria and Northern Korea\nKantokuen\nManchuria (1945)\nMutanchiang\nChongjin\n\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\n\n\nvteMilitary campaigns of the Empire of JapanMeiji period\nTaiwan (1874)\nGanghwa (1875)\nRyukyu (1879)\nManchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)\nLiaodong Peninsula (1895)\nChina (1899–1901)\nManchuria and Korea (1904–1905)\nKorea (1910)\nTaishō period\n\nTsingtao (1914)\nSiberia (1918–1922)\nShōwa period\n\nManchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)\nChina (1937–45)\nFrench Indochina (1940)\nAsia-Pacific (1941–1945)\nvteCampaigns of World War IIEurope\nPoland\nPhoney War\nFinland\nWinter War\nKarelia\nLapland\nDenmark and Norway\nWestern Front\n1940\n1944–1945\nBritain\nBalkans\nEastern Front\nItaly\nSicily\nAsia-Pacific\n\nChina\nPacific Ocean\nSouth West Pacific\nFranco-Thai War\nSouth-East Asia\nBurma and India\nJapan\nManchuria and Northern Korea\npre-war border conflicts\nMediterranean and Middle East\n\nAfrica\nNorth Africa\nEast Africa\nMediterranean Sea\nAdriatic\nMalta\nMiddle East\nIraq\nSyria–Lebanon\nIran\nDodecanese\nSouthern France\nOther campaigns\n\nAmericas\nAtlantic\nArctic\nStrategic bombing\nFrench West Africa\nIndian Ocean\nMadagascar\nCoups\n\nYugoslavia\nIraq\nItaly\nRomania\nBulgaria\nHungary\nFrench IndochinaThe Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma. It was part of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II and primarily involved forces of the Allies (mainly from the British Empire and the Republic of China, with support from the United States) against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan. Imperial Japan was supported by the Thai Phayap Army, as well as two collaborationist independence movements and armies. Nominally independent puppet states were established in the conquered areas and some territories were annexed by Thailand. In 1942 and 1943, the international Allied force in British India launched several failed offensives to retake lost territories. Fighting intensified in 1944, and British Empire forces peaked at around 1 million land and air forces. These forces were drawn primarily from British India, with British Army forces (equivalent to eight regular infantry divisions and six tank regiments),[29] 100,000 East and West African colonial troops, and smaller numbers of land and air forces from several other Dominions and Colonies.[4] These additional forces allowed the Allied recapture of Burma in 1945.The campaign had a number of notable features. The geographical characteristics of the region meant that weather, disease and terrain had a major effect on operations. The lack of transport infrastructure placed an emphasis on military engineering and air transport to move and supply troops, and evacuate wounded. The campaign was also politically complex, with the British, the United States and the Chinese all having different strategic priorities. It was also the only land campaign by the Western Allies in the Pacific Theatre which proceeded continuously from the start of hostilities to the end of the war. This was due to its geographical location. By extending from South East Asia to India, its area included some lands which the British lost at the outset of the war, but also included areas of India wherein the Japanese advance was eventually stopped. The climate of the region is dominated by the seasonal monsoon rains, which allowed effective campaigning for only just over half of each year. This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the priority given by the Allies to the defeat of Nazi Germany, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, from late 1942 to early 1944; the 1944 Japanese invasion of India, which ultimately failed following the battles of Imphal and Kohima; and finally the successful Allied offensive which liberated Burma from late 1944 to mid-1945.The campaign was also strongly affected from the political atmosphere which erupted in the South-East Asian regions occupied by Japan, who pursued the Pan-Asianist policy of a \"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\". These led to a Japanese-sponsored revolution during the initial invasion and the establishment of the State of Burma, whose Burma Independence Army had spearheaded the initial attacks against the country. The Provisional Government of Free India, with its Indian National Army fought under Imperial Japan, especially during Operation U-Go in 1944. The INA had earlier collaborated with Nazi Germany. The dominating attitude of the Japanese militarist who commanded the army stationed in the country, ultimately doomed the co-prosperity sphere as a whole, leading to local hopes for real independence fading and a revolt by the Burma National Army in 1945. On the Allied side, political relations were mixed for much of the war. The China Burma India Theater American-trained Chinese X Force led to cooperation between the two countries, but the clashing strategies proposed by General Joseph Stilwell and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek would lead to Stilwell's eventual removal from his position as American Commander of the theater. On the other hand, China–India relations were positive from the cooperative Burma Road, built to reach the Chinese Y Force and the Chinese war effort inside China, as well as from the heroic missions over the extremely dangerous air route over the Himalayas, nicknamed \"The Hump\". The campaign would have a great impact on the independence struggle of Burma and India in the post-war years.","title":"Burma campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayan Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign"},{"link_name":"Rangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"British Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Japanese Fifteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Shōjirō Iida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djir%C5%8D_Iida"},{"link_name":"Tanintharyi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Kawkareik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawkareik"},{"link_name":"Moulmein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlamyine"},{"link_name":"Salween River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salween_River"},{"link_name":"17th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_(India)"},{"link_name":"Sittaung River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittaung_River"},{"link_name":"General Archibald Wavell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell"},{"link_name":"American-British-Dutch-Australian Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command"},{"link_name":"Harold Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yunnan-Burma_Road"},{"link_name":"200th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)"},{"link_name":"Toungoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toungoo"},{"link_name":"Japanese 56th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Karenni States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karenni_States"},{"link_name":"Shan States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_States"},{"link_name":"Lashio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashio"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"}],"text":"See also: Malayan Campaign, Battle of Singapore, and Dutch East Indies campaignJapanese objectives in Burma were initially limited to the capture of Rangoon (now known as Yangon), the capital and principal seaport. This would close the overland supply line to China and provide a strategic bulwark to defend Japanese gains in British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant General Shōjirō Iida, initially consisting of only two infantry divisions, moved into northern Thailand (which had signed a treaty of friendship with Japan), and launched an attack over jungle-clad mountain ranges into the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim (now Tanintharyi Region) in January 1942.In the face of the Japanese advances, huge numbers of Indians, Anglo-Indians, and Anglo-Burmese fled Burma, around 600,000 by the autumn of 1942, which was until then the largest mass migration in history. Perhaps 80,000 of those in flight would die from starvation, exhaustion and disease.[30] Some of the worst massacres in Burma during World War II would be perpetrated not by the Japanese but by Burmese gangs linked to the Burma Independence Army.[31]The Japanese successfully attacked over the Kawkareik Pass and captured the port of Moulmein at the mouth of the Salween River after overcoming stiff resistance. They then advanced northwards, outflanking successive British defensive positions. Troops of the 17th Indian Infantry Division tried to retreat over the Sittaung River, but Japanese parties reached the vital bridge before they did. On 22 February, the bridge was demolished to prevent its capture, a decision that has since been extremely contentious.The loss of two brigades of 17th Indian Division meant that Rangoon could not be defended. General Archibald Wavell, the commander-in-chief of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, nevertheless ordered Rangoon to be held as he was expecting substantial reinforcements from the Middle East. Although some units arrived, counterattacks failed and the new commander of Burma Army (General Harold Alexander), ordered the city to be evacuated on 7 March after its port and oil refinery had been destroyed. The remnants of Burma Army broke out to the north, narrowly escaping encirclement.On the eastern part of the front, in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road, the Chinese 200th Division held up the Japanese for a time around Toungoo, but after its fall the road was open for motorised troops of the Japanese 56th Division to shatter the Chinese Sixth Army to the east in the Karenni States and advance northward through the Shan States to capture Lashio, outflanking the Allied defensive lines and cutting off the Chinese armies from Yunnan. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan.","title":"Japanese conquest of Burma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Expeditionary_Force_(Burma)"},{"link_name":"Burma Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Corps"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yenangyaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim197271%E2%80%934-46"},{"link_name":"Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"X Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Force_(Chinese_Expeditionary_Force)"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stilwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell"}],"sub_title":"Japanese advance to the Indian frontier","text":"After the fall of Rangoon in March 1942, the Allies attempted to make a stand in the north of the country (Upper Burma), having been reinforced by a Chinese Expeditionary Force. The Japanese had also been reinforced by two divisions made available by the capture of Singapore and defeated both the newly organised Burma Corps and the Chinese force. The Allies were also faced with growing numbers of Burmese insurgents and the civil administration broke down in the areas they still held. With their forces cut off from almost all sources of supply, the Allied commanders finally decided to evacuate their forces from Burma. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.[32]The retreat was conducted in very difficult circumstances. Starving refugees, disorganised stragglers, and the sick and wounded clogged the primitive roads and tracks leading to India. Burma Corps managed to make it most of the way to Imphal, in Manipur in India, just before the monsoon broke in May 1942, having lost most of their equipment and transport. There, they found themselves living out in the open under torrential rains in extremely unhealthy circumstances. The army and civil authorities in India were very slow to respond to the needs of the troops and civilian refugees.Due to lack of communication, when the British retreated from Burma, almost none of the Chinese knew about the retreat. Realising that they could not win without British support, some of the X Force committed by Chiang Kai-shek made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India, where they were put under the command of the American General Joseph Stilwell. After recuperating they were re-equipped and retrained by American instructors. The rest of the Chinese troops tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and of these, at least half died.","title":"Japanese conquest of Burma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shan States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_State"},{"link_name":"Phayap Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phayap_Army"},{"link_name":"J. R. Seriroengrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarun_Rattanakun_Seriroengrit"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Kengtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kengtung"},{"link_name":"Phin Choonhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phin_Choonhavan"},{"link_name":"occupied Shan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharat_Thai_Doem"},{"link_name":"Loikaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loikaw"}],"sub_title":"Thai army enters Burma","text":"In accordance with the Thai military alliance with Japan that was signed on 21 December 1941, on 21 March, the Thais and Japanese also agreed that the Karenni State and Shan States were to be under Thai control. The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control.The leading elements of the Thai Phayap Army under General J. R. Seriroengrit crossed the border into the Shan States on 10 May 1942. Three Thai infantry division and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the Royal Thai Air Force, engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. Kengtung, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. On 12 July, General Phin Choonhavan, who would become the Thai military governor of the occupied Shan State later in the war, ordered the 3rd Division of the Phayap Army from the southern part of the Shan State to occupy Karenni State and expel the Chinese 55th Division from Loikaw. The Chinese troops could not retreat because the routes to Yunnan were controlled by Axis forces and many Chinese soldiers were captured. The Thais remained in control of the Shan States for the remainder of the war. Their troops suffered from supply shortages and disease, but were not subjected to Allied attacks.","title":"Japanese conquest of Burma"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India%2Bin%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Btwo%2B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamu,_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Ba Maw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Maw"},{"link_name":"Burma Independence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army"},{"link_name":"Aung San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Quit India protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_movement"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Province"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"famine in Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943"},{"link_name":"Arakan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Province"},{"link_name":"Eastern Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Orde Wingate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Wingate"},{"link_name":"Chindits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits"}],"text":"Indian troops move ammunition in very muddy conditions whilst on the road to Tamu, 1943.The Japanese did not renew their offensive after the monsoon ended. They installed a nominally independent Burmese government under Ba Maw, and reformed the Burma Independence Army on a more regular basis as the Burma National Army under General Aung San. In practice, both government and army were strictly controlled by the Japanese authorities.On the Allied side, operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. Britain could only maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the Middle East and Far East proved impossible through lack of resources. The Middle East was accorded priority, being closer to home and in accordance with the \"Germany First\" policy in London and Washington.The Allied build up was also hampered by the disordered state of Eastern India at the time. There were violent Quit India protests in Bengal and Bihar,[33] which required large numbers of British troops to suppress. There was also a disastrous famine in Bengal, which may have led to 3 million deaths through starvation, disease and exposure. In such conditions of chaos, it was difficult to improve the inadequate lines of communication to the front line in Assam or make use of local industries for the war effort. Efforts to improve the training of Allied troops took time and in forward areas poor morale and endemic disease combined to reduce the strength and effectiveness of the fighting units.Nevertheless, the Allies mounted two operations during the 1942–1943 dry season. The first was a small offensive into the coastal Arakan Province of Burma. The Indian Eastern Army intended to reoccupy the Mayu peninsula and Akyab Island, which had an important airfield. A division advanced to Donbaik, only a few miles from the end of the peninsula but was halted by a small but well entrenched Japanese force. At this stage of the war, the Allies lacked the means and tactical ability to overcome strongly constructed Japanese bunkers. Repeated British and Indian attacks failed with heavy casualties. Japanese reinforcements arrived from Central Burma and crossed rivers and mountain ranges which the Allies had declared to be impassable, to hit the Allies' exposed left flank and overrun several units. The exhausted British were unable to hold any defensive lines and were forced to abandon much equipment and fall back almost to the Indian frontier.The second action was controversial. Under the command of Brigadier Orde Wingate, a long-range penetration unit known as the Chindits infiltrated through the Japanese front lines and marched deep into Burma, with the initial aim of cutting the main north–south railway in Burma in an operation codenamed Operation Longcloth. Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They damaged communications of the Japanese in northern Burma, cutting the railway for possibly two weeks but they suffered heavy casualties. Though the results were questioned the operation was used to propaganda effect, particularly to insist that British and Indian soldiers could live, move and fight as effectively as the Japanese in the jungle, doing much to restore morale among Allied troops.","title":"Allied setbacks, 1942–1943"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SE_000014_Mountbatten_as_SACSEA_during_Arakan_tour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Louis Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"XV Indian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Indian_Corps"},{"link_name":"Chindwin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindwin_River"}],"text":"Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, seen during his tour of the Arakan Front in February 1944From December 1943 to November 1944 the strategic balance of the Burma campaign shifted decisively. Improvements in Allied leadership, training and logistics, together with greater firepower and growing Allied air superiority, gave Allied forces a confidence they had previously lacked. In the Arakan, XV Indian Corps withstood, and then broke, a Japanese counterstrike, while the Japanese invasion of India resulted in unbearably heavy losses and the ejection of the Japanese back beyond the Chindwin River.","title":"The balance shifts 1943–1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East Asia Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command"},{"link_name":"Lord Louis Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"British Fourteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Fourteenth_Army"},{"link_name":"William Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Slim"},{"link_name":"lines of communication in North-eastern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-east_Indian_railways_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Normandy Landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings"},{"link_name":"Northern Combat Area Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Combat_Area_Command"},{"link_name":"Ledo Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo_Road"},{"link_name":"XV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Corps_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"IV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"}],"sub_title":"Allied plans","text":"In August 1943, the Allies created South East Asia Command (SEAC), a new combined command responsible for the South-East Asian Theatre, under Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. The training, equipment, health and morale of Allied troops under British Fourteenth Army under Lieutenant General William Slim was improving, as was the capacity of the lines of communication in North-eastern India. An innovation was the extensive use of aircraft to transport and supply troops.SEAC had to accommodate several rival plans, many of which had to be dropped for lack of resources. Amphibious landings on the Andaman Islands (Operation \"Pigstick\") and in Arakan were abandoned when the landing craft assigned were recalled to Europe in preparation for the Normandy Landings.The major effort was intended to be by American-trained Chinese troops of Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC) under Stilwell, to cover the construction of the Ledo Road. Orde Wingate had controversially gained approval for a greatly expanded Chindit force, which was given the task of assisting Stilwell by disrupting the Japanese lines of supply to the northern front. Chiang Kai-shek had also agreed reluctantly to mount an offensive from the Yunnan.Under British Fourteenth Army, the Indian XV Corps prepared to renew the advance in Arakan province, while IV Corps launched a tentative advance from Imphal in the centre of the long front to distract Japanese attention from the other offensives.","title":"The balance shifts 1943–1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masakazu_Kawabe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese Burma Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Burma_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"Burma Area Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Area_Army"},{"link_name":"Masakazu Kawabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eighth_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Renya Mutaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renya_Mutaguchi"},{"link_name":"Southern Expeditionary Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Imperial General Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Indian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Tamils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Chalo Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalo_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Operation U-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_U-Go"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Japanese plans","text":"Lieutenant General Kawabe, commander of the Japanese Burma Area ArmyAbout the same time that SEAC was established, the Japanese created the Burma Area Army under Lieutenant General Masakazu Kawabe, which took under command the Fifteenth Army and the newly formed Twenty-Eighth Army.The new commander of Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi was keen to mount an offensive against India. Burma Area Army originally quashed this idea, but found that their superiors at Southern Expeditionary Army Group HQ in Singapore were keen on it. When the staff at Southern Expeditionary Army were persuaded that the plan was inherently risky, they in turn found that Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo was in favour of Mutaguchi's plan.The Japanese were influenced to an unknown degree by Subhas Chandra Bose, commander of the Indian National Army. This was composed largely of Indian soldiers who had been captured in Malaya or Singapore, and Indians (Tamils) living in Malaya. At Bose's instigation, a substantial contingent of the INA joined in this Chalo Delhi (\"March on Delhi\"). Both Bose and Mutaguchi emphasised the advantages which would be gained by a successful attack into India. With misgivings on the part of several of Mutaguchi's superiors and subordinates, Operation U-Go was launched.[34]","title":"The balance shifts 1943–1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M3 Light Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_tank"},{"link_name":"Merrill's Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill%27s_Marauders"},{"link_name":"Xishuangbanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishuangbanna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allied_lines_of_communication_in_Southeast_Asia,_1942-43.jpg"},{"link_name":"India–China airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hump"},{"link_name":"Sun Li-jen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Li-jen"},{"link_name":"Ledo, Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo,_Assam"},{"link_name":"Myitkyina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myitkyina"},{"link_name":"Mogaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogaung"},{"link_name":"Japanese 18th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Operation Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits#Operation_Thursday"},{"link_name":"Indaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indaw"},{"link_name":"Patkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patkai"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Y Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E6%88%98%E5%9C%BA%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%98%E8%AE%B0-9"},{"link_name":"Wei Lihuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Lihuang"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Myitkyina airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myitkyina_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"the Hump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hump"},{"link_name":"Tengchong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengchong_County"},{"link_name":"Longling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longling_County"}],"sub_title":"Northern and Yunnan front 1943–1944","text":"Stilwell's forces (designated X Force) initially consisted of two American-equipped Chinese divisions with a Chinese-manned M3 Light Tank battalion and an American long-range penetration brigade known as \"Merrill's Marauders\".In 1943, the Thai Phayap Army invasion headed to Xishuangbanna at China, but were driven back by the Chinese nationalist force.The India–China airlift delivered approximately 650,000 tons of material to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft.In October 1943 the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen began to advance from Ledo, Assam towards Myitkyina and Mogaung while American engineers and Indian labourers extended the Ledo Road behind them. The Japanese 18th Division was repeatedly outflanked by the Marauders and threatened with encirclement.In Operation Thursday, the Chindits were to support Stilwell by interdicting Japanese communications in the region of Indaw. A brigade began marching across the Patkai mountains on 5 February 1944. In early March three other brigades were flown into landing zones behind Japanese lines by the Royal Air Force and the USAAF and established defensive strongholds around Indaw.Meanwhile, the Chinese forces on the Yunnan front (Y Force) mounted an attack starting in the second half of April, with nearly 75,000 troops crossing the Salween river on a 300-kilometre (190 mi) front. Soon some twelve Chinese divisions of 175,000 men,[5] under General Wei Lihuang, were attacking the Japanese 56th Division. The Japanese forces in the North were now fighting on two fronts in northern Burma.On 17 May, control of the Chindits passed from Slim to Stilwell. The Chindits now moved from the Japanese rear areas to new bases closer to Stilwell's front, and were given additional tasks by Stilwell for which they were not equipped. They achieved several objectives, but at the cost of heavy casualties. By the end of June, they had linked up with Stilwell's forces but were exhausted, and were withdrawn to India.Also on 17 May, a force of two Chinese regiments, Unit Galahad (Merrill's Marauders) and Kachin guerrillas captured the airfield at Myitkyina.[35] The Allies did not immediately follow up this success and the Japanese were able to reinforce the town, which fell only after a siege that lasted until 3 August. The capture of Myitkyina airfield nevertheless immediately helped secure the air link from India to Chongqing over the Hump.By the end of May, the Yunnan offensive, though hampered by the monsoon rains and lack of air support, succeeded in annihilating the garrison of Tengchong and eventually reached as far as Longling. Strong Japanese reinforcements then counterattacked and halted the Chinese advance.","title":"The balance shifts 1943–1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IND_003714_Battlefield_on_Scraggy_Hill_at_Shenam.jpg"},{"link_name":"10th Gurkhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Princess_Mary%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Battle of Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal"},{"link_name":"Philip Christison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Christison"},{"link_name":"5th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Indian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Maungdaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungdaw"},{"link_name":"Kalapanzin valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaung"},{"link_name":"Japanese 55th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"7th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Admin Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box"},{"link_name":"Ngakyedauk Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngakyedauk_Pass"}],"sub_title":"Southern front 1943–1944","text":"The scene on Scraggy Hill, captured by the 10th Gurkhas during the Battle of ImphalIn Arakan, Indian XV Corps under Lieutenant General Philip Christison renewed the advance on the Mayu peninsula. Ranges of steep hills channelled the advance into three attacks each by an Indian or West African division. The 5th Indian Infantry Division captured the small port of Maungdaw on 9 January 1944. The Corps then prepared to capture two railway tunnels linking Maungdaw with the Kalapanzin valley but the Japanese struck first. A strong force from the Japanese 55th Division infiltrated Allied lines to attack the 7th Indian Infantry Division from the rear, overrunning the divisional HQ.Unlike previous occasions on which this had happened, the Allied forces stood firm against the attack and supplies were dropped to them by parachute. In the Battle of the Admin Box from 5 to 23 February, the Japanese concentrated on XV Corps' Administrative Area, defended mainly by line of communication troops but they were unable to deal with tanks supporting the defenders, while troops from 5th Indian Division broke through the Ngakyedauk Pass to relieve the defenders of the box. Although battle casualties were approximately equal, the result was a heavy Japanese defeat. Their infiltration and encirclement tactics had failed to panic Allied troops and as the Japanese were unable to capture enemy supplies, they starved.Over the next few weeks, XV Corps' offensive ended as the Allies concentrated on the Central Front. After capturing the railway tunnels, XV Corps halted during the monsoon.","title":"The balance shifts 1943–1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohima.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geoffry Scoones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffry_Scoones"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Japanese 31st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJA_31st_Division"},{"link_name":"Kohima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohima"},{"link_name":"Dimapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimapur"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River"},{"link_name":"17th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Indian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Tiddim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiddim"},{"link_name":"50th Indian Parachute Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Indian_Parachute_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Japanese 15th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Kotoku Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoku_Sato"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"Indian XXXIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"Montagu Stopford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_Stopford"},{"link_name":"2nd British Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_British_Infantry_Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IND_003698_Garrison_Hill_Kohima.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despatch_1944(2)-51"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despatch_1945-52"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Despatch_1944(1)-53"},{"link_name":"11th East Africa Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_East_Africa_Division"},{"link_name":"Kabaw Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaw_Valley"}],"text":"Imphal and Kohima CampaignIV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones, had pushed forward two divisions to the Chindwin River. One division was in reserve at Imphal in Manipur. There were indications that a major Japanese offensive was building. Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw and force the Japanese to fight with their logistics stretched beyond the limit. However, they misjudged the date on which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives.[36]The Japanese Fifteenth Army consisted of three infantry divisions and a brigade-sized detachment (\"Yamamoto Force\"), and initially a regiment from the Indian National Army. Mutaguchi, the Army commander, planned to cut off and destroy the forward divisions of IV Corps before capturing Imphal, while the Japanese 31st Division isolated Imphal by capturing Kohima. Mutaguchi intended to exploit the capture of Imphal by capturing the strategic city of Dimapur, in the Brahmaputra River valley. If this could be achieved, the lines of communication to General Stilwell's forces and the airbases used to supply the Chinese over the Hump would be cut.The Japanese troops crossed the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones (and Slim) were slow to order their forward troops to withdraw and the 17th Indian Infantry Division was cut off at Tiddim. It fought its way back to Imphal with aid from Scoones's reserve division, supplied by parachute drops. North of Imphal, 50th Indian Parachute Brigade was defeated at Sangshak by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. Imphal was thus left vulnerable to an attack by the Japanese 15th Division from the north but because the diversionary attack launched by Japanese in Arakan had already been defeated, Slim was able to move the 5th Indian Division by air to the Central Front. Two brigades went to Imphal, the other went to Dimapur from where it sent a detachment to Kohima.By the end of the first week in April, IV Corps had concentrated in the Imphal plain. The Japanese launched several offensives during the month, which were repulsed. At the start of May, Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division north of Imphal. Progress was slow, as movement was made difficult by monsoon rains and IV Corps was short of supplies.Also at the beginning of April, the Japanese 31st Division under Lieutenant-General Kotoku Sato reached Kohima. Instead of isolating the small British garrison there and pressing on with his main force to Dimapur, Sato chose to capture the hill station. The siege lasted from 5 to 18 April, when the exhausted defenders were relieved. A new formation HQ, the Indian XXXIII Corps under Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford, now took over operations on this front. The 2nd British Infantry Division began a counter-offensive and by 15 May, they had prised the Japanese off Kohima Ridge itself. After a pause during which more Allied reinforcements arrived, XXXIII Corps renewed its offensive.View of the Garrison Hill battlefield, the key to the British defences at KohimaBy now, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Their troops (particularly 15th and 31st Divisions) were starving, and during the monsoon, disease spread rapidly among them. Lieutenant-General Sato had notified Mutaguchi that his division would withdraw from Kohima at the end of May if it were not supplied. In spite of orders to hold on, Sato did indeed retreat. The leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109 on the Dimapur-Imphal road on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised.Mutaguchi (and Kawabe) continued to order renewed attacks. 33rd Division and Yamamoto Force made repeated efforts, but by the end of June they had suffered so many casualties both from battle and disease that they were unable to make any progress. The Imphal operation was finally broken off early in July, and the Japanese retreated painfully to the Chindwin River.It was the greatest defeat to that date in Japanese history. They had suffered 50–60,000 dead,[37] and 100,000 or more casualties.[38] Most of these losses were the result of disease, malnutrition and exhaustion. The Allies suffered 12,500 casualties, including 2,269 killed.[39] Mutaguchi had already relieved all his divisions' commanders, and was himself subsequently relieved of command.During the monsoon from August to November, Fourteenth Army pursued the Japanese to the Chindwin River. While the 11th East Africa Division advanced down the Kabaw Valley from Tamu, the 5th Indian Division advanced along the mountainous Tiddim road. By the end of November, Kalewa had been recaptured, and several bridgeheads were established on the east bank of the Chindwin.","title":"Japanese invasion of India 1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab,_Burma,_January_1945._SE2418.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akyab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyab"},{"link_name":"Allied Land Forces South East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Land_Forces_South_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Hyotaro Kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyotaro_Kimura"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayeyarwady_River"}],"text":"Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, January 1945.The Allies launched a series of offensive operations into Burma during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. The command on the front was rearranged in November 1944. Eleventh Army Group HQ was replaced by Allied Land Forces South East Asia and NCAC and XV Corps were placed directly under this new headquarters. Although the Allies were still attempting to complete the Ledo Road, it was apparent that it would not materially affect the course of the war in China.The Japanese also made major changes in their command. The most important was the replacement of General Kawabe at Burma Area Army by Hyotaro Kimura. Kimura threw Allied plans into confusion by refusing to fight at the Chindwin River. Recognising that most of his formations were weak and short of equipment, he withdrew his forces behind the Irrawaddy River, forcing the Allies to greatly extend their lines of communication.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myebon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myebon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hill 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170"},{"link_name":"Ramree Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramree_Island"},{"link_name":"Cheduba Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheduba_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ramree Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramree_Island"}],"sub_title":"Southern front 1944–1945","text":"In Arakan, XV Corps resumed its advance on Akyab Island for the third year in succession. This time the Japanese were far weaker, and retreated before the steady Allied advance. They evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. It was occupied by XV Corps without resistance on 3 January 1945 as part of Operation Talon, the amphibious landing at Akyab.Landing craft had now reached the theatre, and XV Corps launched amphibious attacks on the Myebon peninsula on 12 January 1945 and at Kangaw ten days later during the Battle of Hill 170 to cut off the retreating Japanese. There was severe fighting until the end of the month, in which the Japanese suffered heavy casualties.An important objective for XV Corps was the capture of Ramree Island and Cheduba Island to construct airfields which would support the Allies' operations in Central Burma. Most of the Japanese garrison died during the Battle of Ramree Island. XV Corps operations on the mainland were curtailed to release transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flyout of Chinese troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hump#Operations_Grubworm_and_Rooster"},{"link_name":"36th British Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bhamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhamo"},{"link_name":"Daniel Isom Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Isom_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"OSS Detachment 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSS_Detachment_101"}],"sub_title":"Northern front 1944–1945","text":"NCAC resumed its advance late in 1944, although it was progressively weakened by the flyout of Chinese troops to the main front in China. On 10 December 1944, the 36th British Infantry Division on NCAC's right flank made contact with units of Fourteenth Army near Indaw in Northern Burma. Five days later, Chinese troops on the command's left flank captured the city of Bhamo.NCAC made contact with Chiang's Yunnan armies on 21 January 1945, and the Ledo road could finally be completed, although by this point in the war its value was uncertain. Chiang ordered the American General Daniel Isom Sultan, commanding NCAC, to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. This was a blow to British plans as it endangered the prospects of reaching Yangon before the onset of the monsoon, expected at the beginning of May. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister, appealed directly to American chief of staff George Marshall for the transport aircraft which had been assigned to NCAC to remain in Burma.[40] From 1 April, NCAC's operations stopped, and its units returned to China and India. A US-led guerrilla force, OSS Detachment 101, took over the remaining military responsibilities of NCAC.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Hawker_Hurricane_Mk_IIC_of_No._28_Squadron_RAF_flys_alongside_the_Aya_bridge,_which_spans_the_Irrawaddy_River_near_Mandalay,_Burma,_during_a_low-level_reconnaissance_sortie,_March_1945._C5108.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane Mk IIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane#Specifications_(Hurricane_Mk.IIC)"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Pakokku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakokku"},{"link_name":"Meiktila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiktila"},{"link_name":"Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay"},{"link_name":"255th Indian Tank Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/255th_Indian_Tank_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Fort Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Central front 1944–1945","text":"An RAF Hawker Hurricane Mk IIC flies alongside Ava Bridge, which spans the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay, Burma, during a low-level reconnaissance sortie, March 1945.The Fourteenth Army, now consisting of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps, made the main offensive effort into Burma. Although the Japanese retreat over the Irrawaddy forced the Allies to completely change their plans, such was the Allies' material superiority that this was done. IV Corps was switched in secret from the right to the left flank of the army and aimed to cross the Irrawaddy near Pakokku and seize the Japanese line-of-communication centre of Meiktila, while XXXIII Corps continued to advance on Mandalay.During January and February 1945, XXXIII Corps seized crossings over the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay. There was heavy fighting, which attracted Japanese reserves and fixed their attention. Late in February, the 7th Indian Division leading IV Corps, seized crossings at Nyaungu near Pakokku. 17th Indian Division and 255th Indian Tank Brigade followed them across and struck for Meiktila. In the open terrain of Central Burma, this force outmanoeuvred the Japanese and fell on Meiktila on 1 March. The town was captured in four days, despite resistance to the last man.The Japanese tried first to relieve the garrison at Meiktila and then to recapture the town and destroy its defenders. Their attacks were not properly coordinated and were repulsed. By the end of March the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. They broke off the attack and retreated to Pyawbwe.XXXIII Corps had renewed its attack on Mandalay. It fell to 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel which the British called Fort Dufferin for another week. Much of the historically and culturally significant portions of Mandalay were burned to the ground.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IND_004652_Stuart_tank_advancing_on_Rangoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"M3 Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Force 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_136"},{"link_name":"Burma National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_National_Army"},{"link_name":"Japanese Thirty-Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Third_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Pyawbwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyawbwe,_Pyawbwe_Township"},{"link_name":"Karen guerillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_people"},{"link_name":"Taungoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungoo"},{"link_name":"Bago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago,_Burma"},{"link_name":"Heitarō Kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitar%C5%8D_Kimura"},{"link_name":"105 Independent Mixed Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=105_Independent_Mixed_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Race for Rangoon","text":"An M3 Stuart of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon, April 1945Though the Allied force had advanced successfully into central Burma, it was vital to capture the port of Rangoon before the monsoon to avoid a logistics crisis. In the spring of 1945, the other factor in the race for Rangoon was the years of preparation by the liaison organisation, Force 136, which resulted in a national uprising within Burma and the defection of the entire Burma National Army to the allied side. In addition to the allied advance, the Japanese now faced open rebellion behind their lines.XXXIII Corps mounted Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley against stiff resistance from the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. IV Corps made the main attack down the \"Railway Valley\", which was also followed by the Sittaung River. They began by striking at a Japanese delaying position (held by the remnants of the Japanese Thirty-Third Army) at Pyawbwe. The attackers were initially halted by a strong defensive position behind a dry waterway, but a flanking move by tanks and mechanised infantry struck the Japanese from the rear and shattered them.From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. An uprising by Karen guerillas prevented troops from the reorganised Japanese Fifteenth Army from reaching the major road centre of Taungoo before IV Corps captured it. The leading Allied troops met Japanese rearguards north of Bago, 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon, on 25 April. Heitarō Kimura had formed the various service troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Yangon into the 105 Independent Mixed Brigade. This scratch formation held up the British advance until 30 April and covered the evacuation of the Rangoon area.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phuket Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province"},{"link_name":"Yangon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon_River"},{"link_name":"26th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division"}],"sub_title":"Operation Dracula","text":"The original conception of the plan to re-take Burma had envisaged XV Corps making an amphibious assault on Rangoon well before Fourteenth Army reached the capital, in order to ease supply problems. This operation, codenamed Operation Dracula, was postponed several times as the necessary landing craft were retained in Europe and finally dropped in favour of an attack on Phuket Island, off the west coast of Thailand.Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man through the monsoon, which would put Fourteenth Army in a disastrous supply situation. He therefore asked for Operation Dracula to be re-mounted at short notice. The naval forces for the attack on Phuket were diverted to Operation Dracula, and units of XV Corps were embarked from Akyab and Ramree.On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on Elephant Point, and cleared Japanese rearguards from the mouth of the Yangon River. The 26th Indian Infantry Division landed by ship the next day. When they arrived they discovered that Kimura had ordered Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. After the Japanese withdrawal, Yangon had experienced an orgy of looting and lawlessness similar to the last days of the British in the city in 1942. On the afternoon of 2 May 1945, the monsoon rains began in full force. The Allied drive to liberate Rangoon before the rains had succeeded with only a few hours to spare.The leading troops of the 17th and 26th Indian divisions met at Hlegu, 28 miles (45 km) north of Rangoon, on 6 May.","title":"Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_the_Japanese_33rd_Army_IND4902.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese 31st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"17th Indian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Indian_Division"},{"link_name":"Moulmein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlamyine"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Twelfth_Army"},{"link_name":"Pegu Yomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegu_Yomas"},{"link_name":"Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"Miles Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Indian XXXIV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_XXXIV_Corps"},{"link_name":"Ouvry Lindfield Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouvry_Lindfield_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Operation Zipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zipper"}],"text":"Lieutenant General Kawada, commander of the Japanese 31st Division, surrenders to Major General Arthur W Crowther, DSO, commander of the 17th Indian Division, near Moulmein, Burma.After the Allies captured Rangoon, a new Twelfth Army headquarters was created from XXXIII Corps HQ to take control of the formations which were to remain in Burma.The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army, after withdrawing from Arakan and resisting XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, retreated into the Pegu Yomas, a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. They planned to break out and rejoin Burma Area Army. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Thirty-Third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. On 3 July, they attacked British positions in the \"Sittang Bend\". On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely flooded, both the Japanese and the Allies withdrew.The Japanese had attacked too early. Sakurai's Twenty-Eighth Army was not ready to start the break-out until 17 July. The break-out was a disaster. The British had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes the Japanese were to use. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. The break-out cost the Japanese nearly 10,000 men, half the strength of Twenty-Eighth Army. British and Indian casualties were minimal.Fourteenth Army (now under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey) and XV Corps had returned to India to plan the next stage of the campaign to re-take Southeast Asia. A new corps, the Indian XXXIV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Ouvry Lindfield Roberts was raised and assigned to Fourteenth Army for further operations.This was to be an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed Operation Zipper. The dropping of the atomic bombs forestalled this operation, but it was undertaken post-war as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya.","title":"Final operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_the_11th_East_African_Division_crossing_the_River_Chindwin_by_ferry_before_moving_towards_the_village_of_Shwegyin,_Burma,_December_1944._SE923.jpg"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Burma_campaign#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"East African troops in Burma, 1944Generally, the recovery of Burma is reckoned as a triumph for the British Indian Army and resulted in the greatest defeat the Japanese armies had suffered to that date.[dubious – discuss]The attempted Japanese invasion of India in 1944 was launched on unrealistic premises as after the Singapore debacle and the loss of Burma in 1942, the British were bound to defend India at all costs. A successful invasion by Japanese Imperial forces would have been disastrous. The defence operations at Kohima and Imphal in 1944 have since taken on huge symbolic value as the turning of the tide in British fortunes in the war in the East.The American historian Raymond Callahan concluded \"Slim's great victory ... helped the British, unlike the French, Dutch or, later, the Americans, to leave Asia with some dignity\".[41]After the war ended, a combination of the pre-war agitation among the Bamar population for independence and the economic ruin of Burma during the four-year campaign made it impossible for the former regime to be resumed. Within three years both Burma and India were independent.American goals in Burma had been to aid the Nationalist Chinese regime. Apart from the \"Hump\" airlift, these bore no fruit until so near the end of the war that they made little contribution to the defeat of Japan. These efforts have also been criticised as fruitless because of the self-interest and corruption of Chiang Kai-Shek's regime.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayly, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bayly"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl"},{"link_name":"Allen Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Lane"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-713-99463-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99463-6"},{"link_name":"Calvert, Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Calvert"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"312199790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/312199790"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-1708-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60239-190-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-190-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-41201-536-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41201-536-3"},{"link_name":"Iida, Shojiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djir%C5%8D_Iida"},{"link_name":"Hastings, Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-721982-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721982-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85285-517-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-517-8"},{"link_name":"Keegan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"},{"link_name":"Cassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-304-36712-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36712-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00-272707-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-272707-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0809424843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809424843"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"78003819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/78003819"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-304-29114-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29114-5"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-904010-95-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904010-95-4"},{"link_name":"Smyth John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Smyth,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Thompson, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Thompson, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Thompson_(Royal_Marines_officer)"},{"link_name":"Webster, Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Webster"},{"link_name":"Williams, James Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howard_Williams"}],"text":"Allen, Louis, Burma: The Longest War\nBayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99463-6.\nCarew, Tim. The Longest Retreat\nCalvert, Mike. Fighting Mad has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign\nChurchill, Winston (1954). The Second World War. Volume 6: Triumph and Tragedy. London: Cassel. OCLC 312199790.\nDillon, Terence. Yangon to Kohima\nDrea, Edward J. (1998). \"An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War\". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.\nFraser, George MacDonald (2007). Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-60239-190-1.\nFarquharson, Robert (2006). For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945. Trafford Publishing. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-41201-536-3.\nFujino, Hideo. Singapore and Burma\nGrant, Ian Lyall, & Tamayama, Kazuo, Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion\nIida, Shojiro From the Battlefields\nIkuhiko Hata, Road to the Pacific War\nHastings, Max (2007). Nemesis. Harper Press. ISBN 978-0-00-721982-7.\nHickey, Michael. The Unforgettable Army\nHodsun, J. L. War in the Sun\nJackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp. 387–388. ISBN 978-1-85285-517-8.\nDuncan Anderson (1991). Keegan, John (ed.). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. pp. 243–255. ISBN 0-304-36712-5.\nLatimer, Jon. Burma: The Forgotten War\nLunt, James. 'A Hell of a Licking' – The Retreat from Burma 1941–2 London 1986 ISBN 0-00-272707-2. Personal account by a British Burma Rifles officer, who later became an Oxford academic.\nMcLynn, Frank. The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 (Yale University Press; 2011), 532 pages; focus on William Slim, Orde Wingate, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stilwell.\nMoser, Don (1978). World War II: China-Burma-India. Time-Life. ISBN 0809424843. LCCN 78003819.\nSlim, William Slim, Viscount (1972). Defeat into victory (Unabridged ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29114-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nOchi, Harumi. Struggle in Burma\nReynolds, E. Bruce. Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance\nRolo, Charles J. Wingate's Raiders\nSadayoshi Shigematsu, Fighting Around Burma\nShores, Christopher (2005). Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945 (Bloody Shambles, Volume 3). Grub Street. ISBN 1-904010-95-4.\nSmyth John Before the Dawn\nSugita, Saiichi. Burma Operations\nThompson, Robert. Make for the Hills has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign\nThompson, Julian. Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict\nWebster, Donovan. The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II\nWilliams, James Howard was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his Elephant Bill (1950) and Bandoola (1953)\nYoung, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57857"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number"},{"link_name":"B095BG9N18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B095BG9N18"},{"link_name":"Burma, 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110828045431/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm"},{"link_name":"India-Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm"},{"link_name":"NTR: Nothing to Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120419003908/http://www.jamesleasor.com/ntr-nothing-to-report/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908291-44-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908291-44-8"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jamesleasor.com/ntr-nothing-to-report/"},{"link_name":"The Marine from Mandalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120331082602/http://www.jamesleasor.com/the-marine-from-mandalay/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908291-33-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908291-33-2"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jamesleasor.com/the-marine-from-mandalay/"},{"link_name":"Central Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110708140801/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm"}],"text":"Callahan, Raymond. (2017) Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut (University Press of Kansas, 2017) online review\nEdwards, Roderick (2020). Should've Been With Me: The Wilfred Scull Story. United States: KDP Books. ASIN B095BG9N18\nNewell, Clayton R. Burma, 1942. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-21. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.\nHogan, David W. India-Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.\nLeasor, James (2012) [1955]. NTR: Nothing to Report. London: James Leasor Ltd. ISBN 978-1-908291-44-8. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.\nLeasor, James (2011) [1988]. The Marine from Mandalay. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-908291-33-2. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.\nMacGarrigle, George L. Central Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-37. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.\nBurchett, Wilfred G. (1943). Trek Back from Burma. Allhabad: Kitabistan.\nPearson, Michael (2007). The Burma Air Campaign: December 1941 – August 1945. Pen & Sword.\nSpiller, David (2012). Out of Burma. Amazon Kindle.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Indian troops move ammunition in very muddy conditions whilst on the road to Tamu, 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India%2Bin%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Btwo%2B2.jpg/220px-India%2Bin%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Btwo%2B2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, seen during his tour of the Arakan Front in February 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SE_000014_Mountbatten_as_SACSEA_during_Arakan_tour.jpg/170px-SE_000014_Mountbatten_as_SACSEA_during_Arakan_tour.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieutenant General Kawabe, commander of the Japanese Burma Area Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Masakazu_Kawabe.jpg/170px-Masakazu_Kawabe.jpg"},{"image_text":"The India–China airlift delivered approximately 650,000 tons of material to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Allied_lines_of_communication_in_Southeast_Asia%2C_1942-43.jpg/220px-Allied_lines_of_communication_in_Southeast_Asia%2C_1942-43.jpg"},{"image_text":"The scene on Scraggy Hill, captured by the 10th Gurkhas during the Battle of Imphal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IND_003714_Battlefield_on_Scraggy_Hill_at_Shenam.jpg/220px-IND_003714_Battlefield_on_Scraggy_Hill_at_Shenam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imphal and Kohima Campaign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kohima.jpg/310px-Kohima.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Garrison Hill battlefield, the key to the British defences at Kohima","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/IND_003698_Garrison_Hill_Kohima.jpg/220px-IND_003698_Garrison_Hill_Kohima.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, January 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg/220px-Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg"},{"image_text":"An RAF Hawker Hurricane Mk IIC flies alongside Ava Bridge, which spans the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay, Burma, during a low-level reconnaissance sortie, March 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_Hawker_Hurricane_Mk_IIC_of_No._28_Squadron_RAF_flys_alongside_the_Aya_bridge%2C_which_spans_the_Irrawaddy_River_near_Mandalay%2C_Burma%2C_during_a_low-level_reconnaissance_sortie%2C_March_1945._C5108.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"An M3 Stuart of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon, April 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IND_004652_Stuart_tank_advancing_on_Rangoon.jpg/220px-IND_004652_Stuart_tank_advancing_on_Rangoon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieutenant General Kawada, commander of the Japanese 31st Division, surrenders to Major General Arthur W Crowther, DSO, commander of the 17th Indian Division, near Moulmein, Burma.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Surrender_of_the_Japanese_33rd_Army_IND4902.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_the_Japanese_33rd_Army_IND4902.jpg"},{"image_text":"East African troops in Burma, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Soldiers_of_the_11th_East_African_Division_crossing_the_River_Chindwin_by_ferry_before_moving_towards_the_village_of_Shwegyin%2C_Burma%2C_December_1944._SE923.jpg/220px-Soldiers_of_the_11th_East_African_Division_crossing_the_River_Chindwin_by_ferry_before_moving_towards_the_village_of_Shwegyin%2C_Burma%2C_December_1944._SE923.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Republic of China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China"},{"title":"India in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"Japanese occupation of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma"},{"title":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"title":"Soviet invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria"}]

[{"reference":"Killingray, David (2012). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. London: James Currey Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978-1847010476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847010476","url_text":"978-1847010476"}]},{"reference":"中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (in Chinese). pp. 460–461. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://book.newdu.com/pbs/Print.asp?ArticleID=11831&Page=459","url_text":"中国抗日战争正面战场作战记"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160107103652/http://book.newdu.com/pbs/Print.asp?ArticleID=11831&Page=459","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"远征军入缅作战简介_远征军入缅作战的时间死亡人数_远征军入缅作战的意义结果损失 – 趣历史 – 趣历史\". Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170318151945/http://m.qulishi.com/huati/yuanzhengjunrumian/","url_text":"\"远征军入缅作战简介_远征军入缅作战的时间死亡人数_远征军入缅作战的意义结果损失 – 趣历史 – 趣历史\""},{"url":"http://m.qulishi.com/huati/yuanzhengjunrumian/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Bruce E. (1994). Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance, 1940-1945. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-312-10402-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10402-3","url_text":"978-0-312-10402-3"}]},{"reference":"Bradford, James (19 September 2006). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. p. 221.","urls":[]},{"reference":"中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (in Chinese). p. 476. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://book.newdu.com/pbs/Print.asp?ArticleID=11831&Page=476","url_text":"中国抗日战争正面战场作战记"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602123510/http://book.newdu.com/pbs/Print.asp?ArticleID=11831&Page=476","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). Asia: A Concise History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8476-8063-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VEoy7AL0PaYC&pg=PA309","url_text":"Asia: A Concise History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8063-4","url_text":"978-0-8476-8063-4"}]},{"reference":"William, Slim (9 February 2000). Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942-1945 (First Cooper Square press edition 2000 ed.). New York, NY: First Cooper Square Press. pp. 329–340 (Chapter XIII). ISBN 978-0-8154-1022-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1022-5","url_text":"978-0-8154-1022-5"}]},{"reference":"Callahan, Raymond (1978). Burma 1942–1945: The Politics And Strategy of the Second World War. Davis-Poynter. ISBN 978-0-7067-0218-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Callahan&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Callahan, Raymond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7067-0218-7","url_text":"978-0-7067-0218-7"}]},{"reference":"Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-713-99463-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bayly","url_text":"Bayly, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl","url_text":"Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Lane","url_text":"Allen Lane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99463-6","url_text":"978-0-713-99463-6"}]},{"reference":"Churchill, Winston (1954). The Second World War. Volume 6: Triumph and Tragedy. London: Cassel. OCLC 312199790.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312199790","url_text":"312199790"}]},{"reference":"Drea, Edward J. (1998). \"An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War\". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0","url_text":"0-8032-1708-0"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, George MacDonald (2007). Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-60239-190-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-190-1","url_text":"978-1-60239-190-1"}]},{"reference":"Farquharson, Robert (2006). For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945. Trafford Publishing. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-41201-536-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41201-536-3","url_text":"978-1-41201-536-3"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Max (2007). Nemesis. Harper Press. ISBN 978-0-00-721982-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings","url_text":"Hastings, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-721982-7","url_text":"978-0-00-721982-7"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp. 387–388. ISBN 978-1-85285-517-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-517-8","url_text":"978-1-85285-517-8"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Anderson (1991). Keegan, John (ed.). Churchill's Generals. London: Cassell Military. pp. 243–255. ISBN 0-304-36712-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan","url_text":"Keegan, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Cassell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36712-5","url_text":"0-304-36712-5"}]},{"reference":"Moser, Don (1978). World War II: China-Burma-India. Time-Life. ISBN 0809424843. LCCN 78003819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809424843","url_text":"0809424843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/78003819","url_text":"78003819"}]},{"reference":"Slim, William Slim, Viscount (1972). Defeat into victory (Unabridged ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-29114-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-29114-5","url_text":"0-304-29114-5"}]},{"reference":"Shores, Christopher (2005). Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945 (Bloody Shambles, Volume 3). Grub Street. ISBN 1-904010-95-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904010-95-4","url_text":"1-904010-95-4"}]},{"reference":"Newell, Clayton R. Burma, 1942. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-21. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110828045431/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm","url_text":"Burma, 1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hogan, David W. India-Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm","url_text":"India-Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leasor, James (2012) [1955]. NTR: Nothing to Report. London: James Leasor Ltd. ISBN 978-1-908291-44-8. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419003908/http://www.jamesleasor.com/ntr-nothing-to-report/","url_text":"NTR: Nothing to Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908291-44-8","url_text":"978-1-908291-44-8"},{"url":"http://www.jamesleasor.com/ntr-nothing-to-report/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leasor, James (2011) [1988]. The Marine from Mandalay. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-1-908291-33-2. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331082602/http://www.jamesleasor.com/the-marine-from-mandalay/","url_text":"The Marine from Mandalay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908291-33-2","url_text":"978-1-908291-33-2"},{"url":"http://www.jamesleasor.com/the-marine-from-mandalay/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"MacGarrigle, George L. Central Burma. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-37. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140801/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm","url_text":"Central Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burchett, Wilfred G. (1943). Trek Back from Burma. Allhabad: Kitabistan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pearson, Michael (2007). The Burma Air Campaign: December 1941 – August 1945. Pen & Sword.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spiller, David (2012). Out of Burma. Amazon Kindle.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 37728\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 September 1946. pp. 4663–4671.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37728/supplement/4663","url_text":"\"No. 37728\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 38274\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1948. pp. 2651–2684.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38274/page/2651","url_text":"\"No. 38274\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39195\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 April 1951. pp. 1881–1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39195/supplement/1881","url_text":"\"No. 39195\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]

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casualties."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722232423/http://www.marauder.org/casualty.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~kj8899/chidorigafuchi.jpg","external_links_name":"Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916100524/http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~kj8899/chidorigafuchi.jpg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#doiojgf","external_links_name":"USSBS Japan pp. 12"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516014539/http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#doiojgf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VEoy7AL0PaYC&pg=PA309","external_links_name":"Asia: A Concise History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl","external_links_name":"Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/312199790","external_links_name":"312199790"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/78003819","external_links_name":"78003819"},{"Link":"http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57857","external_links_name":"online review"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B095BG9N18","external_links_name":"B095BG9N18"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110828045431/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm","external_links_name":"Burma, 1942"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm","external_links_name":"India-Burma"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm","external_links_name":"the 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Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/burma_e.shtml","external_links_name":"Canadian War Museum: Newspaper Articles on the Burma Campaigns, 1941–1945"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_burma_campaign.shtml","external_links_name":"World War II animated campaign maps"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37728/supplement/4663","external_links_name":"\"No. 37728\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38274/page/2651","external_links_name":"\"No. 38274\""},{"Link":"http://www.britain-at-war.org.uk/ww2/london%5Fgazette/indo%2Dburma%5Fjune%5Fto%5Fnov%5F1943/","external_links_name":"see this html version"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39195/supplement/1881","external_links_name":"\"No. 39195\""},{"Link":"http://stonebooks.com/history/siam.shtml","external_links_name":"Siam goes to 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophysectomy

Hypophysectomy

["1 Methods of hypophysectomy","1.1 Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy","1.2 Open craniotomy","1.3 Stereotactic radiosurgery","2 Complications","3 See also","4 References"]

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland HypophysectomyICD-9-CM07.6MeSHD007016 Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma or Simmond's disease It is also applied in neurosciences (in experiments with lab animals) to understand the functioning of hypophysis. There are various ways a hypophysectomy can be carried out. These methods include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Medications that are given as hormone replacement therapy following a complete hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) are often glucocorticoids. Secondary Addison's and hyperlipidemia can occur. Thyroid hormone is useful in controlling cholesterol metabolism that has been affected by pituitary deletion. Methods of hypophysectomy Hypophysectomies can be performed in three ways. These include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Each of these methods differ in the method in which the pituitary gland is removed. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy In a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, the pituitary gland or section of the pituitary gland is removed through the sphenoid sinus and out through the nose. Open craniotomy In an open craniotomy, a cavity is opened within the skull to reach the pituitary gland. Once the cavity is open, the pituitary gland is removed through the cavity. Stereotactic radiosurgery in stereotactic radiosurgery, a headframe is applied to a patient. MRI or CT scans are then administered on the patient to allow a map of the head/brain to be formed. This map will then be used as a guide to allow correct orientation of the lasers administering radiation to specifically destroy the pituitary gland or part of the pituitary gland. Complications Hypophysectomy performed at any age causes atrophy of the thyroid and adrenal glands as well as asthenia and cachexia. When the procedure is performed before sexual maturity, the reproductive tract remains undeveloped and non-functional. There is also a general lack of growth. If performed after sexual maturity, there will be a loss of reproductive function along with atrophy of gonads and accessory reproductive structures. There is a risk of cerebral spinal fluid leak due to penetration of the basal skull and risk of increased cerebral spinal fluid pressure that may lead to central nervous system changes. Post surgery, patients may have a severely altered self-image that may lead to an increased risk of suicide. There is also an increased risk of hemorrhage and infection secondary to the surgical procedure. See also List of surgeries by type References ^ Jaffe, CA (2006). "Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma". Pituitary. 9 (4): 317–21. doi:10.1007/s11102-006-0412-9. PMID 17082898. S2CID 2169345. ^ Buchfelder, M; Schlaffer, S (2010). "Pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease" (PDF). Neuroendocrinology. 92 (Suppl 1): 102–6. doi:10.1159/000314223. PMID 20829628. ^ "Discussion on Simmonds's Disease. ". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 41 (4): 187–195. April 1948. doi:10.1177/003591574804100401. ISSN 0035-9157. ^ a b "Pituitary service: Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy" (PDF). uclh.nhs.uk. June 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2020. ^ "Dramatically Increased Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol Following Hypophysectomy Is Normalized by Thyroid Hormone". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-10-15. ^ Gaillard, Frank. "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2020-03-14. ^ "Stereotactic Radiosurgery - Treatments - For Patients - UR Neurosurgery - University of Rochester Medical Center". www.urmc.rochester.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-14. ^ Swearingers. Manuel of medical surgical nursing: A care planning Resource. 7th Edition vteTests and procedures involving the central nervous systemNeurosurgerySkull Craniotomy Decompressive craniectomy Cranioplasty BrainThalamus and globus pallidus Thalamotomy Thalamic stimulator Pallidotomy Ventricular system Cerebral shunt Ventriculostomy Suboccipital puncture Intracranial pressure monitoring Cerebrum Psychosurgery Lobotomy Bilateral cingulotomy Multiple subpial transection Hemispherectomy Corpus callosotomy Anterior temporal lobectomy Other Pituitary gland Hypophysectomy Hippocampus Amygdalohippocampectomy Brain biopsy Meninges Meningeal biopsy Spinal cord and spinal canal Spinal decompression Discectomy Intervertebral disc annuloplasty Cordotomy Rhizotomy Imaging Neuroimaging Head CT Cerebral angiography Pneumoencephalography Echoencephalography/Transcranial Doppler Brain MRI Brain PET Magnetoencephalography Myelography Wada test Microneurography Diagnostic Electroencephalography Lumbar puncture CSF tap test Polysomnography Clinical prediction rules Glasgow Coma Scale Mini–mental state examination National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale CHADS2 score vteTest and procedures involving the endocrine systemPancreas Islet cell transplantation see also digestive system procedures Pituitary Hypophysectomy Transsphenoidal surgery Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel Thyroid Thyroidectomy Parathyroidectomy Tests Radioactive iodine uptake test Sestamibi parathyroid scan TRH stimulation test Adrenal gland Adrenalectomy Tests Dexamethasone suppression test ACTH stimulation test Captopril suppression test Fluid deprivation test Pineal gland Pinealectomy

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It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors.[1] Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma[2] or Simmond's disease[3] It is also applied in neurosciences (in experiments with lab animals) to understand the functioning of hypophysis. There are various ways a hypophysectomy can be carried out. These methods include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.Medications that are given as hormone replacement therapy following a complete hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) are often glucocorticoids.[4] Secondary Addison's and hyperlipidemia can occur. Thyroid hormone is useful in controlling cholesterol metabolism that has been affected by pituitary deletion.[5]","title":"Hypophysectomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hypophysectomies can be performed in three ways. These include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Each of these methods differ in the method in which the pituitary gland is removed.[citation needed]","title":"Methods of hypophysectomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sphenoid sinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid_sinus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy","text":"In a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, the pituitary gland or section of the pituitary gland is removed through the sphenoid sinus and out through the nose.[6]","title":"Methods of hypophysectomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"craniotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotomy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Open craniotomy","text":"In an open craniotomy, a cavity is opened within the skull to reach the pituitary gland.[4] Once the cavity is open, the pituitary gland is removed through the cavity.","title":"Methods of hypophysectomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"CT scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"}],"sub_title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery","text":"in stereotactic radiosurgery, a headframe is applied to a patient.[7] MRI or CT scans are then administered on the patient to allow a map of the head/brain to be formed. This map will then be used as a guide to allow correct orientation of the lasers administering radiation to specifically destroy the pituitary gland or part of the pituitary gland.","title":"Methods of hypophysectomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thyroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid"},{"link_name":"adrenal glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"asthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenia"},{"link_name":"cachexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachexia"},{"link_name":"self-image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-image"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hypophysectomy performed at any age causes atrophy of the thyroid and adrenal glands as well as asthenia and cachexia. When the procedure is performed before sexual maturity, the reproductive tract remains undeveloped and non-functional. There is also a general lack of growth. 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[]

[{"title":"List of surgeries by type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surgeries_by_type"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreements

Tito–Šubašić Agreements

["1 Background","2 Vis Agreement","3 Naples Conference and flight to Moscow","4 Belgrade agreement","5 Regency dispute","6 Aftermath","7 Footnotes","8 References"]

Political negotiations and agreements in Yugoslavia in the last phase of the World War II Tito–Šubašić AgreementTreaty of VisSigned16 June 1944 (1944-06-16)LocationVis, Yugoslavia (now Croatia)Signatories Josip Broz Tito(National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia) Ivan Šubašić(Yugoslav government-in-exile) Tito–Šubašić Agreement(in Belgrade)Signed1 November 1944 (1944-11-01)LocationBelgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia)Signatories Josip Broz Tito(National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia) Ivan Šubašić(Yugoslav government-in-exile) The Tito–Šubašić Agreements (Serbo-Croatian: sporazumi Tito-Šubašić) are the result of a series of negotiations conducted by the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, Josip Broz Tito, and the prime minister of the Yugoslav government-in-exile, Ivan Šubašić, in the second half of 1944 and early 1945. The agreements were designed to create a coalition government in post–World War II Yugoslavia that would be composed of representatives of the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia and the government-in-exile. The negotiations and the resulting agreements were supported and promoted by the World War II Allies, especially the United Kingdom. The British saw the process as an opportunity to influence the formation of the post-war regime in Yugoslavia, which would otherwise be left entirely to Tito and, presumably, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which had spearheaded the Partisan resistance to the Axis occupation of the country. Tito saw the process as an opportunity to gain international diplomatic recognition of his power. The Vis Agreement (Serbo-Croatian: Viški sporazum) was the initial document in the process; it was concluded on the island of Vis in June 1944. The central agreement in the series was initialled on 1 November 1944 in Belgrade, but its implementation was delayed by the need to resolve a dispute – between Tito, Šubašić, and King Peter II of Yugoslavia – regarding appointments to a regency council. The process was concluded on 7 March 1945 with the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. Tito thus became the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia. Background Decisions of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia meeting in Jajce in 1943 (pictured) were confirmed through the Tito–Šubašić Agreements. Main article: World War II in Yugoslavia In April 1941, the Axis powers invaded and soon occupied Yugoslavia. When a Yugoslav defeat seemed imminent, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) instructed its 8,000 members to stockpile weapons in anticipation of armed resistance. By the end of 1941, armed resistance had spread to all areas of the country except Macedonia. Building on its experience with clandestine operations across the country, the KPJ proceeded to organise the Yugoslav Partisans, as resistance fighters, led by Josip Broz Tito. The KPJ assessed that the German invasion of the Soviet Union had created favourable conditions for an uprising. On 27 June 1941, in response, the KPJ politburo founded the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, with Tito as commander-in-chief. On 26–27 November, a pan-Yugoslav assembly – the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije, AVNOJ) – was established at the instigation of Tito and the KPJ. The AVNOJ declared itself the future parliament of a new Yugoslav state, affirmed its commitment to forming a democratic federation, denied authority of the Yugoslav government-in-exile, and forbade King Peter II of Yugoslavia from returning to the country. Additionally, the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije, NKOJ) was established and confirmed by the AVNOJ as an all-Yugoslav executive body. On 3 June, Tito was evacuated to Bari, after his headquarters in Drvar were overrun in consequence of a German airborne landing in late May 1944. Shortly afterwards, he was transported by destroyer HMS Blackmore to the island of Vis. By 9 June, British and Soviet missions had been established on the island. Vis Agreement HMS Blackmore transported Tito to Vis to meet with Šubašić. On 12 April 1944, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill began pressuring Peter II to appoint a former governor of the Banovina of Croatia, Ivan Šubašić, to the position of prime minister of the government-in-exile. Peter II complied on 1 June, and Šubašić accepted the position, returning from the United States where he had been living since 1941. Šubašić met with Tito on the Island of Vis two weeks later. Similarly, Churchill sent a letter to Tito ahead of the meeting, stating the importance the British government placed on a future agreement between him and the government-in-exile. The meeting produced the Vis Agreement, which declared that it was the will of the signatories to form a coalition government, but that the system of government in Yugoslavia would only be decided on once the war was over. Furthermore, Šubašić accepted the decisions made by the AVNOJ in November 1943, and he recognised the legitimacy of bodies established by the AVNOJ. The question of retaining or abolishing the Yugoslav monarchy was left for after the war. The agreement was signed on 16 June. At the time, Tito said that he was primarily concerned about the liberation of the country – and claimed that the establishment of a communist regime was not a major aim. Naples Conference and flight to Moscow Winston Churchill met with Tito in Naples in 1944. Churchill deemed that Tito was not doing enough in return for British support, particularly citing British protection of the Yugoslav island of Vis. His discontent was echoed by the British Foreign Office. The situation led to a meeting between Churchill and Tito in Naples on 12 August. There, Churchill presented Tito with a British request that Tito publicly renounce any possibility of resorting to armed force to influence the adoption of a political system in post-war Yugoslavia. Churchill also wanted Tito to declare that he was not pursuing the establishment of a Communist regime after the war. Tito evaded these issues in the meeting. A month later, on 12 September, Peter II broadcast a proclamation that called upon national unity and allegiance to Tito. On 18 September, Tito met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow and secured the promise of Red Army help in the upcoming Belgrade Offensive, as well as its departure shortly afterwards. Most significantly, the meeting signified Soviet recognition of Tito’s authority in Yugoslavia. The British realised that Soviet forces would enter Yugoslavia, which would limit British influence. During the Fourth Moscow Conference, in an attempt at mitigation, Churchill sought to limit Soviet influence in Yugoslavia through the Percentages Agreement. Belgrade agreement Josip Broz Tito obtained recognition of his rule in Yugoslavia through his agreements with Ivan Šubašić. Shortly afterward, Šubašić returned to Yugoslavia, arriving at Tito’s headquarters in Vršac on 23 October 1944. As the two were scheduled to resume their talks on post-war government, both were sent a joint message from the British and Soviet foreign ministers – Anthony Eden and Vyacheslav Molotov – expressing hope that the talks would result in the establishment of a coalition government. Tito and Šubašić resumed talks on 28 October. On 1 November, British and Soviet mission chiefs were asked to attend the initialling of the draft agreement as witnesses. In the new agreement, the parties spelled out a detailed plan for a coalition government as envisaged on Vis earlier that year. The agreement initially specified that the new government would have 18 members – 12 drawn from the ranks of the NKOJ and 6 from the government-in-exile. Tito was to be the prime minister, while Šubašić would be his deputy and the foreign minister. The new government would call an election to decide the country's system of governance. In the meantime, Yugoslavia would theoretically remain a monarchy. Peter II would be the titular head of the country, but he would remain abroad. In his stead, the agreement provided for a council of three regents to represent the king in Yugoslavia, although it was also decided that the agreement would only be signed with the king's approval. Since Tito’s position was backed by a substantial Partisan force in the country, and Šubašić had no such power to press for a different agenda, the regency is interpreted as a concession by Tito to the government-in-exile, designed to promote good will among the Western Allies. The agreement also determined that, once the war was over, the new government would issue a declaration supporting democratic liberties and personal freedoms, including the free practise of religion and a free press. However, Tito had started to publicly change his position by January 1945. British diplomats pointed out that the proposed government would actually have 28 voting members (with an additional 10 drawn from the NKOJ) and that half of Šubašić's contingent in the new government supported Tito – giving Tito a 25 to 3 edge. Furthermore, Šubašić went to Moscow on 20 November to seek Stalin's support for the agreement before returning to London. This course of action led Peter II to consider sacking Šubašić, and only Churchill's intervention dissuaded him. On 7 December, Tito and Šubašić signed two additional agreements dealing with the election of a constituent assembly, the disposition of the property of Peter II, and the regency council. In a meeting held that day, the head of British mission to Yugoslavia Fitzroy Maclean told Tito that the British would only consider diplomatic recognition of his authority if he and Šubašić successfully formed a coalition government. Regency dispute Peter II of Yugoslavia (left) and the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government-in-exile Ivan Šubašić clashed over composition of the regency council envisaged by the Tito–Šubašić Agreements. In a meeting with Churchill and Eden on 21 December, and in his letters to the British Prime Minister of 29 December 1944 and 4 January 1945, Peter II rejected the proposed regency as unconstitutional. Nonetheless, Churchill pressed the king to accept all decisions of the future Yugoslav government regarding the regency. Regardless, on 11 January the king formally objected to the regency and the AVNOJ having legislative powers, and rejected the Tito-Šubašić Agreement. On 22 January, the king sacked Šubašić for concluding the agreement without consulting him on the matter. In response, the British sought, and received, United States support for Šubašić to proceed, over the king's objections, with implementation of the agreement with Tito, who was informed of, and accepted, such a proceeding. The British may have been motivated by fear that the USSR might unilaterally recognise the NKOJ as the Yugoslav government. In the period of 25–29 January, Peter II retracted his dismissal of Šubašić after negotiating with him and agreeing that the government-in-exile would resign and Šubašić would be re-appointed with the task of furthering the king's views on his right to appoint the regency. As the Šubašić-led government was scheduled to return to Belgrade on 7 February, the king proposed a regency consisting of army general and former prime minister Dušan Simović, Juraj Šutej (a Croat in Šubašić’s government), and Dušan Sernec  (a Slovene member of the NKOJ). On 5 February, Tito refused to accept Šutej and proposed Ante Mandić (a Croat member of the AVNOJ) instead. The next day, Šubašić opposed Simović’s appointment, citing his decision to surrender to the Axis powers in 1941 without consulting other government ministers. Instead, he proposed to appoint Sreten Vukosavljević, who was a member of his government in the period after the Vis Agreement. The dispute led to a delay in relocating the government. The Tito–Šubašić agreement was discussed and supported at the Yalta Conference, which issued a communique calling for implementation of the agreement, expansion of the AVNOJ to include members of old Yugoslav parliament who did not collaborate with the Axis powers, and submission of acts of the AVNOJ to ratification by an elected constituent assembly. The Yalta communique was relayed to Tito by Maclean, and Tito accepted it in full. Peter II and Šubašić accepted the communique on 12 February. The king replaced Simović's regency nomination of Vukosavljević with that of Milan Grol, while persisting in nominating Šutej to the council. Tito rejected both appointments. On 26 February, Tito and Šubašić concluded a further agreement specifying Srnec and Mandić as Slovene and Croat members of the regency council and providing a list of four potential Serb members of the regency for the king to choose from. The king was informed that he had until the end of the week to comply, otherwise his consent would be presumed. Peter II complied and selected Srđan Budisavljević (a former minister in the government-in-exile). The king presented his decision to the president of the AVNOJ, Ivan Ribar, in London on 3 March. The Šubašić government resigned three days later. The regency council, in its only official act, then appointed a 28-member provisional government of Yugoslavia on 7 March, in compliance with the Tito–Šubašić Agreement Aftermath The third session of the AVNOJ in 1945 included some pre-war members of the Yugoslav Parliament. Main article: 1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election In recognition of the new Yugoslav government, British, Soviet, and US ambassadors were posted to Belgrade in the second half of March. Initially, the new government opted to proclaim its anti-fascism, the "brotherhood and unity" of nations living in Yugoslavia, and general humanistic values. However, as the elections scheduled for autumn of 1945 were approaching, Communists were gradually appointed to key positions, and civil rights and freedoms were increasingly curtailed. Also, legislation was introduced to prosecute real and perceived enemies of the people and the state. On one hand, the government-in-exile and Šubašić meant to limit communist control over the government of post-war Yugoslavia through the agreements with Tito, possibly with British assistance. On the other hand, Tito sought to use the agreements to boost the legitimacy of his claim to power by associating himself with the government-in-exile and the formation of a broad governing coalition. The provisional government established in March 1945 included Tito as the prime minister and Šubašić as the foreign minister, the latter as one of eleven non-communist government ministers. However, only six of the eleven were previously members of the government-in-exile. Out of that six, only three were not supporters of, or not otherwise affiliated with, the Partisans – Šubašić, Šutej, and Grol, all of whom resigned their positions within months – Grol in August and the others in October. Footnotes ^ Vukšić 2003, p. 10. ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 88. ^ Vukšić 2003, pp. 13–15. ^ Ramet 2006, p. 113. ^ Vukšić 2003, pp. 10–11. ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 114. ^ Lukic & Lynch 1996, pp. 71–72. ^ Hoare 2013, pp. 183–184. ^ Hoare 2013, p. 166. ^ Roberts 1973, p. 228. ^ a b c d e Ramet 2006, p. 158. ^ a b Roberts 1973, p. 231. ^ Calic 2019, p. 162. ^ Murray 2019, p. 154. ^ Murray 2019, pp. 154–155. ^ a b Roberts 1973, p. 272. ^ Roberts 1973, p. 273. ^ Ramet 2006, p. 167. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 273–274. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 286–287. ^ Roberts 1973, p. 288. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 299–301. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 301–302. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 302–303. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 304–305. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 309–310. ^ Roberts 1973, p. 312. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 316–317. ^ Roberts 1973, pp. 317–318. ^ Calic 2019, p. 163. ^ Calic 2019, pp. 162–163. ^ Roberts 1973, p. 317. References Calic, Marie-Janine (2019). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-838-3. Hoare, Marko Attila (2013). The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70394-9. Lukic, Renéo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. ISBN 9780198292005. Murray, Chris (2019). "From resistance to revolution: occupied Yugoslavia". In Murray, Chris (ed.). Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 139–170. ISBN 978-1-138-61294-5. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346568. Roberts, Walter R. (1973). Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941-1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0740-8. Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9. Vukšić, Velimir (2003). Tito's Partisans 1941–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-675-5. vteJosip Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia (1953–1980) Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1944–1963) Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–1980) Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980) Life and politics Birthplace League of Communists of Yugoslavia Parliamentary elections 1945 1950 1953 1958 1963 1969 1974 1978 International trips Death and state funeral Premiership Titoism Tito–Šubašić Agreements Provisional Government Tito–Stalin split Informbiro period Presidency 1953 amendments Balkan Pact Non-Aligned Movement Reforms 1968 student demonstrations Croatian Spring 1974 Constitution Family Herta Haas (second wife) Jovanka Budisavljević (third wife) Aleksandar Broz (son) Joška Broz (grandson) Svetlana Broz (granddaughter) Legacy Relay of Youth House of Flowers List of places named after Josip Broz Tito Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries ← Ivan Ribar Category Commons Lazar Koliševski → ← Ivan Šubašić Petar Stambolić → vteYugoslavia articlesHistory Timeline Creation Kingdom 6 January Dictatorship Yugoslav regency World War II Invasion Partisans Chetniks Ustaše Belgrade offensive SFR Yugoslavia Tito–Stalin split Informbiro period Balkan Pact FR Yugoslavia Kosovo War Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević Yugoslavism Yugoslav irredentism Yugoslav Committee Yugo-nostalgia BreakupvteBreakup of YugoslaviaOverview Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Background Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) 1981 protests in Kosovo Islamic Declaration (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Events and actors Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) vte Independence referendums in YugoslaviaRepublics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy SAO Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Consequences Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–) Graz agreement (1992) Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Nationalism Greater Albania Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian–Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Category Politics Administrative divisions Kingdom Constitution 1921 1931 1946 1953 1963 1974 Elections Federal Executive Council Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Foreign relations UN NAM OAU EEC Passport Governments Heads of state Deputy heads of state Presidency members Human rights LGBT Parliament Titoism Đilasism Rankovićism Political parties League of Communists Security counterintelligence Military History Army 1918–1945 1945–1992 Ground Navy 1918–1945 1945–1992 Air Force 1918–1945 1945–1992 Ranks 1918–1945 1945–1992 Marshal Territorial Defense Economy Agriculture Computer systems list Dinar (currency) Energy Industry Krone (currency) Mining National Bank governors Postal codes Services Stock Exchange Telecommunications Internet domain Telephone numbers Tourism Transport Railways List of companies Society Demographics Kingdom SFRY Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Minorities Public holidays Yugoslavs in Serbia in Canada in the United States Languages Macedonian Serbo-Croatian Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene (Slovenian) Culture Yugoslav studies Academy Architecture Art Cinema films Drama Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia Folklore Music composers National costume Philosophy Religion Sport football Yugoslav Radio Television Cuisine Bosnian Croatian wine Macedonian wine Montenegrin wine Serbian wine Slovenian wine Kosovan Balkan Central European Mediterranean Literature Bosnian Croatian Kosovan Macedonian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene Poets Symbols Anthem (1918–1945 1945–1992) Emblem Flag of Yugoslavia list Motto Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia Category

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The agreements were designed to create a coalition government in post–World War II Yugoslavia that would be composed of representatives of the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia and the government-in-exile.The negotiations and the resulting agreements were supported and promoted by the World War II Allies, especially the United Kingdom. The British saw the process as an opportunity to influence the formation of the post-war regime in Yugoslavia, which would otherwise be left entirely to Tito and, presumably, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which had spearheaded the Partisan resistance to the Axis occupation of the country. Tito saw the process as an opportunity to gain international diplomatic recognition of his power.The Vis Agreement (Serbo-Croatian: Viški sporazum) was the initial document in the process; it was concluded on the island of Vis in June 1944. The central agreement in the series was initialled on 1 November 1944 in Belgrade, but its implementation was delayed by the need to resolve a dispute – between Tito, Šubašić, and King Peter II of Yugoslavia – regarding appointments to a regency council. The process was concluded on 7 March 1945 with the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. Tito thus became the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia.","title":"Tito–Šubašić Agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josip_Vidmar_govori_na_II._zasedanju_AVNOJ_v_Jajcu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"Axis powers invaded and soon occupied Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200310-1"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich200188-2"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200313%E2%80%9315-3"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006113-4"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Supreme Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_(Yugoslav_Partisans)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200310%E2%80%9311-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001114-6"},{"link_name":"Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch199671%E2%80%9372-7"},{"link_name":"new Yugoslav state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Peter II of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2013183%E2%80%93184-8"},{"link_name":"National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoare2013166-9"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Drvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drvar"},{"link_name":"German airborne landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Blackmore_(L43)"},{"link_name":"Vis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(island)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973228-10"}],"text":"Decisions of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia meeting in Jajce in 1943 (pictured) were confirmed through the Tito–Šubašić Agreements.In April 1941, the Axis powers invaded and soon occupied Yugoslavia. When a Yugoslav defeat seemed imminent, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) instructed its 8,000 members to stockpile weapons in anticipation of armed resistance.[1] By the end of 1941, armed resistance had spread to all areas of the country except Macedonia.[2] Building on its experience with clandestine operations across the country, the KPJ proceeded to organise the Yugoslav Partisans,[3] as resistance fighters, led by Josip Broz Tito.[4] The KPJ assessed that the German invasion of the Soviet Union had created favourable conditions for an uprising. On 27 June 1941, in response, the KPJ politburo founded the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, with Tito as commander-in-chief.[5]On 26–27 November,[6] a pan-Yugoslav assembly – the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije, AVNOJ) – was established at the instigation of Tito and the KPJ.[7] The AVNOJ declared itself the future parliament of a new Yugoslav state, affirmed its commitment to forming a democratic federation, denied authority of the Yugoslav government-in-exile, and forbade King Peter II of Yugoslavia from returning to the country.[8] Additionally, the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia (Nacionalni komitet oslobođenja Jugoslavije, NKOJ) was established and confirmed by the AVNOJ as an all-Yugoslav executive body.[9]On 3 June, Tito was evacuated to Bari, after his headquarters in Drvar were overrun in consequence of a German airborne landing in late May 1944. Shortly afterwards, he was transported by destroyer HMS Blackmore to the island of Vis. By 9 June, British and Soviet missions had been established on the island.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Blackmore_(L43).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(island)"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Banovina of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Šubašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006158-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973231-12"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006158-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973231-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019162-13"}],"text":"HMS Blackmore transported Tito to Vis to meet with Šubašić.On 12 April 1944, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill began pressuring Peter II to appoint a former governor of the Banovina of Croatia, Ivan Šubašić, to the position of prime minister of the government-in-exile. Peter II complied on 1 June, and Šubašić accepted the position, returning from the United States where he had been living since 1941. Šubašić met with Tito on the Island of Vis two weeks later.[11] Similarly, Churchill sent a letter to Tito ahead of the meeting, stating the importance the British government placed on a future agreement between him and the government-in-exile.[12]The meeting produced the Vis Agreement, which declared that it was the will of the signatories to form a coalition government, but that the system of government in Yugoslavia would only be decided on once the war was over. Furthermore, Šubašić accepted the decisions made by the AVNOJ in November 1943, and he recognised the legitimacy of bodies established by the AVNOJ.[11] The question of retaining or abolishing the Yugoslav monarchy was left for after the war.[12] The agreement was signed on 16 June. At the time, Tito said that he was primarily concerned about the liberation of the country – and claimed that the establishment of a communist regime was not a major aim.[13]","title":"Vis Agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tito-Churchill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2019154-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006158-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Fourth Moscow Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Moscow_Conference"},{"link_name":"Percentages Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentages_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2019154%E2%80%93155-15"}],"text":"Winston Churchill met with Tito in Naples in 1944.Churchill deemed that Tito was not doing enough in return for British support, particularly citing British protection of the Yugoslav island of Vis. His discontent was echoed by the British Foreign Office. The situation led to a meeting between Churchill and Tito in Naples on 12 August. There, Churchill presented Tito with a British request that Tito publicly renounce any possibility of resorting to armed force to influence the adoption of a political system in post-war Yugoslavia. Churchill also wanted Tito to declare that he was not pursuing the establishment of a Communist regime after the war. Tito evaded these issues in the meeting.[14]A month later, on 12 September, Peter II broadcast a proclamation that called upon national unity and allegiance to Tito.[11] On 18 September, Tito met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow and secured the promise of Red Army help in the upcoming Belgrade Offensive, as well as its departure shortly afterwards. Most significantly, the meeting signified Soviet recognition of Tito’s authority in Yugoslavia. The British realised that Soviet forces would enter Yugoslavia, which would limit British influence. During the Fourth Moscow Conference, in an attempt at mitigation, Churchill sought to limit Soviet influence in Yugoslavia through the Percentages Agreement.[15]","title":"Naples Conference and flight to Moscow"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Biha%C4%87_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Šubašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"link_name":"Anthony Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973272-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973272-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006158-11"},{"link_name":"titular head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_head"},{"link_name":"regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973273-17"},{"link_name":"Western Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006158-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006167-18"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973273%E2%80%93274-19"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Fitzroy_Maclean,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973286%E2%80%93287-20"}],"text":"Josip Broz Tito obtained recognition of his rule in Yugoslavia through his agreements with Ivan Šubašić.Shortly afterward, Šubašić returned to Yugoslavia, arriving at Tito’s headquarters in Vršac on 23 October 1944. As the two were scheduled to resume their talks on post-war government, both were sent a joint message from the British and Soviet foreign ministers – Anthony Eden and Vyacheslav Molotov – expressing hope that the talks would result in the establishment of a coalition government.[16] Tito and Šubašić resumed talks on 28 October. On 1 November, British and Soviet mission chiefs were asked to attend the initialling of the draft agreement as witnesses.[16]In the new agreement, the parties spelled out a detailed plan for a coalition government as envisaged on Vis earlier that year. The agreement initially specified that the new government would have 18 members – 12 drawn from the ranks of the NKOJ and 6 from the government-in-exile. Tito was to be the prime minister, while Šubašić would be his deputy and the foreign minister.[11] The new government would call an election to decide the country's system of governance. In the meantime, Yugoslavia would theoretically remain a monarchy. Peter II would be the titular head of the country, but he would remain abroad. In his stead, the agreement provided for a council of three regents to represent the king in Yugoslavia, although it was also decided that the agreement would only be signed with the king's approval.[17]Since Tito’s position was backed by a substantial Partisan force in the country, and Šubašić had no such power to press for a different agenda, the regency is interpreted as a concession by Tito to the government-in-exile, designed to promote good will among the Western Allies.[11] The agreement also determined that, once the war was over, the new government would issue a declaration supporting democratic liberties and personal freedoms, including the free practise of religion and a free press. However, Tito had started to publicly change his position by January 1945.[18]British diplomats pointed out that the proposed government would actually have 28 voting members (with an additional 10 drawn from the NKOJ) and that half of Šubašić's contingent in the new government supported Tito – giving Tito a 25 to 3 edge. Furthermore, Šubašić went to Moscow on 20 November to seek Stalin's support for the agreement before returning to London. This course of action led Peter II to consider sacking Šubašić, and only Churchill's intervention dissuaded him.[19]On 7 December, Tito and Šubašić signed two additional agreements dealing with the election of a constituent assembly, the disposition of the property of Peter II, and the regency council. In a meeting held that day, the head of British mission to Yugoslavia Fitzroy Maclean told Tito that the British would only consider diplomatic recognition of his authority if he and Šubašić successfully formed a coalition government.[20]","title":"Belgrade agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PedroIIDeYugoslaviaEIvanSubasic21061944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter II of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Ivan Šubašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973288-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973299%E2%80%93301-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973301%E2%80%93302-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973302%E2%80%93303-24"},{"link_name":"army general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_general_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Dušan Simović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Juraj Šutej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_%C5%A0utej"},{"link_name":"Croat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Dušan Sernec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%A1an_Sernec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Sernec"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Ante Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sreten Vukosavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreten_Vukosavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973304%E2%80%93305-25"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973309%E2%80%93310-26"},{"link_name":"Milan Grol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Grol"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973312-27"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Srđan Budisavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Budisavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Ribar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ribar"},{"link_name":"provisional government of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973316%E2%80%93317-28"}],"text":"Peter II of Yugoslavia (left) and the Prime Minister of the Yugoslav government-in-exile Ivan Šubašić clashed over composition of the regency council envisaged by the Tito–Šubašić Agreements.In a meeting with Churchill and Eden on 21 December,[21] and in his letters to the British Prime Minister of 29 December 1944 and 4 January 1945, Peter II rejected the proposed regency as unconstitutional. Nonetheless, Churchill pressed the king to accept all decisions of the future Yugoslav government regarding the regency. Regardless, on 11 January the king formally objected to the regency and the AVNOJ having legislative powers, and rejected the Tito-Šubašić Agreement. On 22 January, the king sacked Šubašić for concluding the agreement without consulting him on the matter.[22]In response, the British sought, and received, United States support for Šubašić to proceed, over the king's objections, with implementation of the agreement with Tito, who was informed of, and accepted, such a proceeding. The British may have been motivated by fear that the USSR might unilaterally recognise the NKOJ as the Yugoslav government.[23] In the period of 25–29 January, Peter II retracted his dismissal of Šubašić after negotiating with him and agreeing that the government-in-exile would resign and Šubašić would be re-appointed with the task of furthering the king's views on his right to appoint the regency.[24]As the Šubašić-led government was scheduled to return to Belgrade on 7 February, the king proposed a regency consisting of army general and former prime minister Dušan Simović, Juraj Šutej (a Croat in Šubašić’s government), and Dušan Sernec [sl] (a Slovene member of the NKOJ). On 5 February, Tito refused to accept Šutej and proposed Ante Mandić (a Croat member of the AVNOJ) instead. The next day, Šubašić opposed Simović’s appointment, citing his decision to surrender to the Axis powers in 1941 without consulting other government ministers. Instead, he proposed to appoint Sreten Vukosavljević, who was a member of his government in the period after the Vis Agreement. The dispute led to a delay in relocating the government.[25]The Tito–Šubašić agreement was discussed and supported at the Yalta Conference, which issued a communique calling for implementation of the agreement, expansion of the AVNOJ to include members of old Yugoslav parliament who did not collaborate with the Axis powers, and submission of acts of the AVNOJ to ratification by an elected constituent assembly.[26] The Yalta communique was relayed to Tito by Maclean, and Tito accepted it in full. Peter II and Šubašić accepted the communique on 12 February. The king replaced Simović's regency nomination of Vukosavljević with that of Milan Grol, while persisting in nominating Šutej to the council. Tito rejected both appointments.[27]On 26 February, Tito and Šubašić concluded a further agreement specifying Srnec and Mandić as Slovene and Croat members of the regency council and providing a list of four potential Serb members of the regency for the king to choose from. The king was informed that he had until the end of the week to comply, otherwise his consent would be presumed. Peter II complied and selected Srđan Budisavljević (a former minister in the government-in-exile). The king presented his decision to the president of the AVNOJ, Ivan Ribar, in London on 3 March. The Šubašić government resigned three days later. The regency council, in its only official act, then appointed a 28-member provisional government of Yugoslavia on 7 March, in compliance with the Tito–Šubašić Agreement[28]","title":"Regency dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:III_Zasedanje_AVNOJ-a,_Beograd_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973317%E2%80%93318-29"},{"link_name":"anti-fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"brotherhood and unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity"},{"link_name":"elections scheduled for autumn of 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019163-30"},{"link_name":"legitimacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalic2019162%E2%80%93163-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1973317-32"}],"text":"The third session of the AVNOJ in 1945 included some pre-war members of the Yugoslav Parliament.In recognition of the new Yugoslav government, British, Soviet, and US ambassadors were posted to Belgrade in the second half of March.[29] Initially, the new government opted to proclaim its anti-fascism, the \"brotherhood and unity\" of nations living in Yugoslavia, and general humanistic values. However, as the elections scheduled for autumn of 1945 were approaching, Communists were gradually appointed to key positions, and civil rights and freedoms were increasingly curtailed. Also, legislation was introduced to prosecute real and perceived enemies of the people and the state.[30]On one hand, the government-in-exile and Šubašić meant to limit communist control over the government of post-war Yugoslavia through the agreements with Tito, possibly with British assistance. On the other hand, Tito sought to use the agreements to boost the legitimacy of his claim to power by associating himself with the government-in-exile and the formation of a broad governing coalition. The provisional government established in March 1945 included Tito as the prime minister and Šubašić as the foreign minister, the latter as one of eleven non-communist government ministers.[31] However, only six of the eleven were previously members of the government-in-exile. Out of that six, only three were not supporters of, or not otherwise affiliated with, the Partisans – Šubašić, Šutej, and Grol, all of whom resigned their positions within months – Grol in August and the others in October.[32]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200310_1-0"},{"link_name":"Vukšić 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVuk%C5%A1i%C4%872003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich200188_2-0"},{"link_name":"Tomasevich 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomasevich2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200313%E2%80%9315_3-0"},{"link_name":"Vukšić 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVuk%C5%A1i%C4%872003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006113_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ramet 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRamet2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuk%C5%A1i%C4%87200310%E2%80%9311_5-0"},{"link_name":"Vukšić 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVuk%C5%A1i%C4%872003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001114_6-0"},{"link_name":"Tomasevich 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomasevich2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukicLynch199671%E2%80%9372_7-0"},{"link_name":"Lukic & Lynch 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLukicLynch1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2013183%E2%80%93184_8-0"},{"link_name":"Hoare 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoare2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoare2013166_9-0"},{"link_name":"Hoare 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoare2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973228_10-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006158_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006158_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006158_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006158_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006158_11-4"},{"link_name":"Ramet 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRamet2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973231_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973231_12-1"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019162_13-0"},{"link_name":"Calic 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalic2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2019154_14-0"},{"link_name":"Murray 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMurray2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2019154%E2%80%93155_15-0"},{"link_name":"Murray 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMurray2019"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973272_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973272_16-1"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973273_17-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006167_18-0"},{"link_name":"Ramet 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRamet2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973273%E2%80%93274_19-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973286%E2%80%93287_20-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973288_21-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973299%E2%80%93301_22-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973301%E2%80%93302_23-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973302%E2%80%93303_24-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973304%E2%80%93305_25-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973309%E2%80%93310_26-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973312_27-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973316%E2%80%93317_28-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973317%E2%80%93318_29-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019163_30-0"},{"link_name":"Calic 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalic2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalic2019162%E2%80%93163_31-0"},{"link_name":"Calic 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCalic2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1973317_32-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoberts1973"}],"text":"^ Vukšić 2003, p. 10.\n\n^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 88.\n\n^ Vukšić 2003, pp. 13–15.\n\n^ Ramet 2006, p. 113.\n\n^ Vukšić 2003, pp. 10–11.\n\n^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 114.\n\n^ Lukic & Lynch 1996, pp. 71–72.\n\n^ Hoare 2013, pp. 183–184.\n\n^ Hoare 2013, p. 166.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, p. 228.\n\n^ a b c d e Ramet 2006, p. 158.\n\n^ a b Roberts 1973, p. 231.\n\n^ Calic 2019, p. 162.\n\n^ Murray 2019, p. 154.\n\n^ Murray 2019, pp. 154–155.\n\n^ a b Roberts 1973, p. 272.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, p. 273.\n\n^ Ramet 2006, p. 167.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 273–274.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 286–287.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, p. 288.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 299–301.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 301–302.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 302–303.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 304–305.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 309–310.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, p. 312.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 316–317.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, pp. 317–318.\n\n^ Calic 2019, p. 163.\n\n^ Calic 2019, pp. 162–163.\n\n^ Roberts 1973, p. 317.","title":"Footnotes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukumija

Rukumija

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 44°41′49″N 21°12′31″E / 44.6970°N 21.2085°E / 44.6970; 21.2085Serbian Orthodox monastery This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rukumija" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Rukumija Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Рукумија, romanized: Manastir Rukumija) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located near Požarevac, on the way Drmno-Kostolac, in the village of Bradarac in the Braničevo District. It is not known for certain when it was built but supposedly it was in 14th century. It was destroyed on several occasions and in 1825 was restored for the first time by Prince Miloš Obrenović. The first mention of the detailed description of Rukumija left Maksim Ratković in 1733. According to him, the monastery church was dedicated to St. Ascension of the Lord, built of stone and was vaulted stone ceiling. The roof was of tile, and by the altar and the nave of the church had a wooden narthex which was the tomb of Martyr Sinaita. The church was small in size, until the First Serbian Uprising, when the Turks to suppress the uprising, was demolished. The present church of the monastery Rukumija has a very simple form, a one-nave basis with narthex on the west and a semicircular apse on the east side. Written data show that the church was painted in 1829 painter Janja. Today's murals, and this is confirmed by the inscription on the south wall of the church was done by a monk Naum Andrić in 1971. Painting is done in the "secco" technique, in terms of composition, is a classic and is fully in line with Orthodox iconography. Painting suffered a lot in a fire in 1978, and some frescoes are so tarnished that the figures could not recognize. In 1994 he was restored, retouched by Russian Alexander freskopisca rubble. In Rukumija are relics of Venerable Martyr Sinaita. The monastery has two fountains with mineral water by the name Reduša and Jerinac. In the past, many people visited them because according to tradition they were built on the spot where Jelica's eyes fell. References ^ Metcalfe, Anne. "MLS Real Estate Listings and Info". SPC Portal. Retrieved 2016-11-13. ^ "Super Odmor - Serbia country guide - The Monastery Rukumija". Serbia.superodmor.rs. Retrieved 2016-11-13. vteSerbian Orthodox monasteriesSerbia Banjska* Bavanište Berkasovo Blagoveštenje Bođani Devič* Gračanica* Holy Archangels* Banja Beočin Bukovo Ćelije Crna Reka Đurđevi stupovi Fenek Gorioč* Gornjak Gradac Hajdučica Kalenić Kastaljan Koporin Kovilj Kovilje Ljubostinja Manasija Mesić Mileševa Nimnik Poganovo Pokajnica Pridvorica Prohor Pčinjski Pustinja Rača Rajinovac Ravanica Rukumija St. Nicholas Sopoćani Studenica Suvodol Tronoša Tuman Vitovnica Bešenovo Divša Grgeteg Jazak Krušedol Kuveždin Mala Remeta Novo Hopovo Nova Pavlica Petkovica Patriarchate of Peć* Privina Glava Rakovac Staro Hopovo Stara Pavlica Šišatovac Velika Remeta Vrdnik-Ravanica Holy Trinity St. Melanija Sombor Središte Vojlovica Visoki Dečani* Zemun Žiča Zočište* Naupara St. Roman Blagoveštenje Montenegro Bijela Beška Cetinje Ćelije Dajbabe Dobrilovina Donji Donji Brčeli Dovolja Dubočica Duljevo Đurđevi Stupovi Gradište Kaludra Kom Kosijerevo Majstorovina Miholjska Prevlaka Morača Moračnik Nikoljac Orahovo Ostrog Piva Podmaine Podmalinsko Podostrog Podvrh Praskvica Reževići Savina Stanjevići Starčeva Gorica St. Nicholas, Obod Vranjina Bosnia &Herzegovina Bišnja Detlak Dobrićevo Dobrun Donja Bišnja Dragaljevac Dubokovac Duga Njiva Duži Glogovac Gomionica Hercegovačka Gračanica Ilinka Karno Klisina Knežina Krupa Liplje Lomnica Moštanica Ozerkovići Ozren Papraća Petropavlov Pjenovac Rmanj Rožanj Sase Sokolica Stuplje St. Nicholas St. Basil of Ostrog Tavna Treskavac Tvrdoš Veselinje Vozuća Zavala Žitomislić Croatia St. Ana St. Basil of Ostrog Bršljanac Crnogorci Dragović Gomirje Jasenovac Komogovina Krka Krupa Lazarica Lepavina Marča Medak Oćestovo Orahovica Pakra St. Petka Others Hilandar (Mount Athos) Saint Djuradj Monastery (Romania) Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery (United States) New Gračanica Monastery (United States) Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery (United States) Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Canada) New Kalenić Monastery (Australia) Notes* indicate monasteries in Kosovo, which is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Kosovo.List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries vteCity of PožarevacSettlements Bare Batovac Beranje Bradarac Bratinac Brežane Bubušinac Burjan Ćirikovac Dragovac Drmno Dubravica Kasidol Klenovnik Kličevac Kostolac Lučica Maljurevac Nabrđe Ostrovo Petka Poljana Prugovo Požarevac Rečica Selo Kostolac Trnjane Živica Culture and History Treaty of Passarowitz Battle of Požarevac Čačalica FK Mladi Radnik Požarevac City Stadium Ljubičevo Equestrian Games Požarevac Gymnasium Religion Bradača Monastery Rukumija Monastery Eparchy of Braničevo Notable people Mihajlo Andrejević Patriarch Dimitrije Petar Dobrnjac Bogoljub Ilić Vojislav Ilić Mlađi Cincar Janko Popović Koca Marković Branislav Milosavljević Slobodan Milošević Milena Pavlović-Barili Milutin Petrović Kosta Protić Miodrag Purković Bora Spužić Kvaka Milivoje Stojanović Milenko Stojković Velibor Vasović 44°41′49″N 21°12′31″E / 44.6970°N 21.2085°E / 44.6970; 21.2085

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Serbian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Požarevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac"},{"link_name":"Drmno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drmno"},{"link_name":"Kostolac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostolac"},{"link_name":"Bradarac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradarac_(Po%C5%BEarevac)"},{"link_name":"Braničevo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_District"},{"link_name":"Miloš Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"First Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Serbian Orthodox monasteryThe Rukumija Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Рукумија, romanized: Manastir Rukumija) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located near Požarevac, on the way Drmno-Kostolac, in the village of Bradarac in the Braničevo District.It is not known for certain when it was built but supposedly it was in 14th century. It was destroyed on several occasions and in 1825 was restored for the first time by Prince Miloš Obrenović.The first mention of the detailed description of Rukumija left Maksim Ratković in 1733. According to him, the monastery church was dedicated to St. Ascension of the Lord, built of stone and was vaulted stone ceiling. The roof was of tile, and by the altar and the nave of the church had a wooden narthex which was the tomb of Martyr Sinaita. The church was small in size, until the First Serbian Uprising, when the Turks to suppress the uprising, was demolished.[1]The present church of the monastery Rukumija has a very simple form, a one-nave basis with narthex on the west and a semicircular apse on the east side. Written data show that the church was painted in 1829 painter Janja. Today's murals, and this is confirmed by the inscription on the south wall of the church was done by a monk Naum Andrić in 1971. Painting is done in the \"secco\" technique, in terms of composition, is a classic and is fully in line with Orthodox iconography. Painting suffered a lot in a fire in 1978, and some frescoes are so tarnished that the figures could not recognize. In 1994 he was restored, retouched by Russian Alexander freskopisca rubble. In Rukumija are relics of Venerable Martyr Sinaita.[2]The monastery has two fountains with mineral water by the name Reduša and Jerinac. In the past, many people visited them because according to tradition they were built on the spot where Jelica's eyes fell.","title":"Rukumija"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Franz_Ferdinand

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

["1 Background","2 Preliminaries","2.1 Previous conspiracy","2.2 The assassination team","2.3 The secret route","2.4 Eve of the attacks","3 Assassination","3.1 Motorcade","3.2 Bombing","3.3 Town Hall reception","3.4 Fatal shooting","3.5 Funeral","3.6 Aftermath","4 Trials and punishment","4.1 Sarajevo trial (October 1914)","4.2 Salonika trial (spring 1917)","5 Controversy about responsibility","5.1 Serbia's \"warning\" to Austria-Hungary","5.2 Rade Malobabić","5.3 \"Black Hand\" or Serbian military intelligence?","5.4 The newspaper clipping","5.5 Narodna Odbrana","5.6 Milan Ciganović","5.7 Russian military attaché's office","6 Consequences","7 Today","8 In art and culture","8.1 Literature","8.2 Theater","8.3 Film","8.4 TV series","9 See also","10 Citations","11 General and cited references","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°51′28.5″N 18°25′43.9″E / 43.857917°N 18.428861°E / 43.857917; 18.4288611914 murder in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Assassination of ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of HohenbergAssassination illustrated in the Italian newspaper La Domenica del Corriere, 12 July 1914 by Achille BeltrameDate28 June 1914; 109 years ago (1914-06-28)LocationNear the Latin Bridge, Sarajevo, in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-HungaryCoordinates43°51′28.5″N 18°25′43.9″E / 43.857917°N 18.428861°E / 43.857917; 18.428861OutcomeCatalyst for World War 1DeathsArchduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, SophieConvictedGavrilo Princip and others...ChargesHigh treasonSentence20 yearsFootageBritannicaWeaponFN 1910 semi-automatic handgunLocation:Map showing where Ferdinand was killed. Events leading to World War I Unification of Germany 1866–1871 Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871 Second Concert of Europe 1871 Great Eastern Crisis 1875–1878 Campaign in Bosnia 1878 Dual Alliance 1879 Boer Wars 1880–1902 Austro–Serbian Alliance 1881–1903 Triple Alliance 1882 Berlin Conference 1884 Bulgarian Crisis 1885–1888 Reinsurance Treaty 1887–1890 Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo-German naval arms race 1898–1912 Fashoda incident 1898 Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 Entente Cordiale 1904 First Moroccan Crisis 1905–1906 Pig War 1906–1908 Anglo-Russian Convention 1907 Young Turk Revolution 1908 Bosnian Crisis 1908–1909 Racconigi Bargain 1909 Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912 Balkan Wars 1912–1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914 vte The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo, the provincial capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908. Princip was part of a group of six Bosnian assassins together with Muhamed Mehmedbašić, Vaso Čubrilović, Nedeljko Čabrinović, Cvjetko Popović and Trifko Grabež coordinated by Danilo Ilić; all but one were Bosnian Serbs and members of a student revolutionary group that later became known as Young Bosnia. The political objective of the assassination was to free Bosnia and Herzegovina of Austria-Hungarian rule and establish a common South Slav ("Yugoslav") state. The assassination precipitated the July Crisis which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and the start of World War I. The assassination team was helped by the Black Hand, a Serbian secret nationalist group; support came from Dragutin Dimitrijević, chief of the military intelligence section of the Serbian general staff, as well as from Major Vojislav Tankosić and Rade Malobabić, a Serbian intelligence agent. Tankosić provided bombs and pistols to the assassins and trained them in their use. The assassins were given access to the same clandestine network of safe-houses and agents that Malobabić used for the infiltration of weapons and operatives into Austria-Hungary. The assassins and key members of the clandestine network were tried in Sarajevo in October 1914. In total twenty-five people were indicted. All six assassins, except Mehmedbašić, were under twenty at the time of the assassination; while the group was dominated by Bosnian Serbs, four of the indictees were Bosnian Croats, and all of them were Austro-Hungarian citizens, none from Serbia. Princip was found guilty of murder and high treason; too young to be executed, he was sentenced to twenty years in jail, while the four other attackers also received jail terms. Five of the older prisoners were sentenced to be hanged. Black Hand members were arrested and tried before a Serbian court in Salonika in 1917 on fabricated charges of high treason; the Black Hand was disbanded and three of its leaders were executed. Much of what is known about the assassinations comes from these two trials and related records. Princip's legacy was re-evaluated following the breakup of Yugoslavia, and public opinion of him in the successor states is largely divided along ethnic lines. Background Further information: History of Serbia (1804–1918), Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AustriaSophie, Duchess of Hohenberg Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia, while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty. Under this same treaty, the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, the German Empire, Italy, and the Russian Empire) gave official recognition to the Principality of Serbia as a fully sovereign state, which four years later transformed into a kingdom under Prince Milan IV Obrenović who thus became King Milan I of Serbia. Serbia's monarchs, at the time from the royal House of Obrenović that maintained close relations with Austria-Hungary, were content to reign within the borders set by the treaty. This changed in May 1903, when Royal Serbian Army officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević stormed the Serbian Royal Palace. After a fierce battle in the dark, the attackers captured General Lazar Petrović, head of the Palace Guard, and forced him to reveal the hiding place of King Alexander I Obrenović and his wife Queen Draga. The King was subsequently shot thirty times and the Queen eighteen. MacKenzie writes that "the royal corpses were then stripped and brutally sabred." The attackers threw the corpses of King Alexander and Queen Draga out of a palace window, ending any threat that loyalists would mount a counterattack." General Petrović was then killed when Vojislav Tankosić organized the murders of Queen Draga's brothers. The conspirators installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king. The new dynasty was more nationalist, friendlier to Russia and less friendly to Austria-Hungary. Over the next decade, disputes between Serbia and its neighbors erupted, as Serbia moved to build its power and gradually reclaim its 14th-century empire. These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the "Pig War"); the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909); and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquired Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire and drove out Bulgaria. Serbia's military successes and Serbian outrage over the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina emboldened Serbian nationalists in Serbia and Serbs in Bosnia who chafed under Austro-Hungarian rule and whose nationalist sentiments were stirred by Serb cultural organizations. One notable example was a Serbian nationalist society Narodna Odbrana, which was formed in Belgrade on 8 October 1908 under the initiative of Milovan Milovanović. Under the guise of cultural activities, it operated to undermine the loyalty of Bosnian Serbs to the Habsburg regime. In the five years leading up to 1914, lone assassins – mostly Serb citizens of Austria-Hungary – made a series of unsuccessful assassination attempts in Croatia-Slavonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian officials. In Bosnia-Herzegovina existed an aggregation of local revolutionary groups that became known as Young Bosnia, their goal was the end of Austria-Hungarian colonial rule in Bosnia and the unification of all South Slavs. On 3 June 1910, Bogdan Žerajić, a young revolutionary loosely connected to Young Bosnia, attempted to kill the Austrian governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, General Marijan Varešanin. Žerajić was a 22-year-old Bosnian Serb from Nevesinje, Herzegovina, who was a student at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb. (General Verešanin went on to crush the last Bosnian peasant uprising in the second half of 1910). The five bullets Žerajić fired at Varešanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made Žerajić an inspiration to future assassins, including Princip and Princip's accomplice Čabrinović. Princip said that Žerajić "was my first model. When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave, reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him. It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage." In May 1911, the Black Hand, a secret society dedicated to creating a Greater Serbia through "terrorist action", was established by key members of the Narodna Odbrana including Dimitrijević and Tankosić. Within Bosnia-Herzegovina, the networks of both the Black Hand and Narodna Odbrana penetrated to some extent local revolutionary movements such as Young Bosnia. The fundamental difference between those movements was that the Young Bosnians regarded social revolution as a necessary corollary of national liberation, and that, even though its membership was predominantly Serb, Young Bosnia also attracted an important minority of Croats and some Muslims. In the Spring of 1912, in a plot involving Young Bosnians, Luka Jukić a Bosnian Croat student, tried to assassinate the Governor of Croatia Count Slavko Cuvaj. In 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph commanded Archduke Franz Ferdinand to observe the military maneuvers in Bosnia scheduled for June 1914. Following the maneuvers, Ferdinand and his wife planned to visit Sarajevo to open the state museum in its new premises there. Duchess Sophie, according to their eldest son, Duke Maximilian, accompanied her husband out of fear for his safety. As Sophie, although of high aristocratic birth, was not from a dynastic family, her union with the Habsburg heir presumptive could only be a morganatic marriage. Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to their marriage on the condition that their descendants would never ascend the throne. The 14th anniversary of their marriage fell on 28 June. As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes: Photograph of the Archduke and his wife emerging from the Sarajevo Town Hall to board their car, a few minutes before the assassination could never share rank ... could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. There was one loophole ... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity. Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. There, at its capital Sarajevo, the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side ... Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death. Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism, under which Austria-Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro-Hungarian empire into a third crown. A Slavic kingdom could have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism, and Franz Ferdinand was therefore perceived as a threat by those same irredentists. Princip later stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand's planned reforms was one of his motivations. The day of the assassination, 28 June (15 June in the Julian calendar), is the feast of St. Vitus. In Serbia, it is called Vidovdan and commemorates the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans, at which Sultan Murad I was assassinated in his tent by a Serb. Princip, Čabrinović and other members of the Young Bosnia were inspired by the heroism of Miloš Obilić, reenacting the Kosovo Myth. Čabrinović was deeply immersed in the myth, personally identifying himself with the Kosovo heroes, while it is known that Princip knew the entire Petar II Petrović-Njegoš's The Mountain Wreath, one of the most celebrated works in the South Slavic literature that glorifies the heroic ideals and spirit of the Kosovo Myth. Preliminaries Previous conspiracy Danilo Ilić was a Bosnian Serb. He had worked as a schoolteacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with, and outwardly off, his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo. Ilić was a member of a secret revolutionary society or Kružok organized on the model of the Black Hand. According to Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović, a captain at the time and a member of the Black Hand, in late 1913, Danilo Ilić came to the Serbian listening post at Užice to speak to him. Popović claimed that Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria-Hungary. Popović alleged that he sent Danilo Ilić to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known more commonly as Apis. By 1913, Apis and his fellow military conspirators (drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand. There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis during the alleged meeting, but soon Apis's righthand man and fellow Black Hander, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France. Amongst those summoned to the Toulouse meeting was Muhamed Mehmedbašić, a Bosniak carpenter from Herzegovina. According to Luigi Albertini writing in 1942, Mehmedbašić was a member of the Black Hand, having been sworn into the organization by Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gacinović and Danilo Ilić. Mehmedbašić was (here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbašić) "eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia." During this January 1914 meeting, various possible Austro-Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed, including Franz Ferdinand. However, the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo, to kill the Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek. According to Mehmedbašić while he was traveling to Bosnia-Herzegovina from France, police searched his train for a thief. Thinking the police might be after him, he threw his weapons (a dagger and a bottle of poison) in the lavatory. Once he arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina he wrote to Gacinović and did nothing more until Ilić wrote to him to summon him to Mostar. On 26 March 1914, Ilić informed Mehmedbašić that Belgrade (meaning the Black Hand) thought that an attack of Franz Ferdinand instead of the Potiorek would be far more important and that they would support it. (Apis later boasted to the Serbian Court that he ordered the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in his position as head of the Intelligence Department, however Apis made the unproven claims in 1917 attempting to save his own life since he was about to be executed for high treason.) The assassination team Gavrilo Princip outside the courthouse Unknown to the Black Hand, a second plot against the archduke had arisen that spring of 1914 when student Gavrilo Princip was shown a newspaper cutting announcing Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria's visit to Bosnia in June, by his friend and fellow Young Bosnia member Nedeljko Čabrinović. At the time the two young Bosnian Serbs were in Belgrade eager to return to Austrian-occupied Bosnia to commit an attack on an imperial official, what they saw as performing the ultimate act of heroism. Princip asked another friend Trifko Grabež to join the plot, and then wrote to Ilić, his former roommate and confidante, telling him about the plan and asking him to recruit people in Sarajevo. For the assassination Ilić recruited seventeen-year-old Sarajevo high-school student Vaso Čubrilović, eighteen-year-old student Cvjetko Popović, as well as Mehmed Mehmedbašić, shortly after Orthodox Easter (as given by Dedijer: 19 April 1914), as testified by Ilić, Čubrilović, and Popović at the Sarajevo trial. Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović testified at the Sarajevo trial that at about the same time (a little after Easter), they approached a fellow Bosnian Serb and former guerrilla fighter known to be well connected and with access to arms, Milan Ciganović, and through him Major Tankosić and reached an agreement to receive arms and get smuggled across the Serbian border back into Bosnia with the weapons. A principal agreement was quickly reached, but the delivery of the weapons was delayed for more than a month. The assassins met with Ciganović and he put them off. At one point, Ciganović told Grabež: "Nothing doing, the old Emperor is ill and the Heir Apparent will not go to Bosnia." When Emperor Franz Joseph's health recovered, the operation was a "go" again. Tankosić gave the assassins one FN Model 1910 pistol. They practised shooting a few rounds of scarce and expensive .380 ACP pistol ammunition in a park near Belgrade. The rest of the weapons were finally delivered on 26 May. The three assassins from Belgrade testified that Major Tankosić, directly and through Ciganović, not only provided six hand grenades and four new Browning FN Model 1910 automatic pistols with .380 ACP ammunition, but also money, suicide pills, training, a special map with the location of gendarmes marked, knowledge of contacts on a clandestine "tunnel" used to infiltrate agents and arms into Austria-Hungary, and a small card authorizing the use of that tunnel. Major Tankosić confirmed to the journalist and historian Luciano Magrini that he provided the bombs and pistols and was responsible for training Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović and that he (Tankosić) initiated the idea of the suicide pills. The secret route Route of the assassins from Belgrade to Sarajevo Route of the weapons from Belgrade to Sarajevo Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović left Belgrade by boat on 28 May and traveled along the Sava river to Šabac where they handed the small card to Captain Popović of the Serbian Border Guard. Popović, in turn, provided them with a letter to Serbian Captain Prvanović, and filled out a form with the names of three customs officials whose identities they could assume and thereby receive discounted train tickets for the ride to Loznica, a small border town. When Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović reached Loznica on 29 May, Captain Prvanović summoned three of his revenue sergeants to discuss the best way to cross the border undetected. While waiting for the sergeants to arrive, Princip and Grabež had a falling out with Čabrinović over Čabrinović's repeated violations of operational security. Čabrinović handed over the weapons he was carrying to Princip and Grabež. Princip told Čabrinović to go alone to Zvornik, make an official crossing there using Grabež's ID card and then go on to Tuzla and link back up. On the morning of 30 May, Prvanović's revenue sergeants assembled and Sergeant Budivoj Grbić accepted the task and led Princip and Grabež by foot to Isaković's Island, a small island in the middle of the Drina river that separated Serbia from Bosnia. They and their weapons reached the island on 31 May. Grbić passed the terrorists and their weapons to the agents of the Serbian Narodna Odbrana for transport into Austro-Hungarian territory and from safe-house to safe-house. Princip and Grabež crossed into Austria-Hungary on the evening of 1 June. Princip and Grabež and the weapons were passed from agent to agent until on 3 June they arrived in Tuzla. They left the weapons in the hands of the Narodna Odbrana agent Miško Jovanović and rejoined Čabrinović. The Narodna Odbrana agents reported their activities to the Narodna Odbrana President, Božidar Janković, who in turn reported to the then Serbian Caretaker Prime Minister Nikola Pašić. The report to Pašić added the name of a new military conspirator, Serbian Major Kosta Todorović, Boundary Commissioner and Director of Serbian Military Intelligence Services for the frontier line from Rada to Ljubovija. Pašić's handwritten notes from the briefing (estimated by Dedijer to have taken place on 5 June) included the nickname of one of the assassins ("Trifko" Grabež) and also the name of Major Tankosić. The Austrians later captured the report, Pašić's handwritten notes, and additional corroborating documents. Čabrinović's father was a Sarajevo police official. In Tuzla, Čabrinović bumped into one of his father's friends, Sarajevo Police Detective Ivan Vila, and struck up a conversation. By coincidence, Princip, Grabež and Čabrinović boarded the same train for Sarajevo as Detective Vila. Čabrinović inquired of the detective the date of Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo. The next morning, Čabrinović passed on the news to his fellow assassins that the assassination would be on 28 June. On arriving in Sarajevo on 4 June, Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović went their separate ways. Princip checked in with Ilić, visited his family in Hadžici and returned to Sarajevo on 6 June taking up residence at Ilić's mother's house with Ilić. Grabež joined his family in Pale. Čabrinović moved back into his father's house in Sarajevo. On 14 June, Ilić went to Tuzla to bring the weapons to Sarajevo. Miško Jovanović hid the weapons in a large box of sugar. On 15 June, the two went separately by train to Doboj where Jovanović handed off the box to Ilić. Later that day, Ilić returned to Sarajevo by train, being careful to transfer to a local train outside Sarajevo and then quickly transfer to a tram to avoid police detection. Once at his mother's house, Ilić hid the weapons in a suitcase under a sofa. Then, on approximately 17 June, Ilić traveled to Brod (Dedijer puts it on 16 June, but trial records put it on 18 June). Questioned at trial, Ilić gave a confusing explanation of the reason for his trip, first saying he had gone to Brod to prevent the assassination and then saying he had returned to Sarajevo from Brod to prevent the assassination. Dedijer puts forward the thesis (citing Bogijević) that Ilić went to Brod to meet an emissary of Apis, Djuro Ŝarac, who had instructions to cancel the assassination and then later Rade Malobabić was dispatched from Serbia to Sarajevo to reauthorize the assassination. Eve of the attacks Ilić began handing out the weapons on 27 June. Until that day, Ilić had kept the identities of the assassins from Belgrade secret from those he had recruited locally and vice versa. Then, that night, as Mehmedbašić told Albertini: "On the eve of the outrage Ilić introduced me to Princip in a Sarajevo café with the words 'Mehmedbašić who to-morrow is to be with us.'" The three sent a postcard to Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović in France. Assassination Motorcade The 1911 Gräf & Stift 28/32 PS Double Phaeton in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination, Museum of Military History, Vienna (2003) On the morning of Sunday 28 June 1914, Ilić positioned the six assassins along the motorcade route. Ilić walked the street, exhorting the assassins to bravery. Franz Ferdinand and his party proceeded by train from Ilidža Spa to Sarajevo. Governor Oskar Potiorek met the party at Sarajevo station. Six automobiles were waiting. By mistake, three local police officers got into the first car with the chief officer of special security; the special security officers who were supposed to accompany their chief got left behind. The second car carried the Mayor and the Chief of Police of Sarajevo. The third car in the motorcade was a Gräf & Stift 28/32 PS open sports car with its top folded down. Franz Ferdinand, Sophie, Governor Potiorek, and Lieutenant Colonel Count Franz von Harrach rode in this third car. The motorcade's first stop on the preannounced program was for a brief inspection of a military barracks. According to the program, at 10:00 a.m., the motorcade was to leave the barracks for the town hall by way of the Appel Quay. Security arrangements within Sarajevo were limited. The local military commander, General Michael von Appel, proposed that troops line the intended route but was told that this would offend the loyal citizenry. Protection for the visiting party was accordingly left to the Sarajevo police, of whom only about 60 were on duty on the Sunday of the visit. Bombing A map annotated with the events of 28 June 1914, from an official report The motorcade passed the first assassin, Mehmedbašić. Danilo Ilić had placed him in front of the garden of the Mostar Café and armed him with a bomb. Mehmedbašić failed to act. Ilić had placed Vaso Čubrilović next to Mehmedbašić, arming him with a pistol and a bomb. He too failed to act. Further along the route, Ilić had placed Nedeljko Čabrinović on the opposite side of the street near the Miljacka river, arming him with a bomb. At 10:10 am, Franz Ferdinand's car approached and Čabrinović threw his bomb. The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street. The bomb's timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car, putting that car out of action, leaving a 1-foot-diameter (0.30 m), 6.5-inch-deep (170 mm) crater, and wounding 16–20 people. Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the Miljacka river. Čabrinović's suicide attempt failed, as the old cyanide only induced vomiting, and the Miljacka was only 13 cm deep due to the hot, dry summer. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. The procession sped away towards the Town Hall leaving the disabled car behind. Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip, and Trifun Grabež failed to act as the motorcade passed them at high speed. Town Hall reception A map showing the route of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's motorcade Arriving at the Town Hall for a scheduled reception, Franz Ferdinand showed signs of stress, interrupting a prepared speech of welcome by Mayor Fehim Čurčić to protest: "Mr. Mayor, I came here on a visit and I am greeted with bombs. It is outrageous." Duchess Sophie then whispered into Franz Ferdinand's ear, and after a pause, Franz Ferdinand said to the mayor: "Now you may speak." He then became calm and the mayor gave his speech. Franz Ferdinand had to wait as his own speech, still wet with blood from being in the damaged car, was brought to him. To the prepared text he added a few remarks about the day's events thanking the people of Sarajevo for their ovations "as I see in them an expression of their joy at the failure of the attempt at assassination." Officials and members of the Archduke's party discussed what to do next. The archduke's chamberlain, Baron Rumerskirch, proposed that the couple remain at the Town Hall until troops could be brought into the city to line the streets. Governor-General Oskar Potiorek vetoed this suggestion on the grounds that soldiers coming straight from maneuvers would not have the dress uniforms appropriate for such duties. "Do you think that Sarajevo is full of assassins?" he concluded. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie gave up their planned program in favor of visiting the wounded from the bombing, at the hospital. Count Harrach took up a position on the left-hand running board of Franz Ferdinand's car to protect the Archduke from any assault from the river side of the street. This is confirmed by photographs of the scene outside the Town Hall. At 10:45 a.m, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie got back into the motorcade, once again in the third car. In order to ensure the safety of the couple, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the imperial motorcade should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital so that they could avoid the crowded city center. However, Potiorek failed to communicate his decision to the drivers. As a result, the Archduke's driver, Leopold Lojka, took a right turn at the Latin Bridge just as the two drivers ahead of him had done. According to the historian Joachim Remak, the reason for this is that Potiorek's aide Erik von Merizzi  was in the hospital, and was therefore unable to give Lojka the information about the change in plans and the driving route. The Sarajevo Chief of Police Edmund Gerde, who had earlier repeatedly warned Potiorek of insufficient security precautions for the imperial visit, was asked by one of the Archduke's aides to tell the drivers of the new route, but in the confusion and tensions of the moment, he neglected to do so. Fatal shooting Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo during the aftermath of the assassination Princip's FN Model 1910 pistol, displayed at the Museum of Military History, Vienna, 2009 After learning that the first assassination attempt had been unsuccessful, Princip thought about a position to assassinate the Archduke on his return journey, and decided to move to a position in front of a nearby food shop (Schiller's delicatessen), near the Latin Bridge. At this point, the first and second cars of the Archduke's motorcade suddenly turned right into a side street, leaving the Appel Quay. When the Archduke's driver followed their route, Governor Potiorek, who was sharing the third vehicle with the Imperial couple, called out to the driver to stop as he was going the wrong way. The driver applied the brakes, and when he attempted to put the car into reverse gear he accidentally stalled the engine close to where Princip was standing. The assassin stepped up to the footboard of the car, and shot Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point‐blank range using a Belgian-made Fabrique Nationale model 1910 .380 caliber pistol. Pistol serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; Princip used #19074. According to Albertini, "the first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess." Princip tried to shoot himself, but was immediately seized and arrested. At his sentencing, Princip stated that his intention had been to kill Governor Potiorek, rather than Sophie. After being shot, Sophie immediately fell unconscious and collapsed onto Franz Ferdinand's legs. The Archduke, too, lost consciousness while being driven to the Governor's residence for medical treatment. As reported by Count Harrach, Franz Ferdinand's last words were "Sophie, Sophie! Don't die! Live for our children!" followed by six or seven utterances of "It is nothing," in response to Harrach's inquiry as to Franz Ferdinand's injury. These utterances were followed by a violent choking sound caused by hemorrhage. The imperial couple were dead by 11:30 a.m on 28 June 1914; Sophie was dead on arrival at the Governor's residence, and Franz Ferdinand died 10 minutes later. There is a myth which states that Princip had eaten a sandwich at Schiller's delicatessen just prior to the shooting, but there are no primary sources from the time which mention this. This myth likely originated from the 2001 novel Twelve Fingers, which presents a fictionalized version of the events of the assassination that includes the sandwich. Funeral The bodies were transported to Trieste by the battleship SMS Viribus Unitis and then to Vienna by special train. The funeral was arranged by the Obersthofmeister of the Royal Household Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo, who was said to have been a lifelong enemy of Franz Ferdinand. With the Emperor's connivance, he decided to turn the funeral into a massive and vicious snub of the assassinated couple. Even though most foreign royalty had planned to attend, they were pointedly disinvited and the funeral was attended by just the immediate imperial family, with the dead couple's three children excluded from the few public ceremonies. The Archduke's friend Kaiser Wilhelm II was invited so that the Imperial Cabinet could consult him on foreign policy, but he declined to attend; although he publicly claimed it was due to a case of lumbago, Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg revealed that the real reason was security concerns. The officer corps was forbidden to salute the funeral train, and this led to a minor revolt led by Archduke Karl, the new heir presumptive. The public viewing of the coffins was curtailed severely and even more scandalously, Montenuovo tried unsuccessfully to make the couple's children foot the bill. Sophie's coffin was slanted down from her husband's to reassert her lower social status, gloves were placed on top of her casket as was traditional for a lady-in-waiting. The Archduke and his wife were interred at Artstetten Castle because the Duchess could not be buried in the Imperial Crypt. Aftermath Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, 29 June 1914 All of the assassins were eventually caught. Those in Austro-Hungarian custody were tried together with members of the infiltration route who had helped deliver them and their weapons to Sarajevo. Mehmedbašić, the only Bosnian Muslim among the conspirators, was arrested in Montenegro by local authorities but managed to escape from the Nikšić prison before his extradition could take place (possibly with help from the gendarmes who were guarding him and were consequently put under arrest). He later resurfaced in Serbia where he joined Major Tankosić's Chetnik detachment during the war, in 1916 the Serbian government imprisoned him on fabricated charges of treason during the Salonika trial, he was released in 1919. (see criminal penalty section below). Anti-Serb rioting broke out in Sarajevo and various other places within Austria-Hungary in the hours following the assassination until order was restored by the military. On the night of the assassination, country-wide anti-Serb pogroms and demonstrations were also organized in other parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, particularly on the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. They were organized and stimulated by Oskar Potiorek, the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first anti-Serb demonstrations, led by the followers of Josip Frank, were organized in the early evening of 28 June in Zagreb. The following day, anti-Serb demonstrations in Sarajevo became more violent and could be characterized as a pogrom. The police and local authorities in the city did nothing to prevent anti-Serb violence. Writer Ivo Andrić referred to the violence in Sarajevo as the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate." Two Serbs were killed on the first day of pogrom in Sarajevo, many were attacked, while around 1,000 houses, shops, schools and institutions (such as banks, hotels, printing houses) owned by Serbs were razed or pillaged. Following the assassination, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination: "For me, it is a relief from a great worry." Trials and punishment Sarajevo trial (October 1914) The Sarajevo trial in progress. Princip is seated in the center of the first row. Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested and prosecuted the Sarajevo assassins together with the agents and peasants who had assisted them on their way. The majority of the defendants were charged with conspiracy to commit high treason involving official circles in the Kingdom of Serbia. Conspiracy to commit high treason carried a maximum sentence of death which conspiracy to commit simple murder did not. The trial was held from 12 to 23 October with the verdict and sentences announced on 28 October 1914. The adult defendants, facing the death penalty, portrayed themselves at trial as unwilling participants in the conspiracy. The examination of defendant Veljko Čubrilović (who helped coordinate the transport of the weapons and was a Narodna Odbrana agent) is illustrative of this effort. Čubrilović stated to the court: "Princip glared at me and very forcefully said 'If you want to know, it is for that reason and we are going to carry out an assassination of the Heir and if you know about it, you have to be quiet. If you betray it, you and your family will be destroyed.'" Under questioning by defense counsel Čubrilović described in more detail the basis of the fears that he said had compelled him to cooperate with Princip and Grabež." Čubrilović explained that he was afraid a revolutionary organization capable of committing great atrocities stood behind Princip and that he therefore feared his house would be destroyed and his family killed if he did not comply and explained that he knew such an organization existed in Serbia, at least at one time. When pressed for why he risked the punishment of the law, and did not take the protection of the law against these threats he responded: "I was more afraid of terror than the law." Another Narodna Odbrana agent, Miško Jovanović, also claimed to have been against the assassination. The three members of the original assassination team acknowledged full responsibility for their acts, proclaiming their ideal of a liberated and united South Slav people, exonerating Serbia and the Narodna Odbrana whose responsibility the prosecution tried to prove; however the court did not believe the defendants' statements as they differed from their depositions made at the preliminary investigation. Princip focused on taking full responsibility for the crime on himself, and stated: "Our enterprise was purely private and in no way official as the prosecution asserts. Serbia has no hand in it and cannot be held responsible for our deed." He then asked: "No one else knew of it beyond Ciganović and ourselves. How could Serbia be brought into the affair?" Princip deposed under cross-examination: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria." Princip was then asked how he intended to realize his goal and responded: "By means of terror." Cabrinović testified that he was motivated to kill Franz Ferdinand because he saw him as a danger to the Slavs and to Serbia, something he claimed to have heard in cafés from students and citizens. Grabež stated that he would never have taken part had he known that it would lead to a European war. In spite of the absence of proof, the Sarajevo Court deemed that Serbian military circles were also implicated and thus the verdict ran: "The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both Narodna Odbrana and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service, collaborated in the outrage." Prison terms, death sentences and acquittals were as follows: Name Sentence Gavrilo Princip 20 years Nedjelko Čabrinović 20 years Trifun Grabež 20 years Vaso Čubrilović 16 years Cvjetko Popović 13 years Lazar Đukić 10 years Danilo Ilić Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915) Veljko Čubrilović Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915) Neđo Kerović Death by hanging; commuted to 20 years in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on the recommendation of the Finance Minister Miško Jovanović Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915) Jakov Milović Death by hanging; commuted to life in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on recommendation of the court and Finance Minister Mitar Kerović Life in prison Ivo Kranjcević 10 years Branko Zagorac 3 years Marko Perin 3 years Cvijan Stjepanović 7 years Nine defendants Acquitted At trial, Čabrinović had expressed his regrets for the murders. Following sentencing, Čabrinović received a letter of complete forgiveness from the three young children the assassins had orphaned. Čabrinović and Princip died of tuberculosis in prison. Those under the age of 20 years at the time of the crime could receive a maximum sentence of 20 years under Austrian-Hungarian law. The court heard arguments regarding Princip's age, as there was some doubt as to his true date of birth but concluded that Princip was under 20 at the time of the assassination. Because Bosnia and Herzegovina had not been assigned to Austria or to Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister administered Bosnia and Herzegovina and had responsibility for recommending clemency to the emperor. Salonika trial (spring 1917) From late 1916 into early 1917, secret peace talks took place between Austria-Hungary and France. There is evidence that parallel discussions were held between Austria-Hungary and Serbia with Prime Minister Pašić dispatching his righthand man Stojan Protić and Regent Alexander dispatching his confidant Colonel Petar Živković to Geneva on secret business. Charles I of Austria laid out Austria-Hungary's key demand for returning Serbia to the control of the Serbian Government in exile: that Serbia should provide guarantees that there be no further political agitation emanating from Serbia against Austria-Hungary. Indictees at the Salonika trial, after the verdict For some time, Regent Alexander and officers loyal to him had planned to get rid of the military clique headed by Apis, as Apis represented a political threat to Alexander's power. The Austro-Hungarian peace demand gave added impetus to this plan. On 15 March 1917 Apis and the officers loyal to him were indicted, on various false charges unrelated to Sarajevo (the case was retried before the Supreme Court of Serbia in 1953 and all defendants were exonerated), by Serbian Court Martial on the French-controlled Salonica front. On 23 May Apis and eight of his associates were sentenced to death; two others were sentenced to 15 years in prison. One defendant died during the trial and the charges against him were dropped. The Serbian High Court reduced the number of death sentences to seven. Regent Alexander commuted four of the remaining death sentences, leaving just three death sentences in place. Amongst those tried, four of the defendants had confessed their roles in Sarajevo and their final sentences were as follows: Name Sentence Apis Death by firing squad (executed 26 June 1917) and 70 dinar court fee and additional witness fees Ljuba Vulović Death by firing squad (executed 26 June 1917) and 70 dinar court fee and additional witness fees Rade Malobabić Death by firing squad (executed 26 June 1917) and 70 dinar court fee and additional witness fees Muhamed Mehmedbašić 15 years in prison (commuted and released in 1919) and 60 dinar court fee and additional witness fees In justifying the executions, Prime Minister Pašić wrote to his envoy in London: "...Dimitrijević (Apis) besides everything else admitted he had ordered Franz Ferdinand to be killed. And now who could reprieve them?" As the three condemned men were driven to their execution, Apis remarked to the driver: "Now it is clear to me and clear to you too, that I am to be killed today by Serbian rifles solely because I organized the Sarajevo outrage." Vojislav Tankosić died in battle in late 1915 and so was not put on trial. Controversy about responsibility Serbia's "warning" to Austria-Hungary Following the assassinations, Serbian Ambassador to France Milenko Vesnić and Serbian Ambassador to Russia Miroslav Spalajković put out statements claiming that Serbia had warned Austria-Hungary of the impending assassination. Serbia soon thereafter denied making warnings and denied knowledge of the plot. Prime Minister Pašić himself made these denials to Az Est on 7 July and to the Paris edition of the New York Herald on 20 July. Other voices eventually spoke out on the "warning". As Serbian Education Minister Ljubomir Jovanović wrote in Krv Sloventsva, in late May or early June, Prime Minister Pašić reviewed the plot of the impending assassination with members of his cabinet. On 18 June, a telegram, lacking in specifics, ordered Serbia's Ambassador to Vienna, Jovan Jovanović Pižon, to warn Austria-Hungary that Serbia had reason to believe there was a conspiracy to assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia. On 21 June, Ambassador Jovanović met with Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister Leon Biliński. According to Serbian Military Attaché to Vienna, Colonel Lešjanin, Ambassador Jovanović, spoke to Biliński and "...stressed in general terms the risks the Archduke heir apparent might run from the inflamed public opinion in Bosnia and Serbia. Some serious personal misadventure might befall him. His journey might give rise to incidents and demonstrations that Serbia would deprecate but that would have fatal repercussions on Austro-Serbian relations." Jovanović came back from the meeting with Biliński and told Lešjanin that "...Biliński showed no sign of attaching great importance to the total message and dismissed it limiting himself to remarking when saying goodbye and thanking him: 'Let us hope nothing does happen.'" The Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister took no action based on Jovanović's remarks. In 1924, J. Jovanović went public stating that his warning had been made on his own initiative, and what he said was that "Among the Serb youths (in the army) there may be one who will put a ball-cartridge in his rifle or revolver in place of a blank cartridge and he may fire it, the bullet might strike the man giving provocation (Franz Ferdinand)." J. Jovanović's account changed back and forth over the years and never adequately addressed Colonel Lešjanin's statement. Biliński did not speak openly on the subject, but his press department chief confirmed that a meeting had taken place including a vague warning, but there was no mention of an ethnic Serb Austro-Hungarian soldier shooting Franz Ferdinand. In the days leading up to the assassination, Pašić was the caretaker prime minister because during this period the Serbian Government briefly fell to a political alliance led by the Serbian Military. The military favored promoting Jovan Jovanović to Foreign Minister, and Jovanović's loyalties one might expect to have been divided and his orders therefore carried out poorly. By choosing a military loyalist to convey the message, and by not including any of the specifics such as the conspirators' names and weapons, Pašić, a survivor, hedged his bets against the various possible outcomes and consequences of the impending assassination. Rade Malobabić In 1914, Rade Malobabić was Serbian Military Intelligence's chief undercover operative against Austria-Hungary. His name appeared in Serbian documents captured by Austria-Hungary during the war. These documents describe the running of arms, munitions, and agents from Serbia into Austria-Hungary under Malobabić's direction. Owing to the suppression by Serbia of Apis's confession and of the Salonika trial transcripts historians did not initially link Malobabić closely to the Sarajevo attack. Apis's confession, however, states that "I engaged Malobabić to organize the assassination on the occasion of the announced arrival of Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo." At the Salonika trial, Colonel Ljubomir Vulović (head of the Serbian Frontiers Service) testified: 'In 1914 on occasion of my official trip from Loznica to Belgrade, I received a letter at the General Staff noting that agents of Malobabić would come and a teacher whose name I don't recall (Danilo Ilić was a teacher but it is unclear if the teacher in question was Ilić as Ilić can be placed in Brod but not Loznica) so I could sent them into Bosnia.' Because of that 'I went to Loznica and either that day or very soon afterwards sent Rade and that teacher into Bosnia.' Soon thereafter occurred the Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand." On the eve of his execution, Malobabić told a priest: "They ordered me to go to Sarajevo when that assassination was to take place, and when everything was over, they ordered me to come back and fulfill other missions, and then there was the outbreak of the war." Vladimir Dedijer in The Road to Sarajevo presented additional testimonial evidence that Malobabić arrived in Sarajevo on the eve of the Sarajevo attack and gave the final go-ahead for the operation to Danilo Ilić. This meshes with Dedijer's theory that Djuro Ŝarac had given instructions to Ilić on 16 June canceling the assassination. Soon after their confessions, Serbia executed Malobabić, Vulović, and Apis on false charges. Serbia published no clarifications of their confessions with regards to the Sarajevo attack. "Black Hand" or Serbian military intelligence? Further information: Black Hand (Serbia) An alternative theory to the Sarajevo attack being a Serbian Military Intelligence Operation was that it was a "Black Hand" operation. The "Black Hand" was a Serbian military society formed on 9 May 1911 by officers in the Royal Serbian Army, originating in the conspiracy group that assassinated the Serbian royal couple in May 1903, led by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević (Commonly referred to as "Apis"). After Serbia's victory over Bulgaria in Macedonia in the Balkan Wars, the "Black Hand" became moribund because of the death of its president and the failure to replace him, an inactive secretary, casualties, broken links between its three-man cells, and a drying up of funding. By 1914 the "Black Hand" was no longer operating under its constitution but rather as a creature of the Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence, Apis, and its active ranks were composed mostly of Serbian officers loyal to Apis. Apis's confession to ordering the operation that begins with the phrase "As the Chief of the Intelligence Department of the General Staff", the fact that the military chain of command was invoked, the moribund nature of the "Black Hand" and the fact that under the "Black Hand" constitution Article 16, such an assassination could only be ordered by a vote of the Supreme Council Directorate, the President or the Secretary, and no such order was made, are factors in favor of assigning responsibility to Serbian Military Intelligence. The fact that Milan Ciganović was involved, that the key officers involved were "Black Hand" members, that "Black Hand" Provincial Director for Bosnia and Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović was consulted and that there was no official budget for the operation favors assigning responsibility to the "Black Hand". The newspaper clipping At trial, it was noted that the three assassins from Belgrade tried to take all blame on themselves. Čabrinović claimed the idea of killing Franz Ferdinand came from a newspaper clipping he received in the mail at the end of March announcing Franz Ferdinand's planned visit to Sarajevo. He then showed the newspaper clipping to Princip and the next day they agreed they would kill Franz Ferdinand. Princip explained to the court he had already read about Franz Ferdinand's upcoming visit in German papers. Princip went on to testify that, at about the time of Easter (19 April), he wrote an allegorical letter to Ilić informing him of the plan to kill Franz Ferdinand. Grabež testified that he and Princip, also at about the time of Easter, agreed between them to make an assassination of either Governor Potiorek or Franz Ferdinand and a little later settled on Franz Ferdinand. The defendants refused or were unable to provide details under examination. On 26 March Ilić and Mehmedbašić had already agreed to kill Franz Ferdinand based on instructions from Belgrade predating the newspaper clipping and the discussions amongst the three assassins in Belgrade. Narodna Odbrana Further information: Narodna Odbrana Serbian Military Intelligence – through remnants of the "Black Hand" – penetrated the Narodna Odbrana, using its clandestine tunnel to smuggle the assassins and their weapons from Belgrade to Sarajevo. In the 5 June 1914 report by the President of the Narodna Odbrana Boža Milanović to Prime Minister Pašić, one can sense the frustration of the President over the hijacking of his organization in the final sentence dealing with Sarajevo: "Boža has informed all the agents that they should not receive anyone unless he produces the password given by Boža." Milan Ciganović Prime Minister Pašić received early information of the assassination plan. The information was received by Pašić early enough, according to Education Minister Ljubomir Jovanović, for the government to order the border guards to prevent the assassins from crossing. This places the cabinet minister's discussions in late May and the information release to some time before that. Albertini concluded that the source of the information was most likely Milan Ciganović. Bogičević made a more forceful case. The circumstantial evidence against Ciganović includes his sinecure government job, his protection by the Chief of Police and Serbia's failure to arrest him (Austria-Hungary demanded Serbia arrest Major Vojislav Tankosić and Ciganović, but Serbia arrested only Tankosić and lied saying that Ciganović could not be found), Serbia's protection of Ciganović during the war, and the government's provision for Ciganović after it. In 1917, all of the Sarajevo conspirators within Serbia's control were tried at Salonika on false charges, except Ciganović, who even gave evidence against his comrades at the trial. Russian military attaché's office Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Viktor Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia would ever come under attack. While admitting funding of the intelligence network in Austro-Hungary, Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in the assassination in an interview with Albertini. Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended. Albertini writes that he "remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer." Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject. There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June. De Schelking writes: On 1 June 1914 (14 June new calendar), Emperor Nicholas had an interview with King Charles I of Roumania, at Constanza. I was there at the time ... yet as far as I could judge from my conversation with members of his (Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov's) entourage, he (Sazonov) was convinced that if the Archduke (Franz Ferdinand) were out of the way, the peace of Europe would not be endangered. Consequences Further information: Causes of World War I Grave implications of the assassination were immediately recognized, as in this 29 June article with subtitles "War Sequel?" and "War May Result", and stating the assassination was "engineered by persons having a more mature organizing ability than that of the youthful assassins". Serbien muss sterben! ("Serbia must die!"; last word altered to rhyme).The propaganda caricature depicts Austria crushing the ape-like Serb. In August 1914, The Independent described the assassination as a "deplorable but relatively insignificant" reason for which the financial system of the world is in chaos, that international commerce is suspended, that industries are everywhere demoralized and families ruined, and that millions of men in Europe have taken up arms with the intent to slaughter each other. "It may be doubted whether the Archduke worth all this carnage", the magazine wrote. The murder produced widespread shock across European royal houses, and there was initially much sympathy for the Austrian position. Ordinary people did not really care about what happened, and on the evening of the assassination the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened. Within two days of the assassination, Austria-Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that it should open an investigation, but Secretary-General to the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Slavko Grujić, replied: "Nothing had been done so far and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government." An angry exchange followed between the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires at Belgrade and Grujić. After conducting a criminal investigation, verifying that Germany would honor its military alliance, and persuading the sceptical Hungarian prime minister Count István Tisza, Austria-Hungary issued a formal letter to the government of Serbia on 23 July 1914. The letter reminded Serbia of its commitment to respect the Great Powers' decision regarding Bosnia-Herzegovina, and to maintain good neighborly relations with Austria-Hungary. The letter contained specific demands that Serbia should accept, including the suppression of the publication of propaganda advocating the violent destruction of Austria-Hungary, the removal of the people behind this propaganda from the Serbian Military, the dissolution of the Serbian nationalist organization Narodna Odbrana, the arrest of the people on Serbian soil who were involved in the assassination plot and the prevention of the clandestine shipment of arms and explosives from Serbia to Austria-Hungary. It also demanded that Austro-Hungarian officials should take part in the Serbian inquiry into the assassination plot. This letter became known as the July Ultimatum, and Austria-Hungary stated that if Serbia did not accept all of the demands in total within 48 hours, it would recall its ambassador from Serbia. After receiving a telegram of support from Russia, Serbia mobilized its army and responded to the letter by completely accepting point #8 demanding an end to the smuggling of weapons and punishment of the frontier officers who had assisted the assassins and completely accepting point #10 which demanded Serbia report the execution of the required measures as they were completed. Serbia partially accepted, finessed, disingenuously answered or politely rejected elements of the preamble and enumerated demands #1–7 and #9. The shortcomings of Serbia's response were published by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary responded by breaking diplomatic relations. According to a 2021 study, Franz Ferdinand's absence was key to the breakdown of diplomacy and escalation into war, as Ferdinand had been the most powerful and effective proponent for peace in Vienna. The next day, Serbian reservists being transported on tramp steamers on the Danube crossed onto the Austro-Hungarian side of the river at Temes-Kubin and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fired into the air to warn them off. The report of this incident was initially sketchy and reported to Emperor Franz-Joseph erroneously as "a considerable skirmish". Austria-Hungary then declared war and mobilized the portion of its army that would face the (already mobilized) Serbian Army on 28 July 1914. Under the Secret Treaty of 1892 Russia and France were obliged to mobilize their armies if any of the Triple Alliance mobilized. Russia partially mobilized along its Austrian border on 29 July, and on 30 July Russia ordered general mobilization. Russia's general mobilization set off full Austro-Hungarian and German mobilizations. Soon all the Great Powers except Italy had chosen sides and gone to war. Today The site of the assassination is marked by a small plaque, written in both Serbo-Croatian and English. The consequences of his action were very bad for Bosnia. Bosnia ceased to exist in Yugoslavia, and Bosnian Muslims were not recognised until 1968. They were still much better rulers than the Kingdom of Yugoslavia or communist Yugoslavia. You can look at the historical records and see how Austria-Hungary cared about issues like the rule of law. We lost so much in 1918.— Fedzad Forto, editor of a Bosniak-Croat news agency, responding to claims that Princip helped liberate Bosnia and that Austria-Hungary was an occupying power. The shots fired 100 years ago by Gavrilo Princip were not fired at Europe, they were shots for freedom, marking the start of the Serbs' fight for liberation from foreign occupiers.— Milorad Dodik, Bosnian Serb politician and president of Republika Srpska. Later, referring to Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Vaso Čubrilović said: "We destroyed a beautiful world that was lost forever due to the war that followed." Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Princip's legacy came under reevaluation in the various successor states. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks and Croats largely view Gavrilo Princip as a terrorist and an ethnic Serb nationalist. Many Serbs consider Princip a national hero. The 100th anniversary of the assassination was commemorated with a concert by the Vienna Philharmonic in the Sarajevo City Hall, in an event that was organized by the European Union. Austrian president Heinz Fischer was the guest of honour. The World War I commemorations were boycotted by Serb nationalists and dignitaries, who, along with Bosnian Serbs, view "Princip as a hero." On the 100th anniversary of the assassination, a statue of Gavrilo Princip was erected in East Sarajevo. This was followed by another statue in Belgrade, which was erected in June 2015. Serbian history textbooks deny that Serbia or Princip were responsible for starting World War I, laying blame on the Central Powers instead. Milorad Dodik acknowledged that Bosnia is "still divided", but maintained that Princip was a "freedom fighter" and that Austria-Hungary had been an "occupier". Princip's weapon, along with the car in which the Archduke was riding, his bloodstained uniform and the chaise longue on which he died, are on permanent display in the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna, Austria. The bullet fired by Gavrilo Princip, sometimes referred to as "the bullet that started World War I", is a museum exhibit in the Konopiště Castle near the town of Benešov in the Czech Republic. The bronze medallion of Ferdinand and Sophie, which was part of a monument that was erected on the site of the assassination and demolished in 1918 during Yugoslav rule, is currently preserved in the National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. A marble plaque commemorating Princip and the assassination was erected in 1930 but, following the 1941 German invasion of Yugoslavia, it was removed by German troops and Volksdeutsche and was subsequently given to Adolf Hitler as a 52nd birthday present. Hitler sent it to the Berlin Zeughaus where it was put on display in the military museum until 1945 when it disappeared. In art and culture Literature The Bridge on the Drina (1945) by Ivo Andrić (Nobel Prize laureate) The Guns of August (1963) by Barbara W. Tuchman (Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction) June 28, 1914 (2019) by Zlatko Topčić Theater This Grave Is Too Small for Me (2013) written by Biljana Srbljanović Film 1914 (1931) directed by Richard Oswald Sarajevo (1940) directed by Max Ophüls Sarajevo (1940) directed by Ákos Ráthonyi Sarajevo (1955) directed by Fritz Kortner The Day That Shook the World (1975) directed by Veljko Bulajić St. George Shoots the Dragon (2009) directed by Srđan Dragojević Sarajevo (2014) directed by Andreas Prochaska The Man Who Defended Gavrilo Princip (2014) directed by Srđan Koljević The King's Man directed by Matthew Vaughn TV series The Great War (1964) written by John Terraine and Correlli Barnett Fall of Eagles (1974) created by John Elliot 37 Days (2014) directed by Justin Hardy See also Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo Citations ^ Also called the Attack in Sarajevo ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 9–10. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 22. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 22–23. ^ a b MacKenzie 1995, pp. 23–24. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 24–33. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 27. ^ Albertini 2005, pp. 291–292. ^ Albertini 2005, pp. 364–480. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 36–37. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 19–23. ^ a b c d Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 21. ^ Martel 2014, p. 58. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 236–270. ^ Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 20. ^ a b c Clark 2012, p. 69. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 243. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 203–204. ^ a b Albertini 1953, p. 50. ^ Martel 2014, pp. 58–60. ^ McMeekin 2013, p. 21. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 262. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 285. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 9. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 286. ^ Taylor 1963, p. 13. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 11–17. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 87–88. ^ a b c d e Albertini 1953, p. 49. ^ Dierauer 2013, p. 88. ^ Duijzings 2000, p. 191. ^ Greenawalt 2001, p. 50. ^ Humphreys 2013, p. 84. ^ Humphreys 2013, pp. 84–85. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 27–28, 79. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 47. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 76–77. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 282. ^ a b c d Albertini 1953, p. 78. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 283; Dedijer placed the meeting in Sarajevo, not Mostar. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 78–79; Note the date error: 25 July should read 25 June ^ a b c Dedijer 1966, p. 398. ^ Butcher 2014, p. 254. ^ Sageman 2017, p. 343. ^ Butcher 2014, p. 269. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 117–118, 129–131, 140, 142. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 56. ^ a b Vanderlinden, Anthony (September 2014). "The FN Browning 1910 Pistol & The Great War". American Rifleman. Vol. 162. National Rifle Association of America. pp. 67–69. ^ a b Owings 1984, p. 59. ^ Owings 1984, p. 41; 46. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 93–94. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 109–110. ^ Owings 1984, p. 106. ^ Owings 1984, p. 40; 59. ^ Magrini 1929, pp. 94–95. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 36–38. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 296. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 295–297. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 296–297. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 298. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 61–64. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, pp. 388–389. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 503. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 390; 505. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 300–301. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 303. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 305. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 185–186. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 118–119. ^ Owings 1984, p. 126. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 309. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 11. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 9; 12. ^ King & Woolmans 2013, pp. 168–169. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 313. ^ a b c Dedijer 1966, p. 12. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 35. ^ Dedijer 1966, Chapter XIV, fn. 21. ^ Malmberg, Ilkka (June 2014). "Tästä alkaa maailmansota". Helsingin Sanomat monthly supplement. pp. 60–65. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 318–320, 344. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 36–37. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 13–14. ^ a b Buttar 2016, p. 282. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 15. ^ a b McMeekin 2013, p. 31. ^ McMeekin 2013, p. 28. ^ Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 19. ^ a b Gerolymatos 2008, p. 40. ^ "Milestones: Aug. 9, 1926". Time. 9 August 1926. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ a b MacMillan 2013, pp. 517–518. ^ Remak 1959, p. . ^ King & Woolmans 2013, p. 169, 205. ^ Butcher 2014, p. 277; Many sources describe this picture as showing Princip being arrested, but modern historians believe that the man was a bystander named Ferdinand Behr. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 67–8. ^ a b c d e MacMillan 2013, p. 518. ^ Simpson 2010, p. 105. ^ King & Woolmans 2013, p. 206. ^ Belfield 2005, p. 237. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 36. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 346. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 37–38. ^ McMeekin 2013, p. 32. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 38. ^ Dash, Mike (15 September 2011). "The Origin of the Tale that Gavrilo Princip Was Eating a Sandwich When He Assassinated Franz Ferdinand". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022. ^ McMeekin 2013. ^ Russell 2014, p. 63. ^ "The Funeral of the Archduke". The Independent. New York. 13 July 1914. p. 59. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 45. ^ Treadway 1998, p. 231. ^ Documents Diplomatiques Francais III Serie 1911–14,3, X Doc. 537 ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 120–121. ^ Reports Service: Southeast Europe series. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and elsewhere and a country-wide pogrom of Serbs throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. ^ Prohić & Balić 1976, p. 189. "Immediately after the assassination of 28th June, 1914, veritable pogroms were organised against the Serbs on the..." ^ Johnson 2007, p. 27. ^ Novak, Viktor (1971). Istoriski časopis. p. 481. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. Не само да Поћорек није спречио по- громе против Срба после сарајевског атентата већ их је и организовао и под- стицао. ^ Mitrović 2007, p. 18. ^ Gioseffi 1993, p. 246. ^ Donia 2006, p. 125. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 324. ^ Documents Diplomatiques Francais III Serie 1911–14,3, X Doc. 537. This document notes that the diplomatic cable was forwarded to the Secret Service of the National Security Department to investigate the matter of the January 1914 irredentist planning meeting in France but the Secret Service did not report back. ^ Owings 1984, p. 159. ^ a b Owings 1984, p. 170. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 50–1. ^ Owings 1984, p. 56. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 51. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 68. ^ Owings 1984, pp. 527–530. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 345–346. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 343. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 53. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 70–71. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 72. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 56–64. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 2. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 344–347. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 329, 344–347. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 392. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 80–81. ^ Magrini 1929, p. 95. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 100–101. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 99. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 90. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 101. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 104–105. ^ Magrini 1929, pp. 115–116. ^ a b Albertini 1953, pp. 102–103. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 102–105. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 106. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 106–109. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 241–242. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 399. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 391. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 394. ^ Pearson 2005, pp. 27–28, 585. ^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 133–134, 137, 143. ^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 46. ^ Craig 2005, p. 3. ^ Remak 1971, p. 71. ^ MacKenzie 1989, p. 135. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 289. ^ Owings 1984, p. 57. ^ Owings 1984, p. 65. ^ Owings 1984, p. 89. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 92. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 282–283. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 84–85. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 85. ^ Trydar-Burzinski 1926, p. 128. ^ De Schelking 1918, pp. 194–195. ^ "Austria Will Avenge Murder". The Winnipeg Tribune. 29 June 1914. p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ a b "The Forces Behind the Conflict". The Independent. 10 August 1914. p. 196. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Willmott 2003, p. 26. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 273. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 285–289. ^ a b Joll & Martel 2013, pp. 15–16. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 373. ^ Levy & Mulligan 2021. ^ Albertini 1953, pp. 461–462, 465. ^ Albertini 1953, p. 460. ^ Rauchensteiner 2014, p. 127. ^ Tuchman 2009, p. 85. ^ Simon Kuper (21 March 2014), "Sarajevo: the crossroads of history", Financial Times, archived from the original on 18 September 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018 ^ a b c d "Gavrilo Princip: Bosnian Serbs remember an assassin", BBC News, 28 June 2014, archived from the original on 24 February 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018 ^ a b John F. Burns (29 June 2014), "Remembering World War I in the Conflict's Flash Point", The New York Times, archived from the original on 29 January 2018, retrieved 29 January 2018 ^ Sugar 1999, p. 70. ^ a b "Gavrilo Princip: hero or villain?", The Guardian, 6 May 2014, archived from the original on 9 July 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018 ^ Matt Robinson; Maja Zuvela (28 June 2014), Sarajevo recalls the gunshot that sent the world to war, Reuters, archived from the original on 30 January 2018, retrieved 30 January 2018 ^ "Serbia: Belgrade's monument to Franz Ferdinand assassin", BBC News, 8 June 2015, archived from the original on 3 March 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018 ^ Nemanja Rujević (28 July 2014), "Serbia, WWI, and the question of guilt", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 1 February 2018, retrieved 1 February 2018 ^ "WWI centennial event without Serbs", Deutsche Welle, 28 June 2014, archived from the original on 1 February 2018, retrieved 1 February 2018 ^ "Show Business: The Road". Time. 14 November 1960. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ "Reconstruction of Medallions of Sarajevo Monument of Ferdinand and Sophie in Final Phase", Sarajevo Times, 8 April 2014, archived from the original on 10 July 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018 ^ "Franz Ferdinand's three deaths". Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ "Zlatko Topčić: Odlomak iz romana '28. 6. 1914.'". penbih.ba. 31 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. General and cited references Albertini, Luigi (1953). Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 168712. Albertini, Luigi (2005). Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. I. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 1929631316. Belfield, Richard (2005). The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786713437. Biagini, Antonello; Motta, Giovanna (2015). The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation, Volume 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443881869. Blakley, Patrick R. F. (May 2009). "Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World" (PDF). Oswego Historical Review (2): 13–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Butcher, Tim (2014). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802191885. Buttar, Prit (2016). Collision of Empires. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782006480. Clark, Christopher (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0718192952. Craig, John S. (2005). Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century. Algora Publishing. ISBN 0875863310. De Schelking, Eugene (1918). Recollections of a Russian Diplomat, The Suicide of Monarchies. New York: Macmillan Co. OCLC 1890657. Dedijer, Vladimir (1966). The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 400010. Dierauer, Isabelle (2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761861065. Donia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472115570. Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653929. Gerolymatos, Andre (2008). The Balkan Wars. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0786724574. Gioseffi, Daniela (1993). On Prejudice: A Global Perspective. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0385469388. Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). "Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 3: 49–65. Retrieved 22 October 2013. Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PhD). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-9521090851. Johnson, Wes (2007). Balkan Inferno: Betrayal, War and Intervention, 1990–2005. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1929631636. Joll, James; Martel, Gordon (2013). The Origins of the First World War (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317875369. King, Greg; Woolmans, Sue (2013). The Assassination of the Archduke: Sarajevo 1914 and the Romance That Changed the World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250038678. MacKenzie, David (1989). Apis, the Congenial Conspirator: the Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević. East European Monographs. ISBN 0880331623. MacKenzie, David (1995). Black Hand on Trial: Salonika 1917. Eastern European Monographs. ISBN 978-0880333207. Levy, Jack S.; Mulligan, William (3 June 2021). "Why 1914 but Not Before? A Comparative Study of the July Crisis and Its Precursors". Security Studies. 30 (2): 213–244. doi:10.1080/09636412.2021.1915584. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 236269759. MacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: How Europe Abandoned Peace for the First World War. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1847654168. Magrini, Luciano (1929). Il Dramma Di Seraievo. Origini e responsabilita della guerra europea. Milan. OCLC 8018932.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Martel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191643279. McMeekin, Sean (2013). 7/1/1914: Countdown to War. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031450. Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557534774. Owings, W. A. Dolph. (1984). The Sarajevo Trial. Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications. ISBN 0897121228. Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-1857998696. Pearson, Owen (2005). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845110130. Prohić, Kasim; Balić, Sulejman (1976). Sarajevo. Tourist Association. OCLC 442656793. Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3205795889. Remak, Joachim (1959). Sarajevo: the story of a political murder. New York: Criterion Books. LCCN 59-6557. Remak, Joachim (1971). The First World War: Causes, Conduct, Consequences. Wiley. ISBN 0471716340. Russell, G. (2014). The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445634395. Sageman, M. (2017). Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0812248777. Simpson, John (2010). Unreliable Sources: How the Twentieth Century Was Reported. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230750104. Sugar, Peter F. (1999). East European Nationalism, Politics and Religion. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0860788065. Taylor, A. J. P. (1963). The First World War: An Illustrated History. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140024816. Treadway, J.D. (1998). The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914. Central European Studies. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557531469. Trydar-Burzinski, Louis (1926). Le Crépuscule d'une Autocratie. Florence. OCLC 473403651.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Tuchman, Barbara (2009). The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307567628. Willmott, H. P. (2003). World War I. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0789496270. Further reading Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Dialogue Association. ISBN 978-2911527104. Fay, Sidney Bradshaw: Origins of the Great War. New York, 1928 Fomenko, A. "There Was an Alternative! The Legacy of Franz Ferdinand" International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations (2009) 55#3 pp. 177–184. Ponting, Clive. Thirteen Days, Chatto & Windus, London, 2002. Stoessinger, John. Why Nations Go to War, Wadsworth Publishing, 2007. Strachan, Hugh (2001). The First World War, Volume I: To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199261918. Treusch, Wolf Sören. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Gemahlin werden in Sarajevo ermordet, DLF, Berlin, 2004 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarajevo assassination. Map of Europe at the time of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand at omniatlas.com Newsreels about Franz Ferdinand's assassination at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu Prison Interview with Gavrilo Princip after the Assassination vteBalkan WarsBackground Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Albanian Bulgarian Greek Serbian Congress of Berlin Annexation of Eastern Rumelia Serbo-Bulgarian War Greco-Turkish War of 1897 Cretan State IMRO & Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising Macedonian Struggle Young Turk Revolution Bosnian Crisis Bulgarian Independence 31 March Incident Goudi coup Italo-Turkish War Albanian revolt of 1912 Balkan League First Balkan WarBattles Sarantaporo Kardzhali Pente Pigadia Sorovich Kumanovo Kirk Kilisse Scutari Lule Burgas Yenidje Adrianople Prilep Himara Monastir First Çatalca Kaliakra Merhamli Driskos Elli Korytsa Lemnos Bulair Şarköy Bizani Second Çatalca Diplomacy and politics London Conference Albanian Independence 1913 Ottoman coup d'état Treaty of London Second Balkan 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"annexed by Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Muhamed Mehmedbašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_Mehmedba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vaso Čubrilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nedeljko Čabrinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedeljko_%C4%8Cabrinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Cvjetko Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetko_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Trifko Grabež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifko_Grabe%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Danilo Ilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Ili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Young Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"South Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavism"},{"link_name":"July Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Black Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Dragutin Dimitrijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragutin_Dimitrijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vojislav Tankosić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojislav_Tankosi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rade Malobabić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Malobabi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"intelligence agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"safe-houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Salonika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonika"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"successor states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia#New_states"},{"link_name":"ethnic lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"1914 murder in Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand[a] was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo, the provincial capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.Princip was part of a group of six Bosnian assassins together with Muhamed Mehmedbašić, Vaso Čubrilović, Nedeljko Čabrinović, Cvjetko Popović and Trifko Grabež coordinated by Danilo Ilić; all but one were Bosnian Serbs and members of a student revolutionary group that later became known as Young Bosnia. The political objective of the assassination was to free Bosnia and Herzegovina of Austria-Hungarian rule and establish a common South Slav (\"Yugoslav\") state. The assassination precipitated the July Crisis which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and the start of World War I.The assassination team was helped by the Black Hand,[citation needed] a Serbian secret nationalist group; support came from Dragutin Dimitrijević, chief of the military intelligence section of the Serbian general staff, as well as from Major Vojislav Tankosić and Rade Malobabić, a Serbian intelligence agent.[citation needed] Tankosić provided bombs and pistols to the assassins and trained them in their use. The assassins were given access to the same clandestine network of safe-houses and agents that Malobabić used for the infiltration of weapons and operatives into Austria-Hungary.[citation needed]The assassins and key members of the clandestine network were tried in Sarajevo in October 1914. In total twenty-five people were indicted. All six assassins, except Mehmedbašić, were under twenty at the time of the assassination; while the group was dominated by Bosnian Serbs, four of the indictees were Bosnian Croats, and all of them were Austro-Hungarian citizens, none from Serbia. Princip was found guilty of murder and high treason; too young to be executed, he was sentenced to twenty years in jail, while the four other attackers also received jail terms. Five of the older prisoners were sentenced to be hanged.Black Hand members were arrested and tried before a Serbian court in Salonika in 1917 on fabricated charges of high treason; the Black Hand was disbanded and three of its leaders were executed. Much of what is known about the assassinations comes from these two trials and related records. Princip's legacy was re-evaluated following the breakup of Yugoslavia, and public opinion of him in the successor states is largely divided along ethnic lines.","title":"Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Serbia (1804–1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbia_(1804%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_ferdinand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg_1868.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sophie, Duchess of 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Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan I of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"House of Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie19959%E2%80%9310-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"Dragutin Dimitrijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragutin_Dimitrijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"stormed the Serbian Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Lazar Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Alexander I Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Draga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draga_Ma%C5%A1in"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199522-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199522%E2%80%9323-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199523%E2%80%9324-5"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"House of Karađorđević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199523%E2%80%9324-5"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199524%E2%80%9333-6"},{"link_name":"14th-century empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs"},{"link_name":"Pig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%9308)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199527-7"},{"link_name":"Bosnian crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_crisis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291%E2%80%93292-8"},{"link_name":"Balkan 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Milovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovan_Milovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201521-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel201458-13"},{"link_name":"Croatia-Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966236%E2%80%93270-14"},{"link_name":"Young Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201520-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201269-16"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Žerajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_%C5%BDeraji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Marijan Varešanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijan_Vare%C5%A1anin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201269-16"},{"link_name":"Nevesinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevesinje"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law,_University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966243-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966203%E2%80%93204-18"},{"link_name":"outrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195350-19"},{"link_name":"Black Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Greater Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel201458%E2%80%9360-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201321-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201269-16"},{"link_name":"Slavko Cuvaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavko_Cuvaj"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966262-22"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966285-23"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"state museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer19669-24"},{"link_name":"Duke Maximilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian,_Duke_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966286-25"},{"link_name":"morganatic marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic_marriage"},{"link_name":"A. J. P. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Postcard_for_the_assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_in_Sarajevo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor196313-26"},{"link_name":"increased federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria"},{"link_name":"trialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(politics)#Trialism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195311%E2%80%9317-27"},{"link_name":"irredentism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195387%E2%80%9388-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195349-29"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"St. Vitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vitus"},{"link_name":"Vidovdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidovdan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDierauer201388-30"},{"link_name":"Miloš Obilić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Myth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200150-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384-33"},{"link_name":"Petar II Petrović-Njegoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"The Mountain Wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384%E2%80%9385-34"}],"text":"Further information: History of Serbia (1804–1918), Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and HerzegovinaArchduke Franz Ferdinand of AustriaSophie, Duchess of HohenbergUnder the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia, while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty. Under this same treaty, the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, the German Empire, Italy, and the Russian Empire) gave official recognition to the Principality of Serbia as a fully sovereign state, which four years later transformed into a kingdom under Prince Milan IV Obrenović who thus became King Milan I of Serbia. Serbia's monarchs, at the time from the royal House of Obrenović that maintained close relations with Austria-Hungary, were content to reign within the borders set by the treaty.[1]This changed in May 1903, when Royal Serbian Army officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević stormed the Serbian Royal Palace. After a fierce battle in the dark, the attackers captured General Lazar Petrović, head of the Palace Guard, and forced him to reveal[dubious – discuss] the hiding place of King Alexander I Obrenović and his wife Queen Draga. The King was subsequently shot thirty times and the Queen eighteen. MacKenzie writes that \"the royal corpses were then stripped and brutally sabred.\"[2] The attackers threw the corpses of King Alexander and Queen Draga out of a palace window, ending any threat that loyalists would mount a counterattack.\"[3] General Petrović was then killed when Vojislav Tankosić organized the murders of Queen Draga's brothers.[4] The conspirators installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king.[4]The new dynasty was more nationalist, friendlier to Russia and less friendly to Austria-Hungary.[5] Over the next decade, disputes between Serbia and its neighbors erupted, as Serbia moved to build its power and gradually reclaim its 14th-century empire. These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the \"Pig War\");[6] the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909);[7] and finally the two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, in which Serbia acquired Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire and drove out Bulgaria.[8]Serbia's military successes and Serbian outrage over the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina emboldened Serbian nationalists in Serbia and Serbs in Bosnia who chafed under Austro-Hungarian rule and whose nationalist sentiments were stirred by Serb cultural organizations.[9][10] One notable example was a Serbian nationalist society Narodna Odbrana, which was formed in Belgrade on 8 October 1908 under the initiative of Milovan Milovanović. Under the guise of cultural activities, it operated to undermine the loyalty of Bosnian Serbs to the Habsburg regime.[11][12] In the five years leading up to 1914, lone assassins – mostly Serb citizens of Austria-Hungary – made a series of unsuccessful assassination attempts in Croatia-Slavonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian officials.[13] In Bosnia-Herzegovina existed an aggregation of local revolutionary groups that became known as Young Bosnia, their goal was the end of Austria-Hungarian colonial rule in Bosnia and the unification of all South Slavs. [14][15]On 3 June 1910, Bogdan Žerajić, a young revolutionary loosely connected to Young Bosnia, attempted to kill the Austrian governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, General Marijan Varešanin.[15] Žerajić was a 22-year-old Bosnian Serb from Nevesinje, Herzegovina, who was a student at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb.[16] (General Verešanin went on to crush the last Bosnian peasant uprising in the second half of 1910).[17] The five bullets Žerajić fired at Varešanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made Žerajić an inspiration to future assassins, including Princip and Princip's accomplice Čabrinović. Princip said that Žerajić \"was my first model. When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave, reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him. It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage.\"[18]In May 1911, the Black Hand, a secret society dedicated to creating a Greater Serbia through \"terrorist action\", was established by key members of the Narodna Odbrana including Dimitrijević and Tankosić.[19][20] Within Bosnia-Herzegovina, the networks of both the Black Hand and Narodna Odbrana penetrated to some extent local revolutionary movements such as Young Bosnia.[15] The fundamental difference between those movements was that the Young Bosnians regarded social revolution as a necessary corollary of national liberation, and that, even though its membership was predominantly Serb, Young Bosnia also attracted an important minority of Croats and some Muslims. In the Spring of 1912, in a plot involving Young Bosnians, Luka Jukić a Bosnian Croat student, tried to assassinate the Governor of Croatia Count Slavko Cuvaj.[21]In 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph commanded Archduke Franz Ferdinand to observe the military maneuvers in Bosnia scheduled for June 1914.[22] Following the maneuvers, Ferdinand and his wife planned to visit Sarajevo to open the state museum in its new premises there.[23] Duchess Sophie, according to their eldest son, Duke Maximilian, accompanied her husband out of fear for his safety.[24]As Sophie, although of high aristocratic birth, was not from a dynastic family, her union with the Habsburg heir presumptive could only be a morganatic marriage. Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to their marriage on the condition that their descendants would never ascend the throne. The 14th anniversary of their marriage fell on 28 June. As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes:Photograph of the Archduke and his wife emerging from the Sarajevo Town Hall to board their car, a few minutes before the assassination[Sophie] could never share [Franz Ferdinand's] rank ... could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. There was one loophole ... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity. Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. There, at its capital Sarajevo, the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side ... Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death.[25]Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism, under which Austria-Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro-Hungarian empire into a third crown.[26] A Slavic kingdom could have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism, and Franz Ferdinand was therefore perceived as a threat by those same irredentists.[27] Princip later stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand's planned reforms was one of his motivations.[28]The day of the assassination, 28 June (15 June in the Julian calendar), is the feast of St. Vitus. In Serbia, it is called Vidovdan and commemorates the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans, at which Sultan Murad I was assassinated in his tent by a Serb.[29] Princip, Čabrinović and other members of the Young Bosnia were inspired by the heroism of Miloš Obilić, reenacting the Kosovo Myth.[30][31][32] Čabrinović was deeply\nimmersed in the myth, personally identifying himself with the Kosovo heroes, while it is known that Princip knew the entire Petar II Petrović-Njegoš's The Mountain Wreath, one of the most celebrated works in the South Slavic literature that glorifies the heroic ideals and spirit of the Kosovo Myth.[33]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Užice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"Dragutin Dimitrijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragutin_Dimitrijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195327%E2%80%9328,_79-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199547-36"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195376%E2%80%9377-37"},{"link_name":"Muhamed Mehmedbašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_Mehmedba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bosniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniak"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966282-38"},{"link_name":"Luigi Albertini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Gacinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Gacinovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195378-39"},{"link_name":"Oskar Potiorek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195378-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195378-39"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966283-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195378%E2%80%9379-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966398-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2014254-43"}],"sub_title":"Previous conspiracy","text":"Danilo Ilić was a Bosnian Serb. He had worked as a schoolteacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with, and outwardly off, his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo. Ilić was a member of a secret revolutionary society or Kružok organized on the model of the Black Hand. According to Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović, a captain at the time and a member of the Black Hand, in late 1913, Danilo Ilić came to the Serbian listening post at Užice to speak to him. Popović claimed that Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria-Hungary. Popović alleged that he sent Danilo Ilić to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known more commonly as Apis.[34] By 1913, Apis and his fellow military conspirators (drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand.[35]There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis during the alleged meeting, but soon Apis's righthand man and fellow Black Hander, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France.[36] Amongst those summoned to the Toulouse meeting was Muhamed Mehmedbašić, a Bosniak carpenter from Herzegovina.[37] According to Luigi Albertini writing in 1942, Mehmedbašić was a member of the Black Hand, having been sworn into the organization by Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gacinović and Danilo Ilić. Mehmedbašić was (here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbašić) \"eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia.\"[38] During this January 1914 meeting, various possible Austro-Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed, including Franz Ferdinand. However, the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo, to kill the Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek.[38]According to Mehmedbašić while he was traveling to Bosnia-Herzegovina from France, police searched his train for a thief. Thinking the police might be after him, he threw his weapons (a dagger and a bottle of poison) in the lavatory.[38] Once he arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina he wrote to Gacinović and did nothing more until Ilić wrote to him to summon him to Mostar. On 26 March 1914,[39] Ilić informed Mehmedbašić that Belgrade (meaning the Black Hand) thought that an attack of Franz Ferdinand instead of the Potiorek would be far more important and that they would support it.[40] (Apis later boasted to the Serbian Court that he ordered the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in his position as head of the Intelligence Department,[41] however Apis made the unproven claims in 1917 attempting to save his own life since he was about to be executed for high treason.[42])","title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gavrilo_Princip,_outside_court.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"Nedeljko Čabrinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedeljko_%C4%8Cabrinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESageman2017343-44"},{"link_name":"Austrian-occupied Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195378-39"},{"link_name":"Trifko Grabež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifko_Grabe%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2014269-45"},{"link_name":"Vaso Čubrilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Cvjetko Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetko_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Easter"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984117%E2%80%93118,_129%E2%80%93131,_140,_142-46"},{"link_name":"Milan Ciganović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Ciganovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195356-47"},{"link_name":"FN Model 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Model_1910"},{"link_name":".380 ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.380_ACP"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nra-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198459-49"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Browning"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nra-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198459-49"},{"link_name":"suicide pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_pill"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198441;_46-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198493%E2%80%9394-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984109%E2%80%93110-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984106-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198440;_59-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagrini192994%E2%80%9395-55"}],"sub_title":"The assassination team","text":"Gavrilo Princip outside the courthouseUnknown to the Black Hand, a second plot against the archduke had arisen that spring of 1914 when student Gavrilo Princip was shown a newspaper cutting announcing Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria's visit to Bosnia in June, by his friend and fellow Young Bosnia member Nedeljko Čabrinović.[43] At the time the two young Bosnian Serbs were in Belgrade eager to return to Austrian-occupied Bosnia to commit an attack on an imperial official, what they saw as performing the ultimate act of heroism.[38] Princip asked another friend Trifko Grabež to join the plot, and then wrote to Ilić, his former roommate and confidante, telling him about the plan and asking him to recruit people in Sarajevo.[44]For the assassination Ilić recruited seventeen-year-old Sarajevo high-school student Vaso Čubrilović, eighteen-year-old student Cvjetko Popović, as well as Mehmed Mehmedbašić, shortly after Orthodox Easter (as given by Dedijer: 19 April 1914), as testified by Ilić, Čubrilović, and Popović at the Sarajevo trial.[45] Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović testified at the Sarajevo trial that at about the same time (a little after Easter), they approached a fellow Bosnian Serb and former guerrilla fighter known to be well connected and with access to arms, Milan Ciganović, and through him Major Tankosić and reached an agreement to receive arms and get smuggled across the Serbian border back into Bosnia with the weapons.A principal agreement was quickly reached, but the delivery of the weapons was delayed for more than a month. The assassins met with Ciganović and he put them off. At one point, Ciganović told Grabež: \"Nothing doing, the old Emperor is ill and the Heir Apparent [sic] will not go to Bosnia.\"[46] When Emperor Franz Joseph's health recovered, the operation was a \"go\" again. Tankosić gave the assassins one FN Model 1910 pistol. They practised shooting a few rounds of scarce and expensive .380 ACP pistol ammunition in a park near Belgrade.[47]The rest of the weapons were finally delivered on 26 May.[48] The three assassins from Belgrade testified that Major Tankosić, directly and through Ciganović, not only provided six hand grenades and four new Browning FN Model 1910 automatic pistols with .380 ACP ammunition,[47] but also money,[48] suicide pills,[49] training,[50] a special map with the location of gendarmes marked,[51] knowledge of contacts on a clandestine \"tunnel\" used to infiltrate agents and arms into Austria-Hungary,[52] and a small card authorizing the use of that tunnel.[53] Major Tankosić confirmed to the journalist and historian Luciano Magrini that he provided the bombs and pistols and was responsible for training Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović and that he (Tankosić) initiated the idea of the suicide pills.[54]","title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szarajev%C3%B3i_mer%C3%A9nyl%C5%91k_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szarajev%C3%B3i_fegyverek_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"Loznica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loznica"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198436%E2%80%9338-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966296-57"},{"link_name":"Loznica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loznica"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966295%E2%80%93297-58"},{"link_name":"Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvornik"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966296%E2%80%93297-59"},{"link_name":"Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina"},{"link_name":"Narodna Odbrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Odbrana"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966298-60"},{"link_name":"Miško Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1ko_Jovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198461%E2%80%9364-61"},{"link_name":"Božidar Janković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)"},{"link_name":"Nikola Pašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966388%E2%80%93389-62"},{"link_name":"Ljubovija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubovija"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966503-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966390;_505-64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966300%E2%80%93301-65"},{"link_name":"Hadžici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Had%C5%BEici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966303-66"},{"link_name":"Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966305-67"},{"link_name":"Doboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doboj"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984185%E2%80%93186-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984118%E2%80%93119-69"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984126-70"},{"link_name":"Rade Malobabić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Malobabi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966309-71"}],"sub_title":"The secret route","text":"Route of the assassins from Belgrade to SarajevoRoute of the weapons from Belgrade to SarajevoPrincip, Grabež, and Čabrinović left Belgrade by boat on 28 May and traveled along the Sava river to Šabac where they handed the small card to Captain Popović of the Serbian Border Guard. Popović, in turn, provided them with a letter to Serbian Captain Prvanović, and filled out a form with the names of three customs officials whose identities they could assume and thereby receive discounted train tickets for the ride to Loznica, a small border town.[55][56]When Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović reached Loznica on 29 May, Captain Prvanović summoned three of his revenue sergeants to discuss the best way to cross the border undetected. While waiting for the sergeants to arrive, Princip and Grabež had a falling out with Čabrinović over Čabrinović's repeated violations of operational security.[57] Čabrinović handed over the weapons he was carrying to Princip and Grabež. Princip told Čabrinović to go alone to Zvornik, make an official crossing there using Grabež's ID card and then go on to Tuzla and link back up.[58]On the morning of 30 May, Prvanović's revenue sergeants assembled and Sergeant Budivoj Grbić accepted the task and led Princip and Grabež by foot to Isaković's Island, a small island in the middle of the Drina river that separated Serbia from Bosnia. They and their weapons reached the island on 31 May. Grbić passed the terrorists and their weapons to the agents of the Serbian Narodna Odbrana for transport into Austro-Hungarian territory and from safe-house to safe-house. Princip and Grabež crossed into Austria-Hungary on the evening of 1 June.[59] Princip and Grabež and the weapons were passed from agent to agent until on 3 June they arrived in Tuzla. They left the weapons in the hands of the Narodna Odbrana agent Miško Jovanović and rejoined Čabrinović.[60]The Narodna Odbrana agents reported their activities to the Narodna Odbrana President, Božidar Janković, who in turn reported to the then Serbian Caretaker Prime Minister Nikola Pašić.[61] The report to Pašić added the name of a new military conspirator, Serbian Major Kosta Todorović, Boundary Commissioner and Director of Serbian Military Intelligence Services for the frontier line from Rada to Ljubovija. Pašić's handwritten notes from the briefing (estimated by Dedijer to have taken place on 5 June) included the nickname of one of the assassins (\"Trifko\" Grabež) and also the name of Major Tankosić.[62] The Austrians later captured the report, Pašić's handwritten notes, and additional corroborating documents.[63]Čabrinović's father was a Sarajevo police official.[citation needed] In Tuzla, Čabrinović bumped into one of his father's friends, Sarajevo Police Detective Ivan Vila, and struck up a conversation. By coincidence, Princip, Grabež and Čabrinović boarded the same train for Sarajevo as Detective Vila. Čabrinović inquired of the detective the date of Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo. The next morning, Čabrinović passed on the news to his fellow assassins that the assassination would be on 28 June.[64]On arriving in Sarajevo on 4 June, Princip, Grabež, and Čabrinović went their separate ways. Princip checked in with Ilić, visited his family in Hadžici and returned to Sarajevo on 6 June taking up residence at Ilić's mother's house with Ilić.[65] Grabež joined his family in Pale. Čabrinović moved back into his father's house in Sarajevo.[66]On 14 June, Ilić went to Tuzla to bring the weapons to Sarajevo. Miško Jovanović hid the weapons in a large box of sugar. On 15 June, the two went separately by train to Doboj where Jovanović handed off the box to Ilić.[67] Later that day, Ilić returned to Sarajevo by train, being careful to transfer to a local train outside Sarajevo and then quickly transfer to a tram to avoid police detection. Once at his mother's house, Ilić hid the weapons in a suitcase under a sofa.[68] Then, on approximately 17 June, Ilić traveled to Brod[clarification needed] (Dedijer puts it on 16 June, but trial records put it on 18 June). Questioned at trial, Ilić gave a confusing explanation of the reason for his trip, first saying he had gone to Brod to prevent the assassination and then saying he had returned to Sarajevo from Brod to prevent the assassination.[69] Dedijer puts forward the thesis (citing Bogijević) that Ilić went to Brod to meet an emissary of Apis, Djuro Ŝarac, who had instructions to cancel the assassination and then later Rade Malobabić was dispatched from Serbia to Sarajevo to reauthorize the assassination.[70]","title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195349-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195349-29"}],"sub_title":"Eve of the attacks","text":"Ilić began handing out the weapons on 27 June. Until that day, Ilić had kept the identities of the assassins from Belgrade secret from those he had recruited locally and vice versa. Then, that night, as Mehmedbašić told Albertini: \"On the eve of the outrage Ilić introduced me to Princip in a Sarajevo café with the words 'Mehmedbašić who to-morrow is to be with us.'\"[28] The three sent a postcard to Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović in France.[28]","title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FranzFerdinandCar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gräf & Stift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4f_%26_Stift"},{"link_name":"Museum of Military History, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195349-29"},{"link_name":"Ilidža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilid%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer19669-24"},{"link_name":"Oskar Potiorek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_main_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196611-72"},{"link_name":"Gräf & Stift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4f_%26_Stift"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196611-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer19669;_12-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWoolmans2013168%E2%80%93169-74"}],"sub_title":"Motorcade","text":"The 1911 Gräf & Stift 28/32 PS Double Phaeton in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination, Museum of Military History, Vienna (2003)On the morning of Sunday 28 June 1914, Ilić positioned the six assassins along the motorcade route. Ilić walked the street, exhorting the assassins to bravery.[28] Franz Ferdinand and his party proceeded by train from Ilidža Spa to Sarajevo.[23] Governor Oskar Potiorek met the party at Sarajevo station. Six automobiles were waiting. By mistake, three local police officers got into the first car with the chief officer of special security; the special security officers who were supposed to accompany their chief got left behind.[71] The second car carried the Mayor and the Chief of Police of Sarajevo. The third car in the motorcade was a Gräf & Stift 28/32 PS open sports car with its top folded down. Franz Ferdinand, Sophie, Governor Potiorek, and Lieutenant Colonel Count Franz von Harrach rode in this third car.[71] The motorcade's first stop on the preannounced program was for a brief inspection of a military barracks. According to the program, at 10:00 a.m., the motorcade was to leave the barracks for the town hall by way of the Appel Quay.[72]Security arrangements within Sarajevo were limited. The local military commander, General Michael von Appel, proposed that troops line the intended route but was told that this would offend the loyal citizenry. Protection for the visiting party was accordingly left to the Sarajevo police, of whom only about 60 were on duty on the Sunday of the visit.[73]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1914_Sarajevo_assassination_map_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966313-75"},{"link_name":"Miljacka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljacka"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196612-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195335-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196612-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966Chapter_XIV,_fn._21-78"},{"link_name":"cyanide pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_pill"},{"link_name":"cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87nica"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966318%E2%80%93320,_344-80"}],"sub_title":"Bombing","text":"A map annotated with the events of 28 June 1914, from an official reportThe motorcade passed the first assassin, Mehmedbašić. Danilo Ilić had placed him in front of the garden of the Mostar Café and armed him with a bomb.[74] Mehmedbašić failed to act. Ilić had placed Vaso Čubrilović next to Mehmedbašić, arming him with a pistol and a bomb. He too failed to act. Further along the route, Ilić had placed Nedeljko Čabrinović on the opposite side of the street near the Miljacka river, arming him with a bomb.At 10:10 am,[75] Franz Ferdinand's car approached and Čabrinović threw his bomb. The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street.[76] The bomb's timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car, putting that car out of action, leaving a 1-foot-diameter (0.30 m), 6.5-inch-deep (170 mm) crater,[75] and wounding 16–20 people.[77]Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the Miljacka river. Čabrinović's suicide attempt failed, as the old cyanide only induced vomiting, and the Miljacka was only 13 cm deep due to the hot, dry summer.[78] Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody.The procession sped away towards the Town Hall leaving the disabled car behind. Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip, and Trifun Grabež failed to act as the motorcade passed them at high speed.[79]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atentado_de_Sarajevo_en.png"},{"link_name":"Fehim Čurčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fehim_%C4%8Cur%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195336%E2%80%9337-81"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196612-76"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196613%E2%80%9314-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar2016282-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtar2016282-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196615-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201331-85"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer196615-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201328-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201519-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201331-85"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerolymatos200840-88"},{"link_name":"Leopold Lojka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Lojka"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Latin Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013517%E2%80%93518-90"},{"link_name":"Joachim Remak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Remak"},{"link_name":"Erik von Merizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_von_Merizzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_von_Merizzi"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemak1959[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (August_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWoolmans2013169,_205-92"}],"sub_title":"Town Hall reception","text":"A map showing the route of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's motorcadeArriving at the Town Hall for a scheduled reception, Franz Ferdinand showed signs of stress, interrupting a prepared speech of welcome by Mayor Fehim Čurčić to protest: \"Mr. Mayor, I came here on a visit and I am greeted with bombs. It is outrageous.\"[80] Duchess Sophie then whispered into Franz Ferdinand's ear, and after a pause, Franz Ferdinand said to the mayor: \"Now you may speak.\"[75] He then became calm and the mayor gave his speech. Franz Ferdinand had to wait as his own speech, still wet with blood from being in the damaged car, was brought to him. To the prepared text he added a few remarks about the day's events thanking the people of Sarajevo for their ovations \"as I see in them an expression of their joy at the failure of the attempt at assassination.\"[81]Officials and members of the Archduke's party discussed what to do next. The archduke's chamberlain, Baron Rumerskirch, proposed that the couple remain at the Town Hall until troops could be brought into the city to line the streets. Governor-General Oskar Potiorek vetoed this suggestion[82] on the grounds that soldiers coming straight from maneuvers would not have the dress uniforms appropriate for such duties. \"Do you think that Sarajevo is full of assassins?\" he concluded.[82]Franz Ferdinand and Sophie gave up their planned program in favor of visiting the wounded from the bombing, at the hospital. Count Harrach took up a position on the left-hand running board of Franz Ferdinand's car to protect the Archduke from any assault from the river side of the street.[83][84] This is confirmed by photographs of the scene outside the Town Hall. At 10:45 a.m, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie got back into the motorcade, once again in the third car.[83] In order to ensure the safety of the couple, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the imperial motorcade should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital so that they could avoid the crowded city center.[85][86] However, Potiorek failed to communicate his decision to the drivers.[84][87] As a result, the Archduke's driver, Leopold Lojka,[88] took a right turn at the Latin Bridge just as the two drivers ahead of him had done. [89] According to the historian Joachim Remak, the reason for this is that Potiorek's aide Erik von Merizzi [de] was in the hospital, and was therefore unable to give Lojka the information about the change in plans and the driving route.[90] The Sarajevo Chief of Police Edmund Gerde, who had earlier repeatedly warned Potiorek of insufficient security precautions for the imperial visit, was asked by one of the Archduke's aides to tell the drivers of the new route, but in the confusion and tensions of the moment, he neglected to do so.[91]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_a_suspect_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2014p._277;_Many_sources_describe_this_picture_as_showing_Princip_being_arrested,_but_modern_historians_believe_that_the_man_was_a_bystander_named_Ferdinand_Behr-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabrillo_Princip%27s_pistol_(3444725633).jpg"},{"link_name":"FN Model 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Model_1910"},{"link_name":"Museum of Military History, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Schiller's delicatessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Sarajevo_1878%E2%80%931918"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198467%E2%80%938-94"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013517%E2%80%93518-90"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013518-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8yT0O5RkbUYCpgPT105_105]-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013518-95"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Fabrique Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrique_Nationale"},{"link_name":"model 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Model_1910"},{"link_name":".380 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.380_caliber"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWoolmans2013206-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelfield2005237-98"},{"link_name":"jugular vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_vein"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195336-99"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013518-95"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966346-100"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013518-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013518-95"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195337%E2%80%9338-101"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerolymatos200840-88"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201332-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195338-103"},{"link_name":"sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Fatal shooting","text":"Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo during the aftermath of the assassination[92]Princip's FN Model 1910 pistol, displayed at the Museum of Military History, Vienna, 2009After learning that the first assassination attempt had been unsuccessful, Princip thought about a position to assassinate the Archduke on his return journey, and decided to move to a position in front of a nearby food shop (Schiller's delicatessen), near the Latin Bridge.[93] At this point, the first and second cars of the Archduke's motorcade suddenly turned right into a side street, leaving the Appel Quay.[89] When the Archduke's driver followed their route, Governor Potiorek, who was sharing the third vehicle with the Imperial couple, called out to the driver to stop as he was going the wrong way.[94] The driver applied the brakes, and when he attempted to put the car into reverse gear he accidentally stalled the engine close to where Princip was standing.[95] The assassin stepped up to the footboard of the car, and shot Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point‐blank range[94] using a Belgian-made Fabrique Nationale model 1910 .380 caliber pistol.[96] Pistol serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; Princip used #19074.[97] According to Albertini, \"the first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess.\"[98] Princip tried to shoot himself, but was immediately seized and arrested.[94] At his sentencing, Princip stated that his intention had been to kill Governor Potiorek, rather than Sophie.[99]After being shot, Sophie immediately fell unconscious and collapsed onto Franz Ferdinand's legs.[94] The Archduke, too, lost consciousness while being driven to the Governor's residence for medical treatment.[94] As reported by Count Harrach, Franz Ferdinand's last words were \"Sophie, Sophie! Don't die! Live for our children!\" followed by six or seven utterances of \"It is nothing,\" in response to Harrach's inquiry as to Franz Ferdinand's injury.[100] These utterances were followed by a violent choking sound caused by hemorrhage.[87] The imperial couple were dead by 11:30 a.m on 28 June 1914;[101] Sophie was dead on arrival at the Governor's residence, and Franz Ferdinand died 10 minutes later.[102]There is a myth which states that Princip had eaten a sandwich at Schiller's delicatessen just prior to the shooting, but there are no primary sources from the time which mention this. This myth likely originated from the 2001 novel Twelve Fingers, which presents a fictionalized version of the events of the assassination that includes the sandwich.[103]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"SMS Viribus Unitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Viribus_Unitis"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Obersthofmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersthofmeister"},{"link_name":"Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_2nd_Prince_of_Montenuovo"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"lumbago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbago"},{"link_name":"Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2013-105"},{"link_name":"Archduke Karl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"lady-in-waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201463-106"},{"link_name":"Artstetten Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artstetten_Castle"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crypt"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Funeral","text":"The bodies were transported to Trieste by the battleship SMS Viribus Unitis and then to Vienna by special train. The funeral was arranged by the Obersthofmeister of the Royal Household Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo, who was said to have been a lifelong enemy of Franz Ferdinand. With the Emperor's connivance, he decided to turn the funeral into a massive and vicious snub of the assassinated couple. Even though most foreign royalty had planned to attend, they were pointedly disinvited and the funeral was attended by just the immediate imperial family, with the dead couple's three children excluded from the few public ceremonies. The Archduke's friend Kaiser Wilhelm II was invited so that the Imperial Cabinet could consult him on foreign policy, but he declined to attend; although he publicly claimed it was due to a case of lumbago, Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg revealed that the real reason was security concerns.[104] The officer corps was forbidden to salute the funeral train, and this led to a minor revolt led by Archduke Karl, the new heir presumptive. The public viewing of the coffins was curtailed severely and even more scandalously, Montenuovo tried unsuccessfully to make the couple's children foot the bill. Sophie's coffin was slanted down from her husband's to reassert her lower social status, gloves were placed on top of her casket as was traditional for a lady-in-waiting.[105] The Archduke and his wife were interred at Artstetten Castle because the Duchess could not be buried in the Imperial Crypt.[106]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png"},{"link_name":"Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195345-108"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Nikšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadway1998231-109"},{"link_name":"Chetnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks_in_occupied_Serbia_(1916%E2%80%9318)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Salonika trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salonika_trial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anti-Serb rioting broke out in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953120%E2%80%93121-111"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProhi%C4%87Bali%C4%871976189-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200727-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novak1971-115"},{"link_name":"Josip Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Frank"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitrovi%C4%87200718-116"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioseffi1993246-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonia2006125-118"},{"link_name":"Marie Valerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1994324-119"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, 29 June 1914All of the assassins were eventually caught.[107] Those in Austro-Hungarian custody were tried together with members of the infiltration route who had helped deliver them and their weapons to Sarajevo. Mehmedbašić, the only Bosnian Muslim among the conspirators, was arrested in Montenegro by local authorities but managed to escape from the Nikšić prison before his extradition could take place (possibly with help from the gendarmes who were guarding him and were consequently put under arrest).[108] He later resurfaced in Serbia where he joined Major Tankosić's Chetnik detachment during the war,[109] in 1916 the Serbian government imprisoned him on fabricated charges of treason during the Salonika trial, he was released in 1919. (see criminal penalty section below).Anti-Serb rioting broke out in Sarajevo and various other places within Austria-Hungary in the hours following the assassination until order was restored by the military.[110] On the night of the assassination, country-wide anti-Serb pogroms and demonstrations were also organized in other parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, particularly on the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.[111][112][113] They were organized and stimulated by Oskar Potiorek, the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[114] The first anti-Serb demonstrations, led by the followers of Josip Frank, were organized in the early evening of 28 June in Zagreb. The following day, anti-Serb demonstrations in Sarajevo became more violent and could be characterized as a pogrom. The police and local authorities in the city did nothing to prevent anti-Serb violence.[115] Writer Ivo Andrić referred to the violence in Sarajevo as the \"Sarajevo frenzy of hate.\"[116] Two Serbs were killed on the first day of pogrom in Sarajevo, many were attacked, while around 1,000 houses, shops, schools and institutions (such as banks, hotels, printing houses) owned by Serbs were razed or pillaged.[117]Following the assassination, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination: \"For me, it is a relief from a great worry.\"[118]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Trials and punishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proces_w_Sarajewie_s.jpg"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201521-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201521-12"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984159-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984170-122"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984170-122"},{"link_name":"Miško Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1ko_Jovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiaginiMotta201521-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195349-29"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195350%E2%80%931-123"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198456-124"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195350-19"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195351-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195368-126"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings1984527%E2%80%93530-127"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966345%E2%80%93346-128"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966343-129"}],"sub_title":"Sarajevo trial (October 1914)","text":"The Sarajevo trial in progress. Princip is seated in the center of the first row.Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested and prosecuted the Sarajevo assassins[119] together with the agents and peasants who had assisted them on their way. The majority of the defendants were charged with conspiracy to commit high treason involving official circles in the Kingdom of Serbia.[11] Conspiracy to commit high treason carried a maximum sentence of death which conspiracy to commit simple murder did not. The trial was held from 12 to 23 October with the verdict and sentences announced on 28 October 1914.[11]The adult defendants, facing the death penalty, portrayed themselves at trial as unwilling participants in the conspiracy. The examination of defendant Veljko Čubrilović (who helped coordinate the transport of the weapons and was a Narodna Odbrana agent) is illustrative of this effort. Čubrilović stated to the court: \"Princip glared at me and very forcefully said 'If you want to know, it is for that reason and we are going to carry out an assassination of the Heir and if you know about it, you have to be quiet. If you betray it, you and your family will be destroyed.'\"[120] Under questioning by defense counsel Čubrilović described in more detail the basis of the fears that he said had compelled him to cooperate with Princip and Grabež.\"[121] Čubrilović explained that he was afraid a revolutionary organization capable of committing great atrocities stood behind Princip and that he therefore feared his house would be destroyed and his family killed if he did not comply and explained that he knew such an organization existed in Serbia, at least at one time. When pressed for why he risked the punishment of the law, and did not take the protection of the law against these threats he responded: \"I was more afraid of terror than the law.\"[121] Another Narodna Odbrana agent, Miško Jovanović, also claimed to have been against the assassination.[11]The three members of the original assassination team acknowledged full responsibility for their acts, proclaiming their ideal of a liberated and united South Slav people, exonerating Serbia and the Narodna Odbrana whose responsibility the prosecution tried to prove; however the court did not believe the defendants' statements as they differed from their depositions made at the preliminary investigation.[28]\nPrincip focused on taking full responsibility for the crime on himself, and stated: \"Our enterprise was purely private and in no way official as the prosecution asserts. Serbia has no hand in it and cannot be held responsible for our deed.\" He then asked: \"No one else knew of it beyond Ciganović and ourselves. How could Serbia be brought into the affair?\"[122] Princip deposed under cross-examination: \"I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria.\" Princip was then asked how he intended to realize his goal and responded: \"By means of terror.\"[123] Cabrinović testified that he was motivated to kill Franz Ferdinand because he saw him as a danger to the Slavs and to Serbia, something he claimed to have heard in cafés from students and citizens.[18] Grabež stated that he would never have taken part had he known that it would lead to a European war.[124] In spite of the absence of proof, the Sarajevo Court deemed that Serbian military circles were also implicated and thus the verdict ran: \"The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both Narodna Odbrana and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service, collaborated in the outrage.\"[125]Prison terms, death sentences and acquittals were as follows:[126]At trial, Čabrinović had expressed his regrets for the murders. Following sentencing, Čabrinović received a letter of complete forgiveness from the three young children the assassins had orphaned.[127] Čabrinović and Princip died of tuberculosis in prison. Those under the age of 20 years at the time of the crime could receive a maximum sentence of 20 years under Austrian-Hungarian law. The court heard arguments regarding Princip's age, as there was some doubt as to his true date of birth but concluded that Princip was under 20 at the time of the assassination.[128] Because Bosnia and Herzegovina had not been assigned to Austria or to Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister administered Bosnia and Herzegovina and had responsibility for recommending clemency to the emperor.","title":"Trials and punishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stojan Protić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stojan_Proti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Petar Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199553-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199570%E2%80%9371-131"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199572-132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salonika_Trial,_after_verdict.jpg"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199556%E2%80%9364-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie19952-134"},{"link_name":"Salonica front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica_front"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995344%E2%80%93347-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995329,_344%E2%80%93347-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995392-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195380%E2%80%9381-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagrini192995-139"}],"sub_title":"Salonika trial (spring 1917)","text":"From late 1916 into early 1917, secret peace talks took place between Austria-Hungary and France. There is evidence that parallel discussions were held between Austria-Hungary and Serbia with Prime Minister Pašić dispatching his righthand man Stojan Protić and Regent Alexander dispatching his confidant Colonel Petar Živković to Geneva on secret business.[129][130] Charles I of Austria laid out Austria-Hungary's key demand for returning Serbia to the control of the Serbian Government in exile: that Serbia should provide guarantees that there be no further political agitation emanating from Serbia against Austria-Hungary.[131]Indictees at the Salonika trial, after the verdictFor some time, Regent Alexander and officers loyal to him had planned to get rid of the military clique headed by Apis, as Apis represented a political threat to Alexander's power.[132] The Austro-Hungarian peace demand gave added impetus to this plan. On 15 March 1917 Apis and the officers loyal to him were indicted, on various false charges unrelated to Sarajevo (the case was retried before the Supreme Court of Serbia in 1953 and all defendants were exonerated),[133] by Serbian Court Martial on the French-controlled Salonica front.On 23 May Apis and eight of his associates were sentenced to death; two others were sentenced to 15 years in prison. One defendant died during the trial and the charges against him were dropped. The Serbian High Court reduced the number of death sentences to seven. Regent Alexander commuted four of the remaining death sentences, leaving just three death sentences in place.[134]\nAmongst those tried, four of the defendants had confessed their roles in Sarajevo and their final sentences were as follows:[135]In justifying the executions, Prime Minister Pašić wrote to his envoy in London: \"...Dimitrijević (Apis) besides everything else admitted he had ordered Franz Ferdinand to be killed. And now who could reprieve them?\"[136]As the three condemned men were driven to their execution, Apis remarked to the driver: \"Now it is clear to me and clear to you too, that I am to be killed today by Serbian rifles solely because I organized the Sarajevo outrage.\"[137]Vojislav Tankosić died in battle in late 1915 and so was not put on trial.[138]","title":"Trials and punishment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milenko Vesnić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenko_Radomar_Vesni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Spalajković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Spalajkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953100%E2%80%93101-140"},{"link_name":"Az Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Est"},{"link_name":"New York Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195399-141"},{"link_name":"Ljubomir Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubomir_Jovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195390-142"},{"link_name":"Jovan Jovanović Pižon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Pi%C5%BEon"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953101-143"},{"link_name":"Leon Biliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Bili%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953104%E2%80%93105-144"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagrini1929115%E2%80%93116-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953102%E2%80%93103-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953102%E2%80%93105-147"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953102%E2%80%93103-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953106-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953106%E2%80%93109-149"}],"sub_title":"Serbia's \"warning\" to Austria-Hungary","text":"Following the assassinations, Serbian Ambassador to France Milenko Vesnić and Serbian Ambassador to Russia Miroslav Spalajković put out statements claiming that Serbia had warned Austria-Hungary of the impending assassination.[139] Serbia soon thereafter denied making warnings and denied knowledge of the plot. Prime Minister Pašić himself made these denials to Az Est on 7 July and to the Paris edition of the New York Herald on 20 July.[140] Other voices eventually spoke out on the \"warning\". As Serbian Education Minister Ljubomir Jovanović wrote in Krv Sloventsva, in late May or early June, Prime Minister Pašić reviewed the plot of the impending assassination with members of his cabinet.[141] On 18 June, a telegram, lacking in specifics, ordered Serbia's Ambassador to Vienna, Jovan Jovanović Pižon, to warn Austria-Hungary that Serbia had reason to believe there was a conspiracy to assassinate Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia.[142] On 21 June, Ambassador Jovanović met with Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister Leon Biliński. According to Serbian Military Attaché to Vienna, Colonel Lešjanin, Ambassador Jovanović, spoke to Biliński and \"...stressed in general terms the risks the Archduke heir apparent [sic] might run from the inflamed public opinion in Bosnia and Serbia. Some serious personal misadventure might befall him. His journey might give rise to incidents and demonstrations that Serbia would deprecate but that would have fatal repercussions on Austro-Serbian relations.\"[143] Jovanović came back from the meeting with Biliński and told Lešjanin that \"...Biliński showed no sign of attaching great importance to the total message and dismissed it limiting himself to remarking when saying goodbye and thanking him: 'Let us hope nothing does happen.'\"[144] The Austro-Hungarian Finance Minister took no action based on Jovanović's remarks.In 1924, J. Jovanović went public stating that his warning had been made on his own initiative, and what he said was that \"Among the Serb youths (in the army) there may be one who will put a ball-cartridge in his rifle or revolver in place of a blank cartridge and he may fire it, the bullet might strike the man giving provocation (Franz Ferdinand).\"[145] J. Jovanović's account changed back and forth over the years and never adequately addressed Colonel Lešjanin's statement.[146] Biliński did not speak openly on the subject, but his press department chief confirmed that a meeting had taken place including a vague warning, but there was no mention of an ethnic Serb Austro-Hungarian soldier shooting Franz Ferdinand.[145]In the days leading up to the assassination, Pašić was the caretaker prime minister because during this period the Serbian Government briefly fell to a political alliance led by the Serbian Military. The military favored promoting Jovan Jovanović to Foreign Minister,[147] and Jovanović's loyalties one might expect to have been divided and his orders therefore carried out poorly. By choosing a military loyalist to convey the message, and by not including any of the specifics such as the conspirators' names and weapons, Pašić, a survivor, hedged his bets against the various possible outcomes and consequences of the impending assassination.[148]","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966388%E2%80%93389-62"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966398-42"},{"link_name":"Ljubomir Vulović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubomir_Vulovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Radomir Putnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Putnik"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995241%E2%80%93242-150"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966399-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995391-152"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Dedijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dedijer"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966394-153"}],"sub_title":"Rade Malobabić","text":"In 1914, Rade Malobabić was Serbian Military Intelligence's chief undercover operative against Austria-Hungary. His name appeared in Serbian documents captured by Austria-Hungary during the war. These documents describe the running of arms, munitions, and agents from Serbia into Austria-Hungary under Malobabić's direction.[61]Owing to the suppression by Serbia of Apis's confession and of the Salonika trial transcripts historians did not initially link Malobabić closely to the Sarajevo attack. Apis's confession, however, states that \"I engaged Malobabić to organize the assassination on the occasion of the announced arrival of Franz Ferdinand to Sarajevo.\"[41] At the Salonika trial, Colonel Ljubomir Vulović (head of the Serbian Frontiers Service) testified: 'In 1914 on occasion of my official trip from Loznica to Belgrade, I received a letter at the General Staff [signed by Marshal Radomir Putnik, Serbia's top military officer] noting that agents of Malobabić would come and a teacher whose name I don't recall (Danilo Ilić was a teacher but it is unclear if the teacher in question was Ilić as Ilić can be placed in Brod but not Loznica) so I could sent [sic] them into Bosnia.' Because of that 'I went to Loznica and either that day or very soon afterwards sent Rade and that teacher into Bosnia.' Soon thereafter occurred the Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.\"[149] On the eve of his execution, Malobabić told a priest: \"They ordered me to go to Sarajevo when that assassination was to take place, and when everything was over, they ordered me to come back and fulfill other missions, and then there was the outbreak of the war.\"[150][151] Vladimir Dedijer in The Road to Sarajevo presented additional testimonial evidence that Malobabić arrived in Sarajevo on the eve of the Sarajevo attack and gave the final go-ahead for the operation to Danilo Ilić.[152] This meshes with Dedijer's theory that Djuro Ŝarac had given instructions to Ilić on 16 June canceling the assassination. Soon after their confessions, Serbia executed Malobabić, Vulović, and Apis on false charges. Serbia published no clarifications of their confessions with regards to the Sarajevo attack.","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hand (Serbia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Royal Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson200527%E2%80%9328,_585-154"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1995133%E2%80%93134,_137,_143-155"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966398-42"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie199546-156"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig20053-157"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemak197171-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1989135-159"}],"sub_title":"\"Black Hand\" or Serbian military intelligence?","text":"Further information: Black Hand (Serbia)An alternative theory to the Sarajevo attack being a Serbian Military Intelligence Operation was that it was a \"Black Hand\" operation. The \"Black Hand\" was a Serbian military society formed on 9 May 1911 by officers in the Royal Serbian Army, originating in the conspiracy group that assassinated the Serbian royal couple in May 1903, led by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević (Commonly referred to as \"Apis\").[153]After Serbia's victory over Bulgaria in Macedonia in the Balkan Wars, the \"Black Hand\" became moribund because of the death of its president and the failure to replace him, an inactive secretary, casualties, broken links between its three-man cells, and a drying up of funding.[154] By 1914 the \"Black Hand\" was no longer operating under its constitution but rather as a creature of the Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence, Apis, and its active ranks were composed mostly of Serbian officers loyal to Apis. Apis's confession to ordering the operation that begins with the phrase \"As the Chief of the Intelligence Department of the General Staff\",[41] the fact that the military chain of command was invoked, the moribund nature of the \"Black Hand\" and the fact that under the \"Black Hand\" constitution Article 16, such an assassination could only be ordered by a vote of the Supreme Council Directorate, the President or the Secretary, and no such order was made,[155] are factors in favor of assigning responsibility to Serbian Military Intelligence. The fact that Milan Ciganović was involved, that the key officers involved were \"Black Hand\" members,[156][157] that \"Black Hand\" Provincial Director for Bosnia and Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović was consulted[158] and that there was no official budget for the operation favors assigning responsibility to the \"Black Hand\".","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966289-160"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198457-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198465-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwings198489-163"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966283-40"}],"sub_title":"The newspaper clipping","text":"At trial, it was noted that the three assassins from Belgrade tried to take all blame on themselves. Čabrinović claimed the idea of killing Franz Ferdinand came from a newspaper clipping he received in the mail at the end of March announcing Franz Ferdinand's planned visit to Sarajevo.[159] He then showed the newspaper clipping to Princip and the next day they agreed they would kill Franz Ferdinand. Princip explained to the court he had already read about Franz Ferdinand's upcoming visit in German papers.[160] Princip went on to testify that, at about the time of Easter (19 April), he wrote an allegorical letter to Ilić informing him of the plan to kill Franz Ferdinand.[161] Grabež testified that he and Princip, also at about the time of Easter, agreed between them to make an assassination of either Governor Potiorek or Franz Ferdinand and a little later settled on Franz Ferdinand.[162] The defendants refused or were unable to provide details under examination.On 26 March Ilić and Mehmedbašić had already agreed to kill Franz Ferdinand based on instructions from Belgrade predating the newspaper clipping and the discussions amongst the three assassins in Belgrade.[39]","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narodna Odbrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Odbrana"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedijer1966390;_505-64"}],"sub_title":"Narodna Odbrana","text":"Further information: Narodna OdbranaSerbian Military Intelligence – through remnants of the \"Black Hand\" – penetrated the Narodna Odbrana, using its clandestine tunnel to smuggle the assassins and their weapons from Belgrade to Sarajevo. In the 5 June 1914 report by the President of the Narodna Odbrana Boža Milanović to Prime Minister Pašić, one can sense the frustration of the President over the hijacking of his organization in the final sentence dealing with Sarajevo: \"Boža has informed all the agents that they should not receive anyone unless he produces the password given by Boža.\"[63]","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195392-164"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953282%E2%80%93283-165"}],"sub_title":"Milan Ciganović","text":"Prime Minister Pašić received early information of the assassination plan. The information was received by Pašić early enough, according to Education Minister Ljubomir Jovanović, for the government to order the border guards to prevent the assassins from crossing. This places the cabinet minister's discussions in late May and the information release to some time before that.[163] Albertini concluded that the source of the information was most likely Milan Ciganović.[164] Bogičević made a more forceful case.The circumstantial evidence against Ciganović includes his sinecure government job, his protection by the Chief of Police and Serbia's failure to arrest him (Austria-Hungary demanded Serbia arrest Major Vojislav Tankosić and Ciganović, but Serbia arrested only Tankosić and lied saying that Ciganović could not be found), Serbia's protection of Ciganović during the war, and the government's provision for Ciganović after it. In 1917, all of the Sarajevo conspirators within Serbia's control were tried at Salonika on false charges, except Ciganović, who even gave evidence against his comrades at the trial.","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195384%E2%80%9385-166"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195385-167"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrydar-Burzinski1926128-168"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_II_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Roumania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Constanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Sergey Sazonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Schelking1918194%E2%80%93195-169"}],"sub_title":"Russian military attaché's office","text":"Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Viktor Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia would ever come under attack. While admitting funding of the intelligence network in Austro-Hungary, Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in the assassination in an interview with Albertini. Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.[165] Albertini writes that he \"remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.\"[166] Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.[167]There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June. De Schelking writes:On 1 June 1914 (14 June new calendar), Emperor Nicholas had an interview with King Charles I of Roumania, at Constanza. I was there at the time ... yet as far as I could judge from my conversation with members of his (Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov's) entourage, he (Sazonov) was convinced that if the Archduke (Franz Ferdinand) were out of the way, the peace of Europe would not be endangered.[168]","title":"Controversy about responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Causes of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:19140629_Austria_Will_Avenge_Murder_-_The_Winnipeg_Tribune_(compacted_view).jpg"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WinnipegTrib_19140629-170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serbien_muss_sterbien.jpg"},{"link_name":"rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme"},{"link_name":"ape-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent19140810-171"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent19140810-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200326-172"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Slavko Grujić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavko_Gruji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953273-173"},{"link_name":"verifying that Germany would honor its military alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyos_Mission"},{"link_name":"István Tisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Narodna Odbrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Odbrana"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953285%E2%80%93289-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollMartel201315%E2%80%9316-175"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollMartel201315%E2%80%9316-175"},{"link_name":"July Ultimatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Ultimatum"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953373-176"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyMulligan2021-177"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Temes-Kubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovin"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953461%E2%80%93462,_465-178"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini1953460-179"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchensteiner2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZEpLBAAAQBAJpgPA127_127]-180"},{"link_name":"Secret Treaty of 1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Triple Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman200985-181"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"}],"text":"Further information: Causes of World War IGrave implications of the assassination were immediately recognized, as in this 29 June article with subtitles \"War Sequel?\" and \"War May Result\", and stating the assassination was \"engineered by persons having a more mature organizing ability than that of the youthful assassins\".[169]Serbien muss sterb[i]en! (\"Serbia must die!\"; last word altered to rhyme).The propaganda caricature depicts Austria crushing the ape-like Serb.In August 1914, The Independent described the assassination as a \"deplorable but relatively insignificant\" reason for which[170]the financial system of the world is in chaos, that international commerce is suspended, that industries are everywhere demoralized and families ruined, and that millions of men in Europe have taken up arms with the intent to slaughter each other.\"It may be doubted whether the Archduke [is] worth all this carnage\", the magazine wrote.[170] The murder produced widespread shock across European royal houses, and there was initially much sympathy for the Austrian position. Ordinary people did not really care about what happened, and on the evening of the assassination the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened.[171]Within two days of the assassination, Austria-Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that it should open an investigation, but Secretary-General to the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Slavko Grujić, replied: \"Nothing had been done so far and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government.\" An angry exchange followed between the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires at Belgrade and Grujić.[172] After conducting a criminal investigation, verifying that Germany would honor its military alliance, and persuading the sceptical Hungarian prime minister Count István Tisza, Austria-Hungary issued a formal letter to the government of Serbia on 23 July 1914. The letter reminded Serbia of its commitment to respect the Great Powers' decision regarding Bosnia-Herzegovina, and to maintain good neighborly relations with Austria-Hungary. The letter contained specific demands that Serbia should accept, including the suppression of the publication of propaganda advocating the violent destruction of Austria-Hungary, the removal of the people behind this propaganda from the Serbian Military, the dissolution of the Serbian nationalist organization Narodna Odbrana, the arrest of the people on Serbian soil who were involved in the assassination plot and the prevention of the clandestine shipment of arms and explosives from Serbia to Austria-Hungary.[173][174] It also demanded that Austro-Hungarian officials should take part in the Serbian inquiry into the assassination plot.[174]This letter became known as the July Ultimatum, and Austria-Hungary stated that if Serbia did not accept all of the demands in total within 48 hours, it would recall its ambassador from Serbia. After receiving a telegram of support from Russia, Serbia mobilized its army and responded to the letter by completely accepting point #8 demanding an end to the smuggling of weapons and punishment of the frontier officers who had assisted the assassins and completely accepting point #10 which demanded Serbia report the execution of the required measures as they were completed. Serbia partially accepted, finessed, disingenuously answered or politely rejected elements of the preamble and enumerated demands #1–7 and #9. The shortcomings of Serbia's response were published by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary responded by breaking diplomatic relations.[175] According to a 2021 study, Franz Ferdinand's absence was key to the breakdown of diplomacy and escalation into war, as Ferdinand had been the most powerful and effective proponent for peace in Vienna.[176]The next day, Serbian reservists being transported on tramp steamers on the Danube crossed onto the Austro-Hungarian side of the river at Temes-Kubin and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fired into the air to warn them off.[177] The report of this incident was initially sketchy and reported to Emperor Franz-Joseph erroneously as \"a considerable skirmish\".[178][179] Austria-Hungary then declared war and mobilized the portion of its army that would face the (already mobilized) Serbian Army on 28 July 1914. Under the Secret Treaty of 1892 Russia and France were obliged to mobilize their armies if any of the Triple Alliance mobilized.[citation needed] Russia partially mobilized along its Austrian border on 29 July, and on 30 July Russia ordered general mobilization.[180] Russia's general mobilization set off full Austro-Hungarian and German mobilizations. Soon all the Great Powers except Italy had chosen sides and gone to war.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Sarajevo_Assassination_%E8%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E8%99%95_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarajevo:_the_crossroads_of_history-182"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"communist Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_Bosnian_Serbs_remember_an_assassin-183"},{"link_name":"Milorad Dodik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Dodik"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remembering_World_War_I_in_the_Conflict's_Flash_Point-184"},{"link_name":"Vaso Čubrilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugar199970-185"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosniaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_hero_or_villain?-186"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_Bosnian_Serbs_remember_an_assassin-183"},{"link_name":"Vienna Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87nica"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_Bosnian_Serbs_remember_an_assassin-183"},{"link_name":"Austrian president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Heinz Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarajevo_recalls_the_gunshot_that_sent_the_world_to_war-187"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remembering_World_War_I_in_the_Conflict's_Flash_Point-184"},{"link_name":"East Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_Bosnian_Serbs_remember_an_assassin-183"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serbia:_Belgrade's_monument_to_Franz_Ferdinand_assassin-188"},{"link_name":"Serbian history textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_historiography"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilo_Princip:_hero_or_villain?-186"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serbia,_WWI,_and_the_question_of_guilt-189"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWI_centennial_event_without_Serbs-190"},{"link_name":"chaise longue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise_longue"},{"link_name":"Heeresgeschichtliches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heeresgeschichtliches_Museum"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Konopiště Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konopi%C5%A1t%C4%9B"},{"link_name":"Benešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reconstruction_of_Medallions_of_Sarajevo_Monument_of_Ferdinand_and_Sophie_in_Final_Phase-192"},{"link_name":"invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Zeughaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeughaus"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"text":"The site of the assassination is marked by a small plaque, written in both Serbo-Croatian and English.[181]The consequences of his action were very bad for Bosnia. Bosnia ceased to exist in Yugoslavia, and Bosnian Muslims were not recognised until 1968. They [Austria-Hungary] were still much better rulers than the Kingdom of Yugoslavia or communist Yugoslavia. You can look at the historical records and see how Austria-Hungary cared about issues like the rule of law. We lost so much in 1918.— Fedzad Forto, editor of a Bosniak-Croat news agency, responding to claims that Princip helped liberate Bosnia and that Austria-Hungary was an occupying power.[182]The shots fired 100 years ago by Gavrilo Princip were not fired at Europe, they were shots for freedom, marking the start of the Serbs' fight for liberation from foreign occupiers.— Milorad Dodik, Bosnian Serb politician and president of Republika Srpska.[183]Later, referring to Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Vaso Čubrilović said: \"We destroyed a beautiful world that was lost forever due to the war that followed.\"[184]Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Princip's legacy came under reevaluation in the various successor states. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks and Croats largely view Gavrilo Princip as a terrorist and an ethnic Serb nationalist. Many Serbs consider Princip a national hero.[185][182] The 100th anniversary of the assassination was commemorated with a concert by the Vienna Philharmonic in the Sarajevo City Hall, in an event that was organized by the European Union.[182] Austrian president Heinz Fischer was the guest of honour.[186]\nThe World War I commemorations were boycotted by Serb nationalists and dignitaries, who, along with Bosnian Serbs, view \"Princip as a hero.\"[183] On the 100th anniversary of the assassination, a statue of Gavrilo Princip was erected in East Sarajevo.[182] This was followed by another statue in Belgrade, which was erected in June 2015.[187] Serbian history textbooks deny that Serbia or Princip were responsible for starting World War I,[185] laying blame on the Central Powers instead.[188] Milorad Dodik acknowledged that Bosnia is \"still divided\", but maintained that Princip was a \"freedom fighter\" and that Austria-Hungary had been an \"occupier\".[189]Princip's weapon, along with the car in which the Archduke was riding, his bloodstained uniform and the chaise longue on which he died, are on permanent display in the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna, Austria. The bullet fired by Gavrilo Princip, sometimes referred to as \"the bullet that started World War I\",[190] is a museum exhibit in the Konopiště Castle near the town of Benešov in the Czech Republic. The bronze medallion of Ferdinand and Sophie, which was part of a monument that was erected on the site of the assassination and demolished in 1918 during Yugoslav rule, is currently preserved in the National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.[191] A marble plaque commemorating Princip and the assassination was erected in 1930 but, following the 1941 German invasion of Yugoslavia, it was removed by German troops and Volksdeutsche and was subsequently given to Adolf Hitler as a 52nd birthday present. Hitler sent it to the Berlin Zeughaus where it was put on display in the military museum until 1945 when it disappeared.[192]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In art and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bridge on the Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_Drina"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"The Guns of August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_August"},{"link_name":"Barbara W. Tuchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction"},{"link_name":"June 28, 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_28,_1914_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Zlatko Topčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Top%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"The Bridge on the Drina (1945) by Ivo Andrić (Nobel Prize laureate)\nThe Guns of August (1963) by Barbara W. Tuchman (Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction)\nJune 28, 1914 (2019) by Zlatko Topčić[193]","title":"In art and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Grave Is Too Small for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Grave_Is_Too_Small_for_Me"},{"link_name":"Biljana Srbljanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljana_Srbljanovi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"This Grave Is Too Small for Me (2013) written by Biljana Srbljanović","title":"In art and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_(1940_French_film)"},{"link_name":"Max Ophüls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_(1940_Hungarian_film)"},{"link_name":"Ákos Ráthonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81kos_R%C3%A1thonyi"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kortner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kortner"},{"link_name":"The Day That Shook the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_That_Shook_the_World"},{"link_name":"Veljko Bulajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko_Bulaji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"St. George Shoots the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Shoots_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Srđan Dragojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C4%91an_Dragojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Andreas Prochaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Prochaska"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Defended Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Defended_Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"Srđan 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war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/us-ww1-anniversary-bosnia/sarajevo-recalls-the-gunshot-that-sent-the-world-to-war-idUSKBN0F307C20140628"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180130204457/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ww1-anniversary-bosnia/sarajevo-recalls-the-gunshot-that-sent-the-world-to-war-idUSKBN0F307C20140628"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Serbia:_Belgrade's_monument_to_Franz_Ferdinand_assassin_188-0"},{"link_name":"\"Serbia: Belgrade's monument to Franz Ferdinand assassin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33048005"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180303025410/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-33048005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Serbia,_WWI,_and_the_question_of_guilt_189-0"},{"link_name":"\"Serbia, WWI, and the question of guilt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dw.com/en/serbia-wwi-and-the-question-of-guilt/a-17550497"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180201133901/http://www.dw.com/en/serbia-wwi-and-the-question-of-guilt/a-17550497"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WWI_centennial_event_without_Serbs_190-0"},{"link_name":"\"WWI centennial event without Serbs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dw.com/en/wwi-centennial-event-without-serbs/a-17743319"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180201133856/http://www.dw.com/en/wwi-centennial-event-without-serbs/a-17743319"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-191"},{"link_name":"\"Show Business: The Road\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711968-5,00.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141109071749/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711968-5,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reconstruction_of_Medallions_of_Sarajevo_Monument_of_Ferdinand_and_Sophie_in_Final_Phase_192-0"},{"link_name":"\"Reconstruction of Medallions of Sarajevo Monument of Ferdinand and Sophie in Final Phase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sarajevotimes.com/reconstruction-medallions-sarajevo-monument-ferdinand-sophie-final-phase/"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190710155154/http://www.sarajevotimes.com/reconstruction-medallions-sarajevo-monument-ferdinand-sophie-final-phase/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-193"},{"link_name":"\"Franz Ferdinand's three deaths\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//riowang.blogspot.com/2018/02/franz-ferdinands-three-deaths.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230505213823/http://riowang.blogspot.com/2018/02/franz-ferdinands-three-deaths.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-194"},{"link_name":"\"Zlatko Topčić: Odlomak iz romana '28. 6. 1914.'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penbih.ba/2019/08/zlatko-topcic-odlomak-iz-romana-28-6-1914/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200628194018/http://penbih.ba/2019/08/zlatko-topcic-odlomak-iz-romana-28-6-1914/"}],"text":"^ Also called the Attack in Sarajevo^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 9–10.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 22.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 22–23.\n\n^ a b MacKenzie 1995, pp. 23–24.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 24–33.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 27.\n\n^ Albertini 2005, pp. 291–292.\n\n^ Albertini 2005, pp. 364–480.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 19–23.\n\n^ a b c d Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 21.\n\n^ Martel 2014, p. 58.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 236–270.\n\n^ Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 20.\n\n^ a b c Clark 2012, p. 69.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 243.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 203–204.\n\n^ a b Albertini 1953, p. 50.\n\n^ Martel 2014, pp. 58–60.\n\n^ McMeekin 2013, p. 21.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 262.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 285.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 9.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 286.\n\n^ Taylor 1963, p. 13.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 11–17.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 87–88.\n\n^ a b c d e Albertini 1953, p. 49.\n\n^ Dierauer 2013, p. 88.\n\n^ Duijzings 2000, p. 191.\n\n^ Greenawalt 2001, p. 50.\n\n^ Humphreys 2013, p. 84.\n\n^ Humphreys 2013, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 27–28, 79.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 47.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 76–77.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 282.\n\n^ a b c d Albertini 1953, p. 78.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 283; Dedijer placed the meeting in Sarajevo, not Mostar.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 78–79; Note the date error: 25 July should read 25 June\n\n^ a b c Dedijer 1966, p. 398.\n\n^ Butcher 2014, p. 254.\n\n^ Sageman 2017, p. 343.\n\n^ Butcher 2014, p. 269.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 117–118, 129–131, 140, 142.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 56.\n\n^ a b Vanderlinden, Anthony (September 2014). \"The FN Browning 1910 Pistol & The Great War\". American Rifleman. Vol. 162. National Rifle Association of America. pp. 67–69.\n\n^ a b Owings 1984, p. 59.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 41; 46.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 93–94.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 109–110.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 106.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 40; 59.\n\n^ Magrini 1929, pp. 94–95.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 36–38.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 296.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 295–297.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 296–297.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 298.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 61–64.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, pp. 388–389.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 503.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 390; 505.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 300–301.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 303.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 305.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 185–186.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 118–119.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 126.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 309.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 11.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 9; 12.\n\n^ King & Woolmans 2013, pp. 168–169.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 313.\n\n^ a b c Dedijer 1966, p. 12.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 35.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, Chapter XIV, fn. 21.\n\n^ Malmberg, Ilkka (June 2014). \"Tästä alkaa maailmansota\". Helsingin Sanomat monthly supplement. pp. 60–65.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 318–320, 344.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 36–37.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 13–14.\n\n^ a b Buttar 2016, p. 282.\n\n^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 15.\n\n^ a b McMeekin 2013, p. 31.\n\n^ McMeekin 2013, p. 28.\n\n^ Biagini & Motta 2015, p. 19.\n\n^ a b Gerolymatos 2008, p. 40.\n\n^ \"Milestones: Aug. 9, 1926\". Time. 9 August 1926. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2014.\n\n^ a b MacMillan 2013, pp. 517–518.\n\n^ Remak 1959, p. [page needed].\n\n^ King & Woolmans 2013, p. 169, 205.\n\n^ Butcher 2014, p. 277; Many sources describe this picture as showing Princip being arrested, but modern historians believe that the man was a bystander named Ferdinand Behr.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 67–8.\n\n^ a b c d e MacMillan 2013, p. 518.\n\n^ Simpson 2010, p. 105.\n\n^ King & Woolmans 2013, p. 206.\n\n^ Belfield 2005, p. 237.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 36.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 346.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ McMeekin 2013, p. 32.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 38.\n\n^ Dash, Mike (15 September 2011). \"The Origin of the Tale that Gavrilo Princip Was Eating a Sandwich When He Assassinated Franz Ferdinand\". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.\n\n^ McMeekin 2013.\n\n^ Russell 2014, p. 63.\n\n^ \"The Funeral of the Archduke\". The Independent. New York. 13 July 1914. p. 59.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 45.\n\n^ Treadway 1998, p. 231.\n\n^ Documents Diplomatiques Francais III Serie 1911–14,3, X Doc. 537\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 120–121.\n\n^ Reports Service: Southeast Europe series. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and elsewhere and a country-wide pogrom of Serbs throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia.\n\n^ Prohić & Balić 1976, p. 189. \"Immediately after the assassination of 28th June, 1914, veritable pogroms were organised against the Serbs on the...\"\n\n^ Johnson 2007, p. 27.\n\n^ Novak, Viktor (1971). Istoriski časopis. p. 481. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. Не само да Поћорек није спречио по- громе против Срба после сарајевског атентата већ их је и организовао и под- стицао.\n\n^ Mitrović 2007, p. 18.\n\n^ Gioseffi 1993, p. 246.\n\n^ Donia 2006, p. 125.\n\n^ Palmer 1994, p. 324.\n\n^ Documents Diplomatiques Francais III Serie 1911–14,3, X Doc. 537. This document notes that the diplomatic cable was forwarded to the Secret Service of the National Security Department to investigate the matter of the January 1914 irredentist planning meeting in France but the Secret Service did not report back.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 159.\n\n^ a b Owings 1984, p. 170.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 50–1.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 56.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 51.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 68.\n\n^ Owings 1984, pp. 527–530.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 345–346.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 343.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 53.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 70–71.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 72.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 56–64.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 2.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 344–347.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 329, 344–347.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 392.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 80–81.\n\n^ Magrini 1929, p. 95.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 100–101.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 99.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 90.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 101.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 104–105.\n\n^ Magrini 1929, pp. 115–116.\n\n^ a b Albertini 1953, pp. 102–103.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 102–105.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 106.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 106–109.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 241–242.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 399.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 391.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 394.\n\n^ Pearson 2005, pp. 27–28, 585.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, pp. 133–134, 137, 143.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1995, p. 46.\n\n^ Craig 2005, p. 3.\n\n^ Remak 1971, p. 71.\n\n^ MacKenzie 1989, p. 135.\n\n^ Dedijer 1966, p. 289.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 57.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 65.\n\n^ Owings 1984, p. 89.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 92.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 282–283.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 84–85.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 85.\n\n^ Trydar-Burzinski 1926, p. 128.\n\n^ De Schelking 1918, pp. 194–195.\n\n^ \"Austria Will Avenge Murder\". The Winnipeg Tribune. 29 June 1914. p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.\n\n^ a b \"The Forces Behind the Conflict\". The Independent. 10 August 1914. p. 196. Retrieved 17 May 2022.\n\n^ Willmott 2003, p. 26.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 273.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 285–289.\n\n^ a b Joll & Martel 2013, pp. 15–16.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 373.\n\n^ Levy & Mulligan 2021.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, pp. 461–462, 465.\n\n^ Albertini 1953, p. 460.\n\n^ Rauchensteiner 2014, p. 127.\n\n^ Tuchman 2009, p. 85.\n\n^ Simon Kuper (21 March 2014), \"Sarajevo: the crossroads of history\", Financial Times, archived from the original on 18 September 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018\n\n^ a b c d \"Gavrilo Princip: Bosnian Serbs remember an assassin\", BBC News, 28 June 2014, archived from the original on 24 February 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018\n\n^ a b John F. Burns (29 June 2014), \"Remembering World War I in the Conflict's Flash Point\", The New York Times, archived from the original on 29 January 2018, retrieved 29 January 2018\n\n^ Sugar 1999, p. 70.\n\n^ a b \"Gavrilo Princip: hero or villain?\", The Guardian, 6 May 2014, archived from the original on 9 July 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018\n\n^ Matt Robinson; Maja Zuvela (28 June 2014), Sarajevo recalls the gunshot that sent the world to war, Reuters, archived from the original on 30 January 2018, retrieved 30 January 2018\n\n^ \"Serbia: Belgrade's monument to Franz Ferdinand assassin\", BBC News, 8 June 2015, archived from the original on 3 March 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018\n\n^ Nemanja Rujević (28 July 2014), \"Serbia, WWI, and the question of guilt\", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 1 February 2018, retrieved 1 February 2018\n\n^ \"WWI centennial event without Serbs\", Deutsche Welle, 28 June 2014, archived from the original on 1 February 2018, retrieved 1 February 2018\n\n^ \"Show Business: The Road\". Time. 14 November 1960. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Reconstruction of Medallions of Sarajevo Monument of Ferdinand and Sophie in Final Phase\", Sarajevo Times, 8 April 2014, archived from the original on 10 July 2019, retrieved 1 February 2018\n\n^ \"Franz Ferdinand's three deaths\". Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.\n\n^ \"Zlatko Topčić: Odlomak iz romana '28. 6. 1914.'\". penbih.ba. 31 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albertini, Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"168712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/168712"},{"link_name":"Albertini, Luigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1929631316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1929631316"},{"link_name":"The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored 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Reported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8yT0O5RkbUYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0230750104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230750104"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0860788065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860788065"},{"link_name":"Taylor, A. J. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140024816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140024816"},{"link_name":"The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JVJUk2cHkDcC&pg=PA186"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1557531469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557531469"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"473403651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/473403651"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Tuchman, Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0307567628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307567628"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4sGIQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0789496270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789496270"}],"text":"Albertini, Luigi (1953). Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 168712.\nAlbertini, Luigi (2005). Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. I. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 1929631316.\nBelfield, Richard (2005). The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786713437.\nBiagini, Antonello; Motta, Giovanna (2015). The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation, Volume 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443881869.\nBlakley, Patrick R. F. (May 2009). \"Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World\" (PDF). Oswego Historical Review (2): 13–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007.\nButcher, Tim (2014). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0802191885.\nButtar, Prit (2016). Collision of Empires. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782006480.\nClark, Christopher (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0718192952.\nCraig, John S. (2005). Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century. Algora Publishing. ISBN 0875863310.\nDe Schelking, Eugene (1918). Recollections of a Russian Diplomat, The Suicide of Monarchies. New York: Macmillan Co. OCLC 1890657.\nDedijer, Vladimir (1966). The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 400010.\nDierauer, Isabelle (2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761861065.\nDonia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472115570.\nDuijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653929.\nGerolymatos, Andre (2008). The Balkan Wars. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0786724574.\nGioseffi, Daniela (1993). On Prejudice: A Global Perspective. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0385469388.\nGreenawalt, Alexander (2001). \"Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory\" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 3: 49–65. Retrieved 22 October 2013.\nHumphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PhD). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-9521090851.\nJohnson, Wes (2007). Balkan Inferno: Betrayal, War and Intervention, 1990–2005. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1929631636.\nJoll, James; Martel, Gordon (2013). The Origins of the First World War (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317875369.\nKing, Greg; Woolmans, Sue (2013). The Assassination of the Archduke: Sarajevo 1914 and the Romance That Changed the World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250038678.\nMacKenzie, David (1989). Apis, the Congenial Conspirator: the Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević. East European Monographs. ISBN 0880331623.\nMacKenzie, David (1995). Black Hand on Trial: Salonika 1917. Eastern European Monographs. ISBN 978-0880333207.\nLevy, Jack S.; Mulligan, William (3 June 2021). \"Why 1914 but Not Before? A Comparative Study of the July Crisis and Its Precursors\". Security Studies. 30 (2): 213–244. doi:10.1080/09636412.2021.1915584. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 236269759.\nMacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: How Europe Abandoned Peace for the First World War. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1847654168.\nMagrini, Luciano (1929). Il Dramma Di Seraievo. Origini e responsabilita della guerra europea. Milan. OCLC 8018932.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMartel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191643279.\nMcMeekin, Sean (2013). 7/1/1914: Countdown to War. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031450.\nMitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557534774.\nOwings, W. A. Dolph. (1984). The Sarajevo Trial. Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications. ISBN 0897121228.\nPalmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-1857998696.\nPearson, Owen (2005). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845110130.\nProhić, Kasim; Balić, Sulejman (1976). Sarajevo. Tourist Association. OCLC 442656793.\nRauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3205795889.\nRemak, Joachim (1959). Sarajevo: the story of a political murder. New York: Criterion Books. LCCN 59-6557.\nRemak, Joachim (1971). The First World War: Causes, Conduct, Consequences. Wiley. ISBN 0471716340.\nRussell, G. (2014). The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445634395.\nSageman, M. (2017). Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0812248777.\nSimpson, John (2010). Unreliable Sources: How the Twentieth Century Was Reported. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230750104.\nSugar, Peter F. (1999). East European Nationalism, Politics and Religion. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0860788065.\nTaylor, A. J. P. (1963). The First World War: An Illustrated History. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140024816.\nTreadway, J.D. (1998). The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914. Central European Studies. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557531469.\nTrydar-Burzinski, Louis (1926). Le Crépuscule d'une Autocratie. Florence. OCLC 473403651.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nTuchman, Barbara (2009). The Guns of August: The Outbreak of World War I. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307567628.\nWillmott, H. P. (2003). World War I. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0789496270.","title":"General and cited references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2911527104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2911527104"},{"link_name":"Strachan, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Strachan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199261918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199261918"}],"text":"Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Dialogue Association. ISBN 978-2911527104.\nFay, Sidney Bradshaw: Origins of the Great War. New York, 1928\nFomenko, A. \"There Was an Alternative! The Legacy of Franz Ferdinand\" International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations (2009) 55#3 pp. 177–184.\nPonting, Clive. Thirteen Days, Chatto & Windus, London, 2002.\nStoessinger, John. Why Nations Go to War, Wadsworth Publishing, 2007.\nStrachan, Hugh (2001). The First World War, Volume I: To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199261918.\nTreusch, Wolf Sören. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Gemahlin werden in Sarajevo ermordet, DLF, Berlin, 2004","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Photograph of the Archduke and his wife emerging from the Sarajevo Town Hall to board their car, a few minutes before the assassination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Postcard_for_the_assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_in_Sarajevo.jpg/220px-Postcard_for_the_assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_in_Sarajevo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gavrilo Princip outside the courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gavrilo_Princip%2C_outside_court.jpg/170px-Gavrilo_Princip%2C_outside_court.jpg"},{"image_text":"Route of the assassins from Belgrade to Sarajevo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Szarajev%C3%B3i_mer%C3%A9nyl%C5%91k_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg/330px-Szarajev%C3%B3i_mer%C3%A9nyl%C5%91k_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Route of the weapons from Belgrade to Sarajevo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Szarajev%C3%B3i_fegyverek_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg/330px-Szarajev%C3%B3i_fegyverek_%C3%BAtvonala_1914.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The 1911 Gräf & Stift 28/32 PS Double Phaeton in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination, Museum of Military History, Vienna (2003)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/FranzFerdinandCar.jpg/220px-FranzFerdinandCar.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map annotated with the events of 28 June 1914, from an official report","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1914_Sarajevo_assassination_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-1914_Sarajevo_assassination_map_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map showing the route of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's motorcade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Atentado_de_Sarajevo_en.png/330px-Atentado_de_Sarajevo_en.png"},{"image_text":"Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo during the aftermath of the assassination[92]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/220px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princip's FN Model 1910 pistol, displayed at the Museum of Military History, Vienna, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gabrillo_Princip%27s_pistol_%283444725633%29.jpg/220px-Gabrillo_Princip%27s_pistol_%283444725633%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, 29 June 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/220px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png"},{"image_text":"The Sarajevo trial in progress. Princip is seated in the center of the first row.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Proces_w_Sarajewie_s.jpg/220px-Proces_w_Sarajewie_s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indictees at the Salonika trial, after the verdict","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Salonika_Trial%2C_after_verdict.jpg/220px-Salonika_Trial%2C_after_verdict.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave implications of the assassination were immediately recognized, as in this 29 June article with subtitles \"War Sequel?\" and \"War May Result\", and stating the assassination was \"engineered by persons having a more mature organizing ability than that of the youthful assassins\".[169]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/19140629_Austria_Will_Avenge_Murder_-_The_Winnipeg_Tribune_%28compacted_view%29.jpg/440px-19140629_Austria_Will_Avenge_Murder_-_The_Winnipeg_Tribune_%28compacted_view%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbien muss sterb[i]en! (\"Serbia must die!\"; last word altered to rhyme).The propaganda caricature depicts Austria crushing the ape-like Serb.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Serbien_muss_sterbien.jpg/220px-Serbien_muss_sterbien.jpg"},{"image_text":"The site of the assassination is marked by a small plaque, written in both Serbo-Croatian and English.[181]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Location_of_Sarajevo_Assassination_%E8%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E8%99%95_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Location_of_Sarajevo_Assassination_%E8%B3%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E8%99%95_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Sarajevo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo"}]

[{"reference":"Vanderlinden, Anthony (September 2014). \"The FN Browning 1910 Pistol & The Great War\". American Rifleman. Vol. 162. National Rifle Association of America. pp. 67–69.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rifleman","url_text":"American Rifleman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America","url_text":"National Rifle Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Malmberg, Ilkka (June 2014). \"Tästä alkaa maailmansota\". Helsingin Sanomat monthly supplement. pp. 60–65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat","url_text":"Helsingin Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones: Aug. 9, 1926\". Time. 9 August 1926. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722283,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones: Aug. 9, 1926\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304103959/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722283,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dash, Mike (15 September 2011). \"The Origin of the Tale that Gavrilo Princip Was Eating a Sandwich When He Assassinated Franz Ferdinand\". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gavrilo-princips-sandwich-79480741/","url_text":"\"The Origin of the Tale that Gavrilo Princip Was Eating a Sandwich When He Assassinated Franz Ferdinand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220131033407/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gavrilo-princips-sandwich-79480741/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Funeral of the Archduke\". The Independent. New York. 13 July 1914. p. 59.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/n64/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Funeral of the Archduke\""}]},{"reference":"Reports Service: Southeast Europe series. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and elsewhere and a country-wide pogrom of Serbs throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Reports Service: Southeast Europe series"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Novak, Viktor (1971). Istoriski časopis. p. 481. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015. Не само да Поћорек није спречио по- громе против Срба после сарајевског атентата већ их је и организовао и под- стицао.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Novak","url_text":"Novak, Viktor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=To9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Istoriski časopis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101825/https://books.google.com/books?id=To9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Austria Will Avenge Murder\". The Winnipeg Tribune. 29 June 1914. p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/browse/ca/mb/winnipeg/winnipeg-tribune/1914/jun-29-p-1/","url_text":"\"Austria Will Avenge Murder\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711074533/https://newspaperarchive.com/browse/ca/mb/winnipeg/winnipeg-tribune/1914/jun-29-p-1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Forces Behind the Conflict\". The Independent. 10 August 1914. p. 196. 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OCLC 168712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini","url_text":"Albertini, Luigi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/168712","url_text":"168712"}]},{"reference":"Albertini, Luigi (2005). Origins of the War of 1914. Vol. I. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 1929631316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Albertini","url_text":"Albertini, Luigi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1929631316","url_text":"1929631316"}]},{"reference":"Belfield, Richard (2005). The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786713437.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/assassinationbus00belf","url_text":"The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786713437","url_text":"0786713437"}]},{"reference":"Biagini, Antonello; Motta, Giovanna (2015). The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation, Volume 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443881869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443881869","url_text":"978-1443881869"}]},{"reference":"Blakley, Patrick R. F. (May 2009). \"Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World\" (PDF). Oswego Historical Review (2): 13–34. 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ISBN 978-1782006480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782006480","url_text":"978-1782006480"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Christopher (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0718192952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clark","url_text":"Clark, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718192952","url_text":"978-0718192952"}]},{"reference":"Craig, John S. (2005). Peculiar Liaisons: In War, Espionage, and Terrorism in the Twentieth Century. Algora Publishing. ISBN 0875863310.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875863310","url_text":"0875863310"}]},{"reference":"De Schelking, Eugene (1918). Recollections of a Russian Diplomat, The Suicide of Monarchies. New York: Macmillan Co. OCLC 1890657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1890657","url_text":"1890657"}]},{"reference":"Dedijer, Vladimir (1966). The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 400010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dedijer","url_text":"Dedijer, Vladimir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/400010","url_text":"400010"}]},{"reference":"Dierauer, Isabelle (2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761861065.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GCuDsecLWmYC","url_text":"Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761861065","url_text":"978-0761861065"}]},{"reference":"Donia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472115570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472115570","url_text":"978-0472115570"}]},{"reference":"Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850653929.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPvGOHR2RsC&pg=PA206","url_text":"Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850653929","url_text":"978-1850653929"}]},{"reference":"Gerolymatos, Andre (2008). The Balkan Wars. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-0786724574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gerolymatos","url_text":"Gerolymatos, Andre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786724574","url_text":"978-0786724574"}]},{"reference":"Gioseffi, Daniela (1993). On Prejudice: A Global Perspective. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0385469388.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi","url_text":"Gioseffi, Daniela"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0","url_text":"On Prejudice: A Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385469388","url_text":"978-0385469388"}]},{"reference":"Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). \"Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory\" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 3: 49–65. Retrieved 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorku.ca/soi/Vol_3/_PDF/Greenawalt.pdf","url_text":"\"Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory\""}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PhD). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-9521090851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki","url_text":"University of Helsinki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9521090851","url_text":"978-9521090851"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Wes (2007). Balkan Inferno: Betrayal, War and Intervention, 1990–2005. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1929631636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1929631636","url_text":"978-1929631636"}]},{"reference":"Joll, James; Martel, Gordon (2013). The Origins of the First World War (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317875369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317875369","url_text":"978-1317875369"}]},{"reference":"King, Greg; Woolmans, Sue (2013). The Assassination of the Archduke: Sarajevo 1914 and the Romance That Changed the World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250038678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_King_(author)","url_text":"King, Greg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250038678","url_text":"978-1250038678"}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, David (1989). Apis, the Congenial Conspirator: the Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević. East European Monographs. ISBN 0880331623.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apiscongenialcon0000mack","url_text":"Apis, the Congenial Conspirator: the Life of Colonel Dragutin T. Dimitrijević"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880331623","url_text":"0880331623"}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, David (1995). Black Hand on Trial: Salonika 1917. Eastern European Monographs. ISBN 978-0880333207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880333207","url_text":"978-0880333207"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Jack S.; Mulligan, William (3 June 2021). \"Why 1914 but Not Before? A Comparative Study of the July Crisis and Its Precursors\". Security Studies. 30 (2): 213–244. doi:10.1080/09636412.2021.1915584. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 236269759.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2021.1915584","url_text":"\"Why 1914 but Not Before? A Comparative Study of the July Crisis and Its Precursors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09636412.2021.1915584","url_text":"10.1080/09636412.2021.1915584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6412","url_text":"0963-6412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236269759","url_text":"236269759"}]},{"reference":"MacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: How Europe Abandoned Peace for the First World War. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1847654168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan","url_text":"MacMillan, Margaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847654168","url_text":"978-1847654168"}]},{"reference":"Magrini, Luciano (1929). Il Dramma Di Seraievo. Origini e responsabilita della guerra europea. Milan. OCLC 8018932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8018932","url_text":"8018932"}]},{"reference":"Martel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191643279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Martel","url_text":"Martel, Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191643279","url_text":"978-0191643279"}]},{"reference":"McMeekin, Sean (2013). 7/1/1914: Countdown to War. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McMeekin","url_text":"McMeekin, Sean"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/july1914countdow0000mcme","url_text":"7/1/1914: Countdown to War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465031450","url_text":"978-0465031450"}]},{"reference":"Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1557534774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Mitrovi%C4%87","url_text":"Mitrović, Andrej"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557534774","url_text":"978-1557534774"}]},{"reference":"Owings, W. A. Dolph. (1984). The Sarajevo Trial. Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications. ISBN 0897121228.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sarajevotrial0000prin","url_text":"The Sarajevo Trial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897121228","url_text":"0897121228"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-1857998696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Palmer","url_text":"Palmer, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857998696","url_text":"978-1857998696"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Owen (2005). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845110130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1845110137","url_text":"Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845110130","url_text":"978-1845110130"}]},{"reference":"Prohić, Kasim; Balić, Sulejman (1976). Sarajevo. Tourist Association. OCLC 442656793.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QVdpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sarajevo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/442656793","url_text":"442656793"}]},{"reference":"Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2014). The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3205795889.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEpLBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag","url_text":"Böhlau Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3205795889","url_text":"978-3205795889"}]},{"reference":"Remak, Joachim (1959). Sarajevo: the story of a political murder. New York: Criterion Books. LCCN 59-6557.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sarajevothestory010489mbp/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"Sarajevo: the story of a political murder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/59-6557","url_text":"59-6557"}]},{"reference":"Remak, Joachim (1971). The First World War: Causes, Conduct, Consequences. Wiley. ISBN 0471716340.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471716340","url_text":"0471716340"}]},{"reference":"Russell, G. (2014). The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445634395.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K4QFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP63","url_text":"The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445634395","url_text":"978-1445634395"}]},{"reference":"Sageman, M. (2017). Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0812248777.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wNPGDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812248777","url_text":"978-0812248777"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, John (2010). Unreliable Sources: How the Twentieth Century Was Reported. Pan Macmillan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Points_(Breaking_Bad)

Bullet Points (Breaking Bad)

["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]

4th episode of the 4th season of Breaking Bad "Bullet Points"Breaking Bad episodeEpisode no.Season 4Episode 4Directed byColin BuckseyWritten byMoira Walley-BeckettProduced byBryan Cranston, Diane Mercer, Moira Walley-BeckettFeatured musicDave PorterCinematography byMichael SlovisEditing byKelley DixonOriginal air dateAugust 7, 2011 (2011-08-07)Running time45 minutesGuest appearances David Costabile as Gale Boetticher Jeremy Howard as Sketchy Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt Episode chronology ← Previous"Open House" Next →"Shotgun" Breaking Bad season 4List of episodes "Bullet Points" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 37th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on August 7, 2011. Plot Mike Ehrmantraut rides in the back of a Los Pollos Hermanos refrigerator truck on a meth delivery run. The truck suddenly screeches to a halt as it is forced off the road by a pair of hijackers. Mike quickly pulls out his gun and listens as the gunmen pull the driver from the cab and shoot him in the head. He then takes cover as the gunmen shoot up the trailer. After firing two volleys, the gunmen break into the truck, and Mike immediately shoots them dead. After he steps out of the truck, he finds that a bullet has grazed his right ear. Walter and Skyler White prepare an elaborate story about Walter having a gambling addiction and a successful card counting method to explain how they can pay for Hank Schrader's medical bills and purchase the car wash they intend to use to launder Walter's meth profits. Walter remains too distracted to put much effort into the charade and is worried about how Walter White Jr. will perceive him. During a family dinner at Hank and Marie Schrader's, Skyler and Walter tell everyone the gambling addiction story, and Hank and Walter Jr. are impressed. Walter is shocked to learn that Hank is investigating Gale Boetticher's murder. Hank says he believes Gale was the elusive Heisenberg and expresses regret that he was not able to arrest him. When asked by Hank to read about a chemical process written in Gale's lab notes, Walt notices a line from a Walt Whitman poem and a dedication: "W. W. My Star, My Perfect Silence." When Hank mentions the initials matching Walt's, Walt jokingly admits "you got me," before telling Hank that "W. W." refers to the poet. When Walt asks Hank about the investigation, he learns that the only leads are some fingerprints and an eyewitness spotted at the scene. Walt is spooked and worries that the police will connect Jesse Pinkman to the murder. Walter goes to Jesse's house and is disgusted by its condition, as it is now being used as a crack house by addicts and vagrants. Jesse is adamant nothing can connect him to Gale's murder, but when he is asked if he picked up the shell casing from the gun (which could have his fingerprints on it), it is revealed he did not. When he is further questioned about the murder, Jesse starts to panic due to the memory of it and pays two druggies to kick Walter out of the house. Walter later laments to Saul Goodman that the meth business is falling apart because no one is acting professionally, and rejects an offer to go into hiding. Jesse's detached complacency eventually leads to all of his meth money being stolen from his house, but Mike quickly recovers it and warns Jesse that he is on thin ice. Jesse is apathetic about the loss and recovery, leading Mike to tell Gus Fring that Jesse's lack of professionalism is a problem for the organization, and they must intervene. Jesse does not show up at the lab the next day and Walt realizes that he has been kidnapped. Mike drives Jesse to an unknown destination. When he asks Jesse if he would like to know where they are going, Jesse simply replies "nope." Production "Bullet Points" was written by Moira Walley-Beckett and directed by Colin Bucksey, the third Breaking Bad episode he directed after "Phoenix" in season two and "I See You" in season three. During the cold open scene, one of Gus' drug-smuggling trucks is attacked by members of a Mexican drug cartel. This is a reference to what series creator Vince Gilligan refers to as a brewing "cold war" between Gus and the cartel due to Gus' actions against them during the third season. The scene in "Bullet Points" is the first reference to this storyline since the third-season finale "Full Measure", when Mike killed several cartel henchmen who had taken over one of Gus' chemical supply warehouses. To create the bullet holes that strike the truck Mike is hiding inside, the special effects department drilled, wired and hand-planted 380 squib explosives onto the truck, including 150 on each side of the vehicle and 80 for the back door. Two sets of the back door were used, one for the view of shots being fired at the exterior of the door and one for the view of the interior. For the scene with Mike waiting inside the refrigeration truck, series creator Vince Gilligan wanted audiences to be able to see his breath so they would know how cold it was. To create that effect, the special effects crew designed a tiny plastic box with holes in it and placed dry ice inside, which Banks kept inside his mouth to create condensation when he exhaled. The idea was based on a similar device film director Frank Capra previously used with his actors in one of his films, which Gilligan read about in Capra's autobiography. The device worked, but had to be adjusted because it initially created an effect that looked more like cigarette smoke. Also for that scene, a bloody chunk of skin can be seen dangling from Mike's ear after he is shot. For that effect, special effects creators Greg Nicotero and Howard Berger, who are part of the company KNB Efx Group, made a mold of actor Jonathan Banks' ear and made an application for him to wear during filming. It was applied onto Banks by Breaking Bad make-up artists Corey Welk and Frieda Valenzuela. David Costabile briefly reprised his role as Gale Boetticher. When Hank first reveals to Walter that he is investigating Gale's murder, he shows him a DVD of Gale singing karaoke with Thai subtitles. The idea was that Gale participated in a karaoke booth in Thailand and kept the DVD as a souvenir; Breaking Bad music supervisor Thomas Golubic specifically found someone who could translate the song lyrics into Thai for the video. A similar joke was featured in the HBO comedy series Flight of the Conchords, which also features Costabile in a supporting role. Gilligan said he was not aware of that joke at the time, but watched it after conceiving of the Gale joke and researching karaoke. He said of it: "It was freaking hilarious. It's brilliant. And then I was thinking, 'Oh shit, should we even do this now, because how can it be as good as those guys?'" Gale sings the Peter Schilling song "Major Tom (Coming Home)", which Gilligan chose because he felt it was appropriate for the character: "It felt right. It's a bit cheesy, it's earnest, but it also kind of sticks in your head and it's fun." In the background of the karaoke performance, stock footage from the science-fiction television series Quark was visible in the background. Gilligan was a fan of the show during childhood and recognized it while reviewing available stock footage. The full karaoke video was made available on the official Breaking Bad website after the episode was first broadcast. The scene when Walter looks through Gale's notebook at Hank's behest features a montage of quick cuts between the notebook pages and Walter's face as he read. The montage was conceived by Gilligan, who wanted to express Walter's stress over reading the notebook to the viewers without overtly showing those emotions on Walter's face and arousing Hank's suspicion. It was difficult to shoot because the actors had to display these emotions without overtly expressing them, and the scene had to be reshot a second time as a result. Jeremy Howard made a guest appearance in "Bullet Points" as Sketchy, a drug addict who speaks non-stop during scenes at Jesse's parties. Howard was acquainted with Bryan Cranston, who had cast him in an episode of the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle that Cranston directed. Howard was originally only slated to play Sketchy in the Breaking Bad episode "Open House", but Gilligan liked him so much he brought the character back for "Bullet Points". During one scene, Sketchy walks off-screen and accidentally knocks over several beer bottles, making a loud noise. The moment was accidental and unscripted, but the crew found it so funny they included it in the final cut of the episode. During a different scene at Jesse's party, Jesse buzzes the heads of several of his long-haired guests. MacLaren said it was difficult to find extras willing to have their heads shaved because those with long enough hair were so conscious of their hair that they did not want it cut. Several extras who signed up for the part dropped out before they finally found those willing to do it. Jesse also has his head buzzed, which was actor Aaron Paul's idea because he felt it was appropriate for the inner turmoil his character was experiencing. Reception Seth Amitin of IGN awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 calling it "a solid building block for future story lines". Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a positive review calling it "very oddly-structured, but never uninteresting". Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic awarded the episode 4.9 out of 5 calling it "phenomenal". Donna Bowman reviewing for The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A−". In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Bullet Points" 59th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes. References ^ Gilligan, Vince (August 9, 2011). Breaking Bad Insider 404 (Audio commentary). Breaking Bad Insider Podcast. Event occurs at 32:18–32:23. ^ Gilligan, 5:33–7:28 ^ MacLaren, Michelle (August 9, 2011). Breaking Bad Insider 404 (Audio commentary). Breaking Bad Insider Podcast. Event occurs at 7:56–9:11. ^ a b MacLaren, 11:00–11:30 ^ Gilligan, 9:25–11:00 ^ MacLaren, 11:35–12:49 ^ Gilligan, 24:47–25:18 ^ Gilligan, 22:57–24:15 ^ Gilligan, 25:28–26:20 ^ MacLaren, 25:18–25:28 ^ Dixon, Kelley (August 9, 2011). Breaking Bad Insider 404 (Audio commentary). Breaking Bad Insider Podcast. Event occurs at 27:45–28:06. ^ Cranston, Bryan (August 9, 2011). Breaking Bad Insider 404 (Audio commentary). Breaking Bad Insider Podcast. Event occurs at 28:08–28:20. ^ Cranston, 30:30–30:50 ^ Gilligan, 31:10–31:50 ^ MacLaren, 30:55–31:08 ^ MacLaren, 29:08–29:33 ^ MacLaren, 29:35–30:00 ^ Amitin, Seth (August 8, 2011). "Breaking Bad: "Bullet Points" Review". IGN. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (August 7, 2011). "Review: 'Breaking Bad' - 'Bullet Points': House of cards". HitFix. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Richenthal, Matt (August 8, 2011). "Breaking Bad Review: Why Am I Ashamed?". TV Fanatic. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Bowman, Donna (August 7, 2011). "Bullet Points". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ Shaker Samman (September 30, 2019). "The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking". The Ringer. External links "Bullet Points" at the official Breaking Bad site "Bullet Points" at IMDb vteBreaking BadEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Cat's in the Bag..." "...And the Bag's in the River" "Cancer Man" "Gray Matter" "Crazy Handful of Nothin'" "A No-Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" Season 2 "Seven Thirty-Seven" "Grilled" "Bit by a Dead Bee" "Down" "Breakage" "Peekaboo" "Negro y Azul" "Better Call Saul" "4 Days Out" "Over" "Mandala" "Phoenix" "ABQ" Season 3 "No Más" "Caballo sin Nombre" "I.F.T." "Green Light" "Más" "Sunset" "One Minute" "I See You" "Kafkaesque" "Fly" "Abiquiu" "Half Measures" "Full Measure" Season 4 "Box Cutter" "Thirty-Eight Snub" "Open House" "Bullet Points" "Shotgun" "Cornered" "Problem Dog" "Hermanos" "Bug" "Salud" "Crawl Space" "End Times" "Face Off" Season 5Part 1 "Live Free or Die" "Madrigal" "Hazard Pay" "Fifty-One" "Dead Freight" "Buyout" "Say My Name" "Gliding Over All" Part 2 "Blood Money" "Buried" "Confessions" "Rabid Dog" "To'hajiilee" "Ozymandias" "Granite State" "Felina" Characters Walter White Jesse Pinkman Skyler White Hank Schrader Marie Schrader Walter White Jr. Saul Goodman Mike Ehrmantraut Gus Fring Related Awards and nominations Better Call Saul "Breaking Bad" El Camino Metástasis Talking Bad Faking Bad "Baby Blue" Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad_season_4"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"\"Bullet Points\" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 37th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on August 7, 2011.","title":"Bullet Points (Breaking Bad)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Ehrmantraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ehrmantraut"},{"link_name":"Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"Skyler White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyler_White"},{"link_name":"card counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_counting"},{"link_name":"Hank Schrader's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Walter White Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_White_Jr."},{"link_name":"Marie Schrader's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Gale Boetticher's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Boetticher"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Jesse Pinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Pinkman"},{"link_name":"crack house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_house"},{"link_name":"Saul Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Goodman_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"Gus Fring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Fring"}],"text":"Mike Ehrmantraut rides in the back of a Los Pollos Hermanos refrigerator truck on a meth delivery run. The truck suddenly screeches to a halt as it is forced off the road by a pair of hijackers. Mike quickly pulls out his gun and listens as the gunmen pull the driver from the cab and shoot him in the head. He then takes cover as the gunmen shoot up the trailer. After firing two volleys, the gunmen break into the truck, and Mike immediately shoots them dead. After he steps out of the truck, he finds that a bullet has grazed his right ear.Walter and Skyler White prepare an elaborate story about Walter having a gambling addiction and a successful card counting method to explain how they can pay for Hank Schrader's medical bills and purchase the car wash they intend to use to launder Walter's meth profits. Walter remains too distracted to put much effort into the charade and is worried about how Walter White Jr. will perceive him. During a family dinner at Hank and Marie Schrader's, Skyler and Walter tell everyone the gambling addiction story, and Hank and Walter Jr. are impressed.Walter is shocked to learn that Hank is investigating Gale Boetticher's murder. Hank says he believes Gale was the elusive Heisenberg and expresses regret that he was not able to arrest him. When asked by Hank to read about a chemical process written in Gale's lab notes, Walt notices a line from a Walt Whitman poem and a dedication: \"W. W. My Star, My Perfect Silence.\" When Hank mentions the initials matching Walt's, Walt jokingly admits \"you got me,\" before telling Hank that \"W. W.\" refers to the poet. When Walt asks Hank about the investigation, he learns that the only leads are some fingerprints and an eyewitness spotted at the scene. Walt is spooked and worries that the police will connect Jesse Pinkman to the murder.Walter goes to Jesse's house and is disgusted by its condition, as it is now being used as a crack house by addicts and vagrants. Jesse is adamant nothing can connect him to Gale's murder, but when he is asked if he picked up the shell casing from the gun (which could have his fingerprints on it), it is revealed he did not. When he is further questioned about the murder, Jesse starts to panic due to the memory of it and pays two druggies to kick Walter out of the house. Walter later laments to Saul Goodman that the meth business is falling apart because no one is acting professionally, and rejects an offer to go into hiding.Jesse's detached complacency eventually leads to all of his meth money being stolen from his house, but Mike quickly recovers it and warns Jesse that he is on thin ice. Jesse is apathetic about the loss and recovery, leading Mike to tell Gus Fring that Jesse's lack of professionalism is a problem for the organization, and they must intervene. Jesse does not show up at the lab the next day and Walt realizes that he has been kidnapped. Mike drives Jesse to an unknown destination. When he asks Jesse if he would like to know where they are going, Jesse simply replies \"nope.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moira Walley-Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Walley-Beckett"},{"link_name":"Colin Bucksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Bucksey"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"season two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad_season_2"},{"link_name":"I See You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_See_You_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"season three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad_season_3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cold open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_open"},{"link_name":"drug cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"cold war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"squib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squib_(explosive)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"dry ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLaren1100-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLaren1100-4"},{"link_name":"Greg Nicotero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nicotero"},{"link_name":"Howard Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Berger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Conchords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Conchords_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peter Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Major Tom (Coming Home)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Tom_(Coming_Home)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"quick cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_cutting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Howard_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm in the Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Open House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_House_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Bullet Points\" was written by Moira Walley-Beckett and directed by Colin Bucksey, the third Breaking Bad episode he directed after \"Phoenix\" in season two and \"I See You\" in season three.[1] During the cold open scene, one of Gus' drug-smuggling trucks is attacked by members of a Mexican drug cartel. This is a reference to what series creator Vince Gilligan refers to as a brewing \"cold war\" between Gus and the cartel due to Gus' actions against them during the third season. The scene in \"Bullet Points\" is the first reference to this storyline since the third-season finale \"Full Measure\", when Mike killed several cartel henchmen who had taken over one of Gus' chemical supply warehouses.[2] To create the bullet holes that strike the truck Mike is hiding inside, the special effects department drilled, wired and hand-planted 380 squib explosives onto the truck, including 150 on each side of the vehicle and 80 for the back door. Two sets of the back door were used, one for the view of shots being fired at the exterior of the door and one for the view of the interior.[3]For the scene with Mike waiting inside the refrigeration truck, series creator Vince Gilligan wanted audiences to be able to see his breath so they would know how cold it was. To create that effect, the special effects crew designed a tiny plastic box with holes in it and placed dry ice inside, which Banks kept inside his mouth to create condensation when he exhaled.[4] The idea was based on a similar device film director Frank Capra previously used with his actors in one of his films, which Gilligan read about in Capra's autobiography.[5] The device worked, but had to be adjusted because it initially created an effect that looked more like cigarette smoke.[4] Also for that scene, a bloody chunk of skin can be seen dangling from Mike's ear after he is shot. For that effect, special effects creators Greg Nicotero and Howard Berger, who are part of the company KNB Efx Group, made a mold of actor Jonathan Banks' ear and made an application for him to wear during filming. It was applied onto Banks by Breaking Bad make-up artists Corey Welk and Frieda Valenzuela.[6]David Costabile briefly reprised his role as Gale Boetticher.[7] When Hank first reveals to Walter that he is investigating Gale's murder, he shows him a DVD of Gale singing karaoke with Thai subtitles. The idea was that Gale participated in a karaoke booth in Thailand and kept the DVD as a souvenir; Breaking Bad music supervisor Thomas Golubic specifically found someone who could translate the song lyrics into Thai for the video. A similar joke was featured in the HBO comedy series Flight of the Conchords, which also features Costabile in a supporting role. Gilligan said he was not aware of that joke at the time, but watched it after conceiving of the Gale joke and researching karaoke. He said of it: \"It was freaking hilarious. It's brilliant. And then I was thinking, 'Oh shit, should we even do this now, because how can it be as good as those guys?'\" Gale sings the Peter Schilling song \"Major Tom (Coming Home)\", which Gilligan chose because he felt it was appropriate for the character: \"It felt right. It's a bit cheesy, it's earnest, but it also kind of sticks in your head and it's fun.\"[8]In the background of the karaoke performance, stock footage from the science-fiction television series Quark was visible in the background. Gilligan was a fan of the show during childhood and recognized it while reviewing available stock footage.[9] The full karaoke video was made available on the official Breaking Bad website after the episode was first broadcast.[10] The scene when Walter looks through Gale's notebook at Hank's behest features a montage of quick cuts between the notebook pages and Walter's face as he read. The montage was conceived by Gilligan, who wanted to express Walter's stress over reading the notebook to the viewers without overtly showing those emotions on Walter's face and arousing Hank's suspicion.[11] It was difficult to shoot because the actors had to display these emotions without overtly expressing them, and the scene had to be reshot a second time as a result.[12]Jeremy Howard made a guest appearance in \"Bullet Points\" as Sketchy, a drug addict who speaks non-stop during scenes at Jesse's parties. Howard was acquainted with Bryan Cranston, who had cast him in an episode of the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle that Cranston directed.[13] Howard was originally only slated to play Sketchy in the Breaking Bad episode \"Open House\", but Gilligan liked him so much he brought the character back for \"Bullet Points\".[14] During one scene, Sketchy walks off-screen and accidentally knocks over several beer bottles, making a loud noise. The moment was accidental and unscripted, but the crew found it so funny they included it in the final cut of the episode.[15] During a different scene at Jesse's party, Jesse buzzes the heads of several of his long-haired guests. MacLaren said it was difficult to find extras willing to have their heads shaved because those with long enough hair were so conscious of their hair that they did not want it cut. Several extras who signed up for the part dropped out before they finally found those willing to do it.[16] Jesse also has his head buzzed, which was actor Aaron Paul's idea because he felt it was appropriate for the inner turmoil his character was experiencing.[17]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"HitFix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitFix"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Seth Amitin of IGN awarded the episode an 8 out of 10 calling it \"a solid building block for future story lines\".[18] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a positive review calling it \"very oddly-structured, but never uninteresting\".[19] Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic awarded the episode 4.9 out of 5 calling it \"phenomenal\".[20] Donna Bowman reviewing for The A.V. Club gave the episode an \"A−\".[21]In 2019 The Ringer ranked \"Bullet Points\" 59th out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.[22]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria

Alliance for the Future of Austria

["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Consolidation","1.3 After Haider","1.4 Liberal turn","2 Policies","2.1 Ideology","2.2 Economics","2.3 Social issues","2.4 Foreign policy","2.5 Constitution","3 Political support","3.1 State branches","3.2 Sections","3.3 Finances","3.4 Membership","4 Election results","4.1 General elections","4.2 European Parliament elections","5 Leadership","5.1 Party chairmen","5.2 List of chairmen in the States of Austria","5.2.1 Burgenland","5.2.2 Carinthia","5.2.3 Lower Austria","5.2.4 Salzburg","5.2.5 Styria","5.2.6 Tyrol","5.2.7 Upper Austria","5.2.8 Vienna","5.2.9 Vorarlberg","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 External links"]

Political party Alliance for the Future of Austria Bündnis Zukunft ÖsterreichLeaderHelmut Nikel (in Carinthia)FounderJörg HaiderFounded3 April 2005Split fromFreedom Party of AustriaHeadquartersVolksgartenstraße 3/5A-1010 ViennaYouth wingGeneration of the Future of AustriaMembership8,000 (2011)IdeologyNational conservatismRight-wing populismNational liberalismEuroscepticismPolitical positionRight-wing tofar-rightColoursOrangeNational Council0 / 183 Federal Council0 / 61 European Parliament0 / 18 State Parliaments0 / 440 Websitewww.bzoe-kaernten.at Politics of AustriaPolitical partiesElections The Alliance for the Future of Austria (German: Bündnis Zukunft Österreich; BZÖ) is a right-wing populist, national conservative political party in Austria. The BZÖ was founded on 3 April 2005 by Jörg Haider as a moderate splinter from the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and immediately took the FPÖ's place in coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). The party won seven seats at the 2006 election, ending its involvement in government. The September 2008 election saw the BZÖ breakthrough with 21 seats, while the FPÖ's vote also increased. Thirteen days after the election, Haider died in a car crash; in April 2009, Josef Bucher became leader. Under Bucher's leadership, the party moved towards economic liberalism, leading to the secession of the party's Carinthia branch to form the Freedom Party in Carinthia in December 2009. Under Bucher, the party became economically liberal and socially conservative. The party aims to take ground from the ÖVP by defending the middle class and free markets: supporting a flat tax (currently a model with 44% which exists as calculator tool on the party's website), privatisation of utilities, and large reductions in both bureaucracy and the government debt. The party takes a more moderate position than the FPÖ on immigration – proposing the introduction of a 'green card' – and is in some ways 'eurosceptic'. Unlike the FPÖ, the BZÖ is notable for the reintroduction of tuition fees, abandoning conscription and the adoption of a system of Common Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. History Foundation Jörg Haider founded the BZÖ in 2005, after failing to reform the FPÖ into a more moderate party. The BZÖ was founded as the result of considerable disagreements within the Freedom Party between Jörg Haider, the Freedom Party's chair person Ursula Haubner and Vice Chancellor Hubert Gorbach on the one side and the circle around Heinz-Christian Strache, Andreas Mölzer, and Ewald Stadler on the other. The former group broke off and founded the new party in order to distance themselves from the right. The party's charter was deposited at the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 3 April 2005, as is required by Austrian law, and the founding of the party was announced by former members of the Freedom Party the following day. On 6 April 2005, the party's charter was published in the official gazette of the Wiener Zeitung, and the initial conference took place on 17 April in Salzburg where the party's programme was agreed upon. The BZÖ became the first party of the Second Republic to immediately join a government without taking part in an election. In the coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), the BZÖ held the vice-chancellorship and two ministries. The first test for the BZÖ came in a series of Landtag elections in October 2005. In the elections to the Styrian state parliament on 2 October 2005, the BZÖ only obtained a 1.7% share of votes and clearly failed to enter the Landtag, while the FPÖ, with 4.6%, failed by a much smaller margin. The BZÖ's leading candidate was Michael Schmid, a former Austrian minister of infrastructure. The BZÖ did not stand in the October 2005 elections in Burgenland. In the 23 October elections in Vienna, it was led by former Lower Austrian state government member Hans Jörg Schimanek. However, it received only 1.2% of votes, while the FPÖ, led by national party chairman Heinz-Christian Strache, surprised pollsters with a share of 14.9%. Consolidation Since the BZÖ performed poorly in the state elections it participated in shortly after its formation, many commentators believed that it would disappear after the 2006 general election. However, the party obtained 4.1% of the vote and seven seats in the National Council in 2006. The party was led by Peter Westenthaler from June 2006 until August 2008. Haider formally re-assumed the party chairmanship on 30 August 2008, and was the party's candidate for Chancellor of Austria in snap general elections that took place on 28 September 2008. In those elections, the BZÖ scored a major victory taking 522,933 votes nationally translating into 10.70% of the total national vote. The party increased its representation from seven to 21 seats in the National Council. However, 13 days after the election, Haider died in a car crash. After Haider After Haider's death, the party was led by a temporary leadership team consisting of Stefan Petzner (Haider's former spokesman) and later on Herbert Scheibner (former Defence minister). In March 2009 elections were held in Salzburg (the party achieved 3.7% there, failed to enter Landtag but entered some Carinthian state and municipal elections where the party reached 44.9% and kept the Landeshauptmann. On 26 April 2009, a party congress in Linz elected Josef Bucher as the new leader. In their first European Parliament election, in June 2009, the BZÖ received 4.58% of the votes. This was sufficient for Ewald Stadler to take his place as an Observer MEP and later on, in 2011, as an MEP. In autumn 2009, the party reached only 1.2% in the elections in Vorarlberg and 2.83% at the Upper Austrian state elections held on 27 September and failed to enter the Landtag. Liberal turn Following Bucher's efforts to change the ideological direction of the BZÖ, many of the Carinthian party members broke away and on 16 December 2009 reorganised as the Freedom Party in Carinthia (distinct from the federal FPÖ). The Carinthian BZÖ was re-established on 30 January 2010. On 2 May 2010, the Alliance for the Future of Austria held a convention in Vienna, where their first Bündnisprogramm was designed and agreed upon by open ballot in unanimity. At the May 2010 election in Styria, the BZÖ achieved 2.98% with Gerald Grosz as leading candidate for the Landtag. At the October 2010 Vienna state elections, the Alliance for the Future of Austria had nominated Walter Sonnleitner as leading candidate to check the new right-wing liberal course in action and reached 1,33% of the Viennese voters. After that, Grosz claimed that the 2.98% achieved in Styria were a triumph in comparison to the 1.33% in Vienna and that he was concerned about the next general election. Bucher and Grosz later confirmed that they had agreed to einen "bürgerlichen Kurs rechts der Mitte" (a "middle class course right of the centre") and that both fully supported this course. To show its freshness the Alliance changed its branding which became an orange rectangle with the name written in white inside at a meeting on 30 January 2011 in Carinthia to celebrate the first anniversary the refounding of the host party, BZÖ Kärnten (the Carinthian BZÖ). In September 2011, the party launched a campaign against EU fiscal union, quoting the Bible – "They know not what they do" (Luke 23:34) – to criticise the SPÖ, ÖVP and EU 'bosses'. The party abolished the position of secretary-general on 13 September. One day later, this caused Member of Parliament Robert Lugar to leave the Alliance's caucus. Furthermore, the so-called "Bucher-Plan" was introduced which contains an immediate payment stop for bankrupt EU countries an exclusion of Greece from the EU and a whole new safe and independent Monetary Zone of strong countries consisting of Austria, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. After the general elections of 29 September 2013 with Josef Bucher as the party's candidate for Chancellor of Austria the support for the BZÖ dropped to 164,599 votes. As a consequence, on 2 October 2013 Josef Bucher stepped down as party leader. In turn, Gerald Grosz was appointed new head of the party. Following the new leadership, two former party members Stefan Petzner and Ewald Stadler were expelled from the BZÖ by Gerald Grosz. On 15 March 2014, during an extraordinary party convent, DDr. Ulrike Haider-Quercia was presented as leading candidate for the upcoming European elections and she was accepted unanimously. On 27 March, it was announced that MEP Werthmann would be the independent candidate for DDr. Haider-Quercia's list for the BZÖ for the European elections. Consequently, Werthmann was excluded from the ALDE group, since the ALDE group leader Guy Verhofstadt did not want the BZÖ to be in the European Parliament as part of the ALDE group. In turn, DDr. Haider-Quercia stepped back from her candidacy and in consequence MEP Werthmann became top candidate for the independent "List Mag. Werthmann" However, the BZÖ was not re-elected into parliament during European elections held on 25 May 2014. On 20 July 2017, the last two BZÖ members of the Landtag of Carinthia left the party. Policies Part of a series onConservatism in Austria Ideologies Austrian nationalism Christian democracy Conservative corporatism Green conservatism Liberal conservatism Principles Austrian culture Catholic social teaching Class collaboration Clericalism Duty Family values Imperialism Monarchism Multiculturalism Organicism Political Catholicism Subsidiarity Tradition History Austria-Hungary Austrian Civil War Austrian Empire Carlsbad Decrees Congress of Vienna Federal State of Austria Habsburg monarchy Intellectuals Burger von Gentz von Hayek von Hofmannsthal von Kuehnelt-Leddihn Mannheim Müller Schoeck Spann von Vogelsang Politicians von Coudenhove-Kalergi Dollfuss Figl von Gentz von Habsburg Haider von Hohenwart Klaus Kurz Nehammer Schuschnigg von Metternich de Paula Maria Raab Rosenkranz Schüssel Stadler Starhemberg Taaffe von Vogelsang Activists Feigl Schönfeld Sellner Tschugguel PartiesActive Alliance for the Future of Austria Austrian People's Party Christian Party of Austria Freedom Party of Austria Defunct Catholic People's Party Christian Social Party Fatherland Front The Reform Conservatives Team Stronach Organisations Black-Yellow Alliance Heimwehr Media Kleine Zeitung Neues Volksblatt Salzburger Nachrichten Tiroler Tageszeitung Wiener Zeitung Österreich Related topics Austrian nobility Conservatism in Germany German nationalism in Austria Pan Germanism Remigration Überfremdung Conservatism portal Austria portalvte Ideology On 15 October 2009, the party described its political position as centre-right, expressing their more moderate stance compared with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Under Joseph Bucher, the party has been economically liberal and socially conservative. The BZÖ describes itself as "ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values). From its beginning, the party's leader and programme changed very often, until Josef Bucher became the party leader. This brought the first installation of the "Bündnisprogramm" in Vienna which was accepted in open ballot vote by 600 attending members, and a political orientation described now as "rechtsliberal" (right-wing liberal). The BZÖ wants to especially focus on the Mittelstand, civil and political rights, the stop of compulsory membership in the state and personal freedom. The BZÖ is especially outspoken against new taxes and calls for more reforms. The BZÖ also opposes, among others, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement as well as the TTIP. Economics The BZÖ supports reducing the reduction of government debt, which stood at 80% of gross domestic product in 2011. The party supports the privatisation of utilities and parts of the Austrian Federal Railways. The party advocates 'radical clearing' of bureaucracy and Bucher had proposed a 44% flat tax on earnings above €14,235.28 with a further allowance of €9,000 for each child. Social issues The party supports the introduction of the Green card model as it is in practice in the United States. This policy was introduced by Bucher in 2009 in recognition of Austria's reliance on immigration and separates the BZÖ from the FPÖ. Gerald Grosz made history for the Austrian nationalist movement when he became the first openly gay president of an Austrian nationalist party. He is also a member of Rechtskomitee LAMBDA (RKL), Austria's main LGBT rights organization. Foreign policy Unlike the ÖVP and FPÖ the BZÖ supports in 2010 the abolition of conscription and the creation of a Volunteer military consisting of so-called "Berufssoldaten" and a strong Militia component, according to vice-chairman Herbert Scheibner, former Defence minister. The BZÖ demands an increase of the Common Foreign and Security Policy and admitted to the adaption of a system of Common Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. The BZÖ demanded a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty and, like the FPÖ, it advocates the introduction of a hard north Euro and a soft south Euro. It opposes Turkish accession to the EU. In the 2019 Austrian legislative election the BZÖ-Alliance of Patriots calls for Austria's withdrawal from the European Union. Constitution There are also major differences of opinion between FPÖ and BZÖ about the future of the Federal Council, the upper house of the Austrian Parliament. While the FPÖ would like to enhance it to a real "Länderkammer", the BZÖ calls for political reforms to abolish the council and to replace its competences with the Landeshauptleutekonferenz. The idea behind this is "to end the blocking politics by the provinces" and furthermore he states' "governors and a small number of councillors should represent their home regions interests after such a reform". Party leader Josef Bucher also suggested to abolish the Federal President and instead make the Federal Chancellor a directly elected "Chancellor President". Political support The party has polled around 5–6% since early 2011, having won 10% at the 2008 election. The party is particularly strong in Carinthia, where the party won 45% at the 2009 election and still polls over 10%, even after the secession of the Freedom Party in Carinthia. The party has stated that it aims to stand up for the middle class as the "stronghold of the taxpayer". State branches Each state has a BZÖ branch that exists and acts semi-independently of the federal party. The state branches of the Freedom Party reacted in different ways to the creation of the BZÖ. The Freedom Party in Carinthia, which enjoyed a great deal of autonomy under that party's statutes, was the only state branch which became a part of the BZÖ en masse. The Freedom Party in Upper Austria originally planned to decouple itself from the federal party and go its own way without joining the BZÖ for the time being. In April 2006, the convention of the Freedom Party of Upper Austria decided to rejoin the federal FPÖ. Former party expulsions have been revoked. The state parties split in Vienna, the Tyrol, and Styria. The leaders in these three states decided to remain a part of the FPÖ, although some members of these state groups showed sympathy towards the BZÖ. Sections The BZÖ has a youth wing, called the Generation of the Future of Austria (Generation Zukunft Österreich), a pensioners' wing, called the Independent Seniors Platform (Unabhängige Seniorenplattform), a families wing, called the Family for the Future of Austria (Familie Zukunft Österreich), a farmers wing called "BZÖ Bauern" a labours wing called "BZÖ Arbeitnehmer" (at the moment in Carinthia only with Sigisbert Dolinschek as chairman) as well as a business wing called "BZÖ Unternehmer". Finances The party has been debt-free since 2012. The BZÖ currently receives party funding of €4.1 million per annum. Membership At the initial party conference on 17 April 2005, Jörg Haider was elected leader of the Alliance. Hubert Gorbach, the Austrian Vice-Chancellor and Minister for Infrastructure was the parliamentary leader, with Heike Trammer and Karin Gastinger as his deputies. Uwe Scheuch, a member of the National Council and former General Secretary of the Freedom Party, is the Alliance's spokesman. On 24 September 2006 Karin Gastinger left the BZÖ, staying Minister of Justice. Other prominent members are: Ursula Haubner (Jörg Haider's sister): Social Security Minister and former Freedom Party leader Herbert Scheibner: former Defence Minister, former leader of the Freedom Party group in the National Council Jörg Haider remained leader or "Bündnisobmann" of the BZÖ until his death in October 2008. Election results General elections National Council of Austria Election Votes % of vote Seats 2006 193,539 4.1% 7 / 183 2008 522,933 10.7% 21 / 183 2013 165,746 3.53% 0 / 183 2019 760 0.02% 0 / 183 European Parliament elections European Parliament Election Votes % of vote Seats 2009 131,261 4.6% 1 / 17 2014 13,208 0.47% 0 / 18 ^ BZÖ's sole member of European Parliament Ewald Stadler has since been removed from the party in October 2013 Leadership Party chairmen Jörg Haider (2005–2006) Peter Westenthaler (2006–2008) Jörg Haider (August 2008 – 11 October 2008) Stefan Petzner (acting only; 12 October 2008 – 19 November 2008) Herbert Scheibner (acting only; 19 November 2008 – 26 April 2009) Josef Bucher (26 April 2009 – 2 October 2013) Gerald Grosz (19 October 2013 – 30 March 2015) Johanna Trodt-Limpl (30 March 2015 – 3 June 2017) Helmut Nikel (since 3 June 2017 in Carinthia) List of chairmen in the States of Austria This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Burgenland Karl Schweitzer (2006–2008) Jörg Steiner (3 July 2008 – July 2012) Dieter Herist (July 2012 – 2013) Carinthia Jörg Haider (25 November 2005 – 11 October 2008) Uwe Scheuch (15 November 2008 – 16 December 2009) Josef Bucher (30 January 2010 – 2 October 2013) Johanna Trodt-Limpl (30 November 2013 – 3 July 2017) Helmut Nikel (since 3 July 2017) Lower Austria Anton Wattaul (29 January 2006 – 18 July 2006) Peter Staudigl (24 November 2007 – 11 March 2008) Christine Döttelmayer (acting only; – 25 February 2009) Ewald Stadler (3 April 2009 – 3 October 2013)) Dominik Lutz (since 7 December 2013) Salzburg Eduard Mainoni (18 March 2006 – 30 June 2007) Robert Stark (since 22 November 2008) Mattias Angerer (since May 2014) Styria Gerald Grosz (5 June 2005 – 4 December 2012) Martina Schenk (acting only; – 15 March 2013) Tyrol Hans Jörg Stock (31 March 2006 – April 2008) Marina Steixner (acting only) Gerhard Huber (19 April 2009 - January 2014) Hans Jörg Stock (January 2014 – December 2020) Upper Austria Ursula Haubner (26 November 2005 – January 2017) Siegfried Berlinger (since January 2017) Vienna Günther Barnet (2005 – 8 May 2007) Michael Tscharnutter (since 2 June 2007) Dietmar Schwingenschrot (23 July 2015 – 18 July 2019, then dissolution of the party in Vienna) Vorarlberg Arno Eccher (March 2006 – December 2007) Christoph Hagen (8 May 2009 – October 2012) Manfred Dorn (since 13 October 2012) See also Freedom Party of Austria Footnotes ^ "Bucher: Wir brauchen einen schlanken Staat". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 12 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2011. ^ a b c d Petra Aigner (2008). Migration and Politics: Leadership and Legitimacy in Austria. Peter Lang. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-03910-921-0. ^ a b Oliver Rathkolb (2010). The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005. Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78238-396-3. ^ a b Eric Micklin (2015). "The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential". In Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-137-28913-1. ^ a b Boettcher, Alexander (11 August 2011), "How Strong Is Right-wing Populism in Europe?", Social Europe Journal, archived from the original on 25 March 2012, retrieved 14 February 2012 ^ a b Meyer-Feist, Andreas (14 February 2012), "Austrian villagers quash plans for Buddhist temple", DW, retrieved 16 February 2012 ^ Denkler, Denkler (4 April 2014), "FDP und die Haider-Partei BZÖ: Haiders Schatten", Süddeutsche Zeitung, retrieved 10 December 2022 ^ Shields, Michael; Prodhan, Georgina (29 September 2013). "Austrian centrist coalition survives far-right gains". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (23 October 2008). "Austria in disbelief after Haider outed as gay". The New York Times. ^ Marshall, Alex (24 September 2019). "Forest in a Soccer Stadium Outrages Austria's Far Right". The New York Times. ^ Bevelander, Pieter; Wodak, Ruth (2019). Europe at the crossroads: confronting populist, nationalist and global challenges. Lund. p. 161. doi:10.1111/spsr.12369. ISBN 9789188909206. S2CID 203467409.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Kinski, Lucy (2021). European representation in EU national parliaments. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 180. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53313-7. ISBN 9783030533137. S2CID 242892408. ^ a b c d "BZÖ wird "rechtsliberal"" . Die Presse (in German). 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. ^ "Josef Bucher als BZÖ-Bündnisobmann designiert". OTS.at. ^ "Auch mit Haubner scheitert BZÖ". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 27 September 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ Website:"Bucher for establishing of Green Card"". ^ Hochwarter, Thomas (18 January 2010). "BZÖ to stay in Carinthia despite FPK 'revolt'". Austrian Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ: Bucher und Grosz demonstrieren große Einigkeit". DiePresse.com. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "BZÖ nimmt Bibelzitate als Wahlslogans". Kurier (in German). 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011. ^ derStandard.at. "BZÖ-Klub verliert wieder einen Mandatar". derStandard.at. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ BZÖ Website Archived 14 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Retten wir unser Geld! Mit dem Bucher-Plan". Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "BZÖ-Bucher: "Ich werde aus der Politik ausscheiden" | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 02.10.2013" (in German). ots.at. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "BZÖ-Grosz: BZÖ soll offenes Wahlbündnis für bürgerliche Wähler sein | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 04.10.2013" (in German). ots.at. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "Grosz wird BZÖ-Chef, Stadler und Petzner müssen gehen". Die Presse. 3 October 2013. ^ "EU-Abgeordneter Ewald Stadler verlässt Politik" (in German). derStandard.at. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2018. ^ derStandard.at (8 April 2014). "Liberale Fraktion schließt BZÖ-Kandidatin Werthmann aus - Österreich und EU - derStandard.at › Inland". Derstandard.at. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "Timeline concerning the candidacy of MEP Mag. Angelika Werthmann on the list of DDr. Ulrike Haider-Quercia - MEP Angelika Werthmann". Angelika-werthmann.at. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "Nach Werthmann-Alde-Ausschluss: Ulrike Haider legt Kandidatur für EU-Wahl zurück | Bündnis Zukunft Österreich - BZÖ, 08.04.2014" (in German). ots.at. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "Danke An Alle". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ Das BZÖ verliert letzte Abgeordnete in einem Landtag, der Standard, 20. Juli 2017 ^ "BZÖ is Middle class liberal economic". Tripple.net. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "BZÖ-Bucher/Stadler: BZÖ-Nein zu ACTA in EU und Österreich | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 03.02.2012" (in German). ots.at. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "Werthmann/Grosz zu TTIP: Forderung nach sofortigem Verhandlungsstopp! | Bündnis Zukunft Österreich - BZÖ, 09.05.2014" (in German). ots.at. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "BZÖ drängt auf Schuldenreduzierung Österreichs". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "Fekter: "ÖBB kann man locker privatisieren"". Die Presse (in German). 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ: "Zuwanderung in den Sozialstaat" abstellen". Die Presse (in German). 9 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ-interner Streit über Zuwanderung". Die Presse (in German). 24 October 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "Autriche : Un gay à la tête d'un parti populiste". 6 October 2013. ^ "Lesbian Couple Challenges Joint Adoption Ban in Constitutional Court / Austria / Country-by-country / Guide to Europe / Home / Ilga - ILGA Europe". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ^ "Wehrpflicht: BZÖ-Antrag für Volksbefragung gescheitert". ORF (in German). 9 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "Programm des Bündnis Zukunft Österreich" (PDF). BZÖ Party Programm, page 38 (in German). 2 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012. ^ "Faymann und Merkel gegen den Nord-Euro". Die Presse (in German). 6 September 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012. ^ "Pirates 'are anarchists'". Austrian Independent. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012. ^ Bucher, Josef. "Bundespräsident oder Kanzlerpräsident? - Gastkommentar". Gastkommentare - Wiener Zeitung Online. ^ "ÖVP fällt in Umfragen Richtung 20 Prozent". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 16 April 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "FPÖ erobert den ersten Platz, ÖVP ist Dritte". Kurier (in German). 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ kündigt Dauerwahlkampf an". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 17 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ gibt sich Familienbund". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 28 September 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ "BZÖ gibt sich Familienbund". Woche.at (in German). 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2011. ^ "Das umstrittene FPÖ-Erbe des BZÖ". Wirtschaftsblatt (in German). 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ "Gerald Grosz ist der neue Bundesobmann des BZÖ". Die Presse (in German). 3 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alliance for the Future of Austria. Official website (in German) Alliance for the Future of Austria Carinthia official website (in German) Alliance for the Future of Austria's channel on YouTube (in German) Alliance for the Future of Austria official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-04-07) (in German) vtePolitical parties in AustriaNational Council Austrian People's Party (71) Social Democratic Party of Austria (40) Freedom Party of Austria (30) The Greens – The Green Alternative (26) NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (15) Federal Council Austrian People's Party (23) Social Democratic Party of Austria (20) Freedom Party of Austria (14) The Greens – The Green Alternative (4) European Parliament Austrian People's Party (7) Social Democratic Party of Austria (5) Freedom Party of Austria (3) The Greens – The Green Alternative (3) NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (1) State parliaments Austrian People's Party (157) Social Democratic Party of Austria (133) Freedom Party of Austria (63) The Greens – The Green Alternative (48) MFG Austria – People Freedom Fundamental Rights (3) NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (21) Team Carinthia (3) Communist Party of Austria (2) Citizens' Forum Austria (2) Minor or regional Alliance for the Future of Austria Animal Rights Party The Beer Party The Change Christian Party of Austria Citizens' Club Tyrol Democratic – Neutral – Authentic Forward Tyrol International Socialist Alternative List Burgenland LINKS (Austria) My Vote Counts! Neutral Free Austria Federation New Movement for the Future Party of Labour of Austria Pirate Party of Austria Social Austria of the Future The Social Liberals Team HC Strache – Alliance for Austria Unity List Volt Austria Vision Austria Defunct Carinthian Farmers' Association Catholic People's Party Centrist Democrats Christian Social Party Civic Workers' Party Communist Initiative Communist League of Austria Communist Workers Party Constitutional Party Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party in the Republic of Austria Democratic Association of Cities Democratic Peasants' Party Democratic Progressive Party The Democrats EU Exit Party Fatherland Front Federalist Party Federation of Independents Free Party Salzburg German Democrats German Freedom and Order Party German Freedom Party German National Association German Peoples' Election Committee German People's Party German Workers' Party German-National Party Greater German People's Party Hans-Peter Martin's List The Independents JETZT Jewish Communist Party of Austria Jewish National Party Landbund League of Democratic Socialists Liberal Corporate Association of Salzburg Liberal Forum Left Marxist–Leninist Party of Austria National Democratic Party The Reform Conservatives Save Austria Styrian Farmers' Party Team Stronach Trentino People's Party Young Czech Party Politics of Austria Politics portal List of political parties by country Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"right-wing populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aigner2008-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Micklin2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boettcher-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW-6"},{"link_name":"national conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_conservatism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aigner2008-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rathkolb2010-3"},{"link_name":"political party in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"September 2008 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"car crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_collision"},{"link_name":"Josef Bucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bucher"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ%C3%96_wird_rechtsliberal-13"},{"link_name":"ÖVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"free markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"flat tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax"},{"link_name":"privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"government debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"green card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"eurosceptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism"},{"link_name":"tuition fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition_payments"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"Common Security and Defence Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy"}],"text":"The Alliance for the Future of Austria (German: Bündnis Zukunft Österreich; BZÖ) is a right-wing populist,[2][4][5][6] national conservative[2][3] political party in Austria.The BZÖ was founded on 3 April 2005 by Jörg Haider as a moderate splinter from the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and immediately took the FPÖ's place in coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). The party won seven seats at the 2006 election, ending its involvement in government. The September 2008 election saw the BZÖ breakthrough with 21 seats, while the FPÖ's vote also increased. Thirteen days after the election, Haider died in a car crash; in April 2009, Josef Bucher became leader. Under Bucher's leadership, the party moved towards economic liberalism, leading to the secession of the party's Carinthia branch to form the Freedom Party in Carinthia in December 2009.Under Bucher, the party became economically liberal and socially conservative.[13] The party aims to take ground from the ÖVP by defending the middle class and free markets: supporting a flat tax (currently a model with 44% which exists as calculator tool on the party's website), privatisation of utilities, and large reductions in both bureaucracy and the government debt. The party takes a more moderate position than the FPÖ on immigration – proposing the introduction of a 'green card' – and is in some ways 'eurosceptic'. Unlike the FPÖ, the BZÖ is notable for the reintroduction of tuition fees, abandoning conscription and the adoption of a system of Common Security and Defence Policy in the European Union.","title":"Alliance for the Future of Austria"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joerg_haider-juli2006.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"},{"link_name":"Ursula Haubner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Haubner"},{"link_name":"Hubert Gorbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Gorbach"},{"link_name":"Heinz-Christian Strache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache"},{"link_name":"Andreas Mölzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_M%C3%B6lzer"},{"link_name":"Ewald Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Stadler"},{"link_name":"Federal Ministry of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"Wiener Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"Austrian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"elections to the Styrian state parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Styrian_Landtag_elections"},{"link_name":"Michael Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Schmid_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"October 2005 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Burgenland_state_election"},{"link_name":"Burgenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland"},{"link_name":"23 October elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Viennese_state_election"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Lower Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hans Jörg Schimanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Schimanek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heinz-Christian Strache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache"},{"link_name":"pollsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollster"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"Jörg Haider founded the BZÖ in 2005, after failing to reform the FPÖ into a more moderate party.The BZÖ was founded as the result of considerable disagreements within the Freedom Party between Jörg Haider, the Freedom Party's chair person Ursula Haubner and Vice Chancellor Hubert Gorbach on the one side and the circle around Heinz-Christian Strache, Andreas Mölzer, and Ewald Stadler on the other. The former group broke off and founded the new party in order to distance themselves from the right.The party's charter was deposited at the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 3 April 2005, as is required by Austrian law, and the founding of the party was announced by former members of the Freedom Party the following day. On 6 April 2005, the party's charter was published in the official gazette of the Wiener Zeitung, and the initial conference took place on 17 April in Salzburg where the party's programme was agreed upon.The BZÖ became the first party of the Second Republic to immediately join a government without taking part in an election. In the coalition with the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), the BZÖ held the vice-chancellorship and two ministries.The first test for the BZÖ came in a series of Landtag elections in October 2005. In the elections to the Styrian state parliament on 2 October 2005, the BZÖ only obtained a 1.7% share of votes and clearly failed to enter the Landtag, while the FPÖ, with 4.6%, failed by a much smaller margin. The BZÖ's leading candidate was Michael Schmid, a former Austrian minister of infrastructure.The BZÖ did not stand in the October 2005 elections in Burgenland. In the 23 October elections in Vienna, it was led by former Lower Austrian state government member Hans Jörg Schimanek. However, it received only 1.2% of votes, while the FPÖ, led by national party chairman Heinz-Christian Strache, surprised pollsters with a share of 14.9%.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Peter Westenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Westenthaler"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation","text":"Since the BZÖ performed poorly in the state elections it participated in shortly after its formation, many commentators believed that it would disappear after the 2006 general election. However, the party obtained 4.1% of the vote and seven seats in the National Council in 2006. The party was led by Peter Westenthaler from June 2006 until August 2008.Haider formally re-assumed the party chairmanship on 30 August 2008, and was the party's candidate for Chancellor of Austria in snap general elections that took place on 28 September 2008. In those elections, the BZÖ scored a major victory taking 522,933 votes nationally translating into 10.70% of the total national vote. The party increased its representation from seven to 21 seats in the National Council. However, 13 days after the election, Haider died in a car crash.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Salzburg_state_and_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"Carinthian state and municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Carinthian_state_and_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Josef Bucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bucher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"in June 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Observer MEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election#Observer_MEPs"},{"link_name":"elections in Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Vorarlberg_state_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"After Haider","text":"After Haider's death, the party was led by a temporary leadership team consisting of Stefan Petzner (Haider's former spokesman) and later on Herbert Scheibner (former Defence minister).In March 2009 elections were held in Salzburg (the party achieved 3.7% there, failed to enter Landtag but entered some Carinthian state and municipal elections where the party reached 44.9% and kept the Landeshauptmann.On 26 April 2009, a party congress in Linz elected Josef Bucher as the new leader.[14]In their first European Parliament election, in June 2009, the BZÖ received 4.58% of the votes. This was sufficient for Ewald Stadler to take his place as an Observer MEP and later on, in 2011, as an MEP.In autumn 2009, the party reached only 1.2% in the elections in Vorarlberg and 2.83% at the Upper Austrian state elections held on 27 September and failed to enter the Landtag.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom Party in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ%C3%96_wird_rechtsliberal-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bündnisprogramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_platform"},{"link_name":"unanimity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimity"},{"link_name":"May 2010 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Styrian_state_election"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"October 2010 Vienna state elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Viennese_state_election"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"They know not what they do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_know_not_what_they_do"},{"link_name":"Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"SPÖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP%C3%96"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Robert Lugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lugar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Liberal turn","text":"Following Bucher's efforts to change the ideological direction of the BZÖ, many of the Carinthian party members broke away and on 16 December 2009 reorganised as the Freedom Party in Carinthia (distinct from the federal FPÖ). The Carinthian BZÖ was re-established on 30 January 2010.[13][16][17]On 2 May 2010, the Alliance for the Future of Austria held a convention in Vienna, where their first Bündnisprogramm was designed and agreed upon by open ballot in unanimity.At the May 2010 election in Styria, the BZÖ achieved 2.98% with Gerald Grosz as leading candidate for the Landtag. At the October 2010 Vienna state elections, the Alliance for the Future of Austria had nominated Walter Sonnleitner as leading candidate to check the new right-wing liberal course in action and reached 1,33% of the Viennese voters. After that, Grosz claimed that the 2.98% achieved in Styria were a triumph in comparison to the 1.33% in Vienna and that he was concerned about the next general election.Bucher and Grosz later confirmed that they had agreed to einen \"bürgerlichen Kurs rechts der Mitte\" (a \"middle class course right of the centre\") and that both fully supported this course.[18]To show its freshness the Alliance changed its branding which became an orange rectangle with the name written in white inside at a meeting on 30 January 2011 in Carinthia to celebrate the first anniversary the refounding of the host party, BZÖ Kärnten (the Carinthian BZÖ).In September 2011, the party launched a campaign against EU fiscal union, quoting the Bible – \"They know not what they do\" (Luke 23:34) – to criticise the SPÖ, ÖVP and EU 'bosses'.[19] The party abolished the position of secretary-general on 13 September. One day later, this caused Member of Parliament Robert Lugar to leave the Alliance's caucus.[20]Furthermore, the so-called \"Bucher-Plan\" was introduced which contains an immediate payment stop for bankrupt EU countries an exclusion of Greece from the EU and a whole new safe and independent Monetary Zone of strong countries consisting of Austria, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.[21]After the general elections of 29 September 2013 with Josef Bucher as the party's candidate for Chancellor of Austria the support for the BZÖ dropped to 164,599 votes.\nAs a consequence, on 2 October 2013 Josef Bucher stepped down as party leader.[22] In turn, Gerald Grosz was appointed new head of the party.[23]Following the new leadership, two former party members Stefan Petzner and Ewald Stadler were expelled from the BZÖ by Gerald Grosz.[24][25]On 15 March 2014, during an extraordinary party convent, DDr. Ulrike Haider-Quercia was presented as leading candidate for the upcoming European elections and she was accepted unanimously. On 27 March, it was announced that MEP Werthmann would be the independent candidate for DDr. Haider-Quercia's list for the BZÖ for the European elections. Consequently, Werthmann was excluded from the ALDE group, since the ALDE group leader Guy Verhofstadt did not want the BZÖ to be in the European Parliament as part of the ALDE group.[26][27] In turn, DDr. Haider-Quercia stepped back from her candidacy and in consequence MEP Werthmann became top candidate for the independent \"List Mag. Werthmann\"[28] However, the BZÖ was not re-elected into parliament during European elections held on 25 May 2014.[29]On 20 July 2017, the last two BZÖ members of the Landtag of Carinthia left the party.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ%C3%96_wird_rechtsliberal-13"},{"link_name":"traditional values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_values"},{"link_name":"Mittelstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand"},{"link_name":"civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"TTIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTIP"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Ideology","text":"On 15 October 2009, the party described its political position as centre-right, expressing their more moderate stance compared with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Under Joseph Bucher, the party has been economically liberal and socially conservative.[13]The BZÖ describes itself as \"ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst\" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values). From its beginning, the party's leader and programme changed very often, until Josef Bucher became the party leader. This brought the first installation of the \"Bündnisprogramm\" in Vienna which was accepted in open ballot vote by 600 attending members, and a political orientation described now as \"rechtsliberal\" (right-wing liberal).The BZÖ wants to especially focus on the Mittelstand, civil and political rights, the stop of compulsory membership in the state and personal freedom. The BZÖ is especially outspoken against new taxes and calls for more reforms.[31]The BZÖ also opposes, among others, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement[32] as well as the TTIP.[33]","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ%C3%96_dr%C3%A4ngt_auf-34"},{"link_name":"privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"Austrian Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"flat tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"The BZÖ supports reducing the reduction of government debt, which stood at 80% of gross domestic product in 2011.[34] The party supports the privatisation of utilities and parts of the Austrian Federal Railways.[35] The party advocates 'radical clearing' of bureaucracy and Bucher had proposed a 44% flat tax on earnings above €14,235.28 with a further allowance of €9,000 for each child.[36]","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Social issues","text":"The party supports the introduction of the Green card model as it is in practice in the United States. This policy was introduced by Bucher in 2009 in recognition of Austria's reliance on immigration and separates the BZÖ from the FPÖ.[37]Gerald Grosz made history for the Austrian nationalist movement when he became the first openly gay president of an Austrian nationalist party.[38] He is also a member of Rechtskomitee LAMBDA (RKL), Austria's main LGBT rights organization.[39]","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"Volunteer military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_military"},{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BZ%C3%96_wird_rechtsliberal-13"},{"link_name":"Turkish accession to the EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2019 Austrian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"withdrawal from the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Foreign policy","text":"Unlike the ÖVP and FPÖ the BZÖ supports in 2010 the abolition of conscription and the creation of a Volunteer military consisting of so-called \"Berufssoldaten\" and a strong Militia component, according to vice-chairman Herbert Scheibner, former Defence minister.[40]\nThe BZÖ demands an increase of the Common Foreign and Security Policy\nand admitted to the adaption of a system of Common Security and Defence Policy in the European Union.[41]The BZÖ demanded a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty and, like the FPÖ, it advocates the introduction of a hard north Euro and a soft south Euro.[13] It opposes Turkish accession to the EU.[42]In the 2019 Austrian legislative election the BZÖ-Alliance of Patriots calls for Austria's withdrawal from the European Union.","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"upper house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house"},{"link_name":"Austrian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Federal President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Federal Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Constitution","text":"There are also major differences of opinion between FPÖ and BZÖ about the future of the Federal Council, the upper house of the Austrian Parliament. While the FPÖ would like to enhance it to a real \"Länderkammer\", the BZÖ calls for political reforms to abolish the council and to replace its competences with the Landeshauptleutekonferenz.\nThe idea behind this is \"to end the blocking politics by the provinces\" and\nfurthermore he states' \"governors and a small number of councillors should represent their home regions interests after such a reform\".[43] Party leader Josef Bucher also suggested to abolish the Federal President and instead make the Federal Chancellor a directly elected \"Chancellor President\".[44]","title":"Policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2008 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"},{"link_name":"2009 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Carinthian_state_and_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"}],"text":"The party has polled around 5–6% since early 2011,[45][46][47] having won 10% at the 2008 election. The party is particularly strong in Carinthia, where the party won 45% at the 2009 election and still polls over 10%, even after the secession of the Freedom Party in Carinthia.The party has stated that it aims to stand up for the middle class as the \"stronghold of the taxpayer\".","title":"Political support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Upper Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Austria"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Tyrol"}],"sub_title":"State branches","text":"Each state has a BZÖ branch that exists and acts semi-independently of the federal party. The state branches of the Freedom Party reacted in different ways to the creation of the BZÖ. The Freedom Party in Carinthia, which enjoyed a great deal of autonomy under that party's statutes, was the only state branch which became a part of the BZÖ en masse.[citation needed]The Freedom Party in Upper Austria originally planned to decouple itself from the federal party and go its own way without joining the BZÖ for the time being. In April 2006, the convention of the Freedom Party of Upper Austria decided to rejoin the federal FPÖ. Former party expulsions have been revoked.The state parties split in Vienna, the Tyrol, and Styria. The leaders in these three states decided to remain a part of the FPÖ, although some members of these state groups showed sympathy towards the BZÖ.","title":"Political support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"youth wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_wing"},{"link_name":"Generation of the Future of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_the_Future_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Independent Seniors Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_Seniors_Platform&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Family for the Future of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Sections","text":"The BZÖ has a youth wing, called the Generation of the Future of Austria (Generation Zukunft Österreich), a pensioners' wing, called the Independent Seniors Platform (Unabhängige Seniorenplattform), a families wing, called the Family for the Future of Austria (Familie Zukunft Österreich),[48] a farmers wing called \"BZÖ Bauern\" a labours wing called \"BZÖ Arbeitnehmer\" (at the moment in Carinthia only with Sigisbert Dolinschek as chairman)[49] as well as a business wing called \"BZÖ Unternehmer\".","title":"Political support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"party funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_funding_in_Austria"}],"sub_title":"Finances","text":"The party has been debt-free since 2012.[50] The BZÖ currently receives party funding of €4.1 million per annum.","title":"Political support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubert Gorbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Gorbach"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Heike Trammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heike_Trammer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karin Gastinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Gastinger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Uwe Scheuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Scheuch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Karin Gastinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Gastinger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ursula Haubner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Haubner"},{"link_name":"Herbert Scheibner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Scheibner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"}],"sub_title":"Membership","text":"At the initial party conference on 17 April 2005, Jörg Haider was elected leader of the Alliance. Hubert Gorbach, the Austrian Vice-Chancellor and Minister for Infrastructure was the parliamentary leader, with Heike Trammer and Karin Gastinger as his deputies.[citation needed] Uwe Scheuch, a member of the National Council and former General Secretary of the Freedom Party, is the Alliance's spokesman. On 24 September 2006 Karin Gastinger left the BZÖ, staying Minister of Justice.[citation needed]Other prominent members are:Ursula Haubner (Jörg Haider's sister): Social Security Minister and former Freedom Party leader\nHerbert Scheibner: former Defence Minister, former leader of the Freedom Party group in the National CouncilJörg Haider remained leader or \"Bündnisobmann\" of the BZÖ until his death in October 2008.","title":"Political support"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Council of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Austrian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Ewald Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Stadler"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stadler2013-51"}],"sub_title":"General elections","text":"National Council of Austria\n\n\nElection\n\nVotes\n\n% of vote\n\nSeats\n\n\n2006\n\n193,539\n\n4.1%\n\n7 / 183\n\n\n2008\n\n522,933\n\n10.7%\n\n21 / 183\n\n\n2013\n\n165,746\n\n3.53%\n\n0 / 183\n\n\n2019\n\n760\n\n0.02%\n\n0 / 183\n\nEuropean Parliament elections[edit]\n\nEuropean Parliament\n\n\nElection\n\nVotes\n\n% of vote\n\nSeats\n\n\n2009\n\n131,261\n\n4.6%\n\n1 / 17[a]\n\n\n2014\n\n13,208\n\n0.47%\n\n0 / 18\n\n\n\n^ BZÖ's sole member of European Parliament Ewald Stadler has since been removed from the party in October 2013[51]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"},{"link_name":"Peter Westenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Westenthaler"},{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"},{"link_name":"Stefan Petzner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Petzner"},{"link_name":"Herbert Scheibner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Scheibner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josef Bucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bucher"},{"link_name":"Gerald Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Grosz"},{"link_name":"Johanna Trodt-Limpl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Trodt-Limpl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helmut Nikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Nikel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Party chairmen","text":"Jörg Haider (2005–2006)\nPeter Westenthaler (2006–2008)\nJörg Haider (August 2008 – 11 October 2008)\nStefan Petzner (acting only; 12 October 2008 – 19 November 2008)\nHerbert Scheibner (acting only; 19 November 2008 – 26 April 2009)\nJosef Bucher (26 April 2009 – 2 October 2013)\nGerald Grosz (19 October 2013 – 30 March 2015)\nJohanna Trodt-Limpl (30 March 2015 – 3 June 2017)\nHelmut Nikel (since 3 June 2017 in Carinthia)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"Karl Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schweitzer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jörg Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6rg_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dieter Herist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Herist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"Jörg Haider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider"},{"link_name":"Uwe Scheuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Scheuch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josef Bucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bucher"},{"link_name":"Johanna Trodt-Limpl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Trodt-Limpl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helmut Nikel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Nikel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"Anton Wattaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Wattaul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Staudigl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Staudigl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christine Döttelmayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_D%C3%B6ttelmayer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ewald Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Stadler"},{"link_name":"Dominik Lutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Lutz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"Eduard Mainoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Mainoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mattias Angerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mattias_Angerer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"Gerald Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Grosz"},{"link_name":"Martina Schenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_Schenk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"Hans Jörg Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Stock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marina Steixner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Steixner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Huber"},{"link_name":"Hans Jörg Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_J%C3%B6rg_Stock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Ursula Haubner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Haubner"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Berlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Berlinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"Günther Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Barnet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Tscharnutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Tscharnutter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dietmar Schwingenschrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietmar_Schwingenschrot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"Arno Eccher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arno_Eccher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christoph Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manfred Dorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Dorn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"List of chairmen in the States of Austria","text":"Burgenland[edit]\nKarl Schweitzer (2006–2008)\nJörg Steiner (3 July 2008 – July 2012)\nDieter Herist (July 2012 – 2013)\nCarinthia[edit]\nJörg Haider (25 November 2005 – 11 October 2008)\nUwe Scheuch (15 November 2008 – 16 December 2009)\nJosef Bucher (30 January 2010 – 2 October 2013)\nJohanna Trodt-Limpl (30 November 2013 – 3 July 2017)\nHelmut Nikel (since 3 July 2017)\nLower Austria[edit]\nAnton Wattaul (29 January 2006 – 18 July 2006)\nPeter Staudigl (24 November 2007 – 11 March 2008)\nChristine Döttelmayer (acting only; – 25 February 2009)\nEwald Stadler (3 April 2009 – 3 October 2013))\nDominik Lutz (since 7 December 2013)\nSalzburg[edit]\nEduard Mainoni (18 March 2006 – 30 June 2007)\nRobert Stark (since 22 November 2008)\nMattias Angerer (since May 2014)\n\n\nStyria[edit]\nGerald Grosz (5 June 2005 – 4 December 2012)\nMartina Schenk (acting only; – 15 March 2013)\nTyrol[edit]\nHans Jörg Stock (31 March 2006 – April 2008)\nMarina Steixner (acting only)\nGerhard Huber (19 April 2009 - January 2014)\nHans Jörg Stock (January 2014 – December 2020)\nUpper Austria[edit]\nUrsula Haubner (26 November 2005 – January 2017)\nSiegfried Berlinger (since January 2017)\nVienna[edit]\nGünther Barnet (2005 – 8 May 2007)\nMichael Tscharnutter (since 2 June 2007)\nDietmar Schwingenschrot (23 July 2015 – 18 July 2019, then dissolution of the party in Vienna)\nVorarlberg[edit]\nArno Eccher (March 2006 – December 2007)\nChristoph Hagen (8 May 2009 – October 2012)\nManfred Dorn (since 13 October 2012)","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bucher: Wir brauchen einen schlanken Staat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/2807603/bucher-brauchen-schlanken-staat.story"},{"link_name":"Kleine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aigner2008_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aigner2008_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aigner2008_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aigner2008_2-3"},{"link_name":"Migration and Politics: Leadership and Legitimacy in 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Angelika Werthmann on the list of DDr. Ulrike Haider-Quercia - MEP Angelika Werthmann\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140606220235/http://www.angelika-werthmann.at/index.php/de/aktuell/216-timeline-concerning-the-candidacy-of-mep-mag-angelika-werthmann-on-the-list-of-ddr-ulrike-haider-quercia"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.angelika-werthmann.at/index.php/de/aktuell/216-timeline-concerning-the-candidacy-of-mep-mag-angelika-werthmann-on-the-list-of-ddr-ulrike-haider-quercia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Nach Werthmann-Alde-Ausschluss: Ulrike Haider legt Kandidatur für EU-Wahl zurück | Bündnis Zukunft Österreich - BZÖ, 08.04.2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20140408_OTS0261/nach-werthmann-alde-ausschluss-ulrike-haider-legt-kandidatur-fuer-eu-wahl-zurueck"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Danke An Alle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKSvnvNppOM"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/XKSvnvNppOM"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Das BZÖ verliert letzte Abgeordnete in einem Landtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//derstandard.at/2000061544029/Das-BZOe-verliert-letzte-Abgeordnete-in-einem-Landtag"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"BZÖ is Middle class liberal economic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120306074102/http://www.tripple.net/contator/journal/news.asp?nnr=44194"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tripple.net/contator/journal/news.asp?nnr=44194"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"BZÖ-Bucher/Stadler: BZÖ-Nein zu ACTA in EU und Österreich | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 03.02.2012\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20120203_OTS0094/bzoe-bucherstadler-bzoe-nein-zu-acta-in-eu-und-oesterreich"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Werthmann/Grosz zu TTIP: Forderung nach sofortigem Verhandlungsstopp! | Bündnis Zukunft Österreich - 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Kleine Zeitung (in German). 12 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2011.\n\n^ a b c d Petra Aigner (2008). Migration and Politics: Leadership and Legitimacy in Austria. Peter Lang. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-03910-921-0.\n\n^ a b Oliver Rathkolb (2010). The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005. Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78238-396-3.\n\n^ a b Eric Micklin (2015). \"The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential\". In Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-137-28913-1.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b Boettcher, Alexander (11 August 2011), \"How Strong Is Right-wing Populism in Europe?\", Social Europe Journal, archived from the original on 25 March 2012, retrieved 14 February 2012\n\n^ a b Meyer-Feist, Andreas (14 February 2012), \"Austrian villagers quash plans for Buddhist temple\", DW, retrieved 16 February 2012\n\n^ Denkler, Denkler (4 April 2014), \"FDP und die Haider-Partei BZÖ: Haiders Schatten\", Süddeutsche Zeitung, retrieved 10 December 2022\n\n^ Shields, Michael; Prodhan, Georgina (29 September 2013). \"Austrian centrist coalition survives far-right gains\". Reuters. Retrieved 28 December 2022.\n\n^ Bilefsky, Dan (23 October 2008). \"Austria in disbelief after Haider outed as gay\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Marshall, Alex (24 September 2019). \"Forest in a Soccer Stadium Outrages Austria's Far Right\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Bevelander, Pieter; Wodak, Ruth (2019). Europe at the crossroads: confronting populist, nationalist and global challenges. Lund. p. 161. doi:10.1111/spsr.12369. ISBN 9789188909206. S2CID 203467409.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Kinski, Lucy (2021). European representation in EU national parliaments. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 180. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53313-7. ISBN 9783030533137. S2CID 242892408.\n\n^ a b c d \"BZÖ wird \"rechtsliberal\"\" [BZÖ becomes 'right-liberal']. Die Presse (in German). 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019.\n\n^ \"Josef Bucher als BZÖ-Bündnisobmann designiert\". OTS.at.\n\n^ \"Auch mit Haubner scheitert BZÖ\". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 27 September 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ Website:\"Bucher for establishing of Green Card\"\".[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Hochwarter, Thomas (18 January 2010). \"BZÖ to stay in Carinthia despite FPK 'revolt'\". Austrian Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ: Bucher und Grosz demonstrieren große Einigkeit\". DiePresse.com. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"BZÖ nimmt Bibelzitate als Wahlslogans\". Kurier (in German). 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.\n\n^ derStandard.at. \"BZÖ-Klub verliert wieder einen Mandatar\". derStandard.at. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ BZÖ Website Archived 14 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine \"Retten wir unser Geld! Mit dem Bucher-Plan\". Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ-Bucher: \"Ich werde aus der Politik ausscheiden\" | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 02.10.2013\" (in German). ots.at. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"BZÖ-Grosz: BZÖ soll offenes Wahlbündnis für bürgerliche Wähler sein | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 04.10.2013\" (in German). ots.at. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Grosz wird BZÖ-Chef, Stadler und Petzner müssen gehen\". 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Juli 2017\n\n^ \"BZÖ is Middle class liberal economic\". Tripple.net. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2014.\n\n^ \"BZÖ-Bucher/Stadler: BZÖ-Nein zu ACTA in EU und Österreich | Parlamentsklub des BZÖ, 03.02.2012\" (in German). ots.at. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Werthmann/Grosz zu TTIP: Forderung nach sofortigem Verhandlungsstopp! | Bündnis Zukunft Österreich - BZÖ, 09.05.2014\" (in German). ots.at. 9 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"BZÖ drängt auf Schuldenreduzierung Österreichs\". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"Fekter: \"ÖBB kann man locker privatisieren\"\". Die Presse (in German). 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ: \"Zuwanderung in den Sozialstaat\" abstellen\". Die Presse (in German). 9 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ-interner Streit über Zuwanderung\". Die Presse (in German). 24 October 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"Autriche : Un gay à la tête d'un parti populiste\". 6 October 2013.\n\n^ \"Lesbian Couple Challenges Joint Adoption Ban in Constitutional Court / Austria / Country-by-country / Guide to Europe / Home / Ilga - ILGA Europe\". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.\n\n^ \"Wehrpflicht: BZÖ-Antrag für Volksbefragung gescheitert\". ORF (in German). 9 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"Programm des Bündnis Zukunft Österreich\" (PDF). BZÖ Party Programm, page 38 (in German). 2 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Faymann und Merkel gegen den Nord-Euro\". Die Presse (in German). 6 September 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.\n\n^ \"Pirates 'are anarchists'\". Austrian Independent. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.\n\n^ Bucher, Josef. \"Bundespräsident oder Kanzlerpräsident? - Gastkommentar\". Gastkommentare - Wiener Zeitung Online.\n\n^ \"ÖVP fällt in Umfragen Richtung 20 Prozent\". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 16 April 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"FPÖ erobert den ersten Platz, ÖVP ist Dritte\". Kurier (in German). 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ kündigt Dauerwahlkampf an\". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 17 December 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ gibt sich Familienbund\". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 28 September 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2011.\n\n^ \"BZÖ gibt sich Familienbund\". Woche.at (in German). 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2011.\n\n^ \"Das umstrittene FPÖ-Erbe des BZÖ\". Wirtschaftsblatt (in German). 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2013.\n\n^ \"Gerald Grosz ist der neue Bundesobmann des BZÖ\". Die Presse (in German). 3 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.","title":"Footnotes"}]

[{"image_text":"Jörg Haider founded the BZÖ in 2005, after failing to reform the FPÖ into a more moderate party.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Joerg_haider-juli2006.JPG/200px-Joerg_haider-juli2006.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"}]

[{"reference":"\"Bucher: Wir brauchen einen schlanken Staat\". Kleine Zeitung (in German). 12 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kleinezeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/2807603/bucher-brauchen-schlanken-staat.story","url_text":"\"Bucher: Wir brauchen einen schlanken Staat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung","url_text":"Kleine Zeitung"}]},{"reference":"Petra Aigner (2008). Migration and Politics: Leadership and Legitimacy in Austria. Peter Lang. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-03910-921-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBq1XHr7o4AC&pg=PA24","url_text":"Migration and Politics: Leadership and Legitimacy in Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-921-0","url_text":"978-3-03910-921-0"}]},{"reference":"Oliver Rathkolb (2010). The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005. Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78238-396-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a1jCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11","url_text":"The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-396-3","url_text":"978-1-78238-396-3"}]},{"reference":"Eric Micklin (2015). \"The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential\". In Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 389. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_populations

Bootstrapping populations

["1 Method","2 Algorithm","2.1 Remark","2.2 Example","3 Notes","4 References"]

This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bootstrapping populations in statistics and mathematics starts with a sample { x 1 , … , x m } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}} observed from a random variable. When X has a given distribution law with a set of non fixed parameters, we denote with a vector θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} , a parametric inference problem consists of computing suitable values – call them estimates – of these parameters precisely on the basis of the sample. An estimate is suitable if replacing it with the unknown parameter does not cause major damage in next computations. In Algorithmic inference, suitability of an estimate reads in terms of compatibility with the observed sample. In this framework, resampling methods are aimed at generating a set of candidate values to replace the unknown parameters that we read as compatible replicas of them. They represent a population of specifications of a random vector Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} compatible with an observed sample, where the compatibility of its values has the properties of a probability distribution. By plugging parameters into the expression of the questioned distribution law, we bootstrap entire populations of random variables compatible with the observed sample. The rationale of the algorithms computing the replicas, which we denote population bootstrap procedures, is to identify a set of statistics { s 1 , … , s k } {\displaystyle \{s_{1},\ldots ,s_{k}\}} exhibiting specific properties, denoting a well behavior, w.r.t. the unknown parameters. The statistics are expressed as functions of the observed values { x 1 , … , x m } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}} , by definition. The x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} may be expressed as a function of the unknown parameters and a random seed specification z i {\displaystyle z_{i}} through the sampling mechanism ( g θ , Z ) {\displaystyle (g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }},Z)} , in turn. Then, by plugging the second expression in the former, we obtain s j {\displaystyle s_{j}} expressions as functions of seeds and parameters – the master equations – that we invert to find values of the latter as a function of: i) the statistics, whose values in turn are fixed at the observed ones; and ii) the seeds, which are random according to their own distribution. Hence from a set of seed samples we obtain a set of parameter replicas. Method Given a x = { x 1 , … , x m } {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}} of a random variable X and a sampling mechanism ( g θ , Z ) {\displaystyle (g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }},Z)} for X, the realization x is given by x = { g θ ( z 1 ) , … , g θ ( z m ) } {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\{g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{1}),\ldots ,g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{m})\}} , with θ = ( θ 1 , … , θ k ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\theta }}=(\theta _{1},\ldots ,\theta _{k})} . Focusing on well-behaved statistics, s 1 = h 1 ( x 1 , … , x m ) , {\displaystyle s_{1}=h_{1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}),}    ⋮                             ⋮ {\displaystyle \vdots \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \vdots } s k = h k ( x 1 , … , x m ) , {\displaystyle s_{k}=h_{k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}),} for their parameters, the master equations read s 1 = h 1 ( g θ ( z 1 ) , … , g θ ( z m ) ) = ρ 1 ( θ ; z 1 , … , z m ) {\displaystyle s_{1}=h_{1}(g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{1}),\ldots ,g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{m}))=\rho _{1}({\boldsymbol {\theta }};z_{1},\ldots ,z_{m})}    ⋮                                     ⋮                                                       ⋮ {\displaystyle \vdots \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \vdots \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \vdots } (1) s k = h k ( g θ ( z 1 ) , … , g θ ( z m ) ) = ρ k ( θ ; z 1 , … , z m ) . {\displaystyle s_{k}=h_{k}(g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{1}),\ldots ,g_{\boldsymbol {\theta }}(z_{m}))=\rho _{k}({\boldsymbol {\theta }};z_{1},\ldots ,z_{m}).} For each sample seed { z 1 , … , z m } {\displaystyle \{z_{1},\ldots ,z_{m}\}} a vector of parameters θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} is obtained from the solution of the above system with s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} fixed to the observed values. Having computed a huge set of compatible vectors, say N, the empirical marginal distribution of Θ j {\displaystyle \Theta _{j}} is obtained by: F ^ Θ j ( θ ) = ∑ i = 1 N 1 N I ( − ∞ , θ ] ( θ ˘ j , i ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {F}}_{\Theta _{j}}(\theta )=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {1}{N}}I_{(-\infty ,\theta ]}({\breve {\theta }}_{j,i})} (2) where θ ˘ j , i {\displaystyle {\breve {\theta }}_{j,i}} is the j-th component of the generic solution of (1) and where I ( − ∞ , θ ] ( θ ˘ j , i ) {\displaystyle I_{(-\infty ,\theta ]}({\breve {\theta }}_{j,i})} is the indicator function of θ ˘ j , i {\displaystyle {\breve {\theta }}_{j,i}} in the interval ( − ∞ , θ ] . {\displaystyle (-\infty ,\theta ].} Some indeterminacies remain if X is discrete and this we will be considered shortly. The whole procedure may be summed up in the form of the following Algorithm, where the index Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} of s Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}_{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} denotes the parameter vector from which the statistics vector is derived. Algorithm Generating parameter populations through a bootstrap Given a sample { x 1 , … , x m } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}} from a random variable with parameter vector θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\theta }}} unknown, Identify a vector of well-behaved statistics S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} for Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} ; compute a specification s Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}_{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} of S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {S}}} from the sample; repeat for a satisfactory number N of iterations: draw a sample seed z ˘ i {\displaystyle {\breve {\boldsymbol {z}}}_{i}} of size m from the seed random variable; get θ ˘ i = I n v ( s , z i ) {\displaystyle {\breve {\boldsymbol {\theta }}}_{i}=\mathrm {Inv} ({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {z}}_{i})} as a solution of (1) in θ with s = s Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}={\boldsymbol {s}}_{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} and z i = { z ˘ 1 , … , z ˘ m } {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {z}}_{i}=\{{\breve {z}}_{1},\ldots ,{\breve {z}}_{m}\}} ; add θ ˘ i {\displaystyle {\breve {\boldsymbol {\theta }}}_{i}} to Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} ; population. Cumulative distribution function of the parameter Λ of an Exponential random variable when statistic s Λ = 6.36 {\displaystyle s_{\Lambda }=6.36} Cumulative distribution function of the parameter A of a uniform continuous random variable when statistic s A = 9.91 {\displaystyle s_{A}=9.91} You may easily see from a table of sufficient statistics that we obtain the curve in the picture on the left by computing the empirical distribution (2) on the population obtained through the above algorithm when: i) X is an Exponential random variable, ii) s Λ = ∑ j = 1 m x j {\displaystyle s_{\Lambda }=\sum _{j=1}^{m}x_{j}} , and  iii) Inv ( s Λ , u i ) = ∑ j = 1 m ( − log ⁡ u i j ) / s Λ {\displaystyle {\text{ iii) Inv}}(s_{\Lambda },{\boldsymbol {u}}_{i})=\sum _{j=1}^{m}(-\log u_{ij})/s_{\Lambda }} , and the curve in the picture on the right when: i) X is a Uniform random variable in [ 0 , a ] {\displaystyle } , ii) s A = max j = 1 , … , m x j {\displaystyle s_{A}=\max _{j=1,\ldots ,m}x_{j}} , and iii) Inv ( s A , u i ) = s A / max j = 1 , … , m { u i j } {\displaystyle {\text{iii) Inv}}(s_{A},{\boldsymbol {u}}_{i})=s_{A}/\max _{j=1,\ldots ,m}\{u_{ij}\}} . Remark Note that the accuracy with which a parameter distribution law of populations compatible with a sample is obtained is not a function of the sample size. Instead, it is a function of the number of seeds we draw. In turn, this number is purely a matter of computational time but does not require any extension of the observed data. With other bootstrapping methods focusing on a generation of sample replicas (like those proposed by (Efron & Tibshirani 1993)) the accuracy of the estimate distributions depends on the sample size. Example For x {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}} expected to represent a Pareto distribution, whose specification requires values for the parameters a {\displaystyle a} and k, we have that the cumulative distribution function reads: Joint empirical cumulative distribution function of parameters ( A , K ) {\displaystyle (A,K)} of a Pareto random variable when m = 30 , s 1 = 83.24 {\displaystyle m=30,s_{1}=83.24} and s 2 = 8.37 {\displaystyle s_{2}=8.37} based on 5,000 replicas. F X ( x ) = 1 − ( k x ) a {\displaystyle F_{X}(x)=1-\left({\frac {k}{x}}\right)^{a}} . A sampling mechanism ( g ( a , k ) , U ) {\displaystyle (g_{(a,k)},U)} has [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle } uniform seed U and explaining function g ( a , k ) {\displaystyle g_{(a,k)}} described by: x = g ( a , k ) = ( 1 − u ) − 1 a k {\displaystyle x=g_{(a,k)}=(1-u)^{-{\frac {1}{a}}}k} A relevant statistic s Θ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {s}}_{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}} is constituted by the pair of joint sufficient statistics for A {\displaystyle A} and K, respectively s 1 = ∑ i = 1 m log ⁡ x i , s 2 = min { x i } {\displaystyle s_{1}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}\log x_{i},s_{2}=\min\{x_{i}\}} . The master equations read s 1 = ∑ i = 1 m − 1 a log ⁡ ( 1 − u i ) + m log ⁡ k {\displaystyle s_{1}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}-{\frac {1}{a}}\log(1-u_{i})+m\log k} s 2 = ( 1 − u min ) − 1 a k {\displaystyle s_{2}=(1-u_{\min })^{-{\frac {1}{a}}}k} with u min = min { u i } {\displaystyle u_{\min }=\min\{u_{i}\}} . Figure on the right reports the three-dimensional plot of the empirical cumulative distribution function (2) of ( A , K ) {\displaystyle (A,K)} . Notes ^ By default, capital letters (such as U, X) will denote random variables and small letters (u, x) their corresponding realizations. ^ We denote here with symbols a and k the Pareto parameters elsewhere indicated through k and x m i n {\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {min} }} . References Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the Bootsrap. Freeman, New York: Chapman and Hall. Apolloni, B.; Malchiodi, D.; Gaito, S. (2006). Algorithmic Inference in Machine Learning. International Series on Advanced Intelligence. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Adelaide: Magill. Advanced Knowledge International Apolloni, B.; Bassis, S.; Gaito. S.; Malchiodi, D. (2007). "Appreciation of medical treatments by learning underlying functions with good confidence". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (15): 1545–1570. doi:10.2174/138161207780765891. PMID 17504150.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_sample"},{"link_name":"random variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"distribution law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"parametric inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics"},{"link_name":"estimates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimator"},{"link_name":"Algorithmic inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference"},{"link_name":"compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#compatible_distribution"},{"link_name":"resampling methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"compatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#compatible_distribution"},{"link_name":"well behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-behaved_statistic"},{"link_name":"sampling mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#Sampling_mechanism"},{"link_name":"master equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#Master_equation"}],"text":"Bootstrapping populations in statistics and mathematics starts with a sample \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}\\}}\n \n observed from a random variable.When X has a given distribution law with a set of non fixed parameters, we denote with a vector \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}}\n \n, a parametric inference problem consists of computing suitable values – call them estimates – of these parameters precisely on the basis of the sample. An estimate is suitable if replacing it with the unknown parameter does not cause major damage in next computations. In Algorithmic inference, suitability of an estimate reads in terms of compatibility with the observed sample.In this framework, resampling methods are aimed at generating a set of candidate values to replace the unknown parameters that we read as compatible replicas of them. They represent a population of specifications of a random vector \n \n \n \n \n Θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\Theta }}}\n \n [1] compatible with an observed sample, where the compatibility of its values has the properties of a probability distribution. By plugging parameters into the expression of the questioned distribution law, we bootstrap entire populations of random variables compatible with the observed sample.The rationale of the algorithms computing the replicas, which we denote population bootstrap procedures, is to identify a set of statistics \n \n \n \n {\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n s\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{s_{1},\\ldots ,s_{k}\\}}\n \n exhibiting specific properties, denoting a well behavior, w.r.t. the unknown parameters. The statistics are expressed as functions of the observed values \n \n \n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}\\}}\n \n, by definition. The \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{i}}\n \n may be expressed as a function of the unknown parameters and a random seed specification \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{i}}\n \n through the sampling mechanism \n \n \n \n (\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n ,\n Z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }},Z)}\n \n, in turn. Then, by plugging the second expression in the former, we obtain \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{j}}\n \n expressions as functions of seeds and parameters – the master equations – that we invert to find values of the latter as a function of: i) the statistics, whose values in turn are fixed at the observed ones; and ii) the seeds, which are random according to their own distribution. Hence from a set of seed samples we obtain a set of parameter replicas.","title":"Bootstrapping populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sampling mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#Sampling_mechanism"},{"link_name":"well-behaved statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-behaved_statistic"},{"link_name":"indicator function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_function"}],"text":"Given a \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n =\n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {x}}=\\{x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}\\}}\n \n of a random variable X and a sampling mechanism \n \n \n \n (\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n ,\n Z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }},Z)}\n \n for X, the realization x is given by \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n =\n {\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {x}}=\\{g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{1}),\\ldots ,g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{m})\\}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n =\n (\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n θ\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}=(\\theta _{1},\\ldots ,\\theta _{k})}\n \n. Focusing on well-behaved statistics,s\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n h\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}=h_{1}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}),}\n \n\n\n\n  \n \n \n \n ⋮\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n ⋮\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\vdots \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\vdots }\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n h\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{k}=h_{k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}),}for their parameters, the master equations reads\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n h\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n )\n )\n =\n \n ρ\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n ;\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}=h_{1}(g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{1}),\\ldots ,g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{m}))=\\rho _{1}({\\boldsymbol {\\theta }};z_{1},\\ldots ,z_{m})}\n \n\n\n\n  \n \n \n \n ⋮\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n ⋮\n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n  \n ⋮\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\vdots \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\vdots \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\vdots }\n \n\n\n(1)\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n h\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n g\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n )\n )\n =\n \n ρ\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n ;\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{k}=h_{k}(g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{1}),\\ldots ,g_{\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}(z_{m}))=\\rho _{k}({\\boldsymbol {\\theta }};z_{1},\\ldots ,z_{m}).}For each sample seed \n \n \n \n {\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n z\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{z_{1},\\ldots ,z_{m}\\}}\n \n a vector of parameters \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\theta }}}\n \n is obtained from the solution of the above system with \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{i}}\n \n fixed to the observed values.\nHaving computed a huge set of compatible vectors, say N, the empirical marginal distribution of \n \n \n \n \n Θ\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Theta _{j}}\n \n is obtained by:F\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n Θ\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n 1\n N\n \n \n \n I\n \n (\n −\n ∞\n ,\n θ\n ]\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n θ\n ˘\n \n \n \n \n j\n ,\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\widehat {F}}_{\\Theta _{j}}(\\theta )=\\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\\frac {1}{N}}I_{(-\\infty ,\\theta ]}({\\breve {\\theta }}_{j,i})}\n \n\n\n(2)where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n θ\n ˘\n \n \n \n \n j\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\breve {\\theta }}_{j,i}}\n \n is the j-th component of the generic solution of (1) and where \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n (\n −\n ∞\n ,\n θ\n ]\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n θ\n ˘\n \n \n \n \n j\n ,\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I_{(-\\infty ,\\theta ]}({\\breve {\\theta }}_{j,i})}\n \n is the indicator function of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n θ\n ˘\n \n \n \n \n j\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\breve {\\theta }}_{j,i}}\n \n in the interval \n \n \n \n (\n −\n ∞\n ,\n θ\n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (-\\infty ,\\theta ].}\n \n\nSome indeterminacies remain if X is discrete and this we will be considered shortly.\nThe whole procedure may be summed up in the form of the following Algorithm, where the index \n \n \n \n \n Θ\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\Theta }}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n Θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {s}}_{\\boldsymbol {\\Theta }}}\n \n denotes the parameter vector from which the statistics vector is derived.","title":"Method"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expocdf.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unicdf.png"},{"link_name":"table of sufficient statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#SufficientTable"}],"text":"Cumulative distribution function of the parameter Λ of an Exponential random variable when statistic \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n Λ\n \n \n =\n 6.36\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\Lambda }=6.36}Cumulative distribution function of the parameter A of a uniform continuous random variable when statistic \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n A\n \n \n =\n 9.91\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{A}=9.91}You may easily see from a table of sufficient statistics that we obtain the curve in the picture on the left by computing the empirical distribution (2) on the population obtained through the above algorithm when: i) X is an Exponential random variable, ii) \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n Λ\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\Lambda }=\\sum _{j=1}^{m}x_{j}}\n \n, andiii) Inv\n \n (\n \n s\n \n Λ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n u\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n (\n −\n log\n ⁡\n \n u\n \n i\n j\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n \n s\n \n Λ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{ iii) Inv}}(s_{\\Lambda },{\\boldsymbol {u}}_{i})=\\sum _{j=1}^{m}(-\\log u_{ij})/s_{\\Lambda }}\n \n,and the curve in the picture on the right when: i) X is a Uniform random variable in \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n a\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,a]}\n \n, ii) \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n max\n \n j\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n m\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{A}=\\max _{j=1,\\ldots ,m}x_{j}}\n \n, andiii) Inv\n \n (\n \n s\n \n A\n \n \n ,\n \n \n u\n \n \n i\n \n \n )\n =\n \n s\n \n A\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n max\n \n j\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n m\n \n \n {\n \n u\n \n i\n j\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{iii) Inv}}(s_{A},{\\boldsymbol {u}}_{i})=s_{A}/\\max _{j=1,\\ldots ,m}\\{u_{ij}\\}}\n \n.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bootstrapping methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"Efron & Tibshirani 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEfronTibshirani1993"}],"sub_title":"Remark","text":"Note that the accuracy with which a parameter distribution law of\npopulations compatible with a sample is obtained is not a function of the sample size. Instead, it is a function of the number of seeds we draw. In turn, this number is purely a matter of computational time but does not require any extension of the observed data. With other bootstrapping methods focusing on a generation of sample replicas (like those proposed by (Efron & Tibshirani 1993)) the accuracy of the estimate distributions depends on the sample size.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pareto distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paretocdf.png"},{"link_name":"sampling mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#Sampling_mechanism"},{"link_name":"uniform seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_distribution_(continuous)"},{"link_name":"joint sufficient statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufficiency_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"master equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference#Master_equation"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"For \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {x}}}\n \n expected to represent a Pareto distribution, whose specification requires values for the parameters \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and k,[2] we have that the cumulative distribution function reads:Joint empirical cumulative distribution function of parameters \n \n \n \n (\n A\n ,\n K\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A,K)}\n \n of a Pareto random variable when \n \n \n \n m\n =\n 30\n ,\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n 83.24\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=30,s_{1}=83.24}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 8.37\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{2}=8.37}\n \n based on 5,000 replicas.F\n \n X\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n (\n \n \n k\n x\n \n \n )\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{X}(x)=1-\\left({\\frac {k}{x}}\\right)^{a}}\n \n.A sampling mechanism \n \n \n \n (\n \n g\n \n (\n a\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n ,\n U\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (g_{(a,k)},U)}\n \n has \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,1]}\n \n uniform seed U and explaining function \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n (\n a\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{(a,k)}}\n \n described by:x\n =\n \n g\n \n (\n a\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n −\n u\n \n )\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n a\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=g_{(a,k)}=(1-u)^{-{\\frac {1}{a}}}k}A relevant statistic \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n Θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {s}}_{\\boldsymbol {\\Theta }}}\n \n is constituted by the pair of joint sufficient statistics for \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and K, respectively \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n log\n ⁡\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n min\n {\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}=\\sum _{i=1}^{m}\\log x_{i},s_{2}=\\min\\{x_{i}\\}}\n \n.\nThe master equations reads\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n a\n \n \n log\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n −\n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n )\n +\n m\n log\n ⁡\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}=\\sum _{i=1}^{m}-{\\frac {1}{a}}\\log(1-u_{i})+m\\log k}s\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n (\n 1\n −\n \n u\n \n min\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n \n 1\n a\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{2}=(1-u_{\\min })^{-{\\frac {1}{a}}}k}with \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n min\n \n \n =\n min\n {\n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{\\min }=\\min\\{u_{i}\\}}\n \n.Figure on the right reports the three-dimensional plot of the empirical cumulative distribution function (2) of \n \n \n \n (\n A\n ,\n K\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A,K)}\n \n.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution"}],"text":"^ By default, capital letters (such as U, X) will denote random variables and small letters (u, x) their corresponding realizations.\n\n^ We denote here with symbols a and k the Pareto parameters elsewhere indicated through k and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{\\mathrm {min} }}\n \n.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Cumulative distribution function of the parameter Λ of an Exponential random variable when statistic \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n Λ\n \n \n =\n 6.36\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{\\Lambda }=6.36}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Expocdf.png/100px-Expocdf.png"},{"image_text":"Cumulative distribution function of the parameter A of a uniform continuous random variable when statistic \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n A\n \n \n =\n 9.91\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{A}=9.91}\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Unicdf.png/100px-Unicdf.png"},{"image_text":"Joint empirical cumulative distribution function of parameters \n \n \n \n (\n A\n ,\n K\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A,K)}\n \n of a Pareto random variable when \n \n \n \n m\n =\n 30\n ,\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n 83.24\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m=30,s_{1}=83.24}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 8.37\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{2}=8.37}\n \n based on 5,000 replicas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paretocdf.png/100px-Paretocdf.png"}]

[{"reference":"Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the Bootsrap. Freeman, New York: Chapman and Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Apolloni, B.; Malchiodi, D.; Gaito, S. (2006). Algorithmic Inference in Machine Learning. International Series on Advanced Intelligence. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Adelaide: Magill. Advanced Knowledge International","urls":[]},{"reference":"Apolloni, B.; Bassis, S.; Gaito. S.; Malchiodi, D. (2007). \"Appreciation of medical treatments by learning underlying functions with good confidence\". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (15): 1545–1570. doi:10.2174/138161207780765891. PMID 17504150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F138161207780765891","url_text":"10.2174/138161207780765891"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17504150","url_text":"17504150"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Siret

Luis Siret

["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]

Archaeologist, illustrator Luis SiretBornLuis Siret y Cels(1860-08-26)26 August 1860 Sint-Niklaas, East Flanders, Flemish Region, BelgiumDied7 June 1934(1934-06-07) (aged 73) Las Herrerías, Almeria, SpainNationalityBelgianOccupation(s)Archaeologist and illustratorSpouseMagdalena Belpaire de SiretRelativesHenri Siret Luis Siret y Cels (26 August 1860, in Sint-Niklaas – 7 June 1934, in Las Herrerías) was a Belgian-Spanish archaeologist and illustrator. He was born in Belgium, but when he was 21 he went to Cuevas del Almanzora (Almería) when he was contracted as a Mining Engineer in the Sierra Almagrera. Through 50 years, Luis Siret and his brother Henri Siret investigated Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age sites in Almizaraque, Palacés, El Argar, El Gárcel or Los Millares. His discoveries meant a great advance in the prehistory of the South-eastern Iberian Peninsula and helped settle the sequence from Palaeolithic to Iron Age in the zone. Material which he collected was exhibited in 1889 Exposition universelle de Paris and 1929 Exposición Universal de Barcelona. Items are currently exhibited in the Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Almería, in the Museo arqueológico Nacional in Madrid, in the Musée du Cinquantenaire in Brussels and several other important collections including the British Museum in London and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. References ^ British Museum Collection Bibliography Herguido, Carlos, (1994), Apuntes y documentos sobre Enrique y Luis Siret, ingenieros y arqueólogos. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses y Ayuntamiento de Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería. Herguido, Carlos (ERRATA): http://1drv.ms/1q0FWNb Siret, Luis y Enrique (2006), Las Primeras Edades del Metal en el Sudeste de España (Facsímil ed.), Museo Arqueológico de Murcia, Murcia, España, MU-584-2006 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luis Siret y Cels. Arqueomurcia.com - Tu portal de Arqueología en la Región de Murcia at www.arqueomurcia.com Patrimur.com - El portal de Patrimonio de la Región de Murcia at patrimur.com Biografía Biografía de Canalsur Biografía de lycos Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Portugal Vatican Other IdRef 2 This article about a Spanish scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Belgian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about an archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bailey

William J. Bailey

["1 Early life","2 Oregon","3 Politics","4 Marriage and Later life","5 References","6 External links"]

British-born physician, pioneer and politician William J. BaileySecond Executive CommitteeIn office1844–1845Preceded byFirst Executive CommitteeSucceeded byGeorge AbernethyConstituencyOregon CountryProvisional Legislature of OregonIn office1848–1849ConstituencyChampoeg County Personal detailsBornJanuary 13, 1807EnglandDiedFebruary 5, 1876(1876-02-05) (aged 69)Champoeg, OregonSpouse(s)1) Margaret Jewett Smith 2) Julia M. Sheil William J. Bailey (January 13, 1807 – February 5, 1876) was a British-born physician who migrated to the United States, where he became a pioneer and politician in the Oregon Country, particularly the Willamette Valley. Bailey participated in the Champoeg Meetings that led to the creation of a provisional government in Oregon. He was selected as a member of that government, first on the executive committee and later in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon. Early life William Bailey was born in Great Britain on January 13, 1807. In England he was said to have studied medicine, before emigrating with his mother to the United States sometime before 1834. In the U.S. he enlisted in the Navy and traveled to the West Coast as a seaman, but deserted his ship in San Francisco. There is no evidence that he practiced medicine in the United States. Oregon William Bailey moved to Oregon from California in 1835, settling in the Willamette Valley. Bailey's group included John Woodward, George K. Gay, and John Turner. On this journey north, the group fought with the Rogue River Indians, losing four of their eight members of the party. Woodward, Gay, Bailey, and Turner were the survivors. Years later, Bailey and Gay murdered a Native American youth in the same area in retaliation during a cattle drive north from California. Bailey was working in the Willamette Cattle Company cattle drive from Mexican-owned California to Oregon. Leading the cattle drive was Ewing Young. In 1834 his party had killed several Rogue River natives on their journey to Oregon. This prompted their retaliation against Bailey's party the following year. Politics See also: Champoeg Meetings When the wealthy Ewing Young died without a will or known heir in February 1841, discussions about forming a settler government based in the Willamette Valley began. During these settler meetings, Bailey was selected as chairman of the committee to draft a constitution and laws for the region. The plans fell through due to the opposition by French-Canadians and instead only a probate court was established. Many participants in the talks were active in the later Champoeg Meetings, which led to the creation of the Provisional Government of Oregon. During the provisional government, William Bailey served as a member of the Second Executive Committee, along with Peter G. Stewart and Osborne Russell. This body acted in place of a single executive, though it was replaced with a governor in 1845 to streamline the executive branch of the government. The first and only governor was George Abernethy. In 1848, Bailey was elected to the provisional legislature from the Champoeg district. Marriage and Later life In Oregon Bailey married Margaret Jewett Smith from the Methodist Mission on 4 March 1839. In 1842 he sold his farm for $300 and left the Oregon Country for the United States of America. The couple returned two years later in May 1844, having to spend $700 to purchase his old farm. Selling his farm for $1,275 in 1850, the Baileys by September 1853 had established a homestead in Champoeg. Bailey at this point was openly having sex with any willing native woman. The couple's marriage continued to deteriorate, with Margaret fearing William's violent behaviors. The two did not have any children and divorced in 1854. On 2 November 1855 Bailey remarried to Julia M. Sheil. Bailey developed his property in Champoeg. He died there on February 5, 1876. He was buried at St. Paul Cemetery in St. Paul, Oregon. References ^ a b Grover, La Fayette, The Oregon Archives. Salem: A. Bush. 1853, p. 260 ^ a b c d e f g Corning, Howard M. Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956. ^ a b c d e f Scott, Harvey W.; Leslie M. Scott (1924). History of the Oregon Country. The Riverside Press. Vol 2, p. 236. ^ a b c d "Ewing Young Route". Oregon's Historic Trails. End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-12-21. ^ Loewenberg, Robert J., "Creating a Provisional Government in Oregon: A Revision." Seattle: The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 68, No. 1 (1977), pp. 19-21 ^ a b c d e f Hussey, John A. Champoeg: Place of Transition, A Disputed History. Portland: Oregon Historical Society. 1967. pp. 90-91 ^ Lavender, David. Land of Giants; The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Publishing, 1958. External links William J. Bailey at Find a Grave Preceded by First Executive Committee with Alanson Beers David Hill Joseph Gale Second Executive CommitteeProvisional Government of Oregon 1844-1845with Osborne Russell Peter G. Stewart Succeeded byGovernor of Provisional GovernmentGeorge Abernethy vtePioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)Topics American Fur Company Columbian exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880 Places Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Eliza Hart Spalding Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo. H. Williams Ewing Young Transportation Columbia Lot Whitcomb Canemah Colonel Wright Gazelle Oregon Steam Navigation Company Oregon history Native peoples history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history

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He was selected as a member of that government, first on the executive committee and later in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon.","title":"William J. Bailey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"}],"text":"William Bailey was born in Great Britain on January 13, 1807.[2] In England he was said to have studied medicine, before emigrating with his mother to the United States sometime before 1834.[2] In the U.S. he enlisted in the Navy and traveled to the West Coast as a seaman, but deserted his ship in San Francisco.[2] There is no evidence that he practiced medicine in the United States.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"George K. Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_K._Gay"},{"link_name":"John Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(fur_trapper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"Rogue River Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_River_Indians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrTr1-4"},{"link_name":"Willamette Cattle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Cattle_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrTr1-4"},{"link_name":"Ewing Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing_Young"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrTr1-4"}],"text":"William Bailey moved to Oregon from California in 1835, settling in the Willamette Valley.[3] Bailey's group included John Woodward, George K. Gay, and John Turner.[3] On this journey north, the group fought with the Rogue River Indians, losing four of their eight members of the party.[3] Woodward, Gay, Bailey, and Turner were the survivors.[3] Years later, Bailey and Gay murdered a Native American youth in the same area in retaliation during a cattle drive north from California.[4] Bailey was working in the Willamette Cattle Company cattle drive from Mexican-owned California to Oregon.[4] Leading the cattle drive was Ewing Young. In 1834 his party had killed several Rogue River natives on their journey to Oregon. This prompted their retaliation against Bailey's party the following year.[4]","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champoeg Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champoeg_Meetings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrTr1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Second Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Committee_(Oregon_Territory)"},{"link_name":"Peter G. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Osborne Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_Russell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"George Abernethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Abernethy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-1"}],"text":"See also: Champoeg MeetingsWhen the wealthy Ewing Young died without a will or known heir in February 1841, discussions about forming a settler government based in the Willamette Valley began.[4] During these settler meetings, Bailey was selected as chairman of the committee to draft a constitution and laws for the region.[3] The plans fell through due to the opposition by French-Canadians and instead only a probate court was established.[5] Many participants in the talks were active in the later Champoeg Meetings, which led to the creation of the Provisional Government of Oregon.During the provisional government, William Bailey served as a member of the Second Executive Committee, along with Peter G. Stewart and Osborne Russell.[2] This body acted in place of a single executive, though it was replaced with a governor in 1845 to streamline the executive branch of the government. The first and only governor was George Abernethy. In 1848, Bailey was elected to the provisional legislature from the Champoeg district.[1]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret Jewett Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Jewett_Smith"},{"link_name":"Methodist Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Mission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"Champoeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champoeg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-3"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon-2"}],"text":"In Oregon Bailey married Margaret Jewett Smith from the Methodist Mission on 4 March 1839.[2][6] In 1842 he sold his farm for $300 and left the Oregon Country for the United States of America.[6] The couple returned two years later in May 1844, having to spend $700 to purchase his old farm.[6] Selling his farm for $1,275 in 1850, the Baileys by September 1853 had established a homestead in Champoeg.[6] Bailey at this point was openly having sex with any willing native woman.[7] The couple's marriage continued to deteriorate, with Margaret fearing William's violent behaviors.[6] The two did not have any children and divorced in 1854.[2]On 2 November 1855 Bailey remarried to Julia M. Sheil.[6] Bailey developed his property in Champoeg. He died there on February 5, 1876.[3] He was buried at St. Paul Cemetery in St. Paul, Oregon.[2]","title":"Marriage and Later life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDF_9

English Electric KDF9

["1 Architecture","1.1 Registers","1.2 Instruction set","1.3 Multiprogramming (timesharing)","2 Reminiscence","3 Physical","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

1964 computer by English Electric English Electric KDF9DeveloperEnglish ElectricManufacturerEnglish ElectricGeneration2Release date1964; 60 years ago (1964)Units shipped29Operating systemTimesharing Director, Eldon 2, EGDON, COTANCPUTransformer-coupled diode–transistor logic, built from germanium diodes, about 20,000 transistors, and about 2,000 toroid pulse transformers) @ 1 MHzMemory32K words of 48-bit core storage (192K bytes)Mass5.2 short tons (4.7 t) KDF9 was an early British 48-bit computer designed and built by English Electric (which in 1968 was merged into International Computers Limited (ICL)). The first machine came into service in 1964 and the last of 29 machines was decommissioned in 1980 at the National Physical Laboratory. The KDF9 was designed for, and used almost entirely in, the mathematical and scientific processing fields – in 1967, nine were in use in UK universities and technical colleges. The KDF8, developed in parallel, was aimed at commercial processing workloads. The KDF9 was an early example of a machine that directly supported multiprogramming, using offsets into its core memory to separate the programs into distinct virtual address spaces. Several operating systems were developed for the platform, including some that provided fully interactive use through PDP-8 machines acting as smart terminal servers. A number of compilers were available, notably both checkout and globally optimizing compilers for Algol 60. Architecture The logic circuits of the KDF9 were entirely solid-state. The KDF9 used transformer-coupled diode–transistor logic, built from germanium diodes, about 20,000 transistors, and about 2,000 toroid pulse transformers. They ran on a 1 MHz clock that delivered two pulses of 250 ns separated by 500 ns, in each clock cycle. The maximum configuration incorporated 32K words of 48-bit core storage (192K bytes) with a cycle time of 6 microseconds. Each word could hold a single 48-bit integer or floating-point number, two 24-bit integer or floating-point numbers, six 8-bit instruction syllables, or eight 6-bit characters. There was also provision for efficient handling of double-word (96-bit) numbers in both integer and floating point formats. However, there was no facility for byte or character addressing, so that non-numerical work suffered by comparison. Its standard character set was a version of the Friden Flexowriter paper tape code that was oriented to Algol 60, and included unusual characters such as the Algol subscript 10. However, each other I/O device type implemented its own subset of that. Not every character that could be read from paper tape could be successfully printed, for example. Registers The CPU architecture featured three register sets. The Nest was a 16-deep pushdown stack of arithmetic registers, The SJNS (Subroutine Jump Nesting Store) was a similar stack of return addresses. The Q Store was a set of 16 index registers, each of 48 bits divided into Counter (C), Increment (I) and Modifier (M) parts of 16 bits each. Flags on a memory-reference instruction specified whether the address should be modified by the M part of a Q Store, and, if so, whether the C part should be decremented by 1 and the M part incremented by the contents of the I part. This made the coding of counting loops very efficient. Three additional Nest levels and one additional SJNS level were reserved to Director, the Operating System, allowing short-path interrupts to be handled without explicit register saving and restoring. As a result, the interrupt overhead was only 3 clock cycles. Instruction set Instructions were of 1, 2 or 3 syllables. Most arithmetic took place at the top of the Nest and used zero-address, 1-syllable instructions, although address arithmetic and index updating were handled separately in the Q store. Q Store handling, and some memory reference instructions used 2 syllables. Memory reference instructions with a 16-bit address offset, most jump instructions, and 16-bit literal load instructions, all used 3 syllables. Dense instruction coding, and intensive use of the register sets, meant that relatively few store accesses were needed for common scientific codes, such as scalar product and polynomial inner loops. This did much to offset the relatively slow core cycle time, giving the KDF9 about a third of the speed of its much more famous, but 8 times more expensive and much less commercially successful contemporary, the Manchester/Ferranti Atlas Computer. Multiprogramming (timesharing) The KDF9 was one of the earliest fully hardware-secured multiprogramming systems. Up to four programs could be run at once under the control of its elegantly simple operating system, the Timesharing Director, each being confined to its own core area by BA (Base Address) and NOL (Number of Locations) registers. Each program had its own sets of stack and Q store registers, which were activated when that program was dispatched, so that context switching was very efficient. Each program could drive hardware I/O devices directly, but was limited by hardware checks to those that the Director had allocated to it. Any attempt to use an unallocated device caused an error interrupt. A similar interrupt resulted from overfilling (or over-emptying) the Nest or SJNS, or attempting to access storage at an address above that given in the NOL register. Somewhat different was the Lock-Out interrupt, which resulted from trying to access an area of store that was currently being used by an I/O device, so that there was hardware mutual exclusion of access to DMA buffers. When a program blocked on a Lock-Out, or by voluntarily waiting for an I/O transfer to terminate, it was interrupted and Director switched to the program of highest priority that was not itself blocked. When a Lock-Out cleared, or an awaited transfer terminated, and the responsible program was of higher priority than the program currently running, the I/O Control (IOC) unit interrupted to allow an immediate context switch. IOC also made provision to avoid priority inversion, in which a program of high priority waits for a device made busy by a program of lower priority, requesting a distinct interrupt in that case. Later operating systems, including Eldon 2 at the University of Leeds, and COTAN, developed by UKAEA Culham Laboratories with the collaboration of Glasgow University, were fully interactive multi-access systems, with PDP-8 front ends to handle the terminals. The Kidsgrove and Whetstone Algol 60 compilers were among the first of their class. The Kidsgrove compiler stressed optimization; the Whetstone compiler produced an interpretive object code aimed at debugging. It was by instrumenting the latter that Brian Wichmann obtained the statistics on program behaviour that led to the Whetstone benchmark for scientific computation, which inspired in turn the Dhrystone benchmark for non-numerical workloads. Reminiscence Machine code orders were written in a form of octal officially named syllabic octal (also known as 'slob-octal' or 'slob' notation,). It represented 8 bits with three octal digits but the first digit represented only the two most-significant bits, whilst the others the remaining two groups of three bits each. Although the word 'byte' had been coined by the designers of the IBM 7030 Stretch for a group of eight bits, it was not yet well known, and English Electric used the word 'syllable' for what is now called a byte. Within English Electric, its predecessor, DEUCE, had a well-used matrix scheme based on GIP (General Interpretive Programme). The unreliability of valve machines led to the inclusion of a sum-check mechanism to detect errors in matrix operations. The scheme used block floating-point using fixed-point arithmetic hardware, in which the sum-checks were precise. However, when the corresponding scheme was implemented on KDF9, it used floating point, a new concept that had only limited mathematical analysis. It quickly became clear that sum checks were no longer precise and a project was established in an attempt to provide a usable check. (In floating point (A + B) + C is not necessarily the same as A + (B + C) i.e. the + operation is not associative.) Before long, however, it was recognized that error rates with transistor machines was not an issue; they either worked correctly or didn’t work at all. Consequently, the idea of sum checks was abandoned. The initial matrix package proved a very useful system testing tool as it was able to generate lengthy performance checks well before more formal test packages which were subsequently developed. There is a legend that the KDF9 was developed as project KD9 (Kidsgrove Development 9) and that the 'F' in its designation was contributed by the then Chairman after a long and tedious discussion on what to name the machine at launch—"I don’t care if you call it the F—". The truth is more mundane: the name was chosen essentially at random by a marketing manager. (See also KDF8 for the parallel development and use of a commercially oriented computer.) The EGDON operating system was so named because one was going to UKAEA Winfrith: in Thomas Hardy's book The Return of the Native Winfrith Heath is called Egdon Heath. EGDON Fortran was called EGTRAN. Eldon was so named because Leeds University's computer was located in a converted Eldon chapel. Physical The machine weighed more than 10,300 pounds (5.2 short tons; 4.7 t). Control desk with interruption typewriter 300 lb (136 kg), main store and input/output control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), arithmetic and main control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), power supply unit 3,000 (1,360 kg). See also Reverse Polish notation (RPN) Notes ^ The sum check equally well guarded against programming errors, in the event that some or all of a matrix was inadvertently overwritten. References ^ Roberts, Goronwy (1967-03-06). "Computers". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HC. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ "The KDF9 Computer - 30 Years On" ^ English Electric KDF9: Very high speed data processing system for Commerce, Industry, Science (PDF) (Product flyer). English Electric. c. 1961. Publication No. DP/103. 096320WP/RP0961. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27. ^ David Holdsworth (Winter 2009–10). "KDF9 Time Sharing: Eldon 2 is not EGDON!". Computer RESURRECTION – issue 49. Computer Conservation Society. Retrieved 2010-10-03. ^ Curnow, H. J. and Wichman, B. A. "A Synthetic Benchmark" Computer Journal, Volume 19, Issue 1, February 1976., pp. 43–49. ^ Weiss, Alan. "Dhrystone Benchmark: History, Analysis, "Scores" and Recommendations" (PDF). ^ Director - Manual (PDF) (Flowchart). English Electric. c. 1960s. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27. (NB. Mentions the term "syllabic octal".) ^ Beard, Bob (Autumn 1997) . "The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On" (PDF). Resurrection - The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society. No. 18. Computer Conservation Society (CCS). pp. 7–15 . ISSN 0958-7403. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27. (NB. This is an edited version of a talk given to North West Group of the Society at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, UK on 1996-10-01. It mentions the term "slob" and "slob-octal" as equivalent to "syllabic octal".) ^ "Architecture of the English Electric KDF9 computer" (PDF). Version 1. Computer Conservation Society (CCS). September 2009. CCS-N4X2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-27. (NB. Refers to Beard's 1997 article.) ^ a b "(re)Introducing the KDF9". www.findlayw.plus.com. Retrieved 2020-12-27. ^ "English Electric | Selling the Computer Revolution | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. p. 27. External links The English Electric KDF9 The Hardware of the KDF9 The Software of the KDF9 The KDF9 and Benchmarking The KDF9: a Bibliography The KDF9 character codes ee9, a KDF9 emulator written in GNU Ada PASKAL, a KDF9 Pascal cross compiler written in Pascal Delivery List and applications for the English Electric KDF9 Archived 2020-04-04 at the Wayback Machine History of KDF9 Algol compiler The Whetstone KDF9 Algol Translator Some KDF9 Algol compiler anecdotes Presentation on KDF9 Algol on visit from Dijkstra KDF9 Nest (images) Source Code for KDF9 port of Atlas Autocode compiler vteInternational Computers Limited (ICL) 1968-2002Predecessor mainframes LEO I ICT 1301 ICT 1501 Elliott 803 KDF8 KDF9 English Electric System 4 series System 4/10 System 4/30 System 4/50 System 4/70 System 4/72 System 4/75 ICT 1900 series 1901 1901A 1901S 1901T 1902 1902A 1902S 1902T 1903 1903A 1903S 1903T 1904 1904A 1904E 1904F 1904S 1905 1905E 1905F 1906 1906A 1906E 1906F 1906S 1907 1907E 1907F 1908 1909 ICL 2900 Series 2950 2955 2956 2960 2966 2970 2972 2976 2980 2982 2988 CAFS DAP OCP ICL Series 39 Level 30 Level 50 Level 60 Level 80 Minicomputers category 2903 2904 2905 ME29 System Ten System 25 Workstations category 7502 7503 7561 DRS 20 DRS 100 DRS 200 DRS 300 DRS 400 DRS 500 DRS 3000 DRS 6000 PERQ One Per Desk Operating systems category OpenVME VME VME/B VME/K superNova CME DME TME Executive GEORGE MAXIMOP MINIMOP J MultiJob Programming languages category PLAN Fortran ALGOL 60 SOBS COBOL JEAN C Pascal S3 SCL SFL ApplicationMaster ReportMaster RPG DAP FORTRAN vteALGOL programmingImplementationsTechnicalstandards ALGOL 58 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68 Dialects ABC ALGOL ALCOR ALGO ALGOL 68C ALGOL 68-R ALGOL 68RS (ELLA) ALGOL 68S ALGOL N ALGOL W ALGOL X Atlas Autocode (Edinburgh IMP) Burroughs ALGOL CORAL 66 Dartmouth ALGOL 30 DASK ALGOL DG/L Elliott ALGOL Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language (ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (NEWP) FLACC IMP JOVIAL Kidsgrove Algol MAD Mary NELIAC RTL/2 S-algol, PS-algol, Napier88 Simula Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (SMALL) SMIL ALGOL Formalisms Jensen's device Van Wijngaarden grammar CommunityOrganizationsProfessionalassociations ALCOR Group Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) BSI Group Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC) International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (GAMM) Business Burroughs Corporation Elliott Brothers Regnecentralen Education Case Institute of Technology University of Edinburgh University of St Andrews Manchester University Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Government Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) PeopleALGOL 58 John Backus Friedrich L. Bauer Hermann Bottenbruch Charles Katz Alan Perlis Heinz Rutishauser Klaus Samelson Joseph Henry Wegstein MAD Bruce Arden Bernard Galler Robert M. Graham ALGOL 60 Backus^ Roland Carl Backhouse Bauer^ Richard Bird Stephen R. Bourne Edsger W. Dijkstra Andrey Ershov Robert W. Floyd Jeremy Gibbons Julien Green David Gries Eric Hehner Tony Hoare Jørn Jensen Katz^ Peter Landin Tom Maibaum Conor McBride John McCarthy Carroll Morgan Peter Naur Maurice Nivat John E. L. Peck Perlis^ Brian Randell Rutishauser^ Samelson^ Jacob T. Schwartz Micha Sharir David Turner Bernard Vauquois Eiiti Wada Wegstein^ Adriaan van Wijngaarden Mike Woodger Simula Ole-Johan Dahl Kristen Nygaard ALGOL 68 Bauer^ Susan G. Bond Bourne^ Robert Dewar Dijkstra^ Gerhard Goos Michael Guy Hoare^ Cornelis H. A. Koster Peter Landin Charles H. Lindsey Barry J. Mailloux McCarthy^ Lambert Meertens Naur^ Peck^ Willem van der Poel Randell^ Douglas T. Ross Samelson^ Michel Sintzoff van Wijngaarden^ Niklaus Wirth Woodger^ Philip Woodward Nobuo Yoneda Hal Abelson John Barnes Tony Brooker Ron Morrison Peter O'Hearn John C. Reynolds ALGOL BulletinComparison ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68 to other languages ALGOL 68 to C++ ^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above Category: ALGOL Category: ALGOL 60

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"48-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48-bit_computing"},{"link_name":"English Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric"},{"link_name":"International Computers Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"},{"link_name":"National Physical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-19670306-1"},{"link_name":"KDF8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDF8"},{"link_name":"multiprogramming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprogramming"},{"link_name":"core memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_memory"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"PDP-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8"},{"link_name":"terminal servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_server"},{"link_name":"compilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"Algol 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_60"}],"text":"KDF9 was an early British 48-bit computer designed and built by English Electric (which in 1968 was merged into International Computers Limited (ICL)). The first machine came into service in 1964 and the last of 29 machines was decommissioned in 1980 at the National Physical Laboratory. The KDF9 was designed for, and used almost entirely in, the mathematical and scientific processing fields – in 1967, nine were in use in UK universities and technical colleges.[1] The KDF8, developed in parallel, was aimed at commercial processing workloads.The KDF9 was an early example of a machine that directly supported multiprogramming, using offsets into its core memory to separate the programs into distinct virtual address spaces. Several operating systems were developed for the platform, including some that provided fully interactive use through PDP-8 machines acting as smart terminal servers. A number of compilers were available, notably both checkout and globally optimizing compilers for Algol 60.","title":"English Electric KDF9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diode–transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor_logic"},{"link_name":"pulse transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_transformer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"floating-point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point"},{"link_name":"syllables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_syllable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EE_1961-3"},{"link_name":"Friden Flexowriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friden_Flexowriter"}],"text":"The logic circuits of the KDF9 were entirely solid-state. The KDF9 used transformer-coupled diode–transistor logic, built from germanium diodes, about 20,000 transistors, and about 2,000 toroid pulse transformers.[2] They ran on a 1 MHz clock that delivered two pulses of 250 ns separated by 500 ns, in each clock cycle. The maximum configuration incorporated 32K words of 48-bit core storage (192K bytes) with a cycle time of 6 microseconds. Each word could hold a single 48-bit integer or floating-point number, two 24-bit integer or floating-point numbers, six 8-bit instruction syllables, or eight 6-bit characters.[3] There was also provision for efficient handling of double-word (96-bit) numbers in both integer and floating point formats. However, there was no facility for byte or character addressing, so that non-numerical work suffered by comparison. Its standard character set was a version of the Friden Flexowriter paper tape code that was oriented to Algol 60, and included unusual characters such as the Algol subscript 10. However, each other I/O device type implemented its own subset of that. Not every character that could be read from paper tape could be successfully printed, for example.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Registers","text":"The CPU architecture featured three register sets. The Nest was a 16-deep pushdown stack of arithmetic registers, The SJNS (Subroutine Jump Nesting Store) was a similar stack of return addresses. The Q Store was a set of 16 index registers, each of 48 bits divided into Counter (C), Increment (I) and Modifier (M) parts of 16 bits each. Flags on a memory-reference instruction specified whether the address should be modified by the M part of a Q Store, and, if so, whether the C part should be decremented by 1 and the M part incremented by the contents of the I part. This made the coding of counting loops very efficient. Three additional Nest levels and one additional SJNS level were reserved to Director, the Operating System, allowing short-path interrupts to be handled without explicit register saving and restoring. As a result, the interrupt overhead was only 3 clock cycles.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zero-address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_address_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Dense instruction coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_density"},{"link_name":"scalar product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_product"},{"link_name":"Ferranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti"},{"link_name":"Atlas Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Computer"}],"sub_title":"Instruction set","text":"Instructions were of 1, 2 or 3 syllables. Most arithmetic took place at the top of the Nest and used zero-address, 1-syllable instructions, although address arithmetic and index updating were handled separately in the Q store. Q Store handling, and some memory reference instructions used 2 syllables. Memory reference instructions with a 16-bit address offset, most jump instructions, and 16-bit literal load instructions, all used 3 syllables.Dense instruction coding, and intensive use of the register sets, meant that relatively few store accesses were needed for common scientific codes, such as scalar product and polynomial inner loops. This did much to offset the relatively slow core cycle time, giving the KDF9 about a third of the speed of its much more famous, but 8 times more expensive and much less commercially successful contemporary, the Manchester/Ferranti Atlas Computer.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"PDP-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8"},{"link_name":"Whetstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whetstone_(benchmark)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dhrystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrystone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crit1-6"}],"sub_title":"Multiprogramming (timesharing)","text":"The KDF9 was one of the earliest fully hardware-secured multiprogramming systems. Up to four programs could be run at once under the control of its elegantly simple operating system, the Timesharing Director, each being confined to its own core area by BA (Base Address) and NOL (Number of Locations) registers. Each program had its own sets of stack and Q store registers, which were activated when that program was dispatched, so that context switching was very efficient.Each program could drive hardware I/O devices directly, but was limited by hardware checks to those that the Director had allocated to it. Any attempt to use an unallocated device caused an error interrupt. A similar interrupt resulted from overfilling (or over-emptying) the Nest or SJNS, or attempting to access storage at an address above that given in the NOL register. Somewhat different was the Lock-Out interrupt, which resulted from trying to access an area of store that was currently being used by an I/O device, so that there was hardware mutual exclusion of access to DMA buffers. When a program blocked on a Lock-Out, or by voluntarily waiting for an I/O transfer to terminate, it was interrupted and Director switched to the program of highest priority that was not itself blocked. When a Lock-Out cleared, or an awaited transfer terminated, and the responsible program was of higher priority than the program currently running, the I/O Control (IOC) unit interrupted to allow an immediate context switch. IOC also made provision to avoid priority inversion, in which a program of high priority waits for a device made busy by a program of lower priority, requesting a distinct interrupt in that case.Later operating systems, including Eldon 2[4] at the University of Leeds, and COTAN, developed by UKAEA Culham Laboratories with the collaboration of Glasgow University, were fully interactive multi-access systems, with PDP-8 front ends to handle the terminals.The Kidsgrove and Whetstone Algol 60 compilers were among the first of their class. The Kidsgrove compiler stressed optimization; the Whetstone compiler produced an interpretive object code aimed at debugging. It was by instrumenting the latter that Brian Wichmann obtained the statistics on program behaviour that led to the Whetstone benchmark for scientific computation,[5] which inspired in turn the Dhrystone benchmark for non-numerical workloads.[6]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"octal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"},{"link_name":"syllabic octal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_octal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EE_Director-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beard_1997-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCS_2009-9"},{"link_name":"byte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte"},{"link_name":"IBM 7030 Stretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"syllable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_(computing)"},{"link_name":"DEUCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE"},{"link_name":"sum-check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_check"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NB_Sum_check-10"},{"link_name":"F—","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDF9_NAME-11"},{"link_name":"KDF8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDF8"},{"link_name":"UKAEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKAEA"},{"link_name":"Winfrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfrith"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"The Return of the Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native"},{"link_name":"Egdon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egdon_Heath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDF9_NAME-11"},{"link_name":"Leeds University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_University"}],"text":"Machine code orders were written in a form of octal officially named syllabic octal[7] (also known as 'slob-octal' or 'slob' notation,[8][9]). It represented 8 bits with three octal digits but the first digit represented only the two most-significant bits, whilst the others the remaining two groups of three bits each. Although the word 'byte' had been coined by the designers of the IBM 7030 Stretch for a group of eight bits, it was not yet well known, and English Electric used the word 'syllable' for what is now called a byte.Within English Electric, its predecessor, DEUCE, had a well-used matrix scheme based on GIP (General Interpretive Programme). The unreliability of valve machines led to the inclusion of a sum-check mechanism to detect errors in matrix operations.[nb 1] The scheme used block floating-point using fixed-point arithmetic hardware, in which the sum-checks were precise. However, when the corresponding scheme was implemented on KDF9, it used floating point, a new concept that had only limited mathematical analysis. It quickly became clear that sum checks were no longer precise and a project was established in an attempt to provide a usable check. (In floating point (A + B) + C is not necessarily the same as A + (B + C) i.e. the + operation is not associative.) Before long, however, it was recognized that error rates with transistor machines was not an issue; they either worked correctly or didn’t work at all. Consequently, the idea of sum checks was abandoned. The initial matrix package proved a very useful system testing tool as it was able to generate lengthy performance checks well before more formal test packages which were subsequently developed.There is a legend that the KDF9 was developed as project KD9 (Kidsgrove Development 9) and that the 'F' in its designation was contributed by the then Chairman after a long and tedious discussion on what to name the machine at launch—\"I don’t care if you call it the F—\". The truth is more mundane: the name was chosen essentially at random by a marketing manager.[10] (See also KDF8 for the parallel development and use of a commercially oriented computer.)The EGDON operating system was so named because one was going to UKAEA Winfrith: in Thomas Hardy's book The Return of the Native Winfrith Heath is called Egdon Heath. EGDON Fortran was called EGTRAN.[10] Eldon was so named because Leeds University's computer was located in a converted Eldon chapel.","title":"Reminiscence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The machine weighed more than 10,300 pounds (5.2 short tons; 4.7 t). Control desk with interruption typewriter 300 lb (136 kg), main store and input/output control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), arithmetic and main control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), power supply unit 3,000 (1,360 kg).[11]","title":"Physical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NB_Sum_check_10-0"}],"text":"^ The sum check equally well guarded against programming errors, in the event that some or all of a matrix was inadvertently overwritten.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Reverse Polish notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmicks

Gimmick

["1 Etymology","2 Examples","3 Failed gimmicks","4 See also","5 References"]

Novel device or idea designed to attract attention For other uses, see Gimmick (disambiguation). A gimmick is a novel device or idea designed primarily to attract attention or increase appeal, often with little intrinsic value. When applied to retail marketing, it is a unique or quirky feature designed to make a product or service "stand out" from its competitors. Product gimmicks are sometimes considered mere novelties, and tangential to the product's functioning. Gimmicks are occasionally viewed negatively, but some seemingly trivial gimmicks of the past have evolved into useful, permanent features. In video games, the term is also sometimes used to describe unusual features or playstyles, especially if they are unnecessary or obnoxious. Etymology An early use of the word "gimmick", from November 1918 as published in The Tecumseh Chieftain The origin of the term "gimmick" is uncertain. Etymologists suggest that the term emerged in the United States in the early 20th century. The Oxford Dictionary suggests that it may have originally been a slang term for something that a con artist or magician manipulated to make appearances different from reality, and which gradually changed its meaning to refer to any ‘piece of magicians' apparatus’. The word itself may be an approximate anagram of the word magic. The term gimmick may also have resulted from alteration to the word gimcrack, which refers to a showy object of little use or value. Another possible origin is that it may have come into use among gaming tables, where it came to refer to "a device used for making a fair game crooked". The term first appeared in American newspapers in the 1910s and 1920s. Examples This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A collection of gimmicks used as covermounts on magazines In marketing, the use of gimmicks can be an important part of the sales promotions effort. However, finding a successful gimmick for an otherwise mundane product can be challenging, as it requires some effort to match the promotional objectives with the gimmick, and select items which will ideally contribute to enduring brand recall. Many different types of gimmicks are used in sales promotion and product design. For example, toothbrushes are often given certain gimmicks, such as bright colors, easy-grip handles, or color-changing bristles, in order to appear more interesting to consumers. This is often done in an attempt to appeal to children, who are often more interested in the gimmick than the product. Musicians often adopt visual gimmicks that do not affect their music. Slash's top hat, Angus Young's schoolboy uniform, makeup used by KISS, and deadmau5's mouse helmet are examples of such gimmicks. Gimmicks within a musical context are also a central characteristic of the novelty song. Special design features, e.g. toothbrushes that change color when they are about to wear out (signaling that the consumer needs to repurchase); Novel packaging, e.g. packaging that has residual value once the original contents have been consumed, such as a jam or coffee jar that can be reused as a drinking vessel or storage container; Add-on gifts or giveaways, e.g. toys included in children's fast food meal packs, covermounts on magazines, toys in cereal boxes; Any novel or unexpected sales promotion. Failed gimmicks In 1992, the British division of The Hoover Company launched a disastrous promotional campaign which promised free airline tickets to purchasers of its appliances. The division lost £50 million as a result and was eventually sold. In 1997, certain Polish tobacco companies were using young sales representatives, traveling around in flashy company branded vehicles, to work clubs and venues where they gave away free cigarettes to patrons as part of the promotional effort. The sales and marketing team at Phillip Morris decided to add another gimmick to the sampling by having the sales reps use trick matches which lit with a simple scratch on jeans. In one case, the stocks of matches carried in a vehicle caught fire killing two sales reps and seriously injuring another. The incident created public relations problems for the company. See also Look up gimmick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Marketing strategy Publicity stunt References ^ Dictionary.com, Online: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gimmick ^ Merriam- Webster Dictionary, Online: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gimmick ^ "gimmick". Oxford Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16 – via Wayback Machine. ^ "gimmick". etymonline.com. Retrieved October 28, 2023. ^ "Gimcrack Definition and Meaning". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved October 28, 2023. ^ Websters Unabridged New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. 1943, p. 1058 ^ "Does the word 'gimmick' have positive or negative meaning?". English Language and Usage – via stackexchange.com. ^ Crockett, Zachary. "The worst sales promotion in history". thehustle.co. Retrieved 27 October 2023. ^ Thompson, S., "Philip Morris promotional gimmick kills two in Poland," British Medical Journal , vol. 7, no. 1, 1998 Doi: 10.1136/tc.7.1.86, Online: "Philip Morris promotional gimmick kills two in Poland -- THOMPSON 7 (1): 86 -- Tobacco Control". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.

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Gimmicks are occasionally viewed negatively, but some seemingly trivial gimmicks of the past have evolved into useful, permanent features. 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Etymologists suggest that the term emerged in the United States in the early 20th century. The Oxford Dictionary suggests that it may have originally been a slang term for something that a con artist or magician manipulated to make appearances different from reality, and which gradually changed its meaning to refer to any ‘piece of magicians' apparatus’. The word itself may be an approximate anagram of the word magic.[3]The term gimmick may also have resulted from alteration to the word gimcrack,[4] which refers to a showy object of little use or value.[5] Another possible origin is that it may have come into use among gaming tables, where it came to refer to \"a device used for making a fair game crooked\".[6] The term first appeared in American newspapers in the 1910s and 1920s.[7][better source needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gimmicks.jpg"},{"link_name":"covermounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covermount"},{"link_name":"toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child"},{"link_name":"Slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_(musician)"},{"link_name":"top hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_hat"},{"link_name":"Angus Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Young"},{"link_name":"schoolboy uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniforms_in_England"},{"link_name":"makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_makeup"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_(band)"},{"link_name":"deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"novelty song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_song"},{"link_name":"children's fast food meal packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids%27_meal"},{"link_name":"covermounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covermount"},{"link_name":"toys in cereal boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_box_prize"},{"link_name":"sales promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_promotion"}],"text":"A collection of gimmicks used as covermounts on magazinesIn marketing, the use of gimmicks can be an important part of the sales promotions effort. However, finding a successful gimmick for an otherwise mundane product can be challenging, as it requires some effort to match the promotional objectives with the gimmick, and select items which will ideally contribute to enduring brand recall.Many different types of gimmicks are used in sales promotion and product design. For example, toothbrushes are often given certain gimmicks, such as bright colors, easy-grip handles, or color-changing bristles, in order to appear more interesting to consumers. This is often done in an attempt to appeal to children, who are often more interested in the gimmick than the product.Musicians often adopt visual gimmicks that do not affect their music. Slash's top hat, Angus Young's schoolboy uniform, makeup used by KISS, and deadmau5's mouse helmet are examples of such gimmicks. Gimmicks within a musical context are also a central characteristic of the novelty song.Special design features, e.g. toothbrushes that change color when they are about to wear out (signaling that the consumer needs to repurchase);\nNovel packaging, e.g. packaging that has residual value once the original contents have been consumed, such as a jam or coffee jar that can be reused as a drinking vessel or storage container;\nAdd-on gifts or giveaways, e.g. toys included in children's fast food meal packs, covermounts on magazines, toys in cereal boxes;\nAny novel or unexpected sales promotion.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hoover Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoover_Company"},{"link_name":"a disastrous promotional campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_free_flights_promotion"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehustle-8"},{"link_name":"tobacco companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"sales representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_representatives"},{"link_name":"clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"Phillip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altria_Group"},{"link_name":"matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match"},{"link_name":"jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1992, the British division of The Hoover Company launched a disastrous promotional campaign which promised free airline tickets to purchasers of its appliances. The division lost £50 million as a result and was eventually sold.[8]In 1997, certain Polish tobacco companies were using young sales representatives, traveling around in flashy company branded vehicles, to work clubs and venues where they gave away free cigarettes to patrons as part of the promotional effort. The sales and marketing team at Phillip Morris decided to add another gimmick to the sampling by having the sales reps use trick matches which lit with a simple scratch on jeans. In one case, the stocks of matches carried in a vehicle caught fire killing two sales reps and seriously injuring another. The incident created public relations problems for the company.[9]","title":"Failed gimmicks"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aka042

User talk:Ack210

["1 Bessemer, Colorado proposed merge","2 WikiProject Investment","3 Fixed your talk page archiving","4 Splitting discussion for Clitoris"]

If I have left you a message: please answer on your talk page, as I am watching it. If you leave me a message: I will answer on my talk page, then place {{Talkback|Ack210}} on your talk. Please click here to leave me a new message. Archives 1, 2 This page has archives. Sections older than 31 days may be automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III when more than 4 sections are present. Bessemer, Colorado proposed merge Hello, Ack210. You have new messages at Talk:Bessemer, Colorado. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. WikiProject Investment Hey there! I just re-launched the WikiProject Investment. The site has been fully revamped and updated and I would like to invite you the project Feel free to check out the project and ping me if you have any questions. I'd like to invite you to join the Investment WikiProject. There are a lot of Investment related articles on Wikipedia that could use a little attention, and I hope this project can help organize an effort to improve them. So please, take a look and if you like what you see, help get this project off the ground and a few Investment pages into the front ranks of Wikipedia articles. Thanks! Cheers! WikiEditCrunch (talk) 17:45, 22 August 2017 (UTC) Fixed your talk page archiving Hi! I took the liberty of fixing the auto-archiving settings at the top of this page. --rchard2scout (talk) 12:57, 29 January 2021 (UTC) Splitting discussion for Clitoris An article that you have edited or that may interest you, (Clitoris), has content that I have proposed to be removed and moved to another article, (Human clitoris). If you are interested, please visit the discussion. Thank you. Peaceray (talk) 05:40, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure

Mean arterial pressure

["1 Testing","2 Estimating MAP","2.1 Elevated heart rate","2.2 Most accurate","2.3 Young patients","2.4 Neonates","2.5 Other formula versions","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Hypotension","3.2 Hypertension","4 See also","5 References"]

Average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle Not to be confused with mean airway pressure.Mean arterial pressureRepresentation of the arterial pressure waveform over one cardiac cycle. The notch in the curve is associated with closing of the aortic valve.MeSHD062186 In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average calculated blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle. Although methods of estimating MAP vary, a common calculation is to take one-third of the pulse pressure (the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures), and add that amount to the diastolic pressure. A normal MAP is about 90 mmHg. Mean arterial pressure = diastolic blood pressure + (systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)/3 MAP is altered by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. It is used clinically to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases, where a MAP of 90 mmHg or less is low risk, and a MAP of greater than 96 mmHg represents "stage one hypertension" with increased risk. Testing Arterial line Mean arterial pressure can be measured directly or estimate from systolic and diastolic blood pressure by using a formula. The least invasive method is the use of a blood pressure cuff which gives the values to calculate an estimate of the mean pressure. A similar method is to use a oscillometric blood pressure device that works by a cuff only method where a microprocessor determines the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Invasively, an arterial catheter with a transducer is placed and the mean pressure is determined by the subsequent waveform. Estimating MAP Mean arterial pressure in relation to systolic and diastolic pressure in blood vessels While MAP can only be measured directly by invasive monitoring, it can be estimated by using a formula in which the lower (diastolic) blood pressure is doubled and added to the higher (systolic) blood pressure and that composite sum then is divided by 3 to estimate MAP. Thus, a common way to estimate mean arterial pressure is to take one-third of the pulse pressure added to the diastolic pressure: M A P ≈ D P + 1 / 3 ( S P − D P ) {\displaystyle MAP\approx DP+1/3(SP-DP)} where: DP = diastolic pressure SP = systolic pressure MAP = mean arterial pressure Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure equals the pulse pressure which may be substituted in. Blood pressure cuff Another way to find the MAP is to use the systemic vascular resistance equated ( R {\displaystyle R} ), which is represented mathematically by the formula R = Δ P / Q {\displaystyle R=\Delta P/Q} where Δ P {\displaystyle \Delta P} is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end and Q {\displaystyle Q} is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output). In other words: S V R = ( M A P − C V P ) / C O {\displaystyle SVR=(MAP-CVP)/CO} Therefore, MAP can be determined by rearranging the equation to: M A P = ( C O ⋅ S V R ) + C V P {\displaystyle MAP=(CO\cdot SVR)+CVP} where: C O {\displaystyle CO} is cardiac output S V R {\displaystyle SVR} is systemic vascular resistance C V P {\displaystyle CVP} is central venous pressure and usually is small enough to be neglected in this formula. This is only valid at normal resting heart rates during which M A P {\displaystyle MAP} can be approximated using the measured systolic ( S P {\displaystyle SP} ) and diastolic ( D P {\displaystyle DP} ) blood pressures: Elevated heart rate At high heart rates M A P {\displaystyle MAP} is more closely approximated by the arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse. For a more accurate formula of M A P {\displaystyle MAP} for elevated heart rates use: M A P ≃ D P + 0.01 × exp ⁡ ( 4.14 − 40.74 / H R ) × P P {\displaystyle MAP\simeq DP+0.01\times \exp(4.14-40.74/HR)\times PP} Where HR = heart rate. DP = diastolic pressure MAP = mean arterial pressure PP = pulse pressure which is systolic minus diastolic pressure Most accurate The version of the MAP equation multiplying 0.412 by pulse pressure and adding diastolic blood is indicated to correlate better than other versions of the equation with left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid wall thickness and aortic stiffness. It is expressed: M A P = D B P + ( 0.412 × P P ) {\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.412\times PP)} where: DBP = diastolic pressure MAP = mean arterial pressure PP = pulse pressure Young patients For young patients with congenital heart disease a slight alteration to the factor used found to be more precise. This was written as: M A P = D B P + ( 0.475 × P P ) {\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.475\times PP)} where: DBP = diastolic pressure MAP = mean arterial pressure PP = pulse pressure This added precision means cerebral blood flow can be more accurately maintained in uncontrolled hypertension. Neonates For neonates, because of their altered physiology, a different formula has been proposed for a more precise reading: M A P = D B P + ( 0.466 × P P ) {\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.466\times PP)} where: DBP = diastolic pressure MAP = mean arterial pressure PP = pulse pressure It has also been suggested that when getting readings from a neonates radial arterial line, mean arterial pressure can be approximated by averaging the systolic and diastolic pressure. Other formula versions Other formulas used to estimate mean arterial pressure are: M A P = D B P + ( 0.33 P P ) + 5 {\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.33PP)+5} or M A P = D B P + [ 0.33 + ( 0.0012 × H R ) ] × P P {\displaystyle MAP=DBP+\times PP} or M A P = D A P + P P / 3 {\displaystyle MAP=DAP+PP/3} or M A P = D A P + ( P P / 3 ) + 5 m m H g {\displaystyle MAP=DAP+(PP/3)+5mmHg} MAP = mean arterial pressure PP = pulse pressure DAP = diastolic aortic pressure DPB = diastolic blood pressure Clinical significance Thresholds for 24 hr. mean arterial pressure (MAP) 24 hr. MAP category 24 hr. MAP Normal < 90 mmHg Elevated blood pressure 90 to < 92 mmHg Stage 1 hypertension 92 to < 96 mmHg Stage 2 hypertension > 96 mmHg Mean arterial pressure is a major determinant of the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body. MAP levels greater than 90 mmHg increase the risk stepwise of having higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Hypotension When assessing hypotension, the context of the baseline blood pressure needs to be considered. Acute decreases in mean arterial pressure of around 25% put people at increased risk for organ damage and potential mortality. Even one minute at a MAP of 50 mmHg, or accumulative effects over short periods, increases the risk of mortality by 5%, and can result in organ failure or complications. In people hospitalized with shock, a MAP of 65 mmHg lasting for more than two hours was associated with higher mortality. In people with sepsis, the vasopressor dosage may be titrated on the basis of estimated MAP. MAP may be used like systolic blood pressure in monitoring and treating target blood pressure. Both are used as targets for assessing sepsis, major trauma, stroke, and intracranial bleeding. Hypertension In younger people, elevated MAP is used more commonly than pulse pressure in the prediction of stroke. However in older people, MAP is less predictive of stroke and a better predictor of cardiovascular disease. See also Blood pressure Hypertension Hypotension Systemic vascular resistance Pulse pressure References ^ Zheng L, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang R, Zhang X, Liu S, et al. (July 2008). "Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure in relation to ischemic stroke among patients with uncontrolled hypertension in rural areas of China". Stroke. 39 (7): 1932–1937. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510677. PMID 18451345. ^ a b c d "Calculating the mean arterial pressure (MAP)". Nursing Center. 8 December 2011. ^ a b c d e Melgarejo JD, Yang WY, Thijs L, et al. (January 2021). "Association of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Outcomes With 24-Hour Mean Arterial Pressure". Hypertension. 77 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14929. PMC 7720872. PMID 33296250. ^ a b "Understanding Blood Pressure Readings". American Heart Association. 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ a b c DeMers D, Wachs D (2022). "Physiology, Mean Arterial Pressure". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30855814. Retrieved 2022-05-22. ^ Lewis PS (May 2019). "Oscillometric measurement of blood pressure: a simplified explanation. A technical note on behalf of the British and Irish Hypertension Society". Journal of Human Hypertension. 33 (5): 349–351. doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0196-9. PMC 8076036. PMID 30926901. ^ "Mean arterial pressure calculator". PhysiologyWeb. 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ Klabunde RE. "Mean Arterial Pressure". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine. ^ Nosek TM. "Section 3/3ch7/s3ch7_4". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. ^ "Cardiovascular Physiology (page 3)". World of Anesthesia. Nuffield Dept.of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-12-11. ^ Moran D, Epstein Y, Keren G, Laor A, Sherez J, Shapiro Y (November 1995). "Calculation of mean arterial pressure during exercise as a function of heart rate". Applied Human Science. 14 (6): 293–295. doi:10.2114/ahs.14.293. PMID 8591100. ^ Papaioannou TG, Protogerou AD, Vrachatis D, et al. (September 2016). "Mean arterial pressure values calculated using seven different methods and their associations with target organ deterioration in a single-center study of 1878 individuals". Hypertension Research. 39 (9): 640–647. doi:10.1038/hr.2016.41. PMID 27194570. S2CID 11382793. ^ Meaney E, Alva F, Moguel R, Meaney A, Alva J, Webel R (July 2000). "Formula and nomogram for the sphygmomanometric calculation of the mean arterial pressure". Heart. 84 (1): 64. doi:10.1136/heart.84.1.64. PMC 1729401. PMID 10862592. ^ Gevers M, Hack WW, Ree EF, Lafeber HN, Westerhof N (1993). "Calculated mean arterial blood pressure in critically ill neonates". Basic Research in Cardiology. 88 (1): 80–85. doi:10.1007/BF00788533. PMID 8471006. S2CID 27547225. ^ Chemla D, Hébert JL, Zamani K, Coirault C, Lecarpentier Y (August 1999). "Estimation of mean aortic pressure". Lancet. 354 (9178): 596. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77948-4. PMID 10470724. S2CID 20720814. ^ Razminia M, Trivedi A, Molnar J, Elbzour M, Guerrero M, Salem Y, et al. (December 2004). "Validation of a new formula for mean arterial pressure calculation: the new formula is superior to the standard formula". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 63 (4): 419–425. doi:10.1002/ccd.20217. PMID 15558774. S2CID 25022922. ^ Chemla D, Nitenberg A (June 2005). "A call for improving mean aortic pressure estimation". American Journal of Hypertension. 18 (6): 891. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.10.025. PMID 15925755. ^ Chemla D, Hébert JL, Aptecar E, Mazoit JX, Zamani K, Frank R, et al. (July 2002). "Empirical estimates of mean aortic pressure: advantages, drawbacks and implications for pressure redundancy". Clinical Science. 103 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1042/cs1030007. PMID 12095398. ^ Jones D, Francesco L (2017). "Hypotension". In McKean SC, Ross JJ, Dressler DD, Scheurer DB (eds.). Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-184313-3. ^ Nicklas JY, Beckmann D, Killat J, Petzoldt M, Reuter DA, Rösch T, Saugel B (February 2019). "Continuous noninvasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using the vascular unloading technology during complex gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective observational study". Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 33 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1007/s10877-018-0131-6. PMID 29556885. S2CID 4025532. ^ Maheshwari K, Khanna S, Bajracharya GR, Makarova N, Riter Q, Raza S, Cywinski JB, Argalious M, Kurz A, Sessler DI (August 2018). "A Randomized Trial of Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring During Noncardiac Surgery". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 127 (2): 424–431. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003482. PMC 6072385. PMID 29916861. ^ Vincent, Jean-Louis; Nielsen, Nathan D.; Shapiro, Nathan I.; et al. (2018-11-08). "Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database". Annals of Intensive Care. 8 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s13613-018-0448-9. ISSN 2110-5820. PMC 6223403. PMID 30411243. ^ Magder SA (May 2014). "The highs and lows of blood pressure: toward meaningful clinical targets in patients with shock". Critical Care Medicine. 42 (5): 1241–1251. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000324. PMID 24736333. S2CID 39745357. ^ Wong ND, Franklin SS (2017). "Epidemiology of hypertension.". In Fuster V, Harrington RA, Narula J, Eapen ZJ (eds.). Hurst's The Heart (14th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-184324-9. ^ Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Franklin SS, Porcellati C (May 2001). "Different prognostic impact of 24-hour mean blood pressure and pulse pressure on stroke and coronary artery disease in essential hypertension". Circulation. 103 (21): 2579–84. doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.21.2579. PMID 11382727. S2CID 13521935. vtePhysiology of the cardiovascular systemHeartCardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank–Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Left atrial volume Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic (Heart rate) Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) Inotropic (Contractility) Bathmotropic (Excitability) Lusitropic (Relaxation) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system/hemodynamicsBlood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Critical closing pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin–kallikrein system Renin–angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean airway pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_airway_pressure"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"cardiac cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18451345-1"},{"link_name":"pulse pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure"},{"link_name":"systolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_pressure"},{"link_name":"diastolic pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_pressure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aha-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aha-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with mean airway pressure.In medicine, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is an average calculated blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle.[1] Although methods of estimating MAP vary, a common calculation is to take one-third of the pulse pressure (the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures), and add that amount to the diastolic pressure.[2][3] A normal MAP is about 90 mmHg.[4]Mean arterial pressure = diastolic blood pressure + (systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)/3MAP is altered by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.[5] It is used clinically to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases, where a MAP of 90 mmHg or less is low risk, and a MAP of greater than 96 mmHg represents \"stage one hypertension\" with increased risk.[3][4]","title":"Mean arterial pressure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial-line-shaded.png"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"blood pressure cuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer"},{"link_name":"oscillometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure_measurement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"arterial catheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_line"}],"text":"Arterial lineMean arterial pressure can be measured directly or estimate from systolic and diastolic blood pressure by using a formula.[5] The least invasive method is the use of a blood pressure cuff which gives the values to calculate an estimate of the mean pressure. A similar method is to use a oscillometric blood pressure device that works by a cuff only method where a microprocessor determines the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.[6] Invasively, an arterial catheter with a transducer is placed and the mean pressure is determined by the subsequent waveform.","title":"Testing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_pressure_measurement.JPG"},{"link_name":"cardiac output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output"},{"link_name":"systemic vascular resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_vascular_resistance"},{"link_name":"central venous pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressure"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"measured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer"},{"link_name":"systolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_pressure"},{"link_name":"diastolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_pressure"},{"link_name":"blood pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Mean arterial pressure in relation to systolic and diastolic pressure in blood vesselsWhile MAP can only be measured directly by invasive monitoring, it can be estimated by using a formula in which the lower (diastolic) blood pressure is doubled and added to the higher (systolic) blood pressure and that composite sum then is divided by 3 to estimate MAP.[2]Thus, a common way to estimate mean arterial pressure is to take one-third of the pulse pressure added to the diastolic pressure:[2][3][7]M\n A\n P\n ≈\n D\n P\n +\n 1\n \n /\n \n 3\n (\n S\n P\n −\n D\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP\\approx DP+1/3(SP-DP)}where:DP = diastolic pressure\nSP = systolic pressure\nMAP = mean arterial pressureSystolic pressure minus diastolic pressure equals the pulse pressure which may be substituted in.[5]Blood pressure cuffAnother way to find the MAP is to use the systemic vascular resistance equated (\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n), which is represented mathematically by the formulaR\n =\n Δ\n P\n \n /\n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R=\\Delta P/Q}where \n \n \n \n Δ\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta P}\n \n is the change in pressure across the systemic circulation from its beginning to its end and \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n is the flow through the vasculature (equal to cardiac output).In other words:S\n V\n R\n =\n (\n M\n A\n P\n −\n C\n V\n P\n )\n \n /\n \n C\n O\n \n \n {\\displaystyle SVR=(MAP-CVP)/CO}Therefore, MAP can be determined by rearranging the equation to:M\n A\n P\n =\n (\n C\n O\n ⋅\n S\n V\n R\n )\n +\n C\n V\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=(CO\\cdot SVR)+CVP}where:C\n O\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CO}\n \n is cardiac output\n\n \n \n \n S\n V\n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle SVR}\n \n is systemic vascular resistance\n\n \n \n \n C\n V\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CVP}\n \n is central venous pressure and usually is small enough to be neglected in this formula.[8]This is only valid at normal resting heart rates during which \n \n \n \n M\n A\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP}\n \n can be approximated using the measured systolic (\n \n \n \n S\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle SP}\n \n) and diastolic (\n \n \n \n D\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle DP}\n \n) blood pressures:[9][10]","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arithmetic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Elevated heart rate","text":"At high heart rates \n \n \n \n M\n A\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP}\n \n is more closely approximated by the arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic pressures because of the change in shape of the arterial pressure pulse.For a more accurate formula of \n \n \n \n M\n A\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP}\n \n for elevated heart rates use:M\n A\n P\n ≃\n D\n P\n +\n 0.01\n ×\n exp\n ⁡\n (\n 4.14\n −\n 40.74\n \n /\n \n H\n R\n )\n ×\n P\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP\\simeq DP+0.01\\times \\exp(4.14-40.74/HR)\\times PP}WhereHR = heart rate.\nDP = diastolic pressure\nMAP = mean arterial pressure\nPP = pulse pressure which is systolic minus diastolic pressure[11]","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Most accurate","text":"The version of the MAP equation multiplying 0.412 by pulse pressure and adding diastolic blood is indicated to correlate better than other versions of the equation with left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid wall thickness and aortic stiffness.[12] It is expressed:M\n A\n P\n =\n D\n B\n P\n +\n (\n 0.412\n ×\n P\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.412\\times PP)}where:DBP = diastolic pressure\nMAP = mean arterial pressure\nPP = pulse pressure","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Young patients","text":"For young patients with congenital heart disease a slight alteration to the factor used found to be more precise. This was written as:M\n A\n P\n =\n D\n B\n P\n +\n (\n 0.475\n ×\n P\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.475\\times PP)}where:DBP = diastolic pressure\nMAP = mean arterial pressure\nPP = pulse pressureThis added precision means cerebral blood flow can be more accurately maintained in uncontrolled hypertension.[13]","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Neonates","text":"For neonates, because of their altered physiology, a different formula has been proposed for a more precise reading:M\n A\n P\n =\n D\n B\n P\n +\n (\n 0.466\n ×\n P\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.466\\times PP)}where:DBP = diastolic pressure\nMAP = mean arterial pressure\nPP = pulse pressureIt has also been suggested that when getting readings from a neonates radial arterial line, mean arterial pressure can be approximated by averaging the systolic and diastolic pressure.[14]","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Other formula versions","text":"Other formulas used to estimate mean arterial pressure are:M\n A\n P\n =\n D\n B\n P\n +\n (\n 0.33\n P\n P\n )\n +\n 5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DBP+(0.33PP)+5}\n \n[15]orM\n A\n P\n =\n D\n B\n P\n +\n [\n 0.33\n +\n (\n 0.0012\n ×\n H\n R\n )\n ]\n ×\n P\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DBP+[0.33+(0.0012\\times HR)]\\times PP}\n \n[16]orM\n A\n P\n =\n D\n A\n P\n +\n P\n P\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DAP+PP/3}\n \n[17]orM\n A\n P\n =\n D\n A\n P\n +\n (\n P\n P\n \n /\n \n 3\n )\n +\n 5\n m\n m\n H\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MAP=DAP+(PP/3)+5mmHg}\n \n[18]MAP = mean arterial pressure\nPP = pulse pressure\nDAP = diastolic aortic pressure\nDPB = diastolic blood pressure","title":"Estimating MAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perfusion pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion_pressure"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"mmHg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHg"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Mean arterial pressure is a major determinant of the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body. MAP levels greater than 90 mmHg increase the risk stepwise of having higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality.[3]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29556885-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29916861-21"},{"link_name":"shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent-22"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"vasopressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressor"},{"link_name":"titrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titrate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"major trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_trauma"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"intracranial bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_bleeding"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Hypotension","text":"When assessing hypotension, the context of the baseline blood pressure needs to be considered. Acute decreases in mean arterial pressure of around 25% put people at increased risk for organ damage and potential mortality.[19] Even one minute at a MAP of 50 mmHg, or accumulative effects over short periods, increases the risk of mortality by 5%, and can result in organ failure or complications.[20][21]In people hospitalized with shock, a MAP of 65 mmHg lasting for more than two hours was associated with higher mortality.[22] In people with sepsis, the vasopressor dosage may be titrated on the basis of estimated MAP.[2]MAP may be used like systolic blood pressure in monitoring and treating target blood pressure. Both are used as targets for assessing sepsis, major trauma, stroke, and intracranial bleeding.[23]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulse pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11382727-25"}],"sub_title":"Hypertension","text":"In younger people, elevated MAP is used more commonly than pulse pressure in the prediction of stroke. However in older people, MAP is less predictive of stroke and a better predictor of cardiovascular disease.[24][25]","title":"Clinical significance"}]

[{"image_text":"Arterial line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Arterial-line-shaded.png/220px-Arterial-line-shaded.png"},{"image_text":"Mean arterial pressure in relation to systolic and diastolic pressure in blood vessels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg/220px-2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blood pressure cuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blood_pressure_measurement.JPG/220px-Blood_pressure_measurement.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"title":"Hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"title":"Hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension"},{"title":"Systemic vascular resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance"},{"title":"Pulse pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_pressure"}]

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PMID 29916861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6072385","url_text":"\"A Randomized Trial of Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring During Noncardiac Surgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1213%2FANE.0000000000003482","url_text":"10.1213/ANE.0000000000003482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6072385","url_text":"6072385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29916861","url_text":"29916861"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Jean-Louis; Nielsen, Nathan D.; Shapiro, Nathan I.; et al. (2018-11-08). \"Mean arterial pressure and mortality in patients with distributive shock: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database\". Annals of Intensive Care. 8 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s13613-018-0448-9. ISSN 2110-5820. PMC 6223403. 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Critical Care Medicine. 42 (5): 1241–1251. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000324. PMID 24736333. S2CID 39745357.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fccm.0000000000000324","url_text":"10.1097/ccm.0000000000000324"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24736333","url_text":"24736333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39745357","url_text":"39745357"}]},{"reference":"Wong ND, Franklin SS (2017). \"Epidemiology of hypertension.\". In Fuster V, Harrington RA, Narula J, Eapen ZJ (eds.). Hurst's The Heart (14th ed.). McGraw Hill. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_eagle

Philippine eagle

["1 Names","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Evolutionary history","3 Description","4 Distribution and habitat","5 Ecology and behavior","5.1 Diet","5.2 Reproduction","6 Conservation","6.1 Philippine Eagle Diplomacy","7 Representation","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

Endangered species of eagle in the Philippines Philippine eagle Philippine eagle at the Philippine Eagle Center, Davao City Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) CITES Appendix I (CITES) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae Subfamily: Circaetinae Genus: PithecophagaOgilvie-Grant, 1896 Species: P. jefferyi Binomial name Pithecophaga jefferyiOgilvie-Grant, 1896 Range in blue The Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle, is a critically endangered species of eagle of the family Accipitridae which is endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white-colored plumage, a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.04 to 8.0 kg (8.9 to 17.6 lb). The Philippine eagle is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length and wing surface area, with only Steller's sea eagle and the Harpy eagle being larger in terms of weight and bulk. It has been declared the national bird of the Philippines. The most significant threat to the species is loss of habitat, a result of high levels of deforestation throughout most of its range. Because of this, the IUCN Red List has classified the species as “critically endangered”. Killing a Philippine eagle is a criminal offence, punishable by law with up to 12 years imprisonment and heavy fines. Names The Philippine eagle has numerous native names in the Philippine languages. These include bánoy and ágila (a Spanish loanword) in Tagalog; manaul or manaol in the Visayan languages; manaol or garuda in Maranao and Maguindanao; tipule in Subanen; and mam-boogook or malamboogook in the Manobo languages, Klata, Tagabawa, Mandaya, and Kalagan. Some of these names are also used for other large eagles in general, such as the white-breasted sea eagle (also called manaul in Visayan). In modern Filipino, it is usually referred to as háribon (a portmanteau of "haring ibón”, literally "bird king"). Taxonomy The first European to study the species was the English explorer and naturalist John Whitehead in 1896, who observed the bird and whose servant, Juan, collected the first specimen a few weeks later. The skin of the bird was sent to William Robert Ogilvie-Grant in London in 1896, who initially showed it off in a local restaurant and described the species a few weeks later. Upon its scientific discovery, the Philippine eagle was first called the monkey-eating eagle because of reports from natives of Bonga, Samar, where the species was first discovered, that it preyed exclusively on monkeys. These reports gave its generic name, from the Greek pithecus (πίθηκος, "ape” or “monkey") and phagus (-φάγος, "eater of"). The species name commemorates Jeffery Whitehead, the father of John Whitehead. Later studies revealed, however, that the alleged monkey-eating eagle also ate other animals, such as colugos, large snakes, monitor lizards, and even large birds such as Hornbills. This, coupled with the fact that the same name applied to the African Crowned eagle and the Central and South American Harpy eagle, it was renamed "Philippine eagle" in a 1978 proclamation by then-President Ferdinand Marcos. In 1995, it was declared a national emblem under President Fidel V. Ramos. This species has no recognized subspecies. Evolutionary history A 1919 study of the bird’s skeletal features led to the suggestion that the nearest relative was the Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja). The species was included in the subfamily Harpiinae until a 2005 study of DNA sequences which identified them as not members of the group, finding instead that the nearest relatives are Snake eagles (Circaetinae), such as the bateleur. The species has subsequently been placed in the subfamily Circaetinae. Description The Philippine eagle's nape is adorned with long, brown feathers that form a shaggy, mane-like crest. The eagle has a dark face and a creamy-brown nape and crown. The back of the Philippine eagle is dark brown, while the underside and underwings are white. The heavy legs are yellow, with large, powerful, dark claws, and the prominent, large, high-arched, deep beak is a bluish-gray. The eagle's eyes are blue-gray. Juveniles are similar to adults except their upperpart feathers have pale fringes. The Philippine eagle is typically reported as measuring 86–102 cm (2 ft 10 in – 3 ft 4 in) in total length, but a survey of several specimens from some of the largest natural history collections in the world found the average was 95 cm (3 ft 1 in) for males and 105 cm (3 ft 5 in) for females. Based on the latter measurements, this makes it the longest extant species of eagle, as the average for the female equals the maximum reported for the harpy eagle and Steller's sea eagle. The longest Philippine eagle reported anywhere and the longest eagle outside of the extinct Haast's eagle is a specimen from Field Museum of Natural History with a length of 112 cm (3 ft 8 in), but it had been kept in captivity so may not represent the wild individuals due to differences in the food availability. The level of sexual dimorphism in size is not certain, but the male is believed to be typically about 10% smaller than the female, and this is supported by the average length provided for males and females in one source. In many of the other large eagle species, the size difference between adult females and males can exceed 20%. For adult Philippine eagles, the complete weight range has been reported as 4.7 to 8.0 kg (10.4 to 17.6 lb), while others have found the average was somewhat lower than the above range would indicate, at 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) for males and 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) for females. One male (age not specified) was found to weigh 4.04 kg (8.9 lb). The Philippine eagle has a wingspan of 184 to 220 cm (6 ft 0 in to 7 ft 3 in) and a wing chord length of 57.4–61.4 cm (22.6–24.2 in). The maximum reported weight is surpassed by two other eagles (the harpy and Steller's sea eagles) and the wings are shorter than large eagles of open country (such as the white-tailed eagle, Steller's sea eagle, martial eagle, or wedge-tailed eagle), but are quite broad. The tarsus of the Philippine eagle ties as the longest of any eagle from 12.2 to 14.5 cm (4.8 to 5.7 in) long, which is about the same length as that of the much smaller but relatively long-legged New Guinea eagle. The very large but laterally compressed bill rivals the size of Steller's sea eagle's as the largest bill for an extant eagle. Its bill averages 7.22 cm (2.84 in) in length from the gape. The tail is fairly long at 42–45.3 cm (16.5–17.8 in), while another source lists a tail length of 50 cm (20 in). The most frequently heard noises made by the Philippine eagle are loud, high-pitched whistles ending with inflections in pitch. Additionally, juveniles have been known to beg for food by a series of high-pitched calls. Distribution and habitat Philippine Eagle’s habitat representation in Philippine National Museum. The Philippine eagle is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on four major islands: eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. The largest numbers of eagles reside on Mindanao, with between 82 and 233 breeding pairs. Only six pairs are found on Samar, two on Leyte, and a few on Luzon. It can be found in Northern Sierra Madre National Park on Luzon and Mount Apo, Mount Malindang, and Mount Kitanglad National Parks on Mindanao. This eagle is found in dipterocarp and mid montane forests, particularly in steep areas. Its elevation ranges from the lowlands to mountains of over 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Only an estimated 9,220 km2 (2,280,000 acres) of old-growth forest remain in the bird's range. However, its total estimated range is about 146,000 km2 (56,000 sq mi). Ecology and behavior Illustration of a Philippine eagle kept in captivity in London in 1909–1910 Evolution in the Philippines, without other predators, made the eagles the dominant hunter in the Philippine forests. The Philippine eagle has a wide range of prey which includes birds, reptiles and mammals (mainly civets and colugos). Each breeding pair requires a large home range to successfully raise a chick, thus the species is extremely vulnerable to deforestation. Earlier, the territory has been estimated at 100 km2 (39 sq mi), but a study on Mindanao Island found the nearest distance between breeding pairs to be about 13 km (8.1 mi) on average, resulting in a circular plot of 133 km2 (51 sq mi). The species' flight is fast and agile, resembling the smaller hawks more than similar large birds of prey. Juveniles in play behavior have been observed gripping knotholes in trees with their talons, and using their tails and wings for balance, inserting their heads into tree cavities. Additionally, they have been known to attack inanimate objects for practice, as well as attempt to hang upside down to work on their balance. As the parents are not nearby when this occurs, they apparently do not play a role in teaching the juvenile to hunt. Life expectancy for a wild eagle is estimated to be from 30 to 60 years. A captive Philippine eagle lived for 41 years in Rome Zoo, and it was already an adult when it arrived at the zoo. Another captive Philippine eagle lived for 46 years at the Philippine Eagle Center in Davao City. However, wild birds on average are believed to live shorter lives than captive birds. Diet The Philippine eagle was known initially as the Philippine monkey-eating eagle because it was believed to feed on monkeys almost exclusively. The only two monkeys native to the Philippines are Philippine long-tailed macaque and common long-tailed macaques, both are subspecies of crab-eating macaque and weighing 4.7 to 8.3 kg (10 to 18 lb) in males and 2.5 to 5.7 kg (5.5 to 12.6 lb) in females. Though Philippine eagles do prey on these monkeys, they are an opportunist apex predator, taking prey based on their local level of abundance and ease. This misconception may be come from the first examined specimen which was found to have undigested pieces of a monkey in its stomach. Prey specimens found at the eagle's nest have ranged in size from a small bat weighing 10 g (0.35 oz) to a Philippine deer weighing 14 kg (31 lb). The primary prey is usually the tree squirrel-sized Philippine flying lemurs, which can make up an estimated 90% of the raptor's diet in some locations. However, primary prey species vary from island to island depending on species availability, particularly in Luzon and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal regions. For example, flying lemurs are preferred prey in Mindanao, but are absent in Luzon. The primary prey for the eagles seen in Luzon are macaques, reptiles, and Northern Luzon giant cloud rat (Phloeomys pallidus) which can weigh twice as much as flying lemurs at 2 to 2.5 kg (4.4 to 5.5 lb). In many regions, civets are taken as supplemental prey, mainly cat-sized Asian palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) but occasionally larger Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga). Other mammalian prey can include flying squirrels, tree squirrels, flying foxes, rats and small deer. Birds are also taken, including large species such as owls, hawks and hornbills. Reptiles occasionally form a large part of their diet, snakes such as Ptyas luzonensis and Gonyosoma oxycephalum are mainly taken. Venomous pit vipers (Viperidae) are also taken as prey, and in one instance, a breeding pair delivered a Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis) to the nest. Monitor lizards, including marbled water monitors (Varanus marmoratus) and even larger Northern Sierra Madre forest monitors (Varanus bitatawa) have been taken. While most of the prey consists of wild prey, they have been reported to capture domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus), cats (Felis catus), young pigs (Sus domesticus) and small dogs (Canis familiaris). Philippine eagles primarily use two hunting techniques. One is still-hunting, in which it watches for prey activity while sitting almost motionlessly on a branch near the canopy. The other is perch-hunting, which entails periodically gliding from one perch to another. While perch-hunting, they often work their way gradually down from the canopy down the branches, and if not successful in finding prey in their initial foray, they fly or circle back up to the top of the trees to work them again. Eagles in Mindanao often find success using the latter method while hunting flying lemurs, since they are nocturnal animals that try to use camouflage to protect themselves by day. Eagle pairs sometimes hunt troops of monkeys cooperatively, with one bird perching nearby to distract the primates, allowing the other to swoop in from behind, hopefully unnoticed, for the kill. Since the native macaque is aggressive and often around the same size as the eagle itself or even larger, up to 9 kg (20 lb) in adult males, it is a potentially hazardous prey, and an eagle has been reported to suffer a broken leg after it struggled and fell along with a large male monkey. Reproduction A Philippine eagle nestling The complete breeding cycle of the Philippine eagle lasts two years. The female matures sexually at five years of age and the male at seven. Like most eagles, the Philippine eagle is monogamous. Once paired, a couple remains together for the rest of their lives. If one dies, the remaining eagle often searches for a new mate to replace the one lost. The beginning of courtship is signaled by nest-building, and the eagle remaining near its nest. Aerial displays also play a major role in the courtship. These displays include paired soaring over a nesting territory, the male chasing the female in a diagonal dive, and mutual talon presentation, where the male presents his talons to the female's back and she flips over in midair to present her own talons. Advertisement displays coupled with loud calling have also been reported. The willingness of an eagle to breed is displayed by the eagle bringing nesting materials to the bird's nest. Copulation follows and occurs repeatedly both on the nest and on nearby perches. The earliest courtship has been reported in July. Breeding season is in July; birds on different islands, most notably Mindanao and Luzon, begin breeding at different ends of this range. The amount of rainfall and population of prey may also affect the breeding season. The nest is normally built on an emergent dipterocarp, or any tall tree with an open crown, in primary or disturbed forest. The nests are lined with green leaves, and can be around 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across. The nesting location is around 30 m (98 ft) or even more above the ground. As in many other large raptors, the eagle's nest resembles a huge platform made of sticks. The eagle frequently reuses the same nesting site for several different chicks. Eight to 10 days before the egg is ready to be laid, the female is afflicted with a condition known as egg lethargy. In this experience, the female does not eat, drinks much water, and holds her wings droopingly. The female typically lays one egg in the late afternoon or at dusk, although occasionally two have been reported. If an egg fails to hatch or the chick dies early, the parents likely lay another egg the following year. Copulation may take place a few days after the egg is laid to enable another egg to be laid should the first one fail. The egg is incubated for 58 to 68 days (typically 62 days) after being laid. Both sexes participate in the incubation, but the female does the majority of incubating during the day and all of it at night. Both sexes help feed the newly hatched eaglet. Additionally, the parents have been observed taking turns shielding the eaglet from the sun and rain until it is seven weeks old. The young eaglet fledges after four or five months. The earliest an eagle has been observed making a kill is 304 days after hatching. Both parents take care of the eaglet for a total of 20 months and, unless the previous nesting attempt had failed, the eagles can breed only in alternate years. The Philippine eagle rivals two other large tropical eagles, namely the crowned eagle and harpy eagle, for having the longest breeding cycle of any bird of prey. Even nests have no predators other than humans, as even known nest predators such as palm civets and macaques (being prey species) are likely to actively avoid any area with regular eagle activity. Conservation A Philippine eagle named Sir Arny, at the Philippine Eagle Center, Davao City In 1994, the IUCN and BirdLife International listed this species as critically endangered. The IUCN believed that between 180 and 500 Philippine eagles survive in the Philippines. In 2015, about 600 were estimated to be left in the wild. The Zoological Society of London listed the Philippine eagle as the top 15 EDGE species, out of all the world's recorded species, making it the Philippines' most "evolutionary distinct and globally endangered" species. They are threatened primarily by deforestation through logging and expanding agriculture. Old-growth forest is being lost at a high rate, and most of the forest in the lowlands is owned by logging companies. Mining, pollution, exposure to pesticides that affect breeding, and poaching are also major threats. Additionally, they are occasionally caught in traps laid by local people for deer. Though this is no longer a major problem, the eagle's numbers were also reduced by being captured for zoos. The diminishing numbers of the Philippine eagle were first brought to international attention in 1965 by the noted Filipino ornithologist Dioscoro S. Rabor, and the director of the Parks and Wildlife Office, Jesus A. Alvarez. Charles Lindbergh, best known for crossing the Atlantic alone and without stopping in 1927, was fascinated by this eagle. As a representative of the World Wildlife Fund, Lindbergh traveled to the Philippines several times between 1969 and 1972, where he helped persuade the government to protect the eagle. In 1969, the Monkey-eating Eagle Conservation Program was started to help preserve this species. In 1992, the first Philippine eagles were hatched in captivity through artificial insemination; however, the first naturally bred eaglet was not hatched until 1999. The first captive-bred bird to be released in the wild, Kabayan, was released in 2004 on Mindanao; however, he was accidentally electrocuted in January 2005. Another eagle, Kagsabua, was released in March 2008, but was shot and eaten by a farmer. In June 2015, an eagle was released after being treated for a gunshot wound; two months later it was shot and killed. Killing this critically endangered species is punishable under Philippine law by 12 years in jail and heavy fines. Its numbers have slowly dwindled over the decades to the current population of 180 to 600 eagles. A series of floods and mud slides, caused by deforestation, further devastated the remaining population. The Philippine eagle may soon no longer be found in the wild, unless direct intervention is taken. The Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, is one organization dedicated to the protection and conservation of the Philippine eagle and its forest habitat. The Philippine Eagle Foundation has successfully bred Philippine eagles in captivity for over a decade and conducted the first experimental release of a captive-bred eagle to the wild. The foundation has 36 eagles at its center, of which 19 were bred in captivity, including one born in 2015, the first for two years. Ongoing research on behavior, ecology, and population dynamics is also underway. In recent years, protected lands have been established specifically for this species, such as the 700 km2 (170,000 acres) of Cabuaya Forest and the 37.2 km2 (9,200 acres) of Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary on Samar. However, a large proportion of the population is found on unprotected land. Philippine Eagle Diplomacy In a June 2019 wildlife loan agreement, a pair of Philippine eagles; (as of 2019) Geothermica, a 15 year old male and Sambisig (meaning one unity) a 17 year old female, were loaned to the Jurong Bird Park Singapore. This was part of conservation efforts for the species and also commemorated 50 years friendship between the Philippines and Singapore. Before the pair were shipped, they were given 2 specially printed passports dedicated to them. The pair were scheduled to stay at Singapore for 10 years as part of the agreement. The move marked the initiation of the government's Philippine Eagle Diplomacy program. Representation Symbolic passports issued to Geothermica and Sambisig, individual eagles which were loaned to Singapore. The Philippine eagle was officially declared the national bird of the Philippines on July 4, 1995, by President Fidel V. Ramos under Proclamation No. 615, series of 1995. Due to the eagle’s size and rarity, it is also a coveted species for birdwatchers. The Philippine eagle has been featured on at least 12 stamps from the Philippines, with dates ranging from 1967 to 2007. It was also depicted on the 50-sentimo coins minted from 1983 to 1994; in 2018, on the 500-Piso commemorative silver coin, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas; on January 18, 2021, and on the 5,000-Piso Lapulapu commemorative non-circulating banknote. On December 11, 2021, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas unveiled the design of the new 1,000-Piso polymer banknote featuring the bird as the main portrait, controversially replacing those of three World War II martyrs: Chief Justice José Abad Santos, suffragist Josefa Llanes Escoda, and General Vicente Lim. Historically, about 50 Philippine eagles have been kept in zoos in Europe (England, Germany, Belgium, Italy and France), the United States, and Japan. The first was a female that arrived in London Zoo in August 1909 and died there in February 1910. The majority arrived in zoos between 1947 and 1965. The last outside the Philippines died in 1988 in the Antwerp Zoo, where it had lived since 1964 (except for a period at the Planckendael Zoo in Belgium). The first captive breeding was only achieved in 1992 at the facility of the Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, Philippines, which has bred it several times since then. The Philippine eagle is also used in sporting events as a mascot, most notably one in the 2005 Southeast Asian Games held in Manila known as "Gilas". The Philippine eagle is also the animal used in the Philippines men's national basketball team or Gilas Pilipinas' logo/team crest. See also Philippines portal List of endemic birds of the Philippines List of birds of the Philippines Pag-asa (eagle) References ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Pithecophaga jefferyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696012A129595746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.|date= / |doi= mismatch ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved January 14, 2022. ^ a b c Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr. (January 17, 2005). "The largest eagle in the world". Haribon Foundation. Retrieved September 23, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1. ^ a b Kennedy, R. S., Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C. Jr. and Fisher, T. H. (2000). A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-854669-6 ^ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2019. ^ a b c "Farmer arrested for killing, eating rare Philippines eagle: officials". AFP. July 18, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2019. ^ Almario, Ani Rosa S. (2007). 101 Filipino Icons. Adarna House Publishing Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-971-508-302-7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rare Birds Yearbook 2009. England: MagDig Media Lmtd. 2008. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-9552607-5-9. ^ a b c d e f g h Rare Birds Yearbook 2008. England: MagDig Media Lmtd. 2007. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-9552607-3-5. ^ Collar, N.J. (December 24, 1996). "The Philippine Eagle: one hundred years of solitude". Oriental Bird Club Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. ^ Doctolero, Heidi; Pilar Saldajeno; Mary Ann Leones (April 29, 2007). "Philippine biodiversity, a world's showcase". Manila Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008. ^ Proclamation No. 1732, s. 1978: DECLARING THE SO-CALLED "MONKEY EATING EAGLE" AS THE PHILIPPINE EAGLE (Proclamation). May 8, 1978. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ Clements, James F (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Sixth ed.). Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9. ^ Shufeldt, RW (1919). "Osteological and other notes on the monkey-eating eagle of the Philippines, Pithecophaga jefferyi Grant". Philippine Journal of Science. 15: 31–58. ^ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–46. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ a b c d e "Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)". BirdLife International. 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011. ^ BirdLife International (2000). Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 0-946888-39-6 ^ a b Clark, W. S. (1994). "Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)". pp. 192 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6 ^ a b c Gamauf, A.; Preleuthner, M. & Winkler, H. (1998). "Philippine Birds of Prey: Interrelations among habitat, morphology and behavior" (PDF). The Auk. 115 (3): 713–726. doi:10.2307/4089419. JSTOR 4089419. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ O'Connor, R. J. (1984). The Growth and Development of Birds. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. ISBN 0-471-90345-0 ^ Arent, L. A. (2007). Raptors in Captivity. Hancock House, Washington. ISBN 978-0-88839-613-6 ^ Mearns, EA (1905). "Note on a specimen of Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant". Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 76–77. ^ Seth-Smith, D (1910). "On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines (Pithecophaga jefferyi)". Ibis. 52 (2): 285–290. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1910.tb07905.x. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. ^ Dupont, John Eleuthere (1971). Philippine Birds, p. 47. Delaware Museum of Natural History ^ Kennedy, RS (1977). "Notes on the biology and population status of the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 89 (1): 1–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ "PIA | Philippine Information Agency | Leyte named as rediscovery site of PHL eagle". www.pia.gov.ph. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2022. ^ L. J., Sutton; et al. (2024). "Space–time home-range estimates and resource selection for the Critically Endangered Philippine Eagle on Mindanao". Ibis. 166 (1). London, England: 156–170. doi:10.1111/ibi.13233. ^ Bueser, GL; Bueser, K. G.; Afan, D.S.; Salvador, D.I.; Grier, J.W.; Kennedy, R.S. & Miranda, H.C. Jr. (2003). "Distribution and nesting density of the Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi on Mindanao Island, Philippines: what do we know after 100 years?" (PDF). Ibis. 145: 130–135. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00131.x. S2CID 32125417. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chandler, David; Couzens, Dominic (2008). 100 Birds to See Before You Die. London: Carleton Books. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-84442-019-3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jamora, Jon. "Philippine Eagle Biology and Ecology". Philippine Eagle Foundation. Retrieved January 7, 2009. ^ Ibanez, Jayson (December 31, 2016). "The King is dead, Long live the King!". SunStar Davao. Retrieved January 2, 2017. ^ Cawthon Lang KA. 2006 January 6. Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . <http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/taxon>. Accessed 2020 July 17. ^ a b c d e f g h i "PHILIPPINE EAGLE" (PDF). pp. 14–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ a b c Concepcion, C., Sulapas, M., & Ibañez, J. C. (2006). Notes on food habits and breeding and nestling behavior of Philippine Eagles in Mount Apo Natural Park, Mindanao, Philippines. Banwa, 3(1), 81-95. ^ a b c d Abaño, TATIANA ROSE C., D. J. Salvador, and Jayson C. Ibanez. "First nesting record of Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi from Luzon, Philippines, with notes on diet and breeding biology." Forktail 32 (2016): 86-88. ^ a b Ibañez, Jayson C., et al. "Notes on the breeding behavior of a Philippine eagle pair at Mount Sinaka, Central Mindanao." The Wilson Bulletin 115.3 (2003): 333-336. ^ "Pithecophaga jefferyi (Great Philippine eagle)". Animal Diversity Web. ^ Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986), ISBN 978-1555214722. ^ Delacour, J., E. Mayr. 1946. Birds of the Philippines. New York: The MacMillan Company. ^ a b c "Rare Philippine eagle chick born in captivity". BBC News. December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ "Philippine Eagle". ^ Kennedy, Robert S. & Miranda, Hector C. Jr. (1998). "In Memoriam: Dioscoro S. Rabor" (PDF). The Auk. 115 (1): 204–205. doi:10.2307/4089125. JSTOR 4089125. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ "Focusing on the Philippine Eagle for the conservation of nature". The Philippine Eagle Foundation. ^ "Philippine Eagle: Lost in Vanishing Forests". Philippine Network of Environmental Journalists, Inc. June 10, 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2011. ^ "Philippine Eagle Center". Philippine Eagle Foundation Sole Website. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Labro, Vicente (July 19, 2007). "2 Philippine eagles spotted in Leyte forest". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2008. ^ "Geothermica and Sambisig". www.philippineeaglefoundation.org. Philippine Eagle Foundation. ^ Colina, Antonio IV (June 4, 2019). "2 Philippine Eagles arrive in Singapore". Minda News. Retrieved June 6, 2019. ^ "PH eagles fly to Singapore for protection, conservation". www.pna.gov.ph. ^ "DENR, Singapore partner formally seal PHL Eagle conservation deal". www.pna.gov.ph. ^ BirdLife International (2001). "Philippine Eagle: Pithecophaga jefferyi", p. 661 in Threatened Birds of Asia. Accessed April 28, 2010 ^ "Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ "Commemorative coins marking 70 years of central banking in the country and BSP's 25th anniversary now for sale". bsp.gov.ph. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ "BSP Issues Lapulapu Commemorative Banknote and Medal". bsp.gov.ph. Retrieved January 18, 2021. ^ a b c d Weigl, R, & Jones, M. L. (2000). The Philippine Eagle in captivity outside the Philippines, 1909–1988. International Zoo News vol. 47/8 (305) ^ Davidson, M. E. McLellan (1934). "Specimens of the Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)" (PDF). The Auk. 51 (3): 338–342. doi:10.2307/4077661. JSTOR 4077661. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. ^ Philippine Eagle Working Group (1996). Integrated Conservation Plan For The Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pithecophaga jefferyi. Wikispecies has information related to Pithecophaga jefferyi. Philippine Eagle Foundation. A foundation devoted to saving the Philippine eagle. Animal Diversity Web – Pithecophaga jefferyi National Geographic Magazine – "The Lord of the Forest" Bringing Back Ol' Blue Eyes Archived April 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine – article on Philippine Eagle Foundation work on Mindanao Video of Philippine eagle hunting flying lemurs Photos of the Philippine eagle by Klaus Nigge Original announcement of 1896 and detailed account from 1897 by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. vte National symbols of the PhilippinesOfficial Arnis Coat of arms Filipino language Filipino Sign Language Flag Great Seal "Lupang Hinirang" "Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa" Narra Philippine eagle Philippine pearl Sampaguita Unofficial Adobo Anahaw Bahay kubo Bakya Balangay Barong and Baro't saya "Bayan Ko" Baybayin Carabao Cariñosa Jeepney Juan dela Cruz Lechon Malacañang Palace Mango Manila Milkfish National Seal Philippine peso Sinigang Sipa Tinikling Waling-waling National heroes Implied Andrés Bonifacio José Rizal Declared from national legislation Benigno Aquino Jr. Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period National Heroes Day Veterans of the Second World War From proposed laws Apolinario Mabini Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Gabriela Silang Juan Luna Marcelo H. del Pilar Melchora Aquino Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat vteSubfamily: CircaetinaeGenusSpeciesTerathopius Bateleur Circaetus Beaudouin's snake eagle Short-toed snake eagle Black-chested snake eagle Brown snake eagle Southern banded snake eagle Western banded snake eagle Dryotriorchis Congo serpent eagle Spilornis Crested serpent eagle Great Nicobar serpent eagle Mountain serpent eagle Sulawesi serpent eagle Philippine serpent eagle Andaman serpent eagle Eutriorchis Madagascar serpent eagle Pithecophaga Philippine eagle Eagle vteGenera of eagles, condors and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Clade: Telluraves Clade: Accipitrimorphae AccipitrimorphaeCathartiformesincertae sedis †Parasarcoramphus †Teratornithidae Aiolornis Argentavis Cathartornis Oscaravis Taubatornis Teratornis Cathartidae †Aizenogyps †Brasilogyps †Breagyps Cathartes †Cathartidarum Coragyps †Diatropornis †Dryornis †Geronogyps Gymnogyps †Hadrogyps †Kuntur †Pampagyps †Phasmagyps †Perugyps †Pleistovultur †Pliogyps Sarcoramphus Vultur †Wingegyps Accipitriformes See below ↓ Accipitriformes†Horusornithidae Horusornis Pandionidae Pandion Sagittariidae †Amanuensis †Amphiserpentarius †Pelargopappus Sagittarius Accipitridaeincertae sedis †Amplibuteo †Aquilavus †Apatosagittarius †Aviraptor †"Cruschedula"? †Dynatoaetus †Gigantohierax †Gobihierax †Milvoides †Mioaegypius †Miohierax †Necrastur †Palaeohierax †Palaeastur †Palaeocircus †Palaeoplancus †"Palaetus" †Pengana †Proictinia †Promilio †Qiluornis †Titanohierax †Vinchinavis Aegypiinae Aegypius †Cryptogyps †Gansugyps Gyps Necrosyrtes Sarcogyps Torgos Trigonoceps Accipitrinae Accipiter Erythrotriorchis Megatriorchis Aquilinae Aquila Clanga Hieraaetus Ictinaetus Lophaetus Lophotriorchis Nisaetus Polemaetus Spizaetus Stephanoaetus †Archaehieraxinae Archaehierax Buteoninae †Bermuteo †Garganoaetus Buteonini Busarellus Butastur Buteo Buteogallus Cryptoleucopteryx Geranoaetus Geranospiza Helicolestes Ictinia Leucopternis Morphnarchus Parabuteo Pseudastur Rostrhamus Rupornis Milvini Haliastur Milvus Circaetinae Circaetus Dryotriorchis Eutriorchis Pithecophaga Spilornis Terathopius Circinae Circus Elaninae Chelictinia Elanus Gampsonyx Gypaetinae †Anchigyps †Arikarornis Gypaetus Gypohierax †Mioneophron †Neogyps Neophron †Neophrontops †Palaeoborus Polyboroides Haliaeetinae Haliaeetus Icthyophaga Harpaginae Harpagus Kaupifalco Microspizias Harpiinae Harpia Harpyopsis Macheiramphus Morphnus Lophospizinae Lophospiza Melieraxinae Melierax Micronisus Urotriorchis Perninae Aviceda Chondrohierax Elanoides Eutriorchis Hamirostra Henicopernis Leptodon Lophoictinia Pernis Taxon identifiersPithecophaga jefferyi Wikidata: Q185213 Wikispecies: Pithecophaga jefferyi ADW: Pithecophaga_jefferyi ARKive: pithecophaga-jefferyi Avibase: B3B046ECBA553372 BirdLife: 22696012 BOLD: 113077 BOW: grpeag1 CoL: 4JBNX eBird: grpeag1 ECOS: 4484 EoL: 914593 GBIF: 2480381 iNaturalist: 5413 IRMNG: 10594103 ITIS: 175560 IUCN: 22696012 NBN: NHMSYS0000533675 NCBI: 321089 Observation.org: 73299 Open Tree of Life: 103122 Species+: 9919 Xeno-canto: Pithecophaga-jefferyi Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_Endangered"},{"link_name":"Accipitridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accipitridae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Steller's sea eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle"},{"link_name":"Harpy eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_eagle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabaranza-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"national bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bird"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fieldguide-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"Killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hungry_Farmer-7"}],"text":"The Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle, is a critically endangered species of eagle of the family Accipitridae which is endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white-colored plumage, a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.04 to 8.0 kg (8.9 to 17.6 lb).The Philippine eagle is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length and wing surface area, with only Steller's sea eagle and the Harpy eagle being larger in terms of weight and bulk.[3][4] It has been declared the national bird of the Philippines.[5][6] The most significant threat to the species is loss of habitat, a result of high levels of deforestation throughout most of its range. Because of this, the IUCN Red List has classified the species as “critically endangered”.Killing a Philippine eagle is a criminal offence, punishable by law with up to 12 years imprisonment and heavy fines.[7]","title":"Philippine eagle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"loanword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"manaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaul"},{"link_name":"Visayan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_languages"},{"link_name":"garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"Maranao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_language"},{"link_name":"Maguindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao_language"},{"link_name":"Subanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subanen_language"},{"link_name":"Manobo languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobo_languages"},{"link_name":"Klata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klata_language"},{"link_name":"Tagabawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagabawa_language"},{"link_name":"Mandaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaya_language"},{"link_name":"Kalagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalagan_language"},{"link_name":"eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"white-breasted sea eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-breasted_sea_eagle"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fieldguide-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Almario-8"}],"text":"The Philippine eagle has numerous native names in the Philippine languages. These include bánoy and ágila (a Spanish loanword) in Tagalog; manaul or manaol in the Visayan languages; manaol or garuda in Maranao and Maguindanao; tipule in Subanen; and mam-boogook or malamboogook in the Manobo languages, Klata, Tagabawa, Mandaya, and Kalagan. Some of these names are also used for other large eagles in general, such as the white-breasted sea eagle (also called manaul in Visayan). In modern Filipino, it is usually referred to as háribon (a portmanteau of \"haring ibón”, literally \"bird king\").[5][8]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"John Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whitehead_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"William Robert Ogilvie-Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Ogilvie-Grant"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samar-11"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"colugos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"monitor lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_lizard"},{"link_name":"Hornbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"},{"link_name":"Crowned eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_eagle"},{"link_name":"Harpy eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_eagle"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"national emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_emblem"},{"link_name":"Fidel V. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clements-14"}],"text":"The first European to study the species was the English explorer and naturalist John Whitehead in 1896, who observed the bird and whose servant, Juan, collected the first specimen a few weeks later.[9] The skin of the bird was sent to William Robert Ogilvie-Grant in London in 1896, who initially showed it off in a local restaurant and described the species a few weeks later.[10]Upon its scientific discovery, the Philippine eagle was first called the monkey-eating eagle because of reports from natives of Bonga, Samar, where the species was first discovered, that it preyed exclusively on monkeys.[11] These reports gave its generic name, from the Greek pithecus (πίθηκος, \"ape” or “monkey\") and phagus (-φάγος, \"eater of\").[12] The species name commemorates Jeffery Whitehead, the father of John Whitehead.[10] Later studies revealed, however, that the alleged monkey-eating eagle also ate other animals, such as colugos, large snakes, monitor lizards, and even large birds such as Hornbills. This, coupled with the fact that the same name applied to the African Crowned eagle and the Central and South American Harpy eagle, it was renamed \"Philippine eagle\" in a 1978 proclamation by then-President Ferdinand Marcos.[13] In 1995, it was declared a national emblem under President Fidel V. Ramos. This species has no recognized subspecies.[14]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harpy eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpy_eagle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Harpiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpiinae"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Snake eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_eagle"},{"link_name":"bateleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateleur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary history","text":"A 1919 study of the bird’s skeletal features led to the suggestion that the nearest relative was the Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja).[15] The species was included in the subfamily Harpiinae until a 2005 study of DNA sequences which identified them as not members of the group, finding instead that the nearest relatives are Snake eagles (Circaetinae), such as the bateleur. The species has subsequently been placed in the subfamily Circaetinae.[16]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"},{"link_name":"claws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claw"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBW-19"},{"link_name":"natural history collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilRaptors-20"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBW-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"Haast's eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle"},{"link_name":"specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_specimen"},{"link_name":"Field Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabaranza-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilRaptors-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhilRaptors-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRC-25"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"wing chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood-26"},{"link_name":"white-tailed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"martial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_eagle"},{"link_name":"wedge-tailed eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)"},{"link_name":"New Guinea eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"gape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gape"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tabaranza-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-17"}],"text":"The Philippine eagle's nape is adorned with long, brown feathers that form a shaggy, mane-like crest. The eagle has a dark face and a creamy-brown nape and crown. The back of the Philippine eagle is dark brown, while the underside and underwings are white. The heavy legs are yellow, with large, powerful, dark claws, and the prominent, large, high-arched, deep beak is a bluish-gray. The eagle's eyes are blue-gray. Juveniles are similar to adults except their upperpart feathers have pale fringes.[17]\nThe Philippine eagle is typically reported as measuring 86–102 cm (2 ft 10 in – 3 ft 4 in) in total length,[4][17][18][19] but a survey of several specimens from some of the largest natural history collections in the world found the average was 95 cm (3 ft 1 in) for males and 105 cm (3 ft 5 in) for females.[20] Based on the latter measurements, this makes it the longest extant species of eagle, as the average for the female equals the maximum reported for the harpy eagle[19] and Steller's sea eagle.[4] The longest Philippine eagle reported anywhere and the longest eagle outside of the extinct Haast's eagle is a specimen from Field Museum of Natural History with a length of 112 cm (3 ft 8 in), but it had been kept in captivity[3] so may not represent the wild individuals due to differences in the food availability.[21][22]The level of sexual dimorphism in size is not certain, but the male is believed to be typically about 10% smaller than the female,[4] and this is supported by the average length provided for males and females in one source.[20] In many of the other large eagle species, the size difference between adult females and males can exceed 20%.[4] For adult Philippine eagles, the complete weight range has been reported as 4.7 to 8.0 kg (10.4 to 17.6 lb),[4][23][24] while others have found the average was somewhat lower than the above range would indicate, at 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) for males and 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) for females.[20] One male (age not specified) was found to weigh 4.04 kg (8.9 lb).[25] The Philippine eagle has a wingspan of 184 to 220 cm (6 ft 0 in to 7 ft 3 in) and a wing chord length of 57.4–61.4 cm (22.6–24.2 in).[4][26]The maximum reported weight is surpassed by two other eagles (the harpy and Steller's sea eagles) and the wings are shorter than large eagles of open country (such as the white-tailed eagle, Steller's sea eagle, martial eagle, or wedge-tailed eagle), but are quite broad.[4] The tarsus of the Philippine eagle ties as the longest of any eagle from 12.2 to 14.5 cm (4.8 to 5.7 in) long, which is about the same length as that of the much smaller but relatively long-legged New Guinea eagle.[4] The very large but laterally compressed bill rivals the size of Steller's sea eagle's as the largest bill for an extant eagle. Its bill averages 7.22 cm (2.84 in) in length from the gape.[3] The tail is fairly long at 42–45.3 cm (16.5–17.8 in),[4] while another source lists a tail length of 50 cm (20 in).[27]The most frequently heard noises made by the Philippine eagle are loud, high-pitched whistles ending with inflections in pitch.[28] Additionally, juveniles have been known to beg for food by a series of high-pitched calls.[17]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Eagle%E2%80%99s_nest_representation_in_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippine Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Northern Sierra Madre National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Mount Apo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Apo"},{"link_name":"Mount Malindang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Malindang"},{"link_name":"Mount Kitanglad National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kitanglad"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarp"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-17"}],"text":"Philippine Eagle’s habitat representation in Philippine National Museum.The Philippine eagle is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on four major islands: eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. The largest numbers of eagles reside on Mindanao, with between 82 and 233 breeding pairs. Only six pairs are found on Samar, two on Leyte, and a few on Luzon. It can be found in Northern Sierra Madre National Park on Luzon and Mount Apo, Mount Malindang, and Mount Kitanglad National Parks on Mindanao.[10][29]This eagle is found in dipterocarp and mid montane forests, particularly in steep areas. Its elevation ranges from the lowlands to mountains of over 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Only an estimated 9,220 km2 (2,280,000 acres) of old-growth forest remain in the bird's range.[10] However, its total estimated range is about 146,000 km2 (56,000 sq mi).[17]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PithecophagaJefferyiGronvold.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"civets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civet"},{"link_name":"colugos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawks"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"Rome Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"Davao City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"}],"text":"Illustration of a Philippine eagle kept in captivity in London in 1909–1910Evolution in the Philippines, without other predators, made the eagles the dominant hunter in the Philippine forests. The Philippine eagle has a wide range of prey which includes birds, reptiles and mammals (mainly civets and colugos).[30]\nEach breeding pair requires a large home range to successfully raise a chick, thus the species is extremely vulnerable to deforestation. Earlier, the territory has been estimated at 100 km2 (39 sq mi), but a study on Mindanao Island found the nearest distance between breeding pairs to be about 13 km (8.1 mi) on average, resulting in a circular plot of 133 km2 (51 sq mi).[31]The species' flight is fast and agile, resembling the smaller hawks more than similar large birds of prey.[32]Juveniles in play behavior have been observed gripping knotholes in trees with their talons, and using their tails and wings for balance, inserting their heads into tree cavities.[33] Additionally, they have been known to attack inanimate objects for practice, as well as attempt to hang upside down to work on their balance.[33] As the parents are not nearby when this occurs, they apparently do not play a role in teaching the juvenile to hunt.[33]Life expectancy for a wild eagle is estimated to be from 30 to 60 years. A captive Philippine eagle lived for 41 years in Rome Zoo, and it was already an adult when it arrived at the zoo.[33] Another captive Philippine eagle lived for 46 years at the Philippine Eagle Center in Davao City.[34] However, wild birds on average are believed to live shorter lives than captive birds.[33]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"Philippine long-tailed macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_long-tailed_macaque"},{"link_name":"common long-tailed macaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque#Taxonomy"},{"link_name":"crab-eating macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"apex predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"Philippine deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_deer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"tree squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Philippine flying lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_flying_lemur"},{"link_name":"raptor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"macaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque#Taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Northern Luzon giant cloud rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Luzon_giant_cloud_rat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"civets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civet"},{"link_name":"Asian palm civets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_palm_civet"},{"link_name":"Malay civets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_civet"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concepcion-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aba%C3%B1o-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iba%C3%B1ez-39"},{"link_name":"flying squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_squirrel"},{"link_name":"tree squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_squirrel"},{"link_name":"flying foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropus"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl"},{"link_name":"hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk"},{"link_name":"hornbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"Ptyas luzonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptyas_luzonensis"},{"link_name":"Gonyosoma oxycephalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonyosoma_oxycephalum"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aba%C3%B1o-38"},{"link_name":"pit vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper"},{"link_name":"Philippine cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_cobra"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concepcion-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iba%C3%B1ez-39"},{"link_name":"Monitor lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_lizard"},{"link_name":"marbled water monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_water_monitor"},{"link_name":"Northern Sierra Madre forest monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Madre_forest_monitor"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aba%C3%B1o-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"domestic fowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_fowl"},{"link_name":"cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aba%C3%B1o-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concepcion-37"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hokkaido-36"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The Philippine eagle was known initially as the Philippine monkey-eating eagle because it was believed to feed on monkeys almost exclusively.[4] The only two monkeys native to the Philippines are Philippine long-tailed macaque and common long-tailed macaques, both are subspecies of crab-eating macaque and weighing 4.7 to 8.3 kg (10 to 18 lb) in males and 2.5 to 5.7 kg (5.5 to 12.6 lb) in females.[35] Though Philippine eagles do prey on these monkeys, they are an opportunist apex predator, taking prey based on their local level of abundance and ease.[36] This misconception may be come from the first examined specimen which was found to have undigested pieces of a monkey in its stomach.[36]Prey specimens found at the eagle's nest have ranged in size from a small bat weighing 10 g (0.35 oz) to a Philippine deer weighing 14 kg (31 lb).[36] The primary prey is usually the tree squirrel-sized Philippine flying lemurs, which can make up an estimated 90% of the raptor's diet in some locations.[32] However, primary prey species vary from island to island depending on species availability, particularly in Luzon and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal regions. For example, flying lemurs are preferred prey in Mindanao, but are absent in Luzon.[10] The primary prey for the eagles seen in Luzon are macaques, reptiles, and Northern Luzon giant cloud rat (Phloeomys pallidus) which can weigh twice as much as flying lemurs at 2 to 2.5 kg (4.4 to 5.5 lb).[36][32] In many regions, civets are taken as supplemental prey, mainly cat-sized Asian palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) but occasionally larger Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga).[36][37][38][39] Other mammalian prey can include flying squirrels, tree squirrels, flying foxes, rats and small deer.[36][40] Birds are also taken, including large species such as owls, hawks and hornbills.[4] Reptiles occasionally form a large part of their diet, snakes such as Ptyas luzonensis and Gonyosoma oxycephalum are mainly taken.[38] Venomous pit vipers (Viperidae) are also taken as prey, and in one instance, a breeding pair delivered a Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis) to the nest.[37][39] Monitor lizards, including marbled water monitors (Varanus marmoratus) and even larger Northern Sierra Madre forest monitors (Varanus bitatawa) have been taken.[38][36] While most of the prey consists of wild prey, they have been reported to capture domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus), cats (Felis catus), young pigs (Sus domesticus) and small dogs (Canis familiaris).[36][32][38][37]Philippine eagles primarily use two hunting techniques. One is still-hunting, in which it watches for prey activity while sitting almost motionlessly on a branch near the canopy. The other is perch-hunting, which entails periodically gliding from one perch to another. While perch-hunting, they often work their way gradually down from the canopy down the branches, and if not successful in finding prey in their initial foray, they fly or circle back up to the top of the trees to work them again. Eagles in Mindanao often find success using the latter method while hunting flying lemurs, since they are nocturnal animals that try to use camouflage to protect themselves by day.[4] Eagle pairs sometimes hunt troops of monkeys cooperatively, with one bird perching nearby to distract the primates, allowing the other to swoop in from behind, hopefully unnoticed, for the kill.[4][32] Since the native macaque is aggressive and often around the same size as the eagle itself or even larger, up to 9 kg (20 lb) in adult males, it is a potentially hazardous prey, and an eagle has been reported to suffer a broken leg after it struggled and fell along with a large male monkey.[36]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Eagle_with_nest.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFoundationEcology-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"crowned eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RaptorsWorld-4"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction","text":"A Philippine eagle nestlingThe complete breeding cycle of the Philippine eagle lasts two years. The female matures sexually at five years of age and the male at seven. Like most eagles, the Philippine eagle is monogamous. Once paired, a couple remains together for the rest of their lives.[9] If one dies, the remaining eagle often searches for a new mate to replace the one lost.[33]The beginning of courtship is signaled by nest-building, and the eagle remaining near its nest. Aerial displays also play a major role in the courtship. These displays include paired soaring over a nesting territory, the male chasing the female in a diagonal dive, and mutual talon presentation, where the male presents his talons to the female's back and she flips over in midair to present her own talons. Advertisement displays coupled with loud calling have also been reported. The willingness of an eagle to breed is displayed by the eagle bringing nesting materials to the bird's nest. Copulation follows and occurs repeatedly both on the nest and on nearby perches. The earliest courtship has been reported in July.[33]Breeding season is in July; birds on different islands, most notably Mindanao and Luzon, begin breeding at different ends of this range.[9] The amount of rainfall and population of prey may also affect the breeding season.[9] The nest is normally built on an emergent dipterocarp, or any tall tree with an open crown, in primary or disturbed forest. The nests are lined with green leaves, and can be around 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across. The nesting location is around 30 m (98 ft) or even more above the ground.[10][32] As in many other large raptors, the eagle's nest resembles a huge platform made of sticks.[4][32] The eagle frequently reuses the same nesting site for several different chicks.[10] Eight to 10 days before the egg is ready to be laid, the female is afflicted with a condition known as egg lethargy. In this experience, the female does not eat, drinks much water, and holds her wings droopingly.[33] The female typically lays one egg in the late afternoon or at dusk, although occasionally two have been reported.[32][33] If an egg fails to hatch or the chick dies early, the parents likely lay another egg the following year. Copulation may take place a few days after the egg is laid to enable another egg to be laid should the first one fail. The egg is incubated for 58 to 68 days (typically 62 days) after being laid.[4] Both sexes participate in the incubation, but the female does the majority of incubating during the day and all of it at night.[33]Both sexes help feed the newly hatched eaglet. Additionally, the parents have been observed taking turns shielding the eaglet from the sun and rain until it is seven weeks old.[33] The young eaglet fledges after four or five months.[32] The earliest an eagle has been observed making a kill is 304 days after hatching.[33] Both parents take care of the eaglet for a total of 20 months and, unless the previous nesting attempt had failed, the eagles can breed only in alternate years.[4][9] The Philippine eagle rivals two other large tropical eagles, namely the crowned eagle and harpy eagle, for having the longest breeding cycle of any bird of prey.[4][41] Even nests have no predators other than humans, as even known nest predators such as palm civets and macaques (being prey species) are likely to actively avoid any area with regular eagle activity.[42]","title":"Ecology and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Arny(Philippine_Eagle).jpg"},{"link_name":"Davao City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirdLife-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcdec-43"},{"link_name":"Zoological Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"EDGE species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE_species"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook-10"},{"link_name":"poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hungry_Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithologist"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kennedy-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pef-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pnej-47"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"artificial insemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_insemination"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcdec-43"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hungry_Farmer-7"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcdec-43"},{"link_name":"Cabuaya Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabuaya_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taft_Forest_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquirer-49"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"}],"text":"A Philippine eagle named Sir Arny, at the Philippine Eagle Center, Davao CityIn 1994, the IUCN and BirdLife International listed this species as critically endangered.[1][17] The IUCN believed that between 180 and 500 Philippine eagles survive in the Philippines.[9] In 2015, about 600 were estimated to be left in the wild.[43] The Zoological Society of London listed the Philippine eagle as the top 15 EDGE species, out of all the world's recorded species, making it the Philippines' most \"evolutionary distinct and globally endangered\" species.[44]They are threatened primarily by deforestation through logging and expanding agriculture. Old-growth forest is being lost at a high rate, and most of the forest in the lowlands is owned by logging companies.[10] Mining, pollution, exposure to pesticides that affect breeding, and poaching are also major threats.[7][9] Additionally, they are occasionally caught in traps laid by local people for deer. Though this is no longer a major problem, the eagle's numbers were also reduced by being captured for zoos.[9] The diminishing numbers of the Philippine eagle were first brought to international attention in 1965 by the noted Filipino ornithologist Dioscoro S. Rabor, and the director of the Parks and Wildlife Office, Jesus A. Alvarez.[45][46][47] Charles Lindbergh, best known for crossing the Atlantic alone and without stopping in 1927, was fascinated by this eagle. As a representative of the World Wildlife Fund, Lindbergh traveled to the Philippines several times between 1969 and 1972, where he helped persuade the government to protect the eagle. In 1969, the Monkey-eating Eagle Conservation Program was started to help preserve this species. In 1992, the first Philippine eagles were hatched in captivity through artificial insemination; however, the first naturally bred eaglet was not hatched until 1999. The first captive-bred bird to be released in the wild, Kabayan, was released in 2004 on Mindanao; however, he was accidentally electrocuted in January 2005. Another eagle, Kagsabua, was released in March 2008, but was shot and eaten by a farmer.[9] In June 2015, an eagle was released after being treated for a gunshot wound; two months later it was shot and killed.[43] Killing this critically endangered species is punishable under Philippine law by 12 years in jail and heavy fines.[7]\nIts numbers have slowly dwindled over the decades to the current population of 180 to 600 eagles. A series of floods and mud slides, caused by deforestation, further devastated the remaining population. The Philippine eagle may soon no longer be found in the wild, unless direct intervention is taken. The Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, is one organization dedicated to the protection and conservation of the Philippine eagle and its forest habitat. The Philippine Eagle Foundation has successfully bred Philippine eagles in captivity for over a decade and conducted the first experimental release of a captive-bred eagle to the wild. The foundation has 36 eagles at its center, of which 19 were bred in captivity, including one born in 2015, the first for two years.[48][43]Ongoing research on behavior, ecology, and population dynamics is also underway. In recent years, protected lands have been established specifically for this species, such as the 700 km2 (170,000 acres) of Cabuaya Forest and the 37.2 km2 (9,200 acres) of Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary on Samar.[49] However, a large proportion of the population is found on unprotected land.[9]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jurong Bird Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurong_Bird_Park"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Philippine Eagle Diplomacy","text":"In a June 2019 wildlife loan agreement, a pair of Philippine eagles; (as of 2019) Geothermica, a 15 year old male and Sambisig (meaning one unity) a 17 year old female, were loaned to the Jurong Bird Park Singapore.[50] This was part of conservation efforts for the species and also commemorated 50 years friendship between the Philippines and Singapore. Before the pair were shipped, they were given 2 specially printed passports dedicated to them. The pair were scheduled to stay at Singapore for 10 years as part of the agreement.[51] The move marked the initiation of the government's Philippine Eagle Diplomacy program.[52][53]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_eagle_passports.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fidel V. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collar-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"birdwatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatcher"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chandler-32"},{"link_name":"50-sentimo coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_Philippine_peso#Flora_and_Fauna_series"},{"link_name":"Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Lapulapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapulapu"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"José Abad Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos"},{"link_name":"Josefa Llanes Escoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Llanes_Escoda"},{"link_name":"General Vicente Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Lim"},{"link_name":"zoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-58"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-58"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Planckendael Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckendael_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-58"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearbook09-9"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"2005 Southeast Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Southeast_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Philippines men's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Symbolic passports issued to Geothermica and Sambisig, individual eagles which were loaned to Singapore.The Philippine eagle was officially declared the national bird of the Philippines on July 4, 1995, by President Fidel V. Ramos under Proclamation No. 615, series of 1995.[54][55] Due to the eagle’s size and rarity, it is also a coveted species for birdwatchers.[32]The Philippine eagle has been featured on at least 12 stamps from the Philippines, with dates ranging from 1967 to 2007. It was also depicted on the 50-sentimo coins minted from 1983 to 1994; in 2018, on the 500-Piso commemorative silver coin, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas;[56] on January 18, 2021, and on the 5,000-Piso Lapulapu commemorative non-circulating banknote.[57] On December 11, 2021, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas unveiled the design of the new 1,000-Piso polymer banknote featuring the bird as the main portrait, controversially replacing those of three World War II martyrs: Chief Justice José Abad Santos, suffragist Josefa Llanes Escoda, and General Vicente Lim.Historically, about 50 Philippine eagles have been kept in zoos in Europe (England, Germany, Belgium, Italy and France), the United States, and Japan.[58] The first was a female that arrived in London Zoo in August 1909[58] and died there in February 1910.[59] The majority arrived in zoos between 1947 and 1965.[58] The last outside the Philippines died in 1988 in the Antwerp Zoo, where it had lived since 1964 (except for a period at the Planckendael Zoo in Belgium).[58] The first captive breeding was only achieved in 1992 at the facility of the Philippine Eagle Foundation in Davao City, Philippines, which has bred it several times since then.[9][60]The Philippine eagle is also used in sporting events as a mascot, most notably one in the 2005 Southeast Asian Games held in Manila known as \"Gilas\". The Philippine eagle is also the animal used in the Philippines men's national basketball team or Gilas Pilipinas' logo/team crest.","title":"Representation"}]

[{"image_text":"Philippine Eagle’s habitat representation in Philippine National Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Philippine_Eagle%E2%80%99s_nest_representation_in_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg/220px-Philippine_Eagle%E2%80%99s_nest_representation_in_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of a Philippine eagle kept in captivity in London in 1909–1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PithecophagaJefferyiGronvold.jpg/220px-PithecophagaJefferyiGronvold.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Philippine eagle nestling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Philippine_Eagle_with_nest.jpg/220px-Philippine_Eagle_with_nest.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Philippine eagle named Sir Arny, at the Philippine Eagle Center, Davao City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sir_Arny%28Philippine_Eagle%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Arny%28Philippine_Eagle%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Symbolic passports issued to Geothermica and Sambisig, individual eagles which were loaned to Singapore.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philippine_eagle_passports.jpg/220px-Philippine_eagle_passports.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Philippines portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippines"},{"title":"List of endemic birds of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_birds_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"List of birds of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Pag-asa (eagle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-asa_(eagle)"}]

[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Pithecophaga jefferyi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696012A129595746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696012/129595746","url_text":"\"Pithecophaga jefferyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved January 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr. (January 17, 2005). \"The largest eagle in the world\". Haribon Foundation. Retrieved September 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php?view=article&id=223%3Athe-largest-eagle-in-the-world&option=com_content&Itemid=119","url_text":"\"The largest eagle in the world\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helm_Identification_Guides","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-8026-1","url_text":"0-7136-8026-1"}]},{"reference":"Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014). \"In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols\". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126154959/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/","url_text":"\"In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts","url_text":"National Commission for Culture and the Arts"},{"url":"http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Farmer arrested for killing, eating rare Philippines eagle: officials\". AFP. July 18, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2008/07/farmer-arrested-for-killing-eating-rare.html","url_text":"\"Farmer arrested for killing, eating rare Philippines eagle: officials\""}]},{"reference":"Almario, Ani Rosa S. (2007). 101 Filipino Icons. Adarna House Publishing Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-971-508-302-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-508-302-7","url_text":"978-971-508-302-7"}]},{"reference":"Rare Birds Yearbook 2009. England: MagDig Media Lmtd. 2008. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-9552607-5-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552607-5-9","url_text":"978-0-9552607-5-9"}]},{"reference":"Rare Birds Yearbook 2008. England: MagDig Media Lmtd. 2007. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-9552607-3-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552607-3-5","url_text":"978-0-9552607-3-5"}]},{"reference":"Collar, N.J. (December 24, 1996). \"The Philippine Eagle: one hundred years of solitude\". Oriental Bird Club Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090530010418/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/phleagle.html","url_text":"\"The Philippine Eagle: one hundred years of solitude\""},{"url":"http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/phleagle.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doctolero, Heidi; Pilar Saldajeno; Mary Ann Leones (April 29, 2007). \"Philippine biodiversity, a world's showcase\". Manila Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. 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King!\""},{"Link":"http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/taxon","external_links_name":"http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque/taxon"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081010020517/http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pithjeff.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PHILIPPINE EAGLE\""},{"Link":"http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pithjeff.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pithecophaga_jefferyi/","external_links_name":"\"Pithecophaga jefferyi (Great Philippine eagle)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35058369","external_links_name":"\"Rare Philippine eagle chick born in captivity\""},{"Link":"http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/philippine-eagle/","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Eagle\""},{"Link":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n01/p0204-p0205.pdf","external_links_name":"\"In Memoriam: Dioscoro S. Rabor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4089125","external_links_name":"10.2307/4089125"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089125","external_links_name":"4089125"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n01/p0204-p0205.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.philippineeagle.org/index?pageval=thepef","external_links_name":"\"Focusing on the Philippine Eagle for the conservation of nature\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113191232/http://pnej.org/?p=257","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Eagle: Lost in Vanishing Forests\""},{"Link":"http://pnej.org/?p=257","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.philippineeagle.org/center/","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Eagle 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deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.victorialodging.com/files/philippine_eagle.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Philippine Eagle: Pithecophaga jefferyi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110405/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/","external_links_name":"\"Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/MediaAndResearch/MediaReleases/5264.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Commemorative coins marking 70 years of central banking in the country and BSP's 25th anniversary now for sale\""},{"Link":"https://www.bsp.gov.ph/SitePages/MediaAndResearch/MediaDisp.aspx?ItemId=5665","external_links_name":"\"BSP Issues Lapulapu Commemorative Banknote and Medal\""},{"Link":"http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v051n03/p0338-p0342.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Specimens of the Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4077661","external_links_name":"10.2307/4077661"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4077661","external_links_name":"4077661"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v051n03/p0338-p0342.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.philippineeaglefoundation.org/","external_links_name":"Philippine Eagle Foundation."},{"Link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pithecophaga_jefferyi.html","external_links_name":"Animal Diversity Web – Pithecophaga jefferyi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175159/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/philippine-eagles/mel-white-text","external_links_name":"National Geographic Magazine – \"The Lord of the Forest\""},{"Link":"http://www.drmartinwilliams.com/conservation/philippine-eagle-mindanao.html","external_links_name":"Bringing Back Ol' Blue 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1897"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pithecophaga_jefferyi/","external_links_name":"Pithecophaga_jefferyi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/pithecophaga-jefferyi/","external_links_name":"pithecophaga-jefferyi"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B3B046ECBA553372","external_links_name":"B3B046ECBA553372"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22696012","external_links_name":"22696012"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=113077","external_links_name":"113077"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grpeag1","external_links_name":"grpeag1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4JBNX","external_links_name":"4JBNX"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/grpeag1","external_links_name":"grpeag1"},{"Link":"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/4484","external_links_name":"4484"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/914593","external_links_name":"914593"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2480381","external_links_name":"2480381"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/5413","external_links_name":"5413"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10594103","external_links_name":"10594103"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175560","external_links_name":"175560"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22696012","external_links_name":"22696012"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000533675","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000533675"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=321089","external_links_name":"321089"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/73299/","external_links_name":"73299"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=103122","external_links_name":"103122"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9919","external_links_name":"9919"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pithecophaga-jefferyi","external_links_name":"Pithecophaga-jefferyi"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157728664","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157728664","external_links_name":"BnF 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton_College_Boat_Club

Girton College Boat Club

["1 The Infidel BC","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°12′38.9″N 0°7′56.71″E / 52.210806°N 0.1324194°E / 52.210806; 0.1324194British rowing club Girton College Boat ClubLocationCambridge, EnglandCoordinates52°12′38.9″N 0°7′56.71″E / 52.210806°N 0.1324194°E / 52.210806; 0.1324194Home waterRiver CamMembershipGirton College, CambridgeAffiliationsBritish Rowing CUCBCWebsitegcbc.girton.cam.ac.uk Girton College Boat Club is the rowing club for members of Girton College, Cambridge. Girton was originally a college for women only; male undergraduates were first allowed in 1979. The women's 1st VIII team quickly rose to finish 'Head of the River' in the Lent Bumps in 1979 and 1981. Since then, they hovered largely in the bottom half of the 1st division, with a brief period at the top of the second division in the early 2010s. In the May Bumps, Girton's 1st women rose as high as 3rd in 1979 and 1982, but dropped into the 2nd division by 1994, moving back into the 1st division by 2001. With male undergraduates first arriving in 1979, a men's crew first appeared in 1980 in both the Lent and May Bumps, rising to the 1st division in the Lent Bumps by 1995. Since then, the men's 1st VIII has remained around the bottom of the 1st division or top of the 2nd division, reaching 9th in 2012. In the May Bumps, the 1st men's VIII took until 1991 to get firmly into the 2nd division; in 2012 they moved into the first division for the first time. Girton are yet to win a division. In 2014, the women's team returned to the first division of the Lent Bumps and then won blades to move up to 11th in the first division in the Mays. 2014 therefore saw both of Girton's first boats in both the Lent and May first divisions for the first time. The Infidel BC The Infidel Boat Club (TIBC) is Girton's alumni boat club. It encourages networking between alumni who used to row, supports Girton College Boat Club, and promotes rowing within the College and beyond. The Club organises rowing and social events in Cambridge, London and beyond. References ^ Durack, John; Gilbert, George; Marks, Dr. John (2000). The Bumps: An Account of the Cambridge University Bumping Races 1827-1999 ISBN 0-9538475-1-9 External links Girton College Boat Club vteCambridge University RowingEvents Lent Bumps May Bumps The Boat Race Women's Boat Race The Lightweight Boat Races Henley Boat Races CrewsUniversity Cambridge University Boat Club (CUBC) Cambridge University Women's Boat Club (CUWBC) Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club (CULRC) Cambridge University Combined Boat Clubs (CUCBC) Goldie (CUBC reserves) List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews College Caius Christ's Churchill Clare Clare Hall Corpus Christi Darwin Downing Emmanuel First and Third Trinity Fitzwilliam Girton Homerton Hughes Hall Jesus King’s Lady Margaret Lucy Cavendish Magdalene Murray Edwards Newnham Pembroke Peterhouse Queens’ Robinson Selwyn Sidney Sussex St Catharine's St Edmund's Trinity Hall Wolfson Affiliated Addenbrooke's Theological Vet School Unaffiliated Anglia Ruskin vteUnited Kingdom rowing clubsClubs Aberdeen Abingdon Agecroft Ancholme Auriol Kensington Avon County Bann Barn Elms Bedford Bewdley Bewl Bridge Birmingham Bournemouth Bradford Bristol Ariel Broxbourne Burton Leander Burway Cambois Cambridge '99 Cantabrigian Castle Semple Chester-le-Street Christchurch City of Bristol City of Cambridge City of Oxford City of Sheffield Clyde Clydesdale Curlew Cygnet & Barnes Bridge Ladies Dart Totnes Derby Durham East India Club Rowing Section Eton Excelsior Evesham Exeter Falcon Furnivall Fulham Reach Glasgow Globe Gloucester Grosvenor Guildford Henley Hereford Hexham Hinksey Hollingworth Lake Inverness Isle of Ely Itchen Imperial Kingston Lancaster Lea Leander Leeds Leicester Llandaff Loch Lomond London London Otters Maidenhead Maidstone Invicta Marlow Medway Towns Minerva Bath Molesey Mortlake Anglian & Alpha Monmouth Nautilus Newark Nithsdale Northwich Norwich NCRA Nottingham Nottingham & Union Paignton Pengwern Peterborough City Poplar Blackwall and District Putney Town Quintin Reading Rob Roy Ross Royal Chester Runcorn St Andrew St Ives St Neots Shanklin Sandown Shiplake Vikings Sons of the Thames Southampton BTC Southampton Coalporters Staines Star Club and Bedford Star Stirling Stourport Stratford-upon-Avon Strathclyde Park Tees Thames RC Thames Tradesmen Tideway Scullers School Trafford Trent Trentham Twickenham Tyne Tynemouth Upper Thames Vesta Walbrook (Teddington) Walton Wallingford Warrington Warwick Weybridge Weybridge Ladies Worcester York City Universities Aberdeen Anglia Ruskin Bath Bangor Birmingham Bristol Durham East Anglia Edinburgh Exeter Glasgow Gloucester Hartpury Hertfordshire Imperial College Kent King's College Lancaster Leeds London Queen Mary Newcastle Nottingham Nottingham Trent Oxford Brookes Queen's Belfast Reading Robert Gordon St Andrews Sheffield Southampton Stirling Sunderland Swansea UCL Warwick West of England York St John Oxford University Men Isis Lightweight (men) Women Osiris Lightweight (women) Tethys Balliol Brasenose Christ Church Corpus Christi Exeter Green Templeton Hertford Jesus Keble Lady Margaret Hall Linacre Lincoln Magdalen Mansfield Merton New College Oriel Osler House Pembroke Queen's Regent’s Park Somerville St Anne's St Antony's St Benet's St Catherine's St Edmund Hall St Hilda's St Hugh's St John's St Peter's Trinity University Wadham Wolfson Worcester Cambridge University Men Goldie Lightweight (men) Women Blondie Caius Christ's Churchill Clare Clare Hall Corpus Christi Darwin Downing Emmanuel First and Third Trinity Fitzwilliam Girton Homerton Hughes Hall Jesus King’s Lady Margaret Lucy Cavendish Magdalene Murray Edwards Newnham Pembroke Peterhouse Queens' Robinson Selwyn Sidney Sussex St Catharine's St Edmund's Trinity Hall Wolfson Alumni 1829 Boat Club Bacon Bentham Bluefriars Bosporos Crabtree Eton Vikings Griffen Martyrs Ortner Queen's Tower Taurus Tawe Phoenix Tyrian Ursus Schools Aberdeen Schools Abingdon AB Severn Rowing Club Bedford Bedford Girls' Bedford Modern Bradford GS Canford Claires Court Dulwich Durham Emanuel Eton George Heriot's George Watson's Glasgow Academy Glasgow Schools Grange School Great Marlow Hampton Headington King's Canterbury King's Worcester King's Chester King's College School, Wimbledon King's Ely Kingston Grammar Lady Eleanor Holles Latymer Upper Merchant Taylors' Monkton Combe Monmouth Monmouth Comprehensive Monmouth Girls Pangbourne Queen Elizabeth Radley RGS High Wycombe RGS Worcester St Edward's St Leonard's St Paul's St Paul's Girls' Reading Blue Coat Shiplake Shrewsbury Sir William Borlase Sir William Perkin's Surbiton High School Tiffin Westminster Winchester Windsor Boys' Wycliffe Notable perfreestanding articlepolicy & defunct Argonaut Thames Club St George's Overseas Territories Calpe Mediterranean (both Gibraltar)

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone_Peak

Crestone Peak

["1 Climbing","2 Climate","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°58′00″N 105°35′07″W / 37.9666665°N 105.5852865°W / 37.9666665; -105.5852865Mountain in the state of Colorado, United States Crestone PeakCrestone Peak seen from Kit CarsonHighest pointElevation14,300 feet (4,359 m)NAVD88Prominence4,554 ft (1,388 m)Isolation27.4 mi (44.1 km)ListingNorth America highest peaks 36thU.S. highest major peaks 22ndColorado highest major peaks 7thColorado fourteeners 7thColorado county high points 7thCoordinates37°58′00″N 105°35′07″W / 37.9666665°N 105.5852865°W / 37.9666665; -105.5852865GeographyCrestone PeakColorado LocationHigh point of Saguache County, Colorado, United States.Parent rangeSangre de Cristo Range,Highest summit of the CrestonesTopo mapUSGS 7.5' topographic mapCrestone Peak, ColoradoClimbingFirst ascent1916 by Eleanor Davis and partyEasiest routeSouth Face: Scramble, class 3 Crestone East PeakHighest pointElevation14,266 ft (4,348 m)Prominence80 ft (24 m)Parent peakCrestone PeakIsolation0.08 mi (0.13 km)ListingColorado county high pointsCoordinates37°58′02″N 105°35′03″W / 37.96729°N 105.58404°W / 37.96729; -105.58404GeographyLocationSaguache County and high point of Custer County, Colorado, U.S. Crestone Peak is the seventh-highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 14,300-foot (4,359 m) fourteener is the highest summit of the Crestones and the second-highest summit in the Sangre de Cristo Range after Blanca Peak. The summit is located in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness of Rio Grande National Forest, 5.0 miles (8.1 km) east by south (bearing 102°) of the Town of Crestone in Saguache County, Colorado, United States. Crestone Peak rises 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above the east side of the San Luis Valley. It shares its name with the nearby Crestone Needle, another fourteener of the Crestones. The Crestones are a cluster of high summits in the Sangre de Cristo Range, comprising Crestone Peak, Crestone Needle, Kit Carson Peak, Challenger Point, Humboldt Peak, and Columbia Point. They are usually accessed from common trailheads. Climbing Generally climbs of Crestone Peak or Crestone Needle start from a base camp at South Colony Lakes, east of the peak, accessed from the Wet Mountain Valley on the northeast side of the range. This route involves nearly 6,000 ft (1,800 m) of elevation gain, and ascends to a large relatively flat area called "The Pool Table" (a few large rocks lie on the tundra, as if billiard balls) or the "Bears' Playground." Then it ascends a long gully on the northwest side of Crestone Peak, which involves some rockfall danger (hence a climbing helmet is suggested). Crestone Peak is one of the more dangerous fourteener climbs in Colorado; accidents occur often in the Crestones, some caused by falls or lightning (a daily summer occurrence in the Sangre de Cristos). Alternatively, the Cottonwood Creek route begins in the San Luis Valley and approaches the Crestones from the west. The route follows Cottonwood Creek to Cottonwood Lake. The trail starts out well defined, but after passing a south eastern tributary at approximately 11,1000ft it becomes faint, poorly maintained, and hard to follow for much of the upper route prior to rejoining the standard route from South Colony Lakes. From there, the South Face route of Crestone Peak is accessible. From Crestone Peak, it is a mildly technical (Class 5—rope recommended) ridge scramble to the summit of Crestone Needle, similarly in the other direction. However, Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle are more commonly climbed separately. Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle, fall Climate Crestone Peak has an Alpine climate (ET), as no month in that area has an average temperature greater than 10 °C (50 °F). Climate data for Crestone Peak 37.9688 N, 105.5847 W, Elevation: 13,504 ft (4,116 m) (1991–2020 normals) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 24.0(−4.4) 23.7(−4.6) 28.5(−1.9) 33.9(1.1) 42.2(5.7) 53.4(11.9) 58.5(14.7) 56.1(13.4) 50.1(10.1) 39.7(4.3) 30.8(−0.7) 24.5(−4.2) 38.8(3.8) Daily mean °F (°C) 12.0(−11.1) 11.4(−11.4) 15.7(−9.1) 20.7(−6.3) 29.1(−1.6) 39.3(4.1) 44.3(6.8) 42.8(6.0) 37.1(2.8) 27.6(−2.4) 19.3(−7.1) 12.8(−10.7) 26.0(−3.3) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 0.0(−17.8) −0.9(−18.3) 2.9(−16.2) 7.5(−13.6) 16.1(−8.8) 25.3(−3.7) 30.2(−1.0) 29.5(−1.4) 24.0(−4.4) 15.4(−9.2) 7.8(−13.4) 1.2(−17.1) 13.3(−10.4) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.19(81) 3.98(101) 4.23(107) 4.91(125) 3.49(89) 1.48(38) 4.16(106) 4.38(111) 3.40(86) 3.66(93) 3.36(85) 3.49(89) 43.73(1,111) Source: PRISM Climate Group The SNOTEL weather station, South Colony, lies in the eastern valley below Crestone Peak and Humboldt Peak (Colorado). Due to its lower elevation, South Colony has a comparatively warmer climate, with slightly shorter winters and 2 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). This means that it has a subalpine climate (Köppen Dfc), with long winters and cool, short summers. Climate data for South Colony, Colorado, 1992–2020 normals: 10800ft (3292m) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 28.2(−2.1) 30.7(−0.7) 39.0(3.9) 45.1(7.3) 53.5(11.9) 63.3(17.4) 67.3(19.6) 64.8(18.2) 58.2(14.6) 46.7(8.2) 35.7(2.1) 27.0(−2.8) 46.6(8.1) Daily mean °F (°C) 18.9(−7.3) 21.0(−6.1) 27.7(−2.4) 33.3(0.7) 41.3(5.2) 49.6(9.8) 53.9(12.2) 52.2(11.2) 46.4(8.0) 37.0(2.8) 27.0(−2.8) 19.0(−7.2) 35.6(2.0) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 9.7(−12.4) 11.3(−11.5) 16.3(−8.7) 21.4(−5.9) 29.0(−1.7) 36.0(2.2) 40.6(4.8) 39.7(4.3) 34.7(1.5) 27.2(−2.7) 18.2(−7.7) 10.9(−11.7) 24.6(−4.1) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.86(73) 3.41(87) 4.11(104) 4.21(107) 3.15(80) 1.86(47) 4.27(108) 4.63(118) 3.10(79) 3.42(87) 3.02(77) 3.20(81) 41.24(1,048) Source 1: XMACIS2 Source 2: NOAA (Precipitation) See also North America portalUnited States portalColorado portalMountains portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of Colorado county high points List of Colorado fourteeners Notes ^ The elevation of Crestone East Peak includes an adjustment of +1.762 metres (5.78 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88. ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of +1.760 m (5.77 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88. References ^ a b c d e f "Crestone Peak, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016. ^ a b c "Crestone Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "Crestone Peak Routes". 14ers.com. ^ a b c d e f "Crestone Peak-East Peak, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014. ^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Retrieved October 2, 2023. To find the table data on the PRISM website, start by clicking Coordinates (under Location); copy Latitude and Longitude figures from top of table; click Zoom to location; click Precipitation, Minimum temp, Mean temp, Maximum temp; click 30-year normals, 1991-2020; click 800m; click Retrieve Time Series button. ^ "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 2, 2023. ^ "South Colony, Colorado 1991-2020 Monthly Normals". Retrieved October 2, 2023. External links Crestone Peak at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity Crestone Peak on 14ers.com vte Mountains of ColoradoBook Cliffs Mount Garfield Elk Mountains Aspen Mountain Capitol Peak Castle Peak Cathedral Peak Chair Mountain Crested Butte Gothic Mountain Italian Mountain Maroon Bells Mount Emmons Mount Owen Mount Sopris Pyramid Peak Snowmass Mountain Snowmass Peak Treasure Mountain Elkhead Mountains Black Mountain (Moffat County) Columbus Mountain Elk Mountain (Routt County) Hahns Peak Flat Tops Flat Top Mountain Sleepy Cat Peak Front RangeKenosha Mountains Buffalo Peak Green Mountain (Jefferson County) Shawnee Peak Windy Peak Mummy Range Fairchild Mountain Hagues Peak Mount Chiquita Mount McConnel Mummy Mountain Ypsilon Mountain Never Summer Mountains Braddock Peak Iron Mountain (Jackson/Larimer Counties) Mount Cirrus Mount Cumulus Mount Nimbus Mount Richthofen Nokhu Crags Seven Utes Mountain Static Peak Rampart Range Blodgett Peak Devils Head Others Argentine Peak Badger Mountain Bald Mountain Bard Peak Bear Peak (Boulder County) Berrian Mountain Black Mountain (Park County) Byers Peak Cheyenne Mountain Chief Cheley Peak Eldorado Mountain Engelmann Peak Flagstaff Mountain Grays Peak Green Mountain (Boulder County) Green Mountain (Jefferson County) Grizzly Peak (Summit County) Hallett Peak Horsetooth Mountain James Peak Jones Mountain Lone Eagle Peak Long Scraggy Peak Longs Peak Lookout Mountain McCurdy Mountain Mount Alice Mount Audubon Mount Bailey Mount Bancroft Mount Bierstadt Mount Edwards Mount Blue Sky Mount Guyot Mount Ida Mount Julian Mount Meeker Mount Morrison Mount Parnassus Mount Rosa Mount Silverheels Mount Sniktau Mount Zion North Arapaho Peak North Table Mountain Parry Peak Petit Grepon Pikes Peak Ptarmigan Peak South Table Mountain Specimen Mountain Taylor Peak (Grand County) Thirtynine Mile Mountain Torreys Peak Twin Sisters Peaks Waugh Mountain Williams Peak Gore Range Eagles Nest Jacque Peak Meridian Peak Mount Powell The Spider Grand Mesa Crater Peak North Mamm Peak Laramie Mountains Greyrock Mountain South Bald Mountain Medicine Bow Mountains Clark Peak Mosquito Range Arkansas Hills Clinton Peak Dyer Mountain Gemini Peak Horseshoe Mountain Mount Arkansas Mount Bross Mount Buckskin Mount Democrat Mount Lincoln Mount Sheridan Mount Sherman Pacific Peak West Buffalo Peak Park Range Mount Werner Mount Zirkel Rabbit Ears Range Elk Mountain (Grand County) Parkview Mountain Radial Mountain Whiteley Peak Raton Mesa Fishers Peak San Juan MountainsLa Garita Mountains Phoenix Peak La Plata Mountains Hesperus Mountain Lavender Peak Mount Moss Spiller Peak Needle Mountains Arrow Peak Electric Peak Mount Eolus Mount Garfield Jagged Mountain Jupiter Mountain Pigeon Peak Snowdon Peak Sunlight Peak Turret Peak Twilight Peak Vestal Peak Windom Peak Sneffels Range Cirque Mountain Dallas Peak Gilpin Peak Mears Peak Potosi Peak Mount Emma Mount Sneffels Teakettle Mountain Others Baldy Cinco Bennett Peak Calf Creek Plateau Cannibal Plateau Cimarron Ridge Cochetopa Dome Conejos Peak Coxcomb Peak Dolores Peak El Diente Peak Elliott Mountain Engineer Mountain Gladstone Peak Graham Peak Half Peak Handies Peak HD Mountains Horse Mountain Little Cone Lizard Head Lone Cone Matterhorn Peak Menefee Peak Middle Peak Mount Oso Mount Wilson Niagara Peak Red Mountain (Ouray County) Redcloud Peak Rio Grande Pyramid San Luis Peak Sharkstooth Peak South River Peak Stewart Peak Sultan Mountain Summit Peak Sunshine Peak Tower Mountain Uncompahgre Peak Vermilion Peak Wetterhorn Peak Wilson Peak Sangre de Cristo MountainsSangre de Cristo Range Blanca Peak Bushnell Peak California Peak Challenger Point Columbia Point Crestone Needle Crestone Peak Ellingwood Point Hardscrabble Mountain Horn Peak Humboldt Peak Hunts Peak Iron Mountain (Costilla/Huerfano Counties) Kit Carson Peak Little Bear Peak Methodist Mountain Mount Adams Mount Herard Mount Lindsey Mount Mestas Mount Zwischen Rito Alto Peak Silver Mountain Tijeras Peak Wet Mountains Greenhorn Mountain Lead Mountain (Custer County) Others Culebra Peak Red Mountain (Costilla County) Trinchera Peak Sawatch RangeCollegiate Peaks Emerald Peak Garfield Peak Grizzly Peak (Chaffee/Pitkin Counties) Huron Peak Ice Mountain La Plata Peak Missouri Mountain Mount Belford Mount Blaurock Mount Columbia Mount Harvard Mount Hope Mount Oxford Mount Yale Peak 13,762 Winfield Peak Others Antora Peak Bill Williams Peak Carbonate Mountain Casco Peak Castle Peak Chipeta Mountain Cronin Peak Fairview Peak French Mountain Henry Mountain Mount Antero Mount Elbert Mount of the Holy Cross Mount Jackson Mount Massive Mount Oklahoma Mount Ouray Mount Shavano Ouray Peak Park Cone Red Table Mountain Tabeguache Peak Tomichi Dome Spanish Peaks East Spanish Peak Huerfano Butte West Spanish Peak Tenmile Range Crystal Peak Fletcher Mountain Peak 10 Peak One Quandary Peak Tenmile Peak Uinta Mountains Tanks Peak Zenobia Peak West Elk Mountains Anthracite Range Carbon Peak East Beckwith Mountain Marcellina Mountain Mount Guero Mount Gunnison Mount Lamborn Needle Rock West Beckwith Mountain West Elk Peak Whetstone Mountain Others Bear Mountain Blair Mountain Chalk Mountains Cochetopa Hills Dawson Butte Diamond Peak Flirtation Peak Granite Peak Grand Hogback Grannys Nipple Horsefly Peak Lead Mountain (Grand County) Mount Neva Powell Peak San Luis Hills Storm King Mountain Terrible Mountain Two Buttes Ute Mountain vteThe 126 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Volcán Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Volcán Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Sierra Negra Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter Volcán La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Blue Sky Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak/Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak Cofre de Perote San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak Cerro Tláloc West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak/Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain vte The 55 highest major summits of Colorado Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Blue Sky Longs Peak Mount Wilson Mount Princeton Mount Yale Maroon Peak Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak/Mount Eolus Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain North Arapaho Peak Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak/Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Conejos Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak vte Colorado Fourteeners Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Torreys Peak Quandary Peak Mount Blue Sky Longs Peak Mount Wilson Mount Shavano Mount Princeton Mount Belford Crestone Needle Mount Yale Mount Bross Kit Carson Mountain Maroon Peak Tabeguache Peak Mount Oxford Mount Sneffels Mount Democrat Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Snowmass Mountain Windom Peak Mount Eolus Challenger Point Mount Columbia Missouri Mountain Humboldt Peak Mount Bierstadt Sunlight Peak Handies Peak Culebra Peak Ellingwood Point Mount Lindsey Little Bear Peak Mount Sherman Redcloud Peak Pyramid Peak Wilson Peak San Luis Peak Wetterhorn Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Huron Peak Sunshine Peak vteState of ColoradoDenver (capital)Topics Bibliography Index Outline Climate change Colleges Coloradans Elections Federal lands Geography Government Historic places History Images Indian reservations Law Lists Military Mountains Municipalities Museums National Forests National Parks Paleontology Prehistoric sites Prehistory Protected areas Railroads Rivers Slavery Statistical areas Symbols Timeline Tourist attractions Towns Trails Transportation Wildernesses Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Religion Sports Cities Alamosa Arvada Aspen Aurora Black Hawk Boulder Brighton Broomfield Brush Burlington Cañon City Castle Pines Centennial Central City Cherry Hills Village Colorado Springs Commerce City Cortez Craig Cripple Creek Dacono Delta Denver Durango Edgewater Englewood Evans Federal Heights Florence Fort Collins Fort Lupton Fort 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Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Piedmont Colorado Plateau Colorado Western Slope Denver Metropolitan Area Four Corners Region Front Range Urban Corridor High Plains North Central Colorado Urban Area Northwestern Colorado San Luis Valley South-Central Colorado South Central Colorado Urban Area Southern Rocky Mountains Southwest Colorado Colorado portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventh-highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"fourteener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_mountain_ranges"},{"link_name":"Crestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestones"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range"},{"link_name":"Blanca Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Peak"},{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_bearing"},{"link_name":"Town of Crestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Saguache County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguache_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNIS-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAVD88-6"},{"link_name":"San Luis Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Valley"},{"link_name":"Crestone Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone_Needle"},{"link_name":"fourteener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"Kit Carson Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson_Peak"},{"link_name":"Challenger Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Point"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Peak_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Point"}],"text":"Mountain in the state of Colorado, United StatesCrestone Peak is the seventh-highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 14,300-foot (4,359 m) fourteener is the highest summit of the Crestones and the second-highest summit in the Sangre de Cristo Range after Blanca Peak. The summit is located in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness of Rio Grande National Forest, 5.0 miles (8.1 km) east by south (bearing 102°) of the Town of Crestone in Saguache County, Colorado, United States.[1][2][b]Crestone Peak rises 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above the east side of the San Luis Valley. It shares its name with the nearby Crestone Needle, another fourteener of the Crestones. The Crestones are a cluster of high summits in the Sangre de Cristo Range, comprising Crestone Peak, Crestone Needle, Kit Carson Peak, Challenger Point, Humboldt Peak, and Columbia Point. They are usually accessed from common trailheads.","title":"Crestone Peak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing"},{"link_name":"base camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_camp"},{"link_name":"Wet Mountain Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Mountain_Valley"},{"link_name":"rockfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfall"},{"link_name":"climbing helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_equipment#Miscellaneous_equipment"},{"link_name":"Crestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestones"},{"link_name":"scramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrambling"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crestone_peaks_fall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crestone Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestone_Needle"}],"text":"Generally climbs of Crestone Peak or Crestone Needle start from a base camp at South Colony Lakes, east of the peak, accessed from the Wet Mountain Valley on the northeast side of the range. This route involves nearly 6,000 ft (1,800 m) of elevation gain, and ascends to a large relatively flat area called \"The Pool Table\" (a few large rocks lie on the tundra, as if billiard balls) or the \"Bears' Playground.\" Then it ascends a long gully on the northwest side of Crestone Peak, which involves some rockfall danger (hence a climbing helmet is suggested). Crestone Peak is one of the more dangerous fourteener climbs in Colorado; accidents occur often in the Crestones, some caused by falls or lightning (a daily summer occurrence in the Sangre de Cristos).Alternatively, the Cottonwood Creek route begins in the San Luis Valley and approaches the Crestones from the west. The route follows Cottonwood Creek to Cottonwood Lake. The trail starts out well defined, but after passing a south eastern tributary at approximately 11,1000ft it becomes faint, poorly maintained, and hard to follow for much of the upper route prior to rejoining the standard route from South Colony Lakes. From there, the South Face route of Crestone Peak is accessible.From Crestone Peak, it is a mildly technical (Class 5—rope recommended) ridge scramble to the summit of Crestone Needle, similarly in the other direction. However, Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle are more commonly climbed separately.Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle, fall","title":"Climbing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpine climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"SNOTEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOTEL"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Peak (Colorado)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Peak_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"subalpine climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XMACIS2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-9"}],"text":"Crestone Peak has an Alpine climate (ET), as no month in that area has an average temperature greater than 10 °C (50 °F).Climate data for Crestone Peak 37.9688 N, 105.5847 W, Elevation: 13,504 ft (4,116 m) (1991–2020 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n24.0(−4.4)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n28.5(−1.9)\n\n33.9(1.1)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n53.4(11.9)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n30.8(−0.7)\n\n24.5(−4.2)\n\n38.8(3.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n12.0(−11.1)\n\n11.4(−11.4)\n\n15.7(−9.1)\n\n20.7(−6.3)\n\n29.1(−1.6)\n\n39.3(4.1)\n\n44.3(6.8)\n\n42.8(6.0)\n\n37.1(2.8)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n19.3(−7.1)\n\n12.8(−10.7)\n\n26.0(−3.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n0.0(−17.8)\n\n−0.9(−18.3)\n\n2.9(−16.2)\n\n7.5(−13.6)\n\n16.1(−8.8)\n\n25.3(−3.7)\n\n30.2(−1.0)\n\n29.5(−1.4)\n\n24.0(−4.4)\n\n15.4(−9.2)\n\n7.8(−13.4)\n\n1.2(−17.1)\n\n13.3(−10.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.19(81)\n\n3.98(101)\n\n4.23(107)\n\n4.91(125)\n\n3.49(89)\n\n1.48(38)\n\n4.16(106)\n\n4.38(111)\n\n3.40(86)\n\n3.66(93)\n\n3.36(85)\n\n3.49(89)\n\n43.73(1,111)\n\n\nSource: PRISM Climate Group[5]The SNOTEL weather station, South Colony, lies in the eastern valley below Crestone Peak and Humboldt Peak (Colorado). Due to its lower elevation, South Colony has a comparatively warmer climate, with slightly shorter winters and 2 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). This means that it has a subalpine climate (Köppen Dfc), with long winters and cool, short summers.Climate data for South Colony, Colorado, 1992–2020 normals: 10800ft (3292m)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n28.2(−2.1)\n\n30.7(−0.7)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n63.3(17.4)\n\n67.3(19.6)\n\n64.8(18.2)\n\n58.2(14.6)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n35.7(2.1)\n\n27.0(−2.8)\n\n46.6(8.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n18.9(−7.3)\n\n21.0(−6.1)\n\n27.7(−2.4)\n\n33.3(0.7)\n\n41.3(5.2)\n\n49.6(9.8)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n46.4(8.0)\n\n37.0(2.8)\n\n27.0(−2.8)\n\n19.0(−7.2)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n9.7(−12.4)\n\n11.3(−11.5)\n\n16.3(−8.7)\n\n21.4(−5.9)\n\n29.0(−1.7)\n\n36.0(2.2)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n34.7(1.5)\n\n27.2(−2.7)\n\n18.2(−7.7)\n\n10.9(−11.7)\n\n24.6(−4.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.86(73)\n\n3.41(87)\n\n4.11(104)\n\n4.21(107)\n\n3.15(80)\n\n1.86(47)\n\n4.27(108)\n\n4.63(118)\n\n3.10(79)\n\n3.42(87)\n\n3.02(77)\n\n3.20(81)\n\n41.24(1,048)\n\n\nSource 1: XMACIS2[6]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (Precipitation)[7]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"NGVD 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929"},{"link_name":"NAVD 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NAVD88_6-0"},{"link_name":"NGVD 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929"},{"link_name":"NAVD 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988"}],"text":"^ The elevation of Crestone East Peak includes an adjustment of +1.762 metres (5.78 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.\n\n^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of +1.760 m (5.77 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle, fall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crestone_peaks_fall.jpg/220px-Crestone_peaks_fall.jpg"}]

[{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_North_America"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado county high points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_county_high_points"},{"title":"List of Colorado fourteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_fourteeners"}]

[{"reference":"\"Crestone Peak, Colorado\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved January 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5908","url_text":"\"Crestone Peak, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crestone Peak\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192423","url_text":"\"Crestone Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Crestone Peak Routes\". 14ers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.14ers.com/routelist.php?peakid=10007","url_text":"\"Crestone Peak Routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crestone Peak-East Peak, Colorado\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5907","url_text":"\"Crestone Peak-East Peak, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\". PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Retrieved October 2, 2023. To find the table data on the PRISM website, start by clicking Coordinates (under Location); copy Latitude and Longitude figures from top of table; click Zoom to location; click Precipitation, Minimum temp, Mean temp, Maximum temp; click 30-year normals, 1991-2020; click 800m; click Retrieve Time Series button.","urls":[{"url":"http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/","url_text":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\""}]},{"reference":"\"xmACIS2\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/","url_text":"\"xmACIS2\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Colony, Colorado 1991-2020 Monthly Normals\". Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USS0005M13S&format=pdf","url_text":"\"South Colony, Colorado 1991-2020 Monthly Normals\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crestone_Peak&params=37.9666665_N_105.5852865_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"37°58′00″N 105°35′07″W / 37.9666665°N 105.5852865°W / 37.9666665; -105.5852865"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crestone_Peak&params=37.9666665_N_105.5852865_W_type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"37°58′00″N 105°35′07″W / 37.9666665°N 105.5852865°W / 37.9666665; -105.5852865"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crestone_Peak&params=37.96729_N_105.58404_W_region:US-CO_type:mountain","external_links_name":"37°58′02″N 105°35′03″W / 37.96729°N 105.58404°W / 37.96729; -105.58404"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5908","external_links_name":"\"Crestone Peak, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/192423","external_links_name":"\"Crestone Peak\""},{"Link":"https://www.14ers.com/routelist.php?peakid=10007","external_links_name":"\"Crestone Peak Routes\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5907","external_links_name":"\"Crestone Peak-East Peak, Colorado\""},{"Link":"http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/","external_links_name":"\"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University\""},{"Link":"https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/","external_links_name":"\"xmACIS2\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USS0005M13S&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"South Colony, Colorado 1991-2020 Monthly Normals\""},{"Link":"https://www.14ers.com/php14ers/14er.php?peakid=10007","external_links_name":"Crestone Peak on 14ers.com"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_illustrator

Technical illustration

["1 Types","1.1 Types of communication","1.2 Types of drawings","2 Techniques","3 Examples","4 Further reading","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Process of visually communicating technical concepts or subjects Isometric Technical Illustration of an interface card conveying placement of the interface cable. Part of series onTechnical drawings By field Architectural drawing Floor plan Electrical drawing Engineering drawing Plumbing drawing Structural drawing Scientific illustration Mechanical systems drawing Working drawing Archaeological illustration Types Sketches Blueprint Technical drawing Assembly drawing Cross section Cutaway diagram Line drawings Patent drawings Technical illustration CAD Product and manufacturing information Exploded view Standards INT: ISO 128 US: ANSI/ASME Y14.1 RU: ESKD See also Outline of drawing and drawings 3D projection vteTechnical illustration is illustration meant to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be components of technical drawings or diagrams. Technical illustrations in general aim "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". Technical illustrations generally have to describe and explain the subjects to a nontechnical audience. Therefore, the visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide "an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding". Types Types of communication Today, technical illustration can be broken down into three categories based on the type of communication: Communication with the general public: informs the general public, for example illustrated instructions found in the manuals for automobiles and consumer electronics. This type of technical illustration contains simple terminology and symbols that can be understood by the lay person and is sometimes called creative technical illustration/graphics. Specialized engineering or scientific communication: used by engineers/scientists to communicate with their peers and in specifications. This use of technical illustration has its own complex terminology and specialized symbols; examples are the fields of atomic energy, aerospace and military/defense. These areas can be further broken down into disciplines of mechanical, electrical, architectural engineering and many more. Communication between highly skilled experts: used by engineers to communicate with people who are highly skilled in a field, but who are not engineers. Examples of this type of technical illustration are illustrations found in user/operator documentation. These illustrations can be very complex and have jargon and symbols not understood by the general public, such as illustrations that are part of instructional materials for operating CNC machinery. Types of drawings Main types of drawings in technical communication are: conventional line drawings, exploded view drawings, cutaway drawings, and clip art images Techniques Technical illustration uses several basic mechanical drawing configurations called axonometric projection. These are: Parallel projections (oblique, planometric, isometric, dimetric, and trimetric), and many types of perspective projections (with one, two, or three vanishing points). Technical illustration and computer-aided design can also use 3D and solid-body projections, such as rapid prototyping. In the natural sciences, "scientific illustration" refers to a style of drawing using stippling and simple line techniques to convey information with a minimum of artistic interpretation. Examples Technical Illustrations Gallery Small kitchen in perspective Conventional line illustration of an engine demonstrating perspective and line techniques. Illustration of a drum set. Gallotia simonyi, example of pen and ink scientific illustration Broken view plan, showing the decks of a ship, drawn 1783 Further reading McDonnell, Phyllis Wood. With a chapter by Patrick (1994). Scientific illustration : a guide to biological, zoological, and medical rendering techniques, design, printing, and display (2. ed.). New York, NY : Wiley. ISBN 978-0471285250. See also Archaeological illustration Association of Medical Illustrators Biological illustration Illustrator Information graphics Information visualisation medical illustration Technical communications Technical drawing References ^ Ivan Viola and Meister E. Gröller (2005). "Smart Visibility in Visualization". In: Computational Aesthetics in Graphics, Visualization and Imaging. L. Neumann et al. (Ed.) ^ Devis, Mae (14 May 2011). "משרביות". www.laser-group.co.il. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Alred, Gerald J.; Brusaw, Charles T.; Oliu, Walter E. (2012). The business writer's handbook (10th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 172. ISBN 978-0312679439. Retrieved 14 June 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Technical illustrations. Technical Illustration – A Historical Perspective by Kevin Hulsey Technical Illustration in the 21st Century: A Primer for Today’s Professionals by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) 2007. (requires login) Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950 (DSI) (with more than 6000 entries and 20 search fields) vteVisualization of technical informationFields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Social visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Sankey diagram Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration PeoplePre-19th century Edmond Halley Charles-René de Fourcroy Joseph Priestley Gaspard Monge 19th century Charles Dupin Adolphe Quetelet André-Michel Guerry William Playfair August Kekulé Charles Joseph Minard Luigi Perozzo Francis Amasa Walker John Venn Oliver Byrne Matthew Sankey Charles Booth Georg von Mayr John Snow Florence Nightingale Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Toussaint Loua Francis Galton Early 20th century Edward Walter Maunder Otto Neurath W. E. B. Du Bois Henry Gantt Arthur Lyon Bowley Howard G. Funkhouser John B. Peddle Ejnar Hertzsprung Henry Norris Russell Max O. Lorenz Fritz Kahn Harry Beck Erwin Raisz Mid 20th century Jacques Bertin Rudolf Modley Arthur H. Robinson John Tukey Mary Eleanor Spear Edgar Anderson Howard T. Fisher Late 20th century Borden Dent Nigel Holmes William S. Cleveland George G. Robertson Bruce H. McCormick Catherine Plaisant Stuart Card Pat Hanrahan Edward Tufte Ben Shneiderman Michael Friendly Howard Wainer Clifford A. Pickover Lawrence J. Rosenblum Thomas A. DeFanti George Furnas Sheelagh Carpendale Cynthia Brewer Miriah Meyer Jock D. Mackinlay Alan MacEachren David Goodsell Kwan-Liu Ma Michael Maltz Leland Wilkinson Alfred Inselberg Early 21st century Ben Fry Hans Rosling Christopher R. Johnson David McCandless Mauro Martino John Maeda Tamara Munzner Jeffrey Heer Gordon Kindlmann Hanspeter Pfister Manuel Lima Aaron Koblin Martin Krzywinski Bang Wong Jessica Hullman Hadley Wickham Polo Chau Fernanda Viégas Martin Wattenberg Claudio Silva Ade Olufeko Moritz Stefaner Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Color coding Computer graphics in computer science CPK coloring Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Information art

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interface_lg.jpg"},{"link_name":"illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"},{"link_name":"technical nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"technical drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing"},{"link_name":"diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram"},{"link_name":"images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViGr05-1"},{"link_name":"audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Isometric Technical Illustration of an interface card conveying placement of the interface cable.Technical illustration is illustration meant to visually communicate information of a technical nature. Technical illustrations can be components of technical drawings or diagrams. Technical illustrations in general aim \"to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer\".[1]Technical illustrations generally have to describe and explain the subjects to a nontechnical audience. Therefore, the visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide \"an overall impression of what an object is or does, to enhance the viewer’s interest and understanding\".[2]","title":"Technical illustration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication"},{"link_name":"general public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_public"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"scientific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific"},{"link_name":"specifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification"},{"link_name":"experts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert"},{"link_name":"CNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC"}],"sub_title":"Types of communication","text":"Today, technical illustration can be broken down into three categories[citation needed] based on the type of communication:Communication with the general public: informs the general public, for example illustrated instructions found in the manuals for automobiles and consumer electronics. This type of technical illustration contains simple terminology and symbols that can be understood by the lay person and is sometimes called creative technical illustration/graphics.\nSpecialized engineering or scientific communication: used by engineers/scientists to communicate with their peers and in specifications. This use of technical illustration has its own complex terminology and specialized symbols; examples are the fields of atomic energy, aerospace and military/defense. These areas can be further broken down into disciplines of mechanical, electrical, architectural engineering and many more.\nCommunication between highly skilled experts: used by engineers to communicate with people who are highly skilled in a field, but who are not engineers. Examples of this type of technical illustration are illustrations found in user/operator documentation. These illustrations can be very complex and have jargon and symbols not understood by the general public, such as illustrations that are part of instructional materials for operating CNC machinery.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"line drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_art"},{"link_name":"exploded view drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploded_view_drawing"},{"link_name":"cutaway drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaway_drawing"},{"link_name":"clip art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip_art"}],"sub_title":"Types of drawings","text":"Main types of drawings in technical communication are:[3]conventional line drawings,\nexploded view drawings,\ncutaway drawings, and\nclip art images","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Technical_Illustrations.png"},{"link_name":"Parallel projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_projection"},{"link_name":"perspective projections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_projection"},{"link_name":"vanishing points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_point"},{"link_name":"computer-aided design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"rapid prototyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping"}],"text":"Technical illustration uses several basic mechanical drawing configurations called axonometric projection. These are:Parallel projections (oblique, planometric, isometric, dimetric, and trimetric), and\nmany types of perspective projections (with one, two, or three vanishing points).Technical illustration and computer-aided design can also use 3D and solid-body projections, such as rapid prototyping.In the natural sciences, \"scientific illustration\" refers to a style of drawing using stippling and simple line techniques to convey information with a minimum of artistic interpretation.","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_kitchen_-_perspective_-_textures.PNG"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enginewhole_lg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drum_set.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gallotia_simonyi-female.norarte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gallotia simonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallotia_simonyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel_(1785)_RMG_J6458.jpg"}],"text":"Technical Illustrations Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSmall kitchen in perspective\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConventional line illustration of an engine demonstrating perspective and line techniques.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration of a drum set.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGallotia simonyi, example of pen and ink scientific illustration\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBroken view plan, showing the decks of a ship, drawn 1783","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0471285250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471285250"}],"text":"McDonnell, Phyllis Wood. With a chapter by Patrick (1994). Scientific illustration : a guide to biological, zoological, and medical rendering techniques, design, printing, and display (2. ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471285250.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"Archaeological illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_illustration"},{"title":"Association of Medical Illustrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Medical_Illustrators"},{"title":"Biological illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_illustration"},{"title":"Illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"title":"Information graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_graphics"},{"title":"Information visualisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_visualisation"},{"title":"medical illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_illustration"},{"title":"Technical communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_communications"},{"title":"Technical drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing"}]

[{"reference":"McDonnell, Phyllis Wood. With a chapter by Patrick (1994). Scientific illustration : a guide to biological, zoological, and medical rendering techniques, design, printing, and display (2. ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471285250.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471285250","url_text":"978-0471285250"}]},{"reference":"Devis, Mae (14 May 2011). \"משרביות\". www.laser-group.co.il. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laser-group.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA/","url_text":"\"משרביות\""}]},{"reference":"Alred, Gerald J.; Brusaw, Charles T.; Oliu, Walter E. (2012). The business writer's handbook (10th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 172. ISBN 978-0312679439. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0312679432","url_text":"The business writer's handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312679439","url_text":"978-0312679439"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Bamberg

Ernst Bamberg

["1 Career","2 Research","3 Selected awards","4 References","5 External links"]

German biophysicist (b. 1940) Ernst Bamberg (b. (1940-11-09) November 9, 1940 (age 83) in Krefeld) is a German biophysicist and director emeritus of the Department of Biophysical Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics. Career Bamberg received his PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Basel in 1971, and a habilitation in biophysical chemistry from the University of Konstanz in 1976. He was a Heisenberg fellow from 1979 to 1983, when he became head of an independent working group at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt/Main. In 1988, he became an adjunct professor at Frankfurt University, which named him a full professor of biophysical chemistry in 1993, and professor emeritus in 2009. He has also been a director and Scientific Member at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics since 1993, and a senior investigator at the Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt (CEF) since 2008. Research Bamberg's research focuses on channelrhodopsins. With Georg Nagel and Peter Hegemann, who were attempting to identify the proteins that allow Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga, to move toward light using photocurrents, Bamberg was part of the first research team to isolate and characterize channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). “We had a hard time trying to convince people that it was true,” he told Nature later, but "Before we published the first papers , we applied for a patent where we gave to our fantasy a free run about the possible applications of channelrhodopsins on electrically excitable cells, including some biomedical applications.” In 2005, Bamberg and Nagel worked with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, and Feng Zhang to demonstrate that this light-gated channel could be used as an actuator to control neural activity, helping to lay the foundations for the study of optogenetics. Selected awards 1987 Boris Rajewsky Preis für Biophysik 2009 Stifterverbandspreis des Stifterverbands für die Deutsche Wissenschaft 2010 Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences, with Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel 2010 Karl Heinz Beckurts Prize for Technological Innovation 2011 Member of the Leopoldina National Academy of Sciences 2012 K. J. Zülch-Preis der Gertrud Reemtsma Stiftung, für neurologische Grundlagenforschung (basic neuroscience), with Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel, and Karl Deisseroth 2013 The Brain Prize from the Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Foundation, with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, Gero Miesenböck, and Georg Nagel 2019 Citation Laureate from the Web of Science Group 2019 Rumford Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, Gero Miesenböck, and Georg Nagel References ^ a b "Prof. Dr. Ernst Bamberg | Max Planck Institute of Biophysics | www.biophys.mpg.de/bamberg". www.biophys.mpg.de. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ a b "Bamberg, Ernst". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "CEF-MC : People". www.cef-mc.de. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ Baker, Monya (2011-11-29). "The author file: Ernst Bamberg". Nature Methods. 8 (12): 985. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1789. ISSN 1548-7105. PMID 22238772. S2CID 315949. ^ "ChR2 coming of age". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (9): 1191. 2015-08-26. doi:10.1038/nn.4103. ISSN 1546-1726. PMID 26308975. ^ "Wiley: Ninth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded to Dr. Peter Hegemann, Dr. Georg Nagel, and Dr. Ernst Bamberg". www.wiley.com. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "Mitglieder". Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-04-23. ^ "Zülch-Preis 2012 für Begründer der Optogenetik". www.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "Prize Winners". Lundbeckfonden. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "Researchers of Nobel class: Citation Laureates 2019". Retrieved 2020-01-29. ^ "Rumford Prize Awarded for the Invention and Refinement of Optogenetics". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2019-04-10. ^ "Ernst Bamberg". Lundbeckfonden. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10. External links Scholia has a profile for Ernst Bamberg (Q1357461). Ernst Bamberg Hot Topics presentation: Optogenetics and hybrid-optical control of cells German Wikipedia page Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics Leopoldina ORCID Scopus Other IdRef

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(1940-11-09) November 9, 1940 (age 83) in Krefeld) is a German biophysicist and director emeritus of the Department of Biophysical Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics.[1][2]","title":"Ernst Bamberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"University of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"biophysical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"University of Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz"},{"link_name":"Heisenberg fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenberg-Programm"},{"link_name":"adjunct professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct_professor"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt (CEF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEF_(Cluster_of_Excellence)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bamberg received his PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Basel in 1971, and a habilitation in biophysical chemistry from the University of Konstanz in 1976. He was a Heisenberg fellow from 1979 to 1983, when he became head of an independent working group at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt/Main. In 1988, he became an adjunct professor at Frankfurt University, which named him a full professor of biophysical chemistry in 1993, and professor emeritus in 2009. He has also been a director and Scientific Member at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics since 1993, and a senior investigator at the Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt (CEF) since 2008.[1][2][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"channelrhodopsins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelrhodopsin"},{"link_name":"Georg Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Nagel"},{"link_name":"Peter Hegemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hegemann"},{"link_name":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii"},{"link_name":"photocurrents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocurrent"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ed Boyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Boyden"},{"link_name":"Karl Deisseroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth"},{"link_name":"Feng Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Zhang"},{"link_name":"light-gated channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel"},{"link_name":"optogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bamberg's research focuses on channelrhodopsins. With Georg Nagel and Peter Hegemann, who were attempting to identify the proteins that allow Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga, to move toward light using photocurrents, Bamberg was part of the first research team to isolate and characterize channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). “We had a hard time trying to convince people that it was true,” he told Nature later, but \"Before we published the first papers [showing that algal proteins could generate currents in eukaryotic cells], we applied for a patent where we gave to our fantasy a free run about the possible applications of channelrhodopsins on electrically excitable cells, including some biomedical applications.”[4] In 2005, Bamberg and Nagel worked with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, and Feng Zhang to demonstrate that this light-gated channel could be used as an actuator to control neural activity, helping to lay the foundations for the study of optogenetics.[5]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Rajewsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Rajewsky"},{"link_name":"Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_Prize_in_Biomedical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leopoldina National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Brain Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brain_Prize"},{"link_name":"Gero Miesenböck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rumford Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"1987 Boris Rajewsky Preis für Biophysik\n2009 Stifterverbandspreis des Stifterverbands für die Deutsche Wissenschaft\n2010 Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences, with Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel[6]\n2010 Karl Heinz Beckurts Prize for Technological Innovation\n2011 Member of the Leopoldina National Academy of Sciences[7]\n2012 K. J. Zülch-Preis der Gertrud Reemtsma Stiftung, für neurologische Grundlagenforschung (basic neuroscience), with Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel, and Karl Deisseroth[8]\n2013 The Brain Prize from the Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Foundation, with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, Gero Miesenböck, and Georg Nagel[9]\n2019 Citation Laureate from the Web of Science Group[10]\n2019 Rumford Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, with Ed Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, Gero Miesenböck, and Georg Nagel[11][12]","title":"Selected awards"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpurb

Gurpurb

["1 Gurpurab of Guru Nanak","2 Gurpurabs for other Gurus","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]

Sikh tradition This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gurpurb" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onSikhism People Topics Outline History Glossary Sikh gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir Bhagat Ravidas Bhagat Farid Bhagat Ramanand Bhagat Beni Bhagat Namdev Bhagat Sadhana Bhagat Bhikhan Bhagat Parmanand Bhagat Sain Bhagat Dhanna Bhagat Pipa Bhagat Surdas Bhagat Jaidev Bhagat Trilochan Bhatt Kalshar Bhatt Balh Bhatt Bhalh Bhatt Bhika Bhatt Gayand Bhatt Harbans Bhatt Jalap Bhatt Kirat Bhatt Mathura Bhatt Nalh Bhatt Salh Baba Sundar Satta Doom Balvand Rai Philosophy Naam Japo Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth Five Thieves Five Virtues Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Ardās Kirtan Amrit Velā Dasvand The Five Ks Langar Sewa Simran Nitnem Dastar (Turban) Naam Karan Amrit Sanskar Anand Karaj Antam Sanskar Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Five Banis Places and Takhts Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Akal Takht Keshgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib General topics Ik Onkar Khalsa Waheguru Panj Pyare Nirgun and Sargun Khanda Literature Music Names Nanakshahi calendar Criticism Jathedar of Akal Takht War Sects Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Islam Sikhism and Jainism Religion portalvte Gurpurab (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਪੁਰਬ (Gurmukhi)), alternatively spelt as Gurpurb or Gurpurub, in Sikh tradition is a celebration of an anniversary of a Guru's birth marked by the holding of a festival. Gurpurab of Guru Nanak Main article: Guru Nanak Gurpurab Depiction of Guru Nanak's birth from a Janamsakhi painting. The painting shows the Muslim midwife Daultan, Mehta Kalu (Guru Nanak's father) holding baby Nanak, and lastly Pandit Hardayal The birthday of Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh religion, comes in the month of November, but the date varies from year to year according to the lunar Indian calendar. The birthday celebrations last three days. Generally two days before the birthday, Akhand Path is performed in the Gurdwaras. One day before the birthday, a procession is organised which is led by the Panj Piare and the Palki (Palanquin) of Guru Granth Sahib and followed by teams of singers singing hymns, brass bands playing different tunes, 'Gatka' (martial art) teams show their swordsmanship, and processionists singing the chorus. The procession passes through the main roads and streets of the town which are covered with buntings and decorated gates and the leaders inform the people of the message of Guru Nanak. On the anniversary day, the programme begins early in the morning at about 4 or 5 am with the singing of Asa di Var (morning hymns) and hymns from the Sikh scriptures followed by Katha (exposition of the scripture) and lectures and recitation of poems in praise of the Guru. The celebrations go on till about 2 pm. After Ardas and distribution of Karah Parshad, a special Langar is served on the day of Gurpurab. Some Gurdwaras also hold night prayer sessions. This begins around sunset when Rehras (evening prayer) is recited. This is followed by Kirtan till late in the night. Sometimes a Kavi-darbar (poetic symposium) is also held to enable the poets to pay their tributes to the Guru in their own verses. At about 1:20 am, the actual time of the birth, the congregation starts singing Gurbani. The function ends about 2 am. The Sikhs who cannot join the celebrations for some reason, or in places where there are no Gurdwaras, hold the ceremony in their own homes by performing Kirtan, Path, Ardas, Karah Parsad and Langar. And they celebrate it with great pomp and joy Gurpurabs for other Gurus Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru's birthday generally falls in December or January. The celebrations are similar to those of Guru Nanak's birthday, namely Akhand Path, procession and Kirtan, Katha, and Langar. The martyrdom anniversary of Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru, falls in May or June, the hottest months in India. He was tortured to death under the orders of Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, at Lahore on 25 May 1606. Celebrations consist of Kirtan, Katha, lectures, Karah Parsad and Langar in the Gurdwara. Because of summer heat, chilled sweetened drink made from milk, sugar, essence and water, called chhabeel is freely distributed in Gurdwaras and in neighbourhoods to everybody irrespective of their religious beliefs. Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru, was arrested under orders of Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. As he refused to change his religion and accept Islam, he was beheaded on 11 November 1675 at Chandi Chowk, Delhi. Usually one-day celebrations of his martyrdom are organised in the Gurdwaras. Three days before his passing away, Guru Gobind Singh conferred on 3 October 1708, the guruship of the Sikhs on Guru Granth Sahib. On this day, special one-day celebrations are organised with Kirtan, Katha, lectures, Ardas, Karah Parsad and Langar. Sikhs rededicate themselves to follow the teachings of the Gurus contained in the scripture. In 2008, the tercentenary of this Gurpurab, popularized as 300 Saal Guru de Naal was celebrated by the Sikhs worldwide with the main celebrations held at Hazur Sahib, Nanded. See also Guru Gaddi Joti Jot Ganga Sagar (urn) Sikhism References ^ Cole, Owen. "The Gurdwara: The Sikh temple." Learning for Living 13.2 (1973): 55-56. ^ Singh, Devinder Pal. "The Creator of Nanakshahi Calendar: S. Pal Singh Purewal Remembered." (2022). ^ Kotin, Igor Yu. "Sikh Festivals and the Nanakshahi Calendar." Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost 2 (2022): 192-202. ^ Ganeri, Anita (2003). The Guru Granth Sahib and Sikhism. London: Evans. p. 28. ISBN 0-237-52350-7. OCLC 56470212. Sources Concepts In Sikhism Giridhar Girish

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Gurmukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"Guru's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gurpurab (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਪੁਰਬ (Gurmukhi)), alternatively spelt as Gurpurb or Gurpurub, in Sikh tradition is a celebration of an anniversary of a Guru's birth marked by the holding of a festival.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Gurpurb"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Depiction_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_birth_from_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Janamsakhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janamsakhis"},{"link_name":"Mehta Kalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehta_Kalu"},{"link_name":"Pandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"Akhand Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhand_Path"},{"link_name":"Gurdwaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwaras"},{"link_name":"Panj Piare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Piare"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Gatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatka"},{"link_name":"Asa di Var","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_di_Var"},{"link_name":"Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_(storytelling_format)"},{"link_name":"Ardas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardas"},{"link_name":"Karah Parshad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah_Parshad"},{"link_name":"Langar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)"},{"link_name":"Rehras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehras"},{"link_name":"Kirtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"Kavi-darbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kavi-darbar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gurbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbani"}],"text":"Depiction of Guru Nanak's birth from a Janamsakhi painting. The painting shows the Muslim midwife Daultan, Mehta Kalu (Guru Nanak's father) holding baby Nanak, and lastly Pandit HardayalThe birthday of Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh religion, comes in the month of November, but the date varies from year to year according to the lunar Indian calendar. The birthday celebrations last three days. Generally two days before the birthday, Akhand Path is performed in the Gurdwaras. One day before the birthday, a procession is organised which is led by the Panj Piare and the Palki (Palanquin) of Guru Granth Sahib and followed by teams of singers singing hymns, brass bands playing different tunes, 'Gatka' (martial art) teams show their swordsmanship, and processionists singing the chorus. The procession passes through the main roads and streets of the town which are covered with buntings and decorated gates and the leaders inform the people of the message of Guru Nanak. On the anniversary day, the programme begins early in the morning at about 4 or 5 am with the singing of Asa di Var (morning hymns) and hymns from the Sikh scriptures followed by Katha (exposition of the scripture) and lectures and recitation of poems in praise of the Guru. The celebrations go on till about 2 pm.After Ardas and distribution of Karah Parshad, a special Langar is served on the day of Gurpurab. Some Gurdwaras also hold night prayer sessions. This begins around sunset when Rehras (evening prayer) is recited. This is followed by Kirtan till late in the night. Sometimes a Kavi-darbar (poetic symposium) is also held to enable the poets to pay their tributes to the Guru in their own verses. At about 1:20 am, the actual time of the birth, the congregation starts singing Gurbani. The function ends about 2 am.The Sikhs who cannot join the celebrations for some reason, or in places where there are no Gurdwaras, hold the ceremony in their own homes by performing Kirtan, Path, Ardas, Karah Parsad and Langar. And they celebrate it with great pomp and joy","title":"Gurpurab of Guru Nanak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Guru Arjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Guru Tegh Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"300 Saal Guru de Naal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_Saal_Guru_de_Naal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru's birthday generally falls in December or January. The celebrations are similar to those of Guru Nanak's birthday, namely Akhand Path, procession and Kirtan, Katha, and Langar.The martyrdom anniversary of Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru, falls in May or June, the hottest months in India. He was tortured to death under the orders of Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, at Lahore on 25 May 1606. Celebrations consist of Kirtan, Katha, lectures, Karah Parsad and Langar in the Gurdwara. Because of summer heat, chilled sweetened drink made from milk, sugar, essence and water, called chhabeel is freely distributed in Gurdwaras and in neighbourhoods to everybody irrespective of their religious beliefs.Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru, was arrested under orders of Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. As he refused to change his religion and accept Islam, he was beheaded on 11 November 1675 at Chandi Chowk, Delhi. Usually one-day celebrations of his martyrdom are organised in the Gurdwaras.Three days before his passing away, Guru Gobind Singh conferred on 3 October 1708, the guruship of the Sikhs on Guru Granth Sahib. On this day, special one-day celebrations are organised with Kirtan, Katha, lectures, Ardas, Karah Parsad and Langar. Sikhs rededicate themselves to follow the teachings of the Gurus contained in the scripture. In 2008, the tercentenary of this Gurpurab, popularized as 300 Saal Guru de Naal was celebrated by the Sikhs worldwide with the main celebrations held at Hazur Sahib, Nanded.","title":"Gurpurabs for other Gurus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concepts In Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//globalsikhstudies.net/r_link/articles.htm"}],"text":"Concepts In SikhismGiridhar Girish","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Depiction of Guru Nanak's birth from a Janamsakhi painting. The painting shows the Muslim midwife Daultan, Mehta Kalu (Guru Nanak's father) holding baby Nanak, and lastly Pandit Hardayal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Depiction_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_birth_from_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg/220px-Depiction_of_Guru_Nanak%27s_birth_from_a_Janamsakhi_painting.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Guru Gaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gaddi"},{"title":"Joti Jot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joti_Jot"},{"title":"Ganga Sagar (urn)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Sagar_(urn)"},{"title":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"}]

[{"reference":"Ganeri, Anita (2003). The Guru Granth Sahib and Sikhism. London: Evans. p. 28. ISBN 0-237-52350-7. OCLC 56470212.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56470212","url_text":"The Guru Granth Sahib and Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-237-52350-7","url_text":"0-237-52350-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56470212","url_text":"56470212"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICEL

International Commission on English in the Liturgy

["1 Constitution","2 Work done","3 Roman Missal","4 Chairmen","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

"ICEL" redirects here. For similarly named entities, see Icel. The International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL) is a commission set up by a number of episcopal conferences of English-speaking countries for the purpose of providing English translations of the liturgical books of the Roman Rite, the originals of which are in Latin. Decisions to adopt these translations are made by the episcopal conference of the country concerned, and these decisions are reviewed by the Holy See before being put into effect. Constitution Bishops from English-speaking countries who were in Rome for the Second Vatican Council set up the Commission in 1963 in view of their intention to implement the Council's authorization to use more extensively the vernacular language, instead of Latin, in the liturgy. On 15 September 2003, ICEL was formally established as a mixed commission of several bishops conferences in accordance with the instruction Liturgiam authenticam. Eleven bishops conferences are full members of ICEL, each of them represented by a bishop. Those full members of ICEL are the conferences of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Scotland, South Africa, and the United States of America. Another 15 are associate members: those of the Antilles, Bangladesh, CEPAC (Pacific islands), Gambia - Liberia - Sierra Leone, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia - Singapore, Malawi, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The eleven member bishops are assisted by the ICEL secretariat in Washington, which coordinates the work of specialists throughout the world who work on preparing translations. Work done Liturgical books that have appeared in ICEL translations (some of which have been superseded) include: The Roman Missal, and some supplementary texts such as the Simple Gradual, and Eucharistic Prayers for Masses with Children Parts of the Roman Ritual: rites for the sacraments whose administration is not reserved for bishops, funerals, religious profession, etc. Parts of the Roman Pontifical: the rites of confirmation and ordination, blessing of a church and altar, consecration to a life of virginity, etc. Parts of the Liturgy of the Hours. The ICEL Psalter was rejected, and published editions of the Liturgy of the Hours use instead the 1983 Grail Psalter. Even the ICEL elements used in the United States edition of the Liturgy of the Hours were not accepted by other episcopal conferences, which preferred to authorize a different translation. The Ceremonial of Bishops The Roman Martyrology has not yet been translated into English. In late 2013, work was proceeding on: The Order of Confirmation The Order of Celebrating Marriage The Order of Dedication of a Church and an Altar Exorcisms and Certain Supplications Supplement to the Liturgy of the Hours Roman Missal Of all the books that ICEL translated, the Roman Missal is the one that Catholics in general are most familiar with. The first translation that ICEL produced appeared in 1973, less than four years after the Latin original had appeared. In keeping with the 1969 Vatican instruction on translation Comme le prévoit, it was not a literal translation of the Latin texts but sought what has come to be called "dynamic equivalence," capturing the meaning of the prayer but avoiding technical terms: "no special literary training should be required of the people; liturgical texts should normally be intelligible to all, even to the less educated". The resulting English translation of the Roman Missal (called Sacramentary in the United States) received wide acceptance, but was also criticized for straying too far from the Latin originals and for occasional banality in the language. By 1998, ICEL completed a new version in English of the Roman Missal. This translation included richer translations of the Latin texts, but it also included original compositions prepared by ICEL, particularly alternative collects based on the Sunday Lectionary, an alternative contemporary form of the Easter Proclamation (Exsultet), variant texts in the Order of Mass, and some options in the rubrics, particularly around the celebration of weekday Masses. This new translation was approved by all the bishops' conferences that were members of ICEL and was submitted to the Congregation of Divine Worship for confirmation, as required by canon law. The Congregation, whose work on a new edition of the Roman Missal in Latin was already well advanced – part of it was published in 2000 and the entire volume in 2002 – refused its consent for adoption of the proposed new English version based on the earlier Latin edition. On 28 March 2001, the Congregation for Divine Worship issued the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam, which included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." In the following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released. These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because even the 1973 ICEL version was at some points an adaptation rather than a translation. An example was the rendering of the response "Et cum spiritu tuo" ("And with your spirit") as "And also with you". To correspond with the demands of the Congregation for Divine Worship, there was a change in the leadership of the ICEL in 2002. After this ICEL prepared a new English translation of the Roman Missal, which followed the principle of "formal equivalence" mandated by Liturgiam Authenticam. The completed translation received the approval of the Holy See in April 2010 and was put into effect in most countries at the end of November 2011. Before and after its implementation, this translation generated controversy both because of its language and syntax, and because of the process by which it was prepared. Chairmen List of Chairmen of the ICEL No. Chairman Dates Notes 1 Francis Joseph Grimshaw (d. 1965) Archbishop of Birmingham, England and Wales 2 Paul John Hallinan (d. 1968) Archbishop of Atlanta, USA 3 Gordon Gray Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, Scotland 4 Emmett Carter Archbishop of Toronto, Canada 5 Denis Hurley 1975–1991 Archbishop of Durban, South Africa 6 Daniel Edward Pilarczyk 1991–1997 Archbishop of Cincinnati, USA 7 Maurice Taylor 1997–2002 Bishop of Galloway, Scotland 8 Arthur Roche 2002–2012 Bishop of Leeds, England and Wales 9 Arthur J. Serratelli 2012–2019 Bishop of Paterson, USA 10 Hugh Gilbert 2019–present Bishop of Aberdeen, Scotland See also Catholicism portal English Language Liturgical Consultation References ^ a b c d e f "Welcome to ICEL". www.icelweb.org. ^ "It is for the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned in Art. 22, 2, to decide whether, and to what extent, the vernacular language is to be used; their decrees are to be approved, that is, confirmed, by the Apostolic See. And, whenever it seems to be called for, this authority is to consult with bishops of neighbouring regions which have the same language. Translations from the Latin text into the mother tongue intended for use in the liturgy must be approved by the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned above" (Sacrosanctum Concilium, Second Vatican Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, art. 36, 3-4). ^ "Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT". www.intratext.com. ^ "Since the use of the mother tongue, whether in the Mass, the administration of the sacraments, or other parts of the liturgy, frequently may be of great advantage to the people, the limits of its employment may be extended" (Sacrosanctum Concilium, art. 36, 2). ^ http://www.icelweb.org/copyrightICEL.htm ICEL Copyrighted Materials ^ a b "References to the Roman Ritual in the Roman Missal" in Newsletter of the USCCB Committee on Divine Worship, January 2013 ^ Ronald D. Witherup, "ICEL and Liturgical Translations" in America, 7 October 2000 ^ "Liturgy Office - Approved Versions of Scripture". www.liturgyoffice.org.uk. ^ Listed in eBreviary presentation of that edition ^ "Slowly but surely: new liturgical books on the way". 26 July 2013. ^ ^ "Peter J. Elliott, "Liturgical Translation: A Question of Truth" in Antiphon 10.3 (2006): 228-238" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. ^ The "typical edition" of a liturgical text is that to which editions by other publishers must conform. ^ Larivee, Rita C. "The Word From Rome". www.nationalcatholicreporter.org. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "Welcome to ICEL". www.icelweb.org. ^ "The New Roman Missal: A selection of America's coverage". America Magazine. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Further reading Wilkins, John (2005). "Lost in Translation". Commonweal. Vol. 132, no. 21. New York. ISSN 0010-3330. External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"episcopal conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_conference"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"},{"link_name":"episcopal conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Council-2"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"ICEL\" redirects here. For similarly named entities, see Icel.The International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL) is a commission set up by a number of episcopal conferences of English-speaking countries for the purpose of providing English translations of the liturgical books of the Roman Rite, the originals of which are in Latin.[1]Decisions to adopt these translations are made by the episcopal conference of the country concerned,[2] and these decisions are reviewed by the Holy See before being put into effect.[3]","title":"International Commission on English in the Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"},{"link_name":"Liturgiam authenticam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgiam_authenticam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Catholic_Bishops_Conference"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Catholic_Bishops_Conference"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"},{"link_name":"Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles_Episcopal_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-1"}],"text":"Bishops from English-speaking countries who were in Rome for the Second Vatican Council set up the Commission in 1963 in view of their intention to implement the Council's authorization to use more extensively[4] the vernacular language, instead of Latin, in the liturgy.[1] On 15 September 2003, ICEL was formally established as a mixed commission of several bishops conferences in accordance with the instruction Liturgiam authenticam.[1]Eleven bishops conferences are full members of ICEL, each of them represented by a bishop. Those full members of ICEL are the conferences of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Scotland, South Africa, and the United States of America.[1] Another 15 are associate members: those of the Antilles, Bangladesh, CEPAC (Pacific islands), Gambia - Liberia - Sierra Leone, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia - Singapore, Malawi, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[1] The eleven member bishops are assisted by the ICEL secretariat in Washington, which coordinates the work of specialists throughout the world who work on preparing translations.[1]","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"Simple Gradual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gradual"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RRitual-6"},{"link_name":"sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"confirmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of the Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours"},{"link_name":"ICEL Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICEL_Psalter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Grail Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grail_Psalms"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ceremonial of Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeremoniale_Episcoporum"},{"link_name":"Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RRitual-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Liturgical books that have appeared in ICEL translations (some of which have been superseded) include:[5]The Roman Missal, and some supplementary texts such as the Simple Gradual, and Eucharistic Prayers for Masses with Children\nParts of the Roman Ritual:[6] rites for the sacraments whose administration is not reserved for bishops, funerals, religious profession, etc.\nParts of the Roman Pontifical: the rites of confirmation and ordination, blessing of a church and altar, consecration to a life of virginity, etc.\nParts of the Liturgy of the Hours. The ICEL Psalter was rejected,[7] and published editions of the Liturgy of the Hours use instead the 1983 Grail Psalter.[8] Even the ICEL elements used in the United States edition of the Liturgy of the Hours[9] were not accepted by other episcopal conferences, which preferred to authorize a different translation.\nThe Ceremonial of Bishops\nThe Roman Martyrology has not yet been translated into English.[6]\nIn late 2013, work was proceeding on:\nThe Order of Confirmation\nThe Order of Celebrating Marriage\nThe Order of Dedication of a Church and an Altar\nExorcisms and Certain Supplications\nSupplement to the Liturgy of the Hours[10]","title":"Work done"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_equivalence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Exsultet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsultet"},{"link_name":"Order of Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Mass"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Divine Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"formal equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_equivalence"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Of all the books that ICEL translated, the Roman Missal is the one that Catholics in general are most familiar with. The first translation that ICEL produced appeared in 1973, less than four years after the Latin original had appeared. In keeping with the 1969 Vatican instruction on translation Comme le prévoit, it was not a literal translation of the Latin texts but sought what has come to be called \"dynamic equivalence,\" capturing the meaning of the prayer but avoiding technical terms: \"no special literary training should be required of the people; liturgical texts should normally be intelligible to all, even to the less educated\".[11] The resulting English translation of the Roman Missal (called Sacramentary in the United States) received wide acceptance, but was also criticized for straying too far from the Latin originals and for occasional banality in the language.[12]By 1998, ICEL completed a new version in English of the Roman Missal. This translation included richer translations of the Latin texts, but it also included original compositions prepared by ICEL, particularly alternative collects based on the Sunday Lectionary, an alternative contemporary form of the Easter Proclamation (Exsultet), variant texts in the Order of Mass, and some options in the rubrics, particularly around the celebration of weekday Masses. This new translation was approved by all the bishops' conferences that were members of ICEL and was submitted to the Congregation of Divine Worship for confirmation, as required by canon law.[13] The Congregation, whose work on a new edition of the Roman Missal in Latin was already well advanced – part of it was published in 2000 and the entire volume in 2002 – refused its consent for adoption of the proposed new English version based on the earlier Latin edition.On 28 March 2001, the Congregation for Divine Worship issued the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam, which included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, \"the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet.\" In the following year, the third typical edition[14] of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released. These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because even the 1973 ICEL version was at some points an adaptation rather than a translation. An example was the rendering of the response \"Et cum spiritu tuo\" (\"And with your spirit\") as \"And also with you\".To correspond with the demands of the Congregation for Divine Worship, there was a change in the leadership of the ICEL in 2002.[15] After this ICEL prepared a new English translation of the Roman Missal, which followed the principle of \"formal equivalence\" mandated by Liturgiam Authenticam. The completed translation received the approval of the Holy See in April 2010[16] and was put into effect in most countries at the end of November 2011. Before and after its implementation, this translation generated controversy both because of its language and syntax, and because of the process by which it was prepared.[17]","title":"Roman Missal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lost in Translation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.commonwealmagazine.org/lost-translation-1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0010-3330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3330"}],"text":"Wilkins, John (2005). \"Lost in Translation\". Commonweal. Vol. 132, no. 21. New York. ISSN 0010-3330.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Beauchamp_Ciparick

Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick

["1 Early life and education","2 Legal career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

American judge (born 1942) Carmen Beauchamp CiparickAssociate Judge of the New York Court of AppealsIn office1994–2012Appointed byMario CuomoPreceded byStewart F. Hancock Jr.Succeeded byJenny RiveraJustice on the New York Supreme CourtIn office1982–1994Judge on the New York City Criminal CourtIn office1978–1983Appointed byEd Koch Personal detailsBorn (1942-01-01) January 1, 1942 (age 82)New York City, New York, U.S.Alma materHunter CollegeSt. John's University School of Law Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick (born January 1, 1942) is a judge who served as associate judge on the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in the state of New York, from 1994 through 2012, when she reached mandatory retirement age. As of June 2015, she has returned to the practice of law. Early life and education Judge Ciparick is the daughter of two migrants from Puerto Rico and grew up in Washington Heights. She is a 1963 graduate of Hunter College and a 1967 graduate of St. John's University School of Law. The Board of Trustees of the City University of New York has authorized Hunter College to award her an honorary Doctor of Laws at commencement exercises scheduled for January 24, 2013. Legal career Following law school and passing the bar, Ciparick worked for the Legal Aid Society. In 1978, she was appointed Judge of the New York City Criminal Court. She was elected as a justice of New York Supreme Court in 1982. Judge Ciparick was appointed to the New York Court of Appeals by Governor Mario Cuomo in 1994. She was reappointed to the Court by Governor Eliot Spitzer in 2007. Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age, Ciparick retired on December 31, 2012. In the well-known Court of Appeals case of Hernandez v. Robles, the court held, by a 4-2 majority, that the state constitution did not require the recognition of same-sex marriage. Chief Judge Judith Kaye wrote a strongly worded dissent that Ciparick joined. As of June 2015, she had returned to the practice of law, and was working at the notable law firm of Greenberg Traurig. See also List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists List of first women lawyers and judges in New York References ^ a b "Honorable Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick". www.nycourts.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ a b "Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick | Professionals | Greenberg Traurig LLP". www.gtlaw.com. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "" (PDF). External links This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hon. Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick Judge Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick: A Glimpse into the Senior Associate Judge's Judicial Philosophy Through Her Dissents Biography at the Greenberg Traurig law firm website Legal offices Preceded byStewart F. Hancock, Jr. Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals 1993–2012 Succeeded byJenny Rivera

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"associate judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Judges_of_the_New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick (born January 1, 1942[1]) is a judge who served as associate judge on the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in the state of New York, from 1994 through 2012, when she reached mandatory retirement age. As of June 2015, she has returned to the practice of law.[2]","title":"Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"St. John's University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Judge Ciparick is the daughter of two migrants from Puerto Rico and grew up in Washington Heights.[1] She is a 1963 graduate of Hunter College and a 1967 graduate of St. John's University School of Law. \nThe Board of Trustees of the City University of New York has authorized Hunter College to award her an honorary Doctor of Laws at commencement exercises scheduled for January 24, 2013.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legal Aid Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Aid_Society"},{"link_name":"New York City Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"New York Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"Mario Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Eliot Spitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer"},{"link_name":"Hernandez v. Robles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernandez_v._Robles"},{"link_name":"Judith Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Greenberg Traurig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg_Traurig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Following law school and passing the bar, Ciparick worked for the Legal Aid Society. In 1978, she was appointed Judge of the New York City Criminal Court. She was elected as a justice of New York Supreme Court in 1982.Judge Ciparick was appointed to the New York Court of Appeals by Governor Mario Cuomo in 1994. She was reappointed to the Court by Governor Eliot Spitzer in 2007. Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age, Ciparick retired on December 31, 2012.In the well-known Court of Appeals case of Hernandez v. Robles, the court held, by a 4-2 majority, that the state constitution did not require the recognition of same-sex marriage. Chief Judge Judith Kaye wrote a strongly worded dissent that Ciparick joined.As of June 2015, she had returned to the practice of law, and was working at the notable law firm of Greenberg Traurig.[2]","title":"Legal career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Norway

Liberal Party (Norway)

["1 History","2 Ideology","3 Etymology","4 Party leaders","5 Prime ministers from Venstre","5.1 Party Congresses","6 Electoral results","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Norwegian political party Liberal Party Venstre (Norwegian)Gurutbellodat (Northern Sami)AbbreviationVChairpersonGuri MelbyFoundersJohan SverdrupSøren Jaabæk ... and ca 109 others ca 109 others Founded28 January 1884 (1884-01-28)HeadquartersMøllergata 16 0179, OsloStudent wingLiberal Students of NorwayYouth wingYoung Liberals of NorwayMembership (2017) 7,057IdeologyLiberalism (Norwegian)Social liberalismGreen liberalismPolitical positionCentreEuropean affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for EuropeInternational affiliationLiberal InternationalNordic affiliationCentre GroupColours  TealStorting8 / 169County Councils39 / 728Municipal Councils280 / 10,781Sami Parliament0 / 39Websitevenstre.noPolitics of NorwayPolitical partiesElections The Liberal Party (Norwegian: Venstre, lit. 'Left', V; Northern Sami: Gurutbellodat) is a centrist political party in Norway. It was founded in 1884 and it is the oldest political party in Norway. It is positioned in the centre on the political spectrum, and it is a liberal party which has over the time enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage, and state schooling. For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norway's largest and dominant political party, but in the postwar era it lost most of its support and became a relatively small party. The party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds eight seats in the Parliament, and was previously a part of Norway's government together with the Conservative Party and the Christian Democratic Party. Guri Melby has served as the party leader since 2020. Founded in 1884, then with the main support from farmers and progressive members of the bourgeoisie, it was the first political party that came into existence in Norway, and was the dominant government party for several decades. From the beginning it had a close relationship with the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, which was founded in the same year by most of the Liberal Party's leading politicians, and the party played a central role in advocating for women's suffrage. Since the 1880s the party has seen many internal schisms. A politically moderate and religious wing broke away in 1888 to form the Moderate Liberal Party; and the conservative-liberal faction, including the former Prime Minister of Norway Christian Michelsen, broke away in 1909 to form the Free-minded Liberal Party (both parties eventually merged into the Conservative Party). The most notable recent schism was in 1972, when the Liberal Party decided to oppose Norwegian membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), and the faction supporting membership broke away and formed the Liberal People's Party. The party has since endorsed Norwegian membership in the EU and is currently a strong proponent. History Johan Sverdrup The party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre (which means "Left" in Norwegian) was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, formed the party Høyre (which means "Right"). When the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstre's leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting (Norwegian parliament). Later, Venstre advocated universal suffrage for men, which was achieved in 1898, the break-up of the Swedish-Norwegian Union, which happened in 1905, and universal women's suffrage, which was introduced in 1913. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, interspersed with periods of Høyre-governments. Six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of the Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground. The election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet (the present-day Centre Party) in 1920, and Christian People's Party in 1933, both of which were formed partly by former Venstre members. Since World War II, Venstre has been part of five coalition governments, the most recent one being Solberg's Cabinet from 2018. A dispute over Norwegian membership in the European Communities (now the European Union) led to the party splitting at Røros in 1972, with the people favoring EC membership departing and forming the Liberal People's Party. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament. Since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party. The parliamentary group was reduced to two after the 1973 election. In 1974, Venstre elected the first female leader of a political party in Norway, Eva Kolstad. Election results continued to be poor for Venstre. Before the 1985 election the party announced for the first, and so far only, time that it would support a Labour Party government. At the following election Venstre lost its two remaining seats, and was without representation in the Storting for the first time. The party merged in 1988 with the Liberal People's Party, but at the election of 1989 this reunited Venstre again failed to win parliamentary seats. In 1993 the party again failed to achieve the 4% threshold that would have made it eligible for the levelling seats in parliament, but Lars Sponheim was elected directly from Hordaland county. (Before the election, Sponheim had made the wager that he would walk across the mountains from his home in Ulvik to the parliament in the capital city Oslo if elected—a wager he delivered on, to much good-humoured interest from the press.) In 1997, Venstre passed the 4% threshold, increasing its seats in parliament to six. As a consequence Venstre also saw its first participation in cabinet since 1973. The party held four seats in the minority first government of Kjell Magne Bondevik. Lars Sponheim became minister of industry and commerce, Odd Einar Dørum; minister of communications, later minister of justice, Guro Fjellanger; minister of environmental protection, and Eldbjørg Løwer; minister of administration, later minister of defense. Mrs. Løwer was the first female minister of defense in Norway. This cabinet resigned in 2000, refusing to accept the Storting's decision to build gas power plants. In 2001, Venstre narrowly failed to reach the 4% threshold, but had two representatives elected, Sponheim and Odd Einar Dørum. However, due to Venstre becoming part of the second coalition government of Kjell Magne Bondevik, with Sponheim and Dørum entering the cabinet, the two were represented in parliament by deputies. The party also got a third member of the cabinet, with the appointment of Torild Skogsholm as Minister of Transport and Communications. The 2005 election gave Venstre 5.9% of the vote, its best result since the 1969 election. Venstre won six seats directly, and an additional four seats through the 4%+ compensatory system. Due to the majority of the Red-green coalition, Venstre became an opposition party. In the 2009 election, Venstre ended up below the 4% threshold for levelling seats, leaving the party with only two seats in parliament, Trine Skei Grande and Borghild Tenden, whereas they had ten seats before the election. The same evening, 14 September 2009, Lars Sponheim announced that he would step down as party leader, as a consequence of the poor result. After the election, the party experienced growth in members. At the party conference in April 2010, Trine Skei Grande was unanimously elected as the new leader of the party. Venstre climbed over the threshold with 5.2% in the 2013 elections and entered into coalition talks with the Conservative, Christian Democratic, and Progress parties. Venstre and the Christian Democrats decided not to enter the new Solberg Cabinet, thus leaving it without a parliamentary majority, but made a confidence and supply agreement with it. Winning eight seats in the 2017 elections, Venstre entered into new talks with the Conservative and Progress Party coalition, and joined the coalition in January 2018 with three cabinet posts; Ola Elvestuen became Minister of Climate and Environment, Iselin Nybø Minister of Research and Higher Education, while party leader Trine Skei Grande became Minister of Culture. Ideology This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018) The party is regarded as liberal, social-liberal, classical liberal and centrist. The party advocates civil liberties under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained a green liberal position, which was an important part of the party profile when it came back to parliament in the 1990s. The Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender. The party is also a strong supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway, and relaxed integration measures. Through its history, it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a centre-right coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party; since the 2005 general election, the party has been in opposition. More recently the party has been a proponent of a blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, with Venstre constituting the green part. In the last few election campaigns, Venstre's main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment. Some other positions advocated by Venstre are increased labour immigration, abolition of the Church of Norway as the state church, abolishing the wealth and inheritance taxes, and more power to local authorities (kommuner). At the national convention in 2005, Venstre decided with a margin of only five votes to still oppose Norway joining the European Union, albeit weakly, while still advocating that Norway remain part of the European Economic Area. In 2020, however, a majority at the national convention voted for Venstre to support EU membership for Norway. Thus, the official stance of Venstre is now in support of Norwegian membership of the European Union. Regardless, the party retains the position that the question of potential Norwegian EU membership should only be decided by a national referendum, similar to referendums held in 1972 and 1994. Venstre additionally supports the replacement of the monarchy with a republican form of government. In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legalizing sharing of copyrighted digital material. Etymology While the name of the party means Left in Norwegian, the party refers to itself as a centrist party. Since the Centre Party was a component of the governing centre-left Red-green coalition, and Venstre was part of the "non-socialist" opposition, a situation has been produced where the centre party is more on the left than Left itself. When the name Left was chosen in 1884, the word did not refer to socialism in the way "Left wing" does today. It meant liberal or radicalism in comparison to the conservatives on the right, and referred to the position of the seats in Parliament. The use of the word for "left" in the names of the Danish political parties Venstre and Radikale Venstre is also meant to refer to liberalism and radicalism rather than socialism. Party leaders Campaign booth at Karl Johans gate ahead of the 2007 Norwegian local elections Guri Melby has been the party's leader since 26 September 2020 1884 Johan Sverdrup 1884–1889 Ole Anton Qvam 1889–1893 Johannes Steen 1893–1894 Viggo Ullmann 1894–1896 Ole Anton Qvam 1898–1900 Viggo Ullmann 1900–1903 Lars Holst 1903–1909 Carl Berner 1909–1927 Gunnar Knudsen 1927–1940 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1945–1952 Jacob S. Worm-Müller 1952–1964 Bent Røiseland 1964–1970 Gunnar Garbo 1970–1972 Helge Seip 1972–1974 Helge Rognlien 1974–1976 Eva Kolstad 1976–1982 Hans Hammond Rossbach 1982–1986 Odd Einar Dørum 1986–1990 Arne Fjørtoft 1990–1992 Håvard Alstadheim 1992–1996 Odd Einar Dørum 1996–2010 Lars Sponheim 2010–2020 Trine Skei Grande 2020– Guri Melby Prime ministers from Venstre 1884–1889 Johan Sverdrup 1891–1893 Johannes Steen 1898–1902 Johannes Steen 1902–1903 Otto Blehr 1907–1908 Jørgen Løvland 1908–1910 Gunnar Knudsen 1913–1920 Gunnar Knudsen 1921–1923 Otto Blehr 1924–1926 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1928–1931 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1933–1935 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Party Congresses This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2024) ?. Konstituerande landsmøte 28–29 January 1884 Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 2. landsmøte 1886 17 September Hamar 3. landsmøte 1887 14 July Trondheim, Arbeidersamfundet 4. landsmøte 1888 27 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 5. landsmøte 1889 26 August Bergen, Bergens Haandværks- og Industriforening 6. landsmøte 1891 30 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 7. landsmøte 1893 30 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 8. landsmøte 1894 4 April Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 9. landsmøte 1896 22 June Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet 10. landsmøte 1897 26 February Kristiania, Møllergata 11. landsmøte 1899 16 October Kristiania 13. landsmøte 1903 27 February Kristiania 16. landsmøte 1906 7 May Turnforeningens lokale 17. landsmøte 1908 27 January Kristiania, Møllergata Electoral results Storting Date Votes Seats Position Size # % ± pp # ± 1885 57,683 63.4 0.6 84 / 114 1 Majority 1st 1888 37,320 41.8 21.6 38 / 114 46 Minority (1888) 2nd Opposition (from 1889) 1891 51,780 50.8 9.0 63 / 114 25 Majority 1st 1894 83,165 50.4 0.4 59 / 114 4 Majority 1st 1897 87,548 52.7 2.3 79 / 114 20 Majority 1st 1900 127,142 54.0 1.3 77 / 114 2 Majority 1st 1903 101,142 42.7 11.3 48 / 117 29 Opposition 1st 1906 121,562 45.1 2.4 73 / 123 25 Majority 1st 1909 128,367 30.4 15.0 46 / 123 27 Minority (1909–1910) 7th Opposition (from 1910) 1912 195,526 40.0 9.6 76 / 123 30 Opposition (1912–1913) 1st Majority (from 1913) 1915 204,243 33.1 6.9 74 / 123 4 Majority 1st 1918 187,657 28.3 4.8 51 / 126 23 Minority (1918–1920) 3rd Opposition (from 1920) 1921 181,989 20.1 8.2 37 / 150 14 Minority (1921–1923) 3rd Opposition (from 1923) 1924 180,979 18.6 1.4 34 / 150 3 Minority (1924–1926) 2nd Opposition (from 1926) 1927 172,568 17.3 1.5 30 / 150 4 Opposition (1926–1928) 3rd Minority (from 1928) 1930 241,355 20.2 2.9 33 / 150 3 Minority (1930–1931) 3rd Opposition (from 1931) 1933 213,153 17.1 3.1 24 / 150 9 Minority (1933–1935) 2nd Opposition (from 1935) 1936 232,784 16.0 1.1 23 / 150 1 Opposition 3rd 1945 204,852 13.8 2.2 20 / 150 3 Opposition 3rd 1949 218,866 13.1 0.7 21 / 150 1 Opposition 3rd 1953 177,662 10.0 3.1 15 / 150 6 Opposition 3rd 1957 171,407 9.7 0.3 15 / 150 0 Opposition 3rd 1961 132,429 8.8 0.9 14 / 150 1 Opposition 4th 1965 207,834 10.4 1.6 18 / 150 4 Coalition (V–H–Sp–KrF) 3rd 1969 202,553 9.4 1.0 13 / 150 5 Coalition (1969–1971, V–H–Sp–KrF) 5th Opposition (1971–1972) Coalition (from 1972, V–Sp–KrF) 1973 49,668 3.5 5.9 2 / 155 11 Opposition 7th 1977 54,243 3.2 0.3 2 / 155 0 Opposition 6th 1981 79,064 3.9 0.7 2 / 155 0 Opposition 7th 1985 81,202 3.1 0.8 0 / 157 2 Extra-parliamentary 7th 1989 84,740 3.2 0.1 0 / 165 0 Extra-parliamentary 7th 1993 88,985 3.6 0.4 1 / 165 1 Opposition 7th 1997 115,077 4.5 0.9 6 / 165 5 Coalition (1997–2000, V–Sp–KrF) 7th Opposition (from 2000) 2001 98,486 3.9 0.6 2 / 165 4 Coalition (V–H–KrF) 7th 2005 156,113 5.9 2.0 10 / 169 8 Opposition 7th 2009 104,144 3.9 2.0 2 / 169 8 Opposition 7th 2013 148,275 5.2 1.4 9 / 169 7 Confidence and supply 6th 2017 127,483 4.4 0.8 8 / 169 1 Confidence and supply (2017–2018) 6th Coalition (2018–2019, V–H–FrP) Coalition (2019–2020, V–H–FrP–KrF) Coalition (from 2020, V–H–KrF) 2021 137,433 4.6 0.2 8 / 169 Opposition 7th See also Liberalism List of liberal theorists Liberal parties by country Liberal democracy Liberalism in Norway Notes ^ Compared to the Liberals, a broad movement advocating parliamentarism prior to the creation of political parties (in contrast with the Conservatives which opposed it). The Liberal Party was formed in 1884 in connection with this dispute. ^ Contested the election in alliance with the Labour Democrats. ^ a b c d e f g The Liberal Party ran on joint lists with other parties in a few constituencies in most elections from 1949 to 1981. Vote numbers are from independent Liberal Party lists only, while vote percentage also includes the Liberal Party's estimated share from joint lists (Statistics Norway estimates). ^ In government coalition from 28 August 1963 to 25 September 1963, see Lyng's Cabinet. References ^ Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909. Riksarkivet. 1994. ^ "KrF og Venstre mistet over 2.000 medlemmer på ett år". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 11 January 2018. ^ "Valg 2011: Landsoversikt per parti" (in Norwegian). Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "Venstre". Valg 2011 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ Bakken, Laila Ø.; Helljesen, Vilde (24 July 2009). "Venstre – lite parti med stor arv". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation."Sentrum – politikk". Store norske leksikon. 10 October 2013.Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (2004). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9789058673770.Love, Juliet; O'Brien, Jillian, eds. (2002). Western Europe 2003. Europa Publications. p. 493. ISBN 9781857431520.Narud, Hanne Marthe; Esaiasson, Peter, eds. (2013). Between-Election Democracy: The Representative Relationship After Election Day. ECPR Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781907301988. ^ Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (28 December 1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012. ^ Christina Bergqvist (1 January 1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4. ^ Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN 9780955820366. ^ "Norway – Political parties". Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ Aslaug Moksnes (1984). Likestilling eller særstilling? Norsk kvinnesaksforening 1884–1913, p. 35, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, ISBN 82-05-15356-6 ^ Bakken, Laila Ø.; Helljesen, Vilde (24 July 2009). "Venstre – lite parti med stor arv". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ Giverholt, Karl Arthur (27 September 2020). "Venstre sier ja til EU". Venstre. ^ Sponheim: – Jeg trekker meg – Nyheter – Politikk – Aftenposten.no Archived 22 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Skei Grande ny leder i Venstre". 17 April 2010. ^ Wright, Martin Aasen (30 September 2013). "Her er avtalen mellom de borgerlige partiene" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "Disse 20 skal styre Norge" (in Norwegian). Adresseavisa. Retrieved 16 March 2018. ^ Simon Franzmann (2009). "Liberale Parteien zwischen linkem und rechten Lager" (PDF). University of Trier. p. 3. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ a b "Wahlen des Storting (Parlament), 11.9.2017" (PDF). Österreichische Gesellschaft für Politikberatung und Politikentwicklung. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ a b Reinhard Wolff (15 January 2018). "Drei Frauen sind am Ruder". Die Tageszeitung: Taz. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ Venstre Archived 8 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine TV2/Politisk.no, retrieved 8 April 2013 (in Norwegian) ^ Hans Slomp (30 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8. ^ Oyvind Osterud (18 October 2013). Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-97037-8. ^ Thompson, Wayne C. (2014). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 55. ISBN 9781475812244. ^ Jens Rydström (2011). Odd Couples: A History of Gay Marriage in Scandinavia (PDF). aksant. p. 97. ISBN 978-9052603810. JSTOR j.ctt6wp6dm. ^ David Nikel (4 August 2021). "Political Parties in Norway". lifeinnorway.net. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ Reinhard Wolff (15 January 2018). "Neue Regierung in Norwegen: Drei Frauen sind am Ruder". Die Tageszeitung. ^ "Die norwegische Parteienlandschaft". Norwegen Service. 30 August 2018. ^ "Forsiden - klimavalg2013 - Framtiden i våre hender". www.framtiden.no. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2013. ^ "Integrering – Venstre". 1 June 2009. ^ Venstre-lederen vil ha makt i blågrønn regjering. NRK. 12 April 2013. ^ Venstre med «blågrønt» budsjettforslag. Dagbladet. 3. november 2014. ^ "Venstre official English website". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2009. ^ Krekling, David Vojislav (27 September 2020). "Venstre går inn for at Norge skal bli medlem i EU". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2 October 2020. ^ Sofie Prestegård (27 September 2020). "Skjerper tonen mot monarkiet". TV2. ^ "Culture wants to be free!". Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2007. ^ "Slipp kulturen fri! (Norwegian original resolution)". 14 April 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007. ^ Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909. Riksarkivet. 1994. p. 5. ^ "Tabell 25.3 Stortingsvalg. Godkjente stemmer etter parti1. Prosent". www.ssb.no. External links Venstre official site (in Norwegian) Election results for Venstre in the 2007 local elections vteMember parties of international liberal organisationsLiberal International Andorra: LA Belgium: MR, VLD Bosnia and Herzegovina: LDS* Botswana: BMD* Bulgaria: DPS, NDSV Burkina Faso: ADF-RDA* Burma: NLD-LA* Burundi: ADR Cambodia: PSR Canada: Liberal Party Colombia: U* DR Congo: ANADER, ARC*, URC* Costa Rica: PML Côte d'Ivoire: RDR Croatia: HSLS Cuba: PLC, PSD, ULC Denmark: RV, Venstre Egypt: FEP, Ghad* Equatorial Guinea: UDENA Estonia: RE Ethiopia: EDP* Finland: Keskusta, SFP Georgia: RPG* Germany: FDP Gibraltar: Liberal Party Guatemala: MR*, PP Guinea: UFDG*, UFR* Honduras: PLH Hungary: MLP Iceland: FSF Indonesia: PD* Ireland: FF* Israel: Yesh Atid Italy: Rad, FdL* Kenya: LDP* Kosovo: PLK* Latvia: LPP/LC Lebanon: Future Movement* Lithuania: LCU Luxembourg: DP Madagascar: MFM* Malawi: UDF Malaysia: Gerakan* Mali: PCR* Mexico: NA* Moldova: PRL* Mongolia: IZN Montenegro: LSCG Morocco: AdL*, UC, MP Mozambique: PPDD* Netherlands: D66 , VVD Nicaragua: PLI* North Macedonia: LDP Norway: Venstre Paraguay: PLRA Philippines: LP Romania: PNL Russia: Yabloko Senegal: PDS Serbia: LDP Seychelles: SNP* Slovakia: ANO Slovenia: LDS South Africa: DA Spain: CDC Sri Lanka: LP Sweden: C, L Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals Taiwan: DPP Tanzania: CCW/CUF Thailand: DP Ukraine: UM* United Kingdom: APNI, Lib Dems Zambia: UNDP* National groups: Brazilian Group* German Group Israeli Group Netherlands Group Catalan Group British Group * observer Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe PartyvteAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe PartyEuropean Parliament group: Renew EuropePartiesMember parties (EU) NEOS Open Vld MR DPS/ДПС HNS HSLS IDS/DDI Glas Centar Fokus EDI/Ε.ΔΗ. DiPa/ΔηΠα ANO B V K RE Kesk./C RKP/SFP PR UDI FDP Liberálisok Momentum FF A +E RI LDE TK LA Par! LP LRLS DP D66 VVD Nowoczesna IL USR PS C's C L Member parties (non-EU) A! PLA ANC/ՀԱԿ BA/ԼՀ Müsavat PFP/ПСП NS RP/რპ FD/თდ SA/სა Lelo/ლელო Girchi-MF/გირჩი-მთ Viðreisn AKR PDK PL CUB LPCG LDP/ЛДП V RPR-PARNAS/РПР-ПАРНАС Yabloko/Я́блоко PSG FDP/PLR glp/pvl EPU/ЄПУ CP/ГП SL/Сл SN/СН Holos/Голос Alliance Lib Dems Libs Party Presidents Gaston Thorn Willy De Clercq Colette Flesch Willy De Clercq Uffe Ellemann-Jensen Werner Hoyer Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck Graham Watson Hans van Baalen European ParliamentGroup Presidents Yvon Delbos René Pleven Cornelis Berkhouwer Jean Durieux  Jean-François Pintat Martin Bangemann Simone Veil Valery Giscard d'Estaing Yves Galland Gijs de Vries Pat Cox Graham Watson Guy Verhofstadt Dacian Cioloș Stéphane Séjourné Valérie Hayer see European Parliament European Commissioners Věra Jourová Janez Lenarčič Didier Reynders Kadri Simson Margrethe Vestager see Von der Leyen Commission Heads of governmentat the European Council Alexander De Croo (Belgium) Kaja Kallas (Estonia) Mark Rutte (Netherlands) see European Council Affiliated organisations European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) European Liberal Forum Category Liberal South East European Network Bosnia and Herzegovina: LDS Bulgaria: DPS, NSDV Croatia: HNS-LD, HSLS, IDS Hungary: SzDSz Kosovo: PLK North Macedonia: LPM, LDP Romania: PNL Serbia: LS Slovenia: LDS Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Cambodia: PSR Hong Kong: DP (represented through two individual members) Indonesia: PDI-P, PKB** Japan: DPJ** Malaysia: PGRM Mongolia: IZN Myanmar: NCUB Pakistan: LFP* Philippines: LP Singapore: SDP Sri Lanka: LP ROC Taiwan: DPP Thailand: DP *associate member **observer Africa Liberal Network Angola: PLD Burkina Faso: ADF-RDA DR Congo: ANADER Côte d'Ivoire: RDR Equatorial Guinea: UDENA Madagascar: MFM Malawi: UDF Morocco: MP, UC Mozambique: PDD Senegal: PDS Seychelles: SNP South Africa: DA Tanzania: CUF, UDP Tunisia: PSL Zambia: UNDP Liberal Network for Latin America Argentina: Recrear, PPG Costa Rica: PML Guatemala: MR Mexico: NA Peru: JN Arab Liberal Federation Comoros: NAC Egypt: DFP, FEP, GTP Lebanon: NLP, FM Morocco: MP, UC Sudan: LDP Tunisia: PR vtePolitical parties in NorwayBracketed numbers indicate current numbers of seats in parliament for the 2021-2025 term.Storting Labour (48) Conservative (36) Centre (28) Progress (21) Socialist Left (13) Red (8) Liberal (8) Green (3) Christian Democratic (3) Patient Focus (1) Minor parties1 Norway Democrats Pensioners' Conservative Industry and Business Center Capitalist People's Party FNB Alliance Innovation and Technology Communist Feminist Initiative Coastal 1 registered national parties, by order of popular vote in most recent general election Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Norway vteLiberal PartyLeaders Sverdrup (1884) Qvam (1884-1889, 94-96) Steen (1889-93) Ullmann (1893-94, 1898-1900) Holst (1900-03) Berner (1903-09) Knudsen (1909-27) Mowinckel (1927-40) Worm-Müller (1945-52) Røiseland (1952-64) Garbo (1964-70) Seip (1970-72) Rognlien (1972-74) Kolstad (1974-76) Rossbach (1976-82) Dørum (1982-86, 92-96) Fjørtoft (1986-90) Alstadheim (1990-92) Sponheim (1996-2010) Grande (2010-2020) Melby (2020-) Cabinets Sverdrup Steen I Hagerup I Steen II Blehr I Hagerup II Michelsen Løvland Knudsen I Knudsen II Blehr I Mowinckel I Mowinckel II Mowinckel III Gerhardsen I Lyng Borten Korvald Bondevik I Bondevik II Solberg Related Young Liberals of Norway Liberal Students of Norway

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It was founded in 1884 and it is the oldest political party in Norway. It is positioned in the centre on the political spectrum,[5] and it is a liberal party which has over the time enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage, and state schooling.[6][7][8][9]For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norway's largest and dominant political party, but in the postwar era it lost most of its support and became a relatively small party. The party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds eight seats in the Parliament, and was previously a part of Norway's government together with the Conservative Party and the Christian Democratic Party. Guri Melby has served as the party leader since 2020.Founded in 1884, then with the main support from farmers and progressive members of the bourgeoisie, it was the first political party that came into existence in Norway, and was the dominant government party for several decades. From the beginning it had a close relationship with the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, which was founded in the same year by most of the Liberal Party's leading politicians, and the party played a central role in advocating for women's suffrage.[10] Since the 1880s the party has seen many internal schisms. A politically moderate and religious wing broke away in 1888 to form the Moderate Liberal Party; and the conservative-liberal faction, including the former Prime Minister of Norway Christian Michelsen, broke away in 1909 to form the Free-minded Liberal Party (both parties eventually merged into the Conservative Party). The most notable recent schism was in 1972, when the Liberal Party decided to oppose Norwegian membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), and the faction supporting membership broke away and formed the Liberal People's Party.[11] The party has since endorsed Norwegian membership in the EU and is currently a strong proponent.[12]","title":"Liberal Party (Norway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johan_Sverdrup_portr%C3%A4tt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johan Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system"},{"link_name":"Høyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Johan Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"Swedish-Norwegian Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Høyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)#History"},{"link_name":"Prime Ministers of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"election of 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Solberg's Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solberg%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Norwegian membership in the European Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Røros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ros"},{"link_name":"Liberal People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Norway,_1972)"},{"link_name":"Helge Seip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Seip"},{"link_name":"1973 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Eva Kolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Kolstad"},{"link_name":"1985 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"election of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"In 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"4% threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_threshold"},{"link_name":"levelling seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveling_seat"},{"link_name":"Lars Sponheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Sponheim"},{"link_name":"Hordaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordaland"},{"link_name":"Ulvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulvik"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"In 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Kjell Magne Bondevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik"},{"link_name":"Odd Einar Dørum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Einar_D%C3%B8rum"},{"link_name":"Guro Fjellanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guro_Fjellanger"},{"link_name":"Eldbjørg Løwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldbj%C3%B8rg_L%C3%B8wer"},{"link_name":"In 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Torild Skogsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torild_Skogsholm"},{"link_name":"2005 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Red-green coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_coalition_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"2009 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Trine Skei Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trine_Skei_Grande"},{"link_name":"Borghild Tenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borghild_Tenden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2013 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Solberg Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solberg%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"confidence and supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_and_supply"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2017 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Ola Elvestuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Elvestuen"},{"link_name":"Iselin Nybø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iselin_Nyb%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Johan SverdrupThe party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre (which means \"Left\" in Norwegian) was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, formed the party Høyre (which means \"Right\"). When the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstre's leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting (Norwegian parliament). Later, Venstre advocated universal suffrage for men, which was achieved in 1898, the break-up of the Swedish-Norwegian Union, which happened in 1905, and universal women's suffrage, which was introduced in 1913. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, interspersed with periods of Høyre-governments. Six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of the Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground. The election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet (the present-day Centre Party) in 1920, and Christian People's Party in 1933, both of which were formed partly by former Venstre members. Since World War II, Venstre has been part of five coalition governments, the most recent one being Solberg's Cabinet from 2018.A dispute over Norwegian membership in the European Communities (now the European Union) led to the party splitting at Røros in 1972, with the people favoring EC membership departing and forming the Liberal People's Party. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament. Since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party. The parliamentary group was reduced to two after the 1973 election.In 1974, Venstre elected the first female leader of a political party in Norway, Eva Kolstad.Election results continued to be poor for Venstre. Before the 1985 election the party announced for the first, and so far only, time that it would support a Labour Party government. At the following election Venstre lost its two remaining seats, and was without representation in the Storting for the first time. The party merged in 1988 with the Liberal People's Party, but at the election of 1989 this reunited Venstre again failed to win parliamentary seats. In 1993 the party again failed to achieve the 4% threshold that would have made it eligible for the levelling seats in parliament, but Lars Sponheim was elected directly from Hordaland county. (Before the election, Sponheim had made the wager that he would walk across the mountains from his home in Ulvik to the parliament in the capital city Oslo if elected—a wager he delivered on, to much good-humoured interest from the press.)In 1997, Venstre passed the 4% threshold, increasing its seats in parliament to six. As a consequence Venstre also saw its first participation in cabinet since 1973. The party held four seats in the minority first government of Kjell Magne Bondevik. Lars Sponheim became minister of industry and commerce, Odd Einar Dørum; minister of communications, later minister of justice, Guro Fjellanger; minister of environmental protection, and Eldbjørg Løwer; minister of administration, later minister of defense. Mrs. Løwer was the first female minister of defense in Norway. This cabinet resigned in 2000, refusing to accept the Storting's decision to build gas power plants. In 2001, Venstre narrowly failed to reach the 4% threshold, but had two representatives elected, Sponheim and Odd Einar Dørum. However, due to Venstre becoming part of the second coalition government of Kjell Magne Bondevik, with Sponheim and Dørum entering the cabinet, the two were represented in parliament by deputies. The party also got a third member of the cabinet, with the appointment of Torild Skogsholm as Minister of Transport and Communications.The 2005 election gave Venstre 5.9% of the vote, its best result since the 1969 election. Venstre won six seats directly, and an additional four seats through the 4%+ compensatory system. Due to the majority of the Red-green coalition, Venstre became an opposition party.In the 2009 election,[13] Venstre ended up below the 4% threshold for levelling seats, leaving the party with only two seats in parliament, Trine Skei Grande and Borghild Tenden, whereas they had ten seats before the election. The same evening, 14 September 2009, Lars Sponheim announced that he would step down as party leader, as a consequence of the poor result. After the election, the party experienced growth in members. At the party conference in April 2010, Trine Skei Grande was unanimously elected as the new leader of the party.[14]Venstre climbed over the threshold with 5.2% in the 2013 elections and entered into coalition talks with the Conservative, Christian Democratic, and Progress parties. Venstre and the Christian Democrats decided not to enter the new Solberg Cabinet, thus leaving it without a parliamentary majority, but made a confidence and supply agreement with it.[15]Winning eight seats in the 2017 elections, Venstre entered into new talks with the Conservative and Progress Party coalition, and joined the coalition in January 2018 with three cabinet posts; Ola Elvestuen became Minister of Climate and Environment, Iselin Nybø Minister of Research and Higher Education, while party leader Trine Skei Grande became Minister of Culture.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGPP-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZ-19"},{"link_name":"social-liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGPP-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slomp2011-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osterud2013-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson-23"},{"link_name":"classical liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAZ-19"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"civil liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties"},{"link_name":"green liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Framtiden i våre hender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framtiden_i_v%C3%A5re_hender"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"multiculturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_politics"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"state church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion#State_churches"},{"link_name":"wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax"},{"link_name":"inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"link_name":"kommuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Economic Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Norwegian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU_2020-33"},{"link_name":"replacement of the monarchy with a republican form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The party is regarded as liberal,[17][18][19] social-liberal,[18][20][21][22][23] classical liberal[24] and centrist.[19][25] The party advocates civil liberties under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained a green liberal position,[26][27] which was an important part of the party profile when it came back to parliament in the 1990s. The Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender.[28] The party is also a strong supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway, and relaxed integration measures.[29]Through its history, it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a centre-right coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party; since the 2005 general election, the party has been in opposition. More recently the party has been a proponent of a blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, with Venstre constituting the green part.[30][31]In the last few election campaigns, Venstre's main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment.[32] Some other positions advocated by Venstre are increased labour immigration, abolition of the Church of Norway as the state church, abolishing the wealth and inheritance taxes, and more power to local authorities (kommuner).At the national convention in 2005, Venstre decided with a margin of only five votes to still oppose Norway joining the European Union, albeit weakly, while still advocating that Norway remain part of the European Economic Area. In 2020, however, a majority at the national convention voted for Venstre to support EU membership for Norway. Thus, the official stance of Venstre is now in support of Norwegian membership of the European Union. Regardless, the party retains the position that the question of potential Norwegian EU membership should only be decided by a national referendum, similar to referendums held in 1972 and 1994.[33] Venstre additionally supports the replacement of the monarchy with a republican form of government.[34]In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legalizing sharing of copyrighted digital material.[35][36]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Red-green coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_coalition_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Venstre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Radikale Venstre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"radicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"}],"text":"While the name of the party means Left in Norwegian, the party refers to itself as a centrist party. Since the Centre Party was a component of the governing centre-left Red-green coalition, and Venstre was part of the \"non-socialist\" opposition, a situation has been produced where the centre party is more on the left than Left itself. When the name Left was chosen in 1884, the word did not refer to socialism in the way \"Left wing\" does today. It meant liberal or radicalism in comparison to the conservatives on the right, and referred to the position of the seats in Parliament. The use of the word for \"left\" in the names of the Danish political parties Venstre and Radikale Venstre is also meant to refer to liberalism and radicalism rather than socialism.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberal_campaign_booth_2007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Karl Johans gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Johans_gate"},{"link_name":"2007 Norwegian local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Norwegian_local_elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guri_Melby_-_51255715385_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Guri Melby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Melby"},{"link_name":"Johan Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Ole Anton Qvam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Anton_Qvam"},{"link_name":"Johannes Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Steen"},{"link_name":"Viggo Ullmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggo_Ullmann"},{"link_name":"Lars Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Holst"},{"link_name":"Carl Berner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Berner_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Knudsen"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludwig Mowinckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel"},{"link_name":"Jacob S. Worm-Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_S._Worm-M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Bent Røiseland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_R%C3%B8iseland"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Garbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Garbo"},{"link_name":"Helge Seip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Seip"},{"link_name":"Helge Rognlien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Rognlien"},{"link_name":"Eva Kolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Kolstad"},{"link_name":"Hans Hammond Rossbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hammond_Rossbach"},{"link_name":"Odd Einar Dørum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Einar_D%C3%B8rum"},{"link_name":"Arne Fjørtoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Fj%C3%B8rtoft"},{"link_name":"Håvard Alstadheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5vard_Alstadheim"},{"link_name":"Odd Einar Dørum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Einar_D%C3%B8rum"},{"link_name":"Lars Sponheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Sponheim"},{"link_name":"Trine Skei Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trine_Skei_Grande"},{"link_name":"Guri Melby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Melby"}],"text":"Campaign booth at Karl Johans gate ahead of the 2007 Norwegian local electionsGuri Melby has been the party's leader since 26 September 20201884 Johan Sverdrup\n1884–1889 Ole Anton Qvam\n1889–1893 Johannes Steen\n1893–1894 Viggo Ullmann\n1894–1896 Ole Anton Qvam\n1898–1900 Viggo Ullmann\n1900–1903 Lars Holst\n1903–1909 Carl Berner\n1909–1927 Gunnar Knudsen\n1927–1940 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel\n1945–1952 Jacob S. Worm-Müller\n1952–1964 Bent Røiseland\n1964–1970 Gunnar Garbo\n1970–1972 Helge Seip\n1972–1974 Helge Rognlien\n1974–1976 Eva Kolstad\n1976–1982 Hans Hammond Rossbach\n1982–1986 Odd Einar Dørum\n1986–1990 Arne Fjørtoft\n1990–1992 Håvard Alstadheim\n1992–1996 Odd Einar Dørum\n1996–2010 Lars Sponheim\n2010–2020 Trine Skei Grande\n2020– Guri Melby","title":"Party leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johan Sverdrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup"},{"link_name":"Johannes Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Steen"},{"link_name":"Johannes Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Steen"},{"link_name":"Otto Blehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Blehr"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Løvland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_L%C3%B8vland"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Knudsen"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Knudsen"},{"link_name":"Otto Blehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Blehr"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludwig Mowinckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludwig Mowinckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel"},{"link_name":"Johan Ludwig Mowinckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Mowinckel"}],"text":"1884–1889 Johan Sverdrup\n1891–1893 Johannes Steen\n1898–1902 Johannes Steen\n1902–1903 Otto Blehr\n1907–1908 Jørgen Løvland\n1908–1910 Gunnar Knudsen\n1913–1920 Gunnar Knudsen\n1921–1923 Otto Blehr\n1924–1926 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel\n1928–1931 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel\n1933–1935 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel","title":"Prime ministers from Venstre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamar"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Bergens Haandværks- og Industriforening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergens_Haandv%C3%A6rks-_og_Industriforening&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"}],"sub_title":"Party Congresses","text":"?. Konstituerande landsmøte 28–29 January 1884 Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet[37]\n2. landsmøte 1886 17 September Hamar\n3. landsmøte 1887 14 July Trondheim, Arbeidersamfundet\n4. landsmøte 1888 27 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet\n5. landsmøte 1889 26 August Bergen, Bergens Haandværks- og Industriforening\n6. landsmøte 1891 30 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet\n7. landsmøte 1893 30 January Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet\n8. landsmøte 1894 4 April Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet\n9. landsmøte 1896 22 June Kristiania, Arbeidersamfundet\n10. landsmøte 1897 26 February Kristiania, Møllergata\n11. landsmøte 1899 16 October Kristiania\n13. landsmøte 1903 27 February Kristiania\n16. landsmøte 1906 7 May Turnforeningens lokale\n17. landsmøte 1908 27 January Kristiania, Møllergata","title":"Prime ministers from Venstre"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-partyFormation_38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Labour Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-joint_lists_41-6"},{"link_name":"Statistics Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Lyng's Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyng%27s_Cabinet"}],"text":"^ Compared to the Liberals, a broad movement advocating parliamentarism prior to the creation of political parties (in contrast with the Conservatives which opposed it). The Liberal Party was formed in 1884 in connection with this dispute.\n\n^ Contested the election in alliance with the Labour Democrats.\n\n^ a b c d e f g The Liberal Party ran on joint lists with other parties in a few constituencies in most elections from 1949 to 1981. Vote numbers are from independent Liberal Party lists only, while vote percentage also includes the Liberal Party's estimated share from joint lists (Statistics Norway estimates).[38]\n\n^ In government coalition from 28 August 1963 to 25 September 1963, see Lyng's Cabinet.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Johan Sverdrup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Johan_Sverdrup_portr%C3%A4tt.jpg/220px-Johan_Sverdrup_portr%C3%A4tt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Campaign booth at Karl Johans gate ahead of the 2007 Norwegian local elections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Liberal_campaign_booth_2007.JPG/220px-Liberal_campaign_booth_2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Guri Melby has been the party's leader since 26 September 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Guri_Melby_-_51255715385_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Guri_Melby_-_51255715385_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"title":"List of liberal theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists"},{"title":"Liberal parties by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country"},{"title":"Liberal democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"title":"Liberalism in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway"}]

[{"reference":"Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909. Riksarkivet. 1994.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008020404011","url_text":"Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909"}]},{"reference":"\"KrF og Venstre mistet over 2.000 medlemmer på ett år\". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 11 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dn.no/krf-og-venstre-mistet-over-2000-medlemmer-pa-ett-ar/2-1-249586","url_text":"\"KrF og Venstre mistet over 2.000 medlemmer på ett år\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valg 2011: Landsoversikt per parti\" (in Norwegian). Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924171401/http://www.regjeringen.no/krd/html/valg2011/bf5.html","url_text":"\"Valg 2011: Landsoversikt per parti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Government_and_Regional_Development_(Norway)","url_text":"Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development"},{"url":"http://www.regjeringen.no/krd/html/valg2011/bf5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Venstre\". Valg 2011 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/valg2011/valgresultat/parti/parti/v/","url_text":"\"Venstre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Bakken, Laila Ø.; Helljesen, Vilde (24 July 2009). \"Venstre – lite parti med stor arv\". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/innenriks/valg/valg_2009/partiene/1.6706181","url_text":"\"Venstre – lite parti med stor arv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sentrum – politikk\". Store norske leksikon. 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://snl.no/sentrum/politikk","url_text":"\"Sentrum – politikk\""}]},{"reference":"Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (2004). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9789058673770.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ6x8zmRAaEC&pg=PA231","url_text":"Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058673770","url_text":"9789058673770"}]},{"reference":"Love, Juliet; O'Brien, Jillian, eds. (2002). Western Europe 2003. Europa Publications. p. 493. ISBN 9781857431520.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M9QYndAPmuQC&pg=PA493","url_text":"Western Europe 2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431520","url_text":"9781857431520"}]},{"reference":"Narud, Hanne Marthe; Esaiasson, Peter, eds. (2013). Between-Election Democracy: The Representative Relationship After Election Day. ECPR Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781907301988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fcxMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86","url_text":"Between-Election Democracy: The Representative Relationship After Election Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907301988","url_text":"9781907301988"}]},{"reference":"Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (28 December 1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw62oX96310C&pg=PA108","url_text":"Politics and Society in Western Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-5862-8","url_text":"978-0-7619-5862-8"}]},{"reference":"Christina Bergqvist (1 January 1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA320","url_text":"Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-00-12799-4","url_text":"978-82-00-12799-4"}]},{"reference":"Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN 9780955820366.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SZdHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA163","url_text":"Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955820366","url_text":"9780955820366"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway – Political parties\". Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130105133345/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html","url_text":"\"Norway – Political parties\""},{"url":"http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/norway/parties.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bakken, Laila Ø.; Helljesen, Vilde (24 July 2009). \"Venstre – lite parti med stor arv\". 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ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA425","url_text":"Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8","url_text":"978-0-313-39182-8"}]},{"reference":"Oyvind Osterud (18 October 2013). Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-97037-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114","url_text":"Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-97037-8","url_text":"978-1-317-97037-8"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Wayne C. (2014). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014. 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Retrieved 17 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.venstre.no/artikkel/2780/","url_text":"\"Slipp kulturen fri! (Norwegian original resolution)\""}]},{"reference":"Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909. Riksarkivet. 1994. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008020404011","url_text":"Forhandlingsprotokoll for Norges venstreforening 1884-1909"}]},{"reference":"\"Tabell 25.3 Stortingsvalg. Godkjente stemmer etter parti1. Prosent\". www.ssb.no.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/tabeller/25-3.html","url_text":"\"Tabell 25.3 Stortingsvalg. Godkjente stemmer etter parti1. Prosent\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_in_Love

I Am in Love

["1 Notable recordings","2 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I Am in Love" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "I Am in Love" is a 1953 popular song written by Cole Porter, for his musical Can-Can, where it was introduced by Peter Cookson. Notable recordings Nat King Cole - His 1953 single release reached No. 19 in the Billboard chart. Cole re-recorded the song in stereo and it was included on his album The Nat King Cole Story (1961). Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook (1956) Eddie Fisher - As Long as There's Music (1958). Shelly Manne and His Men - At the Black Hawk 3 (1959) Peggy Lee - Latin ala Lee! (1960) Johnny Mathis - The Rhythms and Ballads of Broadway (1960) Vic Damone - On the Street Where You Live (1964). Les McCann - recorded a version for his live 1966 album Spanish Onions. References ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 89. ISBN 0-89820-083-0. ^ "www.discogs.com". discogs.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 22, 2024. ^ "As Long as There's Music - Eddie Fisher | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 May 2021. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 24, 2024. ^ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024. ^ "Vic Damone - On The Street Where You Live". Discogs.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021. ^ "Spanish Onions - Les McCann | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 May 2021. vteCole PorterMusicals See America First Hitchy-Koo of 1919 Paris Fifty Million Frenchmen Wake Up and Dream The New Yorkers Gay Divorce Nymph Errant Anything Goes Jubilee Red, Hot and Blue You Never Know Leave It to Me! Du Barry Was a Lady Panama Hattie Let's Face It! Something for the Boys Mexican Hayride Around the World Kiss Me, Kate Out of This World Can-Can Silk Stockings Happy New Year Songs Ace in the Hole After You, Who? All of You All Through the Night Allez-Vous-En Always True to You in My Fashion Another Op'nin', Another Show Anything Goes At Long Last Love Be a Clown Begin the Beguine C'est Magnifique Ca, C'est L'amour The Day Is My Enemy Do I Love You? Don't Fence Me In Down in the Depths Dream Dancing Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye From This Moment On Get Out of Town Give Him the Ooh-La-La High Society Calypso I Am in Love I Concentrate on You I Get a Kick Out of You I Happen to Like New York I Love Paris I Love You I Love You, Samantha I've Got My Eyes on You I've Got You Under My Skin In the Still of the Night It's All Right with Me It's De-Lovely Just One of Those Things Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love Let's Misbehave Little One Love for Sale Mind If I Make Love to You? Miss Otis Regrets My Heart Belongs to Daddy Night and Day Now You Has Jazz Ridin' High So in Love So Near and yet So Far Tom, Dick or Harry Too Darn Hot True Love Well, Did You Evah! What Is This Thing Called Love? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Why Can't You Behave? You Do Something to Me You'd Be So Easy to Love You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To You're Sensational You're the Top Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This pop standards-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This show tune-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Panzer_Division

17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

["1 Operational history","1.1 Formation","1.2 1941","1.3 1942","1.4 1943","1.5 1944","1.6 1945","2 Commanders","3 Area of operations","4 Order of battle in 1944","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]

German army division during World War II 17th Panzer Division17. Panzer-DivisionUnit insigniaActiveNovember 1940 – 8 May 1945Country GermanyBranchArmyTypePanzerRoleArmoured warfareSizeDivisionGarrison/HQAugsburgEngagementsWorld War II Operation Barbarossa Battle of Białystok–Minsk Battle of Moscow Operation Wintergewitter Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket Kamenets-Podolsky pocket Vistula–Oder Offensive Silesian Offensives CommandersNotablecommandersHans-Jürgen von Arnim Wilhelm Ritter von ThomaMilitary unit The 17th Panzer Division (German: 17. Panzer-Division) was a formation of the Wehrmacht in World War II. It was formed in November 1940 from the 27th Infantry Division. It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and in the winter of 1941–42 participated in the Battle of Moscow. In November 1942, the division was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front where it participated in Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the surrounded troops at Stalingrad. The division was held in reserve during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, and thereafter retreated through Ukraine and Poland, before ending the war in Czechoslovakia. Operational history Formation The 27th Infantry Division was formed in October 1936 in Augsburg, Bavaria, as a peacetime division of the new German Wehrmacht. The division was mobilised on 26 August 1939 and took part in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France. In 1943, a Nazi propaganda book was published about the division's actions in France 1940, titled Über Somme, Seine, Loire (English: Across the Somme, the Seine, the Loire). The 17th Panzer Division was formed in late 1940, when the 27th Infantry Division was converted to an armored division. In part, the 2nd Panzer Division provided personnel for the new division. The majority of its troops came from the Bavarian region of Swabia, then the Nazi Gau Swabia 1941 In May 1941, the division was transferred to the central sector of the planned attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, and became part of the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, which in turn was part of the 2nd Panzer Group, commanded by Heinz Guderian. The division's commander, Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, was wounded within the first few days of the campaign, on 24 June, but later returned to his unit. His temporary replacement, Karl Ritter von Weber, was mortally wounded south of Smolensk on 17 July, putting Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma in charge until von Arnim returned. The division crossed the Bug River and advanced south of Minsk, where it made contact with the 3rd Panzer Group. It took part in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, where it recorded up to 100 Soviet tanks destroyed in a single day, 9 July, at Orsha. It then crossed the river Dnjepr south of Orsha and took part in defensive operations south of Smolensk in August and September. In October, it took part in the run up to the Battle of Moscow, taking Bryansk on 6 October. The division was then concentrated at Orel and advanced towards Tula, where it was engaged in a failed attempt to encircle the city. With the Soviet counterattack on 5 December, the division started retreating on the 8th, after having reached a point 120 km south east of Moscow. The division took defensive positions northeast of Orel, where it remained until the Summer of 1942. 1942 Cover of the 1943 propaganda book about the division. After the winter battles, the division was reconstituted near its front line positions in the early summer of 1942. It received approximately 50 tanks of the type Panzer III and Panzer IV. It was engaged in minor attacks north of Orel in September but then went into defensive positions again. The division was then held in Army Group Centre reserve near Bolkhov. At this stage, it only fielded 45 to 50 tanks of varying types (down from a nominal strength of around 200). In October 1942, when Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin took command of the division, it had only 30 operational tanks, and one-third of its trucks were undergoing repairs. After Operation Uranus, the Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad, the division was quickly transferred to Army Group B in the area of Millerovo. From there, it marched towards Kotelnikovo and joined the 4th Panzer Army for Operation Winter Storm, a relief operation aimed at linking up with the encircled 6th Army, together with the 6th Panzer Division and the 23rd Panzer Division. The operation failed however, and the division retreated at the end of December. Losses were so heavy that the command of the 63rd Panzer Grenadier Regiment laid in the hands of a lieutenant, its original commander having been killed in action. By Christmas Eve 1942, the division fielded only eight operational tanks and one anti-tank gun. 1943 Vehicles of the 17th PD in the Mius region in 1943 The division continued its retreat towards the Don bridgehead at Rostov-on-Don, which it reached at the end of January. The 39th Panzer Regiment was re-equipped with 50 new Panzer IV tanks shortly after and the division took part in counterattacks between the Mius and the Donets rivers. By 27 February, the division had been reduced to less than 2,000 men, six tanks and ten anti-tank guns but avoided further destruction when the Soviet forces withdrew behind the Donets river. After this, it was engaged in tank battles near Belgorod until the end of April. The division did not take part in the Battle of Kursk. Instead, it stayed in reserve, behind the front line, as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps. It took part in some successful counterattacks after the battle, in the Donets-Izium area. On 20 July, Generalleutnant Walter Schilling became the second division commander of the division to be killed in action. In July, the division had the following strength in tanks, of which 84% were operational: 4 Panzer II; 29 Panzer III; 32 Panzer IV; 2 T-34. In September, the division retreated from the Donets to positions behind the Dnjepr river, taking up a defensive line on the western side of the river. Initially it was posted at Krivoi Rog, in November it moved to Kherson, as part of the re-formed 6th Army. 1944 In late January and early February 1944, the 17th Panzer Division took part in the relief operations for the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket, as part of the III Panzer Corps. In the end, the involved German tank divisions were halted by the Red Army 12 km from the pocket but the troops inside broke out, abandoning their heavy equipment. It was then part of the 1st Panzer Army in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket, where it lost most of its own heavy equipment, but escaped as a whole. It remained in reserve again in April and May, stationed behind the frontline, before taking part in operations around Lviv to counter the Soviet Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. Until the end of October, the unit took part in operations in the Tarnów region and then south of the Baranow bridgehead, near Sandomierz. From November, it became part of the reserves receiving 80 Panzer IV and Panzer V tanks (Panthers). 1945 With the start of the Soviet Vistula–Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945, the 17th Panzer Division, alongside the 16th Panzer Division were the main reserve forces in the sector, retained for a counterattack to the Soviet advance. Both divisions, stationed too close to the front line due to Hitlers restraining order, suffered heavy casualties through bombardment and had their communications destroyed. Their task, to throw back the Soviet advance, was impossible to achieve. The division found itself in constant retreat as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps commanded by Walther Nehring, first towards Łódź, then crossing the Oder, where it took positions near Głogów in February. It took part in defensive operations near the Ścinawa (German: Steinau) bridgehead in mid-February. The division had suffered heavy losses during those events and was re-supplied near Görlitz, now renamed Kampfgruppe 17th Panzer Division due to being severely understrength and being no more in size than a regiment. It continued its defensive actions in the region during the Silesian Offensives. The division was eventually forced to retreat into Czechoslovakia, heading towards Brno. In February 1945, the division, by now reduced to a Kampfgruppe, was attached to Army Group Center on the Oder River. By March 1945, it retreated as far as Jägerndorf by the Red Army. Early in April, it had retreated southwest into Moravia, where in quick succession it came under the order of 17th Army and 1st Army. The division surrendered to the Soviet army near Görlitz at the end of April 1945. Commanders Commander Start Finish Notes Generalleutnant Friedrich Bergmann 1 January 1937 4 October 1940 became commander of 137th Infantry Division, killed in action 21 December 1941 Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim 5 October 1940 24 June 1941 wounded in action 24 June 1941 Generalmajor Karl Ritter von Weber 24 June 1941 17 July 1941 acting — wounded in action, died of his injuries 20 July 1941 General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma 17 July 1941 15 September 1941 Returned to command leader reserve after von Arnim's recovery Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim 15 September 1941 11 November 1941 second spell after recovering from his injuries, became commander of XXXIX Panzer Corps 11 November 1942 Generalleutnant Rudolf-Eduard Licht 11 November 1941 10 October 1942 removed from command and returned to Germany to be put in charge of lower-key divisions General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin 10 October 1942 16 June 1943 became German liaison officer to Italian 6th Army in Sicily in June 1943 Generalleutnant Walter Schilling 16 June 1943 20 July 1943 killed in action 20 July 1943 near Doljenjaja Generalleutnant Karl-Friedrich von der Meden 21 July 1943 20 September 1944 became commander of 178th Reserve Panzer Division 1 October 1944. Generalmajor Rudolf Demme 20 September 1944 2 December 1944 became commander of 132nd Infantry Division Oberst Albert Brux 2 December 1944 19 January 1945 captured by the Red Army January 1945 Generalmajor Theodor Kretschmer 1 February 1945 8 May 1945 Surrendered the division in May 1945 Area of operations Region Start Finish Germany November 1940 June 1941 Eastern Front — central sector June 1941 November 1942 Eastern Front — southern sector November 1942 March 1944 Eastern Front — central sector March 1944 August 1944 Poland August 1944 March 1945 Eastern Germany March 1945 May 1945 Order of battle in 1944 The order of battle in 1944. The 63rd Panzergrenadier Regiment was disbanded in late 1944. The regiments first battalion replaced the third battalion of 40th Panzergrenadier Regiment. The second battalion of the 63rd Regiment became the second battalion of the 79th Panzer-Füsilier Regiment. The 297th Army Flak Battalion had only joined the division in 1943 and the Panzergrenadier Regiment had been called Schützen Regiment until July 1942. HQ Divisional Staff Mapping Detachment (mot) Military Police Detachment (mot) Escort Company 39th Panzer Regiment Regimental Staff 2 x Battalion Panzer Maintenance Company 40th Panzergrenadier Regiment Regimental Staff 3 x Battalion Pioneer Company (mot) Infantry Support Gun Company (self-propelled) 63rd Panzergrenadier Regiment. 27th Panzerjäger Battalion Battalion Staff Panzerjäger Battalion Staff Company 2 x Sturmgeschütz Company Panzerjäger Company (mot) Panzerjäger Supply Column (mot) 27th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion Battalion Staff Battalion Staff Company Luchs Reconnaissance Company 2 x Reconnaissance Company (half-track) Heavy Reconnaissance Company (half-track) Reconnaissance Supply Company (mot) 27th Panzer Artillery Regiment Regimental Staff & Staff Battery Battalion (self-propelled) 2 x Battalion (mot) 297th Army Flak Battalion Battalion Staff & Staff Battery 2 x Heavy Flak Battery (mot) Light Flak Battery (mot) 27th Panzer Signals Battalion Signals Battalion Staff Panzer Telephone Company Panzer Radio Company Signals Supply Company (mot) 27th Panzer Pioneer Battalion Battalion Staff (half-track) 2 x Pioneer Company (mot) Pioneer Company (half-track) Support & Supply Units References ^ Über Somme, Seine, Loire (in German) Propaganda book about the 27 ID in France 1940, publisher: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, published: 1943, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Google book review: The Panzer Legions page: 137, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945 (in German) page: 116, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b c d e Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945 (in German) page: 118, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b Google book review: Rommel's Desert Commanders accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Google book review: The Panzer Legions pages 137–138, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945 (in German) page 118, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ von Senger, Neither Fear nor Hope, translated by George Malcolm (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1964), p. 63 ^ Google book review: The Panzer Legions page: 139, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Google book review: From the Don to the Dnepr book author: David M. Glantz, publisher: Routledge, page: 140, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b c d e f g Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945 (in German) page: 119, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Google book review: Kursk 1943 book authors: Niklas Zetterling, Anders Frankson, publisher: Routledge, page: 138, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Google book review: Red Storm on the Reich book author: Christopher Duffy, publisher: Routledge, page: 69, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b Google book review: German Order of Battle accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945 (in German) page: 120, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ a b Google book review: The Panzer Legions page: 140, accessed: 14 November 2008 ^ Von Senger, Neither Fear nor Hope, p. 126 ^ a b c d Google book review: The Panzer Legions page: 141, accessed: 14 November 2008 Bibliography Mitcham, Samuel W. (2000). The Panzer Legions. United States: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3353-3. Burkhard Müller-Hillebrand (1969). Das Heer 1933-1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues (in German). Vol. III: Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende. Frankfurt am Main: Mittler. p. 286. Stoves, Rolf (1986). Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945. Bad Nauheim: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0279-9. Georg Tessin (1970). Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 1939 - 1945 (in German). Vol. IV: Die Landstreitkräfte 15 -30. Frankfurt am Main: Mittler. External links "17. Panzer-Division (Bestand)" . deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German). German Federal Archives. vteGerman Panzer divisions of World War IIArmyNumbered1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 27th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 116Named Clausewitz Feldherrnhalle 1 Feldherrnhalle 2 Holstein Jüterbog Kempf Panzer Lehr Müncheberg Tatra Reserve 155 179 233 273 Waffen-SS 1 Leibstandarte 2 Das Reich 3 Totenkopf 5 Wiking 9 Hohenstaufen 10 Frundsberg 12 Hitlerjugend Luftwaffe 1 Hermann Göring See also: Heavy tank battalion, SS Panzer Division order of battlevteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, AufstellungswellevteKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 17th Panzer Division Hans-Jürgen von Arnim Theodor Kretschmer Walter Schilling Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin1 (Oak Leaves) Hans Tröger Kurt Cuno 1 Oak Leaves with the XIV. Panzerkorps. vteBattle of Stalingrad Airfields Axis order of battle Red Army order of battle Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II German commanders German units Operations Nazi Germany Donnerschlag Winter Storm  Soviet Union Uranus Little Saturn Koltso FormationsArmy groupsand fronts B Centre Don Don Southwestern Stalingrad Voronezh ArmiesAxis German 4th Panzer German 6th Hungarian 2nd Italian 8th Romanian 3rd and 4th 1st Guards 2nd Guards 3rd Guards 21st 51st 62nd 64th 65th Corps XIV Panzer XXXX Panzer XXXXVIII Panzer IV VIII XI LI 8th Air Tank 1st 4th 13th 16th 24th 26th others 4th Mechanised 3rd Guards Cavalry 4th Cavalry 8th Cavalry DivisionsPanzer 6th 14th 16th 17th 22nd 24th Infantry 3rd Motorised 29th Motorised 60th Motorised 5th 44th 71st 76th 79th 94th 100th 113th 295th 297th 305th 371st 376th 384th 389th others 9th Flak Guards Rifle 13th 15th 33rd 35th 36th 37th 39th Rifle 38th 45th 62nd 64th 91st 93rd 95th 112th 138th 157th 169th 173rd 181st 193rd 196th 204th 214th 221st 248th 284th 302nd 308th 422nd others 60th Cavalry 81st Cavalry Notable participants Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler Alexander Edler von Daniels Hermann Göring Hermann Hoth Hans-Valentin Hube Erich von Manstein Friedrich Paulus Wolfram von Richthofen Arthur Schmidt Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach Karl Strecker Romania Constantin Constantinescu-Claps Petre Dumitrescu Mihail Lascăr Other Axis members Viktor Pavičić (Croatia) Italo Gariboldi (Italy) Gusztáv Jány (Hungary) Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Hazi Aslanov Vasily Badanov Vasily Chuikov Nikolay Dyatlenko Sasha Filippov Filipp Golikov Vasily Gordov Vasily Grossman Nikita Khrushchev Nikolay Krylov Dmitry Lelyushenko Rodion Malinovsky Kirill Moskalenko Yakov Pavlov Alexander Rodimtsev Konstantin Rokossovsky Alexander Shcherbakov Semyon Timoshenko Aleksandr Vasilevsky Nikolay Voronov Erich Weinert Andrei Yeremenko Vasily Zaitsev Aleksey Zhadov Georgy Zhukov Significant locations Barmaley Fountain Barrikady Factory Grain Elevator Gumrak Kalach Mamayev Kurgan Pavlov's House Pitomnik Airfield Red October Steel Factory River Don River Volga Tatsinskaya Airfield Tsaritsa Gorge Tractor Plant In memoriam The Motherland Calls Stalingrad Madonna Sword of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture See also Battle of the Caucasus Battle of Kursk Case Blue Operation Barbarossa Second Battle of Kharkov Third Battle of Kharkov Volgograd 17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"}],"text":"Military unitThe 17th Panzer Division (German: 17. Panzer-Division) was a formation of the Wehrmacht in World War II. It was formed in November 1940 from the 27th Infantry Division. It took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and in the winter of 1941–42 participated in the Battle of Moscow. In November 1942, the division was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front where it participated in Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the surrounded troops at Stalingrad. The division was held in reserve during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, and thereafter retreated through Ukraine and Poland, before ending the war in Czechoslovakia.","title":"17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nazi propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Gau Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Swabia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The 27th Infantry Division was formed in October 1936 in Augsburg, Bavaria, as a peacetime division of the new German Wehrmacht. The division was mobilised on 26 August 1939 and took part in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France. In 1943, a Nazi propaganda book was published about the division's actions in France 1940, titled Über Somme, Seine, Loire (English: Across the Somme, the Seine, the Loire).[1]The 17th Panzer Division was formed in late 1940, when the 27th Infantry Division[2] was converted to an armored division. In part, the 2nd Panzer Division provided personnel for the new division. The majority of its troops came from the Bavarian region of Swabia, then the Nazi Gau Swabia[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"XXXXVII Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXXVII_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"2nd Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group"},{"link_name":"Heinz Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen von Arnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Thoma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-5"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"3rd Panzer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Group"},{"link_name":"Battle of Białystok–Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk"},{"link_name":"Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dnjepr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnjepr"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"link_name":"Orel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"sub_title":"1941","text":"In May 1941, the division was transferred to the central sector of the planned attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, and became part of the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, which in turn was part of the 2nd Panzer Group, commanded by Heinz Guderian.[4] The division's commander, Hans-Jürgen von Arnim, was wounded within the first few days of the campaign, on 24 June, but later returned to his unit. His temporary replacement, Karl Ritter von Weber, was mortally wounded south of Smolensk on 17 July, putting Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma in charge until von Arnim returned.[5]The division crossed the Bug River and advanced south of Minsk, where it made contact with the 3rd Panzer Group. It took part in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, where it recorded up to 100 Soviet tanks destroyed in a single day, 9 July, at Orsha.[6] It then crossed the river Dnjepr south of Orsha and took part in defensive operations south of Smolensk in August and September.[4]In October, it took part in the run up to the Battle of Moscow, taking Bryansk on 6 October. The division was then concentrated at Orel and advanced towards Tula, where it was engaged in a failed attempt to encircle the city. With the Soviet counterattack on 5 December, the division started retreating on the 8th, after having reached a point 120 km south east of Moscow.[7] The division took defensive positions northeast of Orel, where it remained until the Summer of 1942.[4]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:27th_ID_Book.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panzer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III"},{"link_name":"Panzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Bolkhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolkhov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridolin_von_Senger_und_Etterlin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Operation Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uranus"},{"link_name":"Army Group B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_B"},{"link_name":"Millerovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerovo"},{"link_name":"Kotelnikovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotelnikovo"},{"link_name":"4th Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"6th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"23rd Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"1942","text":"Cover of the 1943 propaganda book about the division.After the winter battles, the division was reconstituted near its front line positions in the early summer of 1942. It received approximately 50 tanks of the type Panzer III and Panzer IV. It was engaged in minor attacks north of Orel in September but then went into defensive positions again. The division was then held in Army Group Centre reserve near Bolkhov. At this stage, it only fielded 45 to 50 tanks of varying types (down from a nominal strength of around 200).[4] In October 1942, when Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin took command of the division, it had only 30 operational tanks, and one-third of its trucks were undergoing repairs.[8]After Operation Uranus, the Soviet counterattack at Stalingrad, the division was quickly transferred to Army Group B in the area of Millerovo. From there, it marched towards Kotelnikovo and joined the 4th Panzer Army for Operation Winter Storm, a relief operation aimed at linking up with the encircled 6th Army, together with the 6th Panzer Division and the 23rd Panzer Division. The operation failed however, and the division retreated at the end of December.[4] Losses were so heavy that the command of the 63rd Panzer Grenadier Regiment laid in the hands of a lieutenant, its original commander having been killed in action. By Christmas Eve 1942, the division fielded only eight operational tanks and one anti-tank gun.[9]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kr.Kw.Zug_27_advancing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mius"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Mius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mius"},{"link_name":"Donets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seversky_Donets"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Belgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"XXIV Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIV_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Izium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"},{"link_name":"Walter Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Panzer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II"},{"link_name":"Panzer III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III"},{"link_name":"Panzer IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"T-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-34"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dnjepr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnjepr"},{"link_name":"Krivoi Rog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivoi_Rog"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"}],"sub_title":"1943","text":"Vehicles of the 17th PD in the Mius region in 1943The division continued its retreat towards the Don bridgehead at Rostov-on-Don, which it reached at the end of January. The 39th Panzer Regiment was re-equipped with 50 new Panzer IV tanks shortly after and the division took part in counterattacks between the Mius and the Donets rivers. By 27 February, the division had been reduced to less than 2,000 men, six tanks and ten anti-tank guns but avoided further destruction when the Soviet forces withdrew behind the Donets river.[10] After this, it was engaged in tank battles near Belgorod until the end of April.[11]The division did not take part in the Battle of Kursk. Instead, it stayed in reserve, behind the front line, as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps. It took part in some successful counterattacks after the battle, in the Donets-Izium area.[11] On 20 July, Generalleutnant Walter Schilling became the second division commander of the division to be killed in action. In July, the division had the following strength in tanks, of which 84% were operational: 4 Panzer II; 29 Panzer III; 32 Panzer IV; 2 T-34.[12] In September, the division retreated from the Donets to positions behind the Dnjepr river, taking up a defensive line on the western side of the river. Initially it was posted at Krivoi Rog, in November it moved to Kherson, as part of the re-formed 6th Army.[11]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsun-Cherkassy_Pocket"},{"link_name":"III Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"1st Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Kamenets-Podolsky pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenets-Podolsky_pocket"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"},{"link_name":"Tarnów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz"},{"link_name":"Panzer V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_V"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"}],"sub_title":"1944","text":"In late January and early February 1944, the 17th Panzer Division took part in the relief operations for the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket, as part of the III Panzer Corps. In the end, the involved German tank divisions were halted by the Red Army 12 km from the pocket but the troops inside broke out, abandoning their heavy equipment. It was then part of the 1st Panzer Army in the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket, where it lost most of its own heavy equipment, but escaped as a whole.[11]It remained in reserve again in April and May, stationed behind the frontline, before taking part in operations around Lviv to counter the Soviet Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive.[11] Until the end of October, the unit took part in operations in the Tarnów region and then south of the Baranow bridgehead, near Sandomierz. From November, it became part of the reserves receiving 80 Panzer IV and Panzer V tanks (Panthers).[11]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vistula–Oder Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive"},{"link_name":"16th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Hitlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Walther Nehring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Nehring"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder_River"},{"link_name":"Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Ścinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Acinawa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-11"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-14"},{"link_name":"Silesian Offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Offensives"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-15"}],"sub_title":"1945","text":"With the start of the Soviet Vistula–Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945, the 17th Panzer Division, alongside the 16th Panzer Division were the main reserve forces in the sector, retained for a counterattack to the Soviet advance. Both divisions, stationed too close to the front line due to Hitlers restraining order, suffered heavy casualties through bombardment and had their communications destroyed. Their task, to throw back the Soviet advance, was impossible to achieve.[13]The division found itself in constant retreat as part of the XXIV Panzer Corps commanded by Walther Nehring, first towards Łódź, then crossing the Oder, where it took positions near Głogów in February. It took part in defensive operations near the Ścinawa (German: Steinau) bridgehead in mid-February.[11] The division had suffered heavy losses during those events and was re-supplied near Görlitz, now renamed Kampfgruppe 17th Panzer Division due to being severely understrength and being no more in size than a regiment.[14] It continued its defensive actions in the region during the Silesian Offensives. The division was eventually forced to retreat into Czechoslovakia, heading towards Brno.[15]In February 1945, the division, by now reduced to a Kampfgruppe, was attached to Army Group Center on the Oder River. By March 1945, it retreated as far as Jägerndorf by the Red Army. Early in April, it had retreated southwest into Moravia, where in quick succession it came under the order of 17th Army and 1st Army. The division surrendered to the Soviet army near Görlitz at the end of April 1945.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Area of operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-15"}],"text":"The order of battle in 1944. The 63rd Panzergrenadier Regiment was disbanded in late 1944. The regiments first battalion replaced the third battalion of 40th Panzergrenadier Regiment. The second battalion of the 63rd Regiment became the second battalion of the 79th Panzer-Füsilier Regiment.[15] The 297th Army Flak Battalion had only joined the division in 1943 and the Panzergrenadier Regiment had been called Schützen Regiment until July 1942.HQDivisional Staff\nMapping Detachment (mot)\nMilitary Police Detachment (mot)\nEscort Company39th Panzer RegimentRegimental Staff\n2 x Battalion\nPanzer Maintenance Company40th Panzergrenadier RegimentRegimental Staff\n3 x Battalion\nPioneer Company (mot)\nInfantry Support Gun Company (self-propelled)\n63rd Panzergrenadier Regiment.27th Panzerjäger BattalionBattalion Staff\nPanzerjäger Battalion Staff Company\n2 x Sturmgeschütz Company\nPanzerjäger Company (mot)\nPanzerjäger Supply Column (mot)27th Panzer Reconnaissance BattalionBattalion Staff\nBattalion Staff Company\nLuchs Reconnaissance Company\n2 x Reconnaissance Company (half-track)\nHeavy Reconnaissance Company (half-track)\nReconnaissance Supply Company (mot)27th Panzer Artillery RegimentRegimental Staff & Staff Battery\nBattalion (self-propelled)\n2 x Battalion (mot)297th Army Flak BattalionBattalion Staff & Staff Battery\n2 x Heavy Flak Battery (mot)\nLight Flak Battery (mot)27th Panzer Signals BattalionSignals Battalion Staff\nPanzer Telephone Company\nPanzer Radio Company\nSignals Supply Company (mot)27th Panzer Pioneer BattalionBattalion Staff (half-track)\n2 x Pioneer Company (mot)\nPioneer Company (half-track)\nSupport & Supply Units","title":"Order of battle in 1944"}]

[{"image_text":"Cover of the 1943 propaganda book about the division.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/27th_ID_Book.jpg/130px-27th_ID_Book.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vehicles of the 17th PD in the Mius region in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kr.Kw.Zug_27_advancing.jpg/200px-Kr.Kw.Zug_27_advancing.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Mitcham, Samuel W. (2000). The Panzer Legions. United States: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3353-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stackpole_Books","url_text":"Stackpole Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3353-3","url_text":"978-0-8117-3353-3"}]},{"reference":"Burkhard Müller-Hillebrand (1969). Das Heer 1933-1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues (in German). Vol. III: Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende. Frankfurt am Main: Mittler. p. 286.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stoves, Rolf (1986). Die Gepanzerten und Motorisierten Deutschen Grossverbände 1935 – 1945. Bad Nauheim: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0279-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Nauheim","url_text":"Bad Nauheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7909-0279-9","url_text":"3-7909-0279-9"}]},{"reference":"Georg Tessin (1970). Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 1939 - 1945 (in German). Vol. IV: Die Landstreitkräfte 15 -30. Frankfurt am Main: Mittler.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"17. Panzer-Division (Bestand)\" [17th Panzer-Division (Inventory)]. deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German). German Federal Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/ZI3B5K4WXDMTBTX4EIAJVJJXWE2RVWKP","url_text":"\"17. Panzer-Division (Bestand)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Archives","url_text":"German Federal Archives"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Call_It_Love

Men Call It Love

["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]

1931 film Men Call It LoveDirected byEdgar SelwynScreenplay byDoris AndersonBased onAmong the Marriedby Vincent LawrenceStarringAdolphe MenjouLeila HyamsNorman FosterMary DuncanHedda HopperCinematographyHarold RossonEdited byFrank SullivanProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date March 14, 1931 (1931-03-14) Running time72 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Men Call It Love is a 1931 American pre-Code romantic melodrama film directed by Edgar Selwyn and written by Doris Anderson. The film stars Adolphe Menjou, Leila Hyams, Norman Foster, Mary Duncan and Hedda Hopper. It was released on March 14, 1931 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Cast Adolphe Menjou as Tony Leila Hyams as Connie Norman Foster as Jack Mary Duncan as Helen Hedda Hopper as Callie Robert Emmett Keane as Joe Harry Northrup as Brandt References ^ "Men Call It Love (1931) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved November 13, 2014. ^ "Men Call It Love". TV Guide. Retrieved November 13, 2014. External links Men Call It Love at IMDb vteFilms directed by Edgar Selwyn The Girl in the Show (1929) Men Call It Love (1931) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) Skyscraper Souls (1932) Men Must Fight (1933) Turn Back the Clock (1933) The Mystery of Mr. X (1934) This article about a 1930s romantic drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Simple

Mr. Simple

["1 Background and development","2 Music and video","3 Promotion and release","4 Reception","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Monthly charts","6.3 Year-end charts","7 Personnel","8 Awards","9 Release history","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Album by Super Junior This article is about Super Junior's album. For the song, see Mr. Simple (song). Mr. SimpleDigital and A version cover.Studio album by Super JuniorReleased3 August 2011 (2011-08-03)RecordedJune–July 2011StudioSM Studios, SeoulGenreK-popsynth-popR&Bpop-rockLength47:44 (version A)47:41 (version B)61:12 (repackaged)LanguageKoreanLabelS.M.KMPSuper Junior chronology Bonamana(2010) Mr. Simple(2011) Sexy, Free & Single(2012) Singles from Mr. Simple "Mr. Simple"Released: 2 August 2011 "Superman"Released: 22 August 2011 Singles from A-Cha "A-Cha"Released: 19 September 2011 Mr. Simple (reissue name A-Cha) is the fifth studio album by the South Korean boy band Super Junior. It was released on 3 August 2011, by SM Entertainment, distributed by KMP Holdings and digitally release on 2 August. On 19 September 2011, a repackaged edition was released, re-titled A-Cha. It features four new tracks including title track "A-Cha" and "Superman" which was previously released in version B only. This is the group's second album that features ten of the original 13 members and the first being their previous album, Bonamana (2010). At the year end award shows of 2011, the album won the Disk Daesang Award at the 26th Golden Disk Awards and 21st Seoul Music Awards, as well as the Album of the Year at the 13th Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album, including the repackaged version, is listed as the 2nd best-selling album of the year for 2011. According to Gaon Chart, as of the end of December 2012, the album has sold a cumulative total of 543,623 copies domestically. Background and development On 31 March 2011, leader Leeteuk announced during the interview, "At the earliest, we'll be coming out with our fifth album this summer." Leeteuk and Eunhyuk confirmed on their radio show "Super Junior Kiss the Radio" on 1 June 2011, that they had begun recording their upcoming album that day. Heechul tweeted on 2 June 2011, saying that the group "may be going crazy with preparations for our fifth album, but when it's finally released, you're all going to go mad." American dancer Kenny Wormald posted on his official Twitter on 11 July 2011, that he had started the choreography rehearsal for the group's upcoming new single. On the same day, Leeteuk and Eunhyuk stated on their radio show "Super Junior Kiss the Radio" that songwriter Jinu (hitchhiker) had contributed something for the new album. Shim Jae Won, current choreographer and former member of the disbanded SM group Black Beat tweeted two pictures of the choreography practice of the group showing the lower half of their bodies. The first of the teaser photos was released on 20 July 2011, featuring Eunhyuk. Other photos followed, in order of: Donghae, Leeteuk, Shindong, Kyuhyun, Sungmin, Ryeowook, Yesung, Siwon and Heechul. On the same day, it was announced that the album is set for an 3 August release. Music and video The album is mostly synthpop, with the title track, "Mr. Simple", being the last installation of the "SJ Funky" genre in which the group has been consistently pursuing since "Sorry, Sorry" (2009) and "Bonamana" (2010). Songs encompassed with synthpop elements include "Opera", "Be My Girl", "Walkin'" and "My Love My Kiss My Heart". Other tracks included in the album are the country-flavored tracks "Good Friends" and "Sunflower", an electropop number "Feels Good", a cover of a 1996 song by Jinu (hitchhiker) entitled "White Christmas", ballads "Storm" and "Memories", a Donghae-Chance-written track "Y", as well as the inclusion of subgroup Super Junior-M's Korean version of their 2011 title track "Perfection", in which it serves a purpose "to give a chance to Korean fans to enjoy the music of Super Junior-M which is appearing in various stages in Asia." Meanwhile, for the B-version of the album, a further-included track "Superman" is described to be "a minimalist hip-hop track which feature the members singing in a low vocal range." On 22 to 24 July 2011, the group filmed the music video for their new lead single. Two video teasers were released on 1 August 2011, in which the first teaser gained a million views on YouTube a day after its release and 2,500,000 views by the second day. Meanwhile, the second teaser passing a million views by the second day. The music video reached more than half a million views within the first few hours of release. It passed 1.5 million views by the end of the first day, and 3 million by the end of the second, views. On 26 August 2011, a music video for the album's supporting single, "Superman", was released on their YouTube channel, featuring clips from their Super Show 3 Tour as well as the photoshoots and music video making for "Mr. Simple". On 1 November 2015, the music video officially reached 100 million views on YouTube. On 30 July 2021, the music video officially reached 200 million views on YouTube. Promotion and release The group held a press conference at the Imperial Palace Hotel in Seoul on 4 August, which attracted over 200 reporters, including 70 foreign journalists from Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Singapore The group expressed that they will promote the album for as long as possible till Heechul's enlistment date and also to continue with Super Show 4 World Tour. Super Junior had their debut performance of "Mr. Simple" and a non-album track "Superman" at Music Bank on 5 August 2011, followed by Music Core the following day, Inkigayo after that and on 11 August on M! Countdown. However, promotions for the song ended on 28 August due to the enlistment of member Heechul to the army on 1 September 2011. The album was released in 11 countries across Asia., including Taiwan on 6 September 2011, by Avex Taiwan. The album was supposed to be pre-released in the Philippines by Universal Records on 1 October 2011, but was moved to 8 October, citing manufacturing problems caused by typhoon Nesat. The Type A album was officially released in the country on 24 November. After the released of "Mr Simple" in Japanese, the group followed-up with the release of "Opera" in Japanese. The single album also include the travel-themed mid-tempo ballad "Way", Japanese original music video and making-of DVD. It has been available for pre-order from 11 March 2012. Reception Critical reception Music critic Han Dong-yoon from webzine IZM expressed boredom with the song "Mr. Simple" due to repetition of the same lyrics and "techno-type electronic sounds"; he additionally criticized the "distorted vocals" which made identifying the members difficult, "except for a few people". Han also found similar patterns in the tracks "Opera" and "Be My Girl", but was more favorable towards the ballad tracks such as "Memories", "Sunflower" and "Y", referring to them as "clean up the place they left". Commercial performance The album debuted at number 3 on Billboard World Albums Chart for the week of 20 August 2011. It peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of August, with 287,427 copies sold. Meanwhile, the repackaged album, A-Cha, which was released on 19 September, debuted at number three with 97,210 copies sold. At the year-end list of album sales for 2011, compiled by Gaon Chart, the album is listed as the second best-selling album of the year with 343,348 copies sold and the repackaged version at number seven with 129,894 copies sold. Thus making a cumulative total sale of 473,242 copies in South Korea. On 12 April 2012, Gaon Chart reported that up till the end of March 2012, the album has sold a cumulative total of 502,830 copies, making it the first album in four years to exceed half a million in sales since Kim Gun Mo's eighth album He-story in 2003 and TVXQ's fourth album, Mirotic in 2008. The released in the Philippines on 8 October, peaked at number one in Odyssey Weekly Album Chart. After a week of selling the album reached gold status with standout sales of 7,500. This was the group's 5th number one album and 4th album to certify gold status in the country making them the only Korean act to do so. Track listing Mr. Simple Version A track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Mr. Simple"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:592."Opera" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:013."Be My Girl" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-min GoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:094."Walkin'"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:465."Storm" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-bae KenzieKenzieNile Lee4:166."Good Friends" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:577."Feels Good" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) Q (ButterFly)3:198."Memories" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:119."Sunflower" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5210."White Christmas" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3611."Y"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2712."My Love, My Kiss, My Heart"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:4013."Perfection" (태완미; Taewanmi) (Korean version) (performed by Super Junior-M) (bonus track)Lee Won-geunMikkel Remee SigvardtThomas TroelsenHitchhiker3:24Total length:47:37 Mr. Simple Version B track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Superman"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:212."Mr. Simple"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:593."Opera" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:014."Be My Girl" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-min GoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:095."Walkin'"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:466."Storm" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-bae KenzieKenzieNile Lee4:167."Good Friends" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:578."Feels Good" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) Q (ButterFly)3:199."Memories" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:1110."Sunflower" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5211."White Christmas" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3612."Y"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2713."My Love, My Kiss, My Heart"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:40Total length:47:34 A-Cha Repackage track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Superman"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:212."A-Cha"Kim Boo-min HitchhikerHitchhiker3:183."Mr. Simple"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:594."Oops!" (featuring f(x))LeeteukHeechulShindongEunhyukDonghaeMisfitKalle EngströmWilliam J. FullerKalle EngströmWilliam J. FullerHitchhiker3:445."A Day" (하루에; Harue)Kim Jeong-bae KenzieKenzieNile Lee3:276."Andante" (안단테; Andante)MisfitLeeteukHenry LauQ (ButterFly)Q (ButterFly)3:067."Opera" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:018."Be My Girl" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-minGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:099."Walkin'"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:4610."Storm" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-baeKenzieKenzieNile Lee4:1611."Good Friends" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:5712."Feels Good" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) Q (ButterFly)3:1913."Memories" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:1114."Sunflower" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5215."White Christmas" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3616."Y"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2717."My Love, My Kiss, My Heart"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:40Total length:61:12 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2011) Peakposition Japanese Albums (Oricon) 17 South Korean Albums (Gaon) 1 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 41 US World Albums (Billboard) 3 Monthly charts Chart (August 2011) Peakposition South Korean Albums (Gaon) 1 Year-end charts Chart (2011) Position South Korean Albums (Gaon) 2 Personnel Credits are for the Type A of the album, unless where indicated. Super Junior – vocals, background vocals Leeteuk – vocals, Heechul – vocals, rap Yesung – lead vocals, background vocals Shindong – vocals, rap Sungmin – lead vocals, background vocals Eunhyuk – vocals, rap Siwon – vocals Donghae – vocals, rap Ryeowook – lead vocals, background vocals Kyuhyun – lead vocals, background vocals Super Junior-M – vocals, background vocals (Perfection) Zhoumi – vocals Henry – vocals, rap Yoo Youngjin – background vocals Kang Sungho – background vocals Park Il – background vocals Chance (One Way) – background vocals Hitchhiker – background vocals, guitar, keyboard, synth and beat arrangements, bass, sound processing Thomas Troelsen – background vocals TST – brass section Choi Wonhyuk – bass Kim Jungbae – guitar Lee Hwa – piano Yoong – string section Shin Seokchul – drums Choi Hoon – bass Cho Jeongchi – guitar Go Gyeongchun – keyboard Lee Sungryeol – guitar Park Cham – guitar Super D – keyboard Kim Kyuwon – pro-tools editing Goo Jongpil – mixing Nam Koongjin – mixing Lee Seungho – mixing Jeon Hoon – mastering (mastering done at Sonic Korea) Awards Year Organization Category Result Ref. 2011 Hanteo Awards Album Award Won Singer Award (album-based) Won Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards Best Japanese & Korean Releases Won Mnet Asian Music Awards Album of the Year Won Tower Records K-pop Lovers Awards Album of the Year Third place 2012 Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards Album of the Year – 3rd Quarter Won Golden Disc Awards Album Daesang Won Album Bonsang Won 2014 Red Dot Design Awards Communication Design Award Won Release history Country Date Format Distributing label South Korea 2 August 20113 August 2011 (version A)22 August 2011 (version B)19 September 2011 (repackaged) Digital downloadCDCDCD, digital download KMP Holdings Japan 6 August 2011 CD (import) Avex Trax Taiwan 6 September 2011 (version A)23 September 2011 (version B)30 September 2011 (Repackaged) CD Avex Taiwan Singapore 29 September 2011 (version C) CD Universal Music Philippines 24 November 2011 (version A)17 December 2011 (version B & C) CD Universal Records Malaysia 12 September 2011 (version B)10 October 2011 (version C) CD Universal Music See also Mr. Simple Mr. Simple (Music Video) on YouTube Mr. Simple (Teaser Movie 1) on YouTube Mr. Simple (Teaser Movie 2) on YouTube Mr. Simple (Making Film) on YouTube A-Cha A-Cha (Music Video) on YouTube A-Cha (Music Video – Dance Ver.1) on YouTube A-Cha (Music Video – Dance Ver.2) on YouTube A-Cha (Music Video Teaser) on YouTube Superman Superman (Music Video) on YouTube References ^ 슈퍼주니어 5집 컴백, 은혁 금발+문신 파격티저 공개. Newsen (in Korean). 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011. ^ AllKPop (March 2010). "Suju's Leeteuk, Heechul, Shindong, Yesung talk experience, marriage plans summer comeback". Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ AllKPop (1 June 2010). "Heechul tweets about Super Junior's fifth album". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ "Kenny Wormald on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Archived copy" (in Korean). 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Nate (20 July 2010). 슈퍼주니어 5집 컴백, 은혁 금발+문신 파격티저 공개 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011. ^ Official SUPERJUNIOR SMTOWN Website (5 August 2010). "Super Junior Album Info" (in Korean and English). Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2011. ^ DKPN (20 July 2010). "Super Junior Started MV Filming". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011. ^ "Super Junior Reveals "Superman" Music Video". HypnoticAsia. 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2011. ^ "Super Junior's "Mr. Simple" Reaches 100 Million Views – Soompi". www.soompi.com. November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015. ^ "Super Junior's "Mr. Simple" Reaches 200 Million Views – Soompi". www.soompi.com. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022. ^ "Super Junior album release draws strong international interest" Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Hankyoreh. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011 ^ Nate (4 August 2010). '컴백' 슈주 "5집 활동 많이..軍입대도 해야하기에" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ Nate (4 August 2010). 슈퍼주니어 "멤버 군입대 문제 때문에 월드투어 계획중" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ AllKPop (5 August 2010). "Super Junior makes a "Mr. Simple" comeback on Music Bank". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ AllKPop (6 August 2010). "Super Junior makes a "Mr. Simple" comeback on Music Core". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ AllKPop (7 August 2010). "Super Junior makes a "Mr. Simple" comeback on Inkigayo". Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ AllKPop (11 August 2010). "Super Junior wins #1 on M! Countdown comeback + other performances". Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ 슈퍼주니어 김희철, 9월 1일 입대. "조용히 입대하고 싶다". Naver News (in Korean). 21 August 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2011. ^ Song Yoon-soo (22 August 2010). "Super Junior's Kim Hee-chul makes plans to be a military man". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Super Junior's Mr. Simple tops Tower Records charts in Japan". Nate News (in Korean). 10 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2011. ^ "Universal Records PH on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ Ho, Stewart "Super Junior Wants to Sing ′Opera′ in Japan" Mnet News. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012 ^ Han, Dong-yoon (August 2011). "Mr. Simple Album Review". IZM (in Korean). Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ a b "Billboard World Albums Chart (week of 20 August 2011)". Billboard. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2012. ^ "Super Junior's 5th album, "Mr. Simple" sells over 280,000 copies". Korea Star Daily (in Chinese). 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011. ^ "2011년 09월 Album Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ^ "Gaon 2011 album sales chart". Gaon Charts (in Korean). 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2012. ^ Park, Hyun Min "Super Junior Records Half-Million in Sales" Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Mnet News. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012 ^ "Super Junior becomes 'Album Kings' in the Philippines with 'Mr. Simple' | allkpop.com". allkpop. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Oricon Weekly Album Chart 2011.8.8 – 2011.8.14". Oricon (in Japanese). 17 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2011. ^ "Circle Album Chart – Week 33 of 2011". Circle Chart (in Korean). 7–13 August 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ "Super Junior discography". Billboard. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2020. ^ "2011년 Album Chart". Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2012. ^ ManiaDB (17 August 2010). "슈퍼주니어 5집 – 'Mr. Simple' The 5th Album ..... 슈퍼주니어" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ "2011 Hanteo Album Award". Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2022. ^ "㈜한터정보시스템". Hanteo.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. ^ "Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards presented (2011)". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (Hong Kong). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards" (in Korean). Mwave. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. ^ "タワレコ K-POP LOVERS! AWARDS 2011 （アルバム&シングル部門大賞発表）". Tower Records Online (in Japanese). 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ Lee Jae-hoon (22 February 2012). 소녀시대·시크릿·아이유, 가온차트 K팝상 2개씩 . JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2020. ^ "2011 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list". Kpopwave.joinsmsn.com. Retrieved 7 December 2013. ^ SM, '레드닷 디자인 어워드'에서 8개 작품이 수상 . Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2020. ^ "Mr Simple (Version A) album info" Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Avex Taiwan. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012 (in Chinese) ^ "Mr Simple (Version B) album info" Archived 20 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Avex Taiwan. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012 (in Chinese) ^ "Mr Simple (Repackaged) album info" Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Avex Taiwan. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012 (in Chinese) External links Super Junior official homepage Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean) Super Junior official YouTube channel vteSuper Junior Leeteuk Heechul Yesung Shindong Sungmin Eunhyuk Donghae Siwon Ryeowook Kyuhyun Kangin Han Geng Kibum Sub groups Super Junior-K.R.Y. Super Junior-T Super Junior-M Zhou Mi Henry Super Junior-H Super Junior-D&E Super Junior-L.S.S. Studio albumsKorean SuperJunior05 Don't Don Sorry, Sorry Bonamana Mr. Simple Sexy, Free & Single Mamacita Devil Play Time Slip The Renaissance The Road Japanese Hero Star SJ-M Me Break Down SJ-D&E Ride Me Style Countdown Single albums The Road: Winter for Spring Extended playsKorean One More Time Japanese I Think U SJ-KRY When We Were Us SJ-M Super Girl Perfection Swing Super Junior-H Cooking? Cooking! SJ-D&E The Beat Goes On Present 'Bout You Danger Bad Blood Concert toursAsia tours Super Show Super Show 2 Super Show 3 Super Show 6 Super Show 8: Infinite Time World tours Super Show 4 Super Show 5 Super Show 7 Super Show 9: Road Super Junior-D&E tours Super Junior D&E The 2nd Japan Tour Super Junior D&E The 1st Asia Tour The D&E Super Junior-K.R.Y. tours Super Junior-K.R.Y. The 1st Concert Super Junior-K.R.Y. Special Winter Concert Super Junior-K.R.Y. Japan Tour 2015: Phonograph Super Junior-K.R.Y. Asia Tour 2015: Phonograph Affiliated tours SM Town Live '10 World Tour SM Town Live World Tour III SM Town Live World Tour IV FilmographyFilm Attack on the Pin-Up Boys Super Show 3 3D I Am Super Show 4 3D SMTown The Stage Television Mystery 6 Full House Idol Show Explorers of the Human Body Super Junior Unbelievable Story SJ Returns Super TV Related articles SM Town Label SJ SM Entertainment Avex Group Media Asia UMG Category Discography Songs Recorded Songs Written Tours Videography Filmography Awards vteMAMA Award for Album of the Year The 3rd Masterpiece – SG Wannabe (2006) Remapping the Human Soul – Epik High (2007) Mirotic – TVXQ (2008) Heartbreaker – G-Dragon (2009) To Anyone – 2NE1 (2010) Mr. Simple – Super Junior (2011) Sexy, Free & Single – Super Junior (2012) XOXO – Exo (2013) Overdose – Exo (2014) Exodus – Exo (2015) Ex'Act – Exo (2016) The War – Exo (2017) Love Yourself: Tear – BTS (2018) Map of the Soul: Persona – BTS (2019) Map of the Soul: 7 – BTS (2020) Be – BTS (2021) Proof – BTS (2022) FML – Seventeen (2023) vteGolden Disc Award for Album of the Year1980s Empty Space – Cho Yong-pil (1986) When Love Goes Away – Lee Moon-sae (1987) Joo Hyun-Mi 2 – Joo Hyun-mi (1988) Byun Jin-sub – Byun Jin-sub (1989) 1990s Byun Jin-sub 2 – Byun Jin-sub (1990) Kim Hyun Sik Vol.6 – Kim Hyun-sik (1991) Invisible Love – Shin Seung-hun (1992) Because I Love You – Shin Seung-hun (1993) Excuses – Kim Gun-mo (1994) Wrongful Meeting – Kim Gun-mo (1995) Exchange Kg. M4 – Kim Gun-mo (1996) Wolf and Sheep – H.O.T. (1997) For Love – Kim Jong-hwan (1998) For Your Soul – Jo Sung-mo (1999) 2000s Let me love – Jo Sung-mo (2000) Chapter 4: Road – g.o.d (2001) Truth – Cool (2002) A Singer – Jo Sung-mo (2003) The Colors of My Life – Lee Soo-young (2004) Saldaga – SG Wannabe (2005) "O"-Jung.Ban.Hap. – TVXQ (2006) The Sentimental Chord – SG Wannabe (2007) Mirotic – TVXQ (2008) Sorry, Sorry – Super Junior (2009) 2010s Oh! – Girls' Generation (2010) Mr. Simple – Super Junior (2012) Sexy, Free & Single – Super Junior (2013) XOXO – Exo (2014) Overdose – Exo (2015) Exodus – Exo (2016) Ex'Act – Exo (2017) Love Yourself: Her – BTS (2018) Love Yourself: Answer – BTS (2019) 2020s Map of the Soul: Persona – BTS (2020) Map of the Soul: 7 – BTS (2021) Be – BTS (2022) Proof – BTS (2023) FML – Seventeen (2024) vteCircle Chart Music Award for Artist of the Year – Physical2011 TVXQ – Keep Your Head Down (1st Quarter) Beast – Fiction and Fact (2nd Quarter) Super Junior – Mr. Simple (3rd Quarter) Girls' Generation – The Boys (4th Quarter) 2012 Big Bang – Alive (1st Quarter) Girls' Generation-TTS – Holler (2nd Quarter) Super Junior – Sexy, Free & Single (3rd Quarter) TVXQ – Catch Me (4th Quarter) 2013 Girls' Generation – I Got a Boy (1st Quarter) Cho Yong-pil – Hello (2nd Quarter) Exo – XOXO (3rd Quarter) Exo – Miracles in December (4th Quarter) 2014 TVXQ – Tense (1st Quarter) Exo – Overdose (2nd Quarter) Super Junior – Mamacita (3rd Quarter) Super Junior – This Is Love (4th Quarter) 2015 Exo – Exodus (1st Quarter) Exo – Love Me Right (2nd Quarter) Super Junior – Devil (3rd Quarter) Exo – Sing for You (4th Quarter) 2016 Got7 – Flight Log: Departure (1st Quarter) Exo – Ex'Act (2nd Quarter) Exo – Lotto (3rd Quarter) BTS – Wings (4th Quarter) 2017 BTS – You Never Walk Alone (1st Quarter) Seventeen – Al1 (2nd Quarter) BTS – Love Yourself: Her (3rd Quarter) Wanna One – 1-1=0 (Nothing Without You) (4th Quarter) 2018 Wanna One – 0+1=1 (I Promise You) (1st Quarter) BTS – Love Yourself: Tear (2nd Quarter) BTS – Love Yourself: Answer (3rd Quarter) Exo – Don't Mess Up My Tempo (4th Quarter) 2019 Seventeen – You Made My Dawn (1st Quarter) BTS – Map of the Soul: Persona (2nd Quarter) Seventeen – An Ode (3rd Quarter) Exo – Obsession (4th Quarter) 2020 BTS – Map of the Soul: 7 (1st Quarter) Baekhyun – Delight (2nd Quarter) Seventeen – Heng:garæ (3rd Quarter) BTS – Be (4th Quarter) 2021 IZ*ONE – One-reeler / Act IV (1st Quarter) NCT Dream – Hot Sauce (2nd Quarter) BTS – Butter (3rd Quarter) NCT 127 – Sticker (4th Quarter) 2022 NCT – Universe (1st Quarter) Seventeen – Face the Sun (2nd Quarter) BTS – Proof (3rd Quarter) Stray Kids – Maxident (4th Quarter) 2023 Jungkook – Golden NCT Dream – ISTJ Seventeen – Seventeenth Heaven Stray Kids – 5-Star Tomorrow X Together – The Name Chapter: Freefall Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. Simple (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Simple_(song)"},{"link_name":"reissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissue"},{"link_name":"Super Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior"},{"link_name":"SM Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bonamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonamana"},{"link_name":"Golden Disk Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Disk_Awards"},{"link_name":"Seoul Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mnet Asian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Gaon Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"}],"text":"This article is about Super Junior's album. For the song, see Mr. Simple (song).Mr. Simple (reissue name A-Cha) is the fifth studio album by the South Korean boy band Super Junior. It was released on 3 August 2011, by SM Entertainment, distributed by KMP Holdings and digitally release on 2 August.[1] On 19 September 2011, a repackaged edition was released, re-titled A-Cha. It features four new tracks including title track \"A-Cha\" and \"Superman\" which was previously released in version B only. This is the group's second album that features ten of the original 13 members and the first being their previous album, Bonamana (2010).At the year end award shows of 2011, the album won the Disk Daesang Award at the 26th Golden Disk Awards and 21st Seoul Music Awards, as well as the Album of the Year at the 13th Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album, including the repackaged version, is listed as the 2nd best-selling album of the year for 2011. According to Gaon Chart, as of the end of December 2012, the album has sold a cumulative total of 543,623 copies domestically.","title":"Mr. Simple"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Heechul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Heechul"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kenny Wormald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Wormald"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Beat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nate-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nate-6"}],"text":"On 31 March 2011, leader Leeteuk announced during the interview, \"At the earliest, we'll be coming out with our fifth album this summer.\"[2] Leeteuk and Eunhyuk confirmed on their radio show \"Super Junior Kiss the Radio\" on 1 June 2011, that they had begun recording their upcoming album that day. Heechul tweeted on 2 June 2011, saying that the group \"may be going crazy with preparations for our fifth album, but when it's finally released, you're all going to go mad.\"[3] American dancer Kenny Wormald posted on his official Twitter on 11 July 2011, that he had started the choreography rehearsal for the group's upcoming new single.[4] On the same day, Leeteuk and Eunhyuk stated on their radio show \"Super Junior Kiss the Radio\" that songwriter Jinu (hitchhiker) had contributed something for the new album. Shim Jae Won, current choreographer and former member of the disbanded SM group Black Beat tweeted two pictures of the choreography practice of the group showing the lower half of their bodies.[5]The first of the teaser photos was released on 20 July 2011, featuring Eunhyuk. Other photos followed, in order of: Donghae, Leeteuk, Shindong, Kyuhyun, Sungmin, Ryeowook, Yesung, Siwon and Heechul.[6] On the same day, it was announced that the album is set for an 3 August release.[6]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthpop"},{"link_name":"Sorry, Sorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry,_Sorry_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bonamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonamana"},{"link_name":"Donghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donghae"},{"link_name":"Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Way_(Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-M"},{"link_name":"Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection_(Super_Junior-M_EP)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Super Show 3 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Show_3_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The album is mostly synthpop, with the title track, \"Mr. Simple\", being the last installation of the \"SJ Funky\" genre in which the group has been consistently pursuing since \"Sorry, Sorry\" (2009) and \"Bonamana\" (2010). Songs encompassed with synthpop elements include \"Opera\", \"Be My Girl\", \"Walkin'\" and \"My Love My Kiss My Heart\". Other tracks included in the album are the country-flavored tracks \"Good Friends\" and \"Sunflower\", an electropop number \"Feels Good\", a cover of a 1996 song by Jinu (hitchhiker) entitled \"White Christmas\", ballads \"Storm\" and \"Memories\", a Donghae-Chance-written track \"Y\", as well as the inclusion of subgroup Super Junior-M's Korean version of their 2011 title track \"Perfection\", in which it serves a purpose \"to give a chance to Korean fans to enjoy the music of Super Junior-M which is appearing in various stages in Asia.\" Meanwhile, for the B-version of the album, a further-included track \"Superman\" is described to be \"a minimalist hip-hop track which feature the members singing in a low vocal range.\"[7]On 22 to 24 July 2011, the group filmed the music video for their new lead single.[8] Two video teasers were released on 1 August 2011, in which the first teaser gained a million views on YouTube a day after its release and 2,500,000 views by the second day. Meanwhile, the second teaser passing a million views by the second day. The music video reached more than half a million views within the first few hours of release. It passed 1.5 million views by the end of the first day, and 3 million by the end of the second, views. On 26 August 2011, a music video for the album's supporting single, \"Superman\", was released on their YouTube channel, featuring clips from their Super Show 3 Tour as well as the photoshoots and music video making for \"Mr. Simple\".[9]On 1 November 2015, the music video officially reached 100 million views on YouTube.[10] On 30 July 2021, the music video officially reached 200 million views on YouTube.[11]","title":"Music and video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Super Show 4 World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Show_4_Tour"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Trend"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-21"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Avex Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avex_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Universal Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"typhoon Nesat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nesat_(2011)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The group held a press conference at the Imperial Palace Hotel in Seoul on 4 August, which attracted over 200 reporters, including 70 foreign journalists from Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Singapore[12] The group expressed that they will promote the album for as long as possible till Heechul's enlistment date and also to continue with Super Show 4 World Tour.[13][14] Super Junior had their debut performance of \"Mr. Simple\" and a non-album track \"Superman\" at Music Bank on 5 August 2011,[15] followed by Music Core the following day,[16] Inkigayo after that[17] and on 11 August on M! Countdown.[18] However, promotions for the song ended on 28 August due to the enlistment of member Heechul to the army on 1 September 2011.[19][20]The album was released in 11 countries across Asia.,[21] including Taiwan on 6 September 2011, by Avex Taiwan. The album was supposed to be pre-released in the Philippines by Universal Records on 1 October 2011, but was moved to 8 October, citing manufacturing problems caused by typhoon Nesat.[22] The Type A album was officially released in the country on 24 November. After the released of \"Mr Simple\" in Japanese, the group followed-up with the release of \"Opera\" in Japanese. The single album also include the travel-themed mid-tempo ballad \"Way\", Japanese original music video and making-of DVD. It has been available for pre-order from 11 March 2012.[23]","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZM"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Music critic Han Dong-yoon from webzine IZM expressed boredom with the song \"Mr. Simple\" due to repetition of the same lyrics and \"techno-type electronic sounds\"; he additionally criticized the \"distorted vocals\" which made identifying the members difficult, \"except for a few people\". Han also found similar patterns in the tracks \"Opera\" and \"Be My Girl\", but was more favorable towards the ballad tracks such as \"Memories\", \"Sunflower\" and \"Y\", referring to them as \"clean[ing] up the place they left\".[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-25"},{"link_name":"Gaon Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gaon Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gaon Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Chart"},{"link_name":"Kim Gun Mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gun_Mo"},{"link_name":"TVXQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVXQ"},{"link_name":"Mirotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirotic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halfmillion-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"The album debuted at number 3 on Billboard World Albums Chart for the week of 20 August 2011.[25] It peaked at number one on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of August, with 287,427 copies sold.[26] Meanwhile, the repackaged album, A-Cha, which was released on 19 September, debuted at number three with 97,210 copies sold.[27] At the year-end list of album sales for 2011, compiled by Gaon Chart, the album is listed as the second best-selling album of the year with 343,348 copies sold and the repackaged version at number seven with 129,894 copies sold. Thus making a cumulative total sale of 473,242 copies in South Korea.[28]On 12 April 2012, Gaon Chart reported that up till the end of March 2012, the album has sold a cumulative total of 502,830 copies, making it the first album in four years to exceed half a million in sales since Kim Gun Mo's eighth album He-story in 2003 and TVXQ's fourth album, Mirotic in 2008.[29] The released in the Philippines on 8 October, peaked at number one in Odyssey Weekly Album Chart.[30] After a week of selling the album reached gold status with standout sales of 7,500. This was the group's 5th number one album and 4th album to certify gold status in the country making them the only Korean act to do so.[citation needed]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Simple_(song)"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"Kenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzie_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Troelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Troelsen"},{"link_name":"Engelina Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelina_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Kim Boo-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Boo-min&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%B9%98%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"GoodWill & MGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodWill_%26_MGI"},{"link_name":"J-Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Son"},{"link_name":"Hitchhiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment_artists#Studio_artists"},{"link_name":"Misfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfit_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Sharif Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefa"},{"link_name":"Ryan S. Jhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_S._Jhun"},{"link_name":"Kim Jeong-bae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jeong-bae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B0%B0_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"Yoon Jong-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jong-shin"},{"link_name":"Hwang Seong-je (ButterFly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hwang_Seong-je_(ButterFly)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%9C"},{"link_name":"Brandon Fraley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Factory_(music_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Eunhyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunhyuk"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-D&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-D%26E"},{"link_name":"Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Lee Donghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donghae"},{"link_name":"Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection_(Super_Junior-M_EP)"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-M"},{"link_name":"Mikkel Remee Sigvardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remee"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"Mr. Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Simple_(song)"},{"link_name":"Kenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzie_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Troelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Troelsen"},{"link_name":"Engelina Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelina_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Kim Boo-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Boo-min&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%B9%98%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"GoodWill & MGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodWill_%26_MGI"},{"link_name":"J-Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Son"},{"link_name":"Hitchhiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment_artists#Studio_artists"},{"link_name":"Misfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfit_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Sharif Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefa"},{"link_name":"Ryan S. Jhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_S._Jhun"},{"link_name":"Kim Jeong-bae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jeong-bae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B0%B0_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"Yoon Jong-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jong-shin"},{"link_name":"Hwang Seong-je (ButterFly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hwang_Seong-je_(ButterFly)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%9C"},{"link_name":"Brandon Fraley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Factory_(music_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Eunhyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunhyuk"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-D&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-D%26E"},{"link_name":"Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Lee Donghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donghae"},{"link_name":"Yoo Young-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-jin"},{"link_name":"Kim Boo-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Boo-min&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%B9%98%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"Hitchhiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Entertainment_artists#Studio_artists"},{"link_name":"Mr. Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Simple_(song)"},{"link_name":"Oops!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oops!_(song)"},{"link_name":"f(x)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(x)_(band)"},{"link_name":"Leeteuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeteuk"},{"link_name":"Heechul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heechul"},{"link_name":"Shindong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shindong"},{"link_name":"Eunhyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunhyuk"},{"link_name":"Donghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donghae"},{"link_name":"Misfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfit_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Kim Jeong-bae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jeong-bae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B0%B0_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85%EA%B0%80)"},{"link_name":"Kenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzie_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Henry Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lau"},{"link_name":"Thomas Troelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Troelsen"},{"link_name":"Engelina Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelina_Larsen"},{"link_name":"GoodWill & MGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodWill_%26_MGI"},{"link_name":"J-Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Son"},{"link_name":"Sharif Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefa"},{"link_name":"Ryan S. Jhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_S._Jhun"},{"link_name":"Yoon Jong-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jong-shin"},{"link_name":"Hwang Seong-je (ButterFly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hwang_Seong-je_(ButterFly)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%9C"},{"link_name":"Brandon Fraley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Factory_(music_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Eunhyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunhyuk"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-D&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-D%26E"},{"link_name":"Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Lee Donghae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Donghae"}],"text":"Mr. Simple Version A track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Mr. Simple\"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:592.\"Opera\" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:013.\"Be My Girl\" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-min [ko]GoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:094.\"Walkin'\"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:465.\"Storm\" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-bae [ko]KenzieKenzieNile Lee4:166.\"Good Friends\" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:577.\"Feels Good\" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) [ko]Q (ButterFly)3:198.\"Memories\" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:119.\"Sunflower\" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5210.\"White Christmas\" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3611.\"Y\"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2712.\"My Love, My Kiss, My Heart\"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:4013.\"Perfection\" (태완미; Taewanmi) (Korean version) (performed by Super Junior-M) (bonus track)Lee Won-geunMikkel Remee SigvardtThomas TroelsenHitchhiker3:24Total length:47:37Mr. Simple Version B track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Superman\"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:212.\"Mr. Simple\"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:593.\"Opera\" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:014.\"Be My Girl\" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-min [ko]GoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:095.\"Walkin'\"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:466.\"Storm\" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-bae [ko]KenzieKenzieNile Lee4:167.\"Good Friends\" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:578.\"Feels Good\" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) [ko]Q (ButterFly)3:199.\"Memories\" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:1110.\"Sunflower\" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5211.\"White Christmas\" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3612.\"Y\"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2713.\"My Love, My Kiss, My Heart\"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:40Total length:47:34A-Cha Repackage track listingNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Superman\"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:212.\"A-Cha\"Kim Boo-min [ko]HitchhikerHitchhiker3:183.\"Mr. Simple\"Yoo Young-jinYoo Young-jinYoo Young-jin3:594.\"Oops!\" (featuring f(x))LeeteukHeechulShindongEunhyukDonghaeMisfitKalle EngströmWilliam J. FullerKalle EngströmWilliam J. FullerHitchhiker3:445.\"A Day\" (하루에; Harue)Kim Jeong-bae [ko]KenzieKenzieNile Lee3:276.\"Andante\" (안단테; Andante)MisfitLeeteukHenry LauQ (ButterFly)Q (ButterFly)3:067.\"Opera\" (오페라; Opera)KenzieThomas TroelsenEngelina LarsenKenzie3:018.\"Be My Girl\" (라라라라; Lalalala)Kim Boo-minGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-SonHitchhikerGoodWill & MGIAku RannilaJ-Son3:099.\"Walkin'\"MisfitiDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunC2Sharif SlaterRyan S. Jhun3:4610.\"Storm\" (폭풍; Pokpung)Kim Jeong-baeKenzieKenzieNile Lee4:1611.\"Good Friends\" (어느새 우린; Eoneusae Urin; lit. Suddenly we)Yoon Jong-shinYoon Jong-shinKim Dong-haShinchi3:5712.\"Feels Good\" (결투; Gyeoltu; lit. Duel)Hong Ji-yooDenniz JammQwanHwang Seong-je (ButterFly) [ko]Q (ButterFly)3:1913.\"Memories\" (기억을 따라; Gieogeul Ttara; lit. Follow the memory)Park Joon-sooLee Yoon-jongPark Joon-sooPark Joon-sooNile Lee4:1114.\"Sunflower\" (해바라기; Haebaragi)Hong Ji-yooBrandon FraleyHwang Seong-je (BJJ Music)Kim Yong-hyun (BJJ Music)3:5215.\"White Christmas\" (엉뚱한 상상; Eongttunghan Sangsang; lit. Crazy imagination)HitchhikerEunhyukHitchhikerHitchhiker3:3616.\"Y\"Super Junior-D&EChanceLee DonghaeChanceSuper DChanceSuper DPark Cham3:2717.\"My Love, My Kiss, My Heart\"Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)iDR (C2)12Keyz (C2)Sharif SlaterRyan S. JhunKim Yong-sin (Iconic Sounds)Tesung Kim (Iconic Sounds)3:40Total length:61:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Simple&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-25"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Simple&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Simple&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[31]\n\n17\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[32]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)[33]\n\n41\n\n\nUS World Albums (Billboard)[25]\n\n3\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (August 2011)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Gaon)[34]\n\n2","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_vocals"},{"link_name":"Super Junior-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Junior-M"},{"link_name":"Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection_(Super_Junior-M_EP)"},{"link_name":"Zhoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Mi_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lau"},{"link_name":"Chance (One Way)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Way_(Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_keyboard"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"sound processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_processing"},{"link_name":"brass section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instruments"},{"link_name":"string section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"pro-tools editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Credits are for the Type A of the album, unless where indicated.[35]Super Junior – vocals, background vocals\nLeeteuk – vocals,\nHeechul – vocals, rap\nYesung – lead vocals, background vocals\nShindong – vocals, rap\nSungmin – lead vocals, background vocals\nEunhyuk – vocals, rap\nSiwon – vocals\nDonghae – vocals, rap\nRyeowook – lead vocals, background vocals\nKyuhyun – lead vocals, background vocals\nSuper Junior-M – vocals, background vocals (Perfection)\nZhoumi – vocals\nHenry – vocals, rap\nYoo Youngjin – background vocals\nKang Sungho – background vocals\nPark Il – background vocals\nChance (One Way) – background vocals\nHitchhiker – background vocals, guitar, keyboard, synth and beat arrangements, bass, sound processing\n\n\nThomas Troelsen – background vocals\nTST – brass section\nChoi Wonhyuk – bass\nKim Jungbae – guitar\nLee Hwa – piano\nYoong – string section\nShin Seokchul – drums\nChoi Hoon – bass\nCho Jeongchi – guitar\nGo Gyeongchun – keyboard\nLee Sungryeol – guitar\nPark Cham – guitar\nSuper D – keyboard\nKim Kyuwon – pro-tools editing\nGoo Jongpil – mixing\nNam Koongjin – mixing\nLee Seungho – mixing\nJeon Hoon – mastering (mastering done at Sonic Korea)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[]

[{"title":"Mr. Simple (Music Video)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6TwzSGYycM"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"Mr. Simple (Teaser Movie 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIR5rGA-yNc"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"Mr. Simple (Teaser Movie 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiv8_q8_7B4"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"Mr. Simple (Making Film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_9cxKby0Ow"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"A-Cha (Music Video)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvTaLTTanJc"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"A-Cha (Music Video – Dance Ver.1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=SH5kRtB8dHg"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"A-Cha (Music Video – Dance Ver.2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQvUVwEdXic"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"A-Cha (Music Video Teaser)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9h4DMNpovg"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"title":"Superman (Music Video)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdFeKj798hU"},{"title":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_Alem%C3%A1n_de_Guadalajara

Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 20°46′19″N 103°22′46″W / 20.771944°N 103.37943000000001°W / 20.771944; -103.37943000000001This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) German international school in MexicoColegio Alemán de GuadalajaraLocationZapopan, Jalisco, Greater GuadalajaraMexicoCoordinates20°46′19″N 103°22′46″W / 20.771944°N 103.37943000000001°W / 20.771944; -103.37943000000001InformationTypeGerman international schoolEstablished1979GradesKindergarten through bachillerato The Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara A.C. is a German international school in Zapopan, Jalisco, in Greater Guadalajara. The school serves kindergarten through bachillerato (high school). It was founded in 1979. The school offers the IB Diploma Programme for their students. See also Germany portalMexico portalSchools portal German immigration to Mexico References ^ Home page. Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara. Retrieved on March 14, 2014. "Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara, A.C. Bosques de los Cedros 32. Fracc. Las Cañadas. C.P. 45132 Zapopan / Jalisco" ^ Bachillerato. Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara. Retrieved on May 27, 2014. External links Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara (in Spanish) vteInternational schools in MexicoMexico City area Lycée Franco-Mexicain Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt Liceo Mexicano Japonés Colegio Suizo de México Edron Academy Greengates School The Wingate School ASF Mexico Peterson Schools Westhill Institute Cuernavaca École Molière de Cuernavaca Colegio Suizo de México Campus Cuernavaca Guadalajara area Lycée Français de Guadalajara Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara American School Foundation of Guadalajara Monterrey American School Foundation of Monterrey San Roberto International School Puebla Colegio Humboldt Puebla Colegio Americano de Puebla Querétaro Colegio Suizo de México Campus Querétaro John F. Kennedy School, The American School of Querétaro Torreón Colegio Americano de Torreón Tijuana Colegio Alemán Cuauhtémoc Hank(*) Schools marked with asterisks (*) are unrecognised by the Central Agency for German Schools Abroad (ZfA), not appearing in its list of German schools in Mexico. vteGerman international schools in North AmericaUnited States Silicon Valley International School - Formerly Alto International(*) (**) German American School (Portland, Oregon) German International School Boston German School Brooklyn German School New York German International School of Silicon Valley German International School Washington D.C. Closed Deutsche Schule Alamogordo (New Mexico)X Canada Alexander von Humboldt German International School Montreal German International School Toronto Mexico Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt Colegio Alemán Cuauhtémoc Hank(*) Colegio Alemán de Guadalajara Colegio Humboldt Puebla Costa Rica Colegio Humboldt El Salvador German School of San Salvador Guatemala Colegio Alemán de Guatemala Nicaragua German Nicaraguan School Schools marked with asterisks (*) are unrecognised by the Central Agency for German Schools Abroad (ZfA), not appearing in its list of German "Auslandschule" in North and Middle America. Schools marked with (**) are recognized as German Partner School (PASCH) or German Sprachdiplom Schule (DSD) . Schools marked with X are/were schools operated by the German government/Bundeswehr for military dependents and are/were not in the ZFA network. This Mexican school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Four

Inner Four

["1 References"]

Software company, produces iPhone apps Inner Four, Inc.Company typeCorporationIndustryComputer softwareFounderDavid RajalaJohn SwartzHeadquartersTampa, Florida, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleJohn Swartz (President)ProductsMobile appWebsitehttp://www.innerfour.com Inner Four, Inc. was a software company that developed a wide range of mobile apps, with a focus on the Apple iPhone. The company was founded July 2007 as an internet marketing firm. The company spun off an IPv6 network management tools division at the end of 2007 doing business as 3dSNMP. Since the launch of the Apple iPhone in 2008, the company has shifted nearly all of its resources to iPhone Mobile app development. May 2009 Inner Four's app for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch, titled Weird Laws, achieved the #1 overall free ranked download position in the Apple iTunes App Store. July 2009 Inner Four's app for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch, titled Mirror Free, achieved the #1 overall free ranked download position in the Apple iTunes App Store. Amazingly, the company's own President admits the app doesn't actually do anything, and was intended as a joke. Unfortunately for the company, much of the early advertising revenue that would have been generated from ads in this app were lost due to a coding error. September 2009 Inner Four's app for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch, titled Finger Security, achieved the #1 overall free ranked download position in the Apple iTunes App Store. March 2010 Inner Four and The Jerky Boys jointly announce two apps for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch, titled The Jerky Boys Prank Caller and The Jerky Boys Pinball. References ^ "The Tampa Tribune". Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2010-03-07. ^ "The Wall Street Journal". 20 July 2009. ^ "Tech Crunch". ^ "The Tampa Tribune". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2010-03-07. ^ "PRLog Press Release". Retrieved 6 March 2010. ^ "PRLog Press Release". Retrieved 6 March 2010. ^ "The Jerky Boys Official Website". Retrieved 5 March 2010.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifts_Park

Swifts Park

["1 History","2 Cricket ground","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°06′11″N 0°32′46″E / 51.103°N 0.546°E / 51.103; 0.546 Monkey Puzzle tree on the Swifts Park estate along the High Weald Landscape Trail Swifts Park is a former country estate and manor house 1 mile (1.6 km) north-east of the town of Cranbrook in the English county of Kent. Through its history, the estate has been variously known by the names Swifts, Great Swift, Great Swifts, and Swifts Place and since 1995 as Oak Hill Manor. At its greatest extent it covered an area of around 158 hectares (390 acres). An estate has existed at Swifts Park from at least the early 15th century, with the current house having been built in 1937. The grounds held two first-class cricket matches played by Kent County Cricket Club in the 1860s. History Swifts Park is believed to have derived its name from the family of Johnathan Swift who owned the estate in the early 14th century. It was purchased in 1447 from Johnathan's descendant, Stephen Swift, by Peter Courthope of Cranbrook, a wealthy member of Kent’s Courthorpe family; it remained the property of Peter's descendants into the 17th century. Thereafter, at least by 1678, it was purchased by John Cooke, Chief Prothonotary in the Court of Common Pleas. It remained in Cooke's family until 1784, during which time it was known as Great Swift or Great Swifts, and appears on several maps of the Cranbrook area. After being purchased by Thomas Adams in 1784 the house was modernised and the estate enlarged before being sold to Major John Austen, a relative of author Jane Austen, in 1789. In 1810 the property, which had been passed on to Austen's son, also called John, is known to have included 55.5 hectares (137 acres) of land, including formal gardens laid out to the south of the house. After being let following the death of the younger John Austen in 1820, Swifts Park was bought by hop merchant Robert Tooth in 1847. Tooth, whose sons, including brewer Robert and controversial priest Arthur, were born in Cranbrook, expanded the land area markedly, including purchasing the adjoining Wilsley Estate in 1857. Tooth lost money in the Overend, Gurney and Company bank crash of 1866, and died in 1871 after which his family were forced the sell the property which now covered around 158 hectares (390 acres). Further changes in ownership saw the property, by now known as Swifts Place, owned by the family of Colonel Boyd Alexander at the turn of the 20th century. It was the birthplace of Lieutenant Boyd Alexander, author of From The Niger To The Nile, for which he received the Founder's Medal from the Royal Geographical Society in 1907 before being killed whilst exploring near Lake Chad in 1910. The house, with 18 bedrooms and "nearly 417 acres (169 ha)" of estate, was brought by Major Victor Cazalet, Conservative MP for Chippenham, in 1936. It was demolished and by 1937 a new one had been built in its place. The new house was designed in the Georgian style by Geddes Hyslop and renamed as Great Swifts. As a young child the actress Elizabeth Taylor, who was Cazalet's goddaughter, spent weekends and summer holidays on the estate in the years before World War II. Following Cazalet's death in an air crash in 1943, the mansion was rented to Queen Marie of Yugoslavia and her sons. The family bought the estate, which by then covered 182 hectares (450 acres), in 1946. The Queen sold the house in 1950, living in a farmhouse on the estate. Later owners divided up much of the estate, and the house itself was bought with just 20 hectares (49 acres) of land in 1975. It was used as a nine-hole golf course for a time before being sold in 1994. The property was renamed as Oak Hill Manor and much of the land area bought back so that when it was offered for sale in 2008 it included 152 hectares (380 acres) of land. Cricket ground Swifts ParkGround informationLocationCranbrook, KentCoordinates51°06′11″N 0°32′46″E / 51.103°N 0.546°E / 51.103; 0.546 (approx.)Establishment1862 (first recorded match)Team information Kent County Cricket Club (1862–1863)As of 4 December 2017Source: CricketArchive Three cricket matches are known to have taken place within Swifts Park during the 1860s when the estate was owned by Robert Tooth. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1862, when Kent County Cricket Club played a Yorkshire team in the grounds first first-class cricket match, a benefit match played for Richard Mills of nearby Benenden. The following year the ground held another Kent first-class match, the opponents this time being Nottinghamshire. The best individual performance on the ground was by Nottinghamshire's John Jackson who scored the only century made on the ground and took 12 wickets in the 1863 match. The final recorded match on the ground came in July 1863 when an amateur Gentlemen of Kent side played a South Wales Cricket Club team. The exact location of the ground within the estate is unknown and it is believed that the ground was prepared especially for these matches, initially as a result of difficulties arranging for Kent to play at Maidstone in 1862. Kent also played two first-class matches at School Field, Cranbrook in 1850–1851. References ^ a b c d e f Oak Hill Manor, Cranbrook, Tunbridge Wells Borough Council, June 2009. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ a b Hasted E (1798) Parishes: Cranbrooke, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 7, pp. 90-113. Canterbury: Bristow. (Available online at British History Online. Retrieved 2021-07-19.) ^ Tooth, Robert (1821–1893), Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1976. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ Robert Tooth's Estate, The Times, Issue 28471, 1875-11-12, p.14. ^ Swift's House, The Weald. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ "Great Swifts", Cranbrook, Kent, The Times, Issue 47081, 1935-06-04, p.30. ^ Elizabeth Taylor: the girl who had everything, Fashion, The Daily Telegraph, 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2017-12-05. ^ Elizabeth Taylor's nursemaid dies, Kent Messenger, 2008-05-23. ^ Little Swallows - Cranbrook, Hawk Builders & Shopfitters Ltd. Retrieved 2017-12-05. ^ Mendick R, Sawyer P (2013) Yugoslavia's exiled Queen returns home at long last, The Daily Telegraph, 2013-04-28. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ A Queen's Kentish Purchase, The Times, Issue 50594, 1946-10-29, p.8. ^ Property Sales, The Times, Issue 51631, 1950-03-04, p.8. ^ Kent Estate Sold, The Times, Issue 54182, 1958-06-20, p.12. ^ Boughton D (2012) Chairman's Message - History Telescoped, Elham Historical Society, vol.2, iss.5, May 2012, p.1. Retrieved 2018-12-10. ^ First-Class Matches played on Swifts Park, Cranbrook, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ Swifts Park, Cranbrook, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ Other matches played on Swifts Park, Cranbrook, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2017-12-04. ^ Milton H (2020) Kent County Cricket Grounds. Woking: Pitch Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78531-661-6 ^ Milton H (1979) Kent cricket grounds, in The Cricket Statistician, no.28, December 1979, pp.2–10. ^ Grounds Records in Kent County Cricket Club Annual 2017, pp.210–211. Canterbury: Kent County Cricket Club. External links Swifts Park on Cricinfo vteCranbrookLocations in theparish of Cranbrook and Sissinghurst Baker's Cross Coursehorn Hartley Swattenden Buildings Angley Mill Anthony's Mill Baker's Cross Mill Church Cranbrook station Dog Kennel Mill Fulling mill at Moat Farm Fulling mill at The Freight Hartridge Mill Hatmill Hockeredge Mill Paley Mill Pin Pond Mill Spratsbourne Mill Strict Baptist Chapel Union Mill Upper Mill PeopleSee List of people from CranbrookSchools Cranbrook School, High Weald Academy (formerly Angley School) Sport, arts and leisure Cranbrook Colony School Field Swifts Park vteKent County Cricket Club Kent County Cricket Club Kent Women Canterbury Cricket Week Tunbridge Wells Cricket Week Players Current squad All players Captains Gentlemen of Kent players Pre-county club players Category:Kent cricketers GroundsCurrent grounds Beckenham (KCCC Ground) Canterbury (St Lawrence Ground) Tunbridge Wells (Nevill Ground) Previous grounds All grounds Beckenham (Foxgrove Road) Blackheath Catford Dartford Dover Folkestone Gillingham Gravesend Maidstone Tonbridge Tunbridge Wells (Higher Common Ground) Records First-class records List A records Twenty20 records Seasons List of seasons 1906 1909 1910 1913 1967 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1995 2001 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monkey_Puzzle_tree_by_the_High_Weald_Landscape_Trail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1803633.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monkey Puzzle tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_araucana"},{"link_name":"High Weald Landscape Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Weald_Landscape_Trail"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook,_Kent"},{"link_name":"English county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_county"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"}],"text":"Monkey Puzzle tree on the Swifts Park estate along the High Weald Landscape TrailSwifts Park is a former country estate and manor house 1 mile (1.6 km) north-east of the town of Cranbrook in the English county of Kent. Through its history, the estate has been variously known by the names Swifts, Great Swift, Great Swifts, and Swifts Place and since 1995 as Oak Hill Manor. At its greatest extent it covered an area of around 158 hectares (390 acres).An estate has existed at Swifts Park from at least the early 15th century, with the current house having been built in 1937. The grounds held two first-class cricket matches played by Kent County Cricket Club in the 1860s.","title":"Swifts Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courthorpe family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasted-2"},{"link_name":"Prothonotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothonotary"},{"link_name":"Court of Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasted-2"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-3"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tooth"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Tooth"},{"link_name":"Overend, Gurney and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overend,_Gurney_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times12nov75-4"},{"link_name":"Boyd Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Lake Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weald-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times4jun35-6"},{"link_name":"Victor Cazalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cazalet"},{"link_name":"MP for Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Geddes Hyslop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geddes_Hyslop"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tory19nov11-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km23may08-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawk-9"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tory28apr13-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times29oct46-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times4mar50-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times20jun58-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgt-1"}],"text":"Swifts Park is believed to have derived its name from the family of Johnathan Swift who owned the estate in the early 14th century. It was purchased in 1447 from Johnathan's descendant, Stephen Swift, by Peter Courthope of Cranbrook, a wealthy member of Kent’s Courthorpe family; it remained the property of Peter's descendants into the 17th century.[1][2] Thereafter, at least by 1678, it was purchased by John Cooke, Chief Prothonotary in the Court of Common Pleas.[2] It remained in Cooke's family until 1784, during which time it was known as Great Swift or Great Swifts, and appears on several maps of the Cranbrook area.[1]After being purchased by Thomas Adams in 1784 the house was modernised and the estate enlarged before being sold to Major John Austen, a relative of author Jane Austen, in 1789. In 1810 the property, which had been passed on to Austen's son, also called John, is known to have included 55.5 hectares (137 acres) of land, including formal gardens laid out to the south of the house. After being let following the death of the younger John Austen in 1820, Swifts Park was bought by hop merchant Robert Tooth in 1847.[3] Tooth, whose sons, including brewer Robert and controversial priest Arthur, were born in Cranbrook, expanded the land area markedly, including purchasing the adjoining Wilsley Estate in 1857. Tooth lost money in the Overend, Gurney and Company bank crash of 1866, and died in 1871 after which his family were forced the sell the property which now covered around 158 hectares (390 acres).[1][4]Further changes in ownership saw the property, by now known as Swifts Place, owned by the family of Colonel Boyd Alexander at the turn of the 20th century. It was the birthplace of Lieutenant Boyd Alexander, author of From The Niger To The Nile, for which he received the Founder's Medal from the Royal Geographical Society in 1907 before being killed whilst exploring near Lake Chad in 1910.[5] The house, with 18 bedrooms and \"nearly 417 acres (169 ha)\" of estate,[6] was brought by Major Victor Cazalet, Conservative MP for Chippenham, in 1936. It was demolished and by 1937 a new one had been built in its place. The new house was designed in the Georgian style by Geddes Hyslop and renamed as Great Swifts. As a young child the actress Elizabeth Taylor, who was Cazalet's goddaughter, spent weekends and summer holidays on the estate in the years before World War II.[7][8][9]Following Cazalet's death in an air crash in 1943, the mansion was rented to Queen Marie of Yugoslavia and her sons. The family bought the estate, which by then covered 182 hectares (450 acres), in 1946.[1][10][11] The Queen sold the house in 1950, living in a farmhouse on the estate.[1][12] Later owners[13] divided up much of the estate, and the house itself was bought with just 20 hectares (49 acres) of land in 1975. It was used as a nine-hole golf course for a time before being sold in 1994. The property was renamed as Oak Hill Manor and much of the land area bought back so that when it was offered for sale in 2008 it included 152 hectares (380 acres) of land.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Kent County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"a Yorkshire team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_county_cricket_teams"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"benefit match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_match"},{"link_name":"Richard Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mills_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Benenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benenden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elmham-14"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cafc-15"},{"link_name":"John Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jackson_(cricketer,_born_1833)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-16"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camisc-17"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mote_Park_(cricket_ground)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grounds-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milton-19"},{"link_name":"School Field, Cranbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Field,_Cranbrook"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17annual210-20"}],"text":"Three cricket matches are known to have taken place within Swifts Park during the 1860s when the estate was owned by Robert Tooth. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1862, when Kent County Cricket Club played a Yorkshire team in the grounds first first-class cricket match, a benefit match played for Richard Mills of nearby Benenden.[14] The following year the ground held another Kent first-class match, the opponents this time being Nottinghamshire.[15] The best individual performance on the ground was by Nottinghamshire's John Jackson who scored the only century made on the ground and took 12 wickets in the 1863 match.[16]The final recorded match on the ground came in July 1863 when an amateur Gentlemen of Kent side played a South Wales Cricket Club team.[17] The exact location of the ground within the estate is unknown and it is believed that the ground was prepared especially for these matches, initially as a result of difficulties arranging for Kent to play at Maidstone in 1862.[18][19] Kent also played two first-class matches at School Field, Cranbrook in 1850–1851.[20]","title":"Cricket ground"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8n_b%E1%BA%A7u

Kèn bầu

["1 Construction","2 Playing","3 Etymology","4 Performers","5 References","6 External links","6.1 Video"]

Musical instrument This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kèn bầu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A kèn bầu The kèn bầu (Vietnamese: ) is one of several types of kèn, a double reed wind instrument used in the traditional music of Vietnam. It is similar in construction and sound to the Chinese suona and the Korean taepyeongso. It comes in various sizes and is a primary instrument of the music of the former royal court music of Huế. Construction The instrument has a conical hardwood body with seven finger holes. Unlike its Chinese and Korean counterparts, the kèn bầu has a detachable bell made of jackfruit wood, carved in the shape of a gourd (originally it was probably made out of an actual dried gourd, but wood is more durable). Into the playing end is fitted a small brass tube onto which a small double reed is placed. This type of musical instrument are quite familiar in Asia, the Indian analogy being Shehnai. Playing Kèn bầu (far left) in a Vietnamese traditional funeral The instrument's technique involves the use of circular breathing as well as a wide variety of ornamentation including wide vibrato and sliding tones. Etymology Kèn means oboe and bầu means gourd, referring to the instrument's bell. The Vietnamese monochord zither called đàn bầu, which also formerly had a gourd as part of its construction, shares the use of this word in its name. Performers One of the most prominent kèn bầu players is Trần Thảo, who leads the nhã nhạc (royal music) group of Hue and has toured internationally. He is part of a hereditary lineage of court musicians. References External links Kèn bầu page Video Video of four kèn bầu, with percussion vteDouble reed instruments(also includes those with quadruple and sextuple reeds; does not include bagpipes)European classical(modern) Piccolo oboe Piccolo heckelphone Oboe Oboe d'amore Cor anglais (English horn) Bass oboe Heckelphone Lupophon Contrabass oboe Tenoroon Bassoon Semi-contrabassoon Contrabassoon Contraforte Contrabassophone Reed contrabass Sarrusophone Rothphone Tromboon European classical(historical) Aulos Baroque oboe Bassanello Cornamuse Cromorne Crumhorn Dulcian Hirtenschalmei Kortholt Oboe da caccia Pommer Rackett Rauschpfeife Shawm African traditional Algaita Rhaita Zukra Asian traditional Balaban Duduk Guan Gyaling Hichiriki Hne Kèn Kèn bầu Kèn đám ma Kuzhal Mizmar Nadaswaram Ottu Pi Piri Shehnai Sundari Sorna Sralai Suona Taepyeongso Tangmuri Zurna/Surnai European traditional Aulos Bifora Birbynė Bombard Catalan shawm Dulzaina Graïle Gralla Musette Piffero Sopila Tárogató Zurna Surma-horn American traditional Chirimía Trompeta china vteTraditional Vietnamese musical instrumentsPercussion Biên chung Biên khánh Cảnh Chũm chọe Đàn đá Đàn môi K'lông pút Mõ Phách Sênh tiền Song loan T'rưng Trống cái Trống chầu Trống cơm Trống đồng Strings Đàn brố Đàn bầu Đàn đáy Đàn đoản Đàn gáo Đàn hồ Đàn nguyệt Đàn nhị Đàn sến Đàn tam Đàn tính Đàn tranh Đàn tỳ bà Guitar phím lõm K'ni Wind Đing năm Kèn bầu Kèn đám ma Sáo Other Đàn tam thập lục Authority control databases MusicBrainz instrument This Vietnam-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to double-reed instruments is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati

Vidyapati

["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Love songs","4 Devotional songs","5 Influence","5.1 Odia literature","5.2 Bengali literature","6 Legacy","6.1 Bidāpat Nāch","6.2 In mythology","6.3 In popular culture","7 Works","7.1 Texts","7.2 Translations","8 Notes","9 Bibliography","10 Further reading","11 External links"]

Maithili and Sanskrit poet, composer and writer VidyapatiStatue of VidyapatiPersonalBornc. 1352 (1352)Bisfi (present-day Madhubani Bihar, India)Died1448(1448-00-00) (aged 95–96)BisfiReligionHinduismSectShaktismOrganizationInstituteBanauli Vidyapati Dih, Bisfi Vidyapati DihHonoursKavi Kokila Vidyapati (c. 1352 – 1448), also known by the sobriquet Maithil Kavi Kokil (the poet cuckoo of Maithili), was a Maithili and Sanskrit polymath-poet-saint, playwright, composer, biographer, philosopher, law-theorist, writer, courtier and royal priest. He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs. He had knowledge of, and composed works in Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha and Maithili. Vidyapati's influence was not just restricted to Maithili and Sanskrit literature but also extended to other Eastern Indian literary traditions. The language at the time of Vidyapati, the prakrit-derived late Abahattha, had just begun to transition into early versions of the Eastern language such as Maithili. Thus, Vidyapati's influence on making these languages has been described as "analogous to that of Dante in Italy and Chaucer in England". Early life Vidyapati was born to a Maithil Brahmin family in the village of Bisapī (now Bisfi) in the present-day Madhubani district of the Mithila region of northern Bihar, India. The name Vidyapati ("master of knowledge") is derived from two Sanskrit words, vidya ("knowledge") and pati ("master"). There is confusion as to his exact date of birth due to conflicting information from his own works and those of his patrons. He was the son of Gaṇapati Ṭhakkura, a Maithil Brahmin said to be a great devotee of Shiva. He was a priest in the court of Rāya Gaṇeśvara, the reigning chief of Tirhut. A number of his near ancestors were notable in their own right including his great-grandfather, Devāditya Ṭhakkura, who was a Minister of War and Peace in the court of Harisimhadeva. Vidyapati was heavily associated with the Oiniwar dynasty of Mithila and worked in the courts of seven Kings and two Queens of this dynasty. Vidyapati's first commission was by Kīrttisiṃha, who ruled Mithila from around 1370 to 1380. This led to the Kīrtilatā, a long praise-poem for his patron in verse. This work contains an extended passage praising the courtesans of Delhi, foreshadowing his later virtuosity in composing love poetry. Though Kīrttisiṃha didn't commission any more works, Vidyapati secured a position at the court of his successor, Devasimha. The prose story collection Bhūparikramaṇa was written under Devasimha's auspices. Vidyapati developed a close friendship with Devasimha's heir apparent Sivasimha and started focusing on love songs. He wrote some five hundred love songs, primarily between 1380 and 1406. The songs he composed after that period were devotional praises of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, and Ganga. There was a close friendship between Sivasimha, king of Mithila from 1402 to 1406, and Vidyapati. As soon as Sivasimha ascended to his throne, he granted Vidyapati his home village of Bisapi, an act recorded on a copper plate. On the plate, Sivasimha calls him "the new Jayadeva". The poet also accompanied his king to Delhi, at the sultan's demand. A story about that encounter relates how the king was held by the sultan and Vidyapati negotiated for his release by displaying his clairvoyant powers. Sivasimha's favorable patronage and the courtly environment encouraged Vidyapati's experiments in love songs written in Maithili, a language everyone at court could enjoy. In 1406, Sivasimha went missing in a battle with a Muslim army. After this defeat, Vidyapati and the court took refuge at a king's court in Rajabanauli(also known as Banauli), in modern-day Nepal. In 1418, Padmasimha succeeded Sivasimha as ruler of Mithila after an interregnum when Sivasimha's chief queen Lakhima Devi reigned for 12 years. Vidyapati returned to serve Padmasimha and continue writing, primarily treatises on law and devotional manuals. At about 1430 or earlier, he is known to have returned to his village, Bisapi. He often visited its temple of Shiva. He is recorded as having two wives, three sons and four daughters. Political career The independence of the kings Vidyapati worked for was often threatened by incursions by Muslim sultans. The Kīrttilatā makes reference to an incident where the Oiniwar King, Raja Gaṇeśvara, was killed by the Turkish commander, Malik Arsalan in 1371. By 1401, Vidyapati requested the help of the Jaunpur Sultan in overthrowing Arsalan and installing Gaṇeśvara's sons, Vīrasiṃha and Kīrttisiṃha, on the throne. With the Sultan's assistance, Arsalan was deposed and Kīrttisiṃha, the oldest son, became the ruler of Mithila. The conflicts of his time are evident in his works. In his early praise-poem Kīrttilatā, he slyly criticizes his patron for his perceived deference to Muslims. Love songs While working under his second patron, Devasimha, and especially under his successor Sivasimha, Vidyapati started composing Maithili songs of the love of Radha and Krishna. He seems to have only composed love songs between 1380 and 1406, though he kept writing until near his death in 1448. He seems to have ceased writing love songs after his patron and friend Sivasimha went missing in a battle and his court had to go into exile. These songs, which would eventually number five hundred, broke with convention. They were written in vernacular Maithili as songs, not as formal poems in literary Sanskrit as was done before. Until Vidyapati, Maithili wasn't employed as a literary medium. He applied the tradition of Sanskrit love poetry to the "simple, musical, and direct" Maithili language. His inheritance from the Sanskrit tradition include its repertory of standard images to describe beauty ("eyes large and tender like a doe's") and standard settings to invoke certain moods and feelings (spring with its increasing heat as an analogy for rising passion). Vidyapati also drew from the beauty of his home in Madhubani ("forest of honey"), with its mango groves, rice fields, sugar cane, and lotus ponds. In the tradition of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Vidyapati's songs were simultaneously praises of love-making and praises of Krishna; praise of Krishna involved praise of love-making. The intensity and poetic virtuosity of the songs were integral to these songs' function as a way to directly worship god and earn spiritual merit. Vidyapati's continuation of Jayadeva's program in a different language earned him the title "the new Jayadeva". His work did differ from his predecessor's in two ways. His songs were independent from one another unlike the Gita Govinda, which comprises twelve cantos telling an overarching story of the couple's separation and reunion. While Jayadeva wrote from Krishna's perspective, Vidyapati preferred Radha's; "her career as a young girl, her slowly awakening youth, her physical charm, her shyness, doubts and hesitations, her naive innocence, her need for love, her surrender to rapture, her utter anguish when neglected – all of these are described from a woman's point of view and with matchless tenderness." These songs frequently mention the queens of king Sivasimha, an indicator that they were meant to be enjoyed by the court. At times, his poems identify Krishna with king Sivasimha and Radha with the king's chief queen, Lakhima Devi. They were sung by a court singer, Jayati, who sent the songs to music. They were learned by dancing girls and eventually spread out of the court. His love songs have been collected into the Padāvalī, probably not by Vidyapati himself. Devotional songs Though he wrote hundreds of love songs about the romance of Radha and Krishna, he was not a special devotee of Krishna or Vishnu. Instead, he lavished attention on Shiva and Durga but also wrote songs about Vishnu and Ganga. He is particularly known for his songs of the love of Shiva and Parvati and prayers for Shiva as the supreme Brahman. A song titled All My Inhibition: All my inhibition left me in a flash, When he robbed me off my clothes, But his body became my new dress. Like a bee hovering on a lotus leaf He was there in my night, on me! Influence Odia literature Vidyapati's influence reached Odisha through Bengal. The earliest composition in Brajabuli, an artificial literary language popularized by Vidyapati, is ascribed to Ramananda Raya, the governor of Godavari province of the King of Odisha, Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He recited his Brajabuli poems to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, when he first met him on the bank of river Godavari at Rajahmundry, southern provincial capital of Kingdom of Odisha. Bengali literature Bengali Vaishnavas like Chitanya and Chandidas adopted Vidyapati's love songs about Radha and Krishna as Vaishnava hymns. All major Bengali poets of the medieval period were influenced by Vidyapati. As a result, an artificial literary language, known as Brajabuli was developed in the sixteenth century. Brajabuli is basically Maithili (as prevalent during the medieval period) but its forms are modified to look like Bengali. The medieval Bengali poets, Gobindadas Kabiraj, Jnandas, Balaramdas and Narottamdas composed their padas (poems) in this language. Rabindranath Tagore composed his Bhanusingha Thakurer Padabali (1884) in a mix of Western Hindi (Braj Bhasha) and archaic Bengali and named the language Brajabuli as an imitation of Vidyapati (he initially promoted these lyrics as those of a newly discovered poet, Bhanusingha). Other 19th-century figures in the Bengal Renaissance like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee have also written in Brajabuli. Tagore was much influenced by Vidyapati. He set the poet's Bhara Badara to his own tune. A bridge in Kolkata near Sealdah Station is named after him (Vidyapati Setu). Legacy Postal stamp issued by the Government of India in recognition of Vidyapati Vidyapati has been kept alive in popular memory over the past six centuries; he is a household name in Mithila. His love songs are sung at weddings in the region. Many myths have arisen about him and people continue to sing his songs. Bidāpat Nāch A form of folk dance-drama street theater, Bidāpat Nāch, where "bidāpat" is derived from "Vidyapati", is performed in Purnia district in north Bihar. While several groups performed in multiple villages in that area in the 20th century, there was just one group left in one village by 2012. In mythology Vidyapati's life has been mythologised in different ways. Many of his admirers ascribe miracles to him and detail his interaction with the gods. Among these stories is one which details that Shiva came down to earth to speak with Vidyapati after being impressed with his piety. This incarnation of Lord Shiva is known as Ugna. Ugna served as the servant of the poet Vidyapati. Another story exists involving him and the Goddess Ganga. When his death was imminent, he decided to go to the river Ganga, but was too tired to continue just a few miles away. He resolves that if his piety was pure, the river would come to him. And so it happens. The goddess obliges and the river rises to let him take a final dip in holy waters. At some point in the past, the town where this is believed to have happened was renamed Vidyapati Nagar ("town of Vidyapati") and a Shiva temple was built there. In popular culture Pahari Sanyal played Vidyapati in the 1937 Bengali film Vidyapati, which received a lot of appreciation. The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor as King Shiva Singha of Mithila. Another film, also titled Vidyapati, was made in 1964 by Prahlad Sharma, starring Bharat Bhushan and Simi Garewal in the lead roles. In December 2018, Darbhanga Airport was renamed Kavi Kokil Vidyapati Airport. Works Texts Maṇimañjarīnāṭikā (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a conventional romantic play (nāṭikā) Bhūparikramaṇa ("around the world", Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a collection of eight prose stories set in different locales Kīrttilatā (Avahaṭṭha, Devanagari script) – a praise-biography in verse detailing the victory of Vidyapati's patron Kirttisimha's over his rival Malik Arsalan composed in the Sanskrit genre ākhyāyikā. Puruṣaparīkṣā (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a treatise on political ethics and ideal masculinity, composed broadly in the Sanskrit kathā genre. Gorakṣavijaya (Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili; Mithilākṣara script) – a musical play about Tantric saint Gorakṣanātha rescuing his teacher Matsyendranātha from a worldly life back to the life of a yogi Kīrttipatākā (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant praise-biography in verse for another of Vidyapati's patrons, Sivasimha. Harikeli (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant allegorical love play between Krishna and the Gopis, with Raya Arjuna/Jagat Simha (a cousin of Sivasimha) as protagonist. Likhanāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a manual for scribes, with model letters, business documents, and affidavits Śaivasarvasvasāra (Sanskrit; one manuscript in Mithilākṣara script, two in Devanagari) – describes the significance and merits of worshipping Shiva, with proscribed rituals, citing extensively from the Puranas. Gaṅgāvākyāvalī (Sanskrit) – a text glorifying the religious significance of Ganga, with citations from the Puranas. Vibhāgasāra (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a dharmaśāstra focusing on property law, with citations from many Smritis. Dānavākyāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to types of ritual donations and their spiritual merits Durgābhaktitaraṅgiṇī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to the proper worship of Durga, especially during Navaratri or in the month of Asvin. Gayāpattalaka (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a text about funerary rituals. Varṣakṛtya (Sanskrit) – a text describing the festivals that are to be observed through the year (probably the festivals that were observed in Mithila at that time). Padāvalī (Maithili, Tirahuta/Bangla/Devanagari scripts depending on version) – a compilation of Vidyapati's songs in praise of Krishna, likely not put together by him. Translations His works have been translated to several languages, including English. Vidyapati's love songs were translated into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. Notes ^ a b c Vidyapati at the Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b Vidyapati Poetry, allpoetry.com ^ a b Firoze Rangoonwalla; Vishwanath Das (1970). Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969. J. Udeshi. ^ Jha, Pankaj (2019), "Vidyapati and Mithila", A Political History of Literature, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 17 March 2022 ^ a b c Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Jha, Pankaj (14 February 2019), "Vidyapati and Mithila", A Political History of Literature, Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 7 March 2021 ^ Kumar, Arun (2018). Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-87889-33-0. ^ a b c Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1915). Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna. London: The Old Bourne Press. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Love Songs of Vidyāpati. Translated by Bhattacharya, Deben. London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1963. ^ a b c d e Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3. ^ Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-522-6. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 515. During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the Brajabulī dialect ... Brajabulī is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali. ^ a b c Woolford, Ian Alister (May 2012). Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. ^ Chandra, Balakrishnan; Pali, Vijay Kumar. "100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937". IndiaVideo.org. Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014. ^ "Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport". Hindustan Times. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2023. Bibliography Coomaraswamy, Anand, ed. (1915), VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI (PDF), London: The Old Bourne Press Further reading Archer, W. G., ed. (1963), Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya, London: George Allen and Unwyn External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Vidyapati. Vidyapati at Encyclopædia Universalis Vidyapati at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia Works by Vidyapati at Project Gutenberg 27 poems transl. Deben Bhattacharya, from Love Songs of Vidyapati, (UNESCO) 1963 Authority control databases International FAST 2 ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel 2 United States 2 Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

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Thus, Vidyapati's influence on making these languages has been described as \"analogous to that of Dante in Italy and Chaucer in England\".[8]","title":"Vidyapati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maithil Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Bisfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisfi"},{"link_name":"Madhubani district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhubani_district"},{"link_name":"Mithila region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila,_India"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brit-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha2018-10"},{"link_name":"Maithil Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha2018-10"},{"link_name":"Harisimhadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harisimhadeva"},{"link_name":"Oiniwar dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha2018-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Kīrtilatā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtilata"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"Mithila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila_(region)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"Jayadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadeva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sivasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Simha_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Vidyapati was born to a Maithil Brahmin family in the village of Bisapī (now Bisfi) in the present-day Madhubani district of the Mithila region of northern Bihar, India.[1][6][9] The name Vidyapati (\"master of knowledge\") is derived from two Sanskrit words, vidya (\"knowledge\") and pati (\"master\"). There is confusion as to his exact date of birth due to conflicting information from his own works and those of his patrons.[10]He was the son of Gaṇapati Ṭhakkura, a Maithil Brahmin said to be a great devotee of Shiva.[9] He was a priest in the court of Rāya Gaṇeśvara, the reigning chief of Tirhut.[10] A number of his near ancestors were notable in their own right including his great-grandfather, Devāditya Ṭhakkura, who was a Minister of War and Peace in the court of Harisimhadeva.Vidyapati was heavily associated with the Oiniwar dynasty of Mithila and worked in the courts of seven Kings and two Queens of this dynasty.[10] Vidyapati's first commission was by Kīrttisiṃha, who ruled Mithila from around 1370 to 1380.[9] This led to the Kīrtilatā, a long praise-poem for his patron in verse.[9] This work contains an extended passage praising the courtesans of Delhi, foreshadowing his later virtuosity in composing love poetry.[9] Though Kīrttisiṃha didn't commission any more works, Vidyapati secured a position at the court of his successor, Devasimha.[9] The prose story collection Bhūparikramaṇa was written under Devasimha's auspices.[9] Vidyapati developed a close friendship with Devasimha's heir apparent Sivasimha and started focusing on love songs.[9] He wrote some five hundred love songs, primarily between 1380 and 1406.[9] The songs he composed after that period were devotional praises of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, and Ganga.[9]There was a close friendship between Sivasimha, king of Mithila from 1402 to 1406, and Vidyapati.[9] As soon as Sivasimha ascended to his throne, he granted Vidyapati his home village of Bisapi, an act recorded on a copper plate.[9] On the plate, Sivasimha calls him \"the new Jayadeva\".[9] The poet also accompanied his king to Delhi, at the sultan's demand.[9] A story about that encounter relates how the king was held by the sultan and Vidyapati negotiated for his release by displaying his clairvoyant powers.[9] Sivasimha's favorable patronage and the courtly environment encouraged Vidyapati's experiments in love songs written in Maithili, a language everyone at court could enjoy.[9] In 1406, Sivasimha went missing in a battle with a Muslim army.[9] After this defeat, Vidyapati and the court took refuge at a king's court in Rajabanauli(also known as Banauli), in modern-day Nepal.[9] In 1418, Padmasimha succeeded Sivasimha as ruler of Mithila after an interregnum when Sivasimha's chief queen Lakhima Devi reigned for 12 years. Vidyapati returned to serve Padmasimha and continue writing, primarily treatises on law and devotional manuals.[9]At about 1430 or earlier, he is known to have returned to his village, Bisapi.[9] He often visited its temple of Shiva.[9]He is recorded as having two wives, three sons and four daughters.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oiniwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jaunpur Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha20182-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"The independence of the kings Vidyapati worked for was often threatened by incursions by Muslim sultans. The Kīrttilatā makes reference to an incident where the Oiniwar King, Raja Gaṇeśvara, was killed by the Turkish commander, Malik Arsalan in 1371. By 1401, Vidyapati requested the help of the Jaunpur Sultan in overthrowing Arsalan and installing Gaṇeśvara's sons, Vīrasiṃha and Kīrttisiṃha, on the throne. With the Sultan's assistance, Arsalan was deposed and Kīrttisiṃha, the oldest son, became the ruler of Mithila.[5]The conflicts of his time are evident in his works. In his early praise-poem Kīrttilatā, he slyly criticizes his patron for his perceived deference to Muslims.[9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maithili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Jayadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadeva"},{"link_name":"Gita Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Govinda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"While working under his second patron, Devasimha, and especially under his successor Sivasimha, Vidyapati started composing Maithili songs of the love of Radha and Krishna. He seems to have only composed love songs between 1380 and 1406, though he kept writing until near his death in 1448.[9] He seems to have ceased writing love songs after his patron and friend Sivasimha went missing in a battle and his court had to go into exile.[9] These songs, which would eventually number five hundred, broke with convention. They were written in vernacular Maithili as songs, not as formal poems in literary Sanskrit as was done before. Until Vidyapati, Maithili wasn't employed as a literary medium.He applied the tradition of Sanskrit love poetry to the \"simple, musical, and direct\" Maithili language.[9] His inheritance from the Sanskrit tradition include its repertory of standard images to describe beauty (\"eyes large and tender like a doe's\") and standard settings to invoke certain moods and feelings (spring with its increasing heat as an analogy for rising passion).[9] Vidyapati also drew from the beauty of his home in Madhubani (\"forest of honey\"), with its mango groves, rice fields, sugar cane, and lotus ponds.[9]In the tradition of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Vidyapati's songs were simultaneously praises of love-making and praises of Krishna; praise of Krishna involved praise of love-making.[9] The intensity and poetic virtuosity of the songs were integral to these songs' function as a way to directly worship god and earn spiritual merit.[9] Vidyapati's continuation of Jayadeva's program in a different language earned him the title \"the new Jayadeva\".[9] His work did differ from his predecessor's in two ways. His songs were independent from one another unlike the Gita Govinda, which comprises twelve cantos telling an overarching story of the couple's separation and reunion.[9] While Jayadeva wrote from Krishna's perspective, Vidyapati preferred Radha's; \"her career as a young girl, her slowly awakening youth, her physical charm, her shyness, doubts and hesitations, her naive innocence, her need for love, her surrender to rapture, her utter anguish when neglected – all of these are described from a woman's point of view and with matchless tenderness.\"[9]These songs frequently mention the queens of king Sivasimha, an indicator that they were meant to be enjoyed by the court.[9] At times, his poems identify Krishna with king Sivasimha and Radha with the king's chief queen, Lakhima Devi.[9] They were sung by a court singer, Jayati, who sent the songs to music.[9] They were learned by dancing girls and eventually spread out of the court.[9]His love songs have been collected into the Padāvalī, probably not by Vidyapati himself.[8][6]","title":"Love songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"}],"text":"Though he wrote hundreds of love songs about the romance of Radha and Krishna, he was not a special devotee of Krishna or Vishnu.[9] Instead, he lavished attention on Shiva and Durga but also wrote songs about Vishnu and Ganga.[9] He is particularly known for his songs of the love of Shiva and Parvati and prayers for Shiva as the supreme Brahman.A song titled All My Inhibition:All my inhibition left me in a flash,\nWhen he robbed me off my clothes,\nBut his body became my new dress.\nLike a bee hovering on a lotus leaf\nHe was there in my night, on me![2]","title":"Devotional songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Brajabuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajabuli"},{"link_name":"Ramananda Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramananda_Raya"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari"},{"link_name":"Rajahmundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Odia literature","text":"Vidyapati's influence reached Odisha through Bengal. The earliest composition in Brajabuli, an artificial literary language popularized by Vidyapati, is ascribed to Ramananda Raya, the governor of Godavari province of the King of Odisha, Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He recited his Brajabuli poems to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, when he first met him on the bank of river Godavari at Rajahmundry, southern provincial capital of Kingdom of Odisha.[11]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaishnavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Chitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Chandidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandidas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Brajabuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajabuli"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Majumdar1960-12"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Bengal Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Bankim Chandra Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Sealdah Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Bengali literature","text":"Bengali Vaishnavas like Chitanya and Chandidas adopted Vidyapati's love songs about Radha and Krishna as Vaishnava hymns.[9] All major Bengali poets of the medieval period were influenced by Vidyapati. As a result, an artificial literary language, known as Brajabuli was developed in the sixteenth century. Brajabuli is basically Maithili (as prevalent during the medieval period) but its forms are modified to look like Bengali.[12] The medieval Bengali poets, Gobindadas Kabiraj, Jnandas, Balaramdas and Narottamdas composed their padas (poems) in this language. Rabindranath Tagore composed his Bhanusingha Thakurer Padabali (1884) in a mix of Western Hindi (Braj Bhasha) and archaic Bengali and named the language Brajabuli as an imitation of Vidyapati (he initially promoted these lyrics as those of a newly discovered poet, Bhanusingha). Other 19th-century figures in the Bengal Renaissance like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee have also written in Brajabuli.Tagore was much influenced by Vidyapati. He set the poet's Bhara Badara to his own tune. A bridge in Kolkata near Sealdah Station is named after him (Vidyapati Setu).","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804373_-_Vidyapati_1352-1448.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Mithila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila_(region)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"Postal stamp issued by the Government of India in recognition of VidyapatiVidyapati has been kept alive in popular memory over the past six centuries; he is a household name in Mithila.[6] His love songs are sung at weddings in the region.[9] Many myths have arisen about him and people continue to sing his songs.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnia_district"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"sub_title":"Bidāpat Nāch","text":"A form of folk dance-drama street theater, Bidāpat Nāch, where \"bidāpat\" is derived from \"Vidyapati\", is performed in Purnia district in north Bihar.[13] While several groups performed in multiple villages in that area in the 20th century, there was just one group left in one village by 2012.[6][13]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha2018-10"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Ugna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugna_Mahadev"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jha2018-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Vidyapati Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati_Nagar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"In mythology","text":"Vidyapati's life has been mythologised in different ways. Many of his admirers ascribe miracles to him and detail his interaction with the gods.[10] Among these stories is one which details that Shiva came down to earth to speak with Vidyapati after being impressed with his piety. This incarnation of Lord Shiva is known as Ugna. Ugna served as the servant of the poet Vidyapati.Another story exists involving him and the Goddess Ganga.[6][10] When his death was imminent, he decided to go to the river Ganga, but was too tired to continue just a few miles away. He resolves that if his piety was pure, the river would come to him.[6] And so it happens.[6] The goddess obliges and the river rises to let him take a final dip in holy waters.[6] At some point in the past, the town where this is believed to have happened was renamed Vidyapati Nagar (\"town of Vidyapati\") and a Shiva temple was built there.[6]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pahari Sanyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_Sanyal"},{"link_name":"Vidyapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Prithviraj Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiavideo-14"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Simi Garewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Garewal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Darbhanga Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbhanga_Airport"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"Pahari Sanyal played Vidyapati in the 1937 Bengali film Vidyapati, which received a lot of appreciation. The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor as King Shiva Singha of Mithila.[14] Another film, also titled Vidyapati, was made in 1964 by Prahlad Sharma, starring Bharat Bhushan and Simi Garewal in the lead roles.[3]In December 2018, Darbhanga Airport was renamed Kavi Kokil Vidyapati Airport.[15]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tirahuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhuta_script"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Avahaṭṭha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abahattha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Mithilākṣara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhuta_script"},{"link_name":"Gorakṣanātha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakhnath"},{"link_name":"Matsyendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsyendra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Gopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"affidavits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Mithilākṣara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhuta_script"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Tirahuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhuta_script"},{"link_name":"dharmaśāstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra"},{"link_name":"Smritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smriti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Navaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri"},{"link_name":"Asvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Tirahuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhuta_script"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"sub_title":"Texts","text":"Maṇimañjarīnāṭikā (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a conventional romantic play (nāṭikā)[6]\nBhūparikramaṇa (\"around the world\", Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a collection of eight prose stories set in different locales[6]\nKīrttilatā (Avahaṭṭha, Devanagari script) – a praise-biography in verse detailing the victory of Vidyapati's patron Kirttisimha's over his rival Malik Arsalan composed in the Sanskrit genre ākhyāyikā.[6]\nPuruṣaparīkṣā (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a treatise on political ethics and ideal masculinity, composed broadly in the Sanskrit kathā genre.[6]\nGorakṣavijaya (Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili; Mithilākṣara script) – a musical play about Tantric saint Gorakṣanātha rescuing his teacher Matsyendranātha from a worldly life back to the life of a yogi[6]\nKīrttipatākā (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant praise-biography in verse for another of Vidyapati's patrons, Sivasimha.[6]\nHarikeli (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant allegorical love play between Krishna and the Gopis, with Raya Arjuna/Jagat Simha (a cousin of Sivasimha) as protagonist.[6]\nLikhanāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a manual for scribes, with model letters, business documents, and affidavits[6]\nŚaivasarvasvasāra (Sanskrit; one manuscript in Mithilākṣara script, two in Devanagari) – describes the significance and merits of worshipping Shiva, with proscribed rituals, citing extensively from the Puranas.[6]\nGaṅgāvākyāvalī (Sanskrit) – a text glorifying the religious significance of Ganga, with citations from the Puranas.[6]\nVibhāgasāra (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a dharmaśāstra focusing on property law, with citations from many Smritis.[6]\nDānavākyāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to types of ritual donations and their spiritual merits[6]\nDurgābhaktitaraṅgiṇī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to the proper worship of Durga, especially during Navaratri or in the month of Asvin.[6]\nGayāpattalaka (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a text about funerary rituals.[6]\nVarṣakṛtya (Sanskrit) – a text describing the festivals that are to be observed through the year (probably the festivals that were observed in Mithila at that time).[6]\nPadāvalī (Maithili, Tirahuta/Bangla/Devanagari scripts depending on version) – a compilation of Vidyapati's songs in praise of Krishna, likely not put together by him.[6][13]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Collection of Representative Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Collection_of_Representative_Works"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"His works have been translated to several languages, including English.[8] Vidyapati's love songs were translated into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brit_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brit_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brit_1-2"},{"link_name":"Vidyapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627989"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_2-1"},{"link_name":"Vidyapati Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//allpoetry.com/Vidyapati"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_3-1"},{"link_name":"Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 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Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-909535-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909535-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=gopinath+badajena"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7304-522-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-522-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Majumdar1960_12-0"},{"link_name":"Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Majumdar"},{"link_name":"The History and Culture of the Indian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_and_Culture_of_the_Indian_People"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_13-2"},{"link_name":"Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5214"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-indiavideo_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiavideo.org/cinema/vidyapati-7383.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140811010130/http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/vidyapati-7383.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/darbhanga-mp-meets-pm-modi-demands-renaming-of-airport-101628741193116.html"}],"text":"^ a b c Vidyapati at the Encyclopædia Britannica\n\n^ a b Vidyapati Poetry, allpoetry.com\n\n^ a b Firoze Rangoonwalla; Vishwanath Das (1970). Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969. J. Udeshi.\n\n^ Jha, Pankaj (2019), \"Vidyapati and Mithila\", A Political History of Literature, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 17 March 2022\n\n^ a b c Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Jha, Pankaj (14 February 2019), \"Vidyapati and Mithila\", A Political History of Literature, Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 7 March 2021\n\n^ Kumar, Arun (2018). Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-87889-33-0.\n\n^ a b c Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1915). Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna. London: The Old Bourne Press.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Love Songs of Vidyāpati. Translated by Bhattacharya, Deben. London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1963.\n\n^ a b c d e Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.\n\n^ Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-522-6.\n\n^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 515. During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the Brajabulī dialect ... Brajabulī is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali.\n\n^ a b c Woolford, Ian Alister (May 2012). Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin.\n\n^ Chandra, Balakrishnan; Pali, Vijay Kumar. \"100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937\". IndiaVideo.org. Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.\n\n^ \"Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport\". Hindustan Times. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/cooma-vidyapati.pdf"}],"text":"Coomaraswamy, Anand, ed. (1915), VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI (PDF), London: The Old Bourne Press","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XaE9swEACAAJ"}],"text":"Archer, W. G., ed. (1963), Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya, London: George Allen and Unwyn","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Postal stamp issued by the Government of India in recognition of Vidyapati","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804373_-_Vidyapati_1352-1448.jpeg/220px-Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_804373_-_Vidyapati_1352-1448.jpeg"}]

[{"reference":"Firoze Rangoonwalla; Vishwanath Das (1970). Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969. J. Udeshi.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Pankaj (2019), \"Vidyapati and Mithila\", A Political History of Literature, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 17 March 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001/oso-9780199489558-chapter-1","url_text":"\"Vidyapati and Mithila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199489558.003.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948955-8","url_text":"978-0-19-948955-8"}]},{"reference":"Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909535-3","url_text":"978-0-19-909535-3"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Pankaj (14 February 2019), \"Vidyapati and Mithila\", A Political History of Literature, Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 7 March 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001/oso-9780199489558-chapter-1","url_text":"\"Vidyapati and Mithila\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199489558.003.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948955-8","url_text":"978-0-19-948955-8"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Arun (2018). Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-87889-33-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jyBmDwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80","url_text":"Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87889-33-0","url_text":"978-93-87889-33-0"}]},{"reference":"Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1915). Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna. London: The Old Bourne Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Love Songs of Vidyāpati. Translated by Bhattacharya, Deben. London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xl9DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909535-3","url_text":"978-0-19-909535-3"}]},{"reference":"Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-522-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=gopinath+badajena","url_text":"Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-522-6","url_text":"978-81-7304-522-6"}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 515. During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the Brajabulī dialect ... Brajabulī is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Majumdar","url_text":"Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_and_Culture_of_the_Indian_People","url_text":"The History and Culture of the Indian People"}]},{"reference":"Woolford, Ian Alister (May 2012). Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5214","url_text":"Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Balakrishnan; Pali, Vijay Kumar. \"100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937\". IndiaVideo.org. Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/vidyapati-7383.php","url_text":"\"100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140811010130/http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/vidyapati-7383.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport\". Hindustan Times. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/darbhanga-mp-meets-pm-modi-demands-renaming-of-airport-101628741193116.html","url_text":"\"Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport\""}]},{"reference":"Coomaraswamy, Anand, ed. (1915), VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI (PDF), London: The Old Bourne Press","urls":[{"url":"http://themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/cooma-vidyapati.pdf","url_text":"VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI"}]},{"reference":"Archer, W. G., ed. (1963), Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya, London: George Allen and Unwyn","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XaE9swEACAAJ","url_text":"Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohen

Tohen

["1 Location","2 Administration","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 11°45′03″N 51°15′18″E / 11.75083°N 51.25500°E / 11.75083; 51.25500Settlement in Bari, Somalia * PuntlandTohen TooxinطوهآنSettlementTooxinTohenLocation in Somalia.Coordinates: 11°45′03″N 51°15′18″E / 11.75083°N 51.25500°E / 11.75083; 51.25500Country Somalia  Puntland RegionBariTime zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Tohen (Somali: Tooxin, Arabic: طوهآن) is a settlement in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia. It is situated in the autonomous Puntland region. Location Tohen is located at 11°45′2.87″N 51°15′18.11″E / 11.7507972°N 51.2550306°E / 11.7507972; 51.2550306, on the northeastern coast of Somalia. It faces the Guardafui Channel, and lies 5 nautical miles (6 miles) south of Cape Guardafui and the Gulf of Aden. The town of Bargal is located 30 nautical miles (35 miles) to the south. Administration On April 8, 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region coextensive with Tohen and Cape Guardafui, named Gardafuul. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Alula. In popular culture Tohen and the neighboring lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" are depicted in Andrei Gusev's novel Once in Malindi (in Chapter 22). See also Maritime history of Somalia Geography of Somalia References ^ Douglas Collins, Tales from Africa, (East African Publishers: 1995), p.67. ^ Review of "Once in Malindi" on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 (in Russian) ^ "Once in Malindi" on Proza.ru, 2020 (in Russian) ^ Андрей Гусев “Однажды в Малинди”, 2020 (in Russian) vteProvinces of Puntland Bari Nugal Sool1 Cayn1 Karkaar Mudug Haylan1 Sanaag1 Ra'as Aseir 1Disputed with Somaliland.

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[]

[{"title":"Maritime history of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia"},{"title":"Geography of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Ludlow

George C. Ludlow

["1 Early life","2 Early political career","3 Governor of New Jersey","3.1 1880 campaign","3.2 Term in office","3.3 Post-governorship","4 Death and burial","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

American judge George Craig Ludlow25th Governor of New JerseyIn officeJanuary 18, 1881 – January 15, 1884Preceded byGeorge B. McClellanSucceeded byLeon AbbettPresident of the New Jersey SenateIn office1878Preceded byLeon AbbettSucceeded byWilliam J. SewellMember of the New Jersey Senate from Middlesex CountyIn office1876–1880 Personal detailsBorn(1830-04-06)April 6, 1830Milford, New Jersey, U.S.DiedDecember 18, 1900(1900-12-18) (aged 70)New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationRutgers UniversitySignature George Craig Ludlow (April 6, 1830 – December 18, 1900) was an American Democratic Party politician, who served as the 25th governor of New Jersey from 1881 to 1884. Early life George Craig Ludlow was born in Milford, New Jersey, on April 6, 1830. His father Cornelius Ludlow and grandfather Benjamin Ludlow were both active in Democratic Party politics. In 1835, the Ludlow family moved to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where George would remain for the rest of his life. Ludlow graduated from Rutgers College in 1850 and opened a law practice in 1853. He was private counsel for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Early political career In 1876, he was elected to represent Middlesex County in the New Jersey Senate. In 1878, he was chosen as Senate President. Governor of New Jersey 1880 campaign Main article: 1880 New Jersey gubernatorial election In 1880, the New Jersey Democratic convention nominated Ludlow for Governor. His nomination was largely the result of an alliance between Leon Abbett and the "State House Ring," a group of influential state legislators opposed to Abbett's rivals. In the general election, Ludlow faced Republican Frederic A. Potts. Both candidates were closely associated with the railroad industry; Ludlow as counsel for the Pennsylvania and Potts as an influential stockholder in the Jersey Central Railroad. In the end, Ludlow won by a mere 651 votes of some 250,000 ballots cast, the closest result in New Jersey history by raw votes and the closest by percentage margin until 1981. Term in office Ludlow entered office facing Republican control of both houses of the legislature and amid rumors that the Pennsylvania Railroad had ordered its employees to vote for him. He was also beholden to the State House Ring for his nomination and had little power within his own party. Overall, his administration has been characterized as "honest and diligent but basically unproductive." In 1882, Ludlow vetoed a bill to allow the Central Railroad of New Jersey's board of directors to increase the corporation's capital stock without shareholder approval, thus removing control from the stockholders. He denounced the bill as immoral and unjust. However, the veto was overridden by large majorities of both houses. In the same session, Ludlow vetoed a bill to limit public access to large areas of the Jersey City waterfront, which would have aided the Pennsylvania Railroad in a legal battle against the city. He denounced that bill as "an abuse of legislative power and a violation of the principles of fair dealing and justice." The bill was passed again by the Senate but derailed in the Assembly amid bribery charges and a legislative investigation. Ludlow's term was also dominated by difficulty balancing the state budget following the 1880 abolition of the state tax and his own desire for further tax relief. After running a deficit of approximately $281,000.00 in 1882 (equivalent to $8,871,848 in 2023), Ludlow placed greater emphasis on increasing taxes on corporations, especially railroads. Ludlow was also the first governor to devote attention to clean water access; established a council to oversee asylums, prisons, jails and almhouses; and signed a law classifying municipalities into four groups. Post-governorship In 1894, Ludlow served on the twenty-member commission established to recommend amendments to the state constitution. In 1895, Governor George T. Werts appointed Ludlow to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court. Death and burial Ludlow died in New Brunswick on December 18, 1900, from heart disease and was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in North Brunswick, New Jersey. He was survived by a wife and two sons. See also Biography portal List of governors of New Jersey References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Biography of George Craig Ludlow" (PDF). New Jersey State Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2006. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ "Justice G.C. Ludlow Dead. Ex-Governor of New Jersey Succumbs to Heart Disease". New York Times. December 19, 1900. Retrieved October 9, 2008. Justice George C. Ludlow of the Supreme Court died of a Heart disease at his home in New Brunswick this afternoon. He had been ill for several months from a ... External links Biography of George C. Ludlow (PDF) at the New Jersey State Library New Jersey Governor George Craig Ludlow at the National Governors Association George C. Ludlow at The Political Graveyard Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for George Craig Ludlow George C. Ludlow at Find a Grave Political offices Preceded byLeon Abbett President of the New Jersey Senate 1878 Succeeded byWilliam J. Sewell Preceded byGeorge B. McClellan Governor of New Jersey 1881–1884 Succeeded byLeon Abbett Party political offices Preceded byGeorge B. McClellan Democratic Nominee for Governor of New Jersey 1880 Succeeded byLeon Abbett vtePresidents of the New Jersey Senate Smallwood March Canfield Manners Alexander Speer Herring Gifford Perry Crowell Reckless Robbins Scudder Scovel Buckley Little Robbins Bettle Taylor Sewell Abbett Ludlow Sewell Hobart Gardner Vail Schenck Griggs Fish Large Werts Nevius Adrain Rogers Stokes Thompson Williams Voorhees Skirm Reed Johnson Pitney Francis Hutchinson Wakelee Cross Bradley Minch Hillery Robbins Frelinghuysen Ackerman Prince Fielder Johnson Slocum Edge Read Gaunt McCran Runyon Case Allen Mackay Wallworth Reeves Bright Larson Davis Stevens Mathis Pierson Wolber A. Reeves Richards Powell Prall Barbour Durand Loizeaux Hendrickson Foran Scott Stanger Farley Proctor Barton Summerill Van Alstyne Bodine Littell Hannold Young Mathis Wallace Dumont McCay Stout Lance Harper Hillery Crane Farley Ozzard Sandman Lynch Sr. Ridolfi Forsythe McDermott Bateman Beadleston Dodd Feldman Merlino Orechio Russo Lynch Jr. DiFrancesco Bennett Codey Kenny Codey Sweeney Scutari vteGovernors of New JerseyProprietary Province Carteret East New Jersey Carteret Barclay Hamilton Basse Hamilton West New Jersey Byllynge Coxe Hamilton Basse Hamilton Dominion of New England (1688–89) Andros Royal governors Viscount Cornbury Baron Lovelace Ingoldesby (Lt. Gov.) Hunter Burnet Montgomerie Morris (acting) Cosby Anderson (acting) Hamilton (acting) Lord De La Warr Morris Hamilton (acting) Reading (acting) Belcher Reading (acting) Pownall (Lt. Gov.) Reading (acting) Bernard Boone Hardy Franklin State (since 1776) Livingston Paterson Howell Bloomfield Ogden W. S. Pennington M. Dickerson Williamson Vroom Southard Seeley Vroom P. Dickerson W. Pennington Haines Stratton Haines G. F. Fort Price Newell Olden Parker Ward Randolph Parker Bedle McClellan Ludlow Abbett Green Abbett Werts Griggs Voorhees F. Murphy Stokes J. F. Fort Wilson Fielder Edge Runyon* Edwards Silzer Moore Larson Moore Hoffman Moore Edison Edge Driscoll Meyner Hughes Cahill Byrne Kean Florio Whitman DiFrancesco* McGreevey Codey* Corzine Christie P. Murphy * Under N.J.S.A. 52:15-5 (as amended in 2005), an acting governor serving for 180 continuous days or more is conferred the title of Governor. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"governor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"}],"text":"George Craig Ludlow (April 6, 1830 – December 18, 1900) was an American Democratic Party politician, who served as the 25th governor of New Jersey from 1881 to 1884.","title":"George C. Ludlow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milford, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"Rutgers College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"}],"text":"George Craig Ludlow was born in Milford, New Jersey, on April 6, 1830.[1] His father Cornelius Ludlow and grandfather Benjamin Ludlow were both active in Democratic Party politics.[1]In 1835, the Ludlow family moved to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where George would remain for the rest of his life.[1]Ludlow graduated from Rutgers College in 1850 and opened a law practice in 1853.[1] He was private counsel for the Pennsylvania Railroad.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"}],"text":"In 1876, he was elected to represent Middlesex County in the New Jersey Senate. In 1878, he was chosen as Senate President.[1]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governor of New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Abbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Abbett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"Frederic A. Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_A._Potts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election"}],"sub_title":"1880 campaign","text":"In 1880, the New Jersey Democratic convention nominated Ludlow for Governor. His nomination was largely the result of an alliance between Leon Abbett and the \"State House Ring,\" a group of influential state legislators opposed to Abbett's rivals.[1]In the general election, Ludlow faced Republican Frederic A. Potts. Both candidates were closely associated with the railroad industry; Ludlow as counsel for the Pennsylvania and Potts as an influential stockholder in the Jersey Central Railroad. In the end, Ludlow won by a mere 651 votes of some 250,000 ballots cast, the closest result in New Jersey history by raw votes[1] and the closest by percentage margin until 1981.","title":"Governor of New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"}],"sub_title":"Term in office","text":"Ludlow entered office facing Republican control of both houses of the legislature and amid rumors that the Pennsylvania Railroad had ordered its employees to vote for him. He was also beholden to the State House Ring for his nomination and had little power within his own party.[1] Overall, his administration has been characterized as \"honest and diligent but basically unproductive.\"[1]In 1882, Ludlow vetoed a bill to allow the Central Railroad of New Jersey's board of directors to increase the corporation's capital stock without shareholder approval, thus removing control from the stockholders. He denounced the bill as immoral and unjust. However, the veto was overridden by large majorities of both houses.[1] In the same session, Ludlow vetoed a bill to limit public access to large areas of the Jersey City waterfront, which would have aided the Pennsylvania Railroad in a legal battle against the city. He denounced that bill as \"an abuse of legislative power and a violation of the principles of fair dealing and justice.\" The bill was passed again by the Senate but derailed in the Assembly amid bribery charges and a legislative investigation.[1]Ludlow's term was also dominated by difficulty balancing the state budget following the 1880 abolition of the state tax and his own desire for further tax relief. After running a deficit of approximately $281,000.00 in 1882 (equivalent to $8,871,848 in 2023), Ludlow placed greater emphasis on increasing taxes on corporations, especially railroads.[1] Ludlow was also the first governor to devote attention to clean water access; established a council to oversee asylums, prisons, jails and almhouses; and signed a law classifying municipalities into four groups.[1]","title":"Governor of New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"},{"link_name":"George T. Werts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_T._Werts"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"}],"sub_title":"Post-governorship","text":"In 1894, Ludlow served on the twenty-member commission established to recommend amendments to the state constitution.[1]In 1895, Governor George T. Werts appointed Ludlow to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court.[1]","title":"Governor of New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(North_Brunswick,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"North Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJSLbio-1"}],"text":"Ludlow died in New Brunswick on December 18, 1900, from heart disease and was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in North Brunswick, New Jersey.[2] He was survived by a wife and two sons.[1]","title":"Death and burial"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Classical_Architecture_and_Art

The Institute of Classical Architecture and Art

["1 Education","2 Publication","3 Awards, prizes, and scholarships","4 Advocacy and public programs","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

American nonprofit organization This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "The Institute of Classical Architecture and Art" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Institute of Classical Architecture & Art (ICAA) is an American nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the appreciation and practice of traditional architecture and its allied arts by engaging with educators, professionals, students, and enthusiasts. It does so through education, publication, awards, and advocacy. The institute was formed in 2002 with the merger of two nonprofit organizations: The Institute of Classical Architecture (founded in 1991), and Classical America (founded in 1968). In addition to its New York City headquarters, the institute maintains fifteen regional chapters, intended to extend the reach of its public service. Each chapter organizes its own programming to reflect the interests of its members, and the architectural traditions of its region. ICAA's membership represents a diverse cross-section of the building arts, including architects, interior designers, patrons, builders, and artisans. According to the institute's website, its members benefit from the institute's local and national programs and from the networking opportunities that membership offers, and the institute improves its programs by responding to the needs and interests of its membership. Education The institute offers educational resources for students of art, planning, and architecture; for design professionals; and for the general public. These include: intensive seminars for architecture and design students, continuing education courses, travel programs, and public lectures. Publication ICAA publishes The Classicist, an academic journal, as well as the book series the Classical America Series in Art and Architecture. Awards, prizes, and scholarships The Arthur Ross Awards, founded by Arthur Ross and administered annually by ICAA, recognize the achievements of architects, painters, sculptors, artisans, landscape designers, educators, publishers, patrons, and others dedicated to preserving and advancing the classical tradition. The philanthropist Brooke Astor presented the initial awards in 1982. ICAA offers two affiliated fellowships at the American Academy in Rome which it says are intended “to advance the career of the architect or artist recipient and to foster a continuity of knowledge of the classical tradition as a vital aspect of contemporary culture around the globe.” ICAA offers two bi-annual prizes: The Rieger Graham Prize for architecture and the Alma Schapiro Prize for fine arts. The institute awards each prize in alternate years and offers recipients a three-month Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome. Awards and prizes of ICAA's regional chapters include: Acanthus Awards (since 2013, awarded by the Chicago-Midwest regional chapter) Addison Mizner Medal (since 2012, awarded by the Florida regional chapter) A. Hays Town Award (beginning in 2023, awarded by the Louisiana regional chapter) Bulfinch Awards (since 2010, awarded by the New England regional chapter) John Staub Awards (since 2011, awarded by the Texas regional chapter) Julia Morgan Awards (since 2014, awarded by the Northern California regional chapter) McKim, Mead & White awards (since 2012, awarded by the New York regional chapter) Newman Awards (since 2013, awarded by the Rocky Mountain regional chapter) Shutze Awards (since 2007, awarded by the Southeast regional chapter) Trumbauer Awards (since 2016, awarded by the Philadelphia regional chapter) Advocacy and public programs Bookcases at New York office The ICAA serves its members and the general public through public lectures, walking tours, travel programs, and special events. Offered throughout the year, these activities include a Member Lecture Program (often free of charge to members and often in collaboration with like-minded organizations) and Discover Classical New York, which takes members on walking tours to visit classical or traditional sites in the five boroughs and beyond. Other programs include the annual McKim Lecture, a collaboration with the One West 54th Street Foundation and the Summer Lecture Series. See also Classical order Classical architecture Traditional architecture New Classical architecture References ^ a b "About ICAA". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Summer Studio in Classical Architecture". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Continuing Education Courses". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Travel". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Calendar". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Arthur Ross Awards". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Honors". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. ^ "Awards & Prizes". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31. ^ "Regional Awards". www.classicist.org. Retrieved 2022-08-12. External links Official website "Sketching Out A New Course For Architects", The Wall Street Journal (2011) Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

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Each chapter organizes its own programming to reflect the interests of its members, and the architectural traditions of its region.ICAA's membership represents a diverse cross-section of the building arts, including architects, interior designers, patrons, builders, and artisans. According to the institute's website, its members benefit from the institute's local and national programs and from the networking opportunities that membership offers, and the institute improves its programs by responding to the needs and interests of its membership.[1]","title":"The Institute of Classical Architecture and Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The institute offers educational resources for students of art, planning, and architecture; for design professionals; and for the general public. These include: intensive seminars for architecture and design students,[2] continuing education courses,[3] travel programs,[4] and public lectures.[5]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classicist.org/publications-and-bookshop/the-classicist/"},{"link_name":"Classical America Series in Art and Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classicist.org/publications-and-bookshop/classical-america-series-in-art-and-architecture/"}],"text":"ICAA publishes The Classicist, an academic journal, as well as the book series the Classical America Series in Art and Architecture.","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ross_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brooke Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Astor"},{"link_name":"American Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Arthur Ross Awards, founded by Arthur Ross and administered annually by ICAA, recognize the achievements of architects, painters, sculptors, artisans, landscape designers, educators, publishers, patrons, and others dedicated to preserving and advancing the classical tradition.[6] The philanthropist Brooke Astor presented the initial awards in 1982. ICAA offers two affiliated fellowships at the American Academy in Rome which it says are intended “to advance the career of the architect or artist recipient and to foster a continuity of knowledge of the classical tradition as a vital aspect of contemporary culture around the globe.”[7]ICAA offers two bi-annual prizes: The Rieger Graham Prize for architecture and the Alma Schapiro Prize for fine arts. The institute awards each prize in alternate years and offers recipients a three-month Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome.[8]Awards and prizes of ICAA's regional chapters include:[9]Acanthus Awards (since 2013, awarded by the Chicago-Midwest regional chapter)\nAddison Mizner Medal (since 2012, awarded by the Florida regional chapter)\nA. Hays Town Award (beginning in 2023, awarded by the Louisiana regional chapter)\nBulfinch Awards (since 2010, awarded by the New England regional chapter)\nJohn Staub Awards (since 2011, awarded by the Texas regional chapter)\nJulia Morgan Awards (since 2014, awarded by the Northern California regional chapter)\nMcKim, Mead & White awards (since 2012, awarded by the New York regional chapter)\nNewman Awards (since 2013, awarded by the Rocky Mountain regional chapter)\nShutze Awards (since 2007, awarded by the Southeast regional chapter)\nTrumbauer Awards (since 2016, awarded by the Philadelphia regional chapter)","title":"Awards, prizes, and scholarships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wall_of_books.jpg"}],"text":"Bookcases at New York officeThe ICAA serves its members and the general public through public lectures, walking tours, travel programs, and special events. Offered throughout the year, these activities include a Member Lecture Program (often free of charge to members and often in collaboration with like-minded organizations) and Discover Classical New York, which takes members on walking tours to visit classical or traditional sites in the five boroughs and beyond.Other programs include the annual McKim Lecture, a collaboration with the One West 54th Street Foundation and the Summer Lecture Series.","title":"Advocacy and public programs"}]

[{"image_text":"Bookcases at New York office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wall_of_books.jpg/220px-Wall_of_books.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Classical order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_order"},{"title":"Classical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"title":"Traditional architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_architecture"},{"title":"New Classical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Classical_architecture"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Board

Chairperson

["1 Terminology","1.1 Usage","2 Roles and responsibilities","2.1 Duties at meetings","2.2 Powers and authority","2.3 Disciplinary procedures","3 Public corporations","3.1 Chairman and CEO","3.2 Executive chairman","3.3 Non-executive chairman","3.4 Examples","4 Vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]

Leading or presiding officer of an organized group "Chairman of the Board" redirects here. For other uses, see Chairman of the Board (disambiguation). A request that this article title be changed to Chairman is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. Agustín Vásquez Gómez, ambassador of the Republic of El Salvador, chairing the OPCW's Fourth Review Conference, November 2018 The chairperson, also chairman, chairwoman or chair, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group or organisation, presides over meetings of the group, and conducts the group's business in an orderly fashion. In some organizations, the chairperson is also known as president (or other title). In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in a neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to "chair" something (chairing) means to lead the event. Terminology Look up chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson, or preside in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Terms for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairman, chairwoman, convenor, facilitator, moderator, president, and presiding officer. The chairperson of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker. Chair has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman. Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of sexist language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic "Chairperson". In World Schools Style debating, as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chairperson. The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women. The Daily Telegraph's style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English". The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017. Usage Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid of Jordan chairs a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018. The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach. In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs, the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days. "Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars". At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the Central Executive Committee" (until 1938) and then "Chairman of the Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet". In Communist China, Mao Zedong was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Roles and responsibilities Duties at meetings Sam Ervin (right), chairman of the United States Senate Watergate Committee, 1973 In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chairperson presides over meetings. Such duties at meetings include: Calling the meeting to order Determining if a quorum is present Announcing the items on the "order of business", or agenda, as they come up Recognition of members to have the floor Enforcing the rules of the group Putting questions (motions) to a vote, which is the usual way of resolving disagreements following discussion of the issues Adjourning the meeting While presiding, the chairperson should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the chairperson votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chairperson should vote only when it can affect the result. At a meeting, the chairperson only has one vote (i.e. the chairperson cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chairperson such authority). Powers and authority The powers of the chairperson vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors, and or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. Disciplinary procedures If the chairperson exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chairperson has the power to discipline them. Public corporations There are three common types of chairperson in public corporations. Chairman and CEO The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chairperson, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France. Executive chairman Executive chairperson is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle, Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner. In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chairperson oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business. Non-executive chairman Non-executive chairperson is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chairperson, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chairperson and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chairperson's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as: Chairing the meetings of the board. Organizing and coordinating the board's activities, such as by setting its annual agenda. Reviewing and evaluating the performance of the CEO and the other board members. Examples Christina Magnuson, as chairman, presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater. Many companies in the US have an executive chairperson; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chairperson is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model. There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chairperson to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective. The role of the chairperson in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chairperson. Companies with both an executive chairperson and a CEO include Ford, HSBC, Alphabet Inc., and HP. Vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson A vice- or deputy chairperson, subordinate to the chairperson, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chairperson in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chairperson is being discussed. In the absence of the chairperson and vice-chairperson, groups sometimes elect a chairperson pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chairperson ranks higher than vice-chairperson, as there are often multiple vice-chairpersons but only a single deputy chairperson. This type of deputy chairperson title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner). An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairpersons describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP). See also Executive director Non-executive director Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world President (corporate title) References ^ a b c Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5. ^ Robert 2011, p. 448 ^ Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-07-136513-0. ^ "Chairing". Cambridge Dictionary (Online ed.). Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ Hellinger, Marlis, ed. (2001). Gender across languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society). Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 125. ISBN 90-272-1841-2. ^ "Chairperson". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-01-10. ^ a b Sturgis 2001, p. 11 ^ "moderator". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary via Search Chambers. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap. ^ Although convener means someone who summons (convenes) a meeting, the convener may take the chair. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition, 1989) offers this citation: 1833 Act 3–4 Will. IV, c. 46 §43 "The convener, who shall preside at such committee, shall be entitled to a casting vote." This meaning is most commonly found in assemblies with Scottish heritage. ^ "The many roles of the Speaker". New Zealand Parliament. Office of the Speaker, Parliament of New Zealand. 2006-02-01. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09. ^ "About Parliament: The Lord Speaker". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,... ^ Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1993. p. 235. ISBN 0-87779-132-5. ^ "Chairman". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ See also the American Heritage Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the online edition of the current Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Word Origins by Anatoly Liberman (page 88), Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (page 235) ^ *Margrit Eichler (28 October 2013). Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-134-97797-0. Typically, these analyses pointed out the use of so-called generic male terms as sexist... As a consequence of these critiques, guides were published that replaced so-called generic male terms with truly generic terms: policeman became police officer; fireman, fire fighter; postman, mail carrier; workman, worker; chairman, chairperson; mankind, humanity; and so on. Barrie Thorne; Nancy Henley (1975). Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Newbury House Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9780883770436. Is it possible to change sexist language? ... Much of the debate has centered around two types of change: the coining of new terms (such as Ms. to replace Miss/Mrs., and chairperson to replace chairman and chairwoman), and various proposal to replace he as the generic third person singular pronoun. Dale Spender (1990). Man Made Language. Pandora. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-04-440766-9. Another factor which we must bear in mind is that women need more words - and more positive words - not less. The removal of sexist words would not leave a large repertoire of words for women to draw upon! ... Some attempts have been made to modify sexist words and there arc signs that this on its own is insufficient to reduce sexism in language. Words such as police officer and chairperson have been an attempt to break away from the negative value which female words acquire by the creation of sex-neutral terms "The language of gender". Oxford Living Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-05-20. People also object to the use of the ending -man in words referring to professions and roles in society, for example postman, spokesman, or chairman. Since women are generally as likely as men to be involved in an occupation or activity nowadays, this type of word is increasingly being replaced by gender-neutral terms, e.g. postal worker, spokesperson, or chair/chairperson. "Chairman - More About". Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-20. When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not ... Neutral words like assistant, worker, person or officer are now often used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs ... Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in both British English and North American English. "Chairman - Note". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Although chairman can refer to a person of either sex, chairperson or chair is often preferred to avoid giving the idea the person is necessarily male. "Chairperson (usage note)". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Chairperson has, since the 1960s, come to be used widely as an alternative to either chairman or chairwoman. This change has sprung largely from a desire to avoid chairman, which is felt by many to be inappropriate and even sexually discriminatory when applied to a woman ... Chairperson is standard in all varieties of speech and writing. "Chairman (usage note)". Macmillan Dictionary. Springer. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Many people prefer to say chair or chairperson, because the word chairman suggests that the person in this position is always a man. "Chairman (usage note)". The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 2019-05-20. These compounds sometimes generate controversy because they are considered sexist by some people who believe that -man necessarily excludes females. Others believe that -man, like the word man itself, is an accepted and efficient convention that is not meant to be gender-specific. "Chairman (usage note)". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Chairman can seem inappropriate when applied to a woman, while chairwoman can be offensive. Chair and chairperson can be applied to either a man or a woman; chair is generally preferred to chairperson Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010). Sex and society Volume 1: Abstinence – Gender Identity. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7614-7906-2. Zinsser, William (2007). On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction (30. anniversary ed., 7. ed., rev. and updated,  ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-06-089154-1. ^ Quinn, Simon (2009). Debating in the World Schools style: a guide. New York: International Debate Education Association. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-932716-55-9. ^ England, Breck; Covey, Stephen R.; Freeman, Larry H. (2012). FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-13-309039-0. ^ Gurung, Regan A. R.; Schwartz, Beth M.; Landrum, R. Eric (2012). An easyguide to APA style. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4129-9124-7. ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2000). The Oxford dictionary of American usage and style (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-19-513508-3. ^ "Banned words". The Telegraph. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. ^ "Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use?". National Association of Parliamentarians. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ Miller, Casey; Swift, Kate (2000). The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: For writers, editors and speakers (2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com. p. 32. ISBN 0-595-15921-4. ^ Dixit, Aabha (24 September 2018). "Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid Takes Over as New Chairperson of IAEA Board of Governors". International Atomic Energy Agency. ^ Robert 2011, p. 23 ^ Baker, Richard Anthony (2014). British Music Hall: An Illustrated History. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-78383-118-0. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2012-07-24). Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar. Arcturus Publishing (published 2012). ISBN 978-1-84858-951-3. Retrieved 2015-02-25. Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Molotov and Abel Yenukidze began discussing the structure of the new government. Lenin did not want to have 'ministers' as such, so Trotsky suggested that they should be called "peoples' commissars". The government itself would be the "Council of People's Commissars" and its chairman would be prime minister, in effect. ^ Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-135-75840-0. On 26 October 1917, Lenin announced the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, having rejected the traditional title of minister as being too "bourgeois", and named himself the "Chairman of the Council". ^ Robert 2011, p. 449 ^ Robert 2011, p. 44: "The presiding officer must never interrupt a speaker simply because he knows more about the matter than the speaker does." ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-17. ^ Robert 2011, p. 406 ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-24. ^ HSBC investors against Michael Geoghegan becoming chairman. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22. ^ HSBC chief Michael Geoghegan 'to quit' after failing to get top job Archived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. News.com.au (2010-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-08-22. ^ HSBC ex-chief Michael Geoghegan relaxes as another marathon looms. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22. ^ Kefgen, Keith (2004-05-11). "The Non-Executive Chairman Comes of Age". HVS web site. HVS. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 2011-04-03. ^ "We at Confidencen: Board and General Management". Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ Behan, Beverly (10 January 2008). "Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03. ^ "COMMONSENSE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE" (PDF). ^ "Corporate Governance Principles for US Listed Companies". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. ^ "What is the role of a chair of the board in a private equity company?\". www.nurole.com. 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-02-25. ^ "About Us". Ford Motor Company. Ford Motor Company. 2019. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-05. ^ "Leadership". HSBC. 2019. Retrieved 2011-04-05. ^ "Board - Investor Relations". Retrieved 2011-04-05. ^ "HP Investor Relations – Board of directors". Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved 2011-09-24. ^ Robert 2011, p. 452 ^ Robert 2011, p. 453 ^ "Leadership". Rbccm.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017. ^ "Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman – TV News". Digital Spy. 2003-01-29. Retrieved 2011-12-31. Further reading Trohan, Colette Collier (2014). A Great Meeting Needs a Great Chair. A Great Meeting. 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For other uses, see Chairman of the Board (disambiguation).Agustín Vásquez Gómez, ambassador of the Republic of El Salvador, chairing the OPCW's Fourth Review Conference, November 2018The chairperson, also chairman, chairwoman or chair, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group or organisation, presides over meetings of the group, and conducts the group's business in an orderly fashion.[1]In some organizations, the chairperson is also known as president (or other title).[2][3] In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in a neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to \"chair\" something (chairing) means to lead the event.[4]","title":"Chairperson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chair"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairman"},{"link_name":"chairwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairwoman"},{"link_name":"chairperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairperson"},{"link_name":"preside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preside"},{"link_name":"moderator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_(town_official)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dicrefman-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sexist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexistbundle-15"},{"link_name":"World Schools Style debating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Schools_Style_debating"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FranklinCovey"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Association of Parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Parliamentarians"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Look up chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson, or preside in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Terms for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairman, chairwoman, convenor, facilitator, moderator, president, and presiding officer.[5][6][7][8][9] The chairperson of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker.[10][11] Chair has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman.[12][13][14] Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of sexist language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic \"Chairperson\".[15]In World Schools Style debating, as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chairperson.[16] The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson.[17][18] The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women.[19] The Daily Telegraph's style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that \"chairman is correct English\".[20] The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017.[21][22]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leena_Al-Hadid,_chairperson,_IAEA,_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leena Al-Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Al-Hadid"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"master of ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies"},{"link_name":"Leonard Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Sachs"},{"link_name":"The Good Old Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Old_Days_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baker-25"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Commissars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Central Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Presidium of the Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)"}],"sub_title":"Usage","text":"Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid of Jordan chairs a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018.[23]The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere.[1] During meetings, the person presiding is said to be \"in the chair\" and is also referred to as \"the chair\".[1] Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the \"chair\" as \"Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)\" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach.[7][24]In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs, the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days.[25]\"Chairman\" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as \"Chairman of the X Committee\". Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars\".[26][27] At the same time, the head of the state was first called \"Chairman of the Central Executive Committee\" (until 1938) and then \"Chairman of the Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet\". In Communist China, Mao Zedong was commonly called \"Chairman Mao\", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThompsonWatergate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sam Ervin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Ervin"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Watergate Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"quorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum"},{"link_name":"agenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"Recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_(legislative)"},{"link_name":"motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Duties at meetings","text":"Sam Ervin (right), chairman of the United States Senate Watergate Committee, 1973In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chairperson presides over meetings.[28] Such duties at meetings include:Calling the meeting to order\nDetermining if a quorum is present\nAnnouncing the items on the \"order of business\", or agenda, as they come up\nRecognition of members to have the floor\nEnforcing the rules of the group\nPutting questions (motions) to a vote, which is the usual way of resolving disagreements following discussion of the issues\nAdjourning the meetingWhile presiding, the chairperson should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group.[29] In committees or small boards, the chairperson votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chairperson should vote only when it can affect the result.[30] At a meeting, the chairperson only has one vote (i.e. the chairperson cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chairperson such authority).[31]","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesperson"}],"sub_title":"Powers and authority","text":"The powers of the chairperson vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors, and or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"censure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure"},{"link_name":"removal from office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declare_the_chair_vacant"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Disciplinary procedures","text":"If the chairperson exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures.[32] Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chairperson has the power to discipline them.","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are three common types of chairperson in public corporations.","title":"Public corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"président-directeur général","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident-directeur_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_(France)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Chairman and CEO","text":"The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chairperson, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France.[citation needed]","title":"Public corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Douglas Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Flint"},{"link_name":"HSBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC"},{"link_name":"Steve Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Case"},{"link_name":"AOL Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"HSBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Executive chairman","text":"Executive chairperson is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle, Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner. In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chairperson oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.[33][34][35]","title":"Public corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Non-executive chairman","text":"Non-executive chairperson is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chairperson, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chairperson and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chairperson's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as:[36]Chairing the meetings of the board.\nOrganizing and coordinating the board's activities, such as by setting its annual agenda.\nReviewing and evaluating the performance of the CEO and the other board members.","title":"Public corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christina Magnuson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christina,_Mrs._Magnuson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ulriksdal Palace Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidencen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"HSBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alphabet Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Christina Magnuson, as chairman,[37] presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.Many companies in the US have an executive chairperson; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chairperson is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model.[38] There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chairperson to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective.[39][40]The role of the chairperson in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chairperson.[41] Companies with both an executive chairperson and a CEO include Ford,[42] HSBC,[43] Alphabet Inc.,[44] and HP.[45]","title":"Public corporations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Ted Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"executive vice-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Vice_President"}],"text":"A vice- or deputy chairperson, subordinate to the chairperson, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chairperson in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chairperson is being discussed.[46] In the absence of the chairperson and vice-chairperson, groups sometimes elect a chairperson pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting.[47] In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chairperson ranks higher than vice-chairperson, as there are often multiple vice-chairpersons but only a single deputy chairperson.[48] This type of deputy chairperson title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner).[49]An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairpersons describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP).","title":"Vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B00NP7BR8O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B00NP7BR8O"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"Corporate titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_title"},{"link_name":"Accessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_accessibility_officer"},{"link_name":"Administrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer"},{"link_name":"Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_analytics_officer"},{"link_name":"Audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_audit_executive"},{"link_name":"Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_brand_officer"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_business_officer"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_channel_officer"},{"link_name":"Commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_commercial_officer"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_officer"},{"link_name":"Compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer"},{"link_name":"Content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_content_officer"},{"link_name":"Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_creative_officer"},{"link_name":"Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_data_officer"},{"link_name":"Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_design_officer"},{"link_name":"Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_digital_officer"},{"link_name":"Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer"},{"link_name":"Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_experience_officer"},{"link_name":"Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_financial_officer"},{"link_name":"Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_gaming_officer"},{"link_name":"Human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer"},{"link_name":"Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer"},{"link_name":"Information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_security_officer"},{"link_name":"Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer"},{"link_name":"Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_investment_officer"},{"link_name":"Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_knowledge_officer"},{"link_name":"Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_learning_officer"},{"link_name":"Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_counsel"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer"},{"link_name":"Medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer"},{"link_name":"Merchandising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_merchandising_officer"},{"link_name":"Networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_networking_officer"},{"link_name":"Operating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"Privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_privacy_officer"},{"link_name":"Procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer"},{"link_name":"Product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_product_officer"},{"link_name":"Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_research_officer"},{"link_name":"Restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_restructuring_officer"},{"link_name":"Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_revenue_officer"},{"link_name":"Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_risk_officer"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_scientific_officer"},{"link_name":"Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_security_officer"},{"link_name":"Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_solutions_officer"},{"link_name":"Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer"},{"link_name":"Sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_sustainability_officer"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"},{"link_name":"Visionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_visionary_officer"},{"link_name":"Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_web_officer"},{"link_name":"Chairperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Creative director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_director"},{"link_name":"Development director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_director"},{"link_name":"General counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_counsel"},{"link_name":"Executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_director"},{"link_name":"Non-executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-executive_director"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Representative director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"General manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Account manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_manager"},{"link_name":"Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Product manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_manager"},{"link_name":"Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Corporate governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance"},{"link_name":"Executive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_compensation"},{"link_name":"List of business and finance abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Senior management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_management"},{"link_name":"Supervisory board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisory_board"},{"link_name":"Talent management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_management"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"History of parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"Principles of parliamentary procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_parliamentary_procedure"},{"link_name":"Deliberative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly"},{"link_name":"Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee"},{"link_name":"Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)#Session"},{"link_name":"Quorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum"},{"link_name":"Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_(legislative)"},{"link_name":"Recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Main motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Main_motion"},{"link_name":"Order of 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committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee#Discharge_a_committee"},{"link_name":"Reconsider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconsideration_of_a_motion"},{"link_name":"Legislative procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure#Legislatures"},{"link_name":"Call of the house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_the_house"},{"link_name":"Hoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(motion)"},{"link_name":"Motion to pass on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_pass_on"},{"link_name":"Recall of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Disciplinary procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_procedures"},{"link_name":"Censure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure"},{"link_name":"Declare the chair vacant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declare_the_chair_vacant"},{"link_name":"Impeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeach_(motion)"},{"link_name":"Naming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_authority"},{"link_name":"Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order"},{"link_name":"The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure"},{"link_name":"Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter%27s_Manual_of_Parliamentary_Law_and_Procedure"},{"link_name":"Riddick's Rules of Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddick%27s_Rules_of_Procedure"},{"link_name":"Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%27s_Manual_of_Legislative_Procedure"},{"link_name":"Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_May:_Parliamentary_Practice"},{"link_name":"Jefferson's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual"},{"link_name":"Lex Parliamentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Parliamentaria"},{"link_name":"Odgers' Australian Senate Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odgers%27_Australian_Senate_Practice"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_Practice"},{"link_name":"Bourinot's Rules of Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourinot%27s_Rules_of_Order"},{"link_name":"Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauchesne%27s_Parliamentary_Rules_and_Forms"},{"link_name":"Morin code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin_code"},{"link_name":"ABC of Chairmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_of_Chairmanship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140686#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4188716-5"}],"text":"Trohan, Colette Collier (2014). A Great Meeting Needs a Great Chair. A Great Meeting. ASIN B00NP7BR8O.vteCorporate titlesChief officers\nAccessibility\nAdministrative\nAnalytics\nAudit\nBrand\nBusiness\nChannel\nCommercial\nCommunications\nCompliance\nContent\nCreative\nData\nDesign\nDigital\nDiversity\nExecutive\nExperience\nFinancial\nGaming\nHuman resources\nInformation\nInformation security\nInnovation\nInvestment\nKnowledge\nLearning\nLegal\nMarketing\nMedical\nMerchandising\nNetworking\nOperating\nPrivacy\nProcurement\nProduct\nResearch\nRestructuring\nRevenue\nRisk\nScience\nSecurity\nSolutions\nStrategy\nSustainability\nTechnology\nVisionary\nWeb\nSenior executives\nChairperson\nCreative director\nDevelopment director\nGeneral counsel\nExecutive director\nNon-executive director\nPresident\nRepresentative director\nVice president\nMid-level executives\nManager\nGeneral manager\nAccount manager\nSupervisor\nProduct manager\nForeman\nRelated topics\nBoard of directors\nCorporate governance\nExecutive compensation\nList of business and finance abbreviations\nSenior management\nSupervisory board\nTalent managementvteParliamentary procedureMajor concepts\nHistory of parliamentary procedure\nPrinciples of parliamentary procedure\nDeliberative assembly\nCommittee\nSession\nQuorum\nChair\nFloor\nRecognition\nMotion\nSecond\nDebate\nMain motion\nOrder of business\nMinutes\nVoting methods in deliberative assemblies\nMajority\nUnanimous consent\nSubsidiary motions\nPostpone indefinitely\nAmend\nCommit\nPostpone to a certain time\nLimit or extend limits of debate\nPrevious question\nCloture\nLay on the table\nPrivileged motions\nCall for the orders of the day\nRaise a question of privilege\nRecess\nAdjourn\nFix the time to which to adjourn\nIncidental motions\nPoint of order\nAppeal\nSuspend the rules\nObjection to the consideration of a question\nDivision of a question\nConsideration by paragraph or seriatim\nDivision of the assembly\nMotions relating to methods of voting and the polls\nMotions relating to nominations\nPrayer motion\nRequest to be excused from a duty\nRequests and inquiries (Parliamentary inquiry, Request for information, Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, Request to read papers, Request for any other privilege)\nMotions that bring a questionagain before the assembly\nTake from the table\nRescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted\nDischarge a committee\nReconsider\nLegislative procedures\nCall of the house\nHoist\nMotion to pass on\nRecall of Parliament\nDisciplinary procedures\nCensure\nDeclare the chair vacant\nImpeach\nNaming\nParliamentary authorities\nRobert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR)\nThe Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC or Sturgis)\nDemeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure\nRiddick's Rules of Procedure\nMason's Manual of Legislative Procedure\nErskine May: Parliamentary Practice\nJefferson's Manual\nLex Parliamentaria\nOdgers' Australian Senate Practice\nHouse of Representatives Practice\nBourinot's Rules of Order\nBeauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms\nMorin code\nABC of Chairmanship\n Politics portalAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Agustín Vásquez Gómez, ambassador of the Republic of El Salvador, chairing the OPCW's Fourth Review Conference, November 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Agustin_V%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez%2C_chairperson_of_OPCW%27s_Fourth_Review_Conference%2C_2018.jpg/300px-Agustin_V%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez%2C_chairperson_of_OPCW%27s_Fourth_Review_Conference%2C_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid of Jordan chairs a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018.[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg/260px-Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christina Magnuson, as chairman,[37] presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg/220px-Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_director"},{"title":"Non-executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-executive_director"},{"title":"Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure_in_the_corporate_world"},{"title":"President (corporate title)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"}]

[{"reference":"Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order","url_text":"Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5","url_text":"978-0-306-82020-5"}]},{"reference":"Sturgis, Alice (2001). The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-07-136513-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Sturgis","url_text":"Sturgis, Alice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure","url_text":"The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-136513-0","url_text":"978-0-07-136513-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Chairing\". Cambridge Dictionary (Online ed.). Retrieved 22 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/chairing","url_text":"\"Chairing\""}]},{"reference":"Hellinger, Marlis, ed. (2001). Gender across languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society). Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 125. ISBN 90-272-1841-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-1841-2","url_text":"90-272-1841-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Chairperson\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chairperson","url_text":"\"Chairperson\""}]},{"reference":"\"moderator\". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary via Search Chambers. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=Moderator&title=21st","url_text":"\"moderator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_21st_Century_Dictionary","url_text":"Chambers 21st Century Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Harrap","url_text":"Chambers Harrap"}]},{"reference":"\"The many roles of the Speaker\". New Zealand Parliament. Office of the Speaker, Parliament of New Zealand. 2006-02-01. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190509034657/https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker","url_text":"\"The many roles of the Speaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Parliament of New Zealand"},{"url":"https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Parliament: The Lord Speaker\". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075343/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm","url_text":"\"About Parliament: The Lord Speaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"Parliament of the United Kingdom"},{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1993. p. 235. ISBN 0-87779-132-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-132-5","url_text":"0-87779-132-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman\". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman\""}]},{"reference":"Margrit Eichler (28 October 2013). Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-134-97797-0. Typically, these analyses pointed out the use of so-called generic male terms as sexist... As a consequence of these critiques, guides were published that replaced so-called generic male terms with truly generic terms: policeman became police officer; fireman, fire fighter; postman, mail carrier; workman, worker; chairman, chairperson; mankind, humanity; and so on.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RdfYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP4","url_text":"Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97797-0","url_text":"978-1-134-97797-0"}]},{"reference":"Barrie Thorne; Nancy Henley (1975). Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Newbury House Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9780883770436. Is it possible to change sexist language? ... Much of the debate has centered around two types of change: the coining of new terms (such as Ms. to replace Miss/Mrs., and chairperson to replace chairman and chairwoman), and various proposal to replace he as the generic third person singular pronoun.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SWywAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883770436","url_text":"9780883770436"}]},{"reference":"Dale Spender (1990). Man Made Language. Pandora. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-04-440766-9. Another factor which we must bear in mind is that women need more words - and more positive words - not less. The removal of sexist words would not leave a large repertoire of words for women to draw upon! ... Some attempts have been made to modify sexist words and there arc signs that this on its own is insufficient to reduce sexism in language. Words such as police officer and chairperson have been an attempt to break away from the negative value which female words acquire by the creation of sex-neutral terms","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-YStAQAACAAJ","url_text":"Man Made Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440766-9","url_text":"978-0-04-440766-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The language of gender\". Oxford Living Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-05-20. People also object to the use of the ending -man in words referring to professions and roles in society, for example postman, spokesman, or chairman. Since women are generally as likely as men to be involved in an occupation or activity nowadays, this type of word is increasingly being replaced by gender-neutral terms, e.g. postal worker, spokesperson, or chair/chairperson.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190510155031/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender","url_text":"\"The language of gender\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman - More About\". Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-20. When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not ... Neutral words like assistant, worker, person or officer are now often used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs ... Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in both British English and North American English.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q=chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman - More About\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170530020103/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q=chairman","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman - Note\". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Although chairman can refer to a person of either sex, chairperson or chair is often preferred to avoid giving the idea the person is necessarily male.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman - Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairperson (usage note)\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Chairperson has, since the 1960s, come to be used widely as an alternative to either chairman or chairwoman. This change has sprung largely from a desire to avoid chairman, which is felt by many to be inappropriate and even sexually discriminatory when applied to a woman ... Chairperson is standard in all varieties of speech and writing.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chairperson","url_text":"\"Chairperson (usage note)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman (usage note)\". Macmillan Dictionary. Springer. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Many people prefer to say chair or chairperson, because the word chairman suggests that the person in this position is always a man.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman (usage note)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman (usage note)\". The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 2019-05-20. These compounds sometimes generate controversy because they are considered sexist by some people who believe that -man necessarily excludes females. Others believe that -man, like the word man itself, is an accepted and efficient convention that is not meant to be gender-specific.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman (usage note)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman (usage note)\". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Chairman can seem inappropriate when applied to a woman, while chairwoman can be offensive. Chair and chairperson can be applied to either a man or a woman; chair is generally preferred to chairperson","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/chairman","url_text":"\"Chairman (usage note)\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010). Sex and society Volume 1: Abstinence – Gender Identity. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7614-7906-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7906-2","url_text":"978-0-7614-7906-2"}]},{"reference":"Zinsser, William (2007). On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction (30. anniversary ed., 7. ed., rev. and updated, [Nachdr.] ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-06-089154-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81","url_text":"On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81","url_text":"81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-089154-1","url_text":"978-0-06-089154-1"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Simon (2009). Debating in the World Schools style: a guide. New York: International Debate Education Association. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-932716-55-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N1_Zjo9GDJ8C&pg=PA5","url_text":"Debating in the World Schools style: a guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932716-55-9","url_text":"978-1-932716-55-9"}]},{"reference":"England, Breck; Covey, Stephen R.; Freeman, Larry H. (2012). FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-13-309039-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fd1CnmaFD80C&pg=PA27","url_text":"FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-309039-0","url_text":"978-0-13-309039-0"}]},{"reference":"Gurung, Regan A. R.; Schwartz, Beth M.; Landrum, R. Eric (2012). An easyguide to APA style. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4129-9124-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9124-7","url_text":"978-1-4129-9124-7"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Bryan A. (2000). The Oxford dictionary of American usage and style (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-19-513508-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513508-3","url_text":"0-19-513508-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Banned words\". The Telegraph. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/","url_text":"\"Banned words\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use?\". National Association of Parliamentarians. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112012/https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/","url_text":"\"Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Parliamentarians","url_text":"National Association of Parliamentarians"},{"url":"https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Casey; Swift, Kate (2000). The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: For writers, editors and speakers (2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com. p. 32. ISBN 0-595-15921-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KY_XiQa5PhMC&pg=PA32","url_text":"The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: For writers, editors and speakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-15921-4","url_text":"0-595-15921-4"}]},{"reference":"Dixit, Aabha (24 September 2018). \"Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid Takes Over as New Chairperson of IAEA Board of Governors\". International Atomic Energy Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/ambassador-leena-al-hadid-takes-over-as-new-chairperson-of-iaea-board-of-governors","url_text":"\"Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid Takes Over as New Chairperson of IAEA Board of Governors\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Richard Anthony (2014). British Music Hall: An Illustrated History. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-78383-118-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-118-0","url_text":"978-1-78383-118-0"}]},{"reference":"Cawthorne, Nigel (2012-07-24). Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar. Arcturus Publishing (published 2012). ISBN 978-1-84858-951-3. Retrieved 2015-02-25. [...] Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Molotov and Abel Yenukidze [...] began discussing the structure of the new government. Lenin did not want to have 'ministers' as such, so Trotsky suggested that they should be called \"peoples' commissars\". The government itself would be the \"Council of People's Commissars\" and its chairman would be prime minister, in effect.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne","url_text":"Cawthorne, Nigel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2CAEAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84858-951-3","url_text":"978-1-84858-951-3"}]},{"reference":"Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-135-75840-0. On 26 October 1917, Lenin announced the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, having rejected the traditional title of minister as being too \"bourgeois\", and named himself the \"Chairman of the Council\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0","url_text":"978-1-135-75840-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)\". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#1","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)\""},{"url":"http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)\". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from the original on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)\""},{"url":"http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kefgen, Keith (2004-05-11). \"The Non-Executive Chairman Comes of Age\". HVS web site. HVS. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 2011-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027135952/http://www.hvs.com/Jump/?aid=1033","url_text":"\"The Non-Executive Chairman Comes of Age\""},{"url":"http://www.hvs.com/Jump/?aid=1033","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We at Confidencen: Board and General Management\". Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.confidencen.se/en/vi-pa-confidencen/","url_text":"\"We at Confidencen: Board and General Management\""}]},{"reference":"Behan, Beverly (10 January 2008). \"Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles\". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 2011-04-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110416101510/http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm","url_text":"\"Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"COMMONSENSE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.governanceprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GovernancePrinciples_Principles.pdf","url_text":"\"COMMONSENSE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate Governance Principles for US Listed Companies\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202204319/https://www.isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles/","url_text":"\"Corporate Governance Principles for US Listed Companies\""},{"url":"http://isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is the role of a chair of the board in a private equity company?\\\". www.nurole.com. 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045919/https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity","url_text":"\"What is the role of a chair of the board in a private equity company?\\\""},{"url":"https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Ford Motor Company. Ford Motor Company. 2019. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112107/http://blog.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=141","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford Motor Company"},{"url":"https://corporate.ford.com/company.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership\". HSBC. 2019. Retrieved 2011-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/leadership","url_text":"\"Leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC","url_text":"HSBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Board - Investor Relations\". Retrieved 2011-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc.xyz/investor/other/board/#nominating-and-corporate-governance-committee","url_text":"\"Board - Investor Relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"HP Investor Relations – Board of directors\". Hewlett-Packard. Retrieved 2011-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://h30261.www3.hp.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=71087&p=irol-govboard","url_text":"\"HP Investor Relations – Board of directors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard","url_text":"Hewlett-Packard"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership\". Rbccm.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbccm.com/about/cid-264063.html","url_text":"\"Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman – TV News\". Digital Spy. 2003-01-29. Retrieved 2011-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/news/a10201/ted-turner-quits-as-aoltw-vice-chairman.html","url_text":"\"Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman – TV News\""}]},{"reference":"Trohan, Colette Collier (2014). A Great Meeting Needs a Great Chair. A Great Meeting. ASIN B00NP7BR8O.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00NP7BR8O","url_text":"B00NP7BR8O"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestdeutsche_Philharmonie

Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie

["1 History","2 Funding","3 Activities","4 Conductors","5 Music","5.1 Wagner project in Minden","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°06′59″N 08°41′00″E / 52.11639°N 8.68333°E / 52.11639; 8.68333German orchestra Nordwestdeutsche PhilharmonieSymphony orchestraHeyward at Stadttheater Minden on 3 March 2022, announcing that the following concert was dedicated to the victims of the invasion of UkraineFounded1950 (1950)LocationHerford, GermanyPrincipal conductor Jonathon Heyward Websitewww.nwd-philharmonie.de The Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie (North West German Philharmonic) is a German symphony orchestra based in Herford. It was founded in 1950 and, along with Philharmonie Südwestfalen and Landesjugendorchester NRW, is one of the 'official' orchestras (Landesorchester) of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The orchestra has been shaped by conductors such as Wilhelm Schüchter, Hermann Scherchen and Andris Nelsons. They have regularly served several cities in northwest Germany, and toured internationally to halls such as Berliner Philharmonie, Tonhalle Zürich and Großes Festspielhaus in Salzburg, also to the U.S. and Japan. In 1995, they played the premiere recording of Shostakovich's unfinished opera Die Spieler (The Gamblers), sung in Russian by soloists of the Bolshoi Theatre conducted by Michail Jurowski. They were the orchestra for the project Der Ring in Minden, concluded in 2019. Jonathon Heyward has been chief conductor from 2021. History A predecessor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie was founded in 1946 under this name in Bad Pyrmont by members of the former Linzer Reichs-Bruckner-Orchester and the Prager Deutsche Philharmonie. In 1950 this orchestra merged with the Herforder Sinfonisches Orchester. The new orchestra was first named Städtebund-Symphoniker, but in 1951 Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie. Funding The orchestra is funded partly by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and an association of communities in the region Ostwestfalen-Lippe. Members of the association are the cities Bad Salzuflen, Bünde, Detmold, Herford, Lemgo, Minden and Paderborn and the districts Herford und Lippe. Venues include the Konzerthalle Bad Salzuflen and the Stadttheater Minden. Activities The 78 musicians play about 120 concerts per year, mainly in the cities which support the orchestra, but also on international tours to the United States and Japan, among others. They have played in concert halls such as the Berliner Philharmonie, Konzerthaus Dortmund and Großes Festspielhaus in Salzburg. The orchestra collaborates with the public radio station WDR3. They recorded more than 200 records and CDs. The orchestra has accompanied singers such as Anna Netrebko, José Cura, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti und Renée Fleming. The players are engaged in pedagogical programs for schools and young listeners, reaching more than 12,000 children a year. The orchestra conducts an international summer academy, in 2010 with Fabio Bidini. Conductors Conductors included: 1950–1952: Rolf Agop 1952–1953: Eugen Pabst 1953–1955: Wilhelm Schüchter 1955–1956: Albert Grünes 1956–1961: Kurt Brass 1959–1960: Hermann Scherchen 1961–1963: Hermann Hildebrand 1963–1969: Richard Kraus 1969–1971: Werner Andreas Albert 1971–1974: Erich Bergel 1975–1987: János Kulka 1987–1991: Alun Francis 1992–1998: Michail Jurowski 1998–2006: Toshiyuki Kamioka 2006–2009: Andris Nelsons 2010–2014: Eugene Tzigane 2014–2020: Yves Abel from 2021: Jonathon Heyward Music Wilhelm Schüchter conducted in 1955 a recording of Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride performed in German, with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, the chorus of the Landestheater Hannover, Erna Berger, Rudolf Schock, Gottlob Frick, Hanns-Heinz Nissen, Christa Ludwig, Theodor Schlott and Marga Höffgen. In 1960, Hermann Scherchen recorded works of Max Reger with alto Margarethe Bence and the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, including Eine Lustspielouvertüre (Comedy Overture), Serenade for orchestra, Eine romantische Suite, "An die Hoffnung", Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Beethoven and Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart. Werner Andreas Albert conducted the orchestra in a recording of Robert Volkmann's orchestral works, two ouvertures, two symphonies and a cello concerto with soloist Johannes Wohlmacher. The orchestra, conducted by Erich Bergel, accompanied pianist Volker Banfield on a recording of Les Djinns, a symphonic poem for piano and orchestra by César Franck. János Kulka conducted the orchestra for a recording of works by Franz Liszt, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Two Episodes of Lenau's Faust and Hunnenschlacht. Alun Francis conducted a recording of Carl Reinecke's four piano concertos with pianist Klaus Hellwig. Conducted by Michail Jurowski, they played in 1995 the premiere recording of Shostakovich's unfinished opera Die Spieler (The Gamblers) after Nikolai Gogol, completed by Krzysztof Meyer in 1981, sung in Russian by soloists of the Bolshoi Theatre. Toshiyuki Kamioka conducted Rautavaara's Symphony No.7 "Angel of Light" in January 2000 in Detmold, Paderborn, Herford, Bad Salzuflen and Minden. Max Reger's monumental Der 100. Psalm was performed in the Reinoldikirche in Dortmund as part of the Max-Reger-Wochen 2004 in a collaboration with four choirs: Chor der Hochschule für Musik Herford, Westfälische Kantorei, Münsterchor Herford, and Chor des Städtischen Musikvereins Hamm. In 2004 Britten's War Requiem was performed in the Mainz Cathedral in a collaboration with Joshard Daus and the EuropaChorAkademie. In August 2006 Frank Beermann conducted Mahler's Resurrection Symphony with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie and the Philharmonische Chöre Siegen und Brühl in the Alfred-Fischer-Halle in Hamm. In November 2006 the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, conducted by Andreas Delfs, accompanied Renée Fleming in the Berlin Philharmonie. With the EuropaChorAkademie the orchestra played there Poulenc's Stabat Mater and Bruckner's Mass in F minor. Andris Nelsons conducted Bartók's Viola Concerto, with soloist Hermann Menninghaus, and Mahler's Fifth Symphony in Herford in the final concert with his orchestra in May 2009. A program of orchestral Lieder and works of Hans Pfitzner and Richard Strauss with baritone Hans Christoph Begermann and conductor Otto Tausk was also performed in Witten. Eugene Tzigane conducted two concerts in the Tonhalle Zürich, works by Dvořák and Tschaikovsky on 3 May 2010, and Weber's ouverture to Der Freischütz, Mozart's Clarinet concerto with Sebastian Manz, and Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 on 4 May 2010. Tzigane conducted the concerts marking the orchestra's 60th anniversary in October 2010, Don Juan of Richard Strauss, the Violin Concerto of Erich Korngold, with soloist Philippe Quint, and the Symphony in D minor of César Franck. In November 2010 the orchestra took part in a performance in the Berlin Philharmonie of Hans Krása's: Die Erde ist des Herrn... and Ein deutsches Requiem by Brahms. In 2017, Dirk Kaftan conducted the first series of concerts, performing Alban Berg's Violin Concerto with Liza Ferschtman as soloist, and Bruckner's Fourth Symphony at seven locations, including Hamm and Marburg. In the 2020/21 season, the orchestra had to play short concerts with small groups of players, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yves Abel conducted a program of Barber's Adagio for Strings, Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto with Anna Tifu as the soloist, and Poulenc's Sinfonietta (Poulenc). Wagner project in Minden Main article: Der Ring in Minden The orchestra has played in productions of stage works by Richard Wagner, an ongoing project of the Stadttheater Minden on an initiative by Jutta Hering-Winckler, president of the local Richard Wagner Society. The conductor has been Frank Beermann, GMD of the Chemnitz Opera: 2002 Der fliegende Holländer 2005 Tannhäuser 2009 Lohengrin 2012 Tristan und Isolde 2015 to 2019: Der Ring des Nibelungen. The project culminated in Der Ring in Minden, begun in 2015 with annual productions of the four parts, and two complete Ring cycles in 2019. Throughout the project, the orchestra was positioned at the back of the small stage. After the Ring cycle, a reviewer from the FAZ described the orchestra as "wunderbares Wagnerorchester" (wonderful Wagner orchestra) precisely because it was unfamiliar with Wagner and had to learn every measure. He mentioned its brilliant, glowing and somber colours. and called it the "omniscient narrator and commentator, as well as the source of energy for the action" ("allwissender Erzähler und Kommentator wie Energiequelle des Geschehens"). References ^ a b c "Geschichte der NWD" (in German). Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie. 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022. ^ a b c "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Landesorchester Nordrhein-Westfalen Sitz Herford" (in German). Kulturserver NRW. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ a b "Renée Fleming, Orchester der Nordwestdeutschen Philharmonie, Andreas Delfs". Berliner Philharmoniker. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2010. ^ a b "EuropaChorAkademie, Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, Joshard Daus, Claudia Barainsky, Gabriele Künzler, Christian Elsner". Berliner Philharmoniker. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2010. ^ "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie". Mozart Gesellschaft Dortmund. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford". Salzburger Kulturvereinigung. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ a b "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie spielt Werke von Richard Strauss und Hans Pfitzner" (in German). WDR3. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ "The Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie's International Summer Academy". Summer Academy Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ "Yvel Abel wird Chefdirigent der Nordwestdeutschen Philharmonie" (in German). Deutsches Musikinformationszentrum. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014. ^ "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie beruft neuen Chefdirigenten". Westfalenspiegel (in German). 23 May 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ "The Bartered Bride by Bedrich Smetana performed in German". operadis-opera-discography.org. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ "Scherchen Conducts Reger / Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie". arkivmusic.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2010. ^ Martin Andersen (1996). "Robert Volkmann Complete Orchestral Works". classical.net. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ "Volker Banfield – Klavierkonzerte Vol. 1". jpc.de. 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ "Franz Liszt: Hunnenschlacht". allmusic.com. Retrieved 22 July 2010. ^ "Carl Reinecke Klavierkonzerte 1—4". jpc.de. 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ W. Mark Roberts. "The Gamblers". DSCH Journal. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "Shostakovich, D.: Igroki (The Gamblers) ". Naxos. 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "18 January 2000". Boosey & Hawkes. 18 January 2000. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "Der 100. Psalm: Höhepunkt der Max-Reger-Wochen in der St. Reinoldikirche" (in German). Dormund. 18 May 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ Wolff, Jan-Geert (9 November 2004). "Grauen des Krieges Benjamin Brittens "War Requiem" im Dom" (in German). Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ "Kulturreport Hamm" (PDF) (in German). Hamm. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ "Gefühlswelten voll ausgelebt / Andris Nelsons dirigiert letztes Abschiedskonzert in Herford" (in German). Mindener Tageblatt. 12 May 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie" (in German). Wittener Kulturgemeinde. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ "Ein Orchester ist Museum und Galerie" (in German). Westfalenblatt. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "Sebastian Manz Klarinette". daniela wiehen artirst management. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010. ^ "Die Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie spielt Werke von Richard Strauss, Erich Wolfgang Korngold und César Franck" (in German). WDR3. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010. ^ "Hans Krása: "Die Erde ist des Herrn..." Johannes Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem" (in German). centrumjudaicum.de. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010. ^ "International Concert Listings". Bonn. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ^ "Publikum feiert Herforder Orchester auch in kleinerer Besetzung / NWD mal spritzig, mal klagend". Wesfalen-Blatt (in German). 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ Büning, Eleonore (11 September 2012). "Richard Wagner in Minden / Hier weht Bayreuths Fahne auf dem Dach". Faz.net (in German). FAZ. Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ a b Oehrlein, Josef (27 September 2019). "Der Kleine muss Ideen haben / Zeitreise durch vier Epochen: Richard Wagners "Ring" in Minden". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Frankfurt. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2019. External links Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie website (in German) Entries for the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie on WorldCat 52°06′59″N 08°41′00″E / 52.11639°N 8.68333°E / 52.11639; 8.68333 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symphony orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Herford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herford"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schüchter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCchter"},{"link_name":"Hermann Scherchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen"},{"link_name":"Andris Nelsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Nelsons"},{"link_name":"Berliner Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"Tonhalle Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhalle_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Großes Festspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"The Gamblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamblers_(Shostakovich)"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Michail Jurowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Jurowski"},{"link_name":"Der Ring in Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden"},{"link_name":"Jonathon Heyward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Heyward"}],"text":"German orchestraThe Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie (North West German Philharmonic) is a German symphony orchestra based in Herford. It was founded in 1950 and, along with Philharmonie Südwestfalen and Landesjugendorchester NRW, is one of the 'official' orchestras (Landesorchester) of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The orchestra has been shaped by conductors such as Wilhelm Schüchter, Hermann Scherchen and Andris Nelsons. They have regularly served several cities in northwest Germany, and toured internationally to halls such as Berliner Philharmonie, Tonhalle Zürich and Großes Festspielhaus in Salzburg, also to the U.S. and Japan.In 1995, they played the premiere recording of Shostakovich's unfinished opera Die Spieler (The Gamblers), sung in Russian by soloists of the Bolshoi Theatre conducted by Michail Jurowski. They were the orchestra for the project Der Ring in Minden, concluded in 2019. Jonathon Heyward has been chief conductor from 2021.","title":"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Pyrmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Pyrmont"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"}],"text":"A predecessor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie was founded in 1946 under this name in Bad Pyrmont by members of the former Linzer Reichs-Bruckner-Orchester and the Prager Deutsche Philharmonie. In 1950 this orchestra merged with the Herforder Sinfonisches Orchester. The new orchestra was first named Städtebund-Symphoniker, but in 1951 Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRW-2"},{"link_name":"Ostwestfalen-Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwestfalen-Lippe"},{"link_name":"Bad Salzuflen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Salzuflen"},{"link_name":"Bünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detmold"},{"link_name":"Lemgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemgo"},{"link_name":"Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"link_name":"Herford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Herford"},{"link_name":"Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"Konzerthalle Bad Salzuflen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerthalle_Bad_Salzuflen"},{"link_name":"Stadttheater Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadttheater_Minden"}],"text":"The orchestra is funded partly by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia[2] and an association of communities in the region Ostwestfalen-Lippe. Members of the association are the cities Bad Salzuflen, Bünde, Detmold, Herford, Lemgo, Minden and Paderborn and the districts Herford und Lippe.[1] Venues include the Konzerthalle Bad Salzuflen and the Stadttheater Minden.","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRW-2"},{"link_name":"Berliner Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin2-4"},{"link_name":"Konzerthaus Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerthaus_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Großes Festspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"WDR3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDR-7"},{"link_name":"Anna Netrebko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Netrebko"},{"link_name":"José Cura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cura"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Luciano Pavarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti"},{"link_name":"Renée Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRW-2"},{"link_name":"Fabio Bidini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Bidini"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The 78 musicians play about 120 concerts per year, mainly in the cities which support the orchestra, but also on international tours to the United States and Japan, among others.[2] They have played in concert halls such as the Berliner Philharmonie,[3][4] Konzerthaus Dortmund[5] and Großes Festspielhaus in Salzburg.[6]The orchestra collaborates with the public radio station WDR3.[7] They recorded more than 200 records and CDs. The orchestra has accompanied singers such as Anna Netrebko, José Cura, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti und Renée Fleming. The players are engaged in pedagogical programs for schools and young listeners, reaching more than 12,000 children a year.[2]The orchestra conducts an international summer academy, in 2010 with Fabio Bidini.[8]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"Rolf Agop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Agop"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schüchter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCchter"},{"link_name":"Hermann Scherchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen"},{"link_name":"Werner Andreas Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Andreas_Albert"},{"link_name":"Erich Bergel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Bergel"},{"link_name":"János Kulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kulka_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Alun Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Francis"},{"link_name":"Michail Jurowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Jurowski"},{"link_name":"Toshiyuki Kamioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki_Kamioka"},{"link_name":"Andris Nelsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Nelsons"},{"link_name":"Eugene Tzigane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Tzigane"},{"link_name":"Yves Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Abel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jonathon Heyward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Heyward"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Conductors included:[1]1950–1952: Rolf Agop\n1952–1953: Eugen Pabst\n1953–1955: Wilhelm Schüchter\n1955–1956: Albert Grünes\n1956–1961: Kurt Brass\n1959–1960: Hermann Scherchen\n1961–1963: Hermann Hildebrand\n1963–1969: Richard Kraus\n1969–1971: Werner Andreas Albert\n1971–1974: Erich Bergel\n1975–1987: János Kulka\n1987–1991: Alun Francis\n1992–1998: Michail Jurowski\n1998–2006: Toshiyuki Kamioka\n2006–2009: Andris Nelsons\n2010–2014: Eugene Tzigane\n2014–2020: Yves Abel[9]\nfrom 2021: Jonathon Heyward[10]","title":"Conductors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bartered Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride"},{"link_name":"Landestheater Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landestheater_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Erna Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Berger"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schock"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frick"},{"link_name":"Christa Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Marga Höffgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marga_H%C3%B6ffgen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Max Reger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reger"},{"link_name":"Margarethe Bence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarethe_Bence"},{"link_name":"Eine romantische Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine_romantische_Suite"},{"link_name":"An die Hoffnung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_die_Hoffnung"},{"link_name":"Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Mozart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Volkmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Volkmann"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Volker Banfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Banfield"},{"link_name":"Les Djinns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Djinns_(Franck)"},{"link_name":"César Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsody_No._6"},{"link_name":"Hunnenschlacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnenschlacht_(Liszt)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Carl Reinecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Reinecke"},{"link_name":"Klaus Hellwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hellwig"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Gamblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gamblers_(Shostakovich)"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Symphony No.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Rautavaara)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Max Reger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reger"},{"link_name":"Der 100. Psalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_100._Psalm"},{"link_name":"Reinoldikirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinoldikirche"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"War Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Requiem"},{"link_name":"Mainz Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Joshard Daus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshard_Daus"},{"link_name":"EuropaChorAkademie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuropaChorAkademie"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Frank Beermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beermann"},{"link_name":"Resurrection Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Alfred-Fischer-Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred-Fischer-Halle"},{"link_name":"Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Andreas Delfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Delfs"},{"link_name":"Renée Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin1-3"},{"link_name":"Stabat Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(Poulenc)"},{"link_name":"Mass in F minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_No._3_(Bruckner)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berlin2-4"},{"link_name":"Viola Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Concerto_(Bart%C3%B3k)"},{"link_name":"Hermann Menninghaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Menninghaus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fifth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"Hans Pfitzner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"Witten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witten"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDR-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tonhalle Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhalle_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Tschaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"Der Freischütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Clarinet concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_Concerto_(Mozart)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Manz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Manz"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Korngold)"},{"link_name":"Erich Korngold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Korngold"},{"link_name":"Philippe Quint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Quint"},{"link_name":"Symphony in D minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_in_D_minor_(Franck)"},{"link_name":"César Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"Hans Krása","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kr%C3%A1sa"},{"link_name":"Ein deutsches Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dirk Kaftan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Kaftan"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)"},{"link_name":"Liza Ferschtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Ferschtman"},{"link_name":"Fourth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)"},{"link_name":"Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruckner-29"},{"link_name":"Yves Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Abel"},{"link_name":"Adagio for Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adagio_for_Strings"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"Anna Tifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Tifu"},{"link_name":"Sinfonietta (Poulenc)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Poulenc)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westfalen-30"}],"text":"Wilhelm Schüchter conducted in 1955 a recording of Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride performed in German, with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, the chorus of the Landestheater Hannover, Erna Berger, Rudolf Schock, Gottlob Frick, Hanns-Heinz Nissen, Christa Ludwig, Theodor Schlott and Marga Höffgen.[11]In 1960, Hermann Scherchen recorded works of Max Reger with alto Margarethe Bence and the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, including Eine Lustspielouvertüre (Comedy Overture), Serenade for orchestra, Eine romantische Suite, \"An die Hoffnung\", Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Beethoven and Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart.[12]Werner Andreas Albert conducted the orchestra in a recording of Robert Volkmann's orchestral works, two ouvertures, two symphonies and a cello concerto with soloist Johannes Wohlmacher.[13]The orchestra, conducted by Erich Bergel, accompanied pianist Volker Banfield on a recording of Les Djinns, a symphonic poem for piano and orchestra by César Franck.[14]János Kulka conducted the orchestra for a recording of works by Franz Liszt, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Two Episodes of Lenau's Faust and Hunnenschlacht.[15]Alun Francis conducted a recording of Carl Reinecke's four piano concertos with pianist Klaus Hellwig.[16]Conducted by Michail Jurowski, they played in 1995 the premiere recording of Shostakovich's unfinished opera Die Spieler (The Gamblers) after Nikolai Gogol, completed by Krzysztof Meyer in 1981, sung in Russian by soloists of the Bolshoi Theatre.[17][18]Toshiyuki Kamioka conducted Rautavaara's Symphony No.7 \"Angel of Light\" in January 2000 in Detmold, Paderborn, Herford, Bad Salzuflen and Minden.[19]Max Reger's monumental Der 100. Psalm was performed in the Reinoldikirche in Dortmund as part of the Max-Reger-Wochen 2004 in a collaboration with four choirs: Chor der Hochschule für Musik Herford, Westfälische Kantorei, Münsterchor Herford, and Chor des Städtischen Musikvereins Hamm.[20]In 2004 Britten's War Requiem was performed in the Mainz Cathedral in a collaboration with Joshard Daus and the EuropaChorAkademie.[21]In August 2006 Frank Beermann conducted Mahler's Resurrection Symphony with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie and the Philharmonische Chöre Siegen und Brühl in the Alfred-Fischer-Halle in Hamm.[22]In November 2006 the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, conducted by Andreas Delfs, accompanied Renée Fleming in the Berlin Philharmonie.[3] With the EuropaChorAkademie the orchestra played there Poulenc's Stabat Mater and Bruckner's Mass in F minor.[4]Andris Nelsons conducted Bartók's Viola Concerto, with soloist Hermann Menninghaus, and Mahler's Fifth Symphony in Herford in the final concert with his orchestra in May 2009.[23]A program of orchestral Lieder and works of Hans Pfitzner and Richard Strauss with baritone Hans Christoph Begermann and conductor Otto Tausk was also performed in Witten.[7][24]Eugene Tzigane conducted two concerts in the Tonhalle Zürich, works by Dvořák and Tschaikovsky on 3 May 2010, and Weber's ouverture to Der Freischütz, Mozart's Clarinet concerto with Sebastian Manz, and Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 on 4 May 2010.[25][26] Tzigane conducted the concerts marking the orchestra's 60th anniversary in October 2010, Don Juan of Richard Strauss, the Violin Concerto of Erich Korngold, with soloist Philippe Quint, and the Symphony in D minor of César Franck.[27]In November 2010 the orchestra took part in a performance in the Berlin Philharmonie of Hans Krása's: Die Erde ist des Herrn... and Ein deutsches Requiem by Brahms.[28]In 2017, Dirk Kaftan conducted the first series of concerts, performing Alban Berg's Violin Concerto with Liza Ferschtman as soloist, and Bruckner's Fourth Symphony at seven locations, including Hamm and Marburg.[29]In the 2020/21 season, the orchestra had to play short concerts with small groups of players, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yves Abel conducted a program of Barber's Adagio for Strings, Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto with Anna Tifu as the soloist, and Poulenc's Sinfonietta (Poulenc).[30]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Stadttheater Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadttheater_Minden"},{"link_name":"Jutta Hering-Winckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Hering-Winckler"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Society"},{"link_name":"Frank Beermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beermann"},{"link_name":"GMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmusikdirektor"},{"link_name":"Chemnitz Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz_Opera"},{"link_name":"Der fliegende Holländer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Der Ring des Nibelungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"Der Ring in Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden"},{"link_name":"FAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oehrlein-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oehrlein-32"}],"sub_title":"Wagner project in Minden","text":"The orchestra has played in productions of stage works by Richard Wagner, an ongoing project of the Stadttheater Minden on an initiative by Jutta Hering-Winckler, president of the local Richard Wagner Society. The conductor has been Frank Beermann, GMD of the Chemnitz Opera:2002 Der fliegende Holländer\n2005 Tannhäuser\n2009 Lohengrin\n2012 Tristan und Isolde[31]\n2015 to 2019: Der Ring des Nibelungen. The project culminated in Der Ring in Minden, begun in 2015 with annual productions of the four parts, and two complete Ring cycles in 2019.Throughout the project, the orchestra was positioned at the back of the small stage. After the Ring cycle, a reviewer from the FAZ described the orchestra as \"wunderbares Wagnerorchester\"[32] (wonderful Wagner orchestra) precisely because it was unfamiliar with Wagner and had to learn every measure. He mentioned its brilliant, glowing and somber colours. and called it the \"omniscient narrator and commentator, as well as the source of energy for the action\" (\"allwissender Erzähler und Kommentator wie Energiequelle des Geschehens\").[32]","title":"Music"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Geschichte der NWD\" (in German). Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie. 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwd-philharmonie.de/die-geschichte-der-nwd/","url_text":"\"Geschichte der NWD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Landesorchester Nordrhein-Westfalen Sitz Herford\" (in German). Kulturserver NRW. 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063941/http://www.kultur-nrw.de/-/institution/detail/13662","url_text":"\"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Landesorchester Nordrhein-Westfalen Sitz Herford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia","url_text":"NRW"},{"url":"http://www.kultur-nrw.de/-/institution/detail/13662","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Renée Fleming, Orchester der Nordwestdeutschen Philharmonie, Andreas Delfs\". Berliner Philharmoniker. 28 November 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/konzerte/kalender/programmdetails/konzert/223/termin/2006-11-28-20-00/","url_text":"\"Renée Fleming, Orchester der Nordwestdeutschen Philharmonie, Andreas Delfs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker","url_text":"Berliner Philharmoniker"}]},{"reference":"\"EuropaChorAkademie, Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, Joshard Daus, Claudia Barainsky, Gabriele Künzler, Christian Elsner\". Berliner Philharmoniker. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/konzerte/kalender/programmdetails/konzert/3089/termin/2007-11-06-20-00/","url_text":"\"EuropaChorAkademie, Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, Joshard Daus, Claudia Barainsky, Gabriele Künzler, Christian Elsner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmoniker","url_text":"Berliner Philharmoniker"}]},{"reference":"\"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie\". Mozart Gesellschaft Dortmund. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719062731/http://www.mozart-gesellschaft-dortmund.de/150.0.html?&L=1","url_text":"\"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie\""},{"url":"http://www.mozart-gesellschaft-dortmund.de/150.0.html?&L=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford\". Salzburger Kulturvereinigung. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. 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Psalm: Höhepunkt der Max-Reger-Wochen in der St. Reinoldikirche\""}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Jan-Geert (9 November 2004). \"Grauen des Krieges Benjamin Brittens \"War Requiem\" im Dom\" (in German). Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310085516/http://www.erlebnismusik.info/html/body_presse.html#mzaz91104","url_text":"\"Grauen des Krieges Benjamin Brittens \"War Requiem\" im Dom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Mainz)","url_text":"Allgemeine Zeitung"},{"url":"http://www.erlebnismusik.info/html/body_presse.html#mzaz91104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kulturreport Hamm\" (PDF) (in German). Hamm. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. 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Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718210259/http://www.centrumjudaicum.de/de/content/hans-kr%C3%A1sa-die-erde-ist-des-herrn-johannes-brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem","url_text":"\"Hans Krása: \"Die Erde ist des Herrn...\" Johannes Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem\""},{"url":"http://www.centrumjudaicum.de/de/content/hans-kr%C3%A1sa-die-erde-ist-des-herrn-johannes-brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Concert Listings\". Bonn. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120021741/http://www.brucknerjournal.co.uk/page9.html","url_text":"\"International Concert Listings\""},{"url":"http://www.brucknerjournal.co.uk/page9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Publikum feiert Herforder Orchester auch in kleinerer Besetzung / NWD mal spritzig, mal klagend\". Wesfalen-Blatt (in German). 5 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westfalen-blatt.de/OWL/Kreis-Herford/Herford/4287751-Publikum-feiert-Herforder-Orchester-auch-in-kleinerer-Besetzung-NWD-mal-spritzig-mal-klagend","url_text":"\"Publikum feiert Herforder Orchester auch in kleinerer Besetzung / NWD mal spritzig, mal klagend\""}]},{"reference":"Büning, Eleonore (11 September 2012). \"Richard Wagner in Minden / Hier weht Bayreuths Fahne auf dem Dach\". Faz.net (in German). FAZ. Retrieved 13 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buehne-und-konzert/richard-wagner-in-minden-hier-weht-bayreuths-fahne-auf-dem-dach-11885449.html#Drucken","url_text":"\"Richard Wagner in Minden / Hier weht Bayreuths Fahne auf dem Dach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung","url_text":"FAZ"}]},{"reference":"Oehrlein, Josef (27 September 2019). \"Der Kleine muss Ideen haben / Zeitreise durch vier Epochen: Richard Wagners \"Ring\" in Minden\". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Frankfurt. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20210205233509/https://edition.faz.net/faz-edition/feuilleton/2019-09-27/5295e6699af74ee443c20d9864183a5a/?GEPC=s9","url_text":"\"Der Kleine muss Ideen haben / Zeitreise durch vier Epochen: Richard Wagners \"Ring\" in Minden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung","url_text":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung"},{"url":"https://edition.faz.net/faz-edition/feuilleton/2019-09-27/5295e6699af74ee443c20d9864183a5a/?GEPC=s9","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaturamitr_Samakkee

Jaturamitr Samakkee

["1 Background","2 Tournaments","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Football leagueJaturamitr SamakkeeFounded16 October 1964CountryThailandNumber of teams4Domestic cup(s)Royal CupSirindhornCurrent championsSuankularb Wittayalai (15 titles) Bangkok Christian College (14 titles)Most championshipsSuankularb Wittayalai School (15 titles)TV partnersSiamSport (True Visions CH74) JaturamitrLIVE MCOT HD (16th) NBT(25th,26th,27th) Channel 3 Family (28th) YouTube Live(28th) True4U (29th)Websitejaturamitr.comCurrent: Jaturamitr Samakkee 30th The Jaturamitr Samakkee (Thai: จตุรมิตรสามัคคี, RTGS: Chaturamit Samakkhi, pronounced ) is a traditional secondary school football competition played by the four oldest boys' schools in Thailand: Suankularb Wittayalai School, Debsirin School, Assumption College, and Bangkok Christian College. It is held biennially, usually in November, at Suphachalasai Stadium in Bangkok, with the schools rotating as hosts. Background The first championship series was held from 16 October to 18 November 1964, with student unity as a central theme for the games. Subsequent competitions were held annually until 1985, except in 1966–1967, 1972, 1974–1977 and 1979–1980. From 1987, the competition continued on a biennial basis. It is a popular Thai football event, and outstanding players from the competition continue their careers by playing in the Thailand Premier League, including such figures as Thawatchai Damrong-Ongtrakul and Teerathep Winothai. The event is regularly broadcast on national television, and the three latest competitions have also been broadcast via live streaming video with live scores published on an official website. In addition to the matches themselves, great efforts are made to create elaborate displays and card stunts. Although unity has always been the central theme of the competition (jaturamitr is derived from the Sanskrit catura + mitra, meaning 'four friends' and samakkee (from Pali sāmaggī) translates as 'harmony' or 'unity'). The word Jaturamitr is often used as a catch phrase to refer to students or alumni of the four participating schools. Strong rivalries have developed between the schools. Especially intense are the rivalries between Suankularb and Debsirin and Assumption versus Bangkok Christian. This has led to several cases of inter-school violence during the weeks of the competition. The extent of the issue is such that strict audience segregation and security enforcement is required during the matches. The latest, 30th competition, was held on 11 to 18 November 2023, hosted by Debsirin School. Suankularb Wittayalai together with Bangkok Christian College won the championship. The 31st competition will be held in November 2025, hosted by Assumption College. Tournaments Jaturamitr Samakkee football match was founded in 1964 as the first year. The order of competition and host are as follows: Tournament Days held Host 1st place winner 1 16 October to 18 November 1964 Suankularb Wittayalai School Suankularb Wittayalai School 2 19 October to 13 November 1965 Debsirin School Debsirin School The competition was suspended In 1966 and 1967 due to the Asian Games. And Laem Thong sport hosted by Thailand, resulting in the Supachalasai Stadium not being available to host the competition. 3 16 October to 1 November 1968 Assumption College Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Bangkok Christian College 4 21 October to 7 November 1969 Bangkok Christian College Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Bangkok Christian College 5 21 November to 30 November 1970 Suankularb Wittayalai School Bangkok Christian College 6 22 October to 30 October 1971 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Debsirin School 7 20 October to 2 November 1973 Assumption College No finals 8 18 October to 2 November 1974 Assumption College Debsirin School But due to economic conditions And political conditions do not allow to organize the Jaturamitr Samakkee football match. Therefore stopped for a period from year 1975 to 1977 and the competition was restored in the year 1978 to prevent this football tradition from disappearing. This competition is not counted in the competition order. 24 October to 1 November 1978 Bangkok Christian College But on the finals, all 4 schools have co-hosted By using Chulalongkorn University Stadium as the competition ground Suankularb Wittayalai School 9 28 November to 6 December 1981 Suankularb Wittayalai School Suankularb Wittayalai School 10 27 November to 4 December 1982 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School 11 20 November to 25 November 1983 Assumption College Suankularb Wittayalai School 12 23 November to 1 December 1984 Bangkok Christian College Suankularb Wittayalai School 13 1 November to 9 November 1985 Suankularb Wittayalai School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Assumption College Later, the committee organized the Jaturamitr Samakkee tradition football match. Have agreed that if there is a competition every year, it may be wasteful But if omitted every year, afraid that the football match will be absent It was agreed that the Jaturamitr Samakkee Football Tournament will be held every year. In the year without competition, organize the Jaturamitr football home-away competition, which is a competition using only the field in the school. 14 19 December to 26 December 1987 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School 15 15 December to 28 December 1989 Assumption College Assumption College 16 24 December to 28 December 1991 Bangkok Christian College Bangkok Christian College 17 18 December to 28 December 1993 Suankularb Wittayalai School Assumption College 18 25 November to 2 December 1995 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Assumption College 19 13 December to 20 December 1997 Assumption College Debsirin School together with Bangkok Christian College 20 11 December to 19 December 1999 Bangkok Christian College Debsirin School together with Bangkok Christian College 21 17 November to 24 November 2001 Suankularb Wittayalai School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Bangkok Christian College 22 12 January to 18 January 2004 Debsirin School Bangkok Christian College 23 26 November to 3 December 2005 Assumption College Assumption College together with Bangkok Christian College 24 17 November to 24 November 2007 Bangkok Christian College Assumption College 25 21 November to 28 November 2009 Suankularb Wittayalai School Bangkok Christian College The 26th competition was originally scheduled for 19, 21, 23, and 26 November 2011, but there was a flood. Therefore resolved to postpone the competition to 2012 26 10 November to 17 November 2012 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Bangkok Christian College 27 15 November to 22 November 2014 Assumption College Assumption College together with Bangkok Christian College The 28th competition was originally scheduled for 12, 14, 16, and 19 November 2016. But because it is in the midst of condolence for His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej Therefore resolved to postpone the match indefinitely Initially, the competition is scheduled for 18, 20, 22 and 25 November 2017. But later has to advance the competition day to a week earlier 28 11 November to 18 November 2017 Bangkok Christian College Assumption College The 29th competition was originally scheduled for 16, 18, 20, and 23 November 2019. But because Supachalasai Stadium has other activities besides football competitions and uses the stadium at the same time as the original period of the competition, Pope Francis Traveled to Thailand There is a Mass worshiping ceremony. For citizens on November 21, 2019, at Supachalasai Stadium The competition committee therefore resolved to advance the competition by 1 week to 9, 11, 13 and 16 November 2019. 29 9 November to 16 November 2019 Suankularb Wittayalai School Debsirin School 30 11 to 18 November 2023 Debsirin School Suankularb Wittayalai School together with Bangkok Christian College 31 Possibly November 2025 Assumption College See also Chula–Thammasat Traditional Football Match Card stunt References ^ “50ปีสี่พี่น้องต่างปองรักกัน” ฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคีครั้งที่ 27 ชิงถ้วยพระราชทานสมเด็จพระเทพฯ ^ "JaturamitrLIVE การแข่งขันฟุตบอลประเพณี จตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 27". Archived from the original on 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2019-11-07. ^ a b จตุรมิตรฯครั้งที่ 16 นัดชิงฯ BCC vs AC สืบค้น 22 พฤศจิกายน 2560. ^ บอลจตุรมิตรยิ่งใหญ่! อสช.เปิดสนามสวนกุหลาบฯ 15 พ.ย. ^ "ช่อง 13 ถ่ายทอดสดฟุตบอล จตุรมิตรสามัคคี 11-18 พ.ย." Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2019-11-07. ^ "History and Background". Jaturamitr.com. Jaturamitr Internet Group. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ a b Kamonmaitrichit, Chatchawan; Loetwutthisakun, Raphiwat (1 November 2007). "จตุรมิตรสามัคคี ฤาชื่อจะเหลือเพียงตำนาน" . MGR Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018. ^ จตุรมิตรครั้งที่ 7 ไม่มีการชิงชนะเลิศ สืบค้น 2 ธันวาคม 2555. ^ หลักฐานการมีอยู่ของการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคีครั้งที่ 8 พ.ศ. 2517 ^ a b สูจิบัตรการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 29 พ.ศ. 2562 https://issuu.com/bookofdebsirin/docs/jtrm29bulletin ^ เด็กเทพนรกแตก : ตามหาเหล่าแข้งเทพศิรินทร์ ชุดแชมป์ร่วมจตุรมิตรครั้งสุดท้ายในตำนาน สืบค้น 22 พฤศจิกายน 2560. ^ เปิดหัวบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคีอัสสัมชัญฟัดเทพศิรินทร์ 12 พ.ย. นี้ สืบค้น 23 พฤศจิกายน 2559. ^ จตุรมิตรสามัคคีเลื่อนเตะไปปี 61 ^ กำหนดจัดแข่งขันจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 28 (เดิม) ^ กำหนดจัดแข่งขันจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 28 (ใหม่) ^ อัสสัมชัญ คว้าแชมป์ฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 28 สืบค้น 18 พฤศจิกายน 2560 ^ กำหนดการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 29 (เดิม) ^ ที่นั่ง มิสซาร่วมกับโป๊ปฟรังซิสในสนามศุภฯ เต็มทุกที่นั่งแล้ว ^ โปรดเกล้าฯ สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาเข้าเฝ้า 21 พ.ย.นี้ ^ การประชุมคณะกรรมการจัดการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 29 ณ โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบวิทยาลัย ในวันศุกร์ที่ 5 กรกฎาคม 2562 มีมติเลื่อนการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคีครั้งที่ 29 เร็วขึ้น 1 สัปดาห์ (ใหม่) ^ กำหนดจัดแข่งขันจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 29 "เราทำความดีด้วยหัวใจ" (กำหนดการใหม่) ^ 45ปีที่รอคอย! ‘เทพศิรินทร์’ คว้าแชมป์เดี่ยวจตุรมิตรสามัคคี หลังสอย กรุงเทพคริสเตียน 2-0 สืบค้น 16 พฤศจิกายน 2562 ^ เทพศิรินทร์ คว้าแชมป์เดี่ยวจตุรมิตรสามัคคี สืบค้น 16 พฤศจิกายน 2562 ^ การประชุมการจัดการแข่งขันฟุตบอลจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ครั้งที่ 30 ในวาระครั้งที่ 1/2566 ^ "ปิดฉากจตุรมิตรสามัคคี ! สวนกุหลาบ - กรุงเทพคริสเตียน คว้าแชมป์ร่วม". posttoday (in Thai). 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-02-23. External links Jaturamitr Website Archived 2011-07-05 at the Wayback Machine

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Cataldi

Pietro Cataldi

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Italian mathematician (1548-1626) Due lettioni, 1613 Pietro Antonio Cataldi (15 April 1548, Bologna – 11 February 1626, Bologna) was an Italian mathematician. A citizen of Bologna, he taught mathematics and astronomy and also worked on military problems. His work included the development of continued fractions and a method for their representation. He was one of many mathematicians who attempted to prove Euclid's fifth postulate. Cataldi discovered the sixth and seventh perfect numbers by 1588. His discovery of the 6th, that corresponding to p=17 in the formula Mp=2p-1, exploded a many-times repeated number-theoretical myth that the perfect numbers had units digits that invariably alternated between 6 and 8. (Until Cataldi, 19 authors going back to Nicomachus are reported to have made the claim, with a few more repeating this afterward, according to L.E.Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers). Cataldi's discovery of the 7th (for p=19) held the record for the largest known prime for almost two centuries, until Leonhard Euler discovered that 231 - 1 was the eighth Mersenne prime. Although Cataldi incorrectly claimed that p=23, 29, 31 and 37 all also generate Mersenne primes (and perfect numbers), his text's clear demonstration shows that he had genuinely established primality through p=19. See also Ibn Fallus, who discovered the sixth and seventh perfect numbers more than 300 years earlier, but also included non-perfect numbers in his list References ^ a b Caldwell, Chris. The largest known prime by year. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pietro Cataldi. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Pietro Cataldi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Galileo Project Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Italy United States Vatican Academics zbMATH People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about an Italian mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"title":"Ibn Fallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Fallus"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Transport

Delta Air Transport

["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","4 Accidents and incidents","5 References","6 Further reading"]

Defunct regional airline of Belgium (1966–2002) Not to be confused with Delta Air Lines. For the Danish airline which formerly known as Danish Air Transport, see DAT (airline). Delta Air Transport IATA ICAO Callsign QGSN DEDATSAB DELTAIR Founded1966 (1966)Commenced operations19 September 1967 (1967-09-19)Ceased operationsFebruary 2002 (2002-02)(re-organized as SN Brussels Airlines)HubsAntwerp International AirportFocus citiesBrussels AirportParent companyCompagnie Maritime Belge (1973–1996)Sabena (1996–2001)HeadquartersAntwerp Delta Air Transport (abbreviated DAT) was a Belgian regional airline headquartered in Antwerp, Belgium, operating scheduled and chartered flights, mostly on short-haul routes. It served a multitude of regional European destinations on behalf of Sabena during the 1990s and early 2000s. History Delta Air Transport was founded in 1966, by Frans Van den Bergh, as a provider for air taxi and charter flight services with an initial fleet of three Cessna aircraft (one each of the types Skymaster, 210 and 206). DAT's first scheduled flight from Antwerp to Amsterdam on behalf of KLM took place on 19 September 1967; for that purpose two Beechcraft Queen Air feederliners had been acquired (some sources erroneously mention three of the type). Delta Air Transport Douglas DC-3 arrives at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in June 1972 on a scheduled service from Antwerp Airport. Operations grew when the larger Douglas DC-3 and DC-6 joined the fleet over the following years, allowing DAT to operate charter flights on behalf of KLM (which owned a 33.3 percent stake in DAT), Sabena, Crossair and BIAS. In 1973, the majority of the airline's stake was bought by Compagnie Maritime Belge. During 1974, a Boeing 720 was leased, allowing DAT to offer worldwide charter flights under the Delta International branding, which soon turned out to be unsuccessful, though. In 1986, Sabena acquired a 49 percent stake in DAT, and an increasing number of flights were operated on behalf of the Belgian national airline henceforth (also adopting the airline codes of Sabena), using a fleet of British Aerospace 146 aircraft, in favor of which other airliners were gradually phased out. DAT became a member of the European Regional Airlines Association in 1993. In 1996, Sabena bought the remaining KLM stake, thus DAT became a wholly owned Sabena subsidiary, moved its headquarters from Antwerp to Brussels and was re-branded as DAT Belgian Regional Airline, offering low-cost flights. Gradually, the livery of Sabena was applied to all DAT aircraft. On 1 November 2001, Sabena collapsed due to financial difficulties. DAT could re-launch its operations on 10 November with a flight to Geneva, having received all of Sabena's slots at Brussels Airport and thus being able to maintain the successful European network. Freddy Van Gaever, its former CEO, planned to merge DAT with Virgin Express and add flights to the United States using former Sabena aircraft, which was why the new DAT Plus branding was adopted. Actually, DAT came under the umbrella of SN Airholding (the liquidator of Sabena) in 2002, and was re-organized under a new AOC as SN Brussels Airlines, which later became Brussels Airlines after indeed merging with Virgin Express, today's flag carrier of the country. Destinations In its early years, Delta Air Transport offered up to 4 daily scheduled flights between its then base at Antwerp Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol on behalf of KLM (the contract lasted until 1997, when DAT had become a wholly owned Sabena subsidiary), as well as a limited number of routes to the neighboring countries. During the 1990s and early 2000s, DAT was able to grow an extensive short-haul network, as more and more flights were operated on behalf of demising Sabena, eventually becoming the tenth largest regional airline of the continent, transporting more than 1.7 million passengers per year. During its height, the airline had nearly 800 employees, and served the following cities on a scheduled basis from its hub at Brussels Airport: Austria Vienna Bulgaria Sofia Croatia Zagreb Czech Republic Prague Denmark Copenhagen Finland Helsinki France Bordeaux Paris Lyon Marseille Nice Strasbourg Toulouse Germany Berlin Düsseldorf Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Munich Stuttgart Greece Athens Hungary Budapest Ireland Dublin Italy Bologna Florence Milan Naples Rome Turin Venice Luxemburg Luxembourg Netherlands Amsterdam Norway Oslo Poland Warsaw Portugal Lisbon Porto Romania Bucharest Spain Barcelona Bilbao Madrid Málaga Seville Valencia Sweden Gothenburg Stockholm Switzerland Basel Geneva Zürich United Kingdom Birmingham Bristol Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne A DAT Douglas DC-6 at Antwerp Airport in 1976 An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia of Delta Air Transport at Stuttgart Airport in 1988 Fleet A DAT Fokker F28 Fellowship at Stuttgart Airport in 1991 An Avro RJ100 in the latest livery of Delta Air Transport at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in 2001 Over the years, Delta Air Transport operated the following aircraft types: This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2011) Aircraft Introduced Retired Aérospatiale N 262 1976 Beechcraft Queen Air 1967 Boeing 720 1974 1975 British Aerospace 146(various versions) 1989 2002 Cessna 206 1966 Cessna 210 1966 Cessna Skymaster 1966 Convair CV-440 1972 1977 Dash 8-300 2001 2002 Douglas DC-3 1968 1972 Douglas DC-4 Douglas DC-6 1978 Douglas DC-8 1973 Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia 1988 1997 Fairchild Hiller FH-227 1977 Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner Fokker F28 Fellowship 1997 Accidents and incidents On 4 October 1974 at 20:01 local time, the flight engineer of a DAT Douglas DC-6 (registered OO-VGB) decided to retract the nose gear during take-off run at London Southend Airport even though the aircraft had not yet lifted off, which happened due to a communication error with the pilots. The airplane slid along the runway, during which it was damaged beyond repair. 99 passengers had been on board the flight to Antwerp, one of which was severely injured (another four received minor injuries from evacuating the aircraft). The six crew members remained uninjured. On 2 June 1990 at 19:11 local time, a DAT Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia (registered OO-DTA) without any passengers collided with a Piper Aerostar during a low-pass manoeuvre at Antwerp International Airport, resulting in the crash of the Piper and the death of the four people on board. The two aircraft had been performing a close formation flight for aerial photographs of the DAT Embraer for advertising purposes. References ^ "flightglobal.com: 1968 issue of Flight International" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "1966 Delta Air Transport" (in Dutch). Barrois.be. ^ "World Airlines Directory, Flight International, 1974". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ a b "World Airline Directory, Flight International, July 1973". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ a b c "Information about DAT at SkyStef's Aviation Page". Skystef.be. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Sabena sizes down, Flight International, March 1986". flightglobal.com. 1986-03-25. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "European regionals log healthy growth", Flight International, October 1993". flightglobal.com. 1993-10-12. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Sabena boss seeks more work for less, Flight International, October 1995". flightglobal.com. 1995-10-24. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "DAT Plus gets airborne as Virgin Express signs interim co-operation agreement, Flight International, November 2001". flightglobal.com. 2001-11-26. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Delsey folds its wings, Flight International, November 2002". flightglobal.com. 2002-11-18. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "3748.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: "Ex-DAT Boss to Plug Belgian Gap", Flight International, Nov/Dec 2001 issue". Flightglobal.com. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "0071.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: "Virgin Express Begins Merher Talks", Flight International, Jan 2002 issue". Flightglobal.com. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "DAT Disposal, Flight International, February 1997". flightglobal.com. 1997-02-25. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "The World's Top Regional Airlines by Passenger Numbers, Flight International, May 1999". flightglobal.com. 1999-05-11. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "DAT's entry in the World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 2000". flightglobal. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 1995". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 1997". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "World Airline Directory, Flight International, March 1998". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 2002". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Selected DAT fleet listing (1990 onwards) at". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Flight International, Dec 1989/Jan 1990 issue, "News In Brief" section, page 10". flightglobal.com. 1989-12-20. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ a b "Delta Air Transport re-equips, Flight International, April 1977". flightglobal.com. 1977-04-30. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Flight International, August 1987. "Marketplace" section on page 6". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "DAT 1974 accident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1974-10-04. Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "Official report of the 1974 DAT accident at Southend Airport" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-23. ^ "DAT 1990 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1990-06-02. Retrieved 2013-09-23. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delta Air Transport. Aeronews of Belgium. Antwerpen-Deurne, Belgium: Aviation Society of Antwerp. 2010. pp. 15, 16. ISSN 0772-6198. vteAirlines of BelgiumScheduled Brussels Airlines TUI fly Belgium Charter Air Belgium Vizion Air Cargo ASL Airlines Belgium Challenge Airlines Defunct Abelag Airways Abelag Aviation ACE Belgium Freighters Air Antwerp Air Belgium (1979–2000) Air Charter Express Belgian International Air Services BelgiumExel BFS International Birdy Airlines Cargo B Airlines CityBird Constellation Airlines DAT Belgian Regional Airline DAT Delta Air Transport DAT Plus Delsey Airlines Delta International EAT European Air Transport EBA EuroBelgian Airlines Frevag Airlines Jetairfly Hawa Air Lamda Jet Meridian Airways Sabena SETA Société d'Etude et de Transports Aériens Sky Service SN Brussels Airlines SNETA Sobelair Sunrise Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium Trans European Airways Unijet VG Airlines Virgin Express VLM Airlines VLM Airlines (Antwerp)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"DAT (airline)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"regional airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Sabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Delta Air Lines.For the Danish airline which formerly known as Danish Air Transport, see DAT (airline).Delta Air Transport (abbreviated DAT) was a Belgian regional airline headquartered in Antwerp, Belgium, operating scheduled and chartered flights, mostly on short-haul routes. It served a multitude of regional European destinations on behalf of Sabena during the 1990s and early 2000s.","title":"Delta Air Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_210"},{"link_name":"206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Queen Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Queen_Air"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-3C_OO-GVG_Delta_AT_AMS_05.06.72_edited-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Schiphol Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Schiphol_Airport"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Sabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena"},{"link_name":"Crossair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossair"},{"link_name":"BIAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_International_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Compagnie Maritime Belge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_Maritime_Belge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Boeing 720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_720"},{"link_name":"leased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lease"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fi_1973-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skystef-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"airline codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_codes"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace 146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_146"},{"link_name":"European Regional Airlines Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Regional_Airlines_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"low-cost flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrier"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"slots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_slot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Freddy Van Gaever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Van_Gaever"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer"},{"link_name":"Virgin Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Express"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"liquidator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidator_(law)"},{"link_name":"AOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Operator%27s_Certificate"},{"link_name":"SN Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skystef-5"}],"text":"Delta Air Transport was founded in 1966, by Frans Van den Bergh, as a provider for air taxi and charter flight services with an initial fleet of three Cessna aircraft (one each of the types Skymaster, 210 and 206). DAT's first scheduled flight from Antwerp to Amsterdam on behalf of KLM took place on 19 September 1967; for that purpose two Beechcraft Queen Air feederliners had been acquired (some sources erroneously mention three of the type).\n[1]\n[2]Delta Air Transport Douglas DC-3 arrives at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in June 1972 on a scheduled service from Antwerp Airport.Operations grew when the larger Douglas DC-3 and DC-6 joined the fleet over the following years, allowing DAT to operate charter flights on behalf of KLM (which owned a 33.3 percent stake in DAT), Sabena, Crossair and BIAS. In 1973, the majority of the airline's stake was bought by Compagnie Maritime Belge.[3] During 1974, a Boeing 720 was leased, allowing DAT to offer worldwide charter flights under the Delta International branding,[4] which soon turned out to be unsuccessful, though.[5]In 1986, Sabena acquired a 49 percent stake in DAT, and an increasing number of flights were operated on behalf of the Belgian national airline henceforth[6] (also adopting the airline codes of Sabena), using a fleet of British Aerospace 146 aircraft, in favor of which other airliners were gradually phased out. DAT became a member of the European Regional Airlines Association in 1993.[7] In 1996, Sabena bought the remaining KLM stake, thus DAT became a wholly owned Sabena subsidiary, moved its headquarters from Antwerp to Brussels[8] and was re-branded as DAT Belgian Regional Airline, offering low-cost flights. Gradually, the livery of Sabena was applied to all DAT aircraft.On 1 November 2001, Sabena collapsed due to financial difficulties. DAT could re-launch its operations on 10 November with a flight to Geneva,[9] having received all of Sabena's slots at Brussels Airport and thus being able to maintain the successful European network.[10] Freddy Van Gaever, its former CEO, planned to merge DAT with Virgin Express and add flights to the United States using former Sabena aircraft, which was why the new DAT Plus branding was adopted.[11][12] Actually, DAT came under the umbrella of SN Airholding (the liquidator of Sabena) in 2002, and was re-organized under a new AOC as SN Brussels Airlines, which later became Brussels Airlines after indeed merging with Virgin Express, today's flag carrier of the country.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antwerp Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Airport"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Airport Schiphol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-6B,_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0792162.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embraer_EMB-120RT_Brasilia,_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0214411.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Airport"}],"text":"In its early years, Delta Air Transport offered up to 4 daily scheduled flights between its then base at Antwerp Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol on behalf of KLM (the contract lasted until 1997, when DAT had become a wholly owned Sabena subsidiary),[13] as well as a limited number of routes to the neighboring countries. During the 1990s and early 2000s, DAT was able to grow an extensive short-haul network, as more and more flights were operated on behalf of demising Sabena, eventually becoming the tenth largest regional airline of the continent, transporting more than 1.7 million passengers per year.[14] During its height, the airline had nearly 800 employees,[15] and served the following cities on a scheduled basis from its hub at Brussels Airport:[16][17][18][19]Austria\nVienna\nBulgaria\nSofia\nCroatia\nZagreb\nCzech Republic\nPrague\nDenmark\nCopenhagen\nFinland\nHelsinki\nFrance\nBordeaux\nParis\nLyon\nMarseille\nNice\nStrasbourg\nToulouse\n\n\nGermany\nBerlin\nDüsseldorf\nFrankfurt\nHamburg\nHanover\nMunich\nStuttgart\nGreece\nAthens\nHungary\nBudapest\nIreland\nDublin\nItaly\nBologna\nFlorence\nMilan\nNaples\nRome\nTurin\nVenice\n\n\nLuxemburg\nLuxembourg\nNetherlands\nAmsterdam\nNorway\nOslo\nPoland\nWarsaw\nPortugal\nLisbon\nPorto\nRomania\nBucharest\nSpain\nBarcelona\nBilbao\nMadrid\nMálaga\nSeville\nValencia\n\n\nSweden\nGothenburg\nStockholm\nSwitzerland\nBasel\nGeneva\nZürich\nUnited Kingdom\nBirmingham\nBristol\nEdinburgh\nGlasgow\nLeeds\nLondon\nManchester\nNewcastle upon Tyne\n\n\nA DAT Douglas DC-6 at Antwerp Airport in 1976 \nAn Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia of Delta Air Transport at Stuttgart Airport in 1988","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_F-28-4000_Fellowship,_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0206438.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fokker F28 Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Aerospace_BAe_146_RJ100,_OO-DWH,_Delta_Air_Transport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avro RJ100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_146"},{"link_name":"Berlin Tempelhof Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skystef-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"A DAT Fokker F28 Fellowship at Stuttgart Airport in 1991An Avro RJ100 in the latest livery of Delta Air Transport at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in 2001Over the years, Delta Air Transport operated the following aircraft types:[5][20]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_engineer"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"London Southend Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Southend_Airport"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Antwerp International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On 4 October 1974 at 20:01 local time, the flight engineer of a DAT Douglas DC-6 (registered OO-VGB) decided to retract the nose gear during take-off run at London Southend Airport even though the aircraft had not yet lifted off, which happened due to a communication error with the pilots. The airplane slid along the runway, during which it was damaged beyond repair. 99 passengers had been on board the flight to Antwerp, one of which was severely injured (another four received minor injuries from evacuating the aircraft). The six crew members remained uninjured.[24][25]\nOn 2 June 1990 at 19:11 local time, a DAT Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia (registered OO-DTA) without any passengers collided with a Piper Aerostar during a low-pass manoeuvre at Antwerp International Airport, resulting in the crash of the Piper and the death of the four people on board. The two aircraft had been performing a close formation flight for aerial photographs of the DAT Embraer for advertising purposes.[26]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Delta_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0772-6198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0772-6198"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Airlines_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Airlines_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"TUI fly Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUI_fly_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Air Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Vizion Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizion_Air"},{"link_name":"ASL Airlines Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL_Airlines_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Challenge Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Defunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Abelag Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelag_Airways"},{"link_name":"Abelag Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelag_Aviation"},{"link_name":"ACE Belgium Freighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Belgium_Freighters"},{"link_name":"Air Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Air Belgium (1979–2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Belgium_(1979%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"Air Charter Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Charter_Express"},{"link_name":"Belgian International Air Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_International_Air_Services"},{"link_name":"BelgiumExel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BelgiumExel"},{"link_name":"BFS International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFS_International"},{"link_name":"Birdy Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cargo B Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_B_Airlines"},{"link_name":"CityBird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityBird"},{"link_name":"Constellation Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Airlines"},{"link_name":"DAT Belgian Regional Airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_Belgian_Regional_Airline"},{"link_name":"DAT Delta Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"DAT Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_Plus"},{"link_name":"Delsey Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delsey_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_International"},{"link_name":"EAT European Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Air_Transport_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"EBA EuroBelgian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBelgian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Frevag Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frevag_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Jetairfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetairfly"},{"link_name":"Hawa Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Air"},{"link_name":"Lamda Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamda_Jet"},{"link_name":"Meridian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Airways"},{"link_name":"Sabena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena"},{"link_name":"SETA Société d'Etude et de Transports Aériens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27Etude_et_de_Transports_A%C3%A9riens"},{"link_name":"Sky Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Service_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"SN Brussels Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_Brussels_Airlines"},{"link_name":"SNETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNETA"},{"link_name":"Sobelair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobelair"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Airlines_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Trans European Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_European_Airways"},{"link_name":"Unijet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unijet_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"VG Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Virgin Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Express"},{"link_name":"VLM Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLM_Airlines"},{"link_name":"VLM Airlines (Antwerp)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLM_Airlines_(Antwerp)"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delta Air Transport.Aeronews of Belgium. Antwerpen-Deurne, Belgium: Aviation Society of Antwerp. 2010. pp. 15, 16. ISSN 0772-6198.vteAirlines of BelgiumScheduled\nBrussels Airlines\nTUI fly Belgium\nCharter\nAir Belgium\nVizion Air\nCargo\nASL Airlines Belgium\nChallenge Airlines\nDefunct\nAbelag Airways\nAbelag Aviation\nACE Belgium Freighters\nAir Antwerp\nAir Belgium (1979–2000)\nAir Charter Express\nBelgian International Air Services\nBelgiumExel\nBFS International\nBirdy Airlines\nCargo B Airlines\nCityBird\nConstellation Airlines\nDAT Belgian Regional Airline\nDAT Delta Air Transport\nDAT Plus\nDelsey Airlines\nDelta International\nEAT European Air Transport\nEBA EuroBelgian Airlines\nFrevag Airlines\nJetairfly\nHawa Air\nLamda Jet\nMeridian Airways\nSabena\nSETA Société d'Etude et de Transports Aériens\nSky Service\nSN Brussels Airlines\nSNETA\nSobelair\nSunrise\nThomas Cook Airlines Belgium\nTrans European Airways\nUnijet\nVG Airlines\nVirgin Express\nVLM Airlines\nVLM Airlines (Antwerp)","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Delta Air Transport Douglas DC-3 arrives at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in June 1972 on a scheduled service from Antwerp Airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Douglas_DC-3C_OO-GVG_Delta_AT_AMS_05.06.72_edited-3.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-3C_OO-GVG_Delta_AT_AMS_05.06.72_edited-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A DAT Douglas DC-6 at Antwerp Airport in 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Douglas_DC-6B%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0792162.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-6B%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0792162.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia of Delta Air Transport at Stuttgart Airport in 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Embraer_EMB-120RT_Brasilia%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0214411.jpg/220px-Embraer_EMB-120RT_Brasilia%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0214411.jpg"},{"image_text":"A DAT Fokker F28 Fellowship at Stuttgart Airport in 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fokker_F-28-4000_Fellowship%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0206438.jpg/220px-Fokker_F-28-4000_Fellowship%2C_Delta_Air_Transport_-_DAT_AN0206438.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Avro RJ100 in the latest livery of Delta Air Transport at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in 2001","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/British_Aerospace_BAe_146_RJ100%2C_OO-DWH%2C_Delta_Air_Transport.jpg/220px-British_Aerospace_BAe_146_RJ100%2C_OO-DWH%2C_Delta_Air_Transport.jpg"}]

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Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%202378.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"European regionals log healthy growth\", Flight International, October 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sabena boss seeks more work for less, Flight International, October 1995\". flightglobal.com. 1995-10-24. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%202966.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"Sabena boss seeks more work for less, Flight International, October 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAT Plus gets airborne as Virgin Express signs interim co-operation agreement, Flight International, November 2001\". flightglobal.com. 2001-11-26. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001%20-%203670.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"DAT Plus gets airborne as Virgin Express signs interim co-operation agreement, Flight International, November 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Delsey folds its wings, Flight International, November 2002\". flightglobal.com. 2002-11-18. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2002/2002%20-%203308.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"Delsey folds its wings, Flight International, November 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"3748.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: \"Ex-DAT Boss to Plug Belgian Gap\", Flight International, Nov/Dec 2001 issue\". Flightglobal.com. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001","url_text":"\"3748.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: \"Ex-DAT Boss to Plug Belgian Gap\", Flight International, Nov/Dec 2001 issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"0071.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: \"Virgin Express Begins Merher Talks\", Flight International, Jan 2002 issue\". Flightglobal.com. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2002/2002","url_text":"\"0071.html?search=Delta Air Transport flightglobal.com: \"Virgin Express Begins Merher Talks\", Flight International, Jan 2002 issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAT Disposal, Flight International, February 1997\". flightglobal.com. 1997-02-25. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%200358.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"DAT Disposal, Flight International, February 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Top Regional Airlines by Passenger Numbers, Flight International, May 1999\". flightglobal.com. 1999-05-11. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%201172.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"The World's Top Regional Airlines by Passenger Numbers, Flight International, May 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAT's entry in the World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 2000\". flightglobal. 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Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%200592.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"World Airline Directory, Flight International, March 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 2002\". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2002/2002%20-%200974.html?search=Delta%20Air%20Transport","url_text":"\"World Airlines Directory, Flight International, March/April 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selected DAT fleet listing (1990 onwards) at\". Planespotters.net. Retrieved 2013-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Delta-Air-Transport","url_text":"\"Selected DAT fleet listing (1990 onwards) at\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flight International, Dec 1989/Jan 1990 issue, \"News In Brief\" section, page 10\". flightglobal.com. 1989-12-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintamani_(1956_film)

Chintamani (1956 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]

An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chintamani" 1956 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1956 Indian filmChintamaniTheatrical release posterDirected byP. S. Ramakrishna RaoScreenplay byP. S. Ramakrishna RaoBased onChintamaniby Kallakuri Narayana RaoProduced byP. S. Ramakrishna RaoStarringP. BhanumathiN. T. Rama RaoJamunaCinematographySridharEdited byP. S. Ramakrishna RaoMusic byAddepalli Rama RaoT. V. RajuProductioncompanyBharani StudiosRelease date 11 April 1956 (1956-04-11) Running time148 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTelugu Chintamani is a 1956 Indian Telugu-language film, produced and directed by P. S. Ramakrishna Rao. It stars P. Bhanumathi, N. T. Rama Rao, and Jamuna, with music composed by Addepalli Rama Rao and T. V. Raju. The film is based on the play of the same name, written by Kallakuri Narayana Rao. Plot Chintamani, a courtesan, is a devotee of Krishna. Krishna, to test Chintamani and other people, comes to earth as sage along with Rukmini. Bhavani Shankarudu, a Brahmin, out of lust toward Chintamani gives away all his wealth. Even then, Chintamani's mother Srihari is not satisfied and asks Chintamani to lure Subbi Shetty, a merchant, and halfheartedly Chintamani snatches Subbi Shetty's property too. Bellvamangaludu, son of Vasudeva Murthy, is a gold merchant. Radha is his dedicated wife. Bhavani Shankarudu takes him to Chintamani and they both get attracted to each other. Vasudeva Murthy becomes sick after knowing about this affair and dies pleading to his son to leave Chintamani and take care of his wife Radha. But Bellvamangaludu, out of lust, leaves his dead father and goes to Chintamani. After seeing his bloodied clothes, she inquires about it and he says he came up with the help of a creeper, but it is a snake. Still worse than this, he, with help of his wife's dead body swims to the other side of the river to reach her. Chintamani scolds him. Chintamani and Bellvamangaludu realize their mistakes and start hating themselves. Krishna gives enlightenment to Chintamani. She leaves the village giving all her property and becomes a wanderer. After completing his wife's funeral, Bellvamangaludu burns his eyes as contrition for his sins. Then he becomes a great devotee of Krishna and starts living in an Ashram. Chintamani also reaches there and serves Bellvamangaludu. Krishna in a sage form watches all these happenings and decides to give salvation to both of them. But Rukmini obstructs his way, how could he do so for a courtesan and a person who became blind with lust. Then he makes a test, he takes a liquid in a pot and asks great saints to identify its fragrance, which no one can answer. Bellvamangaludu, without eyes, recognizes it as the fragrance of Lord Krishna. At last, Krishna gives Darshan to them by giving back Bellvamangaludu's eyes. The film ends with Krishna giving salvation to Chintamani and Bellvamangaludu. Cast P. Bhanumathi as Chintamani N. T. Rama Rao as Bellvamangaludu Jamuna as Radha S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhavani Shankarudu Relangi as Subbi Shetty Raghuramaiah as Lord Krishna Rushyendramani as Srihari Chaya Devi as Mani Prabhavathi as Rukmini Leelarani as Chitra Mikkilineni as Bhagavantham Dr kamaraju Addala Narayana Rao RV Krishna Rao Boddapati Krishna Rao Venkata rathnam Krishna Prasad Soundtrack ChintamaniFilm score by Addepalli Rama RaoT. V. RajuReleased1956GenreAddepalli Rama RaoT. V. RajuProducerAddepalli Rama RaoT. V. Raju Music composed by Addepalli Rama Rao & T. V. Raju. Lyrics were written by Ravuru. S. No. Song Title Singers length 1 Andalu Chindeti A. M. Rajah, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 3:21 2 Teeyani Veenalu Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 2:40 3 Kanara Srihari Raghuramaiah 4:49 4 Taguna Nanu P. Leela 3:25 5 Melaye Neevela Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 4:12 6 Rangaina Ravvnura P. Susheela 4:09 7 Jaya Jaya Sundara Ghantasala, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 1:19 8 Inta Rambhalavanti Madhavapeddi Satyam 1:02 9 Intulu Tarasilluvarake Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 1:04 10 Enta Dayo Relangi 0:20 11 Kaligin Bhagyamunellanu Madhavapeddi Satyam 0:49 12 Kani Rojulu Relangi 2:43 13 Tapasa Vruttibooni Raghuramaiah 1:18 14 Tatalanati Kshetramulella Madhavapeddi Satyam 1:18 15 Tani Yadhanudu P. Leela 0:35 16 Naluvura Nota Madhavapeddi Satyam 0:53 17 Nallni Menutoda Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 0:58 18 Nanu Devendruniga Madhavapeddi Satyam 0:53 19 Pasidi Seelammunammina Raghumaiah 1:44 20 Papini Brasthurala Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 0:48 21 Pujyulaintanu Puttina Raghumaiah 2:07 22 Bhakti Bhavammu Raghumaiah 1:14 23 Mounul Satatmu Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 0:52 24 Vidichiti Bandhuvargamula Madhavapeddi Satyam 0:55 25 Sirikin Cheppadu P. Susheela 0:54 26 Haindava Sundari P. Susheela 0:56 27 Kastabharitambu Ghantasala 0:52 28 Kalindi Ghantasala 0:53 29 Chuchinavelayettidiyo Ghantasala 0:59 30 Ardhanga Ghantasala 1:23 32 Chadiviti Ghantasala 0:29 33 Taalimi Ghantasala 0:37 34 Talliro Ghantasala 0:30 35 Kasturi Thilakam Ghantasala 0:59 References ^ "Chintamani – Success on stage, Failure on Silver Screen". iQlikmovies. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2021. ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (PDF). British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-19-563579-5. ^ "Explained: Why has Andhra govt banned 100-year-old play 'Chintamani Padya Natakam'?". External links Chintamani at IMDb

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Bellvamangaludu, son of Vasudeva Murthy, is a gold merchant. Radha is his dedicated wife. Bhavani Shankarudu takes him to Chintamani and they both get attracted to each other. Vasudeva Murthy becomes sick after knowing about this affair and dies pleading to his son to leave Chintamani and take care of his wife Radha. But Bellvamangaludu, out of lust, leaves his dead father and goes to Chintamani. After seeing his bloodied clothes, she inquires about it and he says he came up with the help of a creeper, but it is a snake. Still worse than this, he, with help of his wife's dead body swims to the other side of the river to reach her. Chintamani scolds him. Chintamani and Bellvamangaludu realize their mistakes and start hating themselves. Krishna gives enlightenment to Chintamani. She leaves the village giving all her property and becomes a wanderer. After completing his wife's funeral, Bellvamangaludu burns his eyes as contrition for his sins. Then he becomes a great devotee of Krishna and starts living in an Ashram. Chintamani also reaches there and serves Bellvamangaludu. Krishna in a sage form watches all these happenings and decides to give salvation to both of them. But Rukmini obstructs his way, how could he do so for a courtesan and a person who became blind with lust. Then he makes a test, he takes a liquid in a pot and asks great saints to identify its fragrance, which no one can answer. Bellvamangaludu, without eyes, recognizes it as the fragrance of Lord Krishna. At last, Krishna gives Darshan to them by giving back Bellvamangaludu's eyes. The film ends with Krishna giving salvation to Chintamani and Bellvamangaludu.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. Bhanumathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Bhanumathi"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"Bellvamangaludu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilwamangalam_Swamiyar"},{"link_name":"Jamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_(actress)"},{"link_name":"S. V. Ranga Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._V._Ranga_Rao"},{"link_name":"Relangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relangi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Raghuramaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyanam_Raghuramaiah"},{"link_name":"Lord Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Rushyendramani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushyendramani"},{"link_name":"Chaya Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaya_Devi"},{"link_name":"Rukmini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini"}],"text":"P. Bhanumathi as Chintamani\nN. T. Rama Rao as Bellvamangaludu\nJamuna as Radha\nS. V. Ranga Rao as Bhavani Shankarudu\nRelangi as Subbi Shetty\nRaghuramaiah as Lord Krishna\nRushyendramani as Srihari\nChaya Devi as Mani\nPrabhavathi as Rukmini\nLeelarani as Chitra\nMikkilineni as Bhagavantham\nDr kamaraju\nAddala Narayana Rao\nRV Krishna Rao\nBoddapati Krishna Rao\nVenkata rathnam\nKrishna Prasad","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T. V. Raju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Raju"}],"text":"Music composed by Addepalli Rama Rao & T. V. Raju. Lyrics were written by Ravuru.","title":"Soundtrack"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Chintamani – Success on stage, Failure on Silver Screen\". iQlikmovies. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iqlikmovies.com/hiddentreasures/article/2013/11/08/chintamani-success-on-stage-failure-on-screeen/history-repeats/2455","url_text":"\"Chintamani – Success on stage, Failure on Silver Screen\""}]},{"reference":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (PDF). British Film Institute and Oxford University Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-19-563579-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Rajadhyaksha","url_text":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Willemen","url_text":"Willemen, Paul"},{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563579-5","url_text":"0-19-563579-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Explained: Why has Andhra govt banned 100-year-old play 'Chintamani Padya Natakam'?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andhra-pradesh-chintamani-padya-natakam-ban-explained-7765602/","url_text":"\"Explained: Why has Andhra govt banned 100-year-old play 'Chintamani Padya Natakam'?\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chintamani_(1956_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film","external_links_name":"\"Chintamani\" 1956 film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chintamani%22+1956+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iqlikmovies.com/hiddentreasures/article/2013/11/08/chintamani-success-on-stage-failure-on-screeen/history-repeats/2455","external_links_name":"\"Chintamani – Success on stage, Failure on Silver Screen\""},{"Link":"https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andhra-pradesh-chintamani-padya-natakam-ban-explained-7765602/","external_links_name":"\"Explained: Why has Andhra govt banned 100-year-old play 'Chintamani Padya Natakam'?\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259252/","external_links_name":"Chintamani"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Roller_Derby

Leeds Roller Derby

["1 History","2 History of Original Leagues","2.1 Leeds Roller Dolls","2.2 Hot Wheel Roller Derby","3 Teams","4 National Team Representation","5 WFTDA rankings","6 External links","7 References"]

Roller derby league Leeds Roller DerbyMetro areaLeedsCountryUnited KingdomFounded2007TeamsLeeds Roller Derby A (A team)Leeds Roller Derby B (B team)Track type(s)FlatVenueThe Edge at University of LeedsAffiliationsWFTDAWebsiteleedsrollerderby.com Leeds Roller Derby is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Leeds, England. Founded in 2007, the league has two travel teams which play against teams from other leagues across Europe. Leeds Roller Derby is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association (UKRDA) and the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). History In December 2016, Leeds Roller Dolls and Hot Wheel Roller Derby merged as one league, continuing under the name Leeds Roller Derby. History of Original Leagues Leeds Roller Dolls Leeds Roller Dolls was founded in October 2007, becoming the first roller derby league in Yorkshire. They played their first bout, against Auld Reekie Roller Girls, in November 2008. In 2010 the league moved to play its bouts in the nearby town of Huddersfield. They returned to Leeds in 2013, hosting their games at the Leeds Futsal Arena. The league consisted of two teams: the Whip-Its (A), and the Rebel Roses (B).Former Leeds Roller Dolls logoIn late 2011 the league joined the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association and in January 2012, it was accepted into the WFTDA Apprentice Program. In March 2013, it became a full member of the WFTDA. A number of Leeds Roller Dolls, including Feral Fairy, Shere Carnage and Rigor Morris, helped establish and train Aire Force One, Leeds' men's roller derby team. Former Hot Wheel Roller Derby logo Hot Wheel Roller Derby Hot Wheel Roller Derby was founded in 2010, with two teams which competed against teams from other leagues. By mid-2011, Hot Wheel had more than forty skaters. In May 2012, the league travelled to Germany, where it beat the Stuttgart Valley Roller Girlz B team in front of a crowd of 1,200 fans. In July, they narrowly lost to the Middlesbrough Milk Rollers in the final of the Great Yorkshire Showdown tournament, where they had been ranked last the previous year. March 2013 saw Hot Wheels' European Roller Derby ranking at 19th, and by September 2013 they had risen to 16th. In 2014, head coach Jerry Attric served as coach for the men's Team England Roller Derby, where they came second in the world. The Hot Wheel B Team played their first four bouts and were the highest-ranked all-female team at Sur5al. Hot Wheel Roller Derby joined the WFTDA Apprentice Program in October 2015, and became a full member league in June 2016. Teams Leeds Roller Derby currently has two travel teams, an A and B team, which play against teams from other leagues. The Rotten Rollers, the initial travel team name, was retired at the end of the 2010 Season. National Team Representation Feral Fairy of Leeds Roller Dolls was selected for Team England at the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup. WFTDA rankings This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023) Season Final ranking Playoffs Championship 2013 155 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2014 161 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2015 88 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2016 63 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2017 189 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2018 158 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2019 205 WFTDA DNQ DNQ 2020 203 WFTDA DNQ DNQ Hot Wheel Roller Derby never received an official WFTDA ranking during its brief time as a member league; rankings before 2017 are for Leeds Roller Dolls *Please note that rankings were suspended in March 2020 in light of the pandemic. External links Game results for Leeds Roller Dolls and Leeds Roller Derby on Flat Track Stats Game results for Hot Wheel Roller Derby on Flat Track Stats References ^ "Member Leagues – United Kingdom Roller Derby Association". ukrda.org.uk. UKRDA. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ "Leeds Roller Derby – WFTDA". wftda.com. WFTDA. Retrieved 24 November 2017. ^ Pantry, Lindsay (2 October 2017). "Leeds Roller Derby celebrate a decade of skating in the city". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Who are Leeds Roller Dolls? Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine", Leeds Roller Dolls ^ "LRDs First Ever Bout! LRD vs ARRG - Home - Closed - 29/11/08 Archived 2012-04-22 at the Wayback Machine", Leeds Roller Dolls ^ "13 Women's Roller Derby Leagues Join WFTDA Apprentice Program Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine", WFTDA, 31 January 2012 ^ "WFTDA Welcomes 5 New Members Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine", WFTDA, 7 March 2013 ^ "Roller derby girls get their skates on", Morley Observer and Advertiser, 10 August 2011 ^ Jonathan Brown, "Leeds's own Hot Wheel Roller Derby team beat top German opposition", Yorkshire Evening Post, 9 May 2012 ^ "Milk Rollers Scoop Best of Showdown Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine", Inside Line, 30 August 2012 ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Blog - Grin 'N' Barum Roller Derby Club". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. ^ "WFTDA Apprentice Program Accepts 13 Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association". wftda.org. WFTDA. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "WFTDA Accepts 9 New Member Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association". wftda.org. WFTDA. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "Skaters". Team England. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011. ^ "Rankings: December 31, 2013". WFTDA. January 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "Rankings: December 31, 2014". WFTDA. January 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "Rankings: December 31, 2015". WFTDA. January 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ "Rankings: December 31, 2016 – WFTDA". wftda.com. WFTDA. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017. ^ Watson, Michael. "Current International WFTDA Rankings". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ Watson, Michael. "Current International WFTDA Rankings". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ Watson, Michael. "Current International WFTDA Rankings". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ Watson, Michael. "Current International WFTDA Rankings". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ wonderpance (28 May 2020). "WFTDA Releases Rankings Transition Plan for COVID-19 » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. Retrieved 16 September 2022. vteWomen's Flat Track Derby Association Division 3 as of October 2014Asia Devil Dog Derby Dames Okinawa Roller Derby Tokyo Roller Girls Australasia Canberra Roller Derby League Paradise City Roller Derby South Sea Roller Derby Canada Windsor Roller Derby Calgary Roller Derby Forest City Roller Derby Hogtown Roller Derby Muddy River Rollers Renegade Derby Dames Europe Bear City Roller Derby Central City Roller Derby Copenhagen Roller Derby Crime City Rollers Dolly Rockit Rollers Go-Go Gent Roller Derby Helsinki Roller Derby Kallio Rolling Rainbow Leeds Roller Derby London Rockin' Rollers Middlesbrough Roller Derby Nantes Roller Derby Newcastle Roller Derby Nidaros Roller Derby One Love Roller Dolls Oslo Roller Derby Paris Roller Derby Rainy City Roller Derby Roller Girls of the Apocalypse Ruhrpott Roller Girls Royal Windsor Roller Derby Stockholm Roller Derby Stuttgart Valley Roller Derby Tiger Bay Brawlers South America Rock and Roller Queens United States Alamo City Rollergirls Ann Arbor Roller Derby Appalachian Rollergirls Ark Valley High Rollers A'Salt Creek Roller Girls Assassination City Roller Derby Salt City Roller Derby Babe City Rollers Bakersfield Diamond Divas Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Bellingham Roller Betties Black-n-Bluegrass RollerGirls Black Rose Rollers Boulder County Roller Derby Cajun Rollergirls Cape Fear Roller Girls Cedar Rapids RollerGirls Cedar Valley Roller Derby Cen-Tex Rollergirls Central Coast Roller Derby Central New York Roller Derby Charlottesville Derby Dames Chattanooga Roller Derby Chemical Valley Rollergirls Cherry City Roller Derby Cheyenne Roller Derby Circle City Roller Derby Classic City Rollergirls CoMo Derby Dames Confluence Crush Roller Derby Cornfed Derby Dames Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Crossroads City Derby Derby City Rollergirls Derby Revolution of Bakersfield Des Moines Roller Derby Diamond State Roller Derby Rocket City Roller Derby Dockyard Derby Dames Dominion Derby Girls Dupage Derby Dames Durango Roller Girls El Paso Roller Derby Enid Roller Girls FoCo Roller Derby Fort Wayne Derby Girls Fox Cities Roller Derby Gem City Roller Derby Glass City Rollers Granite State Roller Derby Greensboro Roller Derby Greenville Derby Dames Happy Valley Derby Darlins Harbor City Roller Derby Hard Knox Roller Girls Hellions of Troy Hub City Derby Dames Hudson Valley Horrors Roller Derby ICT Roller Derby Jersey Shore Roller Girls Juneau Rollergirls Junction City Roller Dolls Lafayette Roller Derby Lansing Roller Derby Lava City Roller Dolls Lehigh Valley Roller Derby Little City Roller Girls Little Steel Derby Girls Lowcountry Highrollers Magnolia Roller Vixens Mason-Dixon Roller Vixens Mass Attack Roller Derby McLean County MissFits Mid-State Sisters of Skate Mississippi Rollergirls Mississippi Valley Mayhem Mo-Kan Roller Girls Monterey Bay Roller Derby Mother State Roller Derby New Jersey Roller Derby New River Valley Roller Girls North Texas Derby Revolution Pacific Roller Derby Port City Roller Derby Port Scandalous Roller Derby Quad City Rollers Rage City Roller Derby Rainier Rollergirls Rainy City Roller Dolls Red Stick Roller Derby Richland County Regulators Rock Coast Rollers Rockin City Rollergirls Rocktown Rollers Roughneck Roller Derby Salisbury Roller Girls San Fernando Valley Roller Derby Savannah Derby Devils Shasta Roller Derby Shore Points Roller Derby Sick Town Derby Dames Sioux Falls Roller Dollz Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Snake Pit Derby Dames SoCal Derby SoCo Derby Dollz Soul City Sirens South Bend Roller Girls Southern Illinois Roller Girls Spindletop Roller Girls Springfield Roller Derby Tragic City Rollers Ventura County Derby Darlins Vette City Roller Derby West Coast Derby Knockouts West Texas Roller Derby Worcester Roller Derby Division 1 Division 2 Apprentice

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roller derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_derby"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Roller Derby Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Roller_Derby_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Women's Flat Track Derby Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Leeds Roller Derby is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Leeds, England. Founded in 2007, the league has two travel teams which play against teams from other leagues across Europe. Leeds Roller Derby is a member of the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association (UKRDA)[1] and the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).[2]","title":"Leeds Roller Derby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decade-3"}],"text":"In December 2016, Leeds Roller Dolls and Hot Wheel Roller Derby merged as one league, continuing under the name Leeds Roller Derby.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History of Original Leagues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Auld Reekie Roller Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Reekie_Roller_Girls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Roller_Dolls.png"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Roller Derby Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Roller_Derby_Association"},{"link_name":"WFTDA Apprentice Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_Apprentice_Program"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hot_Wheel_Roller_Derby_logo.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Leeds Roller Dolls","text":"Leeds Roller Dolls was founded in October 2007, becoming the first roller derby league in Yorkshire.[4] They played their first bout, against Auld Reekie Roller Girls, in November 2008.[5] In 2010 the league moved to play its bouts in the nearby town of Huddersfield. They returned to Leeds in 2013, hosting their games at the Leeds Futsal Arena.The league consisted of two teams: the Whip-Its (A), and the Rebel Roses (B).Former Leeds Roller Dolls logoIn late 2011 the league joined the United Kingdom Roller Derby Association and in January 2012, it was accepted into the WFTDA Apprentice Program.[6] In March 2013, it became a full member of the WFTDA.[7]A number of Leeds Roller Dolls, including Feral Fairy, Shere Carnage and Rigor Morris, helped establish and train Aire Force One, Leeds' men's roller derby team.Former Hot Wheel Roller Derby logo","title":"History of Original Leagues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart Valley Roller Girlz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart_Valley_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough Milk Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_Roller_Derby"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sur5al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sur5al&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WFTDA Apprentice Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTDA_Apprentice_Program"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Hot Wheel Roller Derby","text":"Hot Wheel Roller Derby was founded in 2010, with two teams which competed against teams from other leagues. By mid-2011, Hot Wheel had more than forty skaters.[8] In May 2012, the league travelled to Germany, where it beat the Stuttgart Valley Roller Girlz B team in front of a crowd of 1,200 fans.[9] In July, they narrowly lost to the Middlesbrough Milk Rollers in the final of the Great Yorkshire Showdown tournament, where they had been ranked last the previous year.[10]March 2013 saw Hot Wheels' European Roller Derby ranking at 19th,[11] and by September 2013 they had risen to 16th. In 2014, head coach Jerry Attric served as coach for the men's Team England Roller Derby,[12] where they came second in the world. The Hot Wheel B Team played their first four bouts and were the highest-ranked all-female team at Sur5al. Hot Wheel Roller Derby joined the WFTDA Apprentice Program in October 2015,[13] and became a full member league in June 2016.[14]","title":"History of Original Leagues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Leeds Roller Derby currently[when?] has two travel teams, an A and B team, which play against teams from other leagues. The Rotten Rollers, the initial travel team name, was retired at the end of the 2010 Season.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_England_(roller_derby)"},{"link_name":"2011 Roller Derby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Roller_Derby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EnglandRoster-15"}],"text":"Feral Fairy of Leeds Roller Dolls was selected for Team England at the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup.[15]","title":"National Team Representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Hot Wheel Roller Derby never received an official WFTDA ranking during its brief time as a member league; rankings before 2017 are for Leeds Roller Dolls*Please note that rankings were suspended in March 2020 in light of the pandemic.[24]","title":"WFTDA rankings"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Member Leagues – United Kingdom Roller Derby Association\". ukrda.org.uk. UKRDA. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukrda.org.uk/member-leagues/","url_text":"\"Member Leagues – United Kingdom Roller Derby Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Roller Derby – WFTDA\". wftda.com. WFTDA. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/wftda-leagues/leeds-roller-derby/","url_text":"\"Leeds Roller Derby – WFTDA\""}]},{"reference":"Pantry, Lindsay (2 October 2017). \"Leeds Roller Derby celebrate a decade of skating in the city\". www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171105162428/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/sport/leeds-roller-derby-celebrate-a-decade-of-skating-in-the-city-1-8783317","url_text":"\"Leeds Roller Derby celebrate a decade of skating in the city\""},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/sport/leeds-roller-derby-celebrate-a-decade-of-skating-in-the-city-1-8783317","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034129/http://derbydataeurope.com/2013/03/22/european-roller-derby-rankings-march-2013/#more-1581","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://derbydataeurope.com/2013/03/22/european-roller-derby-rankings-march-2013/#more-1581","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blog - Grin 'N' Barum Roller Derby Club\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102600/http://www.grinnbarum.com/blog/4583077790/tags/Team%20England%20Mens%20Roller%20Derby","url_text":"\"Blog - Grin 'N' Barum Roller Derby Club\""},{"url":"http://www.grinnbarum.com/blog/4583077790/tags/Team%20England%20Mens%20Roller%20Derby","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WFTDA Apprentice Program Accepts 13 Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\". wftda.org. WFTDA. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.org/news/wftda-apprentice-program-accepts-13-leagues","url_text":"\"WFTDA Apprentice Program Accepts 13 Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"WFTDA Accepts 9 New Member Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\". wftda.org. WFTDA. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.org/news/wftda-accepts-9-new-member-leagues","url_text":"\"WFTDA Accepts 9 New Member Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skaters\". Team England. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111209040509/http://teamenglandrollerderby.com/meet-the-team/skaters","url_text":"\"Skaters\""},{"url":"http://teamenglandrollerderby.com/meet-the-team/skaters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2013\". WFTDA. January 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2013/","url_text":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2014\". WFTDA. January 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2014/","url_text":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2015\". WFTDA. January 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2015/","url_text":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2016 – WFTDA\". wftda.com. WFTDA. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2016/","url_text":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2016 – WFTDA\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Michael. \"Current International WFTDA Rankings\". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2440","url_text":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Michael. \"Current International WFTDA Rankings\". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2450","url_text":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Michael. \"Current International WFTDA Rankings\". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2841","url_text":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Michael. \"Current International WFTDA Rankings\". WFTDA Stats Home. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=3227","url_text":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"wonderpance (28 May 2020). \"WFTDA Releases Rankings Transition Plan for COVID-19 » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\". WFTDA Roller Derby Resources. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.wftda.org/wftda-releases-rankings-transition-plan-for-covid-19/","url_text":"\"WFTDA Releases Rankings Transition Plan for COVID-19 » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\""}]}]

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LRD vs ARRG - Home - Closed - 29/11/08"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422130622/http://leedsrollerdolls.com/first_bout_2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wftda.com/news/ap-acceptance-1-12","external_links_name":"13 Women's Roller Derby Leagues Join WFTDA Apprentice Program"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121101162817/http://wftda.com/news/ap-acceptance-1-12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wftda.com/news/wftda-welcomes-5-new-members","external_links_name":"WFTDA Welcomes 5 New Members"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511042002/http://wftda.com/news/wftda-welcomes-5-new-members","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.morleyobserver.co.uk/news/local/roller_derby_girls_get_their_skates_on_1_3662486","external_links_name":"Roller derby girls get their skates on"},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/leeds-s-own-hot-wheel-roller-derby-team-beat-top-german-opposition-1-4527629","external_links_name":"Leeds's own Hot Wheel Roller Derby team beat top German opposition"},{"Link":"http://www.insidelinemagazine.co.uk/2012/08/milk-rollers-scoop-best-of-showdown/","external_links_name":"Milk Rollers Scoop Best of Showdown"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075839/http://www.insidelinemagazine.co.uk/2012/08/milk-rollers-scoop-best-of-showdown/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034129/http://derbydataeurope.com/2013/03/22/european-roller-derby-rankings-march-2013/#more-1581","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://derbydataeurope.com/2013/03/22/european-roller-derby-rankings-march-2013/#more-1581","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102600/http://www.grinnbarum.com/blog/4583077790/tags/Team%20England%20Mens%20Roller%20Derby","external_links_name":"\"Blog - Grin 'N' Barum Roller Derby Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.grinnbarum.com/blog/4583077790/tags/Team%20England%20Mens%20Roller%20Derby","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wftda.org/news/wftda-apprentice-program-accepts-13-leagues","external_links_name":"\"WFTDA Apprentice Program Accepts 13 Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\""},{"Link":"https://wftda.org/news/wftda-accepts-9-new-member-leagues","external_links_name":"\"WFTDA Accepts 9 New Member Leagues - LatestNews - Women's Flat Track Derby Association\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111209040509/http://teamenglandrollerderby.com/meet-the-team/skaters","external_links_name":"\"Skaters\""},{"Link":"http://teamenglandrollerderby.com/meet-the-team/skaters","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2013/","external_links_name":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2013\""},{"Link":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2015\""},{"Link":"https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Rankings: December 31, 2016 – WFTDA\""},{"Link":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2440","external_links_name":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2450","external_links_name":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=2841","external_links_name":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://stats.wftda.com/rankings?r=3227","external_links_name":"\"Current International WFTDA Rankings\""},{"Link":"https://resources.wftda.org/wftda-releases-rankings-transition-plan-for-covid-19/","external_links_name":"\"WFTDA Releases Rankings Transition Plan for COVID-19 » WFTDA Roller Derby Resources\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leeds_Roller_Derby&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MishCatt

MishCatt

["1 References"]

MishCattBirth nameMichelle Marie González TelfordBorn (1992-01-29) January 29, 1992 (age 32)San José, Costa RicaOriginCosta RicaGenres Pop Electropop Synth Pop Occupation(s)Singer, Composer, ProducerLabelsSNAFU records, Amuse (music company)Websitewww.mishcatt.comMusical artist MishCatt is the artistic pseudonym for Michelle Marie González Telford (born January 29, 1992), a singer-songwriter from San Jose, Costa Rica. She has previously performed and released music in the Costa Rica–based pop band Patterns, but left the band in 2014 to focus on her solo project. She released her debut EP EP in March 2016, and it quickly became the most played Costa Rican artist in the history of Spotify, getting more than six million plays in less than two months. The EP was recorded in Stockholm, Sweden and is produced by Pontus Winnberg (Miike Snow, Amason). The song "Another Dimension" peaked at number 17 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart. On December 5, 2019, Gonzalez performed live vocals for the song "Fades Away" originally recorded by Noonie Bao during Avicii Tribute Concert at Friend's Arena, Stockholm. She also released a studio recording of the performance. In 2020 she has released two songs, 'Pavo' and 'Midnight Sun', from her upcoming EP The real Pavo, which is released by Amuse (music company). Also in 2020 she collaborated with Sofia Reyes for the song Goofy Pt.2. References ^ "Patterns". Facebook.com. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Michelle Gonzalez Post Patterns". Demalaspalabras.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "MishCatt – EP". Spotify. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Michelle González es la artista tica más escuchada en la historia de Spotify". 1047hit.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Nace MishCatt: el alter ego musical de Michelle González". Nacion.com. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Veckolista Heatseeker – Vecka 13, 1 april 2016" (in Swedish). Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "Avicii Tribute Concert: In Loving Memory of Tim Bergling". YouTube. 5 December 2019. ^ Scilippa, Phil (5 December 2019). "Concert Version Of Avicii's "Fades Away" Released Ahead of the Live Stream". EDM.com. ^ "The Los Angeles-based artist born Michelle González unveils "Pavo" today (Feb. 13), exclusively through tmrw". Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

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[]

[{"reference":"\"Patterns\". Facebook.com. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/Patternsdance/","url_text":"\"Patterns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Gonzalez Post Patterns\". Demalaspalabras.com. 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610191534/https://demalaspalabras.com/2015/11/06/michelle-gonzalez-post-patterns/","url_text":"\"Michelle Gonzalez Post Patterns\""},{"url":"https://demalaspalabras.com/2015/11/06/michelle-gonzalez-post-patterns/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MishCatt – EP\". Spotify. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/42c6spquYnINk85tDjGbV3","url_text":"\"MishCatt – EP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle González es la artista tica más escuchada en la historia de Spotify\". 1047hit.com. 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508110519/http://1047hit.com/blog/michelle-gonzalez-es-la-artista-tica-mas-escuchada-en-la-historia-de-spotify.html","url_text":"\"Michelle González es la artista tica más escuchada en la historia de Spotify\""},{"url":"http://1047hit.com/blog/michelle-gonzalez-es-la-artista-tica-mas-escuchada-en-la-historia-de-spotify.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nace MishCatt: el alter ego musical de Michelle González\". Nacion.com. 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/ocio/musica/Nace-MishCatt-musical-Michelle-Gonzalez_0_1550045013.html","url_text":"\"Nace MishCatt: el alter ego musical de Michelle González\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker – Vecka 13, 1 april 2016\" (in Swedish). Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=215&dfom=20160325","url_text":"\"Veckolista Heatseeker – Vecka 13, 1 april 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avicii Tribute Concert: In Loving Memory of Tim Bergling\". YouTube. 5 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2Tzd7MiOj8&t=7352s","url_text":"\"Avicii Tribute Concert: In Loving Memory of Tim Bergling\""}]},{"reference":"Scilippa, Phil (5 December 2019). \"Concert Version Of Avicii's \"Fades Away\" Released Ahead of the Live Stream\". EDM.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://edm.com/music-releases/avicii-fades-away-concert-version-mishcatt","url_text":"\"Concert Version Of Avicii's \"Fades Away\" Released Ahead of the Live Stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Los Angeles-based artist born Michelle González unveils \"Pavo\" today (Feb. 13), exclusively through tmrw\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmrwmagazine.com/features/music/first-listen-mishcatt-pavo","url_text":"\"The Los Angeles-based artist born Michelle González unveils \"Pavo\" today (Feb. 13), exclusively through tmrw\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded_unipole_antenna

Folded unipole antenna

["1 Invention","2 Typical installation","2.1 Conventional monopole antennas","2.2 Folded unipole antennas","3 Unipole electrical operation and design","3.1 Total current broken into balanced and unbalanced parts","3.2 Balanced feed current","3.3 Unbalanced radiating current","3.4 Design choices and results","4 Performance comparisons","4.1 Replaced shunt-fed antenna","4.2 Ground system maintenance","5 Self-resonant unipole patents","6 See also","7 Footnotes","8 References"]

Antenna used for radio broadcasts Modern folded unipole antenna with six skirt wires surrounding a round solid metal mast. The skirt wires are held away from the mast by stand-off posts with insulated ends. The folded unipole antenna is a type of monopole mast radiator antenna used as a transmitting antenna mainly in the medium wave band for AM radio broadcasting stations. It consists of a vertical metal rod or mast mounted over and connected at its base to a grounding system consisting of buried wires. The mast is surrounded by a "skirt" of vertical wires electrically attached at or near the top of the mast. The skirt wires are connected by a metal ring near the mast base, and the feedline feeding power from the transmitter is connected between the ring and the ground. It has seen much use for refurbishing medium wave AM broadcasting station towers in the United States and other countries. When an AM radio station shares a tower with other antennas such as FM broadcasting antennas, the folded unipole is often a good choice. Since the base of the tower connects to the ground system, unlike in an ordinary mast radiator tower in which the base is at high voltage, the transmission lines to any antennas mounted on the tower, as well as aircraft lighting power lines, can be run up the side of the tower without requiring isolators. Invention The folded unipole antenna was first devised for broadcast use by John H. Mullaney, an American radio broadcast pioneer, and consulting engineer. It was designed to solve some difficult problems with existing medium wave (MW), frequency modulation (FM), and amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast antenna installations. Typical installation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Folded unipole with only three skirt wires mounted off the corners of a standard triangular frame mast. (The close-in wire on the left side of the image is an incidental guy wire in the foreground.) Since folded unipoles are most often used for refurbishing old broadcast antennas, the first subsection below describes a typical monopole antenna used as a starting point. The subsection that follows next describes how surrounding skirt wires are added to convert an ordinary broadcast tower into a folded unipole. The picture at the right shows a small folded unipole antenna constructed from an existing triangular monopole tower; it has only three vertical wires comprising its "skirt". Conventional monopole antennas This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A typical monopole transmitting antenna for an AM radio station is a series-fed mast radiator; a vertical steel lattice mast which is energized and radiates radio waves. One side of the feedline which feeds power from the transmitter to the antenna is connected to the mast, the other side to a ground (electricity) system consisting of buried wires radiating from a terminal next to the base of the mast. The mast is supported on a thick ceramic insulator which isolates it electrically from the ground. US FCC regulations require the ground system to have 120 buried copper or phosphor bronze radial wires at least one-quarter wavelength long; there is usually a ground-screen in the immediate vicinity of the tower. To minimize corrosion, all the ground system components are bonded together, usually by using brazing or coin silver solder. The mast has diagonal guy cables attached to it, anchored to concrete anchors in the ground, to support it. The guy lines have strain insulators in them to isolate them electrically from the mast, to prevent the high voltage from reaching the ground. To prevent the conductive guy lines from disturbing the radiation pattern of the antenna, additional strain insulators are sometimes inserted in the lines to divide them into a series of short, electrically separate segments, to ensure all segments are too short to resonate at the operating frequency. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that the transmitter power measurements for a single series-fed tower calculated at this feed point as the current squared multiplied by the resistive part of the feed-point impedance.   P = I 2   R   {\displaystyle \ P=I^{2}\ R\ } Electrically short monopole antennas have low resistance and high capacitive (negative) reactance. Depending on desired recipients and the surrounding terrain, and particularly depending on locations of spacious expanses of open water, a longer antenna may tend to send signals out in directions that are increasingly more advantageous, up to the point that the antenna's electrical height exceeds about 5/ 8  wavelengths tall. Reactance is zero only for towers slightly shorter than 1/ 4  wavelength, but the reactance will in any case rise or fall depending on humidity, dust, salty spume, or ice collecting on the tower or its feedline. Regardless of its height, the antenna feed system has an impedance matching system housed in a small shed at the tower's base (called a "tuning hut" or "coupling hut" or "helix hut"). The matching network is adjusted to join the antenna's impedance to the characteristic impedance of the feedline joining it to the transmitter. If the tower is too short (or too tall) for the frequency, the antenna's capacitive (or inductive) reactance will be counteracted the opposite reactance by the matching network, as well as raising or lowering the feedpoint resistance of the antenna to match the feedline's characteristic impedance. The combined limitations of the matching network, ground wires, and tower can cause the system to have a narrow bandwidth; in extreme cases the effects of narrow bandwidth can be severe enough to detract from the audio fidelity of the radio broadcast. Electrically short antennas have low radiation resistance, which makes normal loss in other parts of the system relatively more costly in terms of lost broadcast power. The losses in the ground system, matching network(s), feedline wires, and structure of the tower all are in series with the antenna feed current, and each wastes a share of the broadcast power heating the soil or metal in the tower. Folded unipole antennas Heuristically, the unipole's outer skirt wires can be thought of as attached segments of several tall, narrow, single-turn coils, all wired in parallel, with the central mast completing the final side of each turn. Equivalently, each skirt wire makes a parallel wire stub, with the mast being the other parallel "wire"; the closed end at the top of the stub, where the skirt connects to the mast, makes a transmission line stub inductor. Either way of looking at it, the effect of the skirt wires is to add inductive reactance to the antenna mast, which helps neutralize a short mast's capacitive reactance. For the normal case of a short monopole, the inductive reactance introduced by the skirt wires decreases as the frequency decreases and the bare mast's capacitive reactance increases. With increasing frequency, up to frequency where the skirt is a quarter wavelength, the inductive reactance rises and capacitive reactance drops. So for a short antenna, the skirt's inductance and the mast's capacitance can only cancel at a single frequency, since the reactance magnitudes increase and decrease in opposite manner with frequency. With a longer antenna mast, at least a quarter-wave tall, the reactances can be more elaborately configured: The contrary reactances can be made to cancel each other at more than one frequency, at least in part, and to rise and fall by approximately the same amount. Approximate balance between the opposing reactances adds up to reduce the total reactance of the whole antenna at the decreased (and increased) frequencies, thus widening the antenna's low-reactance bandwidth. However, there is nothing particularly remarkable about a longer antenna having a wider low-reactance bandwidth. If the greater part of the unbalanced radio current can be made to flow in the skirt wires, instead of in the mast, the outer ring of skirt wires will also effectively add electrical width to the mast, which also will improve bandwidth by causing the unbalanced currents in the unipole to function like a "cage antenna". Modern folded unipole feed point, where the radio frequency excitation current will be measured. The connection ring that attaches to the skirt wires is a simple loop of fairly thin wire cutting across the top edge of the image. The stout vertical bars tighten the skirt: Near the top of the picture, the bars' connections to the skirt wires are insulated; their other ends fasten to the support truss anchored on the ground, near the bottom of the image. Usually folded-unipoles are constructed by modifying an existing monopole antenna, and not all possible unipole improvements can be achieved on every monopole. First one connects the base of the tower directly to the ground system by shorting out the base insulator (if any). Then a series of vertical wires – typically four to eight – are installed from an attachment at or near the top of the tower; these wires surround the tower and are called a "skirt". The skirt wires are kept a constant distance from the tower by insulated "stand-off" structural members, and joined to an electrically isolated conductor ring that surrounds the base of the tower, also mounted on insulated stand-offs. The new antenna feed connects between the common point of the ground system and the ring at the bottom of the skirt wires. The resulting skirt enveloping the mast connects only at the tower top, or some midpoint near the top, and to the isolated conducting ring that surrounds the tower base; the skirt wires remain insulated from the mast at every other point along its entire length. Unipole electrical operation and design Balanced and unbalanced currents are important for understanding antennas, because unbalanced current always radiates, and close-spaced balanced current never radiates. The following sketch of how a unipole antenna works separately considers the balanced and unbalanced currents flowing through the antenna. The sum of the two is the actual current seen in any one conductor. Total current broken into balanced and unbalanced parts By the electrical superposition principle, the total currents flowing in the antenna can be considered as split into the sum of independent balanced and unbalanced currents. The balanced and unbalanced parts of the antenna's currents add to make the "true" current profile; equivalently, if we call the "true" current measured flowing through the mast   I m a s t   , {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {mast}}\ ,} and   I s k i r t   {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {skirt}}\ } the sum of all the "true" currents measured in the skirt wires (by symmetry assumed to all be the same) then the balanced and unbalanced parts of the "true" currents are   I b a l n c = 1 2 ( I m a s t − I s k i r t )   , {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {balnc}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(I_{\mathsf {mast}}-I_{\mathsf {skirt}}\right)\ ,} and   I u n b a l = 1 2 ( I m a s t + I s k i r t )   . {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {unbal}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(I_{\mathsf {mast}}+I_{\mathsf {skirt}}\right)~.} Going the other way, the "true" currents in the mast and skirt, from the conceptual balanced and unbalanced currents are   I m a s t = I u n b a l + I b a l n c   , {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {mast}}=I_{\mathsf {unbal}}+I_{\mathsf {balnc}}\ ,} and   I s k i r t = I u n b a l − I b a l n c   . {\displaystyle \ I_{\mathsf {skirt}}=I_{\mathsf {unbal}}-I_{\mathsf {balnc}}~.} So as an example, from a simplified point of view, the distinction between an antenna and its feedline, is that the balanced current flows anti-parallel in the feedline, which does not radiate, and is rechanneled into unbalanced, vector parallel paths inside the antenna, which do radiate. Balanced feed current The electrical behavior of the skirt and mast can be thought of as similar to a coaxial feedline, with the skirt corresponding to the coax's outer shield, and the mast serving as the core wire, or center conductor. The connection of the skirt and mast at the top acts as a short at the end of the virtual coax, and because the "coax" is, by design, less than a quarter wave long at the attachment point it is effectively an inductive shorted stub. Regardless of the configured skirt and mast sizes and spacing, which determine the impedance seen by the balanced current, the feed current circulating through the skirt and the mast produce a voltage difference between the top and the skirt feed point and between the top and ground plane which is half of the voltage difference between the feedpoint and the ground (possibly with exceedingly minor variations). The only current considered so-far is balanced: The same total feed current rises up the skirt wires as flows down through the mast to the ground-level feedpoint (or vice versa), and back through the (balanced) feedline, making an electrically closed circuit. The magnetic fields of the current flowing up are equal and opposite to the current flowing down, so the magnetic fields (very nearly) all cancel, and consequently balanced currents (mostly) do not radiate. So the situation on the antenna after considering just the balanced feed current is that it creates a voltage difference between the antenna top and the ground plane, and nothing in terms of radio waves. That voltage difference serves as an electrical exciter of an unbalanced current. Unbalanced radiating current If one then considers separately the antenna from the "point of view" of any prospective unbalanced current, it sees an unbalanced voltage between the connection point near the top of the mast and the ground plane at the antenna base. (For RF analysis, the backwards path through the feedpoint to the radio is treated as a virtual path to ground, ignoring the balanced feed current.) The self-cancelled balanced currents won't electrically affect the unbalanced currents (other than having created the voltage difference in common to all), although they do add to make the "true" current profile in the antenna. There are two possible paths that unbalanced current can take in response to the voltage difference between the top and the bottom: Either down (or up) through the mast, or down (or up) through the skirt wires. Because the currents along each path are driven by the same voltage, they will flow in the same direction. The current divides in proportion to the admittance (reciprocal impedance) of each path to ground. The amount of current along each path is determined by the sizes and number of the wire(s) along each path, and to some extent the mutual impedance of the adjacent conductors (mast and skirt wires) and the currents flowing in those wires (parallel currents in adjoining wires crowd out each other's magnetic fields, making it harder to push the current through). All unbalanced current radiates; the radiation from the several vector-parallel current paths all add. Design choices and results Compared to balanced currents through the same two conductors, the electrical impedance countering the flow of unbalanced currents is very high – roughly 500~600 Ω and higher, depending mostly on the wire diameter, but also rising with closer or larger parallel currents in adjacent wires. The impedance against the flow of balanced currents is roughly 300~500 Ω and lower, depending mostly on the spacing between the wires, dropping when wires are more closely spaced. Consequently, the flow of balanced current will tend to be larger in magnitude than its unbalanced counterpart, and the difference becomes greater the closer the conductors are spaced. The electrical design of a unipole antenna lies in choosing the sizes and number of the skirt wires, their lengths, and (if possible) the size of the central mast, in order to adjust the relative impedances (or admittances) of the balanced and unbalanced current, in order to maximize radiation and to present a reactance-free balanced feedpoint impedance for the feedline. (Other design considerations, like cost of materials and ease of erection, may lead to choices sub-optimal for electrical performance.) Because of the large number of free design parameters, compared to other antenna types, an exceedingly diverse variety of different unipole antennas can be made, and their performance will all be different. Unlike a commonly used antenna such as the simple doublet, there is no "typical unipole" performance figure. That being said, however, field testing discussed below shows that when just considering antenna efficiency, the power radiated per power fed to a unipole is very nearly the same as an ordinary monopole antenna with the same height: Other than the advantage of being able to tailor the feedpoint impedance, there appears to be no inherent superior performance for unipoles' when compared to a basic monopole. The only unipole design advantage boils down to it having an elaborately configurable built-in feedpoint impedance matching system. Performance comparisons When a well-made folded-unipole replaces a decrepit antenna, or one with a poor original design, there will of course be an improvement in performance; the sudden improvement may be cause for mistakenly inferred superiority in the design. Experiments show that folded-unipole performance is the same as other monopole designs: Direct comparisons between folded unipoles and more conventional vertical antennas of the same height, all well-made, and with nearly equivalent radiator widths, show essentially no difference in radiation pattern in actual measurements by Rackley, Cox, Moser, & King (1996) and by Cox & Moser (2002). The expected wider bandwidth was also not found during antenna range tests of several folded unipoles. Replaced shunt-fed antenna Most commonly, folded-unipole designs were used to replace a shunt-fed antenna – a different broadcast antenna design that also has a grounded base. A "shunt-fed" (or "slant-wire") antenna comprises a grounded tower with the top of a sloping single-wire feed-line attached at a point on the mast that results in an approximate match to the impedance desired at the other end of the sloping feed-wire. If a well-made folded-unipole antenna replaced an aged-out slant-fed antenna, station engineers could notice a marked improvement in performance. Such improvements may have provoked conjectures that folded-unipole antennas had power gains, or other wonderful characteristics, but those suppositions are not borne out by radio engineering calculations. Ground system maintenance Sites of ground-mounted monopole antennas require landscape maintenance: Keeping weeds and grass covering the antenna's ground plane wires as short as possible, since green plants in between the antenna tower and the antenna ground system will dissipate power of the radio waves passing through them, reducing antenna efficiency. Folded-unipole antenna sites were alleged to be less affected by weeds and long grass on top of the ground wires that cause attenuation in other monopole antenna designs, but measurements show no such advantage. Self-resonant unipole patents A possible improvement over the basic folded-unipole antenna is the "self resonant" unipole antenna, described in U.S. patent 6,133,890. Another possible improvement to the folded unipole is described in U.S. patent 4,658,266, which concerns a more carefully designed form of ground plane for use with all monopole types (only incidentally including folded unipoles). See also Driven element Footnotes ^ Some proponents make additional performance claims about the resulting composite antenna allowing removal of almost all of the reactance only by design of the unipole, without the need for a separate tuning network. ^ The point on the mast is almost always chosen to be slightly inductive, so that a series capacitor (low-loss) can tune out the remaining reactance on the feed-line.(p 18‑6) ^ When the feed wire drops parallel to the radiating element, instead of sloping away, the configuration is called a gamma match or gamma feed.(pp 6‑11 – 6‑12, 18‑5 – 18‑6) ^ U.S. patent 6,133,890 abstract: A self-resonant vertically polarized folded unipole antenna for long wave (LW) medium wave (MW) broadcasting, and for the 160 meter amateur radio band with a grounded tower connected to radially descending fold wires terminated near the base of the tower in an open polygonal ring, possibly a C-ring with a reactive load in series with this ring. This reactance cancels the reactive component of the antenna input impedance causing the input impedance to appear resistive at the feed point. This leads to outstanding linearity and bandwidth up to and possibly exceeding plus or minus 16 kHz, sometimes exceeding plus and minus 20 kHz. References ^ a b c d e Raines, Jeremy K. (2007). Folded Unipole Antennas: Theory and Applications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ^ US patent 3482249, John H. Mullaney, "Broadband tower antenna system", published 1969-12-02, issued 1969-12-02, assigned to Multronics Inc.  expired 1986-12-02 ^ a b Raines, Jeremy K. (January 2009). "Simple formulas for folded antennas" (PDF). Microwave Journal (electronic ed.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. ^ a b c Rackley, Ronald D.; Cox, Bobby L.; Moser, James R.; King, Tom F. (16 April 1996). An efficiency comparison: AM/medium wave series-fed vs. skirt-fed radiators (PDF). National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Conference. Las Vegas, NV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ a b c Cox, Bobby L.; Moser, James R. (2002). Folded-Unipole Antenna Study (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006. ^ a b Straw, R. Dean; et al., eds. (2000). "§6 Shunt-fed tower; §18 Gamma match; §18 Folded dipole". ARRL Antenna Book (19th ed.). Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. pp. 6‑11–6‑12, 18‑5–18‑6. vteAntenna typesIsotropic Isotropic radiator Omnidirectional Batwing antenna Biconical antenna Cage aerial Coaxial antenna Crossed field antenna Dielectric resonator antenna Dipole antenna Discone antenna Folded unipole antenna Franklin antenna Ground-plane antenna G5RV antenna Halo antenna Helical antenna Inverted-F antenna Inverted vee antenna J-pole antenna Mast radiator Monopole antenna Random wire antenna Rubber ducky antenna Sloper antenna Turnstile antenna T2FD antenna T-antenna Umbrella antenna Whip antenna Directional Adcock antenna AS-2259 Antenna AWX antenna Beverage antenna Cantenna Cassegrain antenna Choke ring antenna Collinear antenna array Conformal antenna Corner reflector antenna Curtain array Folded inverted conformal antenna Fractal antenna Gizmotchy Helical antenna Horn antenna Log-periodic antenna Loop antenna Microstrip antenna Moxon antenna Offset dish antenna Patch antenna Phased array Planar array Parabolic antenna Plasma antenna Quad antenna Reflective array antenna Regenerative loop antenna Rhombic antenna Sector antenna Short backfire antenna Slot antenna Sterba antenna Vivaldi antenna WokFi Yagi–Uda antenna Application-specific ALLISS Corner reflector (passive) Evolved antenna Ground dipole Reconfigurable antenna Rectenna Reference antenna Spiral antenna Circularly disposed antenna array Television antenna

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoldedUnipoleElevation.jpg"},{"link_name":"monopole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antenna"},{"link_name":"mast radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_radiator"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"medium wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave"},{"link_name":"AM radio broadcasting stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"grounding system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"feedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedline"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"medium wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave"},{"link_name":"AM broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"FM broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"mast radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_radiator"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"transmission lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"link_name":"aircraft lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2007-1"}],"text":"Modern folded unipole antenna with six skirt wires surrounding a round solid metal mast. The skirt wires are held away from the mast by stand-off posts with insulated ends.The folded unipole antenna is a type of monopole mast radiator antenna used as a transmitting antenna mainly in the medium wave band for AM radio broadcasting stations. It consists of a vertical metal rod or mast mounted over and connected at its base to a grounding system consisting of buried wires. The mast is surrounded by a \"skirt\" of vertical wires electrically attached at or near the top of the mast. The skirt wires are connected by a metal ring near the mast base, and the feedline feeding power from the transmitter is connected between the ring and the ground.It has seen much use for refurbishing medium wave AM broadcasting station towers in the United States and other countries. When an AM radio station shares a tower with other antennas such as FM broadcasting antennas, the folded unipole is often a good choice. Since the base of the tower connects to the ground system, unlike in an ordinary mast radiator tower in which the base is at high voltage, the transmission lines to any antennas mounted on the tower, as well as aircraft lighting power lines, can be run up the side of the tower without requiring isolators.[1]","title":"Folded unipole antenna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John H. Mullaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Mullaney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"medium wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave"},{"link_name":"frequency modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"amplitude modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"}],"text":"The folded unipole antenna was first devised for broadcast use by John H. Mullaney, an American radio broadcast pioneer, and consulting engineer.[2] It was designed to solve some difficult problems with existing medium wave (MW), frequency modulation (FM), and amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast antenna installations.","title":"Invention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoldedUnipoleThreeWire.jpg"}],"text":"Folded unipole with only three skirt wires mounted off the corners of a standard triangular frame mast. (The close-in wire on the left side of the image is an incidental guy wire in the foreground.)Since folded unipoles are most often used for refurbishing old broadcast antennas, the first subsection below describes a typical monopole antenna used as a starting point. The subsection that follows next describes how surrounding skirt wires are added to convert an ordinary broadcast tower into a folded unipole.The picture at the right shows a small folded unipole antenna constructed from an existing triangular monopole tower; it has only three vertical wires comprising its \"skirt\".","title":"Typical installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"mast radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_radiator"},{"link_name":"lattice mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_mast"},{"link_name":"feedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedline"},{"link_name":"ground (electricity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"ceramic insulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulator"},{"link_name":"US FCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"brazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing"},{"link_name":"coin silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_silver"},{"link_name":"solder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder"},{"link_name":"guy cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_wire"},{"link_name":"strain insulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_insulator"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Electrically short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrically_short"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"impedance matching system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuner"},{"link_name":"small shed at the tower's base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuning_hut"},{"link_name":"tuning hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuning_hut"},{"link_name":"matching network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_network"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"characteristic impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance"},{"link_name":"feedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedline"},{"link_name":"reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"matching network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_network"},{"link_name":"characteristic impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance"},{"link_name":"matching network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching"},{"link_name":"ground wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_plane"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"radiation resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_resistance"}],"sub_title":"Conventional monopole antennas","text":"A typical monopole transmitting antenna for an AM radio station is a series-fed mast radiator; a vertical steel lattice mast which is energized and radiates radio waves. One side of the feedline which feeds power from the transmitter to the antenna is connected to the mast, the other side to a ground (electricity) system consisting of buried wires radiating from a terminal next to the base of the mast. The mast is supported on a thick ceramic insulator which isolates it electrically from the ground. US FCC regulations require the ground system to have 120 buried copper or phosphor bronze radial wires at least one-quarter wavelength long; there is usually a ground-screen in the immediate vicinity of the tower. To minimize corrosion, all the ground system components are bonded together, usually by using brazing or coin silver solder.The mast has diagonal guy cables attached to it, anchored to concrete anchors in the ground, to support it. The guy lines have strain insulators in them to isolate them electrically from the mast, to prevent the high voltage from reaching the ground. To prevent the conductive guy lines from disturbing the radiation pattern of the antenna, additional strain insulators are sometimes inserted in the lines to divide them into a series of short, electrically separate segments, to ensure all segments are too short to resonate at the operating frequency.In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that the transmitter power measurements for a single series-fed tower calculated at this feed point as the current squared multiplied by the resistive part of the feed-point impedance.P\n =\n \n I\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n R\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P=I^{2}\\ R\\ }Electrically short monopole antennas have low resistance and high capacitive (negative) reactance. Depending on desired recipients and the surrounding terrain, and particularly depending on locations of spacious expanses of open water, a longer antenna may tend to send signals out in directions that are increasingly more advantageous, up to the point that the antenna's electrical height exceeds about 5/ 8  wavelengths tall.Reactance is zero only for towers slightly shorter than 1/ 4  wavelength, but the reactance will in any case rise or fall depending on humidity, dust, salty spume, or ice collecting on the tower or its feedline.\nRegardless of its height, the antenna feed system has an impedance matching system housed in a small shed at the tower's base (called a \"tuning hut\" or \"coupling hut\" or \"helix hut\"). The matching network is adjusted to join the antenna's impedance to the characteristic impedance of the feedline joining it to the transmitter. If the tower is too short (or too tall) for the frequency, the antenna's capacitive (or inductive) reactance will be counteracted the opposite reactance by the matching network, as well as raising or lowering the feedpoint resistance of the antenna to match the feedline's characteristic impedance. The combined limitations of the matching network, ground wires, and tower can cause the system to have a narrow bandwidth; in extreme cases the effects of narrow bandwidth can be severe enough to detract from the audio fidelity of the radio broadcast.Electrically short antennas have low radiation resistance, which makes normal loss in other parts of the system relatively more costly in terms of lost broadcast power. The losses in the ground system, matching network(s), feedline wires, and structure of the tower all are in series with the antenna feed current, and each wastes a share of the broadcast power heating the soil or metal in the tower.","title":"Typical installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"parallel wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lead"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"parallel \"wire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lead"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit"},{"link_name":"transmission line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"reactances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2007-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unbalanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_mode_current"},{"link_name":"cage antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_antenna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoldedUnipoleFeedPoint.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2007-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2009-01-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2007-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2009-01-4"}],"sub_title":"Folded unipole antennas","text":"Heuristically, the unipole's outer skirt wires can be thought of as attached segments of several tall, narrow, single-turn coils, all wired in parallel, with the central mast completing the final side of each turn.[citation needed] Equivalently, each skirt wire makes a parallel wire stub, with the mast being the other parallel \"wire\"; the closed end at the top of the stub, where the skirt connects to the mast, makes a transmission line stub inductor. Either way of looking at it, the effect of the skirt wires is to add inductive reactance to the antenna mast, which helps neutralize a short mast's capacitive reactance.[citation needed]For the normal case of a short monopole, the inductive reactance introduced by the skirt wires decreases as the frequency decreases and the bare mast's capacitive reactance increases. With increasing frequency, up to frequency where the skirt is a quarter wavelength, the inductive reactance rises and capacitive reactance drops. So for a short antenna, the skirt's inductance and the mast's capacitance can only cancel at a single frequency, since the reactance magnitudes increase and decrease in opposite manner with frequency.With a longer antenna mast, at least a quarter-wave tall, the reactances can be more elaborately configured: The contrary reactances can be made to cancel each other at more than one frequency, at least in part, and to rise and fall by approximately the same amount. Approximate balance between the opposing reactances adds up to reduce the total reactance of the whole antenna at the decreased (and increased) frequencies, thus widening the antenna's low-reactance bandwidth.[1][a] However, there is nothing particularly remarkable about a longer antenna having a wider low-reactance bandwidth.If the greater part of the unbalanced radio current can be made to flow in the skirt wires, instead of in the mast, the outer ring of skirt wires will also effectively add electrical width to the mast, which also will improve bandwidth by causing the unbalanced currents in the unipole to function like a \"cage antenna\".Modern folded unipole feed point, where the radio frequency excitation current will be measured. The connection ring that attaches to the skirt wires is a simple loop of fairly thin wire cutting across the top edge of the image. The stout vertical bars tighten the skirt: Near the top of the picture, the bars' connections to the skirt wires are insulated; their other ends fasten to the support truss anchored on the ground, near the bottom of the image.Usually folded-unipoles are constructed by modifying an existing monopole antenna, and not all possible unipole improvements can be achieved on every monopole.First one connects the base of the tower directly to the ground system by shorting out the base insulator (if any).\nThen a series of vertical wires – typically four to eight – are installed from an attachment at or near the top of the tower; these wires surround the tower and are called a \"skirt\".\nThe skirt wires are kept a constant distance from the tower by insulated \"stand-off\" structural members, and joined to an electrically isolated conductor ring that surrounds the base of the tower, also mounted on insulated stand-offs.[1][3]\nThe new antenna feed connects between the common point of the ground system and the ring at the bottom of the skirt wires.The resulting skirt enveloping the mast connects only at the tower top, or some midpoint near the top, and to the isolated conducting ring that surrounds the tower base; the skirt wires remain insulated from the mast at every other point along its entire length.[1][3]","title":"Typical installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unbalanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_circuit"},{"link_name":"balanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_circuit"}],"text":"Balanced and unbalanced currents are important for understanding antennas, because unbalanced current always radiates, and close-spaced balanced current never radiates. The following sketch of how a unipole antenna works separately considers the balanced and unbalanced currents flowing through the antenna. The sum of the two is the actual current seen in any one conductor.","title":"Unipole electrical operation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superposition principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_antenna"},{"link_name":"feedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedline"},{"link_name":"anti-parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel_vectors"},{"link_name":"vector parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)"}],"sub_title":"Total current broken into balanced and unbalanced parts","text":"By the electrical superposition principle, the total currents flowing in the antenna can be considered as split into the sum of independent balanced and unbalanced currents. The balanced and unbalanced parts of the antenna's currents add to make the \"true\" current profile; equivalently, if we call the \"true\" current measured flowing through the mast \n \n \n \n  \n \n I\n \n \n m\n a\n s\n t\n \n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {mast}}\\ ,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n I\n \n \n s\n k\n i\n r\n t\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {skirt}}\\ }\n \n the sum of all the \"true\" currents measured in the skirt wires (by symmetry assumed to all be the same) then the balanced and unbalanced parts of the \"true\" currents areI\n \n \n b\n a\n l\n n\n c\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n \n m\n a\n s\n t\n \n \n \n −\n \n I\n \n \n s\n k\n i\n r\n t\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {balnc}}={\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\left(I_{\\mathsf {mast}}-I_{\\mathsf {skirt}}\\right)\\ ,}\n \n andI\n \n \n u\n n\n b\n a\n l\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n \n m\n a\n s\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n I\n \n \n s\n k\n i\n r\n t\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {unbal}}={\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\left(I_{\\mathsf {mast}}+I_{\\mathsf {skirt}}\\right)~.}Going the other way, the \"true\" currents in the mast and skirt, from the conceptual balanced and unbalanced currents areI\n \n \n m\n a\n s\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n I\n \n \n u\n n\n b\n a\n l\n \n \n \n +\n \n I\n \n \n b\n a\n l\n n\n c\n \n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {mast}}=I_{\\mathsf {unbal}}+I_{\\mathsf {balnc}}\\ ,}\n \n andI\n \n \n s\n k\n i\n r\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n I\n \n \n u\n n\n b\n a\n l\n \n \n \n −\n \n I\n \n \n b\n a\n l\n n\n c\n \n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I_{\\mathsf {skirt}}=I_{\\mathsf {unbal}}-I_{\\mathsf {balnc}}~.}So as an example, from a simplified point of view, the distinction between an antenna and its feedline, is that the balanced current flows anti-parallel in the feedline, which does not radiate, and is rechanneled into unbalanced, vector parallel paths inside the antenna, which do radiate.","title":"Unipole electrical operation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coaxial feedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"balanced current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_circuit"},{"link_name":"ground plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_plane"}],"sub_title":"Balanced feed current","text":"The electrical behavior of the skirt and mast can be thought of as similar to a coaxial feedline, with the skirt corresponding to the coax's outer shield, and the mast serving as the core wire, or center conductor. The connection of the skirt and mast at the top acts as a short at the end of the virtual coax, and because the \"coax\" is, by design, less than a quarter wave long at the attachment point it is effectively an inductive shorted stub. Regardless of the configured skirt and mast sizes and spacing, which determine the impedance seen by the balanced current, the feed current circulating through the skirt and the mast produce a voltage difference between the top and the skirt feed point and between the top and ground plane which is half of the voltage difference between the feedpoint and the ground (possibly with exceedingly minor variations).The only current considered so-far is balanced: The same total feed current rises up the skirt wires as flows down through the mast to the ground-level feedpoint (or vice versa), and back through the (balanced) feedline, making an electrically closed circuit. The magnetic fields of the current flowing up are equal and opposite to the current flowing down, so the magnetic fields (very nearly) all cancel, and consequently balanced currents (mostly) do not radiate. So the situation on the antenna after considering just the balanced feed current is that it creates a voltage difference between the antenna top and the ground plane, and nothing in terms of radio waves. That voltage difference serves as an electrical exciter of an unbalanced current.","title":"Unipole electrical operation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_plane"},{"link_name":"admittance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_admittance"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"}],"sub_title":"Unbalanced radiating current","text":"If one then considers separately the antenna from the \"point of view\" of any prospective unbalanced current, it sees an unbalanced voltage between the connection point near the top of the mast and the ground plane at the antenna base. (For RF analysis, the backwards path through the feedpoint to the radio is treated as a virtual path to ground, ignoring the balanced feed current.) The self-cancelled balanced currents won't electrically affect the unbalanced currents (other than having created the voltage difference in common to all), although they do add to make the \"true\" current profile in the antenna.There are two possible paths that unbalanced current can take in response to the voltage difference between the top and the bottom: Either down (or up) through the mast, or down (or up) through the skirt wires. Because the currents along each path are driven by the same voltage, they will flow in the same direction. The current divides in proportion to the admittance (reciprocal impedance) of each path to ground. The amount of current along each path is determined by the sizes and number of the wire(s) along each path, and to some extent the mutual impedance of the adjacent conductors (mast and skirt wires) and the currents flowing in those wires (parallel currents in adjoining wires crowd out each other's magnetic fields, making it harder to push the current through). All unbalanced current radiates; the radiation from the several vector-parallel current paths all add.","title":"Unipole electrical operation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"Ω","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Ω","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)"},{"link_name":"doublet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_antenna"},{"link_name":"antenna efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_efficiency"},{"link_name":"monopole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antenna"},{"link_name":"impedance matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching"}],"sub_title":"Design choices and results","text":"Compared to balanced currents through the same two conductors, the electrical impedance countering the flow of unbalanced currents is very high – roughly 500~600 Ω and higher, depending mostly on the wire diameter, but also rising with closer or larger parallel currents in adjacent wires. The impedance against the flow of balanced currents is roughly 300~500 Ω and lower, depending mostly on the spacing between the wires, dropping when wires are more closely spaced. Consequently, the flow of balanced current will tend to be larger in magnitude than its unbalanced counterpart, and the difference becomes greater the closer the conductors are spaced.The electrical design of a unipole antenna lies in choosing the sizes and number of the skirt wires, their lengths, and (if possible) the size of the central mast, in order to adjust the relative impedances (or admittances) of the balanced and unbalanced current, in order to maximize radiation and to present a reactance-free balanced feedpoint impedance for the feedline. (Other design considerations, like cost of materials and ease of erection, may lead to choices sub-optimal for electrical performance.)Because of the large number of free design parameters, compared to other antenna types, an exceedingly diverse variety of different unipole antennas can be made, and their performance will all be different. Unlike a commonly used antenna such as the simple doublet, there is no \"typical unipole\" performance figure. That being said, however, field testing discussed below shows that when just considering antenna efficiency, the power radiated per power fed to a unipole is very nearly the same as an ordinary monopole antenna with the same height: Other than the advantage of being able to tailor the feedpoint impedance, there appears to be no inherent superior performance for unipoles' when compared to a basic monopole. The only unipole design advantage boils down to it having an elaborately configurable built-in feedpoint impedance matching system.","title":"Unipole electrical operation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rackley-Cox-etal-1996-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-Moser-2002-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rackley-Cox-etal-1996-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-Moser-2002-6"}],"text":"When a well-made folded-unipole replaces a decrepit antenna, or one with a poor original design, there will of course be an improvement in performance; the sudden improvement may be cause for mistakenly inferred superiority in the design.Experiments show that folded-unipole performance is the same as other monopole designs: Direct comparisons between folded unipoles and more conventional vertical antennas of the same height, all well-made, and with nearly equivalent radiator widths, show essentially no difference in radiation pattern in actual measurements by Rackley, Cox, Moser, & King (1996)[4] and by Cox & Moser (2002).[5]The expected wider bandwidth was also not found during antenna range tests of several folded unipoles.[4][5]","title":"Performance comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines-2007-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Replaced shunt-fed antenna","text":"Most commonly, folded-unipole designs were used to replace a shunt-fed antenna – a different broadcast antenna design that also has a grounded base. A \"shunt-fed\" (or \"slant-wire\") antenna comprises a grounded tower with the top of a sloping single-wire feed-line attached at a point on the mast that results in an approximate match to the impedance desired at the other end of the sloping feed-wire.[1][b][c]If a well-made folded-unipole antenna replaced an aged-out slant-fed antenna, station engineers could notice a marked improvement in performance.[citation needed] Such improvements may have provoked conjectures that folded-unipole antennas had power gains, or other wonderful characteristics, but those suppositions are not borne out by radio engineering calculations.","title":"Performance comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_plane"},{"link_name":"ground wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_plane"},{"link_name":"monopole antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antenna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rackley-Cox-etal-1996-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cox-Moser-2002-6"}],"sub_title":"Ground system maintenance","text":"Sites of ground-mounted monopole antennas require landscape maintenance: Keeping weeds and grass covering the antenna's ground plane wires as short as possible, since green plants in between the antenna tower and the antenna ground system will dissipate power of the radio waves passing through them, reducing antenna efficiency. Folded-unipole antenna sites were alleged to be less affected by weeds and long grass on top of the ground wires that cause attenuation in other monopole antenna designs, but measurements show no such advantage.[4][5]","title":"Performance comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. patent 6,133,890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US6133890"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patent_6133890_abstract-10"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 4,658,266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US4658266"}],"text":"A possible improvement over the basic folded-unipole antenna is the \"self resonant\" unipole antenna, described in U.S. patent 6,133,890.[d]Another possible improvement to the folded unipole is described in U.S. patent 4,658,266, which concerns a more carefully designed form of ground plane for use with all monopole types (only incidentally including folded unipoles).","title":"Self-resonant unipole patents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"tuning network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARRLAnt-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"gamma match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_feed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARRLAnt-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-patent_6133890_abstract_10-0"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 6,133,890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US6133890"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"^ \nSome proponents make additional performance claims about the resulting composite antenna allowing removal of almost all of the reactance only by design of the unipole, without the need for a separate tuning network.[citation needed]\n\n^ \nThe point on the mast is almost always chosen to be slightly inductive, so that a series capacitor (low-loss) can tune out the remaining reactance on the feed-line.[6](p 18‑6)\n\n^ \nWhen the feed wire drops parallel to the radiating element, instead of sloping away, the configuration is called a gamma match or gamma feed.[6](pp 6‑11 – 6‑12, 18‑5 – 18‑6)\n\n^ \nU.S. patent 6,133,890 abstract: A self-resonant vertically polarized folded unipole antenna for long wave (LW) [and] medium wave (MW) broadcasting, and for the 160 meter amateur radio band with a grounded tower connected to radially descending fold wires terminated near the base of the tower in an open polygonal ring, possibly a C-ring with a reactive load in series with this ring. This reactance cancels the reactive component of the antenna input impedance causing the input impedance to appear resistive at the feed point. This leads to outstanding linearity and bandwidth up to and possibly exceeding plus or minus 16 kHz, sometimes exceeding plus and minus 20 kHz.[citation needed]","title":"Footnotes"}]

[{"image_text":"Modern folded unipole antenna with six skirt wires surrounding a round solid metal mast. The skirt wires are held away from the mast by stand-off posts with insulated ends.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/FoldedUnipoleElevation.jpg/350px-FoldedUnipoleElevation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folded unipole with only three skirt wires mounted off the corners of a standard triangular frame mast. (The close-in wire on the left side of the image is an incidental guy wire in the foreground.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/FoldedUnipoleThreeWire.jpg/350px-FoldedUnipoleThreeWire.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern folded unipole feed point, where the radio frequency excitation current will be measured. The connection ring that attaches to the skirt wires is a simple loop of fairly thin wire cutting across the top edge of the image. The stout vertical bars tighten the skirt: Near the top of the picture, the bars' connections to the skirt wires are insulated; their other ends fasten to the support truss anchored on the ground, near the bottom of the image.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/FoldedUnipoleFeedPoint.jpg/300px-FoldedUnipoleFeedPoint.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Driven element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driven_element"}]

[{"reference":"Raines, Jeremy K. (2007). Folded Unipole Antennas: Theory and Applications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raines, Jeremy K. (January 2009). \"Simple formulas for folded antennas\" (PDF). Microwave Journal (electronic ed.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205121309/http://www.mwjournal.com/Media/pdf/raines3-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Simple formulas for folded antennas\""},{"url":"http://www.mwjournal.com/Media/pdf/raines3-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rackley, Ronald D.; Cox, Bobby L.; Moser, James R.; King, Tom F. (16 April 1996). An efficiency comparison: AM/medium wave series-fed vs. skirt-fed radiators (PDF). National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Conference. Las Vegas, NV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929121832/http://www.kintronic.com/Resources/TechnicalPapers/11.pdf","url_text":"An efficiency comparison: AM/medium wave series-fed vs. skirt-fed radiators"},{"url":"http://www.kintronic.com/Resources/TechnicalPapers/11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Bobby L.; Moser, James R. (2002). Folded-Unipole Antenna Study (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060714040946/http://www.kintronic.com/site/techpapers/TP-AM_Case_Studies.pdf#search=%22%22folded%20unipole%20antenna%22%22","url_text":"Folded-Unipole Antenna Study"},{"url":"http://www.kintronic.com/site/techpapers/TP-AM_Case_Studies.pdf#search=%22%22folded%20unipole%20antenna%22%22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Straw, R. Dean; et al., eds. (2000). \"§6 Shunt-fed tower; §18 Gamma match; §18 Folded dipole\". ARRL Antenna Book (19th ed.). Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. pp. 6‑11–6‑12, 18‑5–18‑6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League","url_text":"American Radio Relay League"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6133890","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 6,133,890"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US4658266","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 4,658,266"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6133890","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 6,133,890"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3482249","external_links_name":"US patent 3482249"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205121309/http://www.mwjournal.com/Media/pdf/raines3-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Simple formulas for folded antennas\""},{"Link":"http://www.mwjournal.com/Media/pdf/raines3-1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929121832/http://www.kintronic.com/Resources/TechnicalPapers/11.pdf","external_links_name":"An efficiency comparison: AM/medium wave series-fed vs. skirt-fed radiators"},{"Link":"http://www.kintronic.com/Resources/TechnicalPapers/11.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060714040946/http://www.kintronic.com/site/techpapers/TP-AM_Case_Studies.pdf#search=%22%22folded%20unipole%20antenna%22%22","external_links_name":"Folded-Unipole Antenna Study"},{"Link":"http://www.kintronic.com/site/techpapers/TP-AM_Case_Studies.pdf#search=%22%22folded%20unipole%20antenna%22%22","external_links_name":"the original"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_azide

Ammonium azide

["1 Structure","2 References"]

Ammonium azide Names IUPAC name Ammonium azide Other names Ammonium trinitride Identifiers CAS Number 12164-94-2 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 8488511 ECHA InfoCard 100.032.093 EC Number 235-315-4 PubChem CID 61555 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID10923913 InChI InChI=1S/HN3.H3N/c1-3-2;/h1H;1H3Key: MXZUDRZKSUUQRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES .== Properties Chemical formula N3 Molar mass 60.060 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless or white crystalline solid Odor Odorless Density 1.3459 g/cm3 Melting point 160 °C (320 °F; 433 K) Boiling point 400 °C (752 °F; 673 K) (decomposes) Structure Crystal structure Orthorhombic Space group Pman Lattice constant a = 8.930, b = 8.642, c = 3.800 Formula units (Z) 4 Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazards Very toxic, explosive Related compounds Other anions Ammonium nitrateAmmonium nitriteAmmonium cyanideAmmonium sulfamateAmmonium carbamate Other cations Lithium azideSodium azidePotassium azideRubidium azideCaesium azideSilver azide Related compounds AmmoniaHydrazoic acidNitrosyl azideChlorine azide Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Ammonium azide is the chemical compound with the formula N3, being the salt of ammonia and hydrazoic acid. Like other inorganic azides, this colourless crystalline salt is a powerful explosive, although it has a remarkably low sensitivity. N3 is physiologically active and inhalation of small amounts causes headaches and palpitations. It was first obtained by Theodor Curtius in 1890, along with other azides. Structure Ammonium azide is ionic, meaning it is a salt consisting of ammonium cations + and azide anions N−3, therefore its formula is +−. It is a structural isomer of tetrazene. Ammonium azide contains about 93% nitrogen by mass. References ^ Frevel, Ludo K. (1 January 1936). "The Crystal Structure of Ammonium Azide, NH4N3". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials. 94 (1–6): 197. doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.94.1.197. S2CID 100695095. Yakovleva, G. S.; Kurbangalina, R. Kh.; Stesik, L. N. (1977). "Detonation properties of ammonium azide". Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. 13 (3): 405. doi:10.1007/BF00740326. S2CID 93777687. Salim de Amorim, Helio; do Amaral, M. R.; Pattison P.; Ludka I. P.; Mendes, J. C. (2002). "Ammonium azide: A Commented Example of an Ab Initio Structure (Re-)Determination From X-Ray Diffraction" (PDF). Revista de la Sociedad Química de Mexico. 45 (4): 313–319. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-04-06. Curtius, Th. (1890). "Ueber Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure (Azoimid) N3H". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23 (2): 3023–3033. doi:10.1002/cber.189002302232. vteAmmonium saltsInorganic saltsmonatomic anions NH4F (NH4)2S NH4Cl (NH4)2Se NH4Br NH4I oxyanions NH4NO2 NH4NO3 (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)4UO2(CO3)2 (NH4)HCO3 NH4OCN (NH4)3PO4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)H2PO4 (NH4PO4)n(OH)2 NH4NaHPO4 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O NH4SO3NH2 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2S2O3 NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 NH4VO3 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4MnO4 (NH4)3AsO4 (NH4)2MoO4 (NH4)6Mo7O24 (NH4)3Mo12PO40 NH4IO3 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (NH4)8Ce2(SO4)8·4H2O (NH4)10H2W12O42·4H2O NH4ReO4 other anions NH4BF4 NH4N3 NH4CN (NH4)HF2 (NH4)3AlF6 (NH4)SiF6 (NH4)HS NH4SCN (NH4)2ZnCl4 (NH4)2MoS4 NH4I3 (NH4)2TeCl6 (NH4)2IrCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Organic salts Aluminon Ammonium acetate Ammonium adipate Ammonium benzoate Ammonium bituminosulfonate Ammonium carbamate Ammonium citrate Ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate Ammonium ferric citrate Ammonium formate Ammonium fumarate Ammonium glutamate Ammonium lactate Ammonium lauryl sulfate Ammonium malate Ammonium nonanoate Ammonium oxalate Ammonium picrate Ammonium perfluorononanoate Ammonium propionate Ammonium thioglycolate Cupferron Ferric ammonium oxalate Murexide vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the azide ion HN3 He LiN3 Be(N3)2 B(N3)3 CH3N3C(N3)4CO(N3)2 NH4N3N3NON(N3)3H2N–N3 O FN3 Ne NaN3 Mg(N3)2 Al(N3)3 Si(N3)4 P SO2(N3)2 ClN3 Ar KN3 Ca(N3)2 Sc(N3)3 Ti(N3)4 VO(N3)3 Cr(N3)3CrO2(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Fe(N3)2Fe(N3)3 Co(N3)2Co(N3)3 Ni(N3)2 CuN3Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Ga(N3)3 Ge As(N3)5 Se(N3)4 BrN3 Kr RbN3 Sr(N3)2 Y(N3)3 Zr(N3)4 Nb Mo Tc Ru(N3)63− Rh(N3)63− Pd(N3)2 AgN3 Cd(N3)2 In Sn Sb(N3)5 Te(N3)4 IN3 Xe(N3)2 CsN3 Ba(N3)2 * Lu(N3)3 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir(N3)63− Pt(N3)62− Au(N3)4− Hg2(N3)2Hg(N3)2 TlN3 Pb(N3)2 Bi(N3)3 Po At Rn Fr Ra(N3)2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * La(N3)3 Ce(N3)3Ce(N3)4 Pr Nd Pm Sm(N3)3 Eu(N3)2Eu(N3)3 Gd(N3)3 Tb Dy(N3)3 Ho(N3)3 Er Tm Yb(N3)3 ** Ac(N3)3 Th(N3)4 Pa UO2(N3)2 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No This article about chemical compounds is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus

Battle of Mount Gindarus

["1 Prelude","2 The battle","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]

Coordinates: 36°23′41″N 36°41′20″E / 36.394722°N 36.688889°E / 36.394722; 36.68888938 BCE battle between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire36°23′41″N 36°41′20″E / 36.394722°N 36.688889°E / 36.394722; 36.688889 Battle of Mount GindarusPart of the Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC, Roman–Parthian WarsDate38 BCLocationMount Gindarus, SyriaResult Roman Republic victoryBelligerents Roman Republic Parthian EmpireCommanders and leaders Publius Ventidius Pacorus I †Strength 11 Legions UnknownCasualties and losses Minimal HeavyvteAntony's Parthian War Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC Cilician Gates Amanus Pass Mount Gindarus Siege of Jerusalem Parthia (Atropatene) Armenia vteRoman–Parthian Wars Carrhae Campaign (53 BC) Caesar's planned invasion (44 BC) Pompeian–Parthian invasion (40–38 BC) Antony's Parthian War (40–33 BC) War over Armenia (58–63) Trajan's Parthian campaign (115–117) War of 161–166 Campaign of Septimius Severus (198) Caracalla's Parthian War (216–217) vteRoman–Persian WarsRoman–Parthian Wars Carrhae Caesar's planned invasion Pompeian–Parthian invasion Cilician Gates Amanus Pass Mt Gindarus Mark Antony's campaign Armenian War of 58–63 Trajan's Parthian campaign Lucius Verus' campaigns 2nd Ctesiphon Parthian war of Caracalla Nisibis Roman–Sasanian wars Mesopotamia Campaign of Severus Alexander Nisibis (235) Hatra Resaena Misiche Nisibis (252) Barbalissos Antioch Dura-Europos Edessa Caesarea (260) 3rd Ctesiphon Carrhae (296) Satala Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 1st Singara Amida 2nd Singara Julian's Persian expedition Pirisabora Maiozamalcha Ctesiphon Maranga Samarra Bagrevand Byzantine–Sasanian wars War of 421–422 War of 440 Anastasian War Iberian War Lazic War War of 572–591 War of 602–628 The Battle of Mount Gindarus or battle of Cyrrhestica in 38 BC was a decisive victory for the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus over the Parthian army of Pacorus, son of King Orodes, in the Greater Syria district of Cyrrhestica. Prelude Main article: Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC After the defeat of the Roman army under Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae, Parthian forces made a number of raids into Roman territory. The Romans under Gaius Cassius Longinus, a survivor of the battle of Carrhae who had become proquaestor, defended the border against these incursions. However, the Parthians returned in 40 BC with an even larger force, along with the rebel Roman Quintus Labienus in their service. This force defeated the Roman governor of Syria and proceeded to overrun the province. Many of the Roman troops in Syria at the time were former Republicans who had once fought against Mark Antony in the service of Brutus and Cassius, and many may have gone over to their fellow Republican Quintus Labienus in joining the Parthian invaders, further weakening the Roman position in the east. In order to counter the Parthian gains, Mark Antony gave Publius Ventidius Bassus command of several legions. Ventidius learned from Crassus' errors and made sure that his forces had sufficient firepower in the form of archers and slingers, for heavy infantry by itself was vulnerable to the mobile Parthian horse-archers. He also recognised that flat ground favoured the Parthian cavalry, whereas hilly terrain would nullify this advantage. Ventidius Bassus fought and defeated Quintus Labienus and the Parthian general Phranipates in the Cilician Gates; Labienus attempted to disguise himself and flee, but he was caught by Ventidius' forces and executed. The Parthians were forced to retire to the Amanus Pass, where they once again met Ventidius' forces. The Romans emerged victorious in the battle and the Parthians withdrew from Syria. The battle After this setback the Parthians launched another invasion into Syria in 38 BC, led by Pacorus, son of King Orodes. Ventidius, in order to gain time, leaked disinformation to Pacorus implying that he should cross the Euphrates River at their usual ford. Pacorus did not trust this information and decided to cross the river much farther downstream; this was what Ventidius hoped would occur and gave him time to get his forces ready. The Parthians faced no opposition to their river crossing and proceeded to the town of Gindarus in Cyrrhestica, confident in their belief that their Roman foes were weak or cowardly, since they did not attempt to prevent the river crossing. When the Parthians got to the town, which sat on a small hill, they encountered Roman legions confidently formed in battle order on the slopes. The Parthians rushed to attack - whether this order came from Pacorus or was a spontaneous charge is unknown. In any case, Ventidius ordered his troops, who had the advantage of high ground, to attack the horse-archers advancing up the slope. The horse-archers were forced into close-quartered combat against the legionaries and suffered heavily for it, for they were unsuited for such combat. The Parthian cavalry's will eventually broke and panic spread, many of the horse archers being driven down the slope where they crashed into their fellows in their desperation to escape. The horse-archers eventually fled or fell. Parthian heavy cavalry, which was stationed at the bottom of the hill, was enveloped and surrounded by the legionaries. Instead of immediately attacking with the legionaries, Ventidius made use of his slingers to rain down projectiles on the Parthian heavy cavalry, which included Pacorus himself. After the barrage was lifted the legionaries moved in and were quickly able to identify Pacorus because of his standard and expensive armour. Pacorus was eventually slain along with his bodyguards, and the remaining cavalry broke and attempted to flee from their entrapment, which not all managed to do. Overall the Roman army had achieved a complete victory. Aftermath Ventidius had anticipated that the Parthians, if defeated, would attempt to flee by the way they had come and so he had Roman infantry and cavalry lie in wait for them as they made their way back towards the Euphrates. The fleeing Parthians that were caught were destroyed. Ventidius, by meeting Pacorus' large army in Cyrrhestica and inflicting an overwhelming defeat on the Parthians, had succeeded in securing Rome's eastern provinces. Ventidius, if he wished, could have pursued the Parthians even further, but since he did not want to incur Antony's jealousy, he instead subdued those who had rebelled against Rome. See also Parthian Empire Roman Republic References ^ Cavafy Historical Poems - J. Phillipson "Ventidius won decisive battles at Cilician Gates and Mt Amanus in 39 and at Gindarus in 38" ^ "Rome and Parthia at War - All Empires". ^ Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,pp. 1239 ^ Dando-Collins, Stephen.Mark Antony's Heroes,pp. 36–39. Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2008 Bibliography Dando-Collins, Stephen (2008). Mark Antony's Heroes. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780470224533. vteParthian EmpireOrigins Parni Dahae Parni conquest of Parthia Dynasty Armenia Iberia Caucasian Albania Chosroid Indo-Parthia Noble clans Seven Great Houses Ispahbudhan Karen Mihran Spandiyadh Suren Varaz Zik Culture Art Coinage Dress Language Music Wars Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Ecbatana Roman–Parthian Wars Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 Antony's Atropatene campaign Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC Battle of Ctesiphon (165) Battle of Ctesiphon (198) Battle of Carrhae Battle of the Cilician Gates Battle of Mount Gindarus Battle of Amanus Pass Battle of Nisibis (217) Parthian war of Caracalla Armenian–Parthian War Bactrian–Parthian War Related Parthia Parthian army Parthian Dark Age Parthian shot Roman–Iranian relations Lists Parthian monarchs Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

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Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates"},{"link_name":"Amanus Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass"},{"link_name":"Mt Gindarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony's campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign"},{"link_name":"Armenian War of 58–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Parthian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verus' campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166"},{"link_name":"2nd Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)"},{"link_name":"Parthian war of Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Nisibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)"},{"link_name":"Roman–Sasanian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaigns_of_Ardashir_I"},{"link_name":"Campaign of Severus Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_campaign_of_Severus_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Nisibis (235)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(235)"},{"link_name":"Hatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Hatra"},{"link_name":"Resaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena"},{"link_name":"Misiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche"},{"link_name":"Nisibis (252)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)"},{"link_name":"Barbalissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)"},{"link_name":"Dura-Europos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)"},{"link_name":"Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Caesarea (260)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)"},{"link_name":"3rd Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)"},{"link_name":"Carrhae (296)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae_(296)"},{"link_name":"Satala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Satala_(298)"},{"link_name":"Perso-Roman wars of 337–361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361"},{"link_name":"1st Singara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singara_(344)"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amida_(359)"},{"link_name":"2nd Singara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Singara_(360)"},{"link_name":"Julian's Persian expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition"},{"link_name":"Pirisabora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora"},{"link_name":"Maiozamalcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)"},{"link_name":"Maranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)"},{"link_name":"Bagrevand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bagavan"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Sasanian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars"},{"link_name":"War of 421–422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_421%E2%80%93422"},{"link_name":"War of 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_440"},{"link_name":"Anastasian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasian_War"},{"link_name":"Iberian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_War"},{"link_name":"Lazic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazic_War"},{"link_name":"War of 572–591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591"},{"link_name":"War of 602–628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Publius Ventidius Bassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ventidius_Bassus"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pacorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacorus_I"},{"link_name":"Orodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orodes_II"},{"link_name":"Cyrrhestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrrhestica"}],"text":"38 BCE battle between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire36°23′41″N 36°41′20″E / 36.394722°N 36.688889°E / 36.394722; 36.688889Battle of Mount GindarusPart of the Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC, Roman–Parthian WarsDate38 BCLocationMount Gindarus, SyriaResult\nRoman Republic victory[1]Belligerents\nRoman Republic\nParthian EmpireCommanders and leaders\nPublius Ventidius\nPacorus I †Strength\n11 Legions\nUnknownCasualties and losses\nMinimal\nHeavyvteAntony's Parthian War\nPompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC\nCilician Gates\nAmanus Pass\nMount Gindarus\nSiege of Jerusalem\nParthia (Atropatene)\nArmeniavteRoman–Parthian Wars\nCarrhae Campaign (53 BC)\nCaesar's planned invasion (44 BC)\nPompeian–Parthian invasion (40–38 BC)\nAntony's Parthian War (40–33 BC)\nWar over Armenia (58–63)\nTrajan's Parthian campaign (115–117)\nWar of 161–166\nCampaign of Septimius Severus (198)\nCaracalla's Parthian War (216–217)vteRoman–Persian WarsRoman–Parthian Wars\nCarrhae\nCaesar's planned invasion\nPompeian–Parthian invasion\nCilician Gates\nAmanus Pass\nMt Gindarus\nMark Antony's campaign\nArmenian War of 58–63\nTrajan's Parthian campaign\nLucius Verus' campaigns\n2nd Ctesiphon\nParthian war of Caracalla\nNisibis\nRoman–Sasanian wars\n\nMesopotamia\nCampaign of Severus Alexander\nNisibis (235)\nHatra\nResaena\nMisiche\nNisibis (252)\nBarbalissos\nAntioch\nDura-Europos\nEdessa\nCaesarea (260)\n3rd Ctesiphon\nCarrhae (296)\nSatala\nPerso-Roman wars of 337–361\n1st Singara\nAmida\n2nd Singara\nJulian's Persian expedition\nPirisabora\nMaiozamalcha\nCtesiphon\nMaranga\nSamarra\nBagrevand\nByzantine–Sasanian wars\n\nWar of 421–422\nWar of 440\nAnastasian War\nIberian War\nLazic War\nWar of 572–591\nWar of 602–628The Battle of Mount Gindarus or battle of Cyrrhestica in 38 BC was a decisive victory for the Roman general Publius Ventidius Bassus over the Parthian army of Pacorus, son of King Orodes, in the Greater Syria district of Cyrrhestica.","title":"Battle of Mount Gindarus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassus"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carrhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae"},{"link_name":"Gaius Cassius Longinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Parthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Quintus Labienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Labienus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Publius Ventidius Bassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ventidius_Bassus"},{"link_name":"Cilician Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass"}],"text":"After the defeat of the Roman army under Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae, Parthian forces made a number of raids into Roman territory. The Romans under Gaius Cassius Longinus, a survivor of the battle of Carrhae who had become proquaestor, defended the border against these incursions.However, the Parthians returned in 40 BC with an even larger force, along with the rebel Roman Quintus Labienus in their service. This force defeated the Roman governor of Syria and proceeded to overrun the province. Many of the Roman troops in Syria at the time were former Republicans who had once fought against Mark Antony in the service of Brutus and Cassius, and many may have gone over to their fellow Republican Quintus Labienus in joining the Parthian invaders, further weakening the Roman position in the east.[2]In order to counter the Parthian gains, Mark Antony gave Publius Ventidius Bassus command of several legions. Ventidius learned from Crassus' errors and made sure that his forces had sufficient firepower in the form of archers and slingers, for heavy infantry by itself was vulnerable to the mobile Parthian horse-archers. He also recognised that flat ground favoured the Parthian cavalry, whereas hilly terrain would nullify this advantage.Ventidius Bassus fought and defeated Quintus Labienus and the Parthian general Phranipates in the Cilician Gates; Labienus attempted to disguise himself and flee, but he was caught by Ventidius' forces and executed. The Parthians were forced to retire to the Amanus Pass, where they once again met Ventidius' forces. The Romans emerged victorious in the battle and the Parthians withdrew from Syria.","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After this setback the Parthians launched another invasion into Syria in 38 BC, led by Pacorus, son of King Orodes. Ventidius, in order to gain time, leaked disinformation to Pacorus implying that he should cross the Euphrates River at their usual ford. Pacorus did not trust this information and decided to cross the river much farther downstream; this was what Ventidius hoped would occur and gave him time to get his forces ready.[3]The Parthians faced no opposition to their river crossing and proceeded to the town of Gindarus in Cyrrhestica, confident in their belief that their Roman foes were weak or cowardly, since they did not attempt to prevent the river crossing.When the Parthians got to the town, which sat on a small hill, they encountered Roman legions confidently formed in battle order on the slopes. The Parthians rushed to attack - whether this order came from Pacorus or was a spontaneous charge is unknown. In any case, Ventidius ordered his troops, who had the advantage of high ground, to attack the horse-archers advancing up the slope. The horse-archers were forced into close-quartered combat against the legionaries and suffered heavily for it, for they were unsuited for such combat. The Parthian cavalry's will eventually broke and panic spread, many of the horse archers being driven down the slope where they crashed into their fellows in their desperation to escape. The horse-archers eventually fled or fell. Parthian heavy cavalry, which was stationed at the bottom of the hill, was enveloped and surrounded by the legionaries. Instead of immediately attacking with the legionaries, Ventidius made use of his slingers to rain down projectiles on the Parthian heavy cavalry, which included Pacorus himself. After the barrage was lifted the legionaries moved in and were quickly able to identify Pacorus because of his standard and expensive armour. Pacorus was eventually slain along with his bodyguards, and the remaining cavalry broke and attempted to flee from their entrapment, which not all managed to do. Overall the Roman army had achieved a complete victory.[4]","title":"The battle"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ventidius had anticipated that the Parthians, if defeated, would attempt to flee by the way they had come and so he had Roman infantry and cavalry lie in wait for them as they made their way back towards the Euphrates. The fleeing Parthians that were caught were destroyed. Ventidius, by meeting Pacorus' large army in Cyrrhestica and inflicting an overwhelming defeat on the Parthians, had succeeded in securing Rome's eastern provinces. Ventidius, if he wished, could have pursued the Parthians even further, but since he did not want to incur Antony's jealousy, he instead subdued those who had rebelled against Rome.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780470224533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470224533"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni"},{"link_name":"Dahae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahae"},{"link_name":"Parni conquest of Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Chosroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Indo-Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Seven Great Houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ispahbudhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan"},{"link_name":"Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Karen"},{"link_name":"Mihran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mihran"},{"link_name":"Spandiyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Spandiyadh"},{"link_name":"Suren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Suren"},{"link_name":"Zik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zik"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_art"},{"link_name":"Coinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_coinage"},{"link_name":"Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_dress"},{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_language"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_music"},{"link_name":"Seleucid–Parthian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ecbatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ecbatana"},{"link_name":"Roman–Parthian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman–Parthian War of 58–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363"},{"link_name":"Roman–Parthian War of 161–166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166"},{"link_name":"Antony's Atropatene campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ctesiphon (165)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(165)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ctesiphon (198)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Carrhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Cilician Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mount Gindarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Battle of Amanus Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nisibis (217)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)"},{"link_name":"Parthian war of Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Armenian–Parthian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Parthian_War"},{"link_name":"Bactrian–Parthian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War"},{"link_name":"Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"Parthian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_army"},{"link_name":"Parthian Dark Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Dark_Age"},{"link_name":"Parthian shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_shot"},{"link_name":"Roman–Iranian relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations"},{"link_name":"Parthian monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Parthian_sub-kingdoms"}],"text":"Dando-Collins, Stephen (2008). Mark Antony's Heroes. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9780470224533.vteParthian EmpireOrigins\nParni\nDahae\nParni conquest of Parthia\nDynasty\nArmenia\nIberia\nCaucasian Albania\nChosroid\nIndo-Parthia\nNoble clans\nSeven Great Houses\nIspahbudhan\nKaren\nMihran\nSpandiyadh\nSuren\nVaraz\nZik\nCulture\nArt\nCoinage\nDress\nLanguage\nMusic\nWars\nSeleucid–Parthian Wars\nBattle of Ecbatana\nRoman–Parthian Wars\nRoman–Parthian War of 58–63\nRoman–Parthian War of 161–166\nAntony's Atropatene campaign\nPompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC\nBattle of Ctesiphon (165)\nBattle of Ctesiphon (198)\nBattle of Carrhae\nBattle of the Cilician Gates\nBattle of Mount Gindarus\nBattle of Amanus Pass\nBattle of Nisibis (217)\nParthian war of Caracalla\nArmenian–Parthian War\nBactrian–Parthian War\nRelated\nParthia\nParthian army\nParthian Dark Age\nParthian shot\nRoman–Iranian relations\nLists\nParthian monarchs\nRulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"title":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Esser

Klaus Esser

["1 Career","2 Criminal Trial","3 References"]

German lawyer and businessman Klaus Esser is a German lawyer and former CEO of Mannesmann. He current serves as an Advisory Director at General Atlantic. Career In 1999, Esser was appointed as CEO of Mannesmann, where he oversaw the firm's hostile takeover by Vodafone. Despite his initial opposition to Vodafone's acquisition attempts, Esser ultimately agreed to a price of $180 billion. Immediately following the buyout, Esser received a bonus payment worth approximately $15 million. The payment provoked outrage in Germany, where executive salaries remained lower than in Britain or the United States. Criminal Trial Shortly after the acquisition, German prosecutors launched a criminal investigation into Esser's conduct to determine whether the promise of redundancy payments by Vodafone had influenced Esser's decision to approve the deal. Along with six other former managers of the company, he was charged with criminal breach of trust. Ultimately, Esser and his co-defendants were acquitted by Düsseldorf's regional court. In 2005, prosecutors launched an appeal in Germany's federal court, describing the financial award given to Esser as "unique in its level." The case culminated in a settlement, with Esser paying 1.5 million euros in return for prosecutors dropping the charges levied against him. References ^ Ulrich, Klaus. "Mannesmann: The mother of all takeovers | DW | 03.02.2010". DW.COM. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ "Mannesmann defendants not guilty". 2004-07-22. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ "The Trials Of Josef Ackermann As CEO, he helped build Deutsche Bank into a global giant. Now he's facing ten years in prison. - January 26, 2004". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ Harding, Luke (2004-03-26). "Gent defends multi-million euro bonuses". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ "FT briefing: the Mannesmann case". Financial Times. December 2005. ^ Harding, Luke (2005-10-20). "Prosecution fights acquittals over Mannesmann takeover bonuses". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-14. ^ Landler, Mark (2006-11-25). "6 in Germany Settle Landmark Case on Bonuses". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-14. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States This German business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German law related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazbek

Mount Kazbek

["1 Origin of the name","2 Location","3 Legend","4 Kazbegi nature reserve","5 Climate","6 See also","7 Gallery","8 Notes","9 References","10 Sources","11 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°41′57″N 44°31′06″E / 42.69917°N 44.51833°E / 42.69917; 44.51833Volcanic mountain in Georgia Mount KazbekMount KazbekHighest pointElevation5,054 m (16,581 ft)Prominence2,353 m (7,720 ft)Isolation113.6 km (70.6 mi) ListingUltraCoordinates42°41′57″N 44°31′06″E / 42.69917°N 44.51833°E / 42.69917; 44.51833NamingNative name მყინვარწვერი (Mqinvartsveri), ყაზბეგი (Kazbegi) Башлам (Bashlam) Бешлоам (Beshloam) Сӕна (Sæna) Казбек (Kazbek) GeographyKazbegiLocation of Mount Kazbegi within the Caucasus MountainsShow map of Caucasus mountainsKazbegiKazbegi (Mtskheta-Mtianeti)Show map of Mtskheta-Mtianeti LocationGeorgiaRussiaCountriesRussia and GeorgiaParent rangeLateral RangeCaucasusGeologyMountain typeStratovolcano (dormant)Last eruption750 BCE ± 50 yearsClimbingFirst ascentYosif Buzurtanov (late 18th century)Easiest routeBasic snow/ice climb Mount Kazbek or Mount Kazbegi is a dormant stratovolcano and one of the major mountains of the Caucasus, located in Georgia, just south of the border with Russia. Lying at 5,054 meters (16,581 ft) above at sea level, Mount Kazbek is the highest mountain in Eastern Georgia. It is also the third-highest peak in the country (after Mount Shkhara and Janga). Kazbegi is the second-highest volcanic summit in the Caucasus, after Mount Elbrus. The summit lies directly to the west of the town of Stepantsminda and is the most prominent geographic feature of the area. The last eruption occurred c. 750 BCE. Origin of the name The name Kazbeg is disputed; some claims are it is named after a Circassian nobleman who lived on it, other claims are it is named after local nobleman Dimitri Chopikashvili (grand father of the Georgian writer Aleksandre Kazbegi) who was given the title of "Kazbeg" by Georgian king Erekle II. The word "Kazbek" means a "nobleman" in Kabardian language. The title appeared under Georgian king Rostom in the 17th century. The name of the mountain in Georgian, Mqinvartsveri, translates to "Glacier Peak" or "Freezing Cold Peak". The Ingush name Beshloam and Chechen name Bashlam translates as "Molten Mount". Location Kazbek is located on the Khokh Range, a mountain range which runs north of the Greater Caucasus Range, and which is pierced by the gorges of the Ardon and the Terek. At its eastern foot runs the Georgian Military Road through the pass of Darial 2,378 meters (7,805 feet). The mountain itself lies along the edge of the Borjomi–Kazbegi Fault (which is a northern sub-ending of the North Anatolian Fault). The region is highly active tectonically, with numerous small earthquakes occurring at regular intervals. An active geothermal/hot spring system also surrounds the mountain. Kazbek is a potentially active volcano, built up of trachyte and sheathed with lava, and has the shape of a double cone, whose base lies at an altitude of 1,770 meters (5,800 feet). Kazbek is the highest of the volcanic cones of the Kazbegi volcanic group which also includes Mount Khabarjina (3,142 metres). Owing to the steepness of its slopes, the glaciers of Kazbek are not very large. The total combined area of all of Kazbek's glaciers is 135 km2. The best-known glacier is the Dyevdorak (Devdaraki), which creeps down the north-eastern slope into a gorge of the same name, reaching a level of 2,295 meters (7,530 feet). Kazbegi's other glaciers include the Mna, Denkara, Gergeti, Abano, and Chata. The recent collapse of the Kolka Glacier, located in a valley between Mt. Jimara and Kazbegi in the year 2002 was attributed to solfatara volcanic activity along the northern slope of the mountain, although there was no eruption. In addition to the 2002 event, a massive collapse of the Devdaraki Glacier on the mountain's northeastern slope which occurred on August 20, 2014, led to the death of seven people. The glacier collapse dammed the Terek River in the Daryal Gorge and flooded the Georgian Military Highway. From 24 to 28 May 2019 Caucasus Skitouring Network organized an expedition to survey Mt. Kazbegi's height. On 27 May 2019 at 12:22 GMT+4, for the first time, a survey team placed a GPS receiver on the Mt. Kazbegi peak. The new height is defined with the WGS 84 datum. Height was determinate with 5mm accuracy. Defined height is 5053.927m. Legend Mount Kazbegi is associated in Georgian folklore with Amirani, the Georgian version of Prometheus, who was chained on the mountain in punishment for having stolen fire from the gods and giving it to mortals. The location of his imprisonment later became the site of an Orthodox hermitage located in a cave called "Betlemi" (Bethlehem) at approximately the 4,000-meter level. According to legends, this cave housed many sacred relics, including Abraham's tent and the manger of the infant Jesus. According to Prince Ioane of Georgia, Ingush mountaineer Yosif Buzurtanov, also known as "Yosif the Mokhevian", was the first to ascend the mountain peak of Kazbek in the late eighteenth century during the reign of Heraclius II of Georgia, though, officially, this occurred in 1868 by D. W. Freshfield, A. W. Moore, and C. Tucker of the Alpine Club, with the guide François Devouassoud, guided by local Gveletians climbers, among them Tsogol Buzurtanov (son of Yosif Buzurtanov). They were followed by Russian alpinists Vladimir Kozmin and Maria Preobrazhenskaya, who made the climb nine times starting in 1900. Mount Kazbek in Kazbegi, Georgia Kazbegi nature reserve The area around Mount Kazbegi was designated a nature reserve by the Soviet government in 1979, and includes beech forests, subalpine forests and alpine meadows. Many of the plants and animals in the reserve are endemic to the Caucasus region. Climate Climate data for Kazbek, 5034 m asl (1981–2010 normals) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) −1.5(29.3) 8.0(46.4) 2.0(35.6) 8.0(46.4) 7.8(46.0) 14.0(57.2) 20.0(68.0) 21.0(69.8) 15.0(59.0) 8.8(47.8) 14.7(58.5) 8.0(46.4) 21.0(69.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.9(12.4) −9.0(15.8) −7.3(18.9) −3.3(26.1) −0.2(31.6) 4.7(40.5) 6.9(44.4) 7.9(46.2) 4.4(39.9) −0.6(30.9) −2.8(27.0) −6.9(19.6) −1.4(29.4) Daily mean °C (°F) −14.0(6.8) −12.3(9.9) −10.2(13.6) −6.4(20.5) −2.5(27.5) 1.7(35.1) 4.6(40.3) 5.5(41.9) 2.1(35.8) −3.9(25.0) −6.0(21.2) −10.7(12.7) −4.3(24.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17.1(1.2) −15.6(3.9) −13.0(8.6) −9.6(14.7) −4.8(23.4) −1.4(29.5) 2.3(36.1) 3.0(37.4) −0.2(31.6) −7.0(19.4) −9.2(15.4) −14.4(6.1) −7.3(18.9) Record low °C (°F) −24.9(−12.8) −28(−18) −28(−18) −20.4(−4.7) −11(12) −11.2(11.8) −4(25) −5(23) −14(7) −16(3) −18(0) −27(−17) −28(−18) Average precipitation mm (inches) 88.0(3.46) 68.1(2.68) 56.8(2.24) 73.4(2.89) 123.3(4.85) 75.3(2.96) 96.9(3.81) 99.8(3.93) 65.5(2.58) 82.0(3.23) 107.0(4.21) 73.8(2.91) 1,009.9(39.75) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 8.1 6.5 6.9 9.4 13.6 11.6 10.6 8.7 10.0 10.3 10.0 8.3 114 Source 1: Météo climat stats Source 2: Météo Climat See also List of highest points of Russian federal subjects List of volcanoes in Georgia (country) Gallery 19th-century postcard of the Georgian Military Road near Mount Kazbegi Mount Kazbek from the outside of the Gergeti Trinity Church Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Crevasses of the Gergeti Glacier Kazbegi Mountain, August 2019 Mount Kazbek, Georgia Crevasses of the Gergeti Glacier Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Crevasses of the Gergeti Glacier Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Mount Kazbek, Georgia Notes ^ Georgian: მყინვარწვერი, romanized: mq'invarts'veri, ყაზბეგი, romanized: q'azbegi; Chechen: Башлам, romanized: Bashlam; Ingush: Бешлоам, romanized: Beshloam; Ossetian: Сӕна, romanized: Sæna; Russian: Казбек, romanized: Kazbek References ^ a b c "European Russia and the Caucasian States: Ultra-Prominence Page". peaklist.org. Retrieved 2014-05-25. ^ "Gora Kazbek, Georgia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2015-05-25. ^ Страны Мира. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 1974. p. 168. ISBN 978-5-94849-423-4. ^ a b Арджеванидзе 1954, p. 227. ^ a b Дахкильгов 1989, p. 99. ^ a b c "Kazbek". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24. ^ "მყინვარი", Donald Rayfield et al., A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary (2006) ^ a b c d  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kasbek". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 685. ^ Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus. Odyssey Publications: Hong Kong. 1999. ISBN 962-217-748-4. ^ "Moyennes 1981-2010 Géorgie" (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Météo Climat stats for Kazbek". Météo Climat. Retrieved 11 November 2019. Sources Арджеванидзе, И.А. (1954). Военно-грузинская дорога: Краеведческий очерк с приложением схематической карты маршрута и библиографии (in Russian). Tbilisi: Госиздат Грузинской ССР. pp. 1–250. Дахкильгов, Ш.Э. (1989). Слово о родном крае (Записки краеведа) (in Russian). Grozny: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–149. ISBN 5-7666-0023-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kazbek. "Mount Kazbek". Peakware.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. – photos Normal climbing route to Mount Kazbek – detailed description Different ways to climb mt Kazbek – detailed description vteUltra-prominent peaks of EuropeScandinavia & Arctic Galdhøpiggen Kebnekaise Jiehkkevárri Snøhetta Store Lenangstind Sarektjåkkå — On islands: Beerenberg Hvannadalshnúkur Newtontoppen Mount Kruzenshtern Western Europe Spain: Mulhacén Aneto Torre de Cerredo Almanzor — Massif Central: Puy de Sancy Atlantic islands Canaries: Teide Roque de los Muchachos Pico de las Nieves Malpaso — Azores: Pico Madeira: Ruivo Alps (List) Mont Blanc Grossglockner Finsteraarhorn Wildspitze Bernina Hochkönig Dufourspitze Hoher Dachstein Marmolada Viso Triglav Barre des Écrins Säntis Ortler Baldo Gran Paradiso Coca Cima Dodici Dents du Midi Chamechaude Zugspitze Antelao Arcalod Grintovec Großer Priel Grigna Settentrionale Bondone Presanella Birnhorn Col Nudo Pointe Percée Jôf di Montasio Polinik Tödi Birkkarspitze Ellmauer Halt Grande Tête de l'Obiou Hochtor Grimming Grand Combin Tournette Zirbitzkogel Kesch Cima Brenta Apennines Corno Grande Amaro Serra Dolcedorme Montalto Cimone Eastern Europe Carpathians: Gerlachovský štít Parângu Mare Moldoveanu Peleaga Pietrosul Rodnei — Crimea: Roman-Kosh — Urals: Narodnaya Balkans Musala Olympus Vihren Taygetus Korab Jezercë Athos Kyllini Ossa Papingu Pangaion Hills Kajmakčalan Smolikas Giona Jakupica Këndrevica Radomir Parnassus Botev Çika Valamara Baba Psili Koryfi Mediterranean islands Corsica: Cinto — Sardinia: Punta La Marmora — Sicily: Etna — Crete: Ida Lefka Ori Dikti — Other Greek islands:  Dirfi Ainos Fengari — Cyprus: Olympus Caucasus Elbrus Bazardüzü Kazbek Tebulosmta Aragats Dykh-Tau Mount Dyultydag Kaputjugh Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer Shani Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic Geographic Global Volcanism Program

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It is also the third-highest peak in the country (after Mount Shkhara and Janga). Kazbegi is the second-highest volcanic summit in the Caucasus, after Mount Elbrus. The summit lies directly to the west of the town of Stepantsminda and is the most prominent geographic feature of the area.[6] The last eruption occurred c. 750 BCE.[6]","title":"Mount Kazbek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandre Kazbegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazbegi"},{"link_name":"Erekle II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Kabardian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardian_language"},{"link_name":"Rostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostom_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"}],"text":"The name Kazbeg is disputed; some claims are it is named after a Circassian nobleman who lived on it, other claims are it is named after local nobleman Dimitri Chopikashvili (grand father of the Georgian writer Aleksandre Kazbegi) who was given the title of \"Kazbeg\" by Georgian king Erekle II. The word \"Kazbek\" means a \"nobleman\" in Kabardian language. The title appeared under Georgian king Rostom in the 17th century. The name of the mountain in Georgian, Mqinvartsveri, translates to \"Glacier Peak\" or \"Freezing Cold Peak\".[7] The Ingush name Beshloam and Chechen name Bashlam translates as \"Molten Mount\".","title":"Origin of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khokh Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokh_Range"},{"link_name":"Greater Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Terek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_River"},{"link_name":"Georgian Military Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Military_Road"},{"link_name":"pass of Darial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darial_Gorge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"North Anatolian Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault"},{"link_name":"tectonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"geothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_activity"},{"link_name":"hot spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"potentially active volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentially_active_volcano"},{"link_name":"trachyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyte"},{"link_name":"lava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Kazbegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazbegi"},{"link_name":"volcanic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_group"},{"link_name":"Mount Khabarjina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Khabarjina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Dyevdorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdaraki"},{"link_name":"Devdaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdaraki"},{"link_name":"Gergeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergeti"},{"link_name":"Abano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abano_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Kolka Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolka_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Mt. Jimara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jimara"},{"link_name":"solfatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfatara"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kazbek is located on the Khokh Range, a mountain range which runs north of the Greater Caucasus Range, and which is pierced by the gorges of the Ardon and the Terek. At its eastern foot runs the Georgian Military Road through the pass of Darial 2,378 meters (7,805 feet).[8] The mountain itself lies along the edge of the Borjomi–Kazbegi Fault (which is a northern sub-ending of the North Anatolian Fault). The region is highly active tectonically, with numerous small earthquakes occurring at regular intervals. An active geothermal/hot spring system also surrounds the mountain. Kazbek is a potentially active volcano, built up of trachyte and sheathed with lava, and has the shape of a double cone, whose base lies at an altitude of 1,770 meters (5,800 feet).[8] Kazbek is the highest of the volcanic cones of the Kazbegi volcanic group which also includes Mount Khabarjina (3,142 metres).Owing to the steepness of its slopes, the glaciers of Kazbek are not very large.[8] The total combined area of all of Kazbek's glaciers is 135 km2. The best-known glacier is the Dyevdorak (Devdaraki), which creeps down the north-eastern slope into a gorge of the same name, reaching a level of 2,295 meters (7,530 feet). Kazbegi's other glaciers include the Mna, Denkara, Gergeti, Abano, and Chata. The recent collapse of the Kolka Glacier, located in a valley between Mt. Jimara and Kazbegi in the year 2002 was attributed to solfatara volcanic activity along the northern slope of the mountain, although there was no eruption. In addition to the 2002 event, a massive collapse of the Devdaraki Glacier on the mountain's northeastern slope which occurred on August 20, 2014, led to the death of seven people. The glacier collapse dammed the Terek River in the Daryal Gorge and flooded the Georgian Military Highway.From 24 to 28 May 2019 Caucasus Skitouring Network organized an expedition to survey Mt. Kazbegi's height. On 27 May 2019 at 12:22 GMT+4, for the first time, a survey team placed a GPS receiver on the Mt. Kazbegi peak. The new height is defined with the WGS 84 datum. Height was determinate with 5mm accuracy. Defined height is 5053.927m.[citation needed]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amirani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirani"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_and_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Prince Ioane of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ioane_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people"},{"link_name":"Yosif Buzurtanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosif_Buzurtanov"},{"link_name":"Heraclius II of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B51954227-4"},{"link_name":"D. W. Freshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Freshfield"},{"link_name":"A. W. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_Warburton_Moore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Alpine Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)"},{"link_name":"François Devouassoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Devouassoud"},{"link_name":"Gveletians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gveleti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2198999-5"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Kazbek.png"}],"text":"Mount Kazbegi is associated in Georgian folklore with Amirani, the Georgian version of Prometheus, who was chained on the mountain in punishment for having stolen fire from the gods and giving it to mortals. The location of his imprisonment later became the site of an Orthodox hermitage located in a cave called \"Betlemi\" (Bethlehem) at approximately the 4,000-meter level. According to legends, this cave housed many sacred relics, including Abraham's tent and the manger of the infant Jesus.[9]According to Prince Ioane of Georgia, Ingush mountaineer Yosif Buzurtanov, also known as \"Yosif the Mokhevian\", was the first to ascend the mountain peak of Kazbek in the late eighteenth century during the reign of Heraclius II of Georgia,[4] though, officially, this occurred in 1868 by D. W. Freshfield, A. W. Moore, and C. Tucker[8] of the Alpine Club, with the guide François Devouassoud, guided by local Gveletians climbers, among them Tsogol Buzurtanov (son of Yosif Buzurtanov).[5] They were followed by Russian alpinists Vladimir Kozmin and Maria Preobrazhenskaya, who made the climb nine times starting in 1900.[citation needed]Mount Kazbek in Kazbegi, Georgia","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"alpine meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_meadow"}],"text":"The area around Mount Kazbegi was designated a nature reserve by the Soviet government in 1979, and includes beech forests, subalpine forests and alpine meadows. Many of the plants and animals in the reserve are endemic to the Caucasus region.","title":"Kazbegi nature reserve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Climate data for Kazbek, 5034 m asl (1981–2010 normals)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n8.8(47.8)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−10.9(12.4)\n\n−9.0(15.8)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n−6.9(19.6)\n\n−1.4(29.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n−12.3(9.9)\n\n−10.2(13.6)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−10.7(12.7)\n\n−4.3(24.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−17.1(1.2)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−13.0(8.6)\n\n−9.6(14.7)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n−7.0(19.4)\n\n−9.2(15.4)\n\n−14.4(6.1)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−24.9(−12.8)\n\n−28(−18)\n\n−28(−18)\n\n−20.4(−4.7)\n\n−11(12)\n\n−11.2(11.8)\n\n−4(25)\n\n−5(23)\n\n−14(7)\n\n−16(3)\n\n−18(0)\n\n−27(−17)\n\n−28(−18)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n88.0(3.46)\n\n68.1(2.68)\n\n56.8(2.24)\n\n73.4(2.89)\n\n123.3(4.85)\n\n75.3(2.96)\n\n96.9(3.81)\n\n99.8(3.93)\n\n65.5(2.58)\n\n82.0(3.23)\n\n107.0(4.21)\n\n73.8(2.91)\n\n1,009.9(39.75)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n8.1\n\n6.5\n\n6.9\n\n9.4\n\n13.6\n\n11.6\n\n10.6\n\n8.7\n\n10.0\n\n10.3\n\n10.0\n\n8.3\n\n114\n\n\nSource 1: Météo climat stats[10]\n\n\nSource 2: Météo Climat [11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgianroad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgian Military Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Military_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazbegi.July.2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gergeti Trinity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergeti_Trinity_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Kazbegi%22,_Panoramic_view_of_Mount_Kazbek_(Mqinvartsveri)_range,_Caucasus,_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-IMG_6729-2-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-GergetiGlacier-Kazbek-IMG_6459-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Kazbek,_Georgia_2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazbegi,_Mount_Kazbek,_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-Kazbek-GregetiGlacier-pan1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Kazbegi%22,_Panoramic_view_of_Mount_Kazbek_range,_Caucasus,_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mkinvarcveri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-Kazbek-Pan1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980520-Kazbek-IMG_5933-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980520-Kazbek-IMG_5941-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-IMG_6727-2-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980520-Kazbek-IMG_5944-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-IMG_6840-2-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-IMG_6579-2-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980522-IMG_6607-2-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:980520-IMG_6003-Kazbek.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"}],"text":"19th-century postcard of the Georgian Military Road near Mount Kazbegi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek from the outside of the Gergeti Trinity Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrevasses of the Gergeti Glacier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKazbegi Mountain, August 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrevasses of the Gergeti Glacier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrevasses of the Gergeti Glacier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Kazbek, Georgia","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"}],"text":"^ Georgian: მყინვარწვერი, romanized: mq'invarts'veri, ყაზბეგი, romanized: q'azbegi; Chechen: Башлам, romanized: Bashlam; Ingush: Бешлоам, romanized: Beshloam; Ossetian: Сӕна, romanized: Sæna; Russian: Казбек, romanized: Kazbek","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-7666-0023-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7666-0023-2"}],"text":"Арджеванидзе, И.А. (1954). Военно-грузинская дорога: Краеведческий очерк с приложением схематической карты маршрута и библиографии [Georgian Military Road: Local history essay with the appendix of a schematic map of the route and bibliography] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Госиздат Грузинской ССР. pp. 1–250.\nДахкильгов, Ш.Э. (1989). Слово о родном крае (Записки краеведа) [A word about the native land (Notes of a local historian)] (in Russian). Grozny: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–149. ISBN 5-7666-0023-2.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Mount Kazbek in Kazbegi, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mount_Kazbek.png/220px-Mount_Kazbek.png"}]

[{"title":"List of highest points of Russian federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects"},{"title":"List of volcanoes in Georgia (country)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia_(country)"}]

[{"reference":"\"European Russia and the Caucasian States: Ultra-Prominence Page\". peaklist.org. Retrieved 2014-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/CaucasusP1500m.html","url_text":"\"European Russia and the Caucasian States: Ultra-Prominence Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gora Kazbek, Georgia\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2015-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10424","url_text":"\"Gora Kazbek, Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"Страны Мира. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 1974. p. 168. ISBN 978-5-94849-423-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LlnmOBOWcC&pg=PA168","url_text":"Страны Мира"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-94849-423-4","url_text":"978-5-94849-423-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazbek\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=214020","url_text":"\"Kazbek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Kasbek\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kasbek","url_text":"Kasbek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus. Odyssey Publications: Hong Kong. 1999. ISBN 962-217-748-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-217-748-4","url_text":"962-217-748-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Moyennes 1981-2010 Géorgie\" (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p68.php","url_text":"\"Moyennes 1981-2010 Géorgie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Météo Climat stats for Kazbek\". Météo Climat. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1895","url_text":"\"Météo Climat stats for Kazbek\""}]},{"reference":"Арджеванидзе, И.А. (1954). Военно-грузинская дорога: Краеведческий очерк с приложением схематической карты маршрута и библиографии [Georgian Military Road: Local history essay with the appendix of a schematic map of the route and bibliography] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Госиздат Грузинской ССР. pp. 1–250.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi","url_text":"Tbilisi"}]},{"reference":"Дахкильгов, Ш.Э. (1989). Слово о родном крае (Записки краеведа) [A word about the native land (Notes of a local historian)] (in Russian). Grozny: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–149. ISBN 5-7666-0023-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny","url_text":"Grozny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7666-0023-2","url_text":"5-7666-0023-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Kazbek\". Peakware.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122101/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=134","url_text":"\"Mount Kazbek\""},{"url":"http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=134","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Kazbek&params=42_41_57_N_44_31_06_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"42°41′57″N 44°31′06″E / 42.69917°N 44.51833°E / 42.69917; 44.51833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Kazbek&params=42_41_57_N_44_31_06_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"42°41′57″N 44°31′06″E / 42.69917°N 44.51833°E / 42.69917; 44.51833"},{"Link":"http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/CaucasusP1500m.html","external_links_name":"\"European Russia and the Caucasian States: Ultra-Prominence Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10424","external_links_name":"\"Gora Kazbek, Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LlnmOBOWcC&pg=PA168","external_links_name":"Страны Мира"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=214020","external_links_name":"\"Kazbek\""},{"Link":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p68.php","external_links_name":"\"Moyennes 1981-2010 Géorgie\""},{"Link":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1895","external_links_name":"\"Météo Climat stats for Kazbek\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122101/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=134","external_links_name":"\"Mount Kazbek\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=134","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://horalka.org/kazbek/en/?climb-to-kazbek-normal-route","external_links_name":"Normal climbing route to Mount Kazbek – detailed description"},{"Link":"https://www.climbinggeorgia.com/Eng/blog/different-ways-to-climb-mtkazbek","external_links_name":"Different ways to climb mt Kazbek – detailed description"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/235667016","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4532888-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0144939&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=214020","external_links_name":"Global Volcanism Program"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_Municipality

Municipality of Strathfield

["1 Suburbs and localities in the local government area","2 History","2.1 Recent council amalgamation proposals","3 Geography","4 Current composition and election method","5 Demographics","6 Heritage listings","7 Council facilities","8 Culture","9 State and Federal government","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

This article is about the local government area. For the suburb, see Strathfield, New South Wales. Local government area in New South Wales, AustraliaMunicipality of StrathfieldNew South WalesLocation in Metropolitan SydneyStrathfield CouncilPopulation45,593 (2021 census) • Density3,234/km2 (8,375/sq mi)Established2 June 1885 (1885-06-02)Area14.1 km2 (5.4 sq mi)MayorKaren PensabeneCouncil seatStrathfieldRegionMetropolitan SydneyState electorate(s) Strathfield Drummoyne BankstownFederal division(s) Reid WatsonWebsiteMunicipality of Strathfield LGAs around Municipality of Strathfield: Parramatta Canada Bay Canada Bay Cumberland Municipality of Strathfield Burwood Canterbury-Bankstown Canterbury-Bankstown Burwood The Municipality of Strathfield is a local government area in the inner west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The municipality was incorporated on 2 June 1885. The council area was made up of parts of three existing localities: Redmire (in the northeast), Homebush (in the northwest) and Druitt Town (in the south). The name "Strathfield" was adopted as the name of the new council upon incorporation. In 1886, the suburb of Redmire was renamed Strathfield, as was the railway station. The municipality today comprises an area of 14.1 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) and as at the 2021 census had an estimated 45,593 residents. The council area is made up of residential neighbourhoods and town centres, with significant local heritage, open space, lifestyle amenities, public and private schools and access to tertiary institutions such as a campus of Australian Catholic University and the University of Sydney and TAFE Sydney Institute. The Mayor of Strathfield Municipal Council is Cr. Karen Pensabene, a member of the Australian Labor Party. The deputy mayor is Cr. Sandy Reddy a member of the Strathfield Independents team. Suburbs and localities in the local government area The Strathfield local government area comprises: Flemington Greenacre (shared with Canterbury-Bankstown) Homebush Homebush West Strathfield (shared with Burwood and Canada Bay) Strathfield South History Strathfield Saye Plaque Main article: History of the Strathfield area The Municipality of Strathfield was proclaimed on 2 June 1885 by the NSW Governor, Sir Augustus Loftus. The initial boundaries included Redmire (later renamed Strathfield), the village of Homebush (the southern part of the present suburb of Homebush and the north-western part of the present-day suburb of Strathfield) and the northern part of Druitt Town (the southern part of today's suburb of Strathfield). The council was incorporated following petitions by residents of the Redmire area to form local government. This move was opposed by residents of Homebush and Druitt Town, possibly fearing the dominance of the more affluent and politically connected residents of Redmire. Despite counter petitions, the Municipality was incorporated in 1885. Strathfield Council built the current Council Chambers in 1887. Between 1885 and 1887 the council operated from various private homes in Strathfield, pending the building of a permanent Council Chambers. The Strathfield Council area has expanded in geography and population over time. In 1892, an area in the west of the present-day municipality was added, being the suburb of Flemington, including Flemington village in the north. As well, the part of the present-day municipality that lies south of Cook's River and north of Liverpool Road, in the south, which are now the southwestern part of the suburb of Strathfield and the northeastern part of the Greenacre. The entire Council area came to be referred to as "Strathfield" after this expansion, and the southern and western boundaries of the present-day suburb of Strathfield largely reflects the council boundaries in 1892. With the 1892 addition, Strathfield Municipality was divided into three wards: Flemington Ward in the west (covering the area incorporated in 1892, from Flemington station in the north to Liverpool Road in the south), Homebush Ward in the centre (covering the original council area west of Homebush Road, from Homebush station in the north to Liverpool Road in the south), and Strathfield Ward in the east (covering the remainder of the original council area, east of Homebush Road). The wards were abolished on 30 August 1916. In 1947, the Municipality of Homebush was amalgamated with Strathfield. This local government area covered the part of present-day Flemington (including Flemington markets) and Homebush that lies north of the railway. The former village centres of Flemington and Homebush south of the railway were carved out of the then-suburb of Strathfield and combined with the newly incorporated area to create the present-day suburbs of Flemington, Homebush West and Homebush. In 1949, the west ward of the Municipality of Enfield was added to Strathfield, with the eastern part going to the Municipality of Burwood. This added the present-day suburbs of Strathfield South, eastern part of Greenacre, and northern part of Belfield. At the time of this expansion, the council was divided into two wards: first ward (Strathfield and Homebush) and second ward (Enfield). These wards were abolished in 1953. In 1992, a section of the northern part of the Municipality, between the A3 road and Boundary Creek, was transferred to the then Auburn Council to become part of the site of Sydney Olympic Park. In return, the area of and between Boundary Creek and the railway line, occupied by the former Ford factory building, was transferred from Auburn to Strathfield Council. In 2021, a proposal was submitted to the Geographical Names Board, to separate the northern part of Belfield which was within the Municipality of Strathfield (north of Punchbowl Road) from the southern part within the City of Canterbury-Bankstown. Under this proposal, northern Belfield would form part of Strathfield South, from which it was separated by the Cooks River. This was approved in 2023. The municipality now includes the suburbs of Strathfield, Flemington, Homebush, Homebush West, Strathfield South, and a minor part of Greenacre. Recent council amalgamation proposals Throughout its history, there have been movements to amalgamate local councils in the Sydney area: the first major 'threat' was with the 'royal commission for a greater Sydney (1913)', known as 'The Greater Sydney Movement'. The Royal Commission brought together Sidney Webb, a British politician and John Fitzgerald, an Australian politician, who, amongst others, believed that Sydney should be merged into a single local government area. In 1947 Homebush and Strathfield councils merged and part of Enfield was added in 1949. A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Strathfield Municipal Council merge with adjoining councils. The government proposed a merger of the Burwood, Canada Bay, and Strathfield Councils to form a new council with an area of 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 163,000. On 6 May Strathfield Council commenced legal action in the NSW Land and Environment Court against the proposed amalgamation. After the Court heard that there were legal flaws in the report from the NSW Government appointed delegate who examined the proposal for merging the councils, the NSW Government withdrew from the case and the merger proposal stalled. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the Strathfield, Burwood and Canada Bay local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers. Geography The Strathfield Council area is located at 33°52'10" North, 151°5'59" West (33.8717, 151.0899). It covers a total area of approximately 14.1 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) and includes the suburbs of Strathfield, Strathfield South, Homebush, Homebush West, Flemington and parts of Greenacre. Homebush Bay Drive bounds Strathfield Council to the north, Powells Creek, The Boulevarde and Coronation Parade bounds it to the east, Punchbowl Road and Juno Parade form the southern border and Roberts Road, Chullora rail yards, Rookwood Cemetery and the Sydney Olympic Park Rail line bound the Municipality to the west. Similarly to other parts of the Inner West, the geography of the Municipality of Strathfield is characterised by the catchments of the Parramatta River to the north, and the Cooks River to the south. Smaller creeks flow towards these two rivers through the municipality, although most of them are now canalised. The two largest are Powells Creek and Saleyards Creek, which join and eventually flow to the Parramatta River. The Cooks River itself is a minor waterway as it flows through the municipality, and is canalised in the eastern part of the municipality. In this area, the Hume Highway, which runs through the south of the municipality, approximates the ridgeline between the two catchments. Current composition and election method See also: List of mayors of Strathfield Strathfield Municipal Council is composed of seven councillors elected proportionally as one entire ward. All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor and deputy mayor are elected bi-annually by the councillors at the first meeting of the council. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows: Party Councillors   Australian Labor Party 3   Strathfield Independents 2   Nella Hall Independents 1   Independent 1 Total 7 The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is: Councillor Party Notes   Nella Hall Nella Hall Independents Deputy Mayor 2017–2018, 2021   Karen Pensabene Labor Deputy Mayor 2020–2021, 2022-2023. Mayor 2023-current   Matthew Blackmore Strathfield Independents Deputy Mayor 2018–2020. Mayor 2022-2023; Deputy Mayor 2023.   Sharangan Maheswaran Labor   Raj Datta Labor   Benjamin Cai Independent Deputy Mayor 2023   Sandy Reddy Strathfield Independents Deputy Mayor 2023-Current Demographics Overseas-born birthplaces based on 2001 Australian Census data for the Strathfield local government area. At the 2021 census there were 45,593 people in the Strathfield local government area, of which 51.2% were male and 48.8% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.4 per cent of the population; significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 3.4 and 3.2 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Strathfield local government area was 33 years; significantly lower than the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 14.9 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.0 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 48.9 per cent were married and 8.0 per cent were either divorced or separated. The largest group of residents in the Strathfield municipality by reported ancestry is Chinese. The Strathfield local government area has experienced significant population growth over the last two decades. The population of Strathfield at the 2001 census was only 27,777. The population grew by 15.14 per cent between the 2001 census and the 2006 census; 10.02 per cent in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census; 14.56 per cent in the five years to the 2016 census; and 13.1 per cent in the subsequent five years to the 2021 census. The population has almost exactly doubled since 2001. This is significantly higher than the national average growth of 35.4% over the same period. In 2021, the median household weekly income for residents within the Municipality of Strathfield was 21% higher than the national average. Historical census data for Strathfield local government area Census year 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Population Estimated residents on census night 27,777  31,983  35,188  40,312  45,593 LGA rank in terms of size within New South Wales 55th  53rd  50th % of New South Wales population 0.51%  0.54%  0.54%  0.56% % of Australian population 0.15%  0.16%  0.16%  0.17%  0.18% Cultural and language diversity Ancestry,top responses (% response) (% response) (% population) Chinese 17.3%  17.8% 21.4% Indian 8.0%  11.1% 11.0% English 7.8%  7.7% 8.9% Australian 9.2% 7.5% 8.2% Nepalese -- -- 6.9% South Korean 7.5%  7.9% 6.9% Language,top responses(other than English) Mandarin 4.2%  6.4%  8.0%  10.0%  10.3% Nepali -- -- -- --  6.7% Cantonese 8.7%  8.4%  8.0%  7.0%  6.6% Korean 7.0%  8.4%  8.9%  8.8%  6.3% Arabic 5.8%  5.8%  5.7%  5.0%  5.1% Tamil 6.4%  5.8%  5.3%  5.6%  -- Religious affiliation Religious affiliation,top responses No religion, so described 10.2%  12.3%  15.0%  21.6%  24.0% Catholic 34.0%  30.7%  27.5%  23.0%  20.8% Hinduism 9.0%  10.3%  13.2%  16.4%  19.8% Islam -- -- -- -- 6.4% Not stated n/c n/c n/c 9.3% 6.2% Buddhism n/c  6.4%  6.8%  5.7%  -- Median weekly incomes Personal income Median weekly personal income A$458 A$558 A$682 A$869 % of Australian median income 98.3% 96.7% 103.0% 108.0% Family income Median weekly family income A$1,256 A$1,595 A$1,894 A$2,301 % of Australian median income 106.4% 107.7% 109.2% 108.5% Household income Median weekly household income A$1,256 A$1,421 A$1,781 A$2,105 % of Australian median income 107.3% 115.2% 123.9% 120.6% Heritage listings The Municipality of Strathfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Homebush, Great Southern and Western railway: Homebush railway station South Strathfield, St Anne's Square: St Anne's Roman Catholic Church, South Strathfield Strathfield, Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield rail underbridges Strathfield, Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield railway station Council facilities The council operates a main library located on Rochester Street in Homebush. The library was demolished in 2002 and a new library was built and opened in 2004. Historically, the municipality's main library was located on Parramatta Road in Homebush, inherited from the former Homebush Municipality (which governed the northern part of the modern suburb of Homebush) after it merged into Strathfield in 1947. The Parramatta Road library served as the municipality's main library until 1967, when the High Street library became the main library, and the Parramatta Road library was closed in 1976 after the Rochester Street library was opened. The council formerly operated a branch library on High Street in Strathfield South, which was rebuilt and opened in 2008. However, the branch library was closed in 2019 and converted into a community centre, with some book lockers to continue some library services from this location. The municipality's main community centre, the Strathfield Community Centre, is located at 1B Bates Street, Homebush, in Airey Park. The former South Strathfield Bowling Club was bought by Strathfield Council and renovated with a grant of $495,00 from the Department of Aging, Disability and Home Care. The building was opened as a community centre on 3 December 2012 and named in honour of Eve Dutton who was the first female mayor of Strathfield. This community centre gives priority access to services and programs for aged and disability groups. It houses Strathfield/Homebush Meals on Wheels and Inner West Community Transport. Culture The population of Strathfield is made up of a number of ethnic groups, and about 48% of the population born overseas. As a result, there are a number of services for newly arrived immigrants and overseas students who live in the area. Two such organisations are the Russian Ethnic Community Council of NSW Inc (RECNSW), and the Sydney Tamil Resource Centre Inc (STRC). RECNSW provides access to information and referral to mainstream services to recent immigrants of Russian and Russian speaking background and disseminates information to remote and offshore areas on a number of issues. STRC provides resources to Tamil immigrants. A number of the commercial centres in the Municipality of Strathfield feature concentrations of restaurants and shops with ethnically distinct character, such as the concentration of Korean restaurants and shops in the Strathfield town centre, and Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants and shops in the Flemington village centre. The Homebush village centre features cafes and restaurants serving a variety of cuisines (such as Chinese, Korean, Indian, Greek and Lebanese). Strathfield also has a number of community centres, including a Rotary club, Latvian theatre, Lantern Club, and libraries. The local Rotary club provides support to the community and has a number of projects in the area, as well as a Musical Society (part of Rotary?), which normally produces two shows a year in the Latvian Theatre in Strathfield. Their main social activity is rehearsing twice weekly and they present seven performances of their musical production over two weekends. Strathfield Lantern Club Voluntary is located in Strathfield and provides fundraising organisation for raising funds specifically for the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children in North Rocks. The lyrics of the song by Radio Birdman, Murder City Nights refers to Woodward Road, Strathfield: Cruising down Woodward gotta find me some action Looking for a lover with a power reaction. State and Federal government In the NSW Legislative Assembly, the Municipality of Strathfield mostly falls into the electorate of Strathfield, except the part of the suburb of Greenacre within council boundaries, which is in the electorate of Bankstown, and the northern part of Homebush (north of Parramatta Road) is in the electorate of Drummoyne. For Federal elections it is in the electorates of Reid (north of Hume Highway) and Watson (south of Hume Highway). See also Local government areas of New South Wales References ^ "2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". ^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019. Estimated resident population (ERP) at 30 June 2018. ^ Strathfield Council - History ^ "2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". ^ "Councillors". ^ "About". ^ "Proclamation (226)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 2 June 1885. p. 3545. Retrieved 2 April 2023 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Jones, Cathy. "Incorporation of Strathfield Council". Strathfield Council. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ "Strathfield Town Hall". 2 May 2022. ^ "Strathfield Council". 22 August 2009. ^ "Notification (156)". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 8 September 1916. p. 5374. Retrieved 2 April 2023 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Strathfield Council". 22 August 2009. ^ Geographical Names Board - Media Release - Belfield, 4 August 2021 ^ "Fitzgerald, John Daniel (Jack) (1862–1922)". Biography - John Daniel (Jack) Fitzgerald - Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ^ "Merger proposal: Burwood Council, City of Canada Bay Council, Strathfield Council" (PDF). Government of New South Wales. January 2016. p. 7. Retrieved 27 February 2016. ^ "Strathfield Council commences legal action" (Press release). Strathfield Council. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ Raper, Ashleigh (31 May 2016). "NSW council amalgamations: Strathfield, Burwood and Canada Bay merger stopped". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 1 June 2016. ^ Blumer, Clare; Chettle, Nicole (27 July 2017). "NSW council amalgamations: Mayors fight to claw back court dollars after backflip on merger". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 27 July 2017. ^ "Department of Local Government - Regions". Archived from the original on 8 September 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2004. ^ a b "Strathfield - Councillor Contest". NSW Local Council Elections 2021. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 20 December 2021. ^ a b c ABS - QuickStats 2021 - Strathfield (LGA) ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Strathfield (A)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "Strathfield (A)". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Strathfield (A)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Strathfield (A)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012. ^ "Homebush Railway Station group". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01170. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church (former)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00508. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Strathfield rail underbridges (flyover)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01055. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ "Strathfield Railway Station group". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01252. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ Strathfield Council – Library Retrieved 11 August 2014. ^ New home for Meals on Wheels Archived 13 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ Inner West a Community Transport Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ "Information & Referral". Archived from the original on 10 August 2004. ^ "Rotary Club of Strathfield". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2005. ^ "Strathfield » Area Info, Strathfield". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2011. Further reading Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003). The people of New South Wales. Statistics from the 2001 Census. Joint publication of the NSW State Government (Community Relations Commission) & the Australian Federal Government (Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs). Jones, Cathy (2004). Strathfield – origin of the name. Strathfield District Historical Society. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2004. Jones, Michael (1985). Oasis in the West: Strathfield's first hundred years. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin Australia. ISBN 0-86861-407-6. "State Electoral District of Strathfield". New South Wales State Electoral Office. Retrieved 17 October 2004. "NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA" (PDF). Bureau of Crime and Statistics. Ward, Alex (22 July 2010). "Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns". Inner West Courier. Retrieved 20 September 2012. External links Strathfield Municipal Council official website Strathfield Heritage vteSuburbs and localities within the Municipality of Strathfield, Inner West, Sydney Flemington (Homebush West) Homebush Strathfield Strathfield South Greenacre (part) List of Sydney suburbs vteRegions of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Canterbury-Bankstown Central Business District Eastern Suburbs Forest District Greater Western Sydney Hills District Inner West Macarthur Northern Beaches Northern Suburbs North Shore Southern Sydney South Western Sydney St George Local government areas of Sydney Bayside Blacktown Burwood Camden Canterbury Bankstown Canada Bay Cumberland Fairfield Georges River Hawkesbury The Hills Hornsby Hunter's Hill Inner West Ku-ring-gai Lane Cove Liverpool Mosman North Sydney Northern Beaches Parramatta Penrith Randwick Ryde Strathfield Sutherland City of Sydney Waverley Willoughby Woollahra List of Sydney suburbs vteLocal government areas of New South WalesMetropolitan SydneyInner Sydney Bayside Hunter's Hill Inner West Lane Cove Mosman North Sydney Randwick Sydney Waverley Willoughby Woollahra Outer Sydney Blacktown Burwood Camden Campbelltown Canada Bay Canterbury Bankstown Cumberland Fairfield Georges River The Hills Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Liverpool Northern Beaches Parramatta Penrith Ryde Strathfield Sutherland Sydney Surrounds Blue Mountains Central Coast Hawkesbury Wollondilly Mid North Coast Bellingen Clarence Valley Coffs Harbour Kempsey Mid–Coast Nambucca Valley Port Macquarie-Hastings Unincorporated Lord Howe Island Murray Albury Balranald Berrigan Edward River Federation Greater Hume Murray River Wentworth Murrumbidgee Carrathool Coolamon Griffith Cootamundra-Gundagai Hay Junee Leeton Lockhart Murrumbidgee Narrandera Temora Wagga Wagga Hunter Cessnock Dungog Lake Macquarie Maitland Muswellbrook Newcastle Port Stephens Singleton Upper Hunter Illawarra Kiama Shellharbour Shoalhaven Wingecarribee Wollongong Richmond Tweed Ballina Byron Kyogle Lismore Richmond Valley Tweed Southeastern Bega Eurobodalla Goulburn Mulwaree Hilltops Queanbeyan–Palerang Snowy Monaro Snowy Valleys Upper Lachlan Yass Valley Northern Armidale Glen Innes-Severn Gunnedah Gwydir Inverell Liverpool Plains Moree Plains Narrabri Tamworth Tenterfield Uralla Walcha Central West Bathurst Bland Blayney Cabonne Cowra Forbes Lachlan Lithgow Mid-Western Oberon Orange Parkes Weddin North Western Bogan Bourke Brewarrina Cobar Coonamble Dubbo Gilgandra Narromine Walgett Warren Warrumbungle Far West Broken Hill Central Darling Unincorporated Far West External territories Norfolk Island

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Strathfield, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"inner west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_west"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Cr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"Cr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the local government area. For the suburb, see Strathfield, New South Wales.Local government area in New South Wales, AustraliaThe Municipality of Strathfield is a local government area in the inner west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia.The municipality was incorporated on 2 June 1885. The council area was made up of parts of three existing localities: Redmire (in the northeast), Homebush (in the northwest) and Druitt Town (in the south).[3] The name \"Strathfield\" was adopted as the name of the new council upon incorporation. In 1886, the suburb of Redmire was renamed Strathfield, as was the railway station.The municipality today comprises an area of 14.1 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) and as at the 2021 census had an estimated 45,593 residents.[4] The council area is made up of residential neighbourhoods and town centres, with significant local heritage, open space, lifestyle amenities, public and private schools and access to tertiary institutions such as a campus of Australian Catholic University and the University of Sydney and TAFE Sydney Institute.The Mayor of Strathfield Municipal Council is Cr. Karen Pensabene, a member of the Australian Labor Party. The deputy mayor is Cr. Sandy Reddy a member of the Strathfield Independents team.[5]","title":"Municipality of Strathfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Flemington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemington,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Greenacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenacre,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Canterbury-Bankstown"},{"link_name":"Homebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Homebush West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush_West,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Burwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Burwood"},{"link_name":"Canada Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Canada_Bay"},{"link_name":"Strathfield South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_South,_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"The Strathfield local government area comprises:[6]Flemington\nGreenacre (shared with Canterbury-Bankstown)\nHomebush\nHomebush West\nStrathfield (shared with Burwood and Canada Bay)\nStrathfield South","title":"Suburbs and localities in the local government area"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StrathfieldSayePlaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"NSW Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sir Augustus Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Augustus_Loftus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Burwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Burwood"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Auburn Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_City"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"Belfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"City of Canterbury-Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Canterbury-Bankstown"},{"link_name":"Strathfield South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_South"},{"link_name":"Cooks River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooks_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Strathfield Saye PlaqueThe Municipality of Strathfield was proclaimed on 2 June 1885 by the NSW Governor, Sir Augustus Loftus.[7] The initial boundaries included Redmire (later renamed Strathfield), the village of Homebush (the southern part of the present suburb of Homebush and the north-western part of the present-day suburb of Strathfield) and the northern part of Druitt Town (the southern part of today's suburb of Strathfield). The council was incorporated following petitions by residents of the Redmire area to form local government. This move was opposed by residents of Homebush and Druitt Town, possibly fearing the dominance of the more affluent and politically connected residents of Redmire. Despite counter petitions, the Municipality was incorporated in 1885.[8]Strathfield Council built the current Council Chambers in 1887. Between 1885 and 1887 the council operated from various private homes in Strathfield, pending the building of a permanent Council Chambers. [9]The Strathfield Council area has expanded in geography and population over time. In 1892, an area in the west of the present-day municipality was added, being the suburb of Flemington, including Flemington village in the north. As well, the part of the present-day municipality that lies south of Cook's River and north of Liverpool Road, in the south, which are now the southwestern part of the suburb of Strathfield and the northeastern part of the Greenacre.[10] The entire Council area came to be referred to as \"Strathfield\" after this expansion, and the southern and western boundaries of the present-day suburb of Strathfield largely reflects the council boundaries in 1892. With the 1892 addition, Strathfield Municipality was divided into three wards: Flemington Ward in the west (covering the area incorporated in 1892, from Flemington station in the north to Liverpool Road in the south), Homebush Ward in the centre (covering the original council area west of Homebush Road, from Homebush station in the north to Liverpool Road in the south), and Strathfield Ward in the east (covering the remainder of the original council area, east of Homebush Road). The wards were abolished on 30 August 1916.[11]In 1947, the Municipality of Homebush was amalgamated with Strathfield. This local government area covered the part of present-day Flemington (including Flemington markets) and Homebush that lies north of the railway. The former village centres of Flemington and Homebush south of the railway were carved out of the then-suburb of Strathfield and combined with the newly incorporated area to create the present-day suburbs of Flemington, Homebush West and Homebush. In 1949, the west ward of the Municipality of Enfield was added to Strathfield, with the eastern part going to the Municipality of Burwood. This added the present-day suburbs of Strathfield South, eastern part of Greenacre, and northern part of Belfield. At the time of this expansion, the council was divided into two wards: first ward (Strathfield and Homebush) and second ward (Enfield). These wards were abolished in 1953.[12]In 1992, a section of the northern part of the Municipality, between the A3 road and Boundary Creek, was transferred to the then Auburn Council to become part of the site of Sydney Olympic Park. In return, the area of and between Boundary Creek and the railway line, occupied by the former Ford factory building, was transferred from Auburn to Strathfield Council.In 2021, a proposal was submitted to the Geographical Names Board, to separate the northern part of Belfield which was within the Municipality of Strathfield (north of Punchbowl Road) from the southern part within the City of Canterbury-Bankstown. Under this proposal, northern Belfield would form part of Strathfield South, from which it was separated by the Cooks River. This was approved in 2023.[13]The municipality now includes the suburbs of Strathfield, Flemington, Homebush, Homebush West, Strathfield South, and a minor part of Greenacre.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sidney Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2015 review of local government boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales#Reviews_of_local_government_areas"},{"link_name":"NSW Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Pricing_and_Regulatory_Tribunal_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Burwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Burwood"},{"link_name":"Canada Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Canada_Bay"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NSW Land and Environment Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_Environment_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Berejiklian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Berejiklian"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Recent council amalgamation proposals","text":"Throughout its history, there have been movements to amalgamate local councils in the Sydney area: the first major 'threat' was with the 'royal commission for a greater Sydney (1913)', known as 'The Greater Sydney Movement'. The Royal Commission brought together Sidney Webb,[citation needed] a British politician and John Fitzgerald,[14] an Australian politician, who, amongst others, believed that Sydney should be merged into a single local government area. In 1947 Homebush and Strathfield councils merged and part of Enfield was added in 1949.[citation needed]A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Strathfield Municipal Council merge with adjoining councils. The government proposed a merger of the Burwood, Canada Bay, and Strathfield Councils to form a new council with an area of 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 163,000.[15] On 6 May Strathfield Council commenced legal action in the NSW Land and Environment Court against the proposed amalgamation.[16] After the Court heard that there were legal flaws in the report from the NSW Government appointed delegate who examined the proposal for merging the councils, the NSW Government withdrew from the case and the merger proposal stalled.[17] In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the Strathfield, Burwood and Canada Bay local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Strathfield South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_South,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Homebush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Homebush West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush_West,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Flemington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemington,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Greenacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenacre,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rookwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"Inner West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_West"},{"link_name":"Parramatta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_River"},{"link_name":"Cooks River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooks_River"},{"link_name":"Powells Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powells_Creek_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"Saleyards Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleyards_Creek"},{"link_name":"Parramatta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_River"},{"link_name":"Cooks River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooks_River"},{"link_name":"Hume Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_Highway"}],"text":"The Strathfield Council area is located at 33°52'10\" North, 151°5'59\" West (33.8717, 151.0899). It covers a total area of approximately 14.1 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) and includes the suburbs of Strathfield, Strathfield South, Homebush, Homebush West, Flemington and parts of Greenacre.[19] Homebush Bay Drive bounds Strathfield Council to the north, Powells Creek, The Boulevarde and Coronation Parade bounds it to the east, Punchbowl Road and Juno Parade form the southern border and Roberts Road, Chullora rail yards, Rookwood Cemetery and the Sydney Olympic Park Rail line bound the Municipality to the west.Similarly to other parts of the Inner West, the geography of the Municipality of Strathfield is characterised by the catchments of the Parramatta River to the north, and the Cooks River to the south. Smaller creeks flow towards these two rivers through the municipality, although most of them are now canalised. The two largest are Powells Creek and Saleyards Creek, which join and eventually flow to the Parramatta River. The Cooks River itself is a minor waterway as it flows through the municipality, and is canalised in the eastern part of the municipality. In this area, the Hume Highway, which runs through the south of the municipality, approximates the ridgeline between the two catchments.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of mayors of Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Strathfield"},{"link_name":"proportionally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC-20"}],"text":"See also: List of mayors of StrathfieldStrathfield Municipal Council is composed of seven councillors elected proportionally as one entire ward. All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor and deputy mayor are elected bi-annually by the councillors at the first meeting of the council. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:[20]The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is:","title":"Current composition and election method"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSB_LGA_Strathfield.png"},{"link_name":"2001 Australian Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2001"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_people"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median#Medians_for_populations"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-21"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2001-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2006-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-25"},{"link_name":"household weekly income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income"}],"text":"Overseas-born birthplaces based on 2001 Australian Census data for the Strathfield local government area.At the 2021 census there were 45,593 people in the Strathfield local government area, of which 51.2% were male and 48.8% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.4 per cent of the population; significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 3.4 and 3.2 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Strathfield local government area was 33 years; significantly lower than the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 14.9 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.0 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 48.9 per cent were married and 8.0 per cent were either divorced or separated. The largest group of residents in the Strathfield municipality by reported ancestry is Chinese.[21]The Strathfield local government area has experienced significant population growth over the last two decades. The population of Strathfield at the 2001 census was only 27,777. The population grew by 15.14 per cent between the 2001 census and the 2006 census; 10.02 per cent in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census; 14.56 per cent in the five years to the 2016 census; and 13.1 per cent in the subsequent five years to the 2021 census. The population has almost exactly doubled since 2001. This is significantly higher than the national average growth of 35.4% over the same period.[21][22][23][24][25]In 2021, the median household weekly income for residents within the Municipality of Strathfield was 21% higher than the national average.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homebush railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebush_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1170-26"},{"link_name":"St Anne's Roman Catholic Church, South Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_South_Strathfield"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-508-27"},{"link_name":"Strathfield rail underbridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_rail_underbridges"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1055-28"},{"link_name":"Strathfield railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1252-29"}],"text":"The Municipality of Strathfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:Homebush, Great Southern and Western railway: Homebush railway station[26]\nSouth Strathfield, St Anne's Square: St Anne's Roman Catholic Church, South Strathfield[27]\nStrathfield, Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield rail underbridges[28]\nStrathfield, Great Southern and Western railway: Strathfield railway station[29]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Eve Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Dutton"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The council operates a main library located on Rochester Street in Homebush. The library was demolished in 2002 and a new library was built and opened in 2004.Historically, the municipality's main library was located on Parramatta Road in Homebush, inherited from the former Homebush Municipality (which governed the northern part of the modern suburb of Homebush) after it merged into Strathfield in 1947. The Parramatta Road library served as the municipality's main library until 1967, when the High Street library became the main library, and the Parramatta Road library was closed in 1976 after the Rochester Street library was opened.The council formerly operated a branch library on High Street in Strathfield South, which was rebuilt and opened in 2008. However, the branch library was closed in 2019 and converted into a community centre, with some book lockers to continue some library services from this location.[30]The municipality's main community centre, the Strathfield Community Centre, is located at 1B Bates Street, Homebush, in Airey Park.The former South Strathfield Bowling Club was bought by Strathfield Council and renovated with a grant of $495,00 from the Department of Aging, Disability and Home Care. The building was opened as a community centre on 3 December 2012 and named in honour of Eve Dutton who was the first female mayor of Strathfield. This community centre gives priority access to services and programs for aged and disability groups.[31] It houses Strathfield/Homebush Meals on Wheels and Inner West Community Transport.[32]","title":"Council facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Rotary club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_club"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_for_Deaf_and_Blind_Children"},{"link_name":"North Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rocks,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Radio Birdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Birdman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The population of Strathfield is made up of a number of ethnic groups, and about 48% of the population born overseas. As a result, there are a number of services for newly arrived immigrants and overseas students who live in the area. Two such organisations are the Russian Ethnic Community Council of NSW Inc (RECNSW), and the Sydney Tamil Resource Centre Inc (STRC). RECNSW provides access to information and referral to mainstream services to recent immigrants of Russian and Russian speaking background and disseminates information to remote and offshore areas on a number of issues.[clarification needed][33] STRC provides resources to Tamil immigrants. A number of the commercial centres in the Municipality of Strathfield feature concentrations of restaurants and shops with ethnically distinct character, such as the concentration of Korean restaurants and shops in the Strathfield town centre, and Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants and shops in the Flemington village centre. The Homebush village centre features cafes and restaurants serving a variety of cuisines (such as Chinese, Korean, Indian, Greek and Lebanese).Strathfield also has a number of community centres, including a Rotary club, Latvian theatre, Lantern Club, and libraries. The local Rotary club provides support to the community and has a number of projects in the area,[34] as well as a Musical Society (part of Rotary?), which normally produces two shows a year in the Latvian Theatre in Strathfield. Their main social activity is rehearsing twice weekly and they present seven performances of their musical production over two weekends. Strathfield Lantern Club Voluntary is located in Strathfield and provides fundraising organisation for raising funds specifically for the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children in North Rocks.The lyrics of the song by Radio Birdman, Murder City Nights refers to Woodward Road, Strathfield:[35]Cruising down Woodward gotta find me some action\nLooking for a lover with a power reaction.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NSW Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories#New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"electorate of Strathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Strathfield"},{"link_name":"electorate of Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Bankstown"},{"link_name":"electorate of Drummoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Drummoyne"},{"link_name":"Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Reid"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Watson"}],"text":"In the NSW Legislative Assembly, the Municipality of Strathfield mostly falls into the electorate of Strathfield, except the part of the suburb of Greenacre within council boundaries, which is in the electorate of Bankstown, and the northern part of Homebush (north of Parramatta Road) is in the electorate of Drummoyne.For Federal elections it is in the electorates of Reid (north of Hume Highway) and Watson (south of Hume Highway).","title":"State and Federal government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Strathfield – origin of the name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091018103826/http://www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86861-407-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86861-407-6"},{"link_name":"\"State Electoral District of Strathfield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seo.nsw.gov.au/electoral_districts_menu/district_index/strathfield.html"},{"link_name":"\"NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/files/StrathfieldLGA.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//inner-west-courier.whereilive.com.au/news/story/danny-lim-resigns/"}],"text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003). The people of New South Wales. Statistics from the 2001 Census. Joint publication of the NSW State Government (Community Relations Commission) & the Australian Federal Government (Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs).\nJones, Cathy (2004). Strathfield – origin of the name. Strathfield District Historical Society. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2004.\nJones, Michael (1985). Oasis in the West: Strathfield's first hundred years. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin Australia. ISBN 0-86861-407-6.\n\"State Electoral District of Strathfield\". New South Wales State Electoral Office. Retrieved 17 October 2004.\n\"NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA\" (PDF). Bureau of Crime and Statistics.\nWard, Alex (22 July 2010). \"Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns\". Inner West Courier. Retrieved 20 September 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Strathfield Saye Plaque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/StrathfieldSayePlaque.jpg/270px-StrathfieldSayePlaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overseas-born birthplaces based on 2001 Australian Census data for the Strathfield local government area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/OSB_LGA_Strathfield.png/270px-OSB_LGA_Strathfield.png"}]

[{"title":"Local government areas of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales"}]

[{"reference":"\"2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA17100","url_text":"\"2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02017-18","url_text":"\"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA17100","url_text":"\"2021 Strathfield, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/home/council/councillors/","url_text":"\"Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/council/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation (226)\". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 2 June 1885. p. 3545. Retrieved 2 April 2023 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/221693925","url_text":"\"Proclamation (226)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_of_the_State_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Cathy. \"Incorporation of Strathfield Council\". Strathfield Council. Retrieved 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/home/council/about-strathfield/history-of-strathfield-local-government-area/incorporation-of-strathfield-council/","url_text":"\"Incorporation of Strathfield Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield Town Hall\". 2 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://strathfieldheritage.com/local-government/council/strathfield-town-hall/","url_text":"\"Strathfield Town Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield Council\". 22 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://strathfieldheritage.com/local-government/council/","url_text":"\"Strathfield Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notification (156)\". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. 8 September 1916. p. 5374. Retrieved 2 April 2023 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article225844984","url_text":"\"Notification (156)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_of_the_State_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield Council\". 22 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://strathfieldheritage.com/local-government/council/","url_text":"\"Strathfield Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fitzgerald, John Daniel (Jack) (1862–1922)\". Biography - John Daniel (Jack) Fitzgerald - Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080534b.htm","url_text":"\"Fitzgerald, John Daniel (Jack) (1862–1922)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merger proposal: Burwood Council, City of Canada Bay Council, Strathfield Council\" (PDF). Government of New South Wales. January 2016. p. 7. Retrieved 27 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpc-olg-ss.s3.amazonaws.com/56c8a4100d28ddda92d9194af3216c74/Burwood-Canada-Bay-Strathfield.pdf","url_text":"\"Merger proposal: Burwood Council, City of Canada Bay Council, Strathfield Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Government of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield Council commences legal action\" (Press release). Strathfield Council. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/news-and-events/media/media-releases-2016/strathfield-council-commences-legal-action","url_text":"\"Strathfield Council commences legal action\""}]},{"reference":"Raper, Ashleigh (31 May 2016). \"NSW council amalgamations: Strathfield, Burwood and Canada Bay merger stopped\". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 1 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/forced-merger-of-strathfield-burwood-and-canada-bay-blocked/7463242","url_text":"\"NSW council amalgamations: Strathfield, Burwood and Canada Bay merger stopped\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Blumer, Clare; Chettle, Nicole (27 July 2017). \"NSW council amalgamations: Mayors fight to claw back court dollars after backflip on merger\". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 27 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-27/after-nsw-council-merger-backflip-mayors-try-to-get-money-back/8749462","url_text":"\"NSW council amalgamations: Mayors fight to claw back court dollars after backflip on merger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Local Government - Regions\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040908000441/http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/DLG/DLGHome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=7100&region=SI","url_text":"\"Department of Local Government - Regions\""},{"url":"http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=7100&region=SI","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield - Councillor Contest\". NSW Local Council Elections 2021. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/strathfield/councillor","url_text":"\"Strathfield - Councillor Contest\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Strathfield (A)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/LGA17100","url_text":"\"Strathfield (A)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). \"Strathfield (A)\". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2001/LGA17100","url_text":"\"Strathfield (A)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). \"Strathfield (A)\". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/LGA17100","url_text":"\"Strathfield (A)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Strathfield (A)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/LGA17100","url_text":"\"Strathfield (A)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homebush Railway Station group\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01170. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012056","url_text":"\"Homebush Railway Station group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church (former)\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00508. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045376","url_text":"\"St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church (former)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield rail underbridges (flyover)\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01055. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012225","url_text":"\"Strathfield rail underbridges (flyover)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield Railway Station group\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01252. Retrieved 18 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012224","url_text":"\"Strathfield Railway Station group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Information & Referral\". Archived from the original on 10 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040810214018/http://www.russiansinaustralia.org.au/RECC_documents/Info_serv.htm","url_text":"\"Information & Referral\""},{"url":"http://www.russiansinaustralia.org.au/RECC_documents/Info_serv.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rotary Club of Strathfield\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045818/http://www.rotarnet.com.au/strathfield/","url_text":"\"Rotary Club of Strathfield\""},{"url":"http://www.rotarnet.com.au/strathfield","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strathfield » Area Info, Strathfield\". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425113522/http://www.suburbguide.com.au/post/strathfield?l=sydney-inner-west","url_text":"\"Strathfield » Area Info, Strathfield\""},{"url":"http://www.suburbguide.com.au/post/strathfield?l=sydney-inner-west","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Cathy (2004). Strathfield – origin of the name. Strathfield District Historical Society. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091018103826/http://www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm","url_text":"Strathfield – origin of the name"},{"url":"http://www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Michael (1985). Oasis in the West: Strathfield's first hundred years. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin Australia. ISBN 0-86861-407-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86861-407-6","url_text":"0-86861-407-6"}]},{"reference":"\"State Electoral District of Strathfield\". New South Wales State Electoral Office. Retrieved 17 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seo.nsw.gov.au/electoral_districts_menu/district_index/strathfield.html","url_text":"\"State Electoral District of Strathfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA\" (PDF). Bureau of Crime and Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/files/StrathfieldLGA.pdf","url_text":"\"NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Alex (22 July 2010). \"Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns\". Inner West Courier. Retrieved 20 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://inner-west-courier.whereilive.com.au/news/story/danny-lim-resigns/","url_text":"\"Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns\""}]}]

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Regions\""},{"Link":"http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=2&slacode=7100&region=SI","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au/LG2101/strathfield/councillor","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield - Councillor Contest\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA17100","external_links_name":"ABS - QuickStats 2021 - Strathfield (LGA)"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/LGA17100","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield (A)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2001/LGA17100","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield (A)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/LGA17100","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield (A)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/LGA17100","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield (A)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012056","external_links_name":"\"Homebush Railway Station group\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045376","external_links_name":"\"St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church (former)\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012225","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield rail underbridges (flyover)\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5012224","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield Railway Station group\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"http://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/home/library/","external_links_name":"Strathfield Council – Library"},{"Link":"http://www.burwoodscene.com.au/2012/12/04/new-home-for-meals-on-wheels/","external_links_name":"New home for Meals on Wheels"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813183530/http://www.burwoodscene.com.au/2012/12/04/new-home-for-meals-on-wheels/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.transportconnect.org.au/resources/PDF/Media%20Release%20Opening%20of%20The%20Dutton%20Centre.pdf","external_links_name":"Inner West a Community Transport"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302143244/http://www.transportconnect.org.au/resources/PDF/Media%20Release%20Opening%20of%20The%20Dutton%20Centre.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040810214018/http://www.russiansinaustralia.org.au/RECC_documents/Info_serv.htm","external_links_name":"\"Information & Referral\""},{"Link":"http://www.russiansinaustralia.org.au/RECC_documents/Info_serv.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045818/http://www.rotarnet.com.au/strathfield/","external_links_name":"\"Rotary Club of Strathfield\""},{"Link":"http://www.rotarnet.com.au/strathfield","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425113522/http://www.suburbguide.com.au/post/strathfield?l=sydney-inner-west","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield » Area Info, Strathfield\""},{"Link":"http://www.suburbguide.com.au/post/strathfield?l=sydney-inner-west","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091018103826/http://www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm","external_links_name":"Strathfield – origin of the name"},{"Link":"http://www.strathfieldhistory.org.au/Locality%20names.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.seo.nsw.gov.au/electoral_districts_menu/district_index/strathfield.html","external_links_name":"\"State Electoral District of Strathfield\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/files/StrathfieldLGA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NSW Recorded Crime Statistics – Strathfield LGA\""},{"Link":"http://inner-west-courier.whereilive.com.au/news/story/danny-lim-resigns/","external_links_name":"\"Strathfield councillor Danny Lim resigns\""},{"Link":"http://www.strathfield.nsw.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Strathfield Municipal Council official website"},{"Link":"http://strathfieldheritage.org/","external_links_name":"Strathfield Heritage"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventing_the_Flat_Earth

Inventing the Flat Earth

["1 See also","2 Sources","3 Notes","4 External links"]

1991 non-fiction book Inventing the Flat Earth (ISBN 978-0-275-95904-3) is a 1991 book by historian Jeffrey Burton Russell debunking the notion that medieval Christians believed the Earth was flat. See also Modern flat Earth beliefs Myth of the flat Earth Sources Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1991). Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-93956-4. Notes ^ Harley, J. B. (April 1992). " Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians". The William and Mary Quarterly. 49 (2): 381. doi:10.2307/2947283. JSTOR 2947283. ^ Cleland, Joel (May 1993). " Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians". The History Teacher. 26 (3): 396. doi:10.2307/494674. JSTOR 494674. ^ Dickason, Olive Patricia (1992). "Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians by Jeffrey Burton Russell (review)". The Canadian Historical Review. 73 (4): 610–611. ISSN 1710-1093. External links Russell's summary of his book This article about a non-fiction book on European history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a book related to Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Raggio

William Raggio

["1 Early life, education, and early career","2 Political career","2.1 1970 U.S. Senate race","2.2 1974 Lieutenant Governor race","2.3 State Senate tenure (1972–2011)","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]

American politician William RaggioMember of the Nevada Senatefrom the Washoe 3rd districtIn office1972–2011Succeeded byGreg Brower Personal detailsBorn(1926-10-30)October 30, 1926Reno, Nevada, U.S.DiedFebruary 23, 2012 (2012-02-24) (aged 85)Sydney, New South WalesPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseDaleProfessionAttorney William Raggio (October 30, 1926 – February 23, 2012) was an American politician and a former Republican member of the Nevada Senate. He represented Washoe County's 3rd district from 1972 until his retirement in 2011. He is the longest-serving member in the history of the State Senate. Early life, education, and early career Raggio was born in Reno, Nevada in 1926. He obtained his B.A. by attending Louisiana Tech University, University of Oklahoma, and University of Nevada, Reno, where he was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. He obtained his J.D. from the Hastings College of Law at the University of California and the Boalt Hall School of Law at University of California, Berkeley. Raggio then joined the military. He was a member of the United States Navy Reserve (USNR) and became a Second Lieutenant of the United States Marine Corps Reserve (USMCR). Raggio started his legal career as an Assistant District Attorney of Washoe County (1952–1958) and was the D.A. of the county (1958–1970). Political career 1970 U.S. Senate race Main article: 1970 United States Senate election in Nevada Raggio first ran for public office statewide in 1970 against incumbent Democrat U.S. Senator Howard Cannon, who defeated Raggio, the Republican nominee, with nearly 58% of the vote to serve a third term. 1974 Lieutenant Governor race Incumbent Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Nevada Harry Reid decided not to run for another term, in order to run for the U.S. Senate. This left an open seat. Democrat nominee Robert E. Rose defeated Raggio, the Republican nominee, with an estimated 52% of the vote statewide. State Senate tenure (1972–2011) Raggio served 12 special and 19 regular sessions, the longest Senate service in Nevada history. He was Senate Minority Floor Leader in 1977–1979, 1983–1986, 1991, and 2009. He was Senate Majority Floor Leader in 1987–1989 and 1993–2007. He was Chairman of the Interim Senate Finance Committee in 1988–1990, 1993–1994, 1997–1998, and 2001–2002. He was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1987 to 1989 and 1993–2005. He was also Chairman of the Legislative Committee on Education from 1997 to 1999 and 2001–2003. Death On February 23, 2012, Raggio died at the age of 85 while on vacation in Sydney, Australia. His cause of death was reported as respiratory illness. Raggio fathered three children, Leslie, Tracy and Mark (d. 2004). References ^ a b "Legislative Biography" (PDF). Nevada Legislature. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014. ^ "Our Campaigns - NV Lt. Governor Race - Nov 05, 1974". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ "Legislative Biography -- 73rd (2005) Session". Nevada Legislature. Retrieved February 25, 2012. ^ "State political icon Bill Raggio dies at 85". Las Vegas Review-Journal. February 24, 2012. ^ "Legendary legislator Bill Raggio remembered as a statesman and leader". Reno Gazette-Journal. February 24, 2012. External links Senator William J. Raggio official Nevada Legislature site Profile at Vote Smart William J. Raggio at Jones Vargas law firm William J. Raggio Papers, Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno Appearances on C-SPAN Party political offices Preceded byPaul Laxalt Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Nevada(Class 1) 1970 Succeeded byDavid Towell Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jinxi

Wang Jinxi

["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Career in oil industry","1.3 Cultural Revolution and persecution","1.4 Final years and death","2 Personal life","3 Memorials","4 Representation in mass media","5 See also","6 References"]

Chinese model worker In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (March 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|王进喜}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Wang Jinxi王进喜Wang Chin-hsiWang Jinxi in 1966Born(1923-10-08)8 October 1923Yumen City, Kansu, Republic of ChinaDied15 November 1970(1970-11-15) (aged 47)Peking, People's Republic of ChinaOccupation(s)roughneckmodel workerPolitical partyChinese Communist Party Wang JinxiTraditional Chinese王進喜Simplified Chinese王进喜TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWáng JìnxǐWade–GilesWang2 Chin4hsi3 Wang Jinxi or Wang Chin-hsi (simplified Chinese: 王进喜; traditional Chinese: 王進喜; pinyin: Wáng Jìnxǐ; 8 October 1923 – 15 November 1970) was a Chinese model worker and socialist hero known as 'Iron man' Wang, who led No. 1205 drilling team at Daqing Oil Field. Wang was the first and best-known model worker to emerge from Daqing Oil Field and was widely promoted for his devotion to developing China's petroleum industry. Wang served as vice head of the Daqing Drilling Headquarters and became vice director of the Daqing Revolutionary Committee in 1968. In 1969, he was appointed to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Biography Early life Wang Jinxi was born in 1923 to a poor peasant family in Yumen City, Gansu Province. As a child, he worked as a shepherd and later as a coal bearer. Later, he started working as an apprentice in an oil field in Yumen. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he was assigned to No. 1205 Drilling Team at the oil field. In 1950, Yumen oil field recruited workers, and Wang Jinxi passed the exam to become one of the first generation of oil drilling workers in the People's Republic of China. Career in oil industry Wang Jinxi blocking the blowout in the mud pool Wang Jinxi (left) with Deng Xiaoping (1961) In 1956, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. On the same year, he became the captain of the predecessor of Brigade No. 1205 and successfully led the completion of the drilling rig in Yumen oil field. Following the start of Great Leap Forward in 1958, he led a team to drill 5009.3 meters per month, which was then the highest record in mainland China at that time. In October, he was awarded the 'Red Flag' award by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. In 1958, during the ceremonies for the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he met with Chairman Mao Zedong and participated in an elite meeting between industrial and communication ministries. In 1960, Mao Zedong and Party Central Committee issued a declaration "to fight 'a massive battle' to open up Daqing" and become self-sufficient in oil. On April, Wang and his No. 1205 Drilling Team rushed to the bleak grasslands from Yumen Oil field. Undeterred by temperatures of between -20 and -30 Celsius, they continued to work on. Despite fatigue, injuries and difficulties, Wang kept going throughout. He and 30 others manually carried 60 tonnes of equipment from a railway station to the oil field. They broke the ice of a nearby pond and fetched water to cool the drill. In five days, they transported more than 50 tonnes of water. After five days of drilling, they struck oil, and Daqing's first production well went into operation. Within three years, Daqing became China's first-rate big oilfield. Wang Jinxi participated in a 10,000-person inauguration ceremony of the oil field, during the international Labor Day. During the ceremony, he shouted the slogan: "I would give up 20 years of life so China can produce oil on its own land." During the work, he said to his co-workers: "We have to do everything possible. And we have to make the impossible possible." Wang (right) with Sun Weishi, while rehearsing for the play 'The Rising Sun' For this the people called him 'Iron Man' (“铁人”), and the name 'Iron Man' Wang stuck and spread. In 1960, the nation was called upon to learn from the 'Iron Man', and he was appointed as the captain of the Drilling Command and Construction Brigade. The oil workers' exploits were depicted in the play The Rising Sun, by Sun Weishi.: 141–142  The plot of the Rising Sun focused on the contributions that women made in agriculture and the construction of oilfields, and featured a cast made up exclusively of local people.: 141–142  In February 1961, Wang Jinxi was assigned as the captain of the second production team of the Drilling Command. In 1964, he was elected deputy to the 3rd National People's Congress. On December 26, while attending the 71st birthday party of Chairman Mao Zedong, Wang was praised by Mao, who called him an "industrial leader.": 99  In 1965, Wang was appointed the member of the Standing Committee of the Drilling Party Committee and Deputy Commander of the Drilling Command of the CCP Daqing Committee. On July 24, he joined the Ministry of Petroleum Industry and put forward for the first time, the goal of "half a ton of oil per person in the country". In 1966, he was appointed as the deputy commander of the Daqing Petroleum Campaign Command by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. He was awarded as one of the 'Five Good Models of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry'. On June 4, he was part of the Chinese delegation that visited People's Republic of Albania. Cultural Revolution and persecution Wang Jinxi (right), during the 3rd National People's Congress (1965) Following the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Wang was condemned as a supporter of Liu Shaoqi and lost his positions within the Petroleum Ministry, apart from being condemned for sexism and feudalism due to letting his wife Wang Lanying wash his feet. He was mocked at rallies and tortured by the Red Guards, which almost cost him his life. Following the intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai, he was saved from further persecution and was made a national labor model. Wang was vice head of the Daqing Drilling Headquarters and, in 1968, was appointed vice director of the Daqing Revolutionary Committee.: 139  Final years and death In 1969, he worked as the deputy leader of the core group of the CCP Daqing Committee. In April, he participated in the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected as a member of the presidium and a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. In April, he went to Yumen to participate in a work conference regarding the petroleum industry. On April 19, 1970, Wang was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He was admitted to the 301 Hospital in Beijing for treatment. His final public appearance was on October 1, when he was at the Tiananmen Gate Tower for National Day inspection. Wang Jinxi died of cancer in 1970, at the age of 47.: 139  On November 18, a farewell ceremony was held for him, and his remains were interred at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing. Personal life Wang Jinxi and his wife Wang Lanying had raised two sons and three daughters. His eldest son served as the party secretary of the Underground Resources Development Company of Daqing Oil Field Drilling Engineering Company. Memorials Memorial at Daqing Statue at Beijing Statue at Yumen City Representation in mass media Wang famously wrote in a poem, "If an oil worker roars once, the Earth will shake three times!": 148  In 1974, Wang's life was made into a feature film The Pioneers (创业). Zhang Lianwen played the starring role of Zhou Tingshan (周挺杉), modelled after Wang Jinxi. The 2009 Chinese film Iron Man (Tieren; 铁人) is based on the life of Wang Jinxi. The character of Wang is played by Wu Gang in the film. See also Lei Feng Dong Cunrui List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Zhang Side References ^ Yingjie Guo Handbook on Class and Social Stratification in China 2016 - -178347064X Page 112 In Iron Man Wang Jingxi (Tieren Wang Jingxi), a documentary produced in 1964 by China's News and Documentary Studio, workers in the industrial sector were urged to learn from the leadership and heroism of worker Wang Jinxi, the 'Iron ... ^ "王进喜". Xinhua. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ "大庆油田原钻井指挥部副指挥王进喜——用生命为祖国献石油". chinahaoren.cn. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ "Wang Jinxhi". chineseposters.net. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ a b c d e f Hou, Li (2021). Building for oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1. ^ "China's 'Iron Man' an undying legend". The Hindu. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ "铁人王进喜". Xinhua Silk Road. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ "铁人王进喜". Xinhua Silk Road. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ Ke, Gong (2020-06-16). "铁人王进喜最后的岁月". shiyouyuzhuangbei.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ Tyson, Ann Scott (1990-03-06). "China's Iron Man Returns". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ Ke, Gong (2020-06-10). ""铁人"王进喜去世时年仅47岁，留下2子3女，他们如今怎样了？". Sohu. Retrieved 2020-08-18. ^ Xiao Yang 肖扬 (2019-01-05). "再见"铁人"！电影表演艺术家张连文因病去世，享年74岁". Thepaper.cn. Retrieved 2019-02-03. ^ "Gang Wu". IMDb. Retrieved 2023-06-04. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"王","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B"},{"link_name":"进","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%9B"},{"link_name":"喜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"王","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B"},{"link_name":"進","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2"},{"link_name":"喜","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"model worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_worker"},{"link_name":"Daqing Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.Wang Jinxi or Wang Chin-hsi (simplified Chinese: 王进喜; traditional Chinese: 王進喜; pinyin: Wáng Jìnxǐ; 8 October 1923 – 15 November 1970) was a Chinese model worker and socialist hero known as 'Iron man' Wang, who led No. 1205 drilling team at Daqing Oil Field.[1]Wang was the first and best-known model worker to emerge from Daqing Oil Field and was widely promoted for his devotion to developing China's petroleum industry. Wang served as vice head of the Daqing Drilling Headquarters and became vice director of the Daqing Revolutionary Committee in 1968. In 1969, he was appointed to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.","title":"Wang Jinxi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yumen City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumen_City"},{"link_name":"Gansu Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu_Province"},{"link_name":"shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd"},{"link_name":"oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Wang Jinxi was born in 1923 to a poor peasant family in Yumen City, Gansu Province. As a child, he worked as a shepherd and later as a coal bearer. Later, he started working as an apprentice in an oil field in Yumen. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he was assigned to No. 1205 Drilling Team at the oil field. In 1950, Yumen oil field recruited workers, and Wang Jinxi passed the exam to become one of the first generation of oil drilling workers in the People's Republic of China.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangjinxi2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dengxiaoping2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"drilling rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"},{"link_name":"Great Leap Forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Petroleum Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ceremonies for the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"Celsius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"international Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labor_Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wangjinxi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sun Weishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Weishi"},{"link_name":"Sun Weishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Weishi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"3rd National People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_National_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Daqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daqing"},{"link_name":"State Council of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Career in oil industry","text":"Wang Jinxi blocking the blowout in the mud poolWang Jinxi (left) with Deng Xiaoping (1961)In 1956, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. On the same year, he became the captain of the predecessor of Brigade No. 1205 and successfully led the completion of the drilling rig in Yumen oil field. Following the start of Great Leap Forward in 1958, he led a team to drill 5009.3 meters per month, which was then the highest record in mainland China at that time. In October, he was awarded the 'Red Flag' award by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. In 1958, during the ceremonies for the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he met with Chairman Mao Zedong and participated in an elite meeting between industrial and communication ministries.[3]In 1960, Mao Zedong and Party Central Committee issued a declaration \"to fight 'a massive battle' to open up Daqing\" and become self-sufficient in oil. On April, Wang and his No. 1205 Drilling Team rushed to the bleak grasslands from Yumen Oil field. Undeterred by temperatures of between -20 and -30 Celsius, they continued to work on. Despite fatigue, injuries and difficulties, Wang kept going throughout. He and 30 others manually carried 60 tonnes of equipment from a railway station to the oil field. They broke the ice of a nearby pond and fetched water to cool the drill. In five days, they transported more than 50 tonnes of water. After five days of drilling, they struck oil, and Daqing's first production well went into operation. Within three years, Daqing became China's first-rate big oilfield.[4]Wang Jinxi participated in a 10,000-person inauguration ceremony of the oil field, during the international Labor Day. During the ceremony, he shouted the slogan:\"I would give up 20 years of life so China can produce oil on its own land.\"During the work, he said to his co-workers:\"We have to do everything possible. And we have to make the impossible possible.\"Wang (right) with Sun Weishi, while rehearsing for the play 'The Rising Sun'For this the people called him 'Iron Man' (“铁人”), and the name 'Iron Man' Wang stuck and spread. In 1960, the nation was called upon to learn from the 'Iron Man', and he was appointed as the captain of the Drilling Command and Construction Brigade. The oil workers' exploits were depicted in the play The Rising Sun, by Sun Weishi.[5]: 141–142  The plot of the Rising Sun focused on the contributions that women made in agriculture and the construction of oilfields, and featured a cast made up exclusively of local people.[5]: 141–142In February 1961, Wang Jinxi was assigned as the captain of the second production team of the Drilling Command. In 1964, he was elected deputy to the 3rd National People's Congress. On December 26, while attending the 71st birthday party of Chairman Mao Zedong, Wang was praised by Mao, who called him an \"industrial leader.\"[6][5]: 99In 1965, Wang was appointed the member of the Standing Committee of the Drilling Party Committee and Deputy Commander of the Drilling Command of the CCP Daqing Committee. On July 24, he joined the Ministry of Petroleum Industry and put forward for the first time, the goal of \"half a ton of oil per person in the country\". In 1966, he was appointed as the deputy commander of the Daqing Petroleum Campaign Command by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. He was awarded as one of the 'Five Good Models of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry'. On June 4, he was part of the Chinese delegation that visited People's Republic of Albania.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1965-02_1965_%E5%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%B1%B1_%E9%99%88%E6%B0%B8%E8%B4%B5_%E7%8E%8B%E8%BF%9B%E5%96%9C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Liu Shaoqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi"},{"link_name":"Red Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Cultural Revolution and persecution","text":"Wang Jinxi (right), during the 3rd National People's Congress (1965)Following the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Wang was condemned as a supporter of Liu Shaoqi and lost his positions within the Petroleum Ministry, apart from being condemned for sexism and feudalism due to letting his wife Wang Lanying wash his feet. He was mocked at rallies and tortured by the Red Guards, which almost cost him his life. Following the intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai, he was saved from further persecution and was made a national labor model.[8]Wang was vice head of the Daqing Drilling Headquarters and, in 1968, was appointed vice director of the Daqing Revolutionary Committee.[5]: 139","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"stomach cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"301 Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/301_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Gate Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Final years and death","text":"In 1969, he worked as the deputy leader of the core group of the CCP Daqing Committee. In April, he participated in the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected as a member of the presidium and a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. In April, he went to Yumen to participate in a work conference regarding the petroleum industry.[9]On April 19, 1970, Wang was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He was admitted to the 301 Hospital in Beijing for treatment. His final public appearance was on October 1, when he was at the Tiananmen Gate Tower for National Day inspection.[citation needed]Wang Jinxi died of cancer in 1970, at the age of 47.[5]: 139  On November 18, a farewell ceremony was held for him, and his remains were interred at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Wang Jinxi and his wife Wang Lanying had raised two sons and three daughters. His eldest son served as the party secretary of the Underground Resources Development Company of Daqing Oil Field Drilling Engineering Company.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iron_Man_Wang_Jinxi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E9%99%84%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E8%BF%9B%E5%96%9C%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Iron_Man_Wang_Jinxi,_Yumen,_Gansu_Province,_Aug_2017.jpg"}],"text":"Memorial at Daqing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue at Beijing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue at Yumen City","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"创业","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Lianwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lianwen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Wu Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Gang_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Wang famously wrote in a poem, \"If an oil worker roars once, the Earth will shake three times!\"[5]: 148In 1974, Wang's life was made into a feature film The Pioneers[Start An Undertaking] (创业). Zhang Lianwen played the starring role of Zhou Tingshan (周挺杉), modelled after Wang Jinxi.[12]The 2009 Chinese film Iron Man (Tieren; 铁人) is based on the life of Wang Jinxi. The character of Wang is played by Wu Gang in the film.[13]","title":"Representation in mass media"}]

[{"image_text":"Wang Jinxi blocking the blowout in the mud pool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wangjinxi2.jpg/220px-Wangjinxi2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wang Jinxi (left) with Deng Xiaoping (1961)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dengxiaoping2.jpg/220px-Dengxiaoping2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wang (right) with Sun Weishi, while rehearsing for the play 'The Rising Sun'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wangjinxi.jpg/220px-Wangjinxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wang Jinxi (right), during the 3rd National People's Congress (1965)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1965-02_1965_%E5%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%B1%B1_%E9%99%88%E6%B0%B8%E8%B4%B5_%E7%8E%8B%E8%BF%9B%E5%96%9C.jpg/200px-1965-02_1965_%E5%91%A8%E6%98%8E%E5%B1%B1_%E9%99%88%E6%B0%B8%E8%B4%B5_%E7%8E%8B%E8%BF%9B%E5%96%9C.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Lei Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Feng"},{"title":"Dong Cunrui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Cunrui"},{"title":"List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"title":"Zhang Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Side"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargiyot

Pargiyot

["1 Etymology","2 Overview","3 References"]

Israeli skewered chicken dish Pargiyot is a popular Israeli skewered chicken dish that is cooked on a mangal and is commonly served for Israel Independence Day, and during the summer months. Etymology The word pargiyot means "baby chicken" in Hebrew, referring to what was traditional meat of choice in the past for pargiyot. Today it is more commonly made with chicken thighs or breasts. Overview Pargiyot consists of cubed chicken thighs (or breast) that have been marinated for a number of hours in a flavorful marinade often containing onions, parsley, garlic, and various spices or sauces such as harissa or amba. The pargiyot is then placed onto skewers similar to shish kebabs, and cooked on a grill such as a mangal. The pargiyot is grilled and the marinades create a flavorful crust on the outside of the chicken. Once it is finished, the chicken is commonly served with tehina sauce, or served with Israeli salad, rice or even a pita. References ^ a b c Solomonov, Michael. Zahav. Live Fire: HMH. vteIsraeli cuisineList of dishesHistory Ancient Israelite cuisine Jewish cuisine Ashkenazi Bukharan Ethiopian Sephardi Mizrahi Fruits and vegetables Apple Artichoke Beet Cherry tomato Cabbage Cucumber Eggplant Garlic Horseradish Mango Onion Pomegranate Potato Radish Red cabbage Red onion Sabra Spinach Squash blossom Tomato Other ingredients Aleppo pepper Parsley Dill Honey Tahini Silan Dates Garbanzo beans Cowpea Common bean Za'atar Sumac Hawaij Olive oil Olives Oregano Baharat Raisin Sachlav Semolina Thyme Cilantro Sesame Poppy seed Saffron Cardamom Cheeses Cottage cheese Cream cheese Tzfat cheese Gvina levana Halloumi Israeli feta Labneh Quark Breads Babka Challah Jachnun Krantz cake Kubaneh Lachooh Laffa Malawach Rye bread Bagel Pain petri Pita Pumpernickel bread Salads Israeli salad Moroccan carrots Red cabbage salad Turkish salad Watermelon and feta salad Pasta Hilopites Lokshen Lokshen kugel Kugel Kugel Yerushalmi Pastitsio Ptitim Trahanas Fish Tuna salad Tuna salad sandwich Tilapia Chraime Gavroi Sardines Tunafish Barbuniya Soups Avgolemono Chicken soup Cholent Chamin Kubbe Yemenite chicken soup Yemenite beef soup Yemenite bean soup Maraq Shu'it lebana Maraq Shu'it yerooqa Meat Shawarma Chicken or Turkey schnitzel Kofta Shish kebab Shish taouk Jerusalem mixed grill Sofrito Stuffed peppers Sandwiches Falafel Sabich Shawarma sandwich Tehina and silan sandwich Boureka sandwich Dips and condiments Fried Kubbeh Amba Baba ghanoush Bourekas Dolma Fried cauliflower Ful medames Harif Harissa Hummus Ikra Kibbeh nayyeh Matboucha Muhammara Tatbila Yogurt Zhoug Grains and side dishes Bulgur Couscous Farro Freekeh Latke Rice Rice pilaf Scorched rice Mujadara Fried foods Atayef Cheese latke Cigarim Corn schnitzel Falafel Fried chicken Fried eggplant Israeli schnitzel Keftes de prasa Kibbeh Latkes Zalabia Desserts Halva Baklava Basbousa Hadji bada Halva ice cream Duvshaniot Sufganiyot Rugelach Hamantashen Malabi Ma'amoul Marunchinos Tahini cookie Alcohol Israeli beer Israeli wine Kosher wine Arak Tubi 60 Other drinks Mint lemonade Rimonana Sahlab Kafe shahor Ayran Israeli restaurants domestically and abroad List of restaurants in Israel Bavel Taïm Zahav vteJewish cuisineHistory Ancient Israelite cuisine 1902 kosher meat boycott Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants Types Ashkenazi American Ethiopian Israeli Mizrahi Bukharan Mountain Jewish Moroccan Syrian Sephardi Yemenite Religious dietary laws and related terms Fleishig Hechsher Kashrut Kitniyot Kosher Kosher by ingredient Kosher airline meal Kosher for Passover Kosher restaurant Kosher-style Mashgiach Milchig Pareve Shechita Treif Chefs Ron Ben-Israel Laura Frankel Ina Garten Gil Marks Joan Nathan Ruth Reichl Eyal Shani Michael Solomonov Yotam Ottolenghi Molly Yeh Religious foods Apples and honey Brisket Challah Charoset Dabo kolo Etrog Hanukkah gelt Maror Matzo Mishloach manot Mouna Pain petri Pekalach Showbread Teiglach Zeroa Ashkenazi breads Babka Challah Onion roll Pletzel Pumpernickel Rye Bread Sephardi and Mizrahi breads Bolo Challah Jachnun Kubaneh Lachooh Laffa Lahmacun Lavash Malawach Manakish Markook Mouna Pain petri Pita Pitot Taboon bread Water challah Ethiopian Jewish breads Injera Bagels and similar breads Bagel Bagel Bites Bagel toast Bagel with cream cheese Bialy Everything bagel Montreal-style bagel New York-style bagel Pizza bagel Pancakes Pesaha Appam Atayef Blintz Cheese latke Chremslach Keftes Keftes de prasa Latke Mofletta Noodle latkes Cakes and other desserts Apple strudel Ashure Atayef Babka Bambalouni Basbousa Bolo Carrot pudding Cheesecake Coffee cake Crumb cake Dobosh Flourless chocolate cake Halva Halvah Halvah ice cream Jewish apple cake Jordan almonds Kogel mogel Krantz cake Krembo Kugelhopf Lekach Linzer torte Lokum Malabi Marzipan Marunchinos Milky Mofletta New York cheesecake Plum cake Poppy seed roll Sesame seed candy Sfinj Sfinz Sponge cake Sufganiyot Strudel Streuselkuchen Cookies Alfajores Biscochos Black and white cookie Chinese cookie Egg kichel Duvshaniot Hadji bada Hamantaschen Honey buttons Jewish almond cookie Jødekager Kichel Kipfel Linzer cookie Ma'amoul Macaroons Mandelbread Marunchinos Rainbow cookie Rugelach Tahini cookie Pastries Baklava Bichak Bourekas Boyoz Bulemas Chebureki Flódni Hojaldre Knish Nunt Pastelitos de hoja Pastilla Pirozhki Rugelach Sambusak Ziva Fried foods Blintz Buñuelo Brik Carciofi alla giudia Churro Corn schnitzel Falafel Fatoot Fatoot samneh Fazuelos Fish and chips Fried cauliflower Fritas de prasa Gribenes Jelly doughnut Keftes Keftes de prasa Kibbeh Ktzitzot Khubeza Latke Matzah brei Noodle latkes Potatonik Sfinj Sufganiyot Teiglach Torrija Tulumba Dumplings, pastas and grain dishes Bsisa Bulgur Couscous Dampfnudel Egg noodles Dolma Farfel Fideos Freekeh Gefilte fish Germknödel Gondi Kasha Kasha varnishkes Kneidlach Kreplach Kibbeh Kubbeh Lokshen kugel Macaroni hamin Manti Matzo ball Orez Shu'it Pelmeni Pierogi Pilaf Ptitim Shirin polo Shlishkes Soup mandels Tabbouleh Tahdig Vareniki Casseroles and savory baked dishes Almadrote Brisket Cholent Hamin Holishkes Jerusalem kugel Karniyarik Kishka Knish Ktzitzot Khubeza Kugel Lokshen kugel Matzo lasagna Pom Potato kugel Potatonik Sólet Stuffed artichoke Stuffed cabbage Stuffed peppers Tagine Yakhna Yapchik Snacks and other baked goods Bamba Bissli Khachapuri Pitzuchim Pretzel Shkedei marak Stuffed dates Sandwiches Corned beef sandwich Hillel sandwich Pastrami on rye Rachel Reuben Sabich Sailor sandwich Shawarma Tuna sandwich Egg dishes Beitzah Fatoot samneh Haminados Hardboiled egg Matzah brei Matzoquiles Shakshouka Meat dishes Brisket Cholent Chopped liver Corned beef Gribenes Gondi Hamin Helzel Hot dog Jerusalem mixed grill Kebab Kibbeh Kishka Kofta Merguez Miltz Montreal smoked meat Pargiyot Pastilla Pastirma Pastrami Plov Sanbat wat Shawarma Schmaltz Shish kebab Shish taouk Sujuk Tagine Fish dishes Abudaraho Chraime Dressed herring Fish and chips Gefilte fish Gravlax Herring Ikra Kipper Lakerda Lox Pescado frito Pickled herring Schmaltz herring Smoked salmon Smoked whitefish Tarama Tunafish Tuna salad Tuna salad sandwich Vorschmack Whitefish salad Salads and pickles Apio Eggplant salad Israeli salad Kosher dill pickle Matbucha Pickled cucumber Tabbouleh Torshi Vegetable dishes Bamia Dolma Stuffed cabbage Tzimmes Soups and stews Adom kubbeh Avgolemono Borscht Chamo kubbe Chicken noodle soup Chamin Chamo kubbeh Cholent Ghormeh sabzi Gondi Hamusta kubbeh Matzo ball soup Msoki Poike Sanbat wat Schav Sofrito Tarator Cheeses and other dairy products Akkawi Ayran Clarified butter Cottage cheese Cream cheese Farmer's cheese Feta Kashkaval Kefir Labneh Quark Sirene Smen Smetana Sour cream Strained yogurt Tzfat cheese Condiments, dips and sauces Applesauce Amba Baba ghanoush Charoset Chrain Filfel chuma Harif Harissa Hilbeh Hummus Horseradish Mikpah Ful Muhammara Mustard Resek avganiyot Spicy brown mustard Tahini Tatbila Zhoug Beverages Arak Beer Boukha Boza Cel-Ray Dr. Brown's Egg cream Grape juice Kedem Linden flower tea Mint lemonade Manischewitz Pomegranate juice Salep Seltzer Tallah Vodka Perfect Wine Herbs, spices and seasonings Anise Baharat Cardamom Cinnamon Consommé Dried onion Everything bagel seasoning Hawaij Montreal steak seasoning Licorice root Nigella seeds Poppy seed Sesame seeds Za'atar Related lists List of foods with religious symbolism List of Jewish cuisine dishes List of kosher restaurants List of restaurants in Israel Category This Israel-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Jewish cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"Solomonov, Michael. Zahav. Live Fire: HMH.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_AAA_Championship_Car_season

1909 AAA Championship Car season

["1 Schedule and results","2 Unofficial, retroactive, and revisionist champions","3 See also","4 References","5 General references"]

1909 AAA Championship Car seasonAAA National Championship TrailSeasonRaces24Start dateJune 12End dateNovember 6AwardsNational championnone declared← 19051910 → The 1909 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 24 races, beginning in Portland, Oregon on June 12 and concluding with a point-to-point race from Los Angeles, California to Phoenix, Arizona on November 6. There were three events sanctioned by the Automobile Club of America in Lowell, Massachusetts. AAA did not award points towards a National Championship during the 1909 season, and did not declare a National Champion. Schedule and results Date Race NameDistance (miles) Track Location Type Notes Pole Position Winning Driver June 12 Portland Race 1 (43.8) Portland Road Race Course Portland, Oregon 14.6 mile road course Stock class, costing $1600 or under Howard Covey Portland Race 2 (43.8) Limited to stock chassis of less than $3000 Charlie Arnold June 12 Wemme Cup Race (102.2) Free-For-All class. Bert Dingley June 18 Indiana Trophy Race (232.74) Crown Point Road Race Circuit Crown Point, Indiana 23.27 mile road course Limited to stock chassis of maximum of 300 ci Joe Matson June 19 Cobe Trophy Race (395.65) Limited to stock chassis of over 300 ci Louis Chevrolet July 5 Denver Trophy Race (290) Brighton Road Race Course Denver, Colorado 14.5 mile road course Limited to stock chassis, Open engine Eaton McMillan July 10 Dick Ferris Trophy Race (202.42) Santa Monica Road Race Course Santa Monica, California 8.417 mile road course Limited to stock chassis, light cars Harris Hanshue Harris Hanshue July 10 Leon Shettler Trophy Race (202.42) Limited to stock chassis, heavy cars Bert Dingley August 19 Prest-O-Lite Trophy Race (250) Indianapolis Motor Speedway Indianapolis, Indiana 2.5 mile dirt oval Stock chassis, 301–450 ci; William Bourque and his riding mechanic Harry Holcomb fatally injured Bob Burman August 20 G & J Trophy Race (100) Stock chassis. Lewis Strang August 21 Wheeler-Schebler Trophy Race* (245) Limited to stock chassis; Charles Merz broke through the outer fence, crashed into a crowd, and rolled over; his mechanician Claude Kellum was thrown out and died along with two spectators, Howard Jolliff and James West; others were injured Leigh Lynch September 6 Vesper Club Trophy Race** (212) Merrimack Valley Course Lowell, Massachusetts 10.6 mile road course Limited to stock chassis, 301–450 ci Lee Lorimer Bob Burman Yorick Club Trophy Race** (159) Limited to stock chassis, 231–300 ci, John Coffey Louis Chevrolet Merrimack Valley Trophy Race** (127.2) Limited to stock chassis, 161–230 ci; Arthur Otis, a passer-by, who had entered the foggy race track, fatally struck by Joe Matson's car in practice Joseph Grinnon Billy Knipper September 8 Lowell Trophy Race** (318) Limited to stock chassis, 451–600 ci George Robertson September 29 Long Island Stock Car Derby A*** (227.5) Riverhead Road Race Course Riverhead, New York 22.75 mile road course $4001 and over; James Bates, riding mechanic for Herbert Lytle, fatally injured Ralph DePalma Long Island Stock Car Derby Class B*** (182) $3001–4000 Frank Lescault Long Island Stock Car Derby Class C*** (136.5) $2001–3000 William Sharp Long Island Stock Car Derby Class D*** (113.75) $1251–2000 Louis Chevrolet Long Island Stock Car Derby Class E*** (91) $851–1250 Arthur See October 9 Founder's Week Trophy Race (202.5) Fairmount Park Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 8 mile road course Stock Chassis George Robertson October 23 Portola Festival Race (258.16) Portola Road Race Circuit San Leandro, California 21.18 mile road course A tire which had flown off Howard Hall's car knocked down a spectator, Peter McKiterick, who later succumbed to his injuries. Jack Fleming October 30 William K. Vanderbilt Cup (278) Long Island Motor Parkway Long Island, New York 12.64 mile road course Limited to stock chassis, 301–600 ci Lewis Strang Harry Grant November 6 Cactus Derby (480) Los Angeles to Phoenix California to Phoenix Point to Point Limited to stock chassis Joe NikrentLouis Nikrent * Race halted at 235 miles due to track breaking up. AAA report states that race was halted at 245 miles. ** Event sanctioned by Automobile Club of America, 301–450, 231–300 & 161–230 run simultaneously. *** All classes run simultaneously. Unofficial, retroactive, and revisionist champions The contemporary de facto National Champion as polled by the American automobile journal Motor Age, was Bert Dingley. Dingley was named the champion by Chris G. Sinsabaugh, an editor at Motor Age, based upon merit and on track performance. In 1927, the AAA Contest Board retroactively applied the 1920 points table to the 1909 through 1915 and 1917 through 1919 seasons, scoring Dingley as champion. In 1951, well-published sportswriter Russ Catlin decided to revise these retroactive standings. Catlin attempted to strip Dingley of the title, awarding it instead to George Robertson. In the 1980s, it was recognized by historians that these retroactive championship revisions should not be considered official. See also American Championship car racing References ^ a b Capps, H. Donald (February–March 2010). "John Glenn Printz and the Struggle for the Past: The A.A.A. Catastrophe - Arthur Means, Val Haresnape, Russ Catlin, and Bob Russo" (PDF). Rear View Mirror. 7 (6): 21–38. ^ "Two perished in auto race". The Evening Citizen. Ottawa, Canada. Associated Press. August 20, 1909. ^ "Death claims further toll". The Evening Sentinel. Rochester, Indiana. August 23, 1909. ^ "Fatal injury to man at Lowell". The Day. New London, Connecticut. August 31, 1909. ^ "All records broken; spill costs one life". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. Associated Press. September 30, 1909. ^ "Flying tire may cost man's life". Oakland Tribune. October 24, 1909. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. ^ "Victim of flying auto tire dies". The San Francisco Call. December 15, 1909. General references http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1909.htm accessed September 16, 2010 accessed September 16, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20111226011449/http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1909 accessed September 16, 2010 vteAmerican Championship car racing (Indy car) seasonsAAA 1905 1906–1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 USAC 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 CART 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CCWS 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 IRL 1996 1996–97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 INDYCAR 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Years marked in italics are not official championship years or upcoming seasons. vteAAA Championship Cars (1905–1955)Seasons 1905 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Indianapolis 500s 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 National Champions Billy Arnold Henry Banks Tony Bettenhausen Jimmy Bryan Bob Carey Gaston Chevrolet Bill Cummings Pete DePaolo (twice) Sam Hanks Harry Hartz Eddie Hearne Ted Horn (three times) Rex Mays (twice) Louis Meyer (three times) Tommy Milton Jimmy Murphy (twice) Barney Oldfield Johnnie Parsons Kelly Petillo Dario Resta Floyd Roberts Mauri Rose Louis Schneider Wilbur Shaw (twice) Chuck Stevenson Bob Sweikert AAA Contest BoardYears marked in italics are not official championship years.

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AAA did not award points towards a National Championship during the 1909 season, and did not declare a National Champion.[1]","title":"1909 AAA Championship Car season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Automobile Club of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_of_America"}],"text":"* Race halted at 235 miles due to track breaking up. AAA report states that race was halted at 245 miles.** Event sanctioned by Automobile Club of America, 301–450, 231–300 & 161–230 run simultaneously.*** All classes run simultaneously.","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Bert Dingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Dingley"},{"link_name":"AAA Contest Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_Contest_Board"},{"link_name":"George Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The contemporary de facto National Champion as polled by the American automobile journal Motor Age, was Bert Dingley. Dingley was named the champion by Chris G. Sinsabaugh, an editor at Motor Age, based upon merit and on track performance.In 1927, the AAA Contest Board retroactively applied the 1920 points table to the 1909 through 1915 and 1917 through 1919 seasons, scoring Dingley as champion. In 1951, well-published sportswriter Russ Catlin decided to revise these retroactive standings. Catlin attempted to strip Dingley of the title, awarding it instead to George Robertson. In the 1980s, it was recognized by historians that these retroactive championship revisions should not be considered official.[1]","title":"Unofficial, retroactive, and revisionist champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1909.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.champcarstats.com/year/1909.htm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20010421143443/http://www.rumbledrome.com/10stats.html"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111226011449/http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111226011449/http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1909"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:American_Championship_Car_seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:American_Championship_Car_seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Championship_Car_seasons"},{"link_name":"American Championship car 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Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Arnold_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Henry Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Banks"},{"link_name":"Tony Bettenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bettenhausen"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Bob Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carey_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Gaston Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Bill Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cummings_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Pete DePaolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_DePaolo"},{"link_name":"Sam Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hanks"},{"link_name":"Harry Hartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hartz"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hearne"},{"link_name":"Ted Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Horn"},{"link_name":"Rex Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Mays"},{"link_name":"Louis Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Tommy Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Milton"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Murphy_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Barney Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Kelly Petillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Petillo"},{"link_name":"Dario Resta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Resta"},{"link_name":"Floyd Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Mauri Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri_Rose"},{"link_name":"Louis Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Chuck Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Bob Sweikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Sweikert"},{"link_name":"AAA Contest Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_Contest_Board"}],"text":"http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1909.htm accessed September 16, 2010\n[1] accessed September 16, 2010\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20111226011449/http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1909 accessed September 16, 2010vteAmerican Championship car racing (Indy car) seasonsAAA\n1905\n1906–1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942–1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\nUSAC\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\nCART\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\nCCWS\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\nIRL\n1996\n1996–97\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\nINDYCAR\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nYears marked in italics are not official championship years or upcoming seasons.vteAAA Championship Cars (1905–1955)Seasons\n1905\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942–1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\nIndianapolis 500s\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943–1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\nNational Champions\nBilly Arnold\nHenry Banks\nTony Bettenhausen\nJimmy Bryan\nBob Carey\nGaston Chevrolet\nBill Cummings\nPete DePaolo (twice)\nSam Hanks\nHarry Hartz\nEddie Hearne\nTed Horn (three times)\nRex Mays (twice)\nLouis Meyer (three times)\nTommy Milton\nJimmy Murphy (twice)\nBarney Oldfield\nJohnnie Parsons\nKelly Petillo\nDario Resta\nFloyd Roberts\nMauri Rose\nLouis Schneider\nWilbur Shaw (twice)\nChuck Stevenson\nBob Sweikert\nAAA Contest BoardYears marked in italics are not official championship years.","title":"General references"}]

[]

[{"title":"American Championship car racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing"}]

[{"reference":"Capps, H. Donald (February–March 2010). \"John Glenn Printz and the Struggle for the Past: The A.A.A. Catastrophe - Arthur Means, Val Haresnape, Russ Catlin, and Bob Russo\" (PDF). Rear View Mirror. 7 (6): 21–38.","urls":[{"url":"http://forix.autosport.com/8w/rvm/rvm-vol07-no06.pdf","url_text":"\"John Glenn Printz and the Struggle for the Past: The A.A.A. Catastrophe - Arthur Means, Val Haresnape, Russ Catlin, and Bob Russo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two perished in auto race\". The Evening Citizen. Ottawa, Canada. Associated Press. August 20, 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=69gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7237%2C2845320","url_text":"\"Two perished in auto race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen","url_text":"The Evening Citizen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Death claims further toll\". The Evening Sentinel. Rochester, Indiana. August 23, 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cxUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-zsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2054%2C4452818","url_text":"\"Death claims further toll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rochester_Sentinel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The Evening Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Fatal injury to man at Lowell\". The Day. New London, Connecticut. August 31, 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7gkiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MXQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5633%2C5895343","url_text":"\"Fatal injury to man at Lowell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_(New_London)","url_text":"The Day"}]},{"reference":"\"All records broken; spill costs one life\". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. Associated Press. September 30, 1909.","urls":[{"url":"http://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=DP19090930.1.1#","url_text":"\"All records broken; spill costs one life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)","url_text":"Daily Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Flying tire may cost man's life\". Oakland Tribune. October 24, 1909. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3433829","url_text":"\"Flying tire may cost man's life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Tribune","url_text":"Oakland Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731202304/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3433829/auto_race_spectator_peter/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Victim of flying auto tire dies\". The San Francisco Call. December 15, 1909.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19091215.2.64.30","url_text":"\"Victim of flying auto tire dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Call","url_text":"The San Francisco Call"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Kennel_Club

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show

["1 History","2 Requirements for entry","3 Winning breeds","4 Announcers","5 Television","6 Popular culture","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Additional sources","9 External links"]

Annual conformation show in New York City The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, held annually in the New York metropolitan area. The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States. Dogs are required to be on display in their assigned locations (show benches) during the entire show except when shown in the ring, groomed for showtime, or taken outside to urinate or defecate. This type of presentation allows spectators and breeders alike to have an opportunity of seeing all the entered dogs. (In the more common unbenched shows, dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times.) The event had long been associated with the various incarnations of New York City's Madison Square Garden. In 2021 and 2022, the event was postponed to June from its past February scheduling, and moved to Lyndhurst mansion in Tarrytown, New York due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the event moved again, this time to Arthur Ashe Stadium. The logo of both the Westminster Kennel Club and its Dog Show is based on a steel engraving by artist J. Wellstood of Sensation, a Pointer brought over from England by the organization in 1876 primarily for breeding purposes. History Westminster Hotel, Irving Place and 16th Street The first Westminster show took place on May 8, 1877, making it second only to the Kentucky Derby, in terms of continuously held sporting events in the United States. (Both events were held despite the Great Depression, World War, and pandemic years.) The show originated as a show for gun dogs, primarily Setters and Pointers, initiated by a group of hunters who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in Manhattan. They decided to create a kennel club called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically to hold a dog show. The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl-handled pistols, which were of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field. Held at Gilmore's Garden (Madison Square Garden) the Westminster show drew over 1,200 dogs. It proved so popular that it took four days instead of the three days originally scheduled. The club donated proceeds from the fourth day to the ASPCA for creation of a home for stray and disabled dogs. The Westminster Kennel Club predates the formation of the American Kennel Club by seven years and became the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC's founding in 1884. Breed parent clubs (e.g., the Collie Club of America) create the standards for judging their breeds, with the AKC administering the rules about shows and judging. Dogs are judged by how closely they conform to a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed (the breed standard). While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship, they are still judged on their innate ability and physical makeup to perform their original jobs. Standards also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color, eye shape, tail carriage, and more. Today, Westminster takes place over two days and nights. During the day, the dogs compete against other dogs of the same breed at Piers 92 and 94. Each Best of Breed winner (BOB) advances to the Group level. There are seven groups: Sporting, Hound, Working, Terrier, Toy, Non-Sporting, and Herding. Group competition occurs during the evenings. The seven Group winners advance to Best in Show, the final round of the show. During Best in Show, also held at Madison Square Garden, a judge will select one of judging them as the Best In Show winner. Since 2014, the show allowed mixed-breed dogs to compete in an agility event. Westminster has held competitions in Junior Showmanship for handlers ages 9–18 since 1934. The eight finalists all receive scholarships for post-secondary schooling. The Club, through the Westminster Kennel Foundation also awards veterinary school scholarships for students from six schools yearly. A Pug at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 2013.The winning dog becomes "America's Dog" for the coming year. The reign begins with a media tour on the day following the show. Following the tour, the winner makes appearances on nearly all television network morning shows and visits the Observation Deck at the Empire State Building. The New York Stock Exchange also invites the winner and related handlers to ring the opening bell. In October 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the 2021 show was postponed from its usual scheduling to June, and re-located from Madison Square Garden to the grounds of the historic Lyndhurst mansion in Tarrytown, New York, north of Midtown Manhattan. Organizers stated that the changes were intended to allow for the event to be held in compliance with public health guidance. No outside spectators were admitted. On December 30, 2021, citing the current surge of Omicron variant in New York City, it was announced that the 2022 show—initially scheduled for January 24–26—had been postponed indefinitely. On February 8, 2022, it was announced that the 2022 show would once again be postponed to June and held at Lyndhurst. The 2023 edition moved to a May scheduling, and was relocated once more to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Queens, with Arthur Ashe Stadium serving as the main venue. For the first time, a dock jumping competition was also added to the event. Requirements for entry A Komondor in 2013. In 1884, the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC and recognized for conformation show competition. In 2016, there are 199 breeds and varieties eligible for Westminster. Because of the show's popularity and prestige, starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed championship before appearing at Westminster. Later, the Westminster Kennel Club amended that rule; dogs only need one of the two required "major wins" towards their championship titles. However, they do not need to be finished champions to enter. Since 2020, the requirement that a dog be a Champion was reinstated by the Westminster Kennel Club and the entry limit decreased to 2,500. The conformation show was also spread over three days instead of the traditional two days, due to the unavailability of one of the usual venues for the event. The top five dogs in each breed (based on breed points earned in AKC conformation showing through October 31 of the preceding year), as well as the Best of Breed winner from each breed's national specialty show, receive printed invitations by mail and are eligible for early entry. After that entry deadline passes, other dogs with at least one "major win" may enter, up to a cut-off entry total of 2800 dogs. There is no prohibition against a winner competing again in future Westminster shows. Seven dogs have won multiple Westminster championships: six dogs in consecutive years (including Warren Remedy, the only three-time champion of the event), and one dog in non-consecutive years. Since 1972, however, there have been no repeat winners. Dogs of all breeds, including mutts, may participate in the show's agility competition. There is a title for the highest-ranking mutt in the agility round—the "All American Dog." Winning breeds See also: List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Stump being awarded Best in Show at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Through the 134th Westminster Show (February 2010), Best in Show has been won by the Terrier group 45 out of the 103 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907, more than twice as many wins as any other group. The single breed that has won the most is the Wire Fox Terrier, which has won 15 times. Two of the most popular dog breeds in the United States—the Labrador Retriever and Golden Retriever—have never won Best in Show. The dogs are marked for Best in Breed and then proceed to compete in Best in Group, and finally in the grand prize competition of Best in Show. Terrier group: 46 Sporting group: 18 Working group: 15 Toy group: 11 Non-Sporting group: 10 Hound group: 6 Herding group: 3 The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a Sussex Spaniel named Ch. Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee (a.k.a. Stump), at ten years of age in 2009. The youngest dog to win was a Rough Collie named Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven, at nine months old in 1929. One dog, a Smooth Fox Terrier named Ch. Warren Remedy won Best in Show three times (1907–1909), and six other dogs have won twice. Males have won Best in Show 68 times as opposed to females who have won 35 times. Announcers For many years, Roger A. Caras was known as "the Voice of Westminster" for providing the narration for the breed descriptions during the show. In 2001, Michael J. LaFave was named show announcer at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. He was replaced by Jim Fagan in 2010 but returned in 2011. Television Sporting Group in 2010. CBS Sports covered the event from the late 1960s to the 1980s as part of its CBS Sports Spectacular anthology series. From 1984 until 2003, Universal's USA Network broadcast the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Following Universal's acquisition by General Electric in 2003 to form NBC Universal, the coverage (as with all other sporting events carried by the channel) became a presentation of NBC Sports, but the broadcast continued to air on USA Network. From 2006 through 2016, the Monday coverage was aired on sister channel CNBC due to conflicts with WWE Raw on USA. During USA's coverage from 1990 to 2016, David Frei co-hosted the event with partners, Al Trautwig (1990–1991, 1993), Bud Collins (1992), Joe Garagiola (1994–2002), Mark McEwen (2003–2004), Lester Holt (2005, 2007–2008), Debbye Turner (2006), Mary Carillo (2009, 2011–2016), and Tamron Hall (2010). Frei provided the commentary of the 140th event for his final time. On July 28, 2015, Fox Sports announced that it had acquired rights to the event under a 10-year deal beginning in 2017. For the first three years, the coverage was split between FS1 and then-sister channel Nat Geo Wild. For 2017, daytime breed judging was hosted by Justin Kutcher, Paula Nykiel and Jason Hoke and primetime coverage was hosted by Chris Myers and Gail Miller Bisher. In 2018, daytime breed judging was hosted by Kutcher, Kimberly Meredith, and Don Sturz, while Hoke joined the evening booth of Myers and Bisher. In 2019, Sturz and Hoke swapped places, with Sturz moving to the evening booth while Hoke joined the daytime booth. After the sale of the National Geographic channels to Disney as part of its acquisition of 21st Century Fox (which excluded the Fox broadcast network, news, and national sports properties, which were retained by a new entity known as Fox Corporation), FS2 replaced Nat Geo Wild as the secondary broadcaster of the event in 2020. John Strong replaced Kutcher as host for daytime breed judging and Fox hosts were Myers, Bisher, and Sturz. For 2021, the agility competition and the final night of judging aired on Fox for the first time. For 2022, Sturz was named Judge for Best in Show, and Hoke will return to the main booth. Popular culture The 2000 comedy film Best in Show takes place at the fictional "Mayflower Kennel Club Dog Show," based in part on Westminster. The show was won by a Norwich Terrier named Winky. Triumph the Insult Comic Dog has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits; ostensibly, he was the winner in the "Best Insult Comic Dog" category at Westminster 1997. See also Dogs portal AKC National Championship Crufts List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show World Dog Show References ^ Reznik, Allan (March 6, 2019). "Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows". American Kennel Club. ^ Sensation and the WKC Logo – The Westminster Kennel Club. Retrieved June 7, 2024. ^ Shaw, Gabbi. "The Westminster Dog Show winner from the year you were born". Insider. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ Jennifer Peltz, "Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds," Associated Press, January 16, 2014. ^ a b Das, Andrew (October 21, 2020). "Westminster Dog Show Will Move Outdoors in 2021". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ "Westminster Dog Show 2021: The Flavor of the Moment Is Wasabi". The New York Times. June 13, 2021. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ Haring, Bruce (December 30, 2021). "Westminster Kennel Club Postpones Show, Cites Covid-19 Spike". Deadline. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ "Westminster Dog Show Returning to Lyndhurst in June". River Journal. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ "Good Dogs Pull Stupid Faces at Westminster Dog Show's Dock-Diving Competition". KQED. May 9, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ Hernández, Kristian (May 9, 2023). "Live From 147th Westminster Dog Show: WKC Finds New Home at Billie Jean King National Tennis Center". Sports Video Group. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ "Westminster Kennel Club Exhibitor Brief". westminsterkennelclub.org. August 2019. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020. ^ "WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Breed (1907-2010)". Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2007. ^ "The Labrador Retriever Wins Top Breed for the 26th Year In a Row". akc.org. ^ Staff Writer (September 13, 2013). "Westminster Dog Show Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ "WestminsterKennelClub.org - Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show". Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2007. ^ "WestminsterKennelClub.org - Multiple Best In Show Wins". Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2007. ^ "WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog". Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2007. ^ Day, Sherri (February 20, 2001). "Roger Caras, 72, Animal Welfare Advocate". The New York Times. ^ "2004 Announcer". The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Westminster Kennel Club. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ a b Ullmer, Mary (February 16, 2011). "Unleashed: Unleash the hounds! Gentle giant Scottish deerhound is Westminster's Best in Show". The Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ Dawson, Greg (February 16, 1990). "USA's Westminster Dog Show a cult hit". The News and Courier. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ Zad, Martie (February 10, 1991). "TNT features 'Kisses'". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved May 24, 2012. ^ "The dog days of February". The Washington Times. February 13, 1993. ^ "Bud Collins to Test Commentator Skills at National Dog Show". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 10, 1992. ^ Dale, Steve (February 10, 2002). "Canine Frenzy". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved May 25, 2012. ^ Dale, Steve. "The Voice of Westminster Dog Show". Dog Channel.com. BowTie, Inc. Retrieved May 25, 2012. ^ Pennington, Gail (February 9, 2004). "Critic's Picks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. ^ "Westminster puts on the dogs". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 7, 2008. ^ "TV Digest". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 23, 2006. ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 8, 2009). "Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2012. ^ "Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminster Dog Show". Fox Sports Press Pass. Fox Sports public relations. January 12, 2017. Additional sources Barnes, Duncan (ed.) (1983). The AKC's World of the Pure-Bred Dog. Nick Lyons Books. ISBN 0-87605-406-8. Sifel, William F. (2001). The Dog Show: 125 Years of Westminster. By William F. Stifel. ISBN 0-9705698-0-7 Frei, David (ed.) (2010). The Westminster Kennel Club Guidebook. Latest edition of annual publication. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WKC_Dog_Show_Logo_2019.png"},{"link_name":"conformation show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformation_show"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"benched shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_show"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst_(mansion)"},{"link_name":"Tarrytown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ashe Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ashe_Stadium"},{"link_name":"steel engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_engraving"},{"link_name":"Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(dog_breed)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"breeding purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_breeding"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, held annually in the New York metropolitan area.The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States. Dogs are required to be on display in their assigned locations (show benches) during the entire show except when shown in the ring, groomed for showtime, or taken outside to urinate or defecate. This type of presentation allows spectators and breeders alike to have an opportunity of seeing all the entered dogs. (In the more common unbenched shows, dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times.)[1]The event had long been associated with the various incarnations of New York City's Madison Square Garden. In 2021 and 2022, the event was postponed to June from its past February scheduling, and moved to Lyndhurst mansion in Tarrytown, New York due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the event moved again, this time to Arthur Ashe Stadium.The logo of both the Westminster Kennel Club and its Dog Show is based on a steel engraving by artist J. Wellstood of Sensation, a Pointer brought over from England by the organization in 1876 primarily for breeding purposes.[2]","title":"Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(King1893NYC)_pg240_WESTMINISTER_HOTEL,_IRVING_PLACE_AND_16TH_STREET.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Derby"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"gun dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_dog"},{"link_name":"Setters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setter"},{"link_name":"Pointers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kennel club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennel_club"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1879)"},{"link_name":"ASPCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPCA"},{"link_name":"American Kennel Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show-_Pug_(8465569441).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pug"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst_(mansion)"},{"link_name":"Tarrytown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrytown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"No outside spectators were admitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Omicron variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron_variant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA_Billie_Jean_King_National_Tennis_Center"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ashe Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ashe_Stadium"},{"link_name":"dock jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_jumping"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Westminster Hotel, Irving Place and 16th StreetThe first Westminster show took place on May 8, 1877, making it second only to the Kentucky Derby, in terms of continuously held sporting events in the United States. (Both events were held despite the Great Depression, World War, and pandemic years.) The show originated as a show for gun dogs, primarily Setters and Pointers, initiated by a group of hunters who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in Manhattan.[3] They decided to create a kennel club called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically to hold a dog show. The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl-handled pistols, which were of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field.Held at Gilmore's Garden (Madison Square Garden) the Westminster show drew over 1,200 dogs. It proved so popular that it took four days instead of the three days originally scheduled. The club donated proceeds from the fourth day to the ASPCA for creation of a home for stray and disabled dogs.The Westminster Kennel Club predates the formation of the American Kennel Club by seven years and became the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC's founding in 1884. Breed parent clubs (e.g., the Collie Club of America) create the standards for judging their breeds, with the AKC administering the rules about shows and judging.Dogs are judged by how closely they conform to a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed (the breed standard). While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship, they are still judged on their innate ability and physical makeup to perform their original jobs. Standards also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color, eye shape, tail carriage, and more.Today, Westminster takes place over two days and nights. During the day, the dogs compete against other dogs of the same breed at Piers 92 and 94. Each Best of Breed winner (BOB) advances to the Group level. There are seven groups: Sporting, Hound, Working, Terrier, Toy, Non-Sporting, and Herding. Group competition occurs during the evenings. The seven Group winners advance to Best in Show, the final round of the show. During Best in Show, also held at Madison Square Garden, a judge will select one of judging them as the Best In Show winner. Since 2014, the show allowed mixed-breed dogs to compete in an agility event.[4]Westminster has held competitions in Junior Showmanship for handlers ages 9–18 since 1934. The eight finalists all receive scholarships for post-secondary schooling. The Club, through the Westminster Kennel Foundation also awards veterinary school scholarships for students from six schools yearly.[citation needed]A Pug at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 2013.The winning dog becomes \"America's Dog\" for the coming year. The reign begins with a media tour on the day following the show. Following the tour, the winner makes appearances on nearly all television network morning shows and visits the Observation Deck at the Empire State Building. The New York Stock Exchange also invites the winner and related handlers to ring the opening bell.[citation needed]In October 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the 2021 show was postponed from its usual scheduling to June, and re-located from Madison Square Garden to the grounds of the historic Lyndhurst mansion in Tarrytown, New York, north of Midtown Manhattan. Organizers stated that the changes were intended to allow for the event to be held in compliance with public health guidance.[5] No outside spectators were admitted.[6] On December 30, 2021, citing the current surge of Omicron variant in New York City, it was announced that the 2022 show—initially scheduled for January 24–26—had been postponed indefinitely.[7] On February 8, 2022, it was announced that the 2022 show would once again be postponed to June and held at Lyndhurst.[8]The 2023 edition moved to a May scheduling, and was relocated once more to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Queens, with Arthur Ashe Stadium serving as the main venue. For the first time, a dock jumping competition was also added to the event.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Komondor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Komondor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komondor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Warren Remedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Remedy"},{"link_name":"mutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(dog)"}],"text":"A Komondor in 2013.In 1884, the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC and recognized for conformation show competition. In 2016, there are 199 breeds and varieties eligible for Westminster. \nBecause of the show's popularity and prestige, starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed championship before appearing at Westminster. Later, the Westminster Kennel Club amended that rule; dogs only need one of the two required \"major wins\" towards their championship titles. However, they do not need to be finished champions to enter.Since 2020, the requirement that a dog be a Champion was reinstated by the Westminster Kennel Club and the entry limit decreased to 2,500. The conformation show was also spread over three days instead of the traditional two days, due to the unavailability of one of the usual venues for the event.[11]The top five dogs in each breed (based on breed points earned in AKC conformation showing through October 31 of the preceding year), as well as the Best of Breed winner from each breed's national specialty show, receive printed invitations by mail and are eligible for early entry. After that entry deadline passes, other dogs with at least one \"major win\" may enter, up to a cut-off entry total of 2800 dogs.There is no prohibition against a winner competing again in future Westminster shows. Seven dogs have won multiple Westminster championships: six dogs in consecutive years (including Warren Remedy, the only three-time champion of the event), and one dog in non-consecutive years. Since 1972, however, there have been no repeat winners.Dogs of all breeds, including mutts, may participate in the show's agility competition. There is a title for the highest-ranking mutt in the agility round—the \"All American Dog.\"","title":"Requirements for entry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Best_in_Show_winners_of_the_Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StumpWestminsterShow-wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clussexx_Three_D_Grinchy_Glee"},{"link_name":"Best in Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformation_show#Winning"},{"link_name":"Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Labrador Retriever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Retriever"},{"link_name":"Golden Retriever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier"},{"link_name":"Sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_dog"},{"link_name":"Working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_dog"},{"link_name":"Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_dog"},{"link_name":"Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hound"},{"link_name":"Herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dog"},{"link_name":"Sussex Spaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Spaniel"},{"link_name":"Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clussexx_Three_D_Grinchy_Glee"},{"link_name":"Rough Collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Collie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Smooth Fox Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Fox_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog ShowStump being awarded Best in Show at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.Through the 134th Westminster Show (February 2010), Best in Show has been won by the Terrier group 45 out of the 103 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907,[12] more than twice as many wins as any other group. The single breed that has won the most is the Wire Fox Terrier, which has won 15 times. Two of the most popular dog breeds in the United States—the Labrador Retriever and Golden Retriever—have never won Best in Show.[13] The dogs are marked for Best in Breed and then proceed to compete in Best in Group, and finally in the grand prize competition of Best in Show.[14]Terrier group: 46\nSporting group: 18\nWorking group: 15\nToy group: 11\nNon-Sporting group: 10\nHound group: 6\nHerding group: 3The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a Sussex Spaniel named Ch. Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee (a.k.a. Stump), at ten years of age in 2009. The youngest dog to win was a Rough Collie named Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven, at nine months old in 1929.[15] One dog, a Smooth Fox Terrier named Ch. Warren Remedy won Best in Show three times (1907–1909), and six other dogs have won twice.[16] Males have won Best in Show 68 times as opposed to females who have won 35 times.[17]","title":"Winning breeds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger A. Caras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_A._Caras"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmer-20"}],"text":"For many years, Roger A. Caras was known as \"the Voice of Westminster\" for providing the narration for the breed descriptions during the show.[18]In 2001, Michael J. LaFave was named show announcer at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.[19] He was replaced by Jim Fagan in 2010 but returned in 2011.[20]","title":"Announcers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sporting_Group.jpg"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal"},{"link_name":"sporting events carried by the channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Sports"},{"link_name":"NBC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"WWE Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"David Frei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Frei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Trautwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Trautwig"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bud Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Collins"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Joe Garagiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Garagiola"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mark McEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McEwen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lester Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Holt"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Debbye Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbye_Turner"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mary Carillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Carillo"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmer-20"},{"link_name":"Tamron Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamron_Hall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"FS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_1"},{"link_name":"Nat Geo Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild"},{"link_name":"Justin Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Chris Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Myers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"Fox Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation"},{"link_name":"FS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_2"},{"link_name":"John Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strong_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Sporting Group in 2010.CBS Sports covered the event from the late 1960s to the 1980s as part of its CBS Sports Spectacular anthology series.From 1984 until 2003, Universal's USA Network broadcast the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Following Universal's acquisition by General Electric in 2003 to form NBC Universal, the coverage (as with all other sporting events carried by the channel) became a presentation of NBC Sports, but the broadcast continued to air on USA Network. From 2006 through 2016, the Monday coverage was aired on sister channel CNBC due to conflicts with WWE Raw on USA. During USA's coverage from 1990 to 2016, David Frei co-hosted the event with partners, Al Trautwig (1990–1991,[21][22] 1993[23]), Bud Collins (1992[24]), Joe Garagiola (1994–2002[25]), Mark McEwen (2003–2004[26][27]), Lester Holt (2005, 2007–2008[28]), Debbye Turner (2006[29]), Mary Carillo (2009,[30] 2011[20]–2016), and Tamron Hall (2010[citation needed]). Frei provided the commentary of the 140th event for his final time.On July 28, 2015, Fox Sports announced that it had acquired rights to the event under a 10-year deal beginning in 2017. For the first three years, the coverage was split between FS1 and then-sister channel Nat Geo Wild. For 2017, daytime breed judging was hosted by Justin Kutcher, Paula Nykiel and Jason Hoke and primetime coverage was hosted by Chris Myers and Gail Miller Bisher. In 2018, daytime breed judging was hosted by Kutcher, Kimberly Meredith, and Don Sturz, while Hoke joined the evening booth of Myers and Bisher. In 2019, Sturz and Hoke swapped places, with Sturz moving to the evening booth while Hoke joined the daytime booth.[31]After the sale of the National Geographic channels to Disney as part of its acquisition of 21st Century Fox (which excluded the Fox broadcast network, news, and national sports properties, which were retained by a new entity known as Fox Corporation), FS2 replaced Nat Geo Wild as the secondary broadcaster of the event in 2020. John Strong replaced Kutcher as host for daytime breed judging and Fox hosts were Myers, Bisher, and Sturz. For 2021, the agility competition and the final night of judging aired on Fox for the first time.[5] For 2022, Sturz was named Judge for Best in Show, and Hoke will return to the main booth.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best in Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_in_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"Norwich Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Terrier"},{"link_name":"Triumph the Insult Comic Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_the_Insult_Comic_Dog"},{"link_name":"Insult Comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult_comedy"}],"text":"The 2000 comedy film Best in Show takes place at the fictional \"Mayflower Kennel Club Dog Show,\" based in part on Westminster. The show was won by a Norwich Terrier named Winky.\nTriumph the Insult Comic Dog has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits; ostensibly, he was the winner in the \"Best Insult Comic Dog\" category at Westminster 1997.","title":"Popular culture"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WKC_Dog_Show_Logo_2019.png/220px-WKC_Dog_Show_Logo_2019.png"},{"image_text":"Westminster Hotel, Irving Place and 16th Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%28King1893NYC%29_pg240_WESTMINISTER_HOTEL%2C_IRVING_PLACE_AND_16TH_STREET.jpg/220px-%28King1893NYC%29_pg240_WESTMINISTER_HOTEL%2C_IRVING_PLACE_AND_16TH_STREET.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Pug at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2013_Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show-_Pug_%288465569441%29.jpg/220px-2013_Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show-_Pug_%288465569441%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Komondor in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_Komondor.jpg/220px-A_Komondor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stump being awarded Best in Show at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/StumpWestminsterShow-wiki.jpg/220px-StumpWestminsterShow-wiki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sporting Group in 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sporting_Group.jpg/220px-Sporting_Group.jpg"}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Labrador_Retriever_-_Male_IMG_3323_(cropped).jpg"},{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"AKC National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKC_National_Championship"},{"title":"Crufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crufts"},{"title":"List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Best_in_Show_winners_of_the_Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show"},{"title":"World Dog Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Dog_Show"}]

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February 13, 1993.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bud Collins to Test Commentator Skills at National Dog Show\". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 10, 1992.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dale, Steve (February 10, 2002). \"Canine Frenzy\". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TvtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ywgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6816,6119383&dq","url_text":"\"Canine Frenzy\""}]},{"reference":"Dale, Steve. \"The Voice of Westminster Dog Show\". Dog Channel.com. BowTie, Inc. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dogchannel.com/show/article_18009.aspx","url_text":"\"The Voice of Westminster Dog Show\""}]},{"reference":"Pennington, Gail (February 9, 2004). \"Critic's Picks\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Westminster puts on the dogs\". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 7, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TV Digest\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 23, 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sandomir, Richard (February 8, 2009). \"Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/09/sports/othersports/09dogs.html","url_text":"\"Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminster Dog Show\". Fox Sports Press Pass. Fox Sports public relations. January 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com/presspass/latestnews/2017/01/12/fox-sports-names-pick-of-the-litter-for-2017-westminster-dog-sho","url_text":"\"Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminster Dog Show\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/allan-unleashed-engaging-positively-public/","external_links_name":"\"Engaging Positively With the Public at Dog Shows\""},{"Link":"https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/sensation-and-the-wkc-logo/","external_links_name":"Sensation and the WKC Logo – The Westminster Kennel Club."},{"Link":"https://www.insider.com/westminster-dog-winners-2019-1","external_links_name":"\"The Westminster Dog Show winner from the year you were born\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/westminster-dog-show-adds-event-mixed-breeds-21547820","external_links_name":"Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/sports/westminster-dog-show-2021-tarrytown-lyndhurst.html","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Dog Show Will Move Outdoors in 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/13/sports/westminster-dog-show","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Dog Show 2021: The Flavor of the Moment Is Wasabi\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/westminster-kennel-club-show-postponed-covid-19-spike-cited-1234902749/","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Kennel Club Postpones Show, Cites Covid-19 Spike\""},{"Link":"https://riverjournalonline.com/business/29231/29231/","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Dog Show Returning to Lyndhurst in June\""},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13928788/westminster-kennel-club-dog-show-dock-diving-competition","external_links_name":"\"Good Dogs Pull Stupid Faces at Westminster Dog Show's Dock-Diving Competition\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportsvideo.org/2023/05/09/live-from-147th-westminster-dog-show-wkc-finds-new-home-at-billie-jean-king-national-tennis-center/","external_links_name":"\"Live From 147th Westminster Dog Show: WKC Finds New Home at Billie Jean King National Tennis Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627131623/https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2020-wkc-dog-show-updates/exhibitor-information","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Kennel Club Exhibitor Brief\""},{"Link":"https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2020-wkc-dog-show-updates/exhibitor-information","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317135346/http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"\"WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Breed (1907-2010)\""},{"Link":"http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm","external_links_name":"\"The Labrador Retriever Wins Top Breed for the 26th Year In a Row\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/13/us/westminster-dog-show-fast-facts/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Westminster Dog Show Fast Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317135346/http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"\"WestminsterKennelClub.org - Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317135346/http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"\"WestminsterKennelClub.org - Multiple Best In Show Wins\""},{"Link":"http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317135346/http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"\"WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog\""},{"Link":"http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/nyregion/roger-caras-72-animal-welfare-advocate.html","external_links_name":"\"Roger Caras, 72, Animal Welfare Advocate\""},{"Link":"http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2004/show/lafave.html","external_links_name":"\"2004 Announcer\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/living/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2011/02/unleashed_unleash_the_hounds_g.html","external_links_name":"\"Unleashed: Unleash the hounds! Gentle giant Scottish deerhound is Westminster's Best in Show\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EYpJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DAwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5111,336923&dq","external_links_name":"\"USA's Westminster Dog Show a cult hit\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-XlGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TOkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3663,2494169&dq","external_links_name":"\"TNT features 'Kisses'\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TvtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ywgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6816,6119383&dq","external_links_name":"\"Canine Frenzy\""},{"Link":"http://www.dogchannel.com/show/article_18009.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Voice of Westminster Dog Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/09/sports/othersports/09dogs.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com/presspass/latestnews/2017/01/12/fox-sports-names-pick-of-the-litter-for-2017-westminster-dog-sho","external_links_name":"\"Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminster Dog Show\""},{"Link":"https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325084116/https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/histhighlights.html","external_links_name":"Overview of the History of the Club"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/14kennel.html","external_links_name":"Hype, Money and Cornstarch: What It Takes to Win at Westminster"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160530194205/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/14kennel.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.akc.org/events/titles.cfm","external_links_name":"List of American Kennel Club Titles and Abbreviations for Championship Dogs"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/765348/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129475017","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001028575","external_links_name":"United States"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Society_of_Compositors

London Society of Compositors

["1 History","2 Election results","3 General Secretaries","4 References","5 External links"]

Former trade union of the United Kingdom London Society of CompositorsPredecessorLondon Trade Society of CompositorsLondon General Trade Society of CompositorsMerged intoNational Graphical AssociationFounded1834Dissolved1964Headquarters7-9 St Bride Street, LondonLocationEnglandMembers 12,387 (1907)PublicationLondon Typographical JournalAffiliationsTUC The London Society of Compositors was a British trade union, representing print workers in London. History The union was founded as the London Union of Compositors in 1834 by the merger of the London Trade Society of Compositors and the London General Trade Society of Compositors. The following year, it was joined by the News Society of Compositors. In 1845, the union was officially dissolved, its members designating it the South Eastern District of the National Typographical Association. The national organisation collapsed, and the London group re-established itself as the "London Society of Compositors". The union had a membership of over 10,000 by 1910, and attempted to expand outside London, but the Trades Union Congress instituted arbitration which limited it to a fifteen-mile radius of central London, the Typographical Association having rights to organise in the remainder of England. In 1955, the Society merged with the Printing Machine Managers' Trade Society and was renamed the London Typographical Society. In 1964, it merged with the Typographical Association to form the National Graphical Association. Election results The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections, many of whom won election. Election Constituency Candidate Votes Percentage Position 1906 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 6,236 52.2 1 1910 Jan general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 6,880 52.0 1 1910 Dec general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 6,357 51.4 1 1918 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 14,073 54.4 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 2,718 27.4 2 1921 by-election Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 6,561 57.0 1 1922 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 18,512 52.6 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 7,734 43.6 2 1923 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 21,576 63.0 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 9,374 54.3 1 1924 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 21,903 54.5 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 11,635 54.3 1 1929 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 26,848 55.2 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 13,527 60.4 1 1931 general election Deptford C. W. Bowerman 22,244 45.6 2 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 9,678 46.7 2 1935 general election Islington South William Cluse 12,526 52.4 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 11,942 63.2 1 1945 general election Islington South William Cluse 12,893 72.5 1 Southwark South East Thomas Naylor 9,599 76.9 1 General Secretaries 1848: Edward Edwards 1850: John Boyett 1854: William Cox 1857: William Beckett 1863: Henry Self 1881: C. J. Drummond 1892: C. W. Bowerman 1906: Thomas Naylor 1938: Alfred M. Wall 1945: Robert Willis 1955: Robert Willis and Percy Astins 1956: Robert Willis References ^ Report on Trade Unions in 1905-1907. London: Board of Trade. 1909. pp. 82–101. ^ Howe, Ellic; Waite, Harold E. (1948). London Society of Compositors. London: Cassell. pp. 323–325. Arthur Marsh, Victoria Ryan and John B. Smethurst, Historical Directory of Trade Unions External links Catalogue of the LSC archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Catalogue of the PMMTS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Catalogue of the LTS archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

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[]

[{"reference":"Report on Trade Unions in 1905-1907. London: Board of Trade. 1909. pp. 82–101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Howe, Ellic; Waite, Harold E. (1948). London Society of Compositors. London: Cassell. pp. 323–325.","urls":[]}]

[{"Link":"https://mrc.epexio.com/records/LSC","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the LSC archives"},{"Link":"https://mrc.epexio.com/records/PMM","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the PMMTS archives"},{"Link":"https://mrc.epexio.com/records/LTS","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the LTS archives"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_temperature

Plasma parameters

["1 Fundamental","2 Other","2.1 Frequencies","2.2 Lengths","2.3 Velocities","2.4 Dimensionless","3 Collisionality","4 Electron temperature","5 See also","6 References"]

Characteristic values of a plasma Not to be confused with the plasma parameter. Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species (electrons and ions) that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Such particle systems can be studied statistically, i.e., their behaviour can be described based on a limited number of global parameters instead of tracking each particle separately. Fundamental The fundamental plasma parameters in a steady state are the number density n s {\displaystyle n_{s}} of each particle species s {\displaystyle s} present in the plasma, the temperature T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} of each species, the mass m s {\displaystyle m_{s}} of each species, the charge q s {\displaystyle q_{s}} of each species, and the magnetic flux density B {\displaystyle B} . Using these parameters and physical constants, other plasma parameters can be derived. Other All quantities are in Gaussian (cgs) units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts. For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, μ = m i / m p {\displaystyle \mu =m_{i}/m_{p}} and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge e {\displaystyle e} , Z = q i / e {\displaystyle Z=q_{i}/e} (in the case of a fully ionized atom, Z {\displaystyle Z} equals to the respective atomic number). The other physical quantities used are the Boltzmann constant ( k {\displaystyle k} ), speed of light ( c {\displaystyle c} ), and the Coulomb logarithm ( ln ⁡ Λ {\displaystyle \ln \Lambda } ). Frequencies electron gyrofrequency, the angular frequency of the circular motion of an electron in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: ω c e = e B m e c ≈ 1.76 × 10 7 B   rad/s {\displaystyle \omega _{ce}={\frac {eB}{m_{e}c}}\approx 1.76\times 10^{7}\,B\ {\mbox{rad/s}}} ion gyrofrequency, the angular frequency of the circular motion of an ion in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: ω c i = Z e B m i c ≈ 9.58 × 10 3 Z B μ   rad/s {\displaystyle \omega _{ci}={\frac {ZeB}{m_{i}c}}\approx 9.58\times 10^{3}\,{\frac {ZB}{\mu }}\ {\mbox{rad/s}}} electron plasma frequency, the frequency with which electrons oscillate (plasma oscillation): ω p e = ( 4 π n e e 2 m e ) 1 2 ≈ 5.64 × 10 4 n e 1 2   rad/s {\displaystyle \omega _{pe}=\left({\frac {4\pi n_{e}e^{2}}{m_{e}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx 5.64\times 10^{4}\,{n_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{rad/s}}} ion plasma frequency: ω p i = ( 4 π n i Z 2 e 2 m i ) 1 2 ≈ 1.32 × 10 3 Z ( n i μ ) 1 2   rad/s {\displaystyle \omega _{pi}=\left({\frac {4\pi n_{i}Z^{2}e^{2}}{m_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx {1.32\times 10^{3}}\,Z\left({\frac {n_{i}}{\mu }}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{rad/s}}} electron trapping rate: ν T e = ( e K E m e ) 1 2 ≈ 7.26 × 10 8 ( K E ) 1 2   / s {\displaystyle \nu _{Te}=\left({\frac {eKE}{m_{e}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx 7.26\times 10^{8}\,\left(KE\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ /{\mbox{s}}} ion trapping rate: ν T i = ( Z e K E m i ) 1 2 ≈ 1.69 × 10 7 ( Z K E μ ) 1 2   / s {\displaystyle \nu _{Ti}=\left({\frac {ZeKE}{m_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx {1.69\times 10^{7}}\,\left({\frac {ZKE}{\mu }}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ /{\mbox{s}}} electron collision rate in completely ionized plasmas: ν e ≈ 2.91 × 10 − 6 n e ln ⁡ Λ T e 3 2   / s {\displaystyle \nu _{e}\approx 2.91\times 10^{-6}\,{\frac {n_{e}\ln \Lambda }{T_{e}^{\frac {3}{2}}}}\ /{\mbox{s}}} ion collision rate in completely ionized plasmas: ν i ≈ 4.80 × 10 − 8 Z 4 n i ln ⁡ Λ ( T i 3 μ ) 1 2   / s {\displaystyle \nu _{i}\approx 4.80\times 10^{-8}\,{\frac {Z^{4}n_{i}\,\ln \Lambda }{\left(T_{i}^{3}\mu \right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\ /{\mbox{s}}} Lengths electron thermal de Broglie wavelength, approximate average de Broglie wavelength of electrons in a plasma: λ t h , e = h 2 2 π m e k T e ≈ 6.919 × 10 − 8 1 T e 1 2   cm {\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {th} ,e}={\sqrt {\frac {h^{2}}{2\pi m_{e}kT_{e}}}}\approx 6.919\times 10^{-8}\,{\frac {1}{{T_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} classical distance of closest approach, also known as "Landau length" the closest that two particles with the elementary charge come to each other if they approach head-on and each has a velocity typical of the temperature, ignoring quantum-mechanical effects: e 2 k T ≈ 1.44 × 10 − 7 1 T   cm {\displaystyle {\frac {e^{2}}{kT}}\approx 1.44\times 10^{-7}\,{\frac {1}{T}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} electron gyroradius, the radius of the circular motion of an electron in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: r e = v T e ω c e ≈ 2.38 T e 1 2 B   cm {\displaystyle r_{e}={\frac {v_{Te}}{\omega _{ce}}}\approx 2.38\,{\frac {{T_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} ion gyroradius, the radius of the circular motion of an ion in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: r i = v T i ω c i ≈ 1.02 × 10 2 ( μ T i ) 1 2 Z B   cm {\displaystyle r_{i}={\frac {v_{Ti}}{\omega _{ci}}}\approx 1.02\times 10^{2}\,{\frac {\left(\mu T_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}{ZB}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} plasma skin depth (also called the electron inertial length), the depth in a plasma to which electromagnetic radiation can penetrate: c ω p e ≈ 5.31 × 10 5 1 n e 1 2   cm {\displaystyle {\frac {c}{\omega _{pe}}}\approx 5.31\times 10^{5}\,{\frac {1}{{n_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} Debye length, the scale over which electric fields are screened out by a redistribution of the electrons: λ D = ( k T e 4 π n e 2 ) 1 2 = v T e ω p e ≈ 7.43 × 10 2 ( T e n ) 1 2   cm {\displaystyle \lambda _{D}=\left({\frac {kT_{e}}{4\pi ne^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {v_{Te}}{\omega _{pe}}}\approx 7.43\times 10^{2}\,\left({\frac {T_{e}}{n}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} ion inertial length, the scale at which ions decouple from electrons and the magnetic field becomes frozen into the electron fluid rather than the bulk plasma: d i = c ω p i ≈ 2.28 × 10 7 1 Z ( μ n i ) 1 2   cm {\displaystyle d_{i}={\frac {c}{\omega _{pi}}}\approx 2.28\times 10^{7}\,{\frac {1}{Z}}\left({\frac {\mu }{n_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{cm}}} mean free path, the average distance between two subsequent collisions of the electron (ion) with plasma components: λ e , i = v e , i ¯ ν e , i , {\displaystyle \lambda _{e,i}={\frac {\overline {v_{e,i}}}{\nu _{e,i}}},} where v e , i ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {v_{e,i}}}} is an average velocity of the electron (ion) and ν e , i {\displaystyle \nu _{e,i}} is the electron or ion collision rate. Velocities electron thermal velocity, typical velocity of an electron in a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution: v T e = ( k T e m e ) 1 2 ≈ 4.19 × 10 7 T e 1 2   cm/s {\displaystyle v_{Te}=\left({\frac {kT_{e}}{m_{e}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx 4.19\times 10^{7}\,{T_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{cm/s}}} ion thermal velocity, typical velocity of an ion in a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution: v T i = ( k T i m i ) 1 2 ≈ 9.79 × 10 5 ( T i μ ) 1 2   cm/s {\displaystyle v_{Ti}=\left({\frac {kT_{i}}{m_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx 9.79\times 10^{5}\,\left({\frac {T_{i}}{\mu }}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{cm/s}}} ion speed of sound, the speed of the longitudinal waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the pressure of the electrons: c s = ( γ Z k T e m i ) 1 2 ≈ 9.79 × 10 5 ( γ Z T e μ ) 1 2   cm/s , {\displaystyle c_{s}=\left({\frac {\gamma ZkT_{e}}{m_{i}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\approx 9.79\times 10^{5}\,\left({\frac {\gamma ZT_{e}}{\mu }}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}\ {\mbox{cm/s}},} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the adiabatic indexAlfvén velocity, the speed of the waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the restoring force of the magnetic field: v A = B ( 4 π n i m i ) 1 2 ≈ 2.18 × 10 11 B ( μ n i ) 1 2   cm/s {\displaystyle v_{A}={\frac {B}{\left(4\pi n_{i}m_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\approx 2.18\times 10^{11}\,{\frac {B}{\left(\mu n_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}\ {\mbox{cm/s}}} in cgs units, v A = B ( μ 0 n i m i ) 1 2 {\displaystyle v_{A}={\frac {B}{\left(\mu _{0}n_{i}m_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}} in SI units. Dimensionless number of particles in a Debye sphere ( 4 π 3 ) n λ D 3 ≈ 1.72 × 10 9 ( T 3 n ) 1 2 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {4\pi }{3}}\right)n\lambda _{D}^{3}\approx 1.72\times 10^{9}\,\left({\frac {T^{3}}{n}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}} Alfvén speed to speed of light ratio v A c ≈ 7.28 B ( μ n i ) 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {v_{A}}{c}}\approx 7.28\,{\frac {B}{\left(\mu n_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}}} electron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio ω p e ω c e ≈ 3.21 × 10 − 3 n e 1 2 B {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{pe}}{\omega _{ce}}}\approx 3.21\times 10^{-3}\,{\frac {{n_{e}}^{\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}} ion plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio ω p i ω c i ≈ 0.137 ( μ n i ) 1 2 B {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{pi}}{\omega _{ci}}}\approx 0.137\,{\frac {\left(\mu n_{i}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}} thermal pressure to magnetic pressure ratio, or beta, β β = 8 π n k T B 2 ≈ 4.03 × 10 − 11 n T B 2 {\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {8\pi nkT}{B^{2}}}\approx 4.03\times 10^{-11}\,{\frac {nT}{B^{2}}}} magnetic field energy to ion rest energy ratio B 2 8 π n i m i c 2 ≈ 26.5 B 2 μ n i {\displaystyle {\frac {B^{2}}{8\pi n_{i}m_{i}c^{2}}}\approx 26.5\,{\frac {B^{2}}{\mu n_{i}}}} Collisionality In the study of tokamaks, collisionality is a dimensionless parameter which expresses the ratio of the electron-ion collision frequency to the banana orbit frequency. The plasma collisionality ν ∗ {\displaystyle \nu ^{*}} is defined as ν ∗ = ν e i m e k B T e 1 ϵ 3 2 q R , {\displaystyle \nu ^{*}=\nu _{\mathrm {ei} }\,{\sqrt {\frac {m_{\mathrm {e} }}{k_{\mathrm {B} }T_{\mathrm {e} }}}}\,{\frac {1}{\epsilon ^{\frac {3}{2}}}}\,qR,} where ν e i {\displaystyle \nu _{\mathrm {ei} }} denotes the electron-ion collision frequency, R {\displaystyle R} is the major radius of the plasma, ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } is the inverse aspect-ratio, and q {\displaystyle q} is the safety factor. The plasma parameters m i {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {i} }} and T i {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {i} }} denote, respectively, the mass and temperature of the ions, and k B {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {B} }} is the Boltzmann constant. Electron temperature Temperature is a statistical quantity whose formal definition is T = ( ∂ U ∂ S ) V , N , {\displaystyle T=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial S}}\right)_{V,N},} or the change in internal energy with respect to entropy, holding volume and particle number constant. A practical definition comes from the fact that the atoms, molecules, or whatever particles in a system have an average kinetic energy. The average means to average over the kinetic energy of all the particles in a system. If the velocities of a group of electrons, e.g., in a plasma, follow a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, then the electron temperature is defined as the temperature of that distribution. For other distributions, not assumed to be in equilibrium or have a temperature, two-thirds of the average energy is often referred to as the temperature, since for a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with three degrees of freedom, ⟨ E ⟩ = 3 2 k B T {\textstyle \langle E\rangle ={\frac {3}{2}}\,k_{\text{B}}T} . The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), but using the above relation the electron temperature is often expressed in terms of the energy unit electronvolt (eV). Each kelvin (1 K) corresponds to 8.617333262...×10−5 eV; this factor is the ratio of the Boltzmann constant to the elementary charge. Each eV is equivalent to 11,605 kelvins, which can be calculated by the relation ⟨ E ⟩ = k B T {\displaystyle \langle E\rangle =k_{\text{B}}T} . The electron temperature of a plasma can be several orders of magnitude higher than the temperature of the neutral species or of the ions. This is a result of two facts. Firstly, many plasma sources heat the electrons more strongly than the ions. Secondly, atoms and ions are much heavier than electrons, and energy transfer in a two-body collision is much more efficient if the masses are similar. Therefore, equilibration of the temperature happens very slowly, and is not achieved during the time range of the observation. See also Ball-pen probe Langmuir probe References ^ Peratt, Anthony, Physics of the Plasma Universe (1992); ^ Parks, George K., Physics of Space Plasmas (2004, 2nd Ed.) ^ Bellan, Paul Murray (2006). Fundamentals of plasma physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521528003. ^ Nucl. Fusion, Vol. 39, No. 12 (1999) ^ Wenzel, K and Sigmar, D.. Nucl. Fusion 30, 1117 (1990) ^ Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N.; Tiesenga, E. (20 May 2019). "CODATA Energy conversion factor: Factor x for relating K to eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 11 November 2019. NRL Plasma Formulary – Naval Research Laboratory (2018)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plasma parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_parameter"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"charged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle"},{"link_name":"particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"statistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the plasma parameter.Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species (electrons and ions) that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces.[1] Such particle systems can be studied statistically, i.e., their behaviour can be described based on a limited number of global parameters instead of tracking each particle separately.[2]","title":"Plasma parameters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steady state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state"},{"link_name":"number density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_density"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"magnetic flux density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_density"},{"link_name":"physical constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellan06-3"}],"text":"The fundamental plasma parameters in a steady state arethe number density \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{s}}\n \n of each particle species \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s}\n \n present in the plasma,\nthe temperature \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{s}}\n \n of each species,\nthe mass \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{s}}\n \n of each species,\nthe charge \n \n \n \n \n q\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q_{s}}\n \n of each species,\nand the magnetic flux density \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n.Using these parameters and physical constants, other plasma parameters can be derived.[3]","title":"Fundamental"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_units"},{"link_name":"cgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre-gram-second_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"electronvolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"elementary charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge"},{"link_name":"atomic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"Coulomb logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_logarithm"}],"text":"All quantities are in Gaussian (cgs) units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts. For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, \n \n \n \n μ\n =\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n m\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu =m_{i}/m_{p}}\n \n and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e}\n \n, \n \n \n \n Z\n =\n \n q\n \n i\n \n \n \n /\n \n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=q_{i}/e}\n \n (in the case of a fully ionized atom, \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n equals to the respective atomic number). The other physical quantities used are the Boltzmann constant (\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n), speed of light (\n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n), and the Coulomb logarithm (\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln \\Lambda }\n \n).","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plasma oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation"}],"sub_title":"Frequencies","text":"electron gyrofrequency, the angular frequency of the circular motion of an electron in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: \n\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n e\n B\n \n \n \n m\n \n e\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n ≈\n 1.76\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 7\n \n \n \n B\n  \n \n \n rad/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{ce}={\\frac {eB}{m_{e}c}}\\approx 1.76\\times 10^{7}\\,B\\ {\\mbox{rad/s}}}\n \nion gyrofrequency, the angular frequency of the circular motion of an ion in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field: \n\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Z\n e\n B\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n ≈\n 9.58\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n B\n \n μ\n \n \n  \n \n \n rad/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{ci}={\\frac {ZeB}{m_{i}c}}\\approx 9.58\\times 10^{3}\\,{\\frac {ZB}{\\mu }}\\ {\\mbox{rad/s}}}\n \nelectron plasma frequency, the frequency with which electrons oscillate (plasma oscillation): \n\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n p\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 4\n π\n \n n\n \n e\n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 5.64\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n rad/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{pe}=\\left({\\frac {4\\pi n_{e}e^{2}}{m_{e}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx 5.64\\times 10^{4}\\,{n_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{rad/s}}}\n \nion plasma frequency: \n\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n p\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 4\n π\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n Z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n \n 1.32\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n rad/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{pi}=\\left({\\frac {4\\pi n_{i}Z^{2}e^{2}}{m_{i}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx {1.32\\times 10^{3}}\\,Z\\left({\\frac {n_{i}}{\\mu }}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{rad/s}}}\n \nelectron trapping rate:\n\n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n T\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n e\n K\n E\n \n \n m\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 7.26\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n K\n E\n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n /\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{Te}=\\left({\\frac {eKE}{m_{e}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx 7.26\\times 10^{8}\\,\\left(KE\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ /{\\mbox{s}}}\n \nion trapping rate:\n\n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n T\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Z\n e\n K\n E\n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n \n 1.69\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Z\n K\n E\n \n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n /\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{Ti}=\\left({\\frac {ZeKE}{m_{i}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx {1.69\\times 10^{7}}\\,\\left({\\frac {ZKE}{\\mu }}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ /{\\mbox{s}}}\n \nelectron collision rate in completely ionized plasmas:\n\n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n e\n \n \n ≈\n 2.91\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 6\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n e\n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n Λ\n \n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n /\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{e}\\approx 2.91\\times 10^{-6}\\,{\\frac {n_{e}\\ln \\Lambda }{T_{e}^{\\frac {3}{2}}}}\\ /{\\mbox{s}}}\n \nion collision rate in completely ionized plasmas:\n\n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n i\n \n \n ≈\n 4.80\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 4\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n Λ\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n 3\n \n \n μ\n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n /\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{i}\\approx 4.80\\times 10^{-8}\\,{\\frac {Z^{4}n_{i}\\,\\ln \\Lambda }{\\left(T_{i}^{3}\\mu \\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}\\ /{\\mbox{s}}}","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electron thermal de Broglie wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_de_Broglie_wavelength"},{"link_name":"de Broglie wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_wavelength"},{"link_name":"skin depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_depth"},{"link_name":"inertial length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inertial_length&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Debye length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye_length"},{"link_name":"mean free path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path"}],"sub_title":"Lengths","text":"electron thermal de Broglie wavelength, approximate average de Broglie wavelength of electrons in a plasma:\n\n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n t\n h\n \n ,\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n h\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n m\n \n e\n \n \n k\n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 6.919\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{\\mathrm {th} ,e}={\\sqrt {\\frac {h^{2}}{2\\pi m_{e}kT_{e}}}}\\approx 6.919\\times 10^{-8}\\,{\\frac {1}{{T_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nclassical distance of closest approach, also known as \"Landau length\" the closest that two particles with the elementary charge come to each other if they approach head-on and each has a velocity typical of the temperature, ignoring quantum-mechanical effects:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n k\n T\n \n \n \n ≈\n 1.44\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 7\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n T\n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {e^{2}}{kT}}\\approx 1.44\\times 10^{-7}\\,{\\frac {1}{T}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nelectron gyroradius, the radius of the circular motion of an electron in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field:\n\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n v\n \n T\n e\n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n e\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 2.38\n \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{e}={\\frac {v_{Te}}{\\omega _{ce}}}\\approx 2.38\\,{\\frac {{T_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nion gyroradius, the radius of the circular motion of an ion in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field:\n\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n v\n \n T\n i\n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n i\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 1.02\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n Z\n B\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle r_{i}={\\frac {v_{Ti}}{\\omega _{ci}}}\\approx 1.02\\times 10^{2}\\,{\\frac {\\left(\\mu T_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}{ZB}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nplasma skin depth (also called the electron inertial length), the depth in a plasma to which electromagnetic radiation can penetrate:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n ω\n \n p\n e\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 5.31\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {c}{\\omega _{pe}}}\\approx 5.31\\times 10^{5}\\,{\\frac {1}{{n_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nDebye length, the scale over which electric fields are screened out by a redistribution of the electrons:\n\n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n k\n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n 4\n π\n n\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n v\n \n T\n e\n \n \n \n ω\n \n p\n e\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 7.43\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{D}=\\left({\\frac {kT_{e}}{4\\pi ne^{2}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}={\\frac {v_{Te}}{\\omega _{pe}}}\\approx 7.43\\times 10^{2}\\,\\left({\\frac {T_{e}}{n}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nion inertial length, the scale at which ions decouple from electrons and the magnetic field becomes frozen into the electron fluid rather than the bulk plasma:\n\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n c\n \n ω\n \n p\n i\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 2.28\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n Z\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n μ\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{i}={\\frac {c}{\\omega _{pi}}}\\approx 2.28\\times 10^{7}\\,{\\frac {1}{Z}}\\left({\\frac {\\mu }{n_{i}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{cm}}}\n \nmean free path, the average distance between two subsequent collisions of the electron (ion) with plasma components:\n\n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n e\n ,\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n e\n ,\n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n ν\n \n e\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{e,i}={\\frac {\\overline {v_{e,i}}}{\\nu _{e,i}}},}\n \n\nwhere \n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n e\n ,\n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {v_{e,i}}}}\n \n is an average velocity of the electron (ion) and \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n e\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{e,i}}\n \n is the electron or ion collision rate.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution"},{"link_name":"Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution"},{"link_name":"adiabatic index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_index"},{"link_name":"Alfvén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave"},{"link_name":"cgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgs"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"}],"sub_title":"Velocities","text":"electron thermal velocity, typical velocity of an electron in a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution:\n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n T\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n k\n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 4.19\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{Te}=\\left({\\frac {kT_{e}}{m_{e}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx 4.19\\times 10^{7}\\,{T_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{cm/s}}}\n \nion thermal velocity, typical velocity of an ion in a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution:\n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n T\n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n k\n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 9.79\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n T\n \n i\n \n \n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{Ti}=\\left({\\frac {kT_{i}}{m_{i}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx 9.79\\times 10^{5}\\,\\left({\\frac {T_{i}}{\\mu }}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{cm/s}}}\n \nion speed of sound, the speed of the longitudinal waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the pressure of the electrons:\n\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n s\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n γ\n Z\n k\n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 9.79\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n γ\n Z\n \n T\n \n e\n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm/s\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{s}=\\left({\\frac {\\gamma ZkT_{e}}{m_{i}}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\approx 9.79\\times 10^{5}\\,\\left({\\frac {\\gamma ZT_{e}}{\\mu }}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ {\\mbox{cm/s}},}\n \n\n\nwhere \n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n is the adiabatic indexAlfvén velocity, the speed of the waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the restoring force of the magnetic field:\n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n B\n \n \n (\n \n 4\n π\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 2.18\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n cm/s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{A}={\\frac {B}{\\left(4\\pi n_{i}m_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}\\approx 2.18\\times 10^{11}\\,{\\frac {B}{\\left(\\mu n_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}\\ {\\mbox{cm/s}}}\n \n in cgs units,\n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n B\n \n \n (\n \n \n μ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{A}={\\frac {B}{\\left(\\mu _{0}n_{i}m_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}}\n \n in SI units.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(plasma_physics)"},{"link_name":"magnetic field energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_energy"},{"link_name":"ion rest energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_mass#Rest_energy"}],"sub_title":"Dimensionless","text":"number of particles in a Debye sphere \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 4\n π\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n n\n \n λ\n \n D\n \n \n 3\n \n \n ≈\n 1.72\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n T\n \n 3\n \n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\frac {4\\pi }{3}}\\right)n\\lambda _{D}^{3}\\approx 1.72\\times 10^{9}\\,\\left({\\frac {T^{3}}{n}}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}\n \n\nAlfvén speed to speed of light ratio \n \n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n A\n \n \n c\n \n \n ≈\n 7.28\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {v_{A}}{c}}\\approx 7.28\\,{\\frac {B}{\\left(\\mu n_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}}}\n \n\nelectron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n p\n e\n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n e\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 3.21\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\omega _{pe}}{\\omega _{ce}}}\\approx 3.21\\times 10^{-3}\\,{\\frac {{n_{e}}^{\\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}}\n \n\nion plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n p\n i\n \n \n \n ω\n \n c\n i\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 0.137\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\omega _{pi}}{\\omega _{ci}}}\\approx 0.137\\,{\\frac {\\left(\\mu n_{i}\\right)^{\\frac {1}{2}}}{B}}}\n \n\nthermal pressure to magnetic pressure ratio, or beta, β \n \n \n \n β\n =\n \n \n \n 8\n π\n n\n k\n T\n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 4.03\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n T\n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta ={\\frac {8\\pi nkT}{B^{2}}}\\approx 4.03\\times 10^{-11}\\,{\\frac {nT}{B^{2}}}}\n \n\nmagnetic field energy to ion rest energy ratio \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 8\n π\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ≈\n 26.5\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n \n μ\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {B^{2}}{8\\pi n_{i}m_{i}c^{2}}}\\approx 26.5\\,{\\frac {B^{2}}{\\mu n_{i}}}}","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tokamaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak"},{"link_name":"dimensionless parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_parameter"},{"link_name":"collision frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_frequency"},{"link_name":"banana orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_orbit"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the study of tokamaks, collisionality is a dimensionless parameter which expresses the ratio of the electron-ion collision frequency to the banana orbit frequency.The plasma collisionality \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu ^{*}}\n \n is defined as[4][5]ν\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n ν\n \n \n e\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ϵ\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n q\n R\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu ^{*}=\\nu _{\\mathrm {ei} }\\,{\\sqrt {\\frac {m_{\\mathrm {e} }}{k_{\\mathrm {B} }T_{\\mathrm {e} }}}}\\,{\\frac {1}{\\epsilon ^{\\frac {3}{2}}}}\\,qR,}ν\n \n \n e\n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{\\mathrm {ei} }}collision frequencyR\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }aspect-ratioq\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}safety factorplasmam\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{\\mathrm {i} }}T\n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{\\mathrm {i} }}masstemperatureionsk\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{\\mathrm {B} }}Boltzmann constant","title":"Collisionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"velocities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution#Distribution_of_the_velocity_vector"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"degrees of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant"},{"link_name":"elementary charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST-6"},{"link_name":"kelvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"plasma sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_source"},{"link_name":"collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision"}],"text":"Temperature is a statistical quantity whose formal definition isT\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n U\n \n \n ∂\n S\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n V\n ,\n N\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T=\\left({\\frac {\\partial U}{\\partial S}}\\right)_{V,N},}entropyIf the velocities of a group of electrons, e.g., in a plasma, follow a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, then the electron temperature is defined as the temperature of that distribution. For other distributions, not assumed to be in equilibrium or have a temperature, two-thirds of the average energy is often referred to as the temperature, since for a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with three degrees of freedom, \n \n \n \n ⟨\n E\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\langle E\\rangle ={\\frac {3}{2}}\\,k_{\\text{B}}T}\n \n.The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), but using the above relation the electron temperature is often expressed in terms of the energy unit electronvolt (eV). Each kelvin (1 K) corresponds to 8.617333262...×10−5 eV; this factor is the ratio of the Boltzmann constant to the elementary charge.[6] Each eV is equivalent to 11,605 kelvins, which can be calculated by the relation \n \n \n \n ⟨\n E\n ⟩\n =\n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle E\\rangle =k_{\\text{B}}T}\n \n.The electron temperature of a plasma can be several orders of magnitude higher than the temperature of the neutral species or of the ions. This is a result of two facts. Firstly, many plasma sources heat the electrons more strongly than the ions. Secondly, atoms and ions are much heavier than electrons, and energy transfer in a two-body collision is much more efficient if the masses are similar. Therefore, equilibration of the temperature happens very slowly, and is not achieved during the time range of the observation.","title":"Electron temperature"}]

[]

[{"title":"Ball-pen probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-pen_probe"},{"title":"Langmuir probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_probe"}]

[{"reference":"Bellan, Paul Murray (2006). Fundamentals of plasma physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521528003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521528003","url_text":"0521528003"}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N.; Tiesenga, E. (20 May 2019). \"CODATA Energy conversion factor: Factor x for relating K to eV\". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Convert?exp=0&num=1&From=k&To=ev&Action=Only+show+factor","url_text":"\"CODATA Energy conversion factor: Factor x for relating K to eV\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Asunci%C3%B3n_(football)

Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (football)

["1 Achievements","2 References"]

Paraguayan football club Universidad Autónoma de Asunción is a Paraguayan women's football club based in Asunción. It is often shortened to UAA. The team is the record champion of Paraguay having won nine titles up to 2011. After winning the 2009 and 2010 Paraguayan championship, UAA also represented Paraguay in the Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino where it reached the final in 2009, and third place in the group stage in 2010. In 2011 the team finished second in the group stage. Achievements Paraguayan women's football championship Winners (9): 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 Copa Libertadores Femenina Runner-up (1): 2009 References ^ "Champion and runners-up history". mundodelfutbolfemenino.blogspot.com. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012. This article about a South American football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about sports in Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"Asunción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_women%27s_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Femenino"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Universidad Autónoma de Asunción is a Paraguayan women's football club based in Asunción. It is often shortened to UAA.The team is the record champion of Paraguay having won nine titles up to 2011.[1] After winning the 2009 and 2010 Paraguayan championship, UAA also represented Paraguay in the Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino where it reached the final in 2009, and third place in the group stage in 2010. In 2011 the team finished second in the group stage.[citation needed]","title":"Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguayan women's football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_women%27s_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Copa Libertadores Femenina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Copa_Libertadores_Femenina"}],"text":"Paraguayan women's football championship\nWinners (9): 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011\nCopa Libertadores Femenina\nRunner-up (1): 2009","title":"Achievements"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Champion and runners-up history\". mundodelfutbolfemenino.blogspot.com. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mundodelfutbolfemenino.blogspot.com/2012/01/paraguay-futbol-femenino-uaa-sigue-en.html","url_text":"\"Champion and runners-up history\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972

List of shipwrecks in 1972

[]

The list of shipwrecks in 1972 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1972. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. table of contents ← 1971 1972 1973 → Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date References January 4 January List of shipwrecks: 4 January 1972 Ship State Description Cydonia  United States The 63-gross register ton, 68-foot (20.7 m) motor vessel sank near Point Hugh (57°34′10″N 133°48′30″W / 57.56944°N 133.80833°W / 57.56944; -133.80833 (Point Hugh)) in Stephens Passage in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 9 January List of shipwrecks: 9 January 1972 Ship State Description Dona Anita  Somalia The cargo ship foundered off British Columbia, Canada with the loss of all hands. Seawise University Hong Kong Seawise University The university ship, formerly the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth, caught fire in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. She capsized the next day. The fire was extinguished on 13 January. She was scrapped in situ in 1974. 11 January List of shipwrecks: 11 January 1972 Ship State Description Kay  United States The motor vessel was destroyed by fire at Pennock Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska near Ketchikan, Alaska. 13 January List of shipwrecks: 13 January 1972 Ship State Description Bab  United States The 36-gross register ton, 103.7-foot (31.6 m) barge was wrecked in Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of Alaska. Hydrophane  Romania The cargo ship collided with Mozdak (flag unknown) off Odessa, Soviet Union. Both vessels sank. Owenduv  Panama The refrigerated coaster capsized and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 10 nautical miles (19 km) off Leixões, Portugal after her cargo shifted.She was on a voyage from "Villagarcia" to a Moroccan port. 17 January List of shipwrecks: 17 January 1972 Ship State Description Maersk Fighter  Denmark The oil rig supply vessel foundered in the North Sea 12 nautical miles (22 km) west of the Vyl Lightship with the loss of nine of her nineteen crew. 18 January List of shipwrecks: 18 January 1972 Ship State Description Delfini  Greece The fishing trawler ran aground on the Oukacha Rocks, off Casablanca, Morocco. She was declared a total loss 27 January List of shipwrecks: 27 January 1972 Ship State Description Queen Frederica  Greece The cruise ship was diven aground in the Fowey Estuary after breaking free from her moorings in a storm. February 1 February List of shipwrecks: 1 February 1972 Ship State Description V. A. Fogg  United States Sank after on-board explosion, Gulf of Mexico. 4 February List of shipwrecks: 4 February 1972 Ship State Description Asian Logger  Philippines The barge struck a submerged object (14°40′N 122°22′W / 14.667°N 122.367°W / 14.667; -122.367) and was beached on Jomalig Island, where the wreck was apparently abandoned. 6 February List of shipwrecks: 6 February 1972 Ship State Description Citta di Alessandria  Liberia The cargo ship ran aground at Cape Apostolos Andreas, Cyprus. Seven crew rescued by a RAF helicopter. 7 February List of shipwrecks: 7 February 1972 Ship State Description Trinity I  United States The tug struck Lincoln Rock in Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, then sank after slipping off the rock. Her two crewmen were rescued by the buoy tender USCGC Bittersweet ( United States Coast Guard). 11 February List of shipwrecks: 11 February 1972 Ship State Description USS Hopewell  United States Navy The decommissioned Fletcher-class destroyer was sunk as a target off San Clemente Island, California. Lindblad Explorer  Norway ran aground near La Plaza Point, Antarctica. She was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway for repairs. 13 February List of shipwrecks: 13 February 1972 Ship State Description Clio  Liberia The ship caught fire off the coast of Angola and was abandoned. She sank on 21 February. Ermioni  Greece The cargo ship foundered in the Mediterranean off Cyprus. All 14 crew rescued by helicopters from HMS Bulwark ( Royal Navy). Vishva Kusum  India The cargo ship was sunk by a mine in Chittagong Roads. 17 February List of shipwrecks: 17 February 1972 Ship State Description Olympic Athlete  Greece Ran aground, River Thames. 18 February List of shipwrecks: 18 February 1972 Ship State Description Katmai  United States While en route from Mobile, Alabama, where she had been built, to Kodiak, Alaska, the newly constructed crab-fishing vessel disappeared in the Gulf of Mexico with the loss of all four people – the owner, his wife, their eight-year-old child, and a crewman – aboard. Her wreck was discovered lying in 8,920 feet (2,720 m) of water approximately 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) off the United States Gulf Coast in 2012, and it was positively identified in 2013. 19 February List of shipwrecks: 19 February 1972 Ship State Description Marcello G  Italy The Empire Cadet-class coastal tanker capsized and sank at Naples. Declared a constructive total loss but later repaired and returned to service. 21 February List of shipwrecks: 21 February 1972 Ship State Description SS-44  Soviet Navy The rescue ship ran aground off Cape Korovyi whilst assisting with the refloating of the landing craft MDK-253 ( Soviet Navy). She was refloated on 18 May and towed in to Murmansk. She was declared a constructive total loss. 23 February List of shipwrecks: 23 February 1972 Ship State Description Philippos  Greece The coaster caught fire, exploded and was beached at Keratsini. She was refloated on 6 March but declared a constructive total loss and was consequently scrapped. 29 February List of shipwrecks: 29 February 1972 Ship State Description Benefit  Panama The cargo ship foundered 160 nautical miles (300 km) south of Muroto, Japan. Her captain went down with the ship, the rest of her crew were rescued by two patrol boats ( Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force). Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in February 1972 Ship State Description MDK-253  Soviet Navy The landing craft was driven ashore at Cape Korovyi before 21 February. March 1 March List of shipwrecks: 1 March 1972 Ship State Description Royal Fisher  United States The crab-fishing vessel sank at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, after a runaway barge struck her. Stenso  Sweden Foundered in the Bay of Biscay (45°17′N 2°46′W / 45.283°N 2.767°W / 45.283; -2.767). 7 March List of shipwrecks: 7 March 1972 Ship State Description Gloria Jean  United States During a voyage from Ketchikan to Metlakatla, Alaska, the 41-gross register ton, 50-foot (15.2 m) seiner disappeared near Walden Rocks (55°16′15″N 131°36′20″W / 55.27083°N 131.60556°W / 55.27083; -131.60556 (Walden Rocks)) in Nichols Passage in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska with the loss of her entire crew of three. Katie H  United Kingdom The coaster sank in the North Sea after colliding with an unnamed fishing boat ( Belgium). One of her seven crew was killed. 8 March List of shipwrecks: 8 March 1972 Ship State Description Lex  United States The fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in the Shelikof Strait between mainland Alaska and the Kodiak Archipelago near Alligator Island (58°28′30″N 152°47′10″W / 58.47500°N 152.78611°W / 58.47500; -152.78611 (Alligator Island)) off the northern end of Afognak Island. The fishing vessel Rosemary ( United States) rescued her crew of four. 13 March List of shipwrecks: 13 March 1972 Ship State Description Mary Ellen Conway  Panama The tanker exploded and caught fire at Manzanillo, Mexico. Consequently scrapped. Torodd  Norway The fishing vessel/cargo ship was destroyed in a fire in Langevåg, Norway. Wreck scrapped in Trondheim, Norway in May 1975. 19 March List of shipwrecks: 19 March 1972 Ship State Description USS Gansevoort  United States Navy The decommissioned Benson-class destroyer was sunk as a target off Florida. April 5 April List of shipwrecks: 5 April 1972 Ship State Description C-69  Vietnam People's Navy Vietnam War: The blockade runner was scuttled when she was intercepted by enemy vessels near the border between Cambodia and South Vietnam. Six of her crewmen were killed. It is unclear whether the intercepting vessels were Cambodian, South Vietnamese, or both. 6 April List of shipwrecks: 6 April 1972 Ship State Description Alasco 2  United States The 17-gross register ton, 43-foot (13.1 m) fishing vessel sank off David Island (57°02′N 156°30′W / 57.033°N 156.500°W / 57.033; -156.500 (David Island)) off the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in Alaska. 7 April List of shipwrecks: 7 April 1972 Ship State Description Avlis  Greece Wrecked off Santorini. Spruce  United States The motor vessel was lost in bad weather at Point Manby (55°53′15″N 132°35′45″W / 55.88750°N 132.59583°W / 55.88750; -132.59583 (Point Manby)) west of Yakutat, Alaska. 21 April List of shipwrecks: 21 April 1972 Ship State Description Patriot  United States After becoming disabled and drifting for six days, the fishing vessel came ashore at Gore Point (59°12′00″N 150°57′30″W / 59.20000°N 150.95833°W / 59.20000; -150.95833 (Gore Point)) on the south-central coast of Alaska and was wrecked. A United States Coast Guard helicopter rescued her entire crew of three and a dog. 22 April List of shipwrecks: 22 April 1972 Ship State Description Gilani  Canada The Empire F type coaster capsized and sank at Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She was later refloated, repaired, and returned to service. 23 April List of shipwrecks: 23 April 1972 Ship State Description USNS Cowanesque  United States Navy The Suamico-class replenishment oiler was sunk off Okinawa, Japan. 24 April List of shipwrecks: 24 April 1972 Ship State Description Nicolo Martini  Italy The cargo ship struck a submerged object off Portoscuso, Sardinia, and was holed. She was beached to prevent her from sinking. She later was refloated but was declared a constructive total loss. May 10 May List of shipwrecks: 10 May 1972 Ship State Description Shun Wing  Hong Kong The cargo ship broke from her mooring and was driven into the ferry Macau ( Hong Kong) at Hong Kong. Consequently scrapped. 11 May List of shipwrecks: 11 May 1972 Ship State Description Royston Grange  United Kingdom The 7,113-ton, British cargo liner, wrecked in Punta Indio Channel, Uruguay after colliding with the oil tanker Tien Chee ( Liberia) and subsequent fire. She was the first British ship to be lost with all hands since World War II. 74 fatalities. 12 May List of shipwrecks: 12 May 1972 Ship State Description USS Wilkes-Barre  United States Navy The decommissioned Cleveland-class light cruiser was sunk as a target during tests of explosives. 14 May List of shipwrecks: 14 May 1972 Ship State Description USS Fred T. Berry  United States Navy The decommissioned Gearing-class destroyer was scuttled as an artificial reef off Key West, Florida, at 24°27.8′N 81°33.3′W / 24.4633°N 81.5550°W / 24.4633; -81.5550 ("USS Fred T. Berry (DD-858)"). 18 May List of shipwrecks: 18 May 1972 Ship State Description Toni Jean  United States The 14-gross register ton, 32.5-foot (9.9 m) fishing vessel sank in the Gulf of Alaska approximately 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) east of Cape Saint Elias on the southern tip of Kayak Island in Alaska. One crewman swam to shore, but the other died. 21 May List of shipwrecks: 21 May 1972 Ship State Description Victoria  Dominican Republic The cargo ship was driven ashore at Rio Haina, Dominica. She was refloated and consequently scrapped in 1973. 27 May List of shipwrecks: 27 May 1972 Ship State Description Addington  United States The 40-gross register ton, 54-foot (16.5 m) fishing vessel sank with the loss of three lives in the Shelikof Strait near Cape Uganik (57°58′00″N 153°30′21″W / 57.9666667°N 153.5058333°W / 57.9666667; -153.5058333 (Cape Uganik)) on the coast of Alaska′s Kodiak Island. June 2 June List of shipwrecks: 2 June 1972 Ship State Description Traveler  United States The motor vessel sank in Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 9 June List of shipwrecks: 9 July 1972 Ship State Description Galinda unknown The cargo ship sank in the South China Sea. Ten crewmen died, 38 were rescued. Helen B  United States The 105-gross register ton 72.3-foot (22.0 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, halfway between Saook Bay (57°26′43″N 135°11′25″W / 57.4453°N 135.1902°W / 57.4453; -135.1902 (Saook Bay)) and Rodman Bay (57°28′25″N 135°21′53″W / 57.4736°N 135.3648°W / 57.4736; -135.3648 (Rodman Bay)). 15 June List of shipwrecks: 15 July 1972 Ship State Description Lucette The schooner sank in the Pacific Ocean about 200 nautical miles (370 km) west of the Galapagos Islands after being holed by a pod of killer whales. All six people on board escaped in a life raft and a dinghy and drifted for 38 days before being rescued. 18 June List of shipwrecks: 18 June 1972 Ship State Description Icebreaker II  United States The speedboat was swamped and lost on the Yukon River in Alaska 23 miles (37 km) north of Ruby with the loss of one life. 25 June List of shipwrecks: 25 June 1972 Ship State Description Debby  United States The 12-gross register ton, 30-foot (9.1 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at False Pass, Alaska. Marcella  United States The 14-gross register ton, 39.8-foot (12.1 m) fishing vessel sank at Stephens Island in Southeast Alaska. 26 June List of shipwrecks: 26 June 1972 Ship State Description Leading Lady  United States The 57-gross register ton, 57.8-foot (17.6 m) crab-fishing vessel sank quickly off the northeast coast of Montague Island at the entrance to Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of Alaska after striking an unidentified object. Her crew of three reached shore in a life raft. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown Date 1972 Ship State Description Falcon Lady  United States The tanker ran aground on Triton Island in the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea during a voyage from Da Nang, South Vietnam, to Subic Bay, the Philippines. The rescue and salvage ship USS Reclaimer ( United States Navy) pulled her off on 3 July. July 1 July List of shipwrecks: 1 July 1972 Ship State Description Lefteria  Denmark The schooner was in collision with an unnamed weather ship ( France) and sank with the loss of seven of her eleven crew. 10 July List of shipwrecks: 10 July 1972 Ship State Description London Statesman  United Kingdom Vietnam War: The cargo ship was sunk by Viet Cong sabotage at Nha Trang, South Vietnam. 13 July List of shipwrecks: 13 July 1972 Ship State Description USS O'Brien  United States Navy The decommissioned Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer was sunk as a target in the Pacific Ocean off California. 20 July List of shipwrecks: 20 July 1972 Ship State Description Montclair  United States The 7-gross register ton, 28.6-foot (8.7 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Kvichak (56°38′30″N 133°15′30″W / 56.64167°N 133.25833°W / 56.64167; -133.25833 (Kvichak)), Alaska. 22 July List of shipwrecks: 22 July 1972 Ship State Description Simos  Greece The cargo ship ran aground near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. She was on a voyage from "Ashod" to a French port. She was refloated on 22 August and put in to Setúbal, Portugal, where she was laid up. Scrapped at Bilbao, Spain in September 1973. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1972 Ship State Description Rustringen  West Germany Sank off Margate, Kent. Later raised and scrapped. Vermont  Ecuador The tanker ran aground off Guayaquil and wrecked. Later scrapped in situ. August 6 August List of shipwrecks: 6 August 1972 Ship State Description Stade  West Germany The coaster was cut in two when in collision with Ciudad di Manizales ( Colombia) in the English Channel and sank with the loss of eleven of her 13 crew. The stern section sank, but the bow section remained afloat. It was sunk by the French Navy as it was a hazard to navigation. 9 August List of shipwrecks: 9 August 1972 Ship State Description Amoy  Somalia The cargo ship ran aground near Cape Negrais, India and was declared a constructive total loss. She was on a voyage from Penang, Malaysia to Calcutta. 21 August List of shipwrecks: 21 August 1972 Ship State Description Texanita  Liberia The supertanker collided with the supertanker Oswego Guardian ( Liberia) 20 nautical miles (37 km) south of Cape Agulhas, South Africa, suffered a massive explosion, and sank with the loss of 46 of her 50 crew members. 27 August List of shipwrecks: 27 August 1972 Ship State Description T-319  Vietnam People's Navy Vietnam War: The T-333/Project 123K-class motor torpedo boat was damaged by gunfire by the heavy cruiser USS Newport News and guided-missile destroyer USS Robison and finished off by aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea (all  United States Navy) off Haiphong, North Vietnam. T-349  Vietnam People's Navy Vietnam War: The T-333/Project 123K-class motor torpedo boat was damaged by gunfire by the heavy cruiser USS Newport News and guided-missile destroyer USS Robison and finished off by aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea (all  United States Navy) off Haiphong, North Vietnam. September 3 September List of shipwrecks: 3 September 1972 Ship State Description Unidentified cabin cruiser Unknown The cabin cruiser sank when a wave capsized it after its engine failed in the Indian Ocean off Lourenço Marques, Mozambique. Three of the four people on board drowned. The only survivor was a South African woman who swam 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) to safety on a buoy and reported that two dolphins protected her from sharks and helped her stay afloat when she tired during her swim. 4 September List of shipwrecks: 4 September 1972 Ship State Description Taoyuno  Republic of China The fishing vessel was sunk with the loss of 22 of her 23 crew when it was in collision with the bulk carrier Marylisa ( Greece) 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) west of the Cape of Good Hope. 5 September List of shipwrecks: 5 September 1972 Ship State Description Southland  United States The motor vessel was wrecked in Berners Bay near Point Bridget (58°40′45″N 134°59′20″W / 58.67917°N 134.98889°W / 58.67917; -134.98889 (Point Bridget)) in Southeast Alaska. 16 September List of shipwrecks: 16 September 1972 Ship State Description Peregrin II  United States The motor vessel sank in Horton Cove (59°14′10″N 135°26′15″W / 59.23611°N 135.43750°W / 59.23611; -135.43750 (Horton Cove)) at Haines, Alaska. 19 September List of shipwrecks: 19 September 1972 Ship State Description HMSAS Natal  South African Navy The decommissioned Loch-class frigate was sunk as a target off the Cape of Good Hope by gunfire from the frigate SAS President Steyn ( South African Navy) and depth charges dropped by South African Air Force Avro Shackleton maritime patrol aircraft . 27 September List of shipwrecks: 27 September 1972 Ship State Description Tradewind  United States The motor vessel was destroyed by fire in Sergius Narrows (57°24′20″N 135°38′00″W / 57.40556°N 135.63333°W / 57.40556; -135.63333 (Tradewind)) north of Sitka, Alaska. October 1 October List of shipwrecks: 1 October 1972 Ship State Description Genimar  Liberia The cargo ship sank in the English Channel off Kent after it was in collision with Larry L ( Greece). All 24 crew were rescued by Larry L. 6 October List of shipwrecks: 6 October 1972 Ship State Description Algorail  Canada The bulk carrier collided with a pier at Holland, Michigan in bad weather. A 12-foot (4 m) hole was torn in the vessel's bow and the ship sank. The ship was later refloated, repaired and returned to service. 11 October List of shipwrecks: 11 October 1972 Ship State Description La Sirène  Marine Nationale The submarine sank in an accident at Lorient naval base. All seven crew on board escaped. 16 October List of shipwrecks: 16 October 1972 Ship State Description USS Stanton  United States Navy The decommissioned Edsall-class destroyer escort was sunk as a target off Puerto Rico. 22 October List of shipwrecks: 22 April 1972 Ship State Description Ballyginniff  United Kingdom The Troubles: The barge was bombed and sunk by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit. Lough Neagh  United Kingdom The Troubles: The barge was bombed and sunk by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit. 24 October List of shipwrecks: 24 October 1972 Ship State Description Frisco  United States The 26-gross register ton, 46.3-foot (14.1 m) fishing vessel sank in the Gulf of Alaska approximately 11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi) southeast of Kodiak, Alaska. November 1 November List of shipwrecks: 1 November 1972 Ship State Description Lazarette  United States The crab-fishing vessel sank with the loss of two lives in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska. 13 November List of shipwrecks: 13 November 1972 Ship State Description Metric  Denmark The coaster ran aground off Texel, Netherlands. Nine people and two dogs were rescued by Royal Netherlands Navy helicopters. Wan Chun  People's Republic of China Wan Chun.The cargo ship ran aground north of IJmuiden, Netherlands in a storm. All 27 crew were rescued. 14 November List of shipwrecks: 14 November 1972 Ship State Description Ypoploiarchos Merlin  Royal Hellenic Navy The vehicle carrier sank with the loss of 45 crew after a collision with the supertanker World Hero ( Greece). 19 November List of shipwrecks: 19 November 1996 Ship State Description Dora R  United States The 60-foot (18.3 m) purse seine fishing vessel sank in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, 75 nautical miles (139 km; 86 mi) south of Juneau, Alaska, with the loss of two lives. Her lone survivor, her captain, was rescued from the water by a helicopter. 27 November List of shipwrecks: 27 November 1972 Ship State Description Tor Hugo  Norway The fishing vessel sank off West Africa after suffering leaks and disastrous hull failure. 30 November List of shipwrecks: 30 November 1972 Ship State Description Burtonia  United Kingdom The coaster capsized and sank 40 nautical miles (74 km) off Lowestoft, Suffolk with the loss of four of her eight crew. December 12 December List of shipwrecks: 12 December 1972 Ship State Description Pelias  Greece The cargo ship sprang a leak and foundered 250 nautical miles (460 km) south of Durban, South Africa. Her crew survived. Pelias was on a voyage from Maceió, Brazil to Saigon, South Vietnam. Tyke IV  United States The 9-gross register ton, 30.2-foot (9.2 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Hoonah, Alaska. 15 December List of shipwrecks: 15 December 1972 Ship State Description Rumba  West Germany The cargo ship was abandoned when its cargo of railway locomotives broke free of their chains, causing the ship to list when she was 200 nautical miles (370 km) south east of Cape Race. Newfoundland. Lincoln Express  Panama The cargo ship foundered off Puerto Rico. All 21 crew rescued by the United States Coast Guard. Nova  Sweden The cargo ship sank after it was in collision with Teofani-Livanos ( Greece) in the Baltic Sea. One crewman was killed. 19 December List of shipwrecks: 19 December 1972 Ship State Description Arctic Sea  United States The 57-gross register ton, 49.9-foot (15.2 m) motor vessel sank in Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of Alaska. T-906  Vietnam People's Navy Vietnam War: The Project 183R missile boat was sunk by aircraft in Ha Long, North Vietnam. 22 December List of shipwrecks: 22 December 1972 Ship State Description Argus V  West Germany The tug capsized and sank in the English Channel 7 nautical miles (13 km) off Cap Griz Nez, France. All five crew were rescued. 24 December List of shipwrecks: 24 December 1972 Ship State Description Pacrover  Liberia The bulk carrier disappeared in the North Pacific Ocean 760 nautical miles (1,410 km) south of Kodiak Island and 800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi) south of Kodiak, Alaska, with the loss of her entire crew of 30 South Korean nationals. Searchers found only four overturned lifeboats, some debris, and an oil slick. Sea Star  South Korea After burning for five days following a 19 December collision with the tanker Horta Barbosa ( Brazil), the supertanker sank in the Persian Gulf after a series of explosions. 26 December List of shipwrecks: 19 December 1972 Ship State Description Sea Star  Denmark The cargo ship ran aground in a gale near the Cascais Lighthouse, Cabo Raso, Portugal and broke in two . 27 December List of shipwrecks: 27 December 1972 Ship State Description St. Ives  Italy The 938 GRT bucket dredger capsized and sank northwest of Ferrol, Spain (44°21′N 08°57′W / 44.350°N 8.950°W / 44.350; -8.950) while under tow by Smit Pioneer ( Netherlands). St. Ives was being towed from Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom to Palermo, Sicily. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date December 1972 Ship State Description Helen  United States The 9-gross register ton 30.3-foot (9.2 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Cordova, Alaska. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1972 Ship State Description Allah Mina Unknown The cement barge sank in the Persian Gulf in approximately 1972. Fran S  United States After the 84-foot (25.6 m) tug had sunk during dredging operations and then been refloated, she was scuttled as an artificial reef in the North Atlantic Ocean south of Long Island off Atlantic Beach, New York, in 80 feet (24 m) of water sometime in 1972. Nasr Egyptian Navy The corvette was sunk as a target c. 1972 by P-15 Termit (NATO reporting name "SS-N-2" and "Styx") antiship missiles. P. T. Teti  United States The 80-foot (24 m) tug sank during a storm in 100 feet (30 m) of water in the Atlantic Ocean off Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island, at 41°20.9′N 071°14.5′W / 41.3483°N 71.2417°W / 41.3483; -71.2417 (P. T. Teti) sometime in 1972. References ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (C) ^ "Ship feared lost". The Times. No. 58371. London. 10 January 1972. col A, p. 1. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 370. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (K) ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (B) ^ "Janova". The Yard. Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "Five dead, four missing as oil rig vessel sinks". The Times. No. 58378. London. 18 January 1972. col D, p. 1. ^ "Liner runs aground". The Times. No. 58387. London. 28 January 1972. col F, p. 1. ^ "Japanese Auxiliary Netlayers". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "Seamen saved by helicopter". The Times. No. 58395. London. 7 February 1972. col F, p. 5. ^ a b c d e alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (T) ^ "MANCHESTER MERCHANT". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Manchester Liners Ltd". The Ships List. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ "British carrier rescues 14 from sinking ship". The Times. No. 58401. London. 14 February 1972. col C, p. 6. ^ "VISVA KUSUN CARGO SHIP 1955-1972". Wrecksite. Retrieved 23 November 2018. ^ a b Lane, Anthony (2009). Shipwrecks of Kent. Stroud: The History Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7524-1720-2. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ a b Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв (in Russian). Veche. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 245. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "Captain goes down with abandoned ship". The Times. No. 58415. London. 1 March 1972. col E, p. 9. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (R) ^ "Stenso (5340558)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (G) ^ "British sailor killed in collision". The Times. No. 58421. London. 8 March 1972. col G, p. 5. ^ a b c alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (L) ^ "T2 TANKERS - Q - R - S". Mariners. Retrieved 2 November 2016. ^ Oterhals, Leo (1997). Båter, baser og barske menn (in Norwegian). Molde: Lagunen. p. 75. ISBN 8290757115. ^ "Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018. ^ a b c alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (A) ^ "Avlis (5397410)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (S) ^ a b c alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (P) ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. pp. 226–27. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. pp. 448–49. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 375. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver". USS Conserver. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-28. ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (H) ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (I) ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (D) ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (M) ^ "Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver". USS Conserver. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-28. ^ "Weather ship may be sued". The Times. No. 58521. London. 4 July 1972. col A-B, p. 7. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "Vermont (5066023)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ "11 drown as coaster is sliced in two in Channel". The Times. No. 58546. London. 7 August 1972. col C, p. 4. ^ "Obuasi". The Yard. Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ "More than 40 killed when supertankers collide off Africa's southernmost tip". The Times. No. 58559. London. 22 August 1972. col B-D, p. 6. ^ a b "Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & later conflicts)". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018. ^ Anonymous, "South African Reports A Rescue by Dolphins," nytimes.com, September 10, 1972 Retrieved February 3, 2020. ^ "22 seamen lost in trawler". The Times. No. 58571. London. 5 September 1972. col C, p. 6. ^ Du Toit, Allan (1992). South Africa's Fighting Ships: Past and Present. Rivonia, South Africa: Ashanti Publishing. ISBN 1-874800-50-2., pp. 163, 165–166. ^ "WRECKSITE - NATAL FRIGATE 1945–1972". www.wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Channel ships warned of wreck danger". The Times. No. 58594. London. 2 October 1972. col A, p. 1. ^ Wharton, George. "Great Lakes Fleet Page Vessel Feature -- Algorail (2)". Boatnerd.com. Retrieved 27 January 2018. ^ "Seven crew saved as submarine sinks". The Times. No. 58604. London. 13 October 1972. col G, p. 8. ^ a b "Provisional IRA (PIRA) and ETA-Naval sabotage". Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (F) ^ a b "42 die as gales sweep Europe". The Times. No. 56831. London. 14 November 1972. col E-G, p. 7. ^ "45 feared dead in supertanker collision". The Times. No. 58633. London. 16 November 1972. col B, p. 1. ^ "Four die as coaster capsizes in gale". The Times. No. 58646. London. 1 December 1972. col C, p. 3. ^ "Salaverry". The Yard. Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ a b c "Locomotives in ship break their fastenings". The Times. No. 58659. London. 16 December 1972. col D, p. 4. ^ "Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 30 August 2018. ^ "Tug's crew saved". The Times. No. 58664. London. 23 December 1972. col E, p. 1. ^ "T2 TANKERS - B". Mariners. Retrieved 18 October 2016. ^ "MV SEA STAR (Danish) (+1972)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 355. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ njscuba.net Fran S ^ jeanne-ii.com FRAN S ^ Gray, Randal, ed., Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships 1947–1982, Part II: The Warsaw Pact and Non-Aligned Nations, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1983, ISBN 0-87021-919-7, p. 303. ^ "P. T. Teti". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 19 February 2021. See also vteShip events in 1972Ship launches 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Ship commissionings 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Ship decommissionings 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Shipwrecks 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of shipwrecks in 1972"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Point Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Hugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°34′10″N 133°48′30″W / 57.56944°N 133.80833°W / 57.56944; -133.80833 (Point Hugh)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57_34_10_N_133_48_30_W_&title=Point+Hugh"},{"link_name":"Stephens Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_Passage"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksc-1"}],"sub_title":"4 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCydonia\n\n United States\n\nThe 63-gross register ton, 68-foot (20.7 m) motor vessel sank near Point Hugh (57°34′10″N 133°48′30″W / 57.56944°N 133.80833°W / 57.56944; -133.80833 (Point Hugh)) in Stephens Passage in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[1]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dona Anita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Dona_Anita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times100172-2"},{"link_name":"Seawise University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_1959_(unofficial_Red_Ensign).svg"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seawise_University_wreck.jpg"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Victoria Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire370-3"}],"sub_title":"9 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 9 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDona Anita\n\n Somalia\n\nThe cargo ship foundered off British Columbia, Canada with the loss of all hands.[2]\n\n\nSeawise University\n\n Hong Kong\n\nSeawise University\nThe university ship, formerly the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth, caught fire in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. She capsized the next day. The fire was extinguished on 13 January. She was scrapped in situ in 1974.[3]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Pennock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennock_Island"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksk-4"}],"sub_title":"11 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nKay\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel was destroyed by fire at Pennock Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska near Ketchikan, Alaska.[4]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Cook Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Inlet"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksb-5"},{"link_name":"Hydrophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Hydrophane_(1952)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mozdak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Mozdak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW1452-6"},{"link_name":"Owenduv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Owenduv&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"refrigerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_ship"},{"link_name":"coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Leixões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leix%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire230-7"}],"sub_title":"13 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBab\n\n United States\n\nThe 36-gross register ton, 103.7-foot (31.6 m) barge was wrecked in Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of Alaska.[5]\n\n\nHydrophane\n\n Romania\n\nThe cargo ship collided with Mozdak (flag unknown) off Odessa, Soviet Union. Both vessels sank.[6]\n\n\nOwenduv\n\n Panama\n\nThe refrigerated coaster capsized and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 10 nautical miles (19 km) off Leixões, Portugal after her cargo shifted.She was on a voyage from \"Villagarcia\" to a Moroccan port.[7]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maersk Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Maersk_Fighter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time180172-8"}],"sub_title":"17 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMaersk Fighter\n\n Denmark\n\nThe oil rig supply vessel foundered in the North Sea 12 nautical miles (22 km) west of the Vyl Lightship with the loss of nine of her nineteen crew.[8]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delfini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_trawler_V_212_Friedrich_Busse"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"fishing trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_trawler"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"}],"sub_title":"18 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 18 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDelfini\n\n Greece\n\nThe fishing trawler ran aground on the Oukacha Rocks, off Casablanca, Morocco. She was declared a total loss","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Frederica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Malolo"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Fowey Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Fowey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times230172-9"}],"sub_title":"27 January","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 January 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nQueen Frederica\n\n Greece\n\nThe cruise ship was diven aground in the Fowey Estuary after breaking free from her moorings in a storm.[9]","title":"January"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V. A. Fogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_V._A._Fogg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"1 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nV. A. Fogg\n\n United States\n\nSank after on-board explosion, Gulf of Mexico.","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"14°40′N 122°22′W / 14.667°N 122.367°W / 14.667; -122.367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=14_40_N_122_22_W_"},{"link_name":"Jomalig Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomalig_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"4 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAsian Logger\n\n Philippines\n\nThe barge struck a submerged object (14°40′N 122°22′W / 14.667°N 122.367°W / 14.667; -122.367) and was beached on Jomalig Island, where the wreck was apparently abandoned.[10]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citta di Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Citta_di_Alessandria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Cape Apostolos Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Apostolos_Andreas"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times070272-11"}],"sub_title":"6 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCitta di Alessandria\n\n Liberia\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground at Cape Apostolos Andreas, Cyprus. Seven crew rescued by a RAF helicopter.[11]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clarence Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"buoy tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy_tender"},{"link_name":"USCGC Bittersweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Bittersweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensign_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard.svg"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckst-12"}],"sub_title":"7 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTrinity I\n\n United States\n\nThe tug struck Lincoln Rock in Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, then sank after slipping off the rock. Her two crewmen were rescued by the buoy tender USCGC Bittersweet ( United States Coast Guard).[12]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hopewell_(DD-681)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fletcher-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"San Clemente Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente_Island"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Lindblad Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Explorer_(1969)"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"}],"sub_title":"11 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Hopewell\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Fletcher-class destroyer was sunk as a target off San Clemente Island, California.\n\n\nLindblad Explorer\n\n Norway\n\nran aground near La Plaza Point, Antarctica. She was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway for repairs.","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Clio_(1950)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manchester-14"},{"link_name":"Ermioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Ermioni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"HMS Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(R08)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times140272-15"},{"link_name":"Vishva Kusum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Vishva_Kusum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"13 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nClio\n\n Liberia\n\nThe ship caught fire off the coast of Angola and was abandoned. She sank on 21 February.[13][14]\n\n\nErmioni\n\n Greece\n\nThe cargo ship foundered in the Mediterranean off Cyprus. All 14 crew rescued by helicopters from HMS Bulwark ( Royal Navy).[15]\n\n\nVishva Kusum\n\n India\n\nThe cargo ship was sunk by a mine in Chittagong Roads.[16]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Olympic_Athlete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-17"}],"sub_title":"17 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nOlympic Athlete\n\n Greece\n\nRan aground, River Thames.[17]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_fishing"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Gulf_Coast"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksk-4"}],"sub_title":"18 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 18 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nKatmai\n\n United States\n\nWhile en route from Mobile, Alabama, where she had been built, to Kodiak, Alaska, the newly constructed crab-fishing vessel disappeared in the Gulf of Mexico with the loss of all four people – the owner, his wife, their eight-year-old child, and a crewman – aboard. Her wreck was discovered lying in 8,920 feet (2,720 m) of water approximately 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) off the United States Gulf Coast in 2012, and it was positively identified in 2013.[4]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcello G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Empire_ships_-_I_-_J#Empire_Jura"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_ship"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire28-18"}],"sub_title":"19 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMarcello G\n\n Italy\n\nThe Empire Cadet-class coastal tanker capsized and sank at Naples. Declared a constructive total loss but later repaired and returned to service.[18]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"rescue ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rescue_ship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cape Korovyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Korovyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"MDK-253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_landing_craft_MDK-253&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cherneyshev-19"}],"sub_title":"21 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSS-44\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe rescue ship ran aground off Cape Korovyi whilst assisting with the refloating of the landing craft MDK-253 ( Soviet Navy). She was refloated on 18 May and towed in to Murmansk. She was declared a constructive total loss.[19]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Philippos_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel"},{"link_name":"Keratsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratsini"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire245-20"}],"sub_title":"23 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 23 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPhilippos\n\n Greece\n\nThe coaster caught fire, exploded and was beached at Keratsini. She was refloated on 6 March but declared a constructive total loss and was consequently scrapped.[20]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Benefit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Muroto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroto,_K%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times010372-21"}],"sub_title":"29 February","text":"List of shipwrecks: 29 February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBenefit\n\n Panama\n\nThe cargo ship foundered 160 nautical miles (300 km) south of Muroto, Japan. Her captain went down with the ship, the rest of her crew were rescued by two patrol boats ( Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force).[21]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MDK-253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_landing_craft_MDK-253&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"Cape Korovyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Korovyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cherneyshev-19"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in February 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMDK-253\n\n Soviet Navy\n\nThe landing craft was driven ashore at Cape Korovyi before 21 February.[19]","title":"February"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_fishing"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Dutch Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Harbor,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksr-22"},{"link_name":"Stenso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Stenso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"45°17′N 2°46′W / 45.283°N 2.767°W / 45.283; -2.767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=45_17_N_2_46_W_"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"1 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 March 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRoyal Fisher\n\n United States\n\nThe crab-fishing vessel sank at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, after a runaway barge struck her.[22]\n\n\nStenso\n\n Sweden\n\nFoundered in the Bay of Biscay (45°17′N 2°46′W / 45.283°N 2.767°W / 45.283; -2.767).[23]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ketchikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchikan,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Metlakatla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metlakatla,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"seiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiner"},{"link_name":"Walden Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walden_Rocks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°16′15″N 131°36′20″W / 55.27083°N 131.60556°W / 55.27083; -131.60556 (Walden Rocks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=55_16_15_N_131_36_20_W_&title=Walden+Rocks"},{"link_name":"Nichols Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichols_Passage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksg-24"},{"link_name":"Katie H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Katie_H&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times080372-25"}],"sub_title":"7 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 March 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGloria Jean\n\n United States\n\nDuring a voyage from Ketchikan to Metlakatla, Alaska, the 41-gross register ton, 50-foot (15.2 m) seiner disappeared near Walden Rocks (55°16′15″N 131°36′20″W / 55.27083°N 131.60556°W / 55.27083; -131.60556 (Walden Rocks)) in Nichols Passage in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska with the loss of her entire crew of three.[24]\n\n\nKatie H\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster sank in the North Sea after colliding with an unnamed fishing boat ( Belgium). One of her seven crew was killed.[25]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Shelikof Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelikof_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Alligator Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alligator_Island_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"58°28′30″N 152°47′10″W / 58.47500°N 152.78611°W / 58.47500; -152.78611 (Alligator Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=58_28_30_N_152_47_10_W_&title=Alligator+Island"},{"link_name":"Afognak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak_Island"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksl-26"}],"sub_title":"8 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 March 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLex\n\n United States\n\nThe fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in the Shelikof Strait between mainland Alaska and the Kodiak Archipelago near Alligator Island (58°28′30″N 152°47′10″W / 58.47500°N 152.78611°W / 58.47500; -152.78611 (Alligator Island)) off the northern end of Afognak Island. The fishing vessel Rosemary ( United States) rescued her crew of four.[26]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Ellen Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Mary_Ellen_Conway_(1945)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_ship"},{"link_name":"Manzanillo, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanillo,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T2QRS-27"},{"link_name":"Torodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Torodd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Langevåg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langev%C3%A5g"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"13 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 March 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMary Ellen Conway\n\n Panama\n\nThe tanker exploded and caught fire at Manzanillo, Mexico. Consequently scrapped.[27]\n\n\nTorodd\n\n Norway\n\nThe fishing vessel/cargo ship was destroyed in a fire in Langevåg, Norway. Wreck scrapped in Trondheim, Norway in May 1975.[28]","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Gansevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gansevoort"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Benson-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"sub_title":"19 March","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 March 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Gansevoort\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Benson-class destroyer was sunk as a target off Florida.","title":"March"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnamese_transport_C-69&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"blockade runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runner"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"5 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nC-69\n\n Vietnam People's Navy\n\nVietnam War: The blockade runner was scuttled when she was intercepted by enemy vessels near the border between Cambodia and South Vietnam. Six of her crewmen were killed. It is unclear whether the intercepting vessels were Cambodian, South Vietnamese, or both.[29]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"David Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Island_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°02′N 156°30′W / 57.033°N 156.500°W / 57.033; -156.500 (David Island)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57_02_N_156_30_W_&title=David+Island"},{"link_name":"Alaska Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksa-30"}],"sub_title":"6 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAlasco 2\n\n United States\n\nThe 17-gross register ton, 43-foot (13.1 m) fishing vessel sank off David Island (57°02′N 156°30′W / 57.033°N 156.500°W / 57.033; -156.500 (David Island)) off the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula in Alaska.[30]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Avlis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Santorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Point Manby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Manby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"55°53′15″N 132°35′45″W / 55.88750°N 132.59583°W / 55.88750; -132.59583 (Point Manby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=55_53_15_N_132_35_45_W_&title=Point+Manby"},{"link_name":"Yakutat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutat,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckss-32"}],"sub_title":"7 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAvlis\n\n Greece\n\nWrecked off Santorini.[31]\n\n\nSpruce\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel was lost in bad weather at Point Manby (55°53′15″N 132°35′45″W / 55.88750°N 132.59583°W / 55.88750; -132.59583 (Point Manby)) west of Yakutat, Alaska.[32]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Gore Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gore_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"59°12′00″N 150°57′30″W / 59.20000°N 150.95833°W / 59.20000; -150.95833 (Gore Point)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=59_12_00_N_150_57_30_W_&title=Gore+Point"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksp-33"}],"sub_title":"21 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPatriot\n\n United States\n\nAfter becoming disabled and drifting for six days, the fishing vessel came ashore at Gore Point (59°12′00″N 150°57′30″W / 59.20000°N 150.95833°W / 59.20000; -150.95833 (Gore Point)) on the south-central coast of Alaska and was wrecked. A United States Coast Guard helicopter rescued her entire crew of three and a dog.[33]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Gilani_(1945)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Empire F type coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_F_type_coaster"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire226-27-34"}],"sub_title":"22 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGilani\n\n Canada\n\nThe Empire F type coaster capsized and sank at Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She was later refloated, repaired, and returned to service.[34]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USNS Cowanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cowanesque"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Suamico-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suamico-class_replenishment_oiler"},{"link_name":"replenishment oiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replenishment_oiler"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"}],"sub_title":"23 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 23 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSNS Cowanesque\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe Suamico-class replenishment oiler was sunk off Okinawa, Japan.","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolo Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Bessel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Portoscuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoscuso"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire448-49-35"}],"sub_title":"24 April","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nNicolo Martini\n\n Italy\n\nThe cargo ship struck a submerged object off Portoscuso, Sardinia, and was holed. She was beached to prevent her from sinking. She later was refloated but was declared a constructive total loss.[35]","title":"April"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shun Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Shun_Wing_(1942)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire87-36"}],"sub_title":"10 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nShun Wing\n\n Hong Kong\n\nThe cargo ship broke from her mooring and was driven into the ferry Macau ( Hong Kong) at Hong Kong. Consequently scrapped.[36]","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royston Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Royston_Grange_(1959)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cargo liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_liner"},{"link_name":"Punta Indio Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punta_Indio_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Tien Chee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Tien_Chee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"11 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRoyston Grange\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe 7,113-ton, British cargo liner, wrecked in Punta Indio Channel, Uruguay after colliding with the oil tanker Tien Chee ( Liberia) and subsequent fire. She was the first British ship to be lost with all hands since World War II. 74 fatalities.","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Wilkes-Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wilkes-Barre"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cleveland-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"}],"sub_title":"12 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 12 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Wilkes-Barre\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Cleveland-class light cruiser was sunk as a target during tests of explosives.","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Fred T. Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fred_T._Berry"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gearing-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearing-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling"},{"link_name":"artificial reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"24°27.8′N 81°33.3′W / 24.4633°N 81.5550°W / 24.4633; -81.5550 (\"USS Fred T. Berry (DD-858)\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=24_27.8_N_81_33.3_W_&title=%22USS+%27%27Fred+T.+Berry%27%27+%28DD-858%29%22"}],"sub_title":"14 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Fred T. Berry\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Gearing-class destroyer was scuttled as an artificial reef off Key West, Florida, at 24°27.8′N 81°33.3′W / 24.4633°N 81.5550°W / 24.4633; -81.5550 (\"USS Fred T. Berry (DD-858)\").","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Cape Saint Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Saint_Elias"},{"link_name":"Kayak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak_Island"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckst-12"}],"sub_title":"18 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 18 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nToni Jean\n\n United States\n\nThe 14-gross register ton, 32.5-foot (9.9 m) fishing vessel sank in the Gulf of Alaska approximately 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) east of Cape Saint Elias on the southern tip of Kayak Island in Alaska. One crewman swam to shore, but the other died.[12]","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Victoria_(1946)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Rio Haina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Haina"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire375-37"}],"sub_title":"21 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nVictoria\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nThe cargo ship was driven ashore at Rio Haina, Dominica. She was refloated and consequently scrapped in 1973.[37]","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Shelikof Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelikof_Strait"},{"link_name":"Cape Uganik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Uganik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°58′00″N 153°30′21″W / 57.9666667°N 153.5058333°W / 57.9666667; -153.5058333 (Cape Uganik)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57.9666667_N_153.5058333_W_&title=Cape+Uganik"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksa-30"}],"sub_title":"27 May","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 May 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAddington\n\n United States\n\nThe 40-gross register ton, 54-foot (16.5 m) fishing vessel sank with the loss of three lives in the Shelikof Strait near Cape Uganik (57°58′00″N 153°30′21″W / 57.9666667°N 153.5058333°W / 57.9666667; -153.5058333 (Cape Uganik)) on the coast of Alaska′s Kodiak Island.[30]","title":"May"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Clarence Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckst-12"}],"sub_title":"2 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 2 June 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTraveler\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel sank in Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[12]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Galinda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burning_freighter_MV_Galinda_in_the_South_China_Sea_in_June_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Peril Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peril_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Saook Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saook_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°26′43″N 135°11′25″W / 57.4453°N 135.1902°W / 57.4453; -135.1902 (Saook Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57.4453_N_135.1902_W_&title=Saook+Bay"},{"link_name":"Rodman Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodman_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°28′25″N 135°21′53″W / 57.4736°N 135.3648°W / 57.4736; -135.3648 (Rodman Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57.4736_N_135.3648_W_&title=Rodman+Bay"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksh-39"}],"sub_title":"9 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 9 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGalinda\n\nunknown\n\nThe cargo ship sank in the South China Sea. Ten crewmen died, 38 were rescued.[38]\n\n\nHelen B\n\n United States\n\nThe 105-gross register ton 72.3-foot (22.0 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, halfway between Saook Bay (57°26′43″N 135°11′25″W / 57.4453°N 135.1902°W / 57.4453; -135.1902 (Saook Bay)) and Rodman Bay (57°28′25″N 135°21′53″W / 57.4736°N 135.3648°W / 57.4736; -135.3648 (Rodman Bay)).[39]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougal_Robertson"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"Galapagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"killer whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"},{"link_name":"life raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_raft"},{"link_name":"dinghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy"}],"sub_title":"15 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 15 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLucette\n\n\n\nThe schooner sank in the Pacific Ocean about 200 nautical miles (370 km) west of the Galapagos Islands after being holed by a pod of killer whales. All six people on board escaped in a life raft and a dinghy and drifted for 38 days before being rescued.","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"speedboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedboat"},{"link_name":"Yukon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksi-40"}],"sub_title":"18 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 18 June 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nIcebreaker II\n\n United States\n\nThe speedboat was swamped and lost on the Yukon River in Alaska 23 miles (37 km) north of Ruby with the loss of one life.[40]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"False Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Pass,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksd-41"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Stephens Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephens_Island_(Alaska)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksm-42"}],"sub_title":"25 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 June 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDebby\n\n United States\n\nThe 12-gross register ton, 30-foot (9.1 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at False Pass, Alaska.[41]\n\n\nMarcella\n\n United States\n\nThe 14-gross register ton, 39.8-foot (12.1 m) fishing vessel sank at Stephens Island in Southeast Alaska.[42]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_fishing"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Montague Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_Island_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"Prince William Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"life raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_raft"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksl-26"}],"sub_title":"26 June","text":"List of shipwrecks: 26 June 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLeading Lady\n\n United States\n\nThe 57-gross register ton, 57.8-foot (17.6 m) crab-fishing vessel sank quickly off the northeast coast of Montague Island at the entrance to Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of Alaska after striking an unidentified object. Her crew of three reached shore in a life raft.[26]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falcon Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Falcon_Lady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanker_Falcon_Lady_aground_in_Triton_Island_in_June_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Triton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_Island"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"rescue and salvage ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_salvage_ship"},{"link_name":"USS Reclaimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Reclaimer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown Date 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFalcon Lady\n\n United States\n\nThe tanker ran aground on Triton Island in the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea during a voyage from Da Nang, South Vietnam, to Subic Bay, the Philippines. The rescue and salvage ship USS Reclaimer ( United States Navy) pulled her off on 3 July.[43]","title":"June"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lefteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lefteria_(schooner)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"weather ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_ship"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times040772-44"}],"sub_title":"1 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLefteria\n\n Denmark\n\nThe schooner was in collision with an unnamed weather ship ( France) and sank with the loss of seven of her eleven crew.[44]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_London_Statesman"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"}],"sub_title":"10 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLondon Statesman\n\n United Kingdom\n\nVietnam War: The cargo ship was sunk by Viet Cong sabotage at Nha Trang, South Vietnam.","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_O%27Brien_(DD-725)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Allen M. Sumner-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_M._Sumner-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"sub_title":"13 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS O'Brien\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer was sunk as a target in the Pacific Ocean off California.","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Kvichak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvichak,_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"56°38′30″N 133°15′30″W / 56.64167°N 133.25833°W / 56.64167; -133.25833 (Kvichak)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=56_38_30_N_133_15_30_W_&title=Kvichak"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksm-42"}],"sub_title":"20 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMontclair\n\n United States\n\nThe 7-gross register ton, 28.6-foot (8.7 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Kvichak (56°38′30″N 133°15′30″W / 56.64167°N 133.25833°W / 56.64167; -133.25833 (Kvichak)), Alaska.[42]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Simos_(1942)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent"},{"link_name":"Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire60-45"}],"sub_title":"22 July","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 July 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSimos\n\n Greece\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. She was on a voyage from \"Ashod\" to a French port. She was refloated on 22 August and put in to Setúbal, Portugal, where she was laid up. Scrapped at Bilbao, Spain in September 1973.[45]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rustringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Rustringen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-17"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRustringen\n\n West Germany\n\nSank off Margate, Kent. Later raised and scrapped.[17]\n\n\nVermont\n\n Ecuador\n\nThe tanker ran aground off Guayaquil and wrecked. Later scrapped in situ.[46]","title":"July"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Stade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Ciudad di Manizales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Ciudad_di_Manizales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times070872-47"}],"sub_title":"6 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 August 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nStade\n\n West Germany\n\nThe coaster was cut in two when in collision with Ciudad di Manizales ( Colombia) in the English Channel and sank with the loss of eleven of her 13 crew. The stern section sank, but the bow section remained afloat. It was sunk by the French Navy as it was a hazard to navigation.[47]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Amoy_(1952)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Cape Negrais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Negrais"},{"link_name":"constructive total loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_total_loss"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW1449-48"}],"sub_title":"9 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 9 August 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAmoy\n\n Somalia\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground near Cape Negrais, India and was declared a constructive total loss. She was on a voyage from Penang, Malaysia to Calcutta.[48]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texanita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego-Guardian%E2%80%93Texanita_collision"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"supertanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertanker"},{"link_name":"Oswego Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego-Guardian%E2%80%93Texanita_collision"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Cape Agulhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Agulhas"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times220872-49"}],"sub_title":"21 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 August 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTexanita\n\n Liberia\n\nThe supertanker collided with the supertanker Oswego Guardian ( Liberia) 20 nautical miles (37 km) south of Cape Agulhas, South Africa, suffered a massive explosion, and sank with the loss of 46 of her 50 crew members.[49]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnamese_motor_torpedo_boat_T-319&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"motor torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"heavy cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Newport_News_(CA-148)"},{"link_name":"guided-missile destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Robison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Robison"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Haiphong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovietempire.com-50"},{"link_name":"T-349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnamese_motor_torpedo_boat_T-349&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"motor torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"heavy cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Newport_News_(CA-148)"},{"link_name":"guided-missile destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Robison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Robison"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Haiphong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sovietempire.com-50"}],"sub_title":"27 August","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 August 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nT-319\n\n Vietnam People's Navy\n\nVietnam War: The T-333/Project 123K-class motor torpedo boat was damaged by gunfire by the heavy cruiser USS Newport News and guided-missile destroyer USS Robison and finished off by aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea (all  United States Navy) off Haiphong, North Vietnam.[50]\n\n\nT-349\n\n Vietnam People's Navy\n\nVietnam War: The T-333/Project 123K-class motor torpedo boat was damaged by gunfire by the heavy cruiser USS Newport News and guided-missile destroyer USS Robison and finished off by aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea (all  United States Navy) off Haiphong, North Vietnam.[50]","title":"August"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabin cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_cruiser"},{"link_name":"capsized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsize"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Lourenço Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"3 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 3 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUnidentified cabin cruiser\n\nUnknown\n\nThe cabin cruiser sank when a wave capsized it after its engine failed in the Indian Ocean off Lourenço Marques, Mozambique. Three of the four people on board drowned. The only survivor was a South African woman who swam 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) to safety on a buoy and reported that two dolphins protected her from sharks and helped her stay afloat when she tired during her swim.[51]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"Marylisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Marylisa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times050972-52"}],"sub_title":"4 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 4 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTaoyuno\n\n Republic of China\n\nThe fishing vessel was sunk with the loss of 22 of her 23 crew when it was in collision with the bulk carrier Marylisa ( Greece) 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) west of the Cape of Good Hope.[52]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Berners Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berners_Bay"},{"link_name":"Point Bridget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Bridget&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"58°40′45″N 134°59′20″W / 58.67917°N 134.98889°W / 58.67917; -134.98889 (Point Bridget)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=58_40_45_N_134_59_20_W_&title=Point+Bridget"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckss-32"}],"sub_title":"5 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSouthland\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel was wrecked in Berners Bay near Point Bridget (58°40′45″N 134°59′20″W / 58.67917°N 134.98889°W / 58.67917; -134.98889 (Point Bridget)) in Southeast Alaska.[32]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Horton Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horton_Cove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"59°14′10″N 135°26′15″W / 59.23611°N 135.43750°W / 59.23611; -135.43750 (Horton Cove)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=59_14_10_N_135_26_15_W_&title=Horton+Cove"},{"link_name":"Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haines,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksp-33"}],"sub_title":"16 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPeregrin II\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel sank in Horton Cove (59°14′10″N 135°26′15″W / 59.23611°N 135.43750°W / 59.23611; -135.43750 (Horton Cove)) at Haines, Alaska.[33]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMSAS Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSAS_Natal"},{"link_name":"South African Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Navy"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"Loch-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"SAS President Steyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_President_Steyn"},{"link_name":"South African Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Navy"},{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Avro Shackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Shackleton"},{"link_name":"maritime patrol aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"19 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHMSAS Natal\n\n South African Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Loch-class frigate was sunk as a target off the Cape of Good Hope by gunfire from the frigate SAS President Steyn ( South African Navy) and depth charges dropped by South African Air Force Avro Shackleton maritime patrol aircraft .[53][54]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Sergius Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergius_Narrows&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"57°24′20″N 135°38′00″W / 57.40556°N 135.63333°W / 57.40556; -135.63333 (Tradewind)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=57_24_20_N_135_38_00_W_&title=%27%27Tradewind%27%27"},{"link_name":"Sitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckst-12"}],"sub_title":"27 September","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 September 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTradewind\n\n United States\n\nThe motor vessel was destroyed by fire in Sergius Narrows (57°24′20″N 135°38′00″W / 57.40556°N 135.63333°W / 57.40556; -135.63333 (Tradewind)) north of Sitka, Alaska.[12]","title":"September"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Genimar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Larry L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Larry_L&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times021072-55"}],"sub_title":"1 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 October 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nGenimar\n\n Liberia\n\nThe cargo ship sank in the English Channel off Kent after it was in collision with Larry L ( Greece). All 24 crew were rescued by Larry L.[55]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Algorail"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"Holland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"6 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 October 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAlgorail\n\n Canada\n\nThe bulk carrier collided with a pier at Holland, Michigan in bad weather. A 12-foot (4 m) hole was torn in the vessel's bow and the ship sank. The ship was later refloated, repaired and returned to service.[56]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Sirène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_submarine_La_Sir%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marine Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorient"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times131072-57"}],"sub_title":"11 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 October 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLa Sirène\n\n Marine Nationale\n\nThe submarine sank in an accident at Lorient naval base. All seven crew on board escaped.[57]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stanton"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Edsall-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsall-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"16 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 16 October 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nUSS Stanton\n\n United States Navy\n\nThe decommissioned Edsall-class destroyer escort was sunk as a target off Puerto Rico.","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProvIRA-58"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProvIRA-58"}],"sub_title":"22 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 April 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBallyginniff\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe Troubles: The barge was bombed and sunk by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit.[58]\n\n\nLough Neagh\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe Troubles: The barge was bombed and sunk by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit.[58]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksf-59"}],"sub_title":"24 October","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 October 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFrisco\n\n United States\n\nThe 26-gross register ton, 46.3-foot (14.1 m) fishing vessel sank in the Gulf of Alaska approximately 11 nautical miles (20 km; 13 mi) southeast of Kodiak, Alaska.[59]","title":"October"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_fishing"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Peril Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peril_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksl-26"}],"sub_title":"1 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 November 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nLazarette\n\n United States\n\nThe crab-fishing vessel sank with the loss of two lives in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[26]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Metric&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Texel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texel"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times141172-60"},{"link_name":"Wan Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Wan_Chun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Wan_Chun%22_-_Castricum,_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"IJmuiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJmuiden"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times141172-60"}],"sub_title":"13 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 13 November 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nMetric\n\n Denmark\n\nThe coaster ran aground off Texel, Netherlands. Nine people and two dogs were rescued by Royal Netherlands Navy helicopters.[60]\n\n\nWan Chun\n\n People's Republic of China\n\nWan Chun.The cargo ship ran aground north of IJmuiden, Netherlands in a storm. All 27 crew were rescued.[60]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ypoploiarchos Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_vehicle_carrier_Ypoploiarchos_Merlin_(L-196)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"World Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_World_Hero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times151172-61"}],"sub_title":"14 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 November 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nYpoploiarchos Merlin\n\n Royal Hellenic Navy\n\nThe vehicle carrier sank with the loss of 45 crew after a collision with the supertanker World Hero ( Greece).[61]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"purse seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purse_seine"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Peril Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peril_Strait"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Southeast Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksd-41"}],"sub_title":"19 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 November 1996\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDora R\n\n United States\n\nThe 60-foot (18.3 m) purse seine fishing vessel sank in Peril Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska, 75 nautical miles (139 km; 86 mi) south of Juneau, Alaska, with the loss of two lives. Her lone survivor, her captain, was rescued from the water by a helicopter.[41]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS_Nordkapp_OPV_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"}],"sub_title":"27 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 November 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nTor Hugo\n\n Norway\n\nThe fishing vessel sank off West Africa after suffering leaks and disastrous hull failure.","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burtonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Burtonia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times011272-62"}],"sub_title":"30 November","text":"List of shipwrecks: 30 November 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBurtonia\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe coaster capsized and sank 40 nautical miles (74 km) off Lowestoft, Suffolk with the loss of four of her eight crew.[62]","title":"November"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Pelias_(1946)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HW1193-63"},{"link_name":"Maceió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macei%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire79-64"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Hoonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoonah,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwreckst-12"}],"sub_title":"12 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 12 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPelias\n\n Greece\n\nThe cargo ship sprang a leak and foundered 250 nautical miles (460 km) south of Durban, South Africa. Her crew survived.[63] Pelias was on a voyage from Maceió, Brazil to Saigon, South Vietnam.[64]\n\n\nTyke IV\n\n United States\n\nThe 9-gross register ton, 30.2-foot (9.2 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Hoonah, Alaska.[12]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Rumba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Cape Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Race"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times161272-65"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Lincoln_Express&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times161272-65"},{"link_name":"Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Teofani-Livanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Teofani-Livanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times161272-65"}],"sub_title":"15 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 15 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nRumba\n\n West Germany\n\nThe cargo ship was abandoned when its cargo of railway locomotives broke free of their chains, causing the ship to list when she was 200 nautical miles (370 km) south east of Cape Race. Newfoundland.[65]\n\n\nLincoln Express\n\n Panama\n\nThe cargo ship foundered off Puerto Rico. All 21 crew rescued by the United States Coast Guard.[65]\n\n\nNova\n\n Sweden\n\nThe cargo ship sank after it was in collision with Teofani-Livanos ( Greece) in the Baltic Sea. One crewman was killed.[65]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"motor vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Prince William Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Sound"},{"link_name":"south-central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksa-30"},{"link_name":"T-906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnamese_missile_boat_T-906&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"missile boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_boat"},{"link_name":"Ha Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Long"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"19 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nArctic Sea\n\n United States\n\nThe 57-gross register ton, 49.9-foot (15.2 m) motor vessel sank in Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of Alaska.[30]\n\n\nT-906\n\n Vietnam People's Navy\n\nVietnam War: The Project 183R missile boat was sunk by aircraft in Ha Long, North Vietnam.[66]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Argus_V&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Cap Griz Nez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_Griz_Nez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times231272-67"}],"sub_title":"22 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nArgus V\n\n West Germany\n\nThe tug capsized and sank in the English Channel 7 nautical miles (13 km) off Cap Griz Nez, France. All five crew were rescued.[67]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacrover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Pacrover_(1944)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"North Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Kodiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"oil slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_slick"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksp-33"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T2B-68"},{"link_name":"Sea Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Sea_Star"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"supertanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertanker"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"}],"sub_title":"24 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 24 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nPacrover\n\n Liberia\n\nThe bulk carrier disappeared in the North Pacific Ocean 760 nautical miles (1,410 km) south of Kodiak Island and 800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi) south of Kodiak, Alaska, with the loss of her entire crew of 30 South Korean nationals. Searchers found only four overturned lifeboats, some debris, and an oil slick.[33][68]\n\n\nSea Star\n\n South Korea\n\nAfter burning for five days following a 19 December collision with the tanker Horta Barbosa ( Brazil), the supertanker sank in the Persian Gulf after a series of explosions.","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Sea_Star_(1968)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Cascais Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascais_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cabo Raso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Raso"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"26 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSea Star\n\n Denmark\n\nThe cargo ship ran aground in a gale near the Cascais Lighthouse, Cabo Raso, Portugal and broke in two .[69]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Empire_ships_-_M#Empire_Mammoth"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"bucket dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain"},{"link_name":"44°21′N 08°57′W / 44.350°N 8.950°W / 44.350; -8.950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=44_21_N_08_57_W_"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Empire355-70"}],"sub_title":"27 December","text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSt. Ives\n\n Italy\n\nThe 938 GRT bucket dredger capsized and sank northwest of Ferrol, Spain (44°21′N 08°57′W / 44.350°N 8.950°W / 44.350; -8.950) while under tow by Smit Pioneer ( Netherlands). St. Ives was being towed from Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom to Palermo, Sicily.[70]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"gross register ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_ton"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordova,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alaskashipwrecksh-39"}],"sub_title":"Unknown date","text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date December 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHelen\n\n United States\n\nThe 9-gross register ton 30.3-foot (9.2 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Cordova, Alaska.[39]","title":"December"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allah Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_Mina"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"dredging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling"},{"link_name":"artificial reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Bude&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Navy"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"P-15 Termit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-15_Termit"},{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"antiship missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiship_missile"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sakonnet Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakonnet_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"41°20.9′N 071°14.5′W / 41.3483°N 71.2417°W / 41.3483; -71.2417 (P. T. Teti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_1972&params=41_20.9_N_071_14.5_W_&title=%27%27P.+T.+Teti%27%27"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date 1972\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAllah Mina\n\nUnknown\n\nThe cement barge sank in the Persian Gulf in approximately 1972.\n\n\nFran S\n\n United States\n\nAfter the 84-foot (25.6 m) tug had sunk during dredging operations and then been refloated, she was scuttled as an artificial reef in the North Atlantic Ocean south of Long Island off Atlantic Beach, New York, in 80 feet (24 m) of water sometime in 1972.[71][72]\n\n\nNasr\n\n Egyptian Navy\n\nThe corvette was sunk as a target c. 1972 by P-15 Termit (NATO reporting name \"SS-N-2\" and \"Styx\") antiship missiles.[73]\n\n\nP. T. Teti\n\n United States\n\nThe 80-foot (24 m) tug sank during a storm in 100 feet (30 m) of water in the Atlantic Ocean off Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island, at 41°20.9′N 071°14.5′W / 41.3483°N 71.2417°W / 41.3483; -71.2417 (P. T. Teti) sometime in 1972.[74]","title":"Unknown date"}]

[{"image_text":"Seawise University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Seawise_University_wreck.jpg/220px-Seawise_University_wreck.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Burning_freighter_MV_Galinda_in_the_South_China_Sea_in_June_1972.jpg/220px-Burning_freighter_MV_Galinda_in_the_South_China_Sea_in_June_1972.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tanker_Falcon_Lady_aground_in_Triton_Island_in_June_1972.jpg/220px-Tanker_Falcon_Lady_aground_in_Triton_Island_in_June_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wan Chun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%22Wan_Chun%22_-_Castricum%2C_1972.jpg/220px-%22Wan_Chun%22_-_Castricum%2C_1972.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Ship feared lost\". The Times. No. 58371. London. 10 January 1972. col A, p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 370. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Janova\". The Yard. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1452","url_text":"\"Janova\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Five dead, four missing as oil rig vessel sinks\". The Times. No. 58378. London. 18 January 1972. col D, p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Liner runs aground\". The Times. No. 58387. London. 28 January 1972. col F, p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Auxiliary Netlayers\". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/Choki_t.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese Auxiliary Netlayers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seamen saved by helicopter\". The Times. No. 58395. London. 7 February 1972. col F, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MANCHESTER MERCHANT\". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150315045512/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/abandoned-ships/MANCHESTER_MERCHANT_95.html","url_text":"\"MANCHESTER MERCHANT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester Liners Ltd\". The Ships List. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/manchester.shtml","url_text":"\"Manchester Liners Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"British carrier rescues 14 from sinking ship\". The Times. No. 58401. London. 14 February 1972. col C, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"VISVA KUSUN CARGO SHIP 1955-1972\". Wrecksite. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?104555","url_text":"\"VISVA KUSUN CARGO SHIP 1955-1972\""}]},{"reference":"Lane, Anthony (2009). Shipwrecks of Kent. Stroud: The History Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7524-1720-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1720-2","url_text":"978-0-7524-1720-2"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 28. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"Chernyshev, Alexander Alekseevich (2012). Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв [They died without a fight. Catastrophes of Russian ships of the XVIII-XX centuries] (in Russian). Veche.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxima-library.org/mob/b/389880?format=read","url_text":"Погибли без боя. Катастрофы русских кораблей XVIII–XX вв"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 245. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Captain goes down with abandoned ship\". The Times. No. 58415. London. 1 March 1972. col E, p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stenso (5340558)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5340558","url_text":"\"Stenso (5340558)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"British sailor killed in collision\". The Times. No. 58421. London. 8 March 1972. col G, p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"T2 TANKERS - Q - R - S\". Mariners. Retrieved 2 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/T2Q.html","url_text":"\"T2 TANKERS - Q - R - S\""}]},{"reference":"Oterhals, Leo (1997). Båter, baser og barske menn (in Norwegian). Molde: Lagunen. p. 75. ISBN 8290757115.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/bbec335d2f3a72df8c8b332ceec9337b#&struct=DIV76","url_text":"Båter, baser og barske menn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8290757115","url_text":"8290757115"}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)\". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=149&t=55094&sid=b0ccfd11a7bdbed6e209930c615080b9","url_text":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avlis (5397410)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5397410","url_text":"\"Avlis (5397410)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. pp. 226–27. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. pp. 448–49. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 375. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver\". USS Conserver. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://ussconserver.org/unofficial-1972-westpac-cruise-log/","url_text":"\"Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver\". USS Conserver. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://ussconserver.org/unofficial-1972-westpac-cruise-log/","url_text":"\"Unofficial 1972 Westpac cruise log - USS Conserver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weather ship may be sued\". The Times. No. 58521. London. 4 July 1972. col A-B, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 60. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Vermont (5066023)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 30 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/5066023","url_text":"\"Vermont (5066023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]},{"reference":"\"11 drown as coaster is sliced in two in Channel\". The Times. No. 58546. London. 7 August 1972. col C, p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obuasi\". The Yard. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1449","url_text":"\"Obuasi\""}]},{"reference":"\"More than 40 killed when supertankers collide off Africa's southernmost tip\". The Times. No. 58559. London. 22 August 1972. col B-D, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & later conflicts)\". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=149&t=55094&sid=3606c5c02400a85514831b7dc04aa509","url_text":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & later conflicts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"22 seamen lost in trawler\". The Times. No. 58571. London. 5 September 1972. col C, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Du Toit, Allan (1992). South Africa's Fighting Ships: Past and Present. Rivonia, South Africa: Ashanti Publishing. ISBN 1-874800-50-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_du_Toit","url_text":"Du Toit, Allan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874800-50-2","url_text":"1-874800-50-2"}]},{"reference":"\"WRECKSITE - NATAL FRIGATE 1945–1972\". www.wrecksite.eu. 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Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=149&t=55186&sid=362e08990d2efb304424e99b04f44754","url_text":"\"Provisional IRA (PIRA) and ETA-Naval sabotage\""}]},{"reference":"\"42 die as gales sweep Europe\". The Times. No. 56831. London. 14 November 1972. col E-G, p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"45 feared dead in supertanker collision\". The Times. No. 58633. London. 16 November 1972. col B, p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Four die as coaster capsizes in gale\". The Times. No. 58646. London. 1 December 1972. col C, p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Salaverry\". The Yard. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1193","url_text":"\"Salaverry\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 79. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Locomotives in ship break their fastenings\". The Times. No. 58659. London. 16 December 1972. col D, p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)\". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=149&t=55094&sid=b0ccfd11a7bdbed6e209930c615080b9","url_text":"\"Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & other conflicts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tug's crew saved\". The Times. No. 58664. London. 23 December 1972. col E, p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"T2 TANKERS - B\". Mariners. Retrieved 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/T2B.html","url_text":"\"T2 TANKERS - B\""}]},{"reference":"\"MV SEA STAR (Danish) (+1972)\". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?195295","url_text":"\"MV SEA STAR (Danish) (+1972)\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 355. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"P. T. Teti\". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wreckhunter.net/DataPages/ptteti-dat.htm","url_text":"\"P. T. Teti\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Altman

Rockapella

["1 Band history","1.1 Early years (1986–1990)","1.2 Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1996)","1.3 Post-Carmen Sandiego years (1997–present)","2 Personnel","2.1 Timeline","3 Discography","3.1 US albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Miscellaneous albums","3.4 Singles and EPs","3.5 Other appearances","3.6 Solo albums and appearances","4 Songs used in commercials","5 Filmography","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

American a cappella musical group RockapellaRockapella (L-R) Scott Leonard, Steven Dorian, Calvin Jones, George Baldi III, and Jeff Thacher performing in Clearwater, Florida on December 20, 2013.Background informationOriginNew York City, U.S.GenresA cappellaYears active1986–presentLabelsShakariki Records / PAID, Inc., Amerigo Records, J-Bird Records, Rentrak Records, ForLife RecordsMembersScott LeonardJeff ThacherCalvin JonesManny HoustonArmand HuttonPast membersSean AltmanElliott KermanSteve KeyesDavid Stix (deceased)Charlie EvettBarry CarlKevin WrightJohn K. BrownGeorge Baldi IIISteven DorianRyan ChappelleMitchell RainsJose RosarioBryant VanceWebsitewww.rockapella.com Rockapella is an American a cappella musical group formed in 1986 in New York City. The group's name is a portmanteau of "rock" and "a cappella". Rockapella sings original vocal music and a cappella versions of other songs. Over time, their sound has evolved from high-energy pop and world music style toward a sound more influenced by R&B. Rockapella found their enduring success in Japan early in their career. They are most successful for their role as a house band and comedy troupe on the PBS children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?. In addition to three compilation albums in Japan, Rockapella has released 19 albums in the US and Japan. Since the band's vocal percussionist was hired, the line "All sounds provided by the voices and appendages of Rockapella" has been printed on each of their CDs. Band history Early years (1986–1990) The founding members of Rockapella consisted of Brown University alumni Sean Altman, Elliott Kerman, Steve Keyes, and David Stix. They had each been in an a cappella group at Brown called High Jinks, but not all at the same time. Having been in High Jinks the longest, Altman was the only connection between the other three members; when they found each other in New York City following their graduation, they decided to form Rockapella. The band began performing on New York City street corners in 1986 with a hat at their feet and a song repertoire that consisted of a mix of barbershop arrangements and a cappella renditions of classic doo wop pieces that evolved to focus less on oldies and barbershop and more on contemporary rock music. Passers-by began to drop business cards into the hat, and these street corner performances led to private party and club performances around NYC. Stix left the group in 1987 to pursue his artistic career and was replaced by Charlie Evett. That same year, a dinner party performance for television personality Kathie Lee Gifford led to Rockapella's 1988 appearance on the WABC-TV show The Morning Show, Regis Philbin and Gifford's NYC morning talk show before it went national. Their performance of Altman's signature arrangement of the calypso novelty standard "Zombie Jamboree" caught the eye of producer Gerard Brown. He invited Rockapella to perform on the PBS "Great Performances" TV special Spike Lee & Company – Do It A Cappella, which would put them into the national spotlight. However, Evett left the group to continue a career in software design in 1988 before the special's taping, and Barry Carl was hired to take his place. Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1996) Further information: Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show) With a PBS special and numerous morning talk show appearances under their collective belt, Rockapella was noticed by the producers of an up-and-coming children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Shortly before the show's premiere, Keyes had decided to leave Rockapella to launch his legal career, but was still part of the band when they auditioned and were hired to write and perform the show's theme song as well as appearing as the comic relief house band. Keyes was replaced by Scott Leonard, who had just returned from a career as the lead singer in a Tokyo Disneyland electronic rock band. Between Leonard joining the band and the start of their television break, Rockapella began to pick up fame, starring in a Whoopi Goldberg HBO comedy special Chez Whoopi, a Taco Bell commercial, and opened for acts such as Chuck Berry, Styx, Billy Joel, and their a cappella idols The Persuasions, who the group had met on the Do It A Cappella special. They also performed on Jay Leno's first New Year's Eve episode of The Tonight Show in 1992. Rockapella first appeared on the half-hour game show in 1991 and later continued to appear daily for five seasons, catapulting the band's four members into mid-level television celebrity status and making the Rockapella-performed theme song (which was penned by Altman and his childhood friend, David Yazbek) as one of the best known television themes in history. Jeff Thacher joined Rockapella as the band's permanent vocal percussionist in 1993, although he only appeared on Carmen Sandiego during its fifth and final season two years later. While Rockapella was seen daily in homes across America, Leonard used his connections to the Japanese music market to acquire a recording contract with ForLife Records. The group released seven albums of original and cover material under this label in Japan during their run on Carmen Sandiego and for two years after that, being the first to bring contemporary a cappella music to Japan. Post-Carmen Sandiego years (1997–present) Rockapella performing in 2003. (L-R) Kevin Wright, Elliott Kerman, George Baldi III, Scott Leonard, Jeff Thacher. Following the end of Carmen Sandiego in 1996, Altman left Rockapella to pursue his solo career the following year, and was replaced by Kevin Wright. They did two Folger's coffee commercials between 1998 and 2001 and a PBS special of their December 9, 2000, concert. In 2002, Carl was replaced by George Baldi III. In 2003, the group started their now annual "A Rockapella Holiday" tour, and in 2004, they released a live album, as well as re-released all of their previous North American albums on the independent label Shakariki Records. That same year, Kerman, the group's baritone and the last remaining founding member of the group, left and was replaced by John K. Brown, a second tenor. Rockapella began joining the Boston Pops on stage in the eastern US in 2006, creating a concert experience that shows both the orchestra's and Rockapella's talents separately and together in a manner never done before: a cappella with instrumentation. In August 2009, Wright announced he would be leaving the group at the end of the year to spend more time with his family; his last performance with the band was on December 22 of that same year, and was replaced by Steven Dorian. The project to make "Bang", the title track off their newest album, the first track in Rock Band to feature full, four-instrument gameplay based on no live or synthesized instruments began in the summer of 2010, and was released for purchase on January 30, 2011 through the RBN. At the beginning of 2011, the band's cover of "It's A Small World" from their album Comfort & Joy, was featured in a TV commercial for the animated film Gnomeo and Juliet. On November 16, 2011, Rockapella released a new holiday album, A Rockapella Holiday. In 2022, Jose Rosario left the group and was replaced by Manny Houston. Bryant Vance left the group at that time as well, allowing George Baldi III to return. By mid-2023, Baldi left the group once again and was replaced by Armand Hutton. Personnel Current members Scott Leonard - High Tenor (1991–present) Jeff Thacher - Vocal Percussion (1993–present) Calvin Jones - Tenor (2013–present) Armand Hutton - Bass (2023–present) Manny Houston - Tenor (2022–present) Supporting musicians John K. Brown – Tenor (2014–present; substitute for Calvin Jones & Mitchell Rains) Ryan Chappelle - Bass (2016–present) Steven Dorian - Tenor (2016–present) Christopher Rossi – Tenor (2013–15); substitute for Steven Dorian, now Mitchell Rains) George Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023; substitute for Armand Hutton) Former members Sean Altman - Tenor (1986-1997; founding member) Elliott Kerman - Baritone (1986-2004; founding member) Steve Keyes - High Tenor (1986-1991; founding member) David Stix - Bass (1986-1987; founding member) Charlie Evett - Bass (1987-1988) Barry Carl - Bass (1988-2002) Kevin Wright - Tenor (1997-2009) John K. Brown - Tenor (2004-2013) Bryant Vance - Bass (2016-2022) Ryan Chappelle - Bass (2014–2016) Steven Dorian - Tenor (2009–2016) Mitchell Rains - Tenor (2016-2019) Jose Rosario - Tenor (2019–2022) George Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023) Former supporting musicians Kenny X – Vocal percussion (1992; touring) David Yazbek – Vocal percussion (1992; session) Nathan Herron – Tenor (2014–???; substitute for Steven Dorian) Rolin E. Alexis – Bass (2014–???; substitute for George Baldi III and Ryan Chappelle) Timeline Discography US albums Country Release Date Title Line-up Label Japan May 21, 1992 To N.Y. Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard ForLife Records May 21, 1992 From N.Y. December 16, 1992 Bash! April 21, 1994 Vocobeat Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher November 18, 1994 Out Cold USA 1995 Primer Independent 1996 (US) November 21, 1996 (Japan) Lucky Seven Independent (US) ForLife Records (Japan) USA 1997 Rockapella Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright Independent February 16, 1999 Don't Tell Me You Do J-Bird Records March 28, 2000 2 USA Japan October 24, 2000 (US) November 30, 2001 (Japan) Christmas J-Bird Records (US) Rentrak Records (Japan) May 6, 2001 (US) November 30, 2001 (Japan) In Concert USA August 13, 2002 Smilin' Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright, Baldi Amerigo Records November 12, 2002 Comfort & Joy Kerman, Leonard, Thacher, Wright, Baldi June 2004 Live in Japan Shakariki Records November 16, 2011 A Rockapella Holiday Leonard, Thacher, Dorian, Baldi, Brown September 21, 2010 Bang March 15, 2013 Motown & More September 2017 Jams, Vol. 1 Leonard, Thacher, Rains, Jones, Vance December 2018 Jams, Vol. 2 December 2019 Christmas Live All albums from Don't Tell Me You Do through Comfort & Joy were re-released in the US by Shakariki Records in 2004. Compilation albums Country Release Date Album Line-up Label  Japan November 17, 1995 Best Fest Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher ForLife Records September 2002 Best A Cappella September 25, 2002 More Than Ever Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright Rentrak Records Miscellaneous albums Release Date Album Line-up 2005 Live at Duo Music Exchange Kerman, Baldi, Leonard, Thacher, Wright Singles and EPs Release Date Title Line-up Label 1993 "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard Zoom Express April 11, 2015 "Rock Around the Clock/Tell Me Something Good" Leonard, Thacher, Dorian, Jones, Chappelle Shakariki Records February 9, 2016 "Candy Man" Shakariki Records July 23, 2016 "Sir GotALot" Shakariki Records November 4, 2016 "Better 2gether" Leonard, Thacher, Rains, Jones, Vance Shakariki Records June 1, 2017 "Workin My Way to You" Shakariki Records November 22, 2017 "How 'Bout Now?" Shakariki Records November 2019 (vinyl) July 23, 2020 (digital) Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? EP Enjoy the Toons Records (vinyl) Shakariki Records (digital) September 24, 2021 "Gimme Money (Con and On and On)" (From the game, The Big Con) Leonard, Thacher, Jones, Vance, Rosario Skybound Games Other appearances Year Artist Album Song(s) Line-up 1990 Spike Lee & Company: Do It a Cappella "Zombie Jamboree" "Under the Boardwalk" (with True Image) Altman, Keyes, Kerman, Carl 1991 Zappa's Universe "Elvis Has Left the Building" "Heavenly Bank Account" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1992 Modern A Cappella "Zombie Jamboree" (taken from Spike Lee & Company: Do It a Cappella) Altman, Keyes, Kerman, Carl 1992 Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? "Capital" "Everything to Me" "My Home" (with The Persuasions) "Let's Get Away From It All" "Indiana" "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1993 The Muppets Muppet Beach Party "Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1993 Put on Your Green Shoes "Light of the Sun" (with Richie Havens) Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1993 Carmen Sandiego: Out of This World "Big Wet Rag" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1994 Biggest Little Ticket "Everything to Me" "I Like You Very Much" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1994 95.5 WPLJ Presents Scott & Todd's Scam-America Comedy Album Vol. II "Where in the World Is Joseph P. Nolan" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1994 1994 World University Games ”Pass on the Torch (I Know New York)" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1995 Ben & Jerry's One World One Heart for Kids "The Light of the Sun" (with Richie Havens) Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1995 Anri Opus 21 ”Moon in the Rain" (background vocals) Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 1996 Voices Only: A Cappella Originals "Bed of Nails" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1997 Anri Twin Soul ”Wiper on a Sunny Day" (background vocals) Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher 1999 Sam Harris Revival "A Change in My Life" (background vocals) Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright 2000 A Cappella Christmas Party "Hold Out for Christmas" Altman, Kerman, Carl, Leonard 2000 Mark and Brian: Little Drummer Boys "Silver Bells" (live) Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright 2002 20 Christmas Stars, Vol. IV "Merry Christmas Darling" Kerman, Leonard, Thacher, Wright, Baldi 2007 Hokie Nation: An A Cappella Tribute "I'll Hear Your Voice" Kerman, Carl, Leonard, Thacher, Wright 2016 Sing 13: Superstition "Sir GotALot" Leonard, Thacher, Jones, Vance, Rains Solo albums and appearances Release Date Artist Album Song(s) 1996 Scott Leonard My Favorites: The Bee Gees 1997 Sean Altman SeanDEMOnium February 1999 fi-Ling Fader (Scott Leonard) Bluespeel 2002 Nice Kitty March 2002 Sean Altman Alt.mania July 2004 Barry Carl The SoLow Project 2005 Sean Altman Losing Streak 2005 The Groovebarbers (Altman, Evett, Keyes) Glory 2006 Jewmongous (Sean Altman) Unorthodox May 2007 Scott Leonard 1man1mike 2008 Jewmongous (Sean Altman) Taller Than Jesus January 2009 John K. Brown Essence of Worship January 2009 God Has a Hold on Me 2010 The Groovebarbers (Altman, Evett, Keyes) Guts March 2009 Altman, Carl, Kerman Schoolhouse Rock! Earth "You Oughta Be Savin' Water" Altman, Carl "Save the Ocean" March 2010 Scott Leonard Tokyo Robots - 1M1M2 June 2010 John K. Brown bOOmbOOm June 2011 Unplugged November 2012 A "Just Play It" Christmas 2014 The Groovebarbers (Altman, Evett, Keyes) Warning: Barbershop! 2016 Zombie Jamboree 2019 Sean Altman Salt Songs used in commercials This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gnomeo and Juliet - feature film trailer Folgers coffee NBC The Today Show promos for the earliest version of the program's "Where in the World is Matt Lauer?" segment. The song was re-recorded later in different styles by other musicians. Mounds/Almond Joy Doritos Mazola Kent Super Lights - Japan-only Showtime - (Became "We Got A Happy Holiday" song from Japan-only album "Bash") HBO Taco Bell Bacardi Budweiser AFLAC insurance ProScan televisions Arby's Ozone Ford - Long Island, NY dealership (now defunct) Tools To Help You Choose (an infomercial about the TV Ratings System) feat. Bob Keeshan (aka Captain Kangaroo) BuiltBar Health Bars The Big Con, a 2021 video game This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021) Filmography WPIX's 40th Anniversary (1988, guest appearance) Comic Strip Live (1989, guest appearance) Spike Lee & Co. Do It A Capella (1990, guest appearance) Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991-1995, house band and comedy troupe) Chez Whoopi (1991, guest appearance) Zappa's Universe (1991, guest appearance) The Tonight Show (1992, guest appearance) The Biggest Little Ticket (1993, guest appearance) The 1996 Orange Bowl Parade Joe's Apartment (1996, were the voices of The Roach Chorus) Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1997, were the voices of The Five Little Piggies in the special, "Mother Goose: A Rapping and Rhyming Special") Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular (1998, guest appearance) Where in the Universe Is Carmen Sandiego? (1999) The 1999 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade So You Think You Can Dance Canada (2011, guest appearance) Notes References ^ Spike & Co.: Do It A Cappella Review | TV Reviews and News. EW.com (October 05, 1990). Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ a b The Showbiz Wizard: ROCKAPELLA'S SCOTT LEONARD!. Theshowbizwizard.blogspot.com (January 03, 2011). Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ News – Spring '06 | News Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Rockapella. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Kevin Wright Says a Loving Goodbye to Rockapella | News Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine. Rockapella. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Kevin Wright's Final Shows with Rockapella | News Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Rockapella. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Rockapella to Do It on the RBN. Rockbandaide.com. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Did you hear that.... Facebook. (December 22, 2010). Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Full Song – "Bang" – Xbox.com. Marketplace.xbox.com. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Featured in Gnomeo and Juliet Commercial | News Archived 2011-03-23 at the Wayback Machine. Rockapella. Retrieved on October 17, 2011. ^ Rockapella on iTunes ^ "Where In The World Is Carmen Sandiego?" at Discogs ^ Where In The World Is Carmen Sandiego? at Discogs (list of releases) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rockapella. Official website vteRockapella Scott Leonard Jeff Thacher Manny Houston Calvin Jones George Baldi III Sean Altman Barry Carl Steven Dorian Studio albums To N.Y. (1992) From N.Y. (1992) Vocobeat (1994) Primer (1995) Lucky Seven (1996) Rockapella (1997) Don't Tell Me You Do (1999) 2 (2000) Smilin' (2002) Bang (2010) Motown & More (2013) Live albums In Concert (2001) Live in Japan (2004) Live at Duo Music Exchange (2005, video album) Holiday albums Bash! (1992) Out Cold (1994) Christmas (2000) Comfort & Joy (2002) A Rockapella Holiday (2011) Compilation albums Best Fest (1995) More Than Ever (2002) Best A Cappella (2002) Related topics The SoLow Project Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (album) Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show) "Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?" (song) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(game_show)"}],"text":"Rockapella is an American a cappella musical group formed in 1986 in New York City. The group's name is a portmanteau of \"rock\" and \"a cappella\". Rockapella sings original vocal music and a cappella versions of other songs. Over time, their sound has evolved from high-energy pop and world music style toward a sound more influenced by R&B. Rockapella found their enduring success in Japan early in their career. They are most successful for their role as a house band and comedy troupe on the PBS children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?.In addition to three compilation albums in Japan, Rockapella has released 19 albums in the US and Japan. Since the band's vocal percussionist was hired, the line \"All sounds provided by the voices and appendages of Rockapella\" has been printed on each of their CDs.","title":"Rockapella"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Sean Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Altman"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"barbershop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop_music"},{"link_name":"doo wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo_wop"},{"link_name":"Kathie Lee Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathie_Lee_Gifford"},{"link_name":"The Morning Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly#The_Morning_Show_(1983%E2%80%931988)"},{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Zombie Jamboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbie_Jamberee"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barry Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Carl"}],"sub_title":"Early years (1986–1990)","text":"The founding members of Rockapella consisted of Brown University alumni Sean Altman, Elliott Kerman, Steve Keyes, and David Stix. They had each been in an a cappella group at Brown called High Jinks, but not all at the same time. Having been in High Jinks the longest, Altman was the only connection between the other three members; when they found each other in New York City following their graduation, they decided to form Rockapella. The band began performing on New York City street corners in 1986 with a hat at their feet and a song repertoire that consisted of a mix of barbershop arrangements and a cappella renditions of classic doo wop pieces that evolved to focus less on oldies and barbershop and more on contemporary rock music. Passers-by began to drop business cards into the hat, and these street corner performances led to private party and club performances around NYC.Stix left the group in 1987 to pursue his artistic career and was replaced by Charlie Evett. That same year, a dinner party performance for television personality Kathie Lee Gifford led to Rockapella's 1988 appearance on the WABC-TV show The Morning Show, Regis Philbin and Gifford's NYC morning talk show before it went national. Their performance of Altman's signature arrangement of the calypso novelty standard \"Zombie Jamboree\" caught the eye of producer Gerard Brown. He invited Rockapella to perform on the PBS \"Great Performances\" TV special Spike Lee & Company – Do It A Cappella,[1] which would put them into the national spotlight. However, Evett left the group to continue a career in software design in 1988 before the special's taping, and Barry Carl was hired to take his place.","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Scott Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Whoopi Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Taco Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Bell"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"The Persuasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persuasions"},{"link_name":"Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-showbizwizard-2"},{"link_name":"David Yazbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yazbek"},{"link_name":"Jeff Thacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Thacher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-showbizwizard-2"}],"sub_title":"Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1996)","text":"Further information: Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)With a PBS special and numerous morning talk show appearances under their collective belt, Rockapella was noticed by the producers of an up-and-coming children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Shortly before the show's premiere, Keyes had decided to leave Rockapella to launch his legal career, but was still part of the band when they auditioned and were hired to write and perform the show's theme song as well as appearing as the comic relief house band. Keyes was replaced by Scott Leonard, who had just returned from a career as the lead singer in a Tokyo Disneyland electronic rock band. Between Leonard joining the band and the start of their television break, Rockapella began to pick up fame, starring in a Whoopi Goldberg HBO comedy special Chez Whoopi, a Taco Bell commercial, and opened for acts such as Chuck Berry, Styx, Billy Joel, and their a cappella idols The Persuasions, who the group had met on the Do It A Cappella special. They also performed on Jay Leno's first New Year's Eve episode of The Tonight Show in 1992.[2]Rockapella first appeared on the half-hour game show in 1991 and later continued to appear daily for five seasons, catapulting the band's four members into mid-level television celebrity status and making the Rockapella-performed theme song (which was penned by Altman and his childhood friend, David Yazbek) as one of the best known television themes in history. Jeff Thacher joined Rockapella as the band's permanent vocal percussionist in 1993, although he only appeared on Carmen Sandiego during its fifth and final season two years later. While Rockapella was seen daily in homes across America, Leonard used his connections to the Japanese music market to acquire a recording contract with ForLife Records. The group released seven albums of original and cover material under this label in Japan during their run on Carmen Sandiego and for two years after that, being the first to bring contemporary a cappella music to Japan.[2]","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rockapella-LLBean-Concert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Folger's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folger%27s"},{"link_name":"December 9, 2000, concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Concert_(Rockapella_album)"},{"link_name":"George Baldi III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baldi_III"},{"link_name":"a live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Japan_(Rockapella_album)"},{"link_name":"Boston Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pops"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Steven Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Dorian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"It's A Small World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_A_Small_World"},{"link_name":"Comfort & Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_%26_Joy"},{"link_name":"Gnomeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"A Rockapella Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rockapella_Holiday"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Post-Carmen Sandiego years (1997–present)","text":"Rockapella performing in 2003. (L-R) Kevin Wright, Elliott Kerman, George Baldi III, Scott Leonard, Jeff Thacher.Following the end of Carmen Sandiego in 1996, Altman left Rockapella to pursue his solo career the following year, and was replaced by Kevin Wright. They did two Folger's coffee commercials between 1998 and 2001 and a PBS special of their December 9, 2000, concert. In 2002, Carl was replaced by George Baldi III. In 2003, the group started their now annual \"A Rockapella Holiday\" tour, and in 2004, they released a live album, as well as re-released all of their previous North American albums on the independent label Shakariki Records. That same year, Kerman, the group's baritone and the last remaining founding member of the group, left and was replaced by John K. Brown, a second tenor. Rockapella began joining the Boston Pops on stage in the eastern US in 2006, creating a concert experience that shows both the orchestra's and Rockapella's talents separately and together in a manner never done before: a cappella with instrumentation.[3] In August 2009, Wright announced he would be leaving the group at the end of the year to spend more time with his family;[4] his last performance with the band was on December 22 of that same year,[5] and was replaced by Steven Dorian.The project to make \"Bang\", the title track off their newest album, the first track in Rock Band to feature full, four-instrument gameplay based on no live or synthesized instruments began in the summer of 2010,[6][7] and was released for purchase on January 30, 2011 through the RBN.[8] At the beginning of 2011, the band's cover of \"It's A Small World\" from their album Comfort & Joy, was featured in a TV commercial for the animated film Gnomeo and Juliet.[9] On November 16, 2011, Rockapella released a new holiday album, A Rockapella Holiday.[citation needed]In 2022, Jose Rosario left the group and was replaced by Manny Houston. Bryant Vance left the group at that time as well, allowing George Baldi III to return. By mid-2023, Baldi left the group once again and was replaced by Armand Hutton.","title":"Band history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Jeff Thacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Thacher"},{"link_name":"Steven Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Dorian"},{"link_name":"George Baldi III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baldi_III"},{"link_name":"Sean Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Altman"},{"link_name":"Barry Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Carl"},{"link_name":"Steven Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Dorian"},{"link_name":"George Baldi III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baldi_III"},{"link_name":"David Yazbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yazbek"}],"text":"Current members\nScott Leonard - High Tenor (1991–present)\nJeff Thacher - Vocal Percussion (1993–present)\nCalvin Jones - Tenor (2013–present)\nArmand Hutton - Bass (2023–present)\nManny Houston - Tenor (2022–present)\nSupporting musicians\nJohn K. Brown – Tenor (2014–present; substitute for Calvin Jones & Mitchell Rains)\nRyan Chappelle - Bass (2016–present)\nSteven Dorian - Tenor (2016–present)\nChristopher Rossi – Tenor (2013–15); substitute for Steven Dorian, now Mitchell Rains)\nGeorge Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023; substitute for Armand Hutton) \n\n\n\n\nFormer members\nSean Altman - Tenor (1986-1997; founding member)\nElliott Kerman - Baritone (1986-2004; founding member)\nSteve Keyes - High Tenor (1986-1991; founding member)\nDavid Stix - Bass (1986-1987; founding member)\nCharlie Evett - Bass (1987-1988)\nBarry Carl - Bass (1988-2002)\nKevin Wright - Tenor (1997-2009)\nJohn K. Brown - Tenor (2004-2013)\nBryant Vance - Bass (2016-2022)\nRyan Chappelle - Bass (2014–2016)\nSteven Dorian - Tenor (2009–2016)\nMitchell Rains - Tenor (2016-2019)\nJose Rosario - Tenor (2019–2022)\nGeorge Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023)\nFormer supporting musicians\nKenny X – Vocal percussion (1992; touring)\nDavid Yazbek – Vocal percussion (1992; session)\nNathan Herron – Tenor (2014–???; substitute for Steven Dorian)\nRolin E. Alexis – Bass (2014–???; substitute for George Baldi III and Ryan Chappelle)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"US albums","text":"All albums from Don't Tell Me You Do through Comfort & Joy were re-released in the US by Shakariki Records in 2004.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo albums and appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gnomeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Folgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgers"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"Matt Lauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lauer"},{"link_name":"Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounds_(candy)"},{"link_name":"Almond Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_Joy"},{"link_name":"Doritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doritos"},{"link_name":"Mazola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazola"},{"link_name":"Kent Super Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kent_Super_Lights&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Taco Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Bell"},{"link_name":"Bacardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacardi"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"},{"link_name":"AFLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFLAC"},{"link_name":"ProScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProScan"},{"link_name":"Arby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arby%27s"},{"link_name":"Bob Keeshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Keeshan"},{"link_name":"The Big Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Con_(video_game)"}],"text":"Gnomeo and Juliet - feature film trailer\nFolgers coffee\nNBC The Today Show promos for the earliest version of the program's \"Where in the World is Matt Lauer?\" segment. The song was re-recorded later in different styles by other musicians.\nMounds/Almond Joy\nDoritos\nMazola\nKent Super Lights - Japan-only\nShowtime - (Became \"We Got A Happy Holiday\" song from Japan-only album \"Bash\")\nHBO\nTaco Bell\nBacardi\nBudweiser\nAFLAC insurance\nProScan televisions\nArby's\nOzone Ford - Long Island, NY dealership (now defunct)\nTools To Help You Choose (an infomercial about the TV Ratings System) feat. Bob Keeshan (aka Captain Kangaroo)\nBuiltBar Health Bars\nThe Big Con, a 2021 video game","title":"Songs used in commercials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WPIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPIX"},{"link_name":"Comic Strip Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Strip_Live_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee & Co. Do It A Capella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee_%26_Company:_Do_It_a_Cappella"},{"link_name":"Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show"},{"link_name":"1996 Orange Bowl Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Orange_Bowl_(December)"},{"link_name":"Joe's Apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%27s_Apartment"},{"link_name":"Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happily_Ever_After:_Fairy_Tales_for_Every_Child"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Sin_City_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"Where in the Universe Is Carmen Sandiego?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_Universe_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F"},{"link_name":"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"So You Think You Can Dance Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_Canada"}],"text":"WPIX's 40th Anniversary (1988, guest appearance)\nComic Strip Live (1989, guest appearance)\nSpike Lee & Co. Do It A Capella (1990, guest appearance)\nWhere in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991-1995, house band and comedy troupe)\nChez Whoopi (1991, guest appearance)\nZappa's Universe (1991, guest appearance)\nThe Tonight Show (1992, guest appearance)\nThe Biggest Little Ticket (1993, guest appearance)\nThe 1996 Orange Bowl Parade\nJoe's Apartment (1996, were the voices of The Roach Chorus)\nHappily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1997, were the voices of The Five Little Piggies in the special, \"Mother Goose: A Rapping and Rhyming Special\")\nPenn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular (1998, guest appearance)\nWhere in the Universe Is Carmen Sandiego? (1999)\nThe 1999 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade\nSo You Think You Can Dance Canada (2011, guest appearance)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Carrizo

Carla Carrizo

["1 Early life and career","2 Political career","3 References","4 External links"]

Argentine politician (born 1966) Carla CarrizoNational DeputyIncumbentAssumed office 10 December 2013ConstituencyCity of Buenos Aires Personal detailsBorn (1966-08-06) 6 August 1966 (age 57)Quilino, Córdoba Province, ArgentinaPolitical partyRadical Civic UnionOther politicalaffiliationsBroad Front UNEN (2013–2015)Evolución (2017–2019)Juntos por el Cambio (2019–present)Alma materUniversity of Buenos AiresProfessionPolitical scientist Ana Carla Carrizo (born 6 August 1966) is an Argentine political scientist and politician, currently serving as National Deputy elected in the City of Buenos Aires since 2013. She is a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR). Carrizo was director of the Political Science department at the Universidad del Salvador and is a lecturer at the University of Buenos Aires. Early life and career Carrizo was born on 6 August 1966 in Quilino, a small town in the Ischilín Department of Córdoba Province. Her father, Raúl Carrizo, was twice member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for the UCR. When she was fifteen, she moved to Germany to finish high school. She later returned to Argentina and studied Political Science at the Universidad del Salvador. Carrizo has taught at the Argentine Catholic University, the Torcuato di Tella University and the University of Buenos Aires, where she presently dictates courses on Political Sociology and Political Theory at the Faculty of Social Sciences. Carrizo was also director of the Political Science department at the Universidad del Salvador and served in the directive board of the Political Science department of the University of Buenos Aires. Carrizo's first cousin, Soledad Carrizo, was mayor of Quilino and currently serves as a national deputy representing Córdoba Province; both were elected in 2013. Political career Carrizo became an affiliated UCR member in 1985. She ran for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in the 2013 legislative election, as the fourth candidate in the UNEN – Suma+ list in Buenos Aires. The list came second in the P.A.S.O. primaries on 11 August 2013, and Carrizo was later the fourth candidate in the definitive UNEN list, which came second in the legislative election on 27 October 2013, with 27.66% of the vote. Carrizo was elected, and took office on 10 December 2013. Carrizo was re-elected in the 2017 legislative election, this time as part of the Evolución coalition; she was the second candidate in the Evolución list, behind Martín Lousteau. The list was the third-most voted with 12.33% of the vote; only Lousteau and Carrizo were elected. As a national deputy, Carrizo was a vocal supporter of the legalization of abortion in Argentina. She voted in favor of the two Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bills that were debated by the Argentine Congress in 2018 and 2020. Following the 2019 general election, Carrizo, alongside her Evolución parliamentary bloc members Martín Lousteau and Teresita Villavicencio all joined the UCR bloc; since then, she has been vice-president of the UCR bloc in the Chamber of Deputies. References ^ Tessa, Sonia; Peker, Luciana (30 June 2017). "¡Listas!". Página/12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Carla CARRIZO". CCI France Argentine (in Spanish). 28 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ Tesoro, José Luis (November 2017). "ENTREVISTA CON LA LIC. CARLA CARRIZO, DIPUTADA NACIONAL POR LA CIUDAD DE BUENOS AIRES, PRESIDENTE DE LA COMISIÓN BICAMERAL DEL DEFENSOR DE LOS DERECHOS DE LOS NIÑOS, NIÑAS Y ADOLESCENTES". Fundación DPT (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ a b "Las diputadas Carrizo y una grieta en la madrugada por el aborto legal". Clarín (in Spanish). 14 June 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Elecciones: difunden boletas que serán utilizadas en la Capital en las primarias". Centro de Información Judicial (in Spanish). 18 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Terragno y Lousteau presentaron la lista "Suma +" ante la Junta Electoral de Unen". Télam (in Spanish). 22 June 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "PRO encabeza la elección a diputados y senadores en Capital Federal". Télam (in Spanish). 27 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Resultados de las elecciones 2017, provincia por provincia". Clarín (in Spanish). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Cómo quedará conformado el Congreso a partir del 10 de diciembre". Primera Fuente (in Spanish). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Carla Carrizo: "Es un día histórico, no me gusta cuando dicen que es inoportuno"". Télam (in Spanish). 11 December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ "Diputados radicales ratificaron a Mario Negri como presidente del bloque". Télam (in Spanish). 27 November 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2021. External links Profile on the official website of the Chamber of Deputies (in Spanish) Carla Carrizo on X Carla Carrizo navigational boxes vte« 2011–2013 «   National Deputies of Argentina, 2013–2015   » 2015–2017 » Election cycles: 2011 2013President: Julián Domínguez FPV–PJ (118) BA: Arregui Balcedo Bidegain Calcagno Carlotto Cigogna Conti De Pedro Depetri Di Tullio § Díaz Bancalari Domínguez A. García T. García Gdansky Giannettasio Granados Grosso Harispe Kunkel Landau Magario M. Mendoza Moreno Moyano Oporto Pasini Pietragalla Puiggrós Recalde Rivas Romero Segarra Zamarreño DF: M. Bianchi Brawer Cabandié Feletti Larroque Mazure CT: Molina Ortiz Correa Tomassi CC: Martínez Campos S. Mendoza Mongelo Pedrini Soto CH: Contrera Pais Ziebart CB: Bedano Bernabey Francini Giacomino Gill M. Gutiérrez Scotto CN: Ferreyra Marcopoulos Perroni Rubin ER: Barreto Cremer Elorriaga Gaillard Gervasoni Ríos Solanas FM: Basterra Díaz Roig Donkin Lotto JY: Ortiz Rivarola Tentor LP: M. Alonso LR: G. Herrera Madera Tineo MZ: Abraham Carmona Fernández Sagasti J. D. González MN: Guccione Leverberg Perié Redczuk Risko NQ: Ciampini Parrilli RN: Avoscan Bardeggia Cejas Gagliardi Soria SA: Canela Isa Kosiner Vilariño SJ: Caselles Castro Tomas Uñac Villa SC: Gómez Bull Ianni Metaza SF: Cleri Giaccone J. V. González Obeid Perotti Seminara Simoncini TF: V. González M. Pérez TM: Bromberg Carrillo M. Carrizo Dato Gallardo Jaldo Santillán UNEN (55)UCR+PS+GEN+CC-ARI+FCC+SUMA+LDS+SUR BA: Alfonsín Bazze Cuccovillo Donda § Duclos H. Gutiérrez Linares Stolbizer § Troiano DF: Argumedo § Carrió § C. Carrizo Cortina Garrido Lousteau § Sánchez CC: Maldonado Tejedor Terada CB: Aguad S. Carrizo De Ferrari Mestre Negri § Valinotto Villata § CN: Portela Valdés ER: D'Agostino Rogel FM: Buryaile JY: Burgos Fernández Blanco Fiad Giubergia LP: Kroneberger Torroba J. Martínez LR: Olivares MZ: Cobos Giménez Petri Vaquié MN: Pastori SL: Riccardo SC: Costa Toledo SF: Barchetta Barletta Binner Ciciliani Javkin Peralta Rasino Zabalza § TM: Cano Casañas Sacca PRO (18) BA: G. González Gribaudo S. Martínez DF: L. Alonso Bergman Bullrich Majdalani Pinedo Schmidt-Liermann Sturzenegger Tonelli Triaca CB: Baldassi LP: Mac Allister SJ: Cáceres SF: Del Sel Laspina Scaglia Spinozzi FR (15) BA: Alegre Camaño D'Alessandro Daer De Mendiguren Ehcosor Esper Massa A. Pérez Roberti § Passo Schwindt Solá Tundis SF: O. A. Martínez FCpS (7) SE: Abdala de Matarazzo Herrera M. H. Juárez Navarro Oliva § Pastoriza Ruiz CF (4) SL: Aguilar § Arenas Bianchi Salino MPN (3) NQ: Comelli § San Martín Villa Molina UP (3) BA: De Gennaro DF: Lozano § SF: Riestra SI (3) BA: Raimundi DF: Heller § Junio UPC (3) CB: Caserio § Rossi Schiaretti FIT (3) BA: Bregman MZ: Del Caño SA: López FCSC (2) CT: Brizuela del Moral § M. V. Juárez TyD (2) CH: Das Neves § Lagoria SC (2) BA: Fabiani Giustozzi § Others (16) BA: Asseff (UNIR) Brown (FE) De Narváez (UCyB) S. Guzmán (IND) Plaini (CET) Pucheta (FIS) Santín (MNA) CN: Semhan (ECO) LP: Fernández Mendia (PJLP) MZ: Pradines (PDM) MN: Ziegler (LyD) SA: Durand Cornejo (PCP) Biella Calvet (UDESO) TF: Boyadjian (MOPOF) Sciutto (PMAS) O. A. Martínez (MSP) § Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / suspended / died before term end vte« 2013–2015 «   National Deputies of Argentina, 2015–2017   » 2017–2019 » Election cycles: 2013 2015President: Emilio Monzó C (86) BA: Acerenza Alfonsín Amadeo Banfi Bazze Buil Echegaray González Gutiérrez Lipovetzky Lospennato S. Martínez J. Mendoza Monzó Torello Urroz Wolff DF: Besada Carrió C. Carrizo Conesa A. González Hers Cabral Lopardo Patiño Sánchez Schmidt-Liermann Sorgente Tonelli Villalonga Wechsler CT: Brizuela del Moral Juárez Quintar Vera González CC: Goicoechea Terada CB: Austin Baldassi Bellocq S. Carrizo Martínez Villada Massot Mestre Negri § Pretto Rista CN: Dindart Semhan ER: D'Agostino Gayol Monfort FM: Hernández JY: Albornoz Burgos S. A. Martínez LP: Kroneberger Maquieyra Torroba LR: Molina Olivares Vega MZ: Balbo Borsani Giménez Huczak Najul Petri MN: Pastori Ziegler NQ: López Koenig RN: Wisky SA: Durand Cornejo Nanni SJ: Cáceres SL: Riccardo SC: Costa Roquel Toledo SF: Barletta Copes Incicco Laspina Marcucci L. Martínez Núñez Scaglia Spinozzi TF: Roma TM: Garretón FPV–PJ (66) BA: Álvarez Rodríguez Arrieta Castagneto Cigogna Conti De Pedro De Vido Depetri Di Tullio Furlán García Grana Granados Guerín Kunkel M. Mendoza Moreno Raverta Recalde § R. Rodríguez Tailhade Volnovich DF: Cabandié Garré Kicillof Larroque Mazure CT: Mercado CC: Masin S. Mendoza Pedrini Rach Quiroga CH: Igon Llanos Massa CB: G. Estévez CN: Ruiz Aragón ER: Barreto Gaillard Gervasoni Huss Solanas FM: Basterra Díaz Roig Lotto MZ: Abraham Carmona MN: Britez Di Stefano NQ: Ciampini N. D. Martínez RN: Bardeggia Doñate Soria SJ: Castro Gioja Tovares SC: Gómez Bull Kirchner SF: Cleri Frana J. González Ramos Seminara TF: Carol O. Martínez M. Pérez M. Rodríguez TM: M. Carrizo Gallardo Santillan Soraire UNA (37) BA: Alegre Alonso Bevilacqua Camaño Couly De Mendiguren Ehcosor Litza Massa § Moreau Moyano Passo R. Pérez Rucci Schwindt Selva Solá Tundis DF: Lavagna Pitiot Raffo CH: Bermejo Lagoria Taboada CB: Brügge Brezzo Calleri Nazario Rossi ER: Cremer de Busti JY: A. Snopek NQ: San Martín Villar Molina SJ: Peñaloza Marianetti SF: Grandinetti Massetani SE: Morales PJ (17) BA: Bossio Roberti Romero § CT: Tomassi CC: Martínez Campos CN: Macias Rubín JY: G. Snopek Tentor LP: Fernández Mendia Ziliotto LR: Beder Herrera Madera MZ: Miranda SA: David Isa Kosiner FAP (8) BA: Stolbizer § Troiano DF: Donda § FM: Duré MZ: Cousinet SF: Binner Ciciliani § TM: Masso FCpS (6) SE: Abdala de Matarazzo Herrera Juárez Navarro Oliva § Pastoriza PPV (5) BA: Carlotto Grosso § CN: Ferreyra RN: Horne SF: De Ponti JXA (4) BA: Caviglia Fabiani Giustozzi § TM: Orellana FIT (4) BA: Bregman Giordano González Seligra Pitrola MZ: Sosa SA: López CF (3) SL: Arenas Bianchi § Domínguez Lusquiños FCS (3) MS: Closs Franco Risko DB (2) TM: Casañas § Villavicencio BGJBB (2) CB: Bernabey § A. Guzmán Others (9) BA: Daer (BDT) S. Guzmán (FN) Plaini (CET) DF: Argumedo (SUR) Heller (PSOL) SA: Olmedo (SST) SJ: Caselles (PB) SL: Poggi (ASL) § Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / suspended / died before term end vte« 2015–2017 «   National Deputies of Argentina, 2017–2019   » 2019–2021 » Election cycles: 2015 2017President: Emilio Monzó JXC (108) BA: Acerenza Aicega Amadeo Ansaloni Banfi Bazze Berisso Buil Campagnoli Campos Echegaray C. Fernández Fernández Langan H. Flores Lipovetzky Lospennato M. Medina J. Mendoza Montenegro Monzó Ocaña Piccolomini Quetglas Torello Urroz Villa Wolff DF: Caballero Carrió Enríquez A. García A. González Hers Cabral Iglesias J. M. López Oliveto Polledo Schmidt-Liermann Suárez Lastra Tonelli Villalonga Wechsler CT: Brizuela del Moral Vera González CC: Ayala Goicoechea Terada CH: Menna CB: Austin Baldassi S. Carrizo Frizza Massot Mestre Negri § Pretto Rista CN: Brambilla Dindart Regidor ER: Benedetti Fregonese Gayol Lacoste Monfort FM: Arce Hernández JY: Burgos S. Martínez Monaldi LP: Kroneberger Maquieyra LR: Molina Olivares Sahad MZ: Balbo Borsani Bragagnolo Huczak Najul Petri Zamarbide MN: Pastori NQ: López Koenig Schlereth RN: Matzen Wisky SA: Grande Nanni Olmedo SJ: Cáceres SL: Riccardo SC: Reyes Roquel SF: Cantard Del Cerro Hummel Incicco Laspina Lehmann Marcucci Núñez Scaglia TF: Roma Stefani TM: Ávila Cano Garretón FPV–PJ (66) BA: Alonso Álvarez Rodríguez Castagneto Correa De Pedro De Vido Espinoza Furlán Grana Guerín Macha M. Mendoza L. Moreau Pietragalla Raverta R. Rodríguez Russo Salvarezza Scioli Sierra Siley Tailhade Vallejos Volnovich Yasky DF: Cabandié Cerruti Filmus Garré Kicillof Larroque CT: Mercado CC: Masin Rach Quiroga CH: Igon Llanos Massa CB: Carro G. Estévez Pereyra CN: J. Romero Ruiz Aragón ER: Huss Solanas FM: Basterra Fernández Patri Lotto MZ: Carmona MN: Britez NQ: Ciampini N. D. Martínez RN: Doñate Soria SA: Leavy SJ: Castro Gioja SC: Carambia Kirchner Vázquez SF: Cleri Frana J. González Rossi § TF: Carol M. Pérez M. Rodríguez TM: Santillan Soraire AF (33) BA: Bossio Bucca Roberti A. Rodríguez CC: Mosqueda Pértile CB: Brügge Cassinerio Llaryora Nazario Vigo CN: Macias ER: Bahillo Cresto JY: Martiarena Moisés LP: Delú Rauschenberger Ziliotto LR: D. Flores Herrera MZ: Miranda MN: Derna Di Stefano Franco F. Morales Wellbach SA: David Kosiner § Zottos SJ: Allende Caselles Peñaloza Marianetti TM: Medina Orellana Yedlin FR–UNA (13) BA: Bevilacqua Camaño De Mendiguren C. Moreau Passo R. Pérez Selva Tundis DF: Lavagna Pitiot § CH: Muñoz JY: Snopek LR: Moretti SF: Grandinetti Massetani SE: M. Morales RXA (10) BA: Arroyo Asencio Grosso Moyano Solá § DF: Donda CH: Taboada CN: Ferreyra RN: Horne SF: De Ponti FCpS (6) SE: Abdala de Matarazzo Infante § Herrera Ledesma Abdala Navarro Neder Pastoriza UJ (4) SL: Alume Bianchi § Rosso Vallone Evo. R. (3) DF: C. Carrizo Lousteau § TM: Villavicencio FIT (3) BA: Del Caño Del Plá González Seligra Schlotthauer EC (2) CT: Ginocchio Saadi § Others (6) NQ: Sapag (MPN) MZ: Félix (SM) Ramón (PFP) SF: Contigiani (FPCyS) Rodenas (NES) Ramos (PA) § Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / suspended / died before term end vte« 2017–2019 «   National Deputies of Argentina, 2019–2021   » 2021–2023 » Election cycles: 2017 2019President: Sergio Massa FDT (120) BA: Alderete Álvarez Rodríguez Aparicio Bernazza Bormioli Bucca Correa De Mendiguren Fagioli H. Fernández Grosso R. Gutiérrez Kirchner § Koenig Lampreabe Larroque J. López Macha M. Martínez Massa C. Moreau L. Moreau Moyano Ormachea Ortega Rodríguez Saá Russo Schwindt Selva Sierra Siley Souto Tailhade Tundis Uhrig Vallejos Vilar Yambrún Yapor Yasky DF: Brawer Cerruti Hagman Heller G. López Marziotta Penacca Valdés CT: Corpacci Ginocchio López Rodríguez CC: Leiva Masin Mosqueda Pértile CH: Hernández Igon Muñoz CB: Carro G. Estévez E. Fernández CN: J. Romero Ruiz Aragón Sand ER: Casaretto Cresto Gaillard Osuna FM: Daldovo Fernández Patri Parola JY: Ferreyra Martiarena Moisés LP: Delú Pérez Araujo Rauschenberger LR: Aguirre Casas D. Flores MZ: Bermejo Félix Pérez Plaza Uceda MN: Bárbaro Britez NQ: Carnaghi N. D. Martínez Vivero RN: Dantas Landriscini Soria Spósito SA: Ameri Caliva Figueroa Godoy SJ: Allende Caselles Gioja Guevara SL: Alume Ponce Rosso SC: P. González Vázquez Verón Vessvessian SF: Bogdanich Cleri J. González G. Martínez Massetani Mounier Obeid SE: Abdala Brue Daives Herrera Montoto Navarro Neder TF: Bertone Caparrós Yutrovic TM: M. Carrizo Cisneros Leito G. Medina Yedlin JXC (115) BA: Aicega Asseff Banfi Bazze Berisso A. Cáceres Campagnoli Campos Crescimbeni C. Fernández Fernández Langan H. Flores Frade García De Luca Joury Lospennato M. Medina Mendoza Ocaña Piccolomini Quetglas Rey Ritondo Salvador Stilman Torello Villa Wolff DF: C. Carrizo Carrió De Lamadrid Enríquez Ferraro A. García A. González Iglesias J. M. López M. D. Martínez Morales Gorleri Oliveto Patiño Polledo Rezinovsky Suárez Lastra Tonelli Yacobitti Zuvic CT: Brizuela del Moral Manzi Marcolli CC: Ayala Cipolini Terada CH: Menna Torres CB: Austin Baldassi S. Carrizo El Sukaria Frizza Juez Martínez Villada Mestre Negri § H. Romero Ruarte CN: Brambilla Jetter Regidor Vara ER: Benedetti Fregonese Hein Lacoste Lena FM: Arce Buryaile JY: Burgos Monaldi Rizzotti LP: Berhongaray Maquieyra LR: Sahad MZ: A. Cornejo De Marchi Latorre Najul Petri Zamarbide MN: Pastori Schiavoni NQ: Sánchez Schlereth RN: Matzen SA: V. Cornejo Grande Nanni SJ: E. Cáceres Orrego SL: Cacace Riccardo SC: Reyes SF: Angelini Cantard Castets Del Cerro X. García Laspina Lehmann Martín Núñez Scaglia TF: Frigerio Stefani TM: Amaya Ascárate Cano CF (10) BA: Camaño Rodríguez § Sarghini CB: Cassinerio C. Gutiérrez Márquez Vigo SA: Zottos SF: Contigiani E. Estévez UF (6) BA: Ansaloni MZ: Ramón § MN: Morales Sartori Wellbach RN: Di Giacomo FIT (2) BA: Del Caño Del Plá Giordano § Schlotthauer AF (2) LR: Álvarez § SC: Carambia Others (2) NQ: Sapag (MPN) TM: Ávila (PSJ) § Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end vte« 2019–2021 «   National Deputies of Argentina, 2021–2023   » 2023–2025 » Election cycles: 2019 2021Presidents: Sergio Massa • Cecilia Moreau FDT (118) BA: Alderete Alonso Aparicio Arroyo Bormioli Fagioli Gollán Grosso R. Gutiérrez Iparraguirre Kirchner § Lampreabe Litza M. J. López Macha Marino M. Martínez Massa Morán C. Moreau L. Moreau Ormachea Palazzo Passo Pereyra Propato Selva Siley Souto Tailhade Tolosa Paz Vargas Matyi Yambrún Yapor Yasky Zaracho DF: Brawer Hagman Heller Marziotta Santoro Penacca Valdés CT: Costa Ginocchio López Rodríguez CC: Chomiak Leiva Masin Pedrini CH: Alianiello Hernández Igon CB: Carro G. Estévez E. Fernández CN: Borda J. Romero Sand ER: Casaretto Gaillard Ledesma Osuna FM: Daldovo Fernández Patri Parola JY: Chaher Ferreyra Moisés LP: Marín Pérez Araujo LR: H. Aguirre Casas R. Herrera Pedrali MZ: Bermejo Paponet Pérez Plaza Uceda MN: Bárbaro Britez NQ: Bertoldi Carnaghi RN: Dantas Landriscini SA: Caliva Calletti Estrada Godoy SJ: Allende Aubone Caselles Gioja SL: Ponce Zabala Chacur Zanglá SC: G. González Verón Vessvessian SF: Cleri G. Martínez Massetani Mastaler Mirabella Obeid Toniolli SE: Brue Daives B. Herrera Montoto Moyano Navarro Neder Sayago TF: Bertone Caparrós Yutrovic TM: M. Carrizo Chahla Cisneros A. Fernández Leito JXC (116) BA: Asseff Banfi Bazze Besana Borrego Campagnoli Crescimbeni Finocchiaro Frade García De Luca Joury Lombardi Lospennato J. M. López Manes Milman Monzó Ocaña Quetglas Rey Ritondo Salvador Santilli Sotolano Stilman Stolbizer Tavela Torello Wolff DF: Ajmechet C. Carrizo Ferraro A. González Iglesias López Murphy M. D. Martínez Morales Gorleri Oliveto Rezinovsky Tetaz Tonelli M. Vidal Yacobitti Zuvic CT: Manzi Monti CC: Cipolini Polini Quiroz CH: Romero Menna Taccetta CB: Baldassi Brouwer Carasso S. Carrizo De Loredo El Sukaria Martínez Villada Negri § Rodríguez Machado H. Romero Ruarte Santos CN: M. Aguirre Brambilla Jetter Vara ER: Antola R. Frigerio Galimberti Hein Lena FM: Buryaile Carbajal JY: Bouhid Rizzotti LP: Berhongaray Coli Maquieyra MZ: Cobos De Marchi Latorre A. Martínez Nieri Verasay MN: Arjol Klipauka Schiavoni NQ: Cervi F. Sánchez RN: Tortoriello SA: Cornejo Nanni Zapata SJ: Laciar Orrego SL: Bachey Cacace Poggi SC: Reyes SF: Angelini Barletta Castets Chumpitaz Figueroa Casas García Laspina Martín Núñez Tejeda TF: F. Frigerio Stefani TM: Ascárate Omodeo R. Sánchez Fed. (8) BA: Camaño Randazzo Rodríguez § CB: De la Sota García Aresca C. Gutiérrez SF: E. Estévez Fein PU (5) MN: C. Fernández Sartori NQ: Figueroa RN: Di Giacomo § Domingo FIT–U (4) BA: Del Caño Del Plá DF: Bregman JY: Vilca AL (2) BA: Espert § Píparo LA (2) DF: Milei § Villarruel SER (2) LR: Álvarez § SC: C. Vidal § Bloc leaders; Italics = Resigned / died before term end

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"National Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"City of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Radical Civic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union"},{"link_name":"Universidad del Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_del_Salvador"},{"link_name":"University of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"Ana Carla Carrizo (born 6 August 1966) is an Argentine political scientist and politician, currently serving as National Deputy elected in the City of Buenos Aires since 2013. She is a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR).Carrizo was director of the Political Science department at the Universidad del Salvador and is a lecturer at the University of Buenos Aires.","title":"Carla Carrizo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ischilín Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischil%C3%ADn_Department"},{"link_name":"Córdoba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Universidad del Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_del_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Argentine Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Torcuato di Tella University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcuato_di_Tella_University"},{"link_name":"University of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Social_Sciences,_University_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Soledad Carrizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Carrizo"},{"link_name":"Córdoba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Argentine_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarin-4"}],"text":"Carrizo was born on 6 August 1966 in Quilino, a small town in the Ischilín Department of Córdoba Province. Her father, Raúl Carrizo, was twice member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for the UCR. When she was fifteen, she moved to Germany to finish high school. She later returned to Argentina and studied Political Science at the Universidad del Salvador.[1]Carrizo has taught at the Argentine Catholic University, the Torcuato di Tella University and the University of Buenos Aires, where she presently dictates courses on Political Sociology and Political Theory at the Faculty of Social Sciences.[2] Carrizo was also director of the Political Science department at the Universidad del Salvador and served in the directive board of the Political Science department of the University of Buenos Aires.[3]Carrizo's first cousin, Soledad Carrizo, was mayor of Quilino and currently serves as a national deputy representing Córdoba Province; both were elected in 2013.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"2013 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Argentine_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"UNEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Front_UNEN"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"P.A.S.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_elections_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2017 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Argentine_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Evolución","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_(political_coalition)"},{"link_name":"Martín Lousteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Lousteau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"legalization of abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Interruption_of_Pregnancy_Bill_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarin-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Argentine_general_election"},{"link_name":"parliamentary bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Carrizo became an affiliated UCR member in 1985. She ran for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in the 2013 legislative election, as the fourth candidate in the UNEN – Suma+ list in Buenos Aires.[5][6] The list came second in the P.A.S.O. primaries on 11 August 2013, and Carrizo was later the fourth candidate in the definitive UNEN list, which came second in the legislative election on 27 October 2013, with 27.66% of the vote.[7] Carrizo was elected, and took office on 10 December 2013.Carrizo was re-elected in the 2017 legislative election, this time as part of the Evolución coalition; she was the second candidate in the Evolución list, behind Martín Lousteau. The list was the third-most voted with 12.33% of the vote; only Lousteau and Carrizo were elected.[8][9]As a national deputy, Carrizo was a vocal supporter of the legalization of abortion in Argentina. She voted in favor of the two Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bills that were debated by the Argentine Congress in 2018 and 2020.[4][10]Following the 2019 general election, Carrizo, alongside her Evolución parliamentary bloc members Martín Lousteau and Teresita Villavicencio all joined the UCR bloc; since then, she has been vice-president of the UCR bloc in the Chamber of Deputies.[11]","title":"Political career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church

Greek Evangelical Church

["1 History","2 Theology","3 Affiliations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Greek Evangelical Church" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Greek Evangelical ChurchClassificationProtestantOrientationEvangelical/PresbyterianPolityPresbyterian with Congregational elementsAssociationsWorld Communion of Reformed Churches,World Council of ChurchesRegionGreeceOrigin1858 Athens, GreeceCongregations30Members5,000-6,000Official websiteGec.gr The Greek Evangelical Church (Greek: Ελληνική Ευαγγελική Εκκλησία, Elliniki Evangeliki Ekklisia) is a Presbyterian denomination in Greece. It was the first Protestant church established in the country. History Greek Evangelical Church dates back to 1858 when the first Greek Evangelical, Michail Kalapothakis started publishing the magazine Astir tis Anatolis (Star of the East) which is still published today. He gathered a group of followers thus forming the first Greek Evangelical community and organized Sunday School for children as well as issuing the Efimeris ton Paidon (Newspaper of the Children) in 1868. The first Greek Evangelical Church was built in 1871 in the center of Athens, which was demolished and rebuilt in 1956 due to the increasing number of followers. Greek Evangelicalism spread also through the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire, the first Greek Evangelical community in Asia Minor was founded in 1867. Today there are 30 Greek Evangelical Churches in Greece, 3 in Cyprus and 5 in the Greek diaspora. Theology The Greek Evangelical Church is theologically Calvinist. Core beliefs are typical of most traditional Protestant denominations: they consider the Bible the highest and only binding authority on matters of doctrine and practice (sola scriptura) and recognize two sacraments (baptism and holy communion). Their Confession of Faith closely follows the Puritan Westminster Confession and consists of 28 articles. Affiliations The Greek Evangelical Church is affiliated with the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the World Council of Churches. See also Protestantism in Greece Religion in Greece References ^ "The Confession of Faith of the G.e.c." Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-09-16. External links Greek Evangelical Church Greek Evangelical Church of Los Angeles Greek Evangelical Church of New York Greek Evangelical Church of Boston Greek Gospel Church of Toronto Greek Evangelicals in Australia Evangelical churches in Cyprus Greek Helsinki Monitor on the Greek Evangelical Church vteChristianity in GreeceEastern ChristianityEastern Orthodox(Main article)EasternOrthodoxChurch Church of Greece Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Church of Crete Mount Athos True Orthodox Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic Church Catholic Armenian Catholic Church Greek Catholic Church Protestant Union of the Armenian Evangelical Churches in the Near East Western ChristianityCatholic Roman Catholic Church Protestant(Main article)Calvinist Greek Evangelical Church Pentecostal Apostolic Church of Pentecost of Greece Evangelical Charismatic Fellowship of Greece Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost Synod of Greek Pentecostal Churches Other Free Evangelical Churches Interdenominationalorganisations Pan-Hellenic Evangelical Alliance vteCommunion of Protestant Churches in Europe member churchesRegional"Federations"Alsace andLorraine(0.25 million) Lutheran Reformed Germany(19.2 million)United(8.1 million) Anhalt Baden Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia Bremen Central Germany Hesse Electorate-Waldeck Hesse and Nassau Palatinate Rhineland Westphalia Lutheran(10.8 million) Bavaria Brunswick Hanover Northern Germany Oldenburg Saxony Schaumburg-Lippe Württemberg Reformed(0.3 million) Church of Lippe Evangelical Reformed Church Switzerland(2.4 million)Reformed Aargau Appenzell Basel-Landschaft Basel-Stadt Bern-Jura-Solothurn Freiburg Geneva Glarus  Graubünden  Lucerne Neuchâtel  Nidwalen  Obwalden  St. Gallen Schaffhausen Schwyz  Solothurn  Ticino  Thurgau Uri Vaud Valais Zürich Zug  United(1.94 million) Belgium Czech Republic France Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Netherlands Spain Lutheran(8.84 million) Austria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Country Abroad Lithuania Norway Poland Romania German Lutheran Hungarian Lutheran Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland Reformed(3.06 million) Austria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Greece Hungary Ireland Lithuania Luxembourg Poland Portugal Romania Scotland Kirk United Free Church Serbia Slovakia Ukraine United Kingdom Wales Methodist(12.23 million) Great Britain Ireland United Methodist Church Hussites(1 million) Czech Republic Czechoslovak Hussite Church Moravian Church Other Netherlands Remonstrant Brotherhood Outside Europe(0.04 million) Argentina United Reformed Methodist Ecuador Uruguay Observers Church of Sweden Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Uniting Church in Sweden ^ Those are legal umbrella bodies which represent their member churches before the national government. They encompass multiple individual autonomous churches of differnet traditions which are themselves members of the CPCE. International churches Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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[]

[{"title":"Protestantism in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece"},{"title":"Religion in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Greece"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_for_All_Seasons

Superman for All Seasons

["1 Publication history","2 Plot synopsis","2.1 Spring","2.2 Summer","2.3 Fall","2.4 Winter","3 Collected editions","4 Reception","5 Continuations","6 In other media","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

1998 comic book limited series by Jeph Loeb and Tim Sale Superman for All SeasonsCover to Superman for All Seasons #1, art by Tim Sale.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatLimited seriesGenre Superhero Publication dateSeptember – December 1998No. of issues4Main character(s)SupermanLois LaneLana LangLex LuthorCreative teamWritten byJeph LoebArtist(s)Tim SaleLetterer(s)Richard StarkingsColorist(s)Bjarne HansenEditor(s)Joey CavalieriCollected editionsHardcoverISBN 1-56389-528-5 Superman for All Seasons is a 4-issue comic book limited series written by Jeph Loeb with art by Tim Sale. It was originally published by DC Comics in 1998, after their previous success, Batman: The Long Halloween. After that story's theme was holidays, this one's theme dealt with seasons. The artwork contains many influences from that of Norman Rockwell. The story also parallels the events from Superman's then-origin story John Byrne's The Man of Steel, though it can be read on its own. Publication history Superman For All Seasons was conceived, like all of the Jeph Loeb/Tim Sale books from DC Comics and rival Marvel Comics, as a stand-alone, self-contained story that gave a sense of the character of Superman and his supporting cast. The title is not an origin story, but it picks up on who the character is and how he came to be. As explained by Loeb, one of the things that he wanted to capture was the grandeur that is Superman, and that was to have double-page spreads with big sky shots. Sale and Bjarne Hansen were on the art and colors, and everyone was speechless once Loeb saw the pages, and when those same pages came in the DC office. One of the most powerful examples of this artistic choice is near the end of the first issue, featuring a double-page spread of Clark Kent and Pa Kent looking out at a radiant Kansas sunset from their farm as Clark prepares to leave home for Metropolis. The key element to the series was the narration. Originally, Loeb never intended to have a narrator, but he did not want to do the story from Superman's point of view. He explained that he didn't feel comfortable being inside the head of an icon. It was decided to allow other characters to narrate and give their individual points of view on Superman, with one narrator per volume. Pa Kent gives his life as a father to a super-powered son. While not knowing what lay ahead of Clark, has confidence that his son would be all right. This, in turn, came from Loeb himself as the father to his son, Sam Loeb. Narration by Lois Lane represents the impact of Superman's presence in Metropolis and comments on Superman as an idea. Lex Luthor explains how his rivalry with Superman is like a love story between him and Metropolis, and Lana Lang helps Clark reconcile his two identities as mild-mannered reporter and Superman. Plot synopsis Spring Narrated by Jonathan Kent, he thinks back on his son Clark's roots as a farm boy in Smallville, Kansas. At the end of Clark's last year in high school, Jonathan tells him the truth – that Jonathan and his wife Martha found him in an alien rocket when he was an infant, raising him as their son, and that he can do things "other boys can't". Clark overhears his parents discuss their uncertainty about his future, and struggles with his growing powers. When a tornado strikes the town, Clark discovers he can fly and rescues a neighbor, but wonders if he could have done more. After graduation, Clark reveals his powers and his desire to use them to help people to his best friend Lana Lang, who urges him to leave Smallville. Clark says goodbye to his parents and leaves for Metropolis, becoming a reporter at the Daily Planet with a crush on rival Lois Lane, and donning a costume his mother made him to do some good. Summer Narrated by Lois Lane, she muses that her rules as a journalist have been disrupted by the arrival of the costumed hero she dubs "Superman", unaware he is her colleague Clark. Superman saves the city from a nuclear missile and rescues Lois from the rogue submarine responsible, delivering the terrorists to the authorities and confronting billionaire Lex Luthor for his involvement. Lois finds herself intrigued by Superman. Clark returns to Smallville to visit his parents and friend Pete Ross, and learns Lana has left to travel the world; he feels out of place in the city and sad that his home has changed, but Martha assures him he will find his way. Back in Metropolis, Luthor's exosuit-powered "Guardians of the City" respond to a fire at Chemco Labs. Superman arrives and saves a scientist, Jenny Vaughn, trapped inside, before single-handedly dousing the fire. Luthor later meets with Vaughn, who has become obsessed with Superman, for his own plans. Fall Narrated by Lex Luthor, he considers his control of Metropolis "a love story… between a man and a city". After spending a night in jail, Luthor plans revenge on Superman; he brainwashes Vaughn with images of Superman, declaring her biochemical expertise will prove useful. At the Daily Planet, Clark watches helplessly as Lois and everyone in the building falls unconscious. As Superman, he races through Metropolis to find the entire city afflicted, and stops a runaway train. At S.T.A.R. Labs, Professor Crosby informs Superman the city has been struck by a mysterious airborne virus. He confronts Luthor, quarantined in his skyscraper, and is forced to ask for his help. Luthor presents Vaughn, transformed into "Toxin"; she and Superman seed the clouds above Metropolis with chemicals and the antidote rains down, curing the city, but Toxin succumbs from overexposure to the virus and dies in Superman's arms when they return to LexCorp. Luthor convinces Superman that he is not enough to save everyone, and Clark returns to Smallville. Winter Narrated by Lana Lang, she reveals that she was in love with Clark, but the revelation of his powers and his departure to help the world ended her dreams of a life with him. In Metropolis, Luthor regains his power over the city, and Lois ponders the disappearance of Superman and Clark's absence. In Smallville, Clark reunites with Lana and Pete, who chastises them for having ended up back home. Lana has dinner with the Kents when news comes of a flood. With Lana's blessing, Clark sets out as Superman to rescue the town, damming the flood. Lana and the Kents are swept away, but Superman arrives in the nick of time. He returns to Metropolis, infuriating Lois with a front-page story and Luthor with Superman's reappearance, as Lana finds peace with a new life in Smallville. Collected editions The series has been collected into an individual volume: Superman for All Seasons (206 pages, hardcover, ISBN 1-56389-528-5, softcover, ISBN 1-56389-529-3) Reception Superman For All Seasons was highly praised by fans and critics. Readers found that it was the themes and messages from the writing and art that really hit home. Some examples include its use of metaphor to illustrate the coming of age, the end of childhood and the acceptance of your place in the world. It was voted the third best foreign comic book published in Japan in the Gaiman Award. Continuations The Clark Kent/Superman from For All Seasons has reappeared three times since the series ended, all in other Loeb/Sale stories. First, in a short story from Superman/Batman: Secret Files & Origins 2003 (Nov. 2003) titled "When Clark Met Bruce", depicting the first meeting of Bruce Wayne and Clark Kent as young boys in Smallville. Solo #1 (Dec. 2004) featured "Prom Night" which depicted Clark picking up Lana Lang as his prom date. Finally, a short story in Superman/Batman #26 (June 2006) titled "Sam's Story", Superman recounts his friend from high school who died of cancer when he was very young. The "Sam" character is based on Jeph Loeb's son, Sam, who died from the same illness. In other media The mini-series was the inspiration for the television series Smallville. Jeph Loeb served as the writer and executive producer on the show. Notes ^ Manning, Matthew K. (2010). "1990s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. This four-issue prestige-format series was a bright counterpoint to Loeb and Sale's noir Batman collaborations. ^ Manning "1990s" in Dolan, p. 284: "Clark explored the picturesque Norman Rockwell setting of Smallville with his high school sweetheart Lana Lang". ^ Loeb, Jeff. "About Superman for All Seasons". Superman Through the Ages!. Retrieved 27 December 2014. ^ "superman-through-the-ages.com". www.superman-through-the-ages.com. ^ Superman For All Seasons hardcover, DC Comics ^ Superman For All Seasons softcover, DC Comics ^ Superman For All Seasons Review, Line of Fire Reviews, Comics Bulletin ^ "ANIME NEWS: 'Taste of Chlorine' voted No. 1 translated foreign comic in 2013". AJW. Asahi Shimbun. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014. ^ "Jeph Loeb On "Sam'S Story"". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01. ^ DC Universe Infinite: Superman For All Seasons. 9 October 2012. References Superman for All Seasons at the Grand Comics Database Superman for All Seasons at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) External links Preview of interior art Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards vteSuperman publications and storylinesHistoryCurrent series Action Comics Power Girl Batman/Superman: World's Finest Superman (vol. 6) Former series Adventure Comics DC Comics Presents Superboy Superboy and the Ravers Supergirl Superman (vol. 2) Superman (vol. 3) Superman/Batman Superman Confidential The Superman Family Superman: The Man of Steel Superman: The Man of Tomorrow Superman: Son of Kal-El Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen Superman/Wonder Woman Trinity World's Finest Comics Worlds' Finest Limited seriesand one-shots Adventures of Superman: Jon Kent (2023) Batman/Superman/Wonder Woman: Trinity (2003) Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame (2000) The Kents (1997–1998) Lex Luthor: Man of Steel (2005) The Man of Steel (1986) The Phantom Zone (1982) Birthright (2003–2004) Superman and Wonder Woman: The Hidden Killer (1993) Superman for All Seasons (1998) Superman/Shazam: First Thunder (2006) Superman Unchained (2013–2014) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (1978) Superman: Last Stand of New Krypton (2010) Superman: Secret Origin (2009–2010) Superman: World of New Krypton (2009–2010) Superman: The Wedding Album (1996) Superman: War of the Supermen (2010) Superman: Lois and Clark (2015–2016) World of Krypton (1979) Outsidecontinuity All-Star Superman (2005–2008) "The K-Metal from Krypton" (Unpublished) "The Sandman Saga" (1971) Son of Superman (1999) Superboy: The Comic Book (1989–1992) Superboy's Legion (2001) Superman Adventures (1996–2002) Superman: At Earth's End (1995) Superman: Earth One (Vol 1. 2010, Vol 2. 2012, Vol. 3 2015) Superman: The Last Family of Krypton (2010) Superman: The Feral Man of Steel (1994) Superman: Last Son of Earth (2000) Superman: Last Stand on Krypton (2003) Superman's Metropolis (1996) Superman: Peace on Earth (1998) Kingdom Come (1996) The Superman Monster (1999) Superman: Red Son (2003) Superman: Secret Identity (2004) Superman: Speeding Bullets (1993) Superman: A Tale of Five Cities (1990) Superman: The Dark Side (1998) Superman: True Brit (2004) Superman: War of the Worlds (1998) Superman & Batman: Generations (1999, 2001 and 2004) Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? (1986) Whom Gods Destroy (1996) Dark Knights of Steel (2021–2023) Crossovers Superman/Aliens (1995 and 2002) Superman & Bugs Bunny (2000) Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator (2007) Superman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man (1976) Superman and Spider-Man (1981) Superman/Fantastic Four: The Infinite Destruction (1999) Superman vs. Predator (2000) Superman/Tarzan: Sons of the Jungle (2001–2002) Superman vs. The Terminator: Death to the Future (1999–2000) Storylines "For the Man Who Has Everything" (1985) "The Greatest Hero of Them All" (1987) "The Death of Superman" (1992–1993) "Superman/Doomsday: Hunter/Prey" (1994) "Worlds Collide" (1994) "The Trial of Superman!" (1995–1996) "Superman Red/Superman Blue" (Original: 1963, adaptation: 1998) "What's So Funny About Truth, Justice & the American Way?" (2001) "For Tomorrow" (2004–2005) "Up, Up and Away!" (2006) "Last Son" (2006–2008) "Kryptonite" (2007–2008) "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" (2007–2008) "The Third Kryptonian" (2007–2008) "The Coming of Atlas" (2008) "Brainiac" (2008) "New Krypton" (2008–2009) "World of New Krypton" (2009–2010) "World Without Superman" (2009) "War of the Supermen" (2010) "Grounded" (2010–2011) "Reign of Doomsday" (2011) "H'El on Earth" (2012–2013) "Doomed" (2014) "Reborn" (2017) "Super Sons of Tomorrow" (2017–2018) "Warworld Saga" (2021–2022) "House of Brainiac" (2024) Other Superman (comic strip) Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939-1966 Action Comics #1 Action Comics #1000 vteJeph LoebDC Comics Batman: Hush Hush Batman: The Long Halloween Alberto Falcone Holiday Batman: Haunted Knight Batman: Dark Victory Batman/The Spirit Batzarro Catwoman: When in Rome Hiro Okamura Imperiex Loose Cannon Scorch Sofia Falcone Gigante Superman for All Seasons Superman/Batman Marvel Comics Captain America: White Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America Fantastic Four Heroes Reborn Hulk Jimmy Hudson Madame Sanctity Marrow Mastermind Nova Onslaught Reborn Red Guardian Red She-Hulk Rikki Barnes Risque Romulus Spider-Man: Blue Ultimate Power The Ultimates 3 Ultimatum Wolverine X-Force X-Man Other comics 9-11: September 11, 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jeph Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeph_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Tim Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Sale_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Batman: The Long Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_The_Long_Halloween"},{"link_name":"Norman Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"The Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_of_Steel_(comics)"}],"text":"Superman for All Seasons is a 4-issue comic book limited series written by Jeph Loeb with art by Tim Sale.[1] It was originally published by DC Comics in 1998, after their previous success, Batman: The Long Halloween. 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Originally, Loeb never intended to have a narrator, but he did not want to do the story from Superman's point of view. He explained that he didn't feel comfortable being inside the head of an icon.[3] It was decided to allow other characters to narrate and give their individual points of view on Superman, with one narrator per volume. Pa Kent gives his life as a father to a super-powered son. While not knowing what lay ahead of Clark, has confidence that his son would be all right. This, in turn, came from Loeb himself as the father to his son, Sam Loeb. Narration by Lois Lane represents the impact of Superman's presence in Metropolis and comments on Superman as an idea. Lex Luthor explains how his rivalry with Superman is like a love story between him and Metropolis, and Lana Lang helps Clark reconcile his two identities as mild-mannered reporter and Superman.[4]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_%22Pa%22_Kent"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lana Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Lang"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Daily Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Planet"},{"link_name":"Lois Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lane"}],"sub_title":"Spring","text":"Narrated by Jonathan Kent, he thinks back on his son Clark's roots as a farm boy in Smallville, Kansas. At the end of Clark's last year in high school, Jonathan tells him the truth – that Jonathan and his wife Martha found him in an alien rocket when he was an infant, raising him as their son, and that he can do things \"other boys can't\". Clark overhears his parents discuss their uncertainty about his future, and struggles with his growing powers. When a tornado strikes the town, Clark discovers he can fly and rescues a neighbor, but wonders if he could have done more. After graduation, Clark reveals his powers and his desire to use them to help people to his best friend Lana Lang, who urges him to leave Smallville. Clark says goodbye to his parents and leaves for Metropolis, becoming a reporter at the Daily Planet with a crush on rival Lois Lane, and donning a costume his mother made him to do some good.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lois Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lane"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Pete Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Ross"}],"sub_title":"Summer","text":"Narrated by Lois Lane, she muses that her rules as a journalist have been disrupted by the arrival of the costumed hero she dubs \"Superman\", unaware he is her colleague Clark. Superman saves the city from a nuclear missile and rescues Lois from the rogue submarine responsible, delivering the terrorists to the authorities and confronting billionaire Lex Luthor for his involvement. Lois finds herself intrigued by Superman. Clark returns to Smallville to visit his parents and friend Pete Ross, and learns Lana has left to travel the world; he feels out of place in the city and sad that his home has changed, but Martha assures him he will find his way. Back in Metropolis, Luthor's exosuit-powered \"Guardians of the City\" respond to a fire at Chemco Labs. Superman arrives and saves a scientist, Jenny Vaughn, trapped inside, before single-handedly dousing the fire. Luthor later meets with Vaughn, who has become obsessed with Superman, for his own plans.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.T.A.R. Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.T.A.R._Labs"},{"link_name":"LexCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexCorp"}],"sub_title":"Fall","text":"Narrated by Lex Luthor, he considers his control of Metropolis \"a love story… between a man and a city\". After spending a night in jail, Luthor plans revenge on Superman; he brainwashes Vaughn with images of Superman, declaring her biochemical expertise will prove useful. At the Daily Planet, Clark watches helplessly as Lois and everyone in the building falls unconscious. As Superman, he races through Metropolis to find the entire city afflicted, and stops a runaway train. At S.T.A.R. Labs, Professor Crosby informs Superman the city has been struck by a mysterious airborne virus. He confronts Luthor, quarantined in his skyscraper, and is forced to ask for his help. Luthor presents Vaughn, transformed into \"Toxin\"; she and Superman seed the clouds above Metropolis with chemicals and the antidote rains down, curing the city, but Toxin succumbs from overexposure to the virus and dies in Superman's arms when they return to LexCorp. Luthor convinces Superman that he is not enough to save everyone, and Clark returns to Smallville.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Winter","text":"Narrated by Lana Lang, she reveals that she was in love with Clark, but the revelation of his powers and his departure to help the world ended her dreams of a life with him. In Metropolis, Luthor regains his power over the city, and Lois ponders the disappearance of Superman and Clark's absence. In Smallville, Clark reunites with Lana and Pete, who chastises them for having ended up back home. Lana has dinner with the Kents when news comes of a flood. With Lana's blessing, Clark sets out as Superman to rescue the town, damming the flood. Lana and the Kents are swept away, but Superman arrives in the nick of time. 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Readers found that it was the themes and messages from the writing and art that really hit home. Some examples include its use of metaphor to illustrate the coming of age, the end of childhood and the acceptance of your place in the world.[7] It was voted the third best foreign comic book published in Japan in the Gaiman Award.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superman/Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman/Batman"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Loeb"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Clark Kent/Superman from For All Seasons has reappeared three times since the series ended, all in other Loeb/Sale stories. First, in a short story from Superman/Batman: Secret Files & Origins 2003 (Nov. 2003) titled \"When Clark Met Bruce\", depicting the first meeting of Bruce Wayne and Clark Kent as young boys in Smallville. Solo #1 (Dec. 2004) featured \"Prom Night\" which depicted Clark picking up Lana Lang as his prom date. Finally, a short story in Superman/Batman #26 (June 2006) titled \"Sam's Story\", Superman recounts his friend from high school who died of cancer when he was very young. The \"Sam\" character is based on Jeph Loeb's son, Sam, who died from the same illness.[9]","title":"Continuations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The mini-series was the inspiration for the television series Smallville.[10] Jeph Loeb served as the writer and executive producer on the show.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Dorling Kindersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7566-6742-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6742-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"About Superman for All Seasons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.superman-through-the-ages.com/superman-comics/about/seasons/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"superman-through-the-ages.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.superman-through-the-ages.com/superman-comics/about/seasons/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Superman For All Seasons hardcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dccomics.com/graphic_novels/?gn=1546"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Superman For All Seasons softcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dccomics.com/graphic_novels/?gn=1547"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Superman For All Seasons Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comicsbulletin.com/reviews/109540940459424.htm"},{"link_name":"Comics Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"ANIME NEWS: 'Taste of Chlorine' voted No. 1 translated foreign comic in 2013\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131213084348/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/anime_news/AJ201312050029"},{"link_name":"Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ajw.asahi.com/article/cool_japan/anime_news/AJ201312050029"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Jeph Loeb On \"Sam'S Story\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090801133014/http://classic.newsarama.com/dcnew/Sams_story/jeph.html"},{"link_name":"Newsarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.newsarama.com/dcnew/Sams_story/jeph.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"DC Universe Infinite: Superman For All Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dcuniverseinfinite.com/comics/book/superman-for-all-seasons/3735a6c8-db9d-4b77-bfdb-6930a4371094/c"}],"text":"^ Manning, Matthew K. (2010). \"1990s\". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. This four-issue prestige-format series was a bright counterpoint to Loeb and Sale's noir Batman collaborations.\n\n^ Manning \"1990s\" in Dolan, p. 284: \"Clark explored the picturesque Norman Rockwell setting of Smallville with his high school sweetheart Lana Lang\".\n\n^ Loeb, Jeff. \"About Superman for All Seasons\". Superman Through the Ages!. Retrieved 27 December 2014.\n\n^ \"superman-through-the-ages.com\". www.superman-through-the-ages.com.\n\n^ Superman For All Seasons hardcover, DC Comics\n\n^ Superman For All Seasons softcover, DC Comics\n\n^ Superman For All Seasons Review, Line of Fire Reviews, Comics Bulletin\n\n^ \"ANIME NEWS: 'Taste of Chlorine' voted No. 1 translated foreign comic in 2013\". AJW. Asahi Shimbun. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.\n\n^ \"Jeph Loeb On \"Sam'S Story\"\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 2009-08-01.\n\n^ DC Universe Infinite: Superman For All Seasons. 9 October 2012.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chapelle-d%27Armenti%C3%A8res

La Chapelle-d'Armentières

["1 Population","2 Heraldry","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 50°40′25″N 2°53′46″E / 50.6736°N 2.8961°E / 50.6736; 2.8961 Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceLa Chapelle-d'ArmentièresCommuneThe old town hall in La Chapelle-d'Armentières Coat of armsLocation of La Chapelle-d'Armentières La Chapelle-d'ArmentièresShow map of FranceLa Chapelle-d'ArmentièresShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 50°40′25″N 2°53′46″E / 50.6736°N 2.8961°E / 50.6736; 2.8961CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentNordArrondissementLilleCantonArmentièresIntercommunalityMétropole Européenne de LilleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Damien BraureArea110.33 km2 (3.99 sq mi)Population (2021)8,719 • Density840/km2 (2,200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code59143 /59930Elevation15–20 m (49–66 ft) (avg. 18 m or 59 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. La Chapelle-d'Armentières (French pronunciation: ; Dutch: Armentiers-Kapelle) is a commune of the Nord department in northern France. It is part of the Métropole Européenne de Lille. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 5,300—    1975 6,080+1.98%1982 6,703+1.40%1990 7,825+1.95%1999 7,903+0.11%2007 7,881−0.03%2012 8,390+1.26%2017 8,590+0.47%Source: INSEE Heraldry Arms of La Chapelle-d'Armentières The arms of La Chapelle-d'Armentières are blazoned :Argent, a fleurs de lys gules, between in chief a sun and a crescent bendwise sinister Or, in center point overall, a church portal sable. See also Communes of the Nord department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Chapelle-d'Armentières. vteCommunes of the Métropole Européenne de Lille Allennes-les-Marais Annœullin Anstaing Armentières Aubers Baisieux La Bassée Bauvin Beaucamps-Ligny Bois-Grenier Bondues Bousbecque Bouvines Capinghem Carnin La Chapelle-d'Armentières Chéreng Comines Croix Deûlémont Don Emmerin Englos Ennetières-en-Weppes Erquinghem-le-Sec Erquinghem-Lys Escobecques Faches-Thumesnil Forest-sur-Marque Fournes-en-Weppes Frelinghien Fretin Fromelles Gruson Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin Halluin Hantay Haubourdin Hem Herlies Houplin-Ancoisne Houplines Illies Lambersart Lannoy Le Maisnil Leers Lesquin Lezennes Lille (includes the associate-communes of Hellemmes and Lomme) Linselles Lompret Loos Lys-lez-Lannoy La Madeleine Marcq-en-Barœul Marquette-lez-Lille Marquillies Mons-en-Barœul Mouvaux Neuville-en-Ferrain Noyelles-lès-Seclin Pérenchies Péronne-en-Mélantois Prémesques Provin Quesnoy-sur-Deûle Radinghem-en-Weppes Ronchin Roncq Roubaix Sailly-lez-Lannoy Sainghin-en-Mélantois Sainghin-en-Weppes Saint-André-lez-Lille Salomé Santes Seclin Sequedin Templemars Toufflers Tourcoing Tressin Vendeville Verlinghem Villeneuve-d'Ascq Wambrechies Warneton Wasquehal Wattignies Wattrelos Wavrin Wervicq-Sud Wicres Willems vteCommunes of the Nord department Abancourt Abscon Aibes Aix-en-Pévèle Allennes-les-Marais Amfroipret Anhiers Aniche Anneux Annœullin Anor Anstaing Anzin Arleux Armbouts-Cappel Armentières Arnèke Artres Assevent Attiches Aubencheul-au-Bac Auberchicourt Aubers Aubigny-au-Bac Aubry-du-Hainaut Auby Auchy-lez-Orchies Audignies Aulnoye-Aymeries Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes Avelin Avesnelles Avesnes-les-Aubert Avesnes-le-Sec Avesnes-sur-Helpesubpr Awoingt Bachant Bachy Bailleul Baisieux Baives Bambecque Banteux Bantigny Bantouzelle Bas-Lieu La Bassée Bauvin Bavay Bavinchove Bazuel Beaucamps-Ligny Beaudignies Beaufort Beaumont-en-Cambrésis Beaurain Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre Beaurieux Beauvois-en-Cambrésis Bellaing Bellignies Bérelles Bergues Berlaimont Bermerain Bermeries Bersée Bersillies Berthen Bertry Béthencourt Bettignies Bettrechies Beugnies Beuvrages Beuvry-la-Forêt Bévillers Bierne Bissezeele Blaringhem Blécourt Boeschepe Boëseghem Bois-Grenier Bollezeele Bondues Borre Bouchain Boulogne-sur-Helpe Bourbourg Bourghelles Boursies Bousbecque Bousies Bousignies Bousignies-sur-Roc Boussières-en-Cambrésis Boussières-sur-Sambre Boussois Bouvignies Bouvines Bray-Dunes Briastre Brillon Brouckerque Broxeele Bruay-sur-l'Escaut Bruille-lez-Marchiennes Bruille-Saint-Amand Brunémont Bry Bugnicourt Busigny Buysscheure Caëstre Cagnoncles Cambraisubpr Camphin-en-Carembault Camphin-en-Pévèle Cantaing-sur-Escaut Cantin Capelle Capinghem Cappelle-Brouck Cappelle-en-Pévèle Cappelle-la-Grande Carnières Carnin Cartignies Cassel Le Cateau-Cambrésis Catillon-sur-Sambre Cattenières Caudry Caullery Cauroir Cerfontaine La Chapelle-d'Armentières Château-l'Abbaye Chemy Chéreng Choisies Clairfayts Clary Cobrieux Colleret Comines Condé-sur-l'Escaut Coudekerque-Branche Courchelettes Cousolre Coutiches Craywick Crespin Crèvecœur-sur-l'Escaut Crochte Croix Croix-Caluyau Cuincy Curgies Cuvillers Cysoing Damousies Dechy Dehéries Denain Deûlémont Dimechaux Dimont Doignies Dompierre-sur-Helpe Don Douaisubpr Douchy-les-Mines Le Doulieu Dourlers Drincham Dunkirksubpr Ebblinghem Écaillon Eccles Éclaibes Écuélin Eecke Élesmes Élincourt Émerchicourt Emmerin Englefontaine Englos Ennetières-en-Weppes Ennevelin Eppe-Sauvage Erchin Eringhem Erquinghem-le-Sec Erquinghem-Lys Erre Escarmain Escaudain Escaudœuvres Escautpont Escobecques Esnes Esquelbecq Esquerchin Estaires Estourmel Estrées Estreux Estrun Eswars Eth Étrœungt Faches-Thumesnil Famars Faumont Le Favril Féchain Feignies Felleries Fenain Férin Féron Ferrière-la-Grande Ferrière-la-Petite La Flamengrie Flaumont-Waudrechies Flers-en-Escrebieux Flesquières Flêtre Flines-lès-Mortagne Flines-lez-Raches Floursies Floyon Fontaine-au-Bois Fontaine-au-Pire Fontaine-Notre-Dame Forest-en-Cambrésis Forest-sur-Marque Fourmies Fournes-en-Weppes Frasnoy Frelinghien Fresnes-sur-Escaut Fressain Fressies Fretin Fromelles Genech Ghissignies Ghyvelde Glageon Godewaersvelde Gœulzin Gognies-Chaussée Gommegnies Gondecourt Gonnelieu La Gorgue Gouzeaucourt Grande-Synthe Grand-Fayt Grand-Fort-Philippe Gravelines La Groise Gruson Guesnain Gussignies Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin Halluin Hamel Hantay Hardifort Hargnies Hasnon Haspres Haubourdin Haucourt-en-Cambrésis Haulchin Haussy Haut-Lieu Hautmont Haveluy Haverskerque Haynecourt Hazebrouck Hecq Hélesmes Hem Hem-Lenglet Hergnies Hérin Herlies Herrin Herzeele Hestrud Holque Hon-Hergies Hondeghem Hondschoote Honnechy Honnecourt-sur-Escaut Hordain Hornaing Houdain-lez-Bavay Houplin-Ancoisne Houplines Houtkerque Hoymille Illies Inchy Iwuy Jenlain Jeumont Jolimetz Killem Lallaing Lambersart Lambres-lez-Douai Landas Landrecies Lannoy Larouillies Lauwin-Planque Lecelles Lécluse Lederzeele Ledringhem Leers Leffrinckoucke Lesdain Lesquin Leval Lewarde Lez-Fontaine Lezennes Liessies Lieu-Saint-Amand Ligny-en-Cambrésis Lillepref Limont-Fontaine Linselles Locquignol Loffre Lompret La Longueville Looberghe Loon-Plage Loos Lourches Louvignies-Quesnoy Louvil Louvroil Lynde Lys-lez-Lannoy La Madeleine Maing Mairieux Le Maisnil Malincourt Marbaix Marchiennes Marcoing Marcq-en-Barœul Marcq-en-Ostrevent Maresches Maretz Marly Maroilles Marpent Marquette-en-Ostrevant Marquette-lez-Lille Marquillies Masnières Masny Mastaing Maubeuge Maulde Maurois Mazinghien Mecquignies Merckeghem Mérignies Merris Merville Méteren Millam Millonfosse Mœuvres Monceau-Saint-Waast Monchaux-sur-Écaillon Moncheaux Monchecourt Mons-en-Barœul Mons-en-Pévèle Montay Montigny-en-Cambrésis Montigny-en-Ostrevent Montrécourt Morbecque Mortagne-du-Nord Mouchin Moustier-en-Fagne Mouvaux Naves Neuf-Berquin Neuf-Mesnil La Neuville Neuville-en-Avesnois Neuville-en-Ferrain Neuville-Saint-Rémy Neuville-sur-Escaut Neuvilly Nieppe Niergnies Nieurlet Nivelle Nomain Noordpeene Noyelles-lès-Seclin Noyelles-sur-Escaut Noyelles-sur-Sambre Noyelles-sur-Selle Obies Obrechies Ochtezeele Odomez Ohain Oisy Onnaing Oost-Cappel Orchies Ors Orsinval Ostricourt Oudezeele Oxelaëre Paillencourt Pecquencourt Pérenchies Péronne-en-Mélantois Petit-Fayt Petite-Forêt Phalempin Pitgam Poix-du-Nord Pommereuil Pont-à-Marcq Pont-sur-Sambre Potelle Pradelles Prémesques Préseau Preux-au-Bois Preux-au-Sart Prisches Prouvy Proville Provin Quaëdypre Quarouble Quérénaing Le Quesnoy Quesnoy-sur-Deûle Quiévelon Quiévrechain Quiévy Râches Radinghem-en-Weppes Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle Raimbeaucourt Rainsars Raismes Ramillies Ramousies Raucourt-au-Bois Recquignies Rejet-de-Beaulieu Renescure Reumont Rexpoëde Ribécourt-la-Tour Rieulay Rieux-en-Cambrésis Robersart Rœulx Rombies-et-Marchipont Romeries Ronchin Roncq Roost-Warendin Rosult Roubaix Roucourt Rousies Rouvignies Rubrouck Les Rues-des-Vignes Ruesnes Rumegies Rumilly-en-Cambrésis Sailly-lez-Cambrai Sailly-lez-Lannoy Sainghin-en-Mélantois Sainghin-en-Weppes Sains-du-Nord Saint-Amand-les-Eaux Saint-André-lez-Lille Saint-Aubert Saint-Aubin Saint-Aybert Saint-Benin Sainte-Marie-Cappel Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe Saint-Jans-Cappel Saint-Martin-sur-Écaillon Saint-Momelin Saint-Pierre-Brouck Saint-Python Saint-Remy-Chaussée Saint-Remy-du-Nord Saint-Saulve Saint-Souplet Saint-Sylvestre-Cappel Saint-Vaast-en-Cambrésis Saint-Waast Salesches Salomé Saméon Sancourt Santes Sars-et-Rosières Sars-Poteries Sassegnies Saultain Saulzoir Sebourg Seclin Sémeries Semousies La Sentinelle Sepmeries Sequedin Séranvillers-Forenville Sercus Sin-le-Noble Socx Solesmes Solre-le-Château Solrinnes Somain Sommaing Spycker Staple Steenbecque Steene Steenvoorde Steenwerck Strazeele Taisnières-en-Thiérache Taisnières-sur-Hon Templemars Templeuve-en-Pévèle Terdeghem Téteghem-Coudekerque-Village Thiant Thiennes Thivencelle Thumeries Thun-l'Évêque Thun-Saint-Amand Thun-Saint-Martin Tilloy-lez-Cambrai Tilloy-lez-Marchiennes Toufflers Tourcoing Tourmignies Trélon Tressin Trith-Saint-Léger Troisvilles Uxem Valenciennessubpr Vendegies-au-Bois Vendegies-sur-Écaillon Vendeville Verchain-Maugré Verlinghem Vertain Vicq Viesly Vieux-Berquin Vieux-Condé Vieux-Mesnil Vieux-Reng Villeneuve-d'Ascq Villereau Villers-au-Tertre Villers-en-Cauchies Villers-Guislain Villers-Outréaux Villers-Plouich Villers-Pol Villers-Sire-Nicole Volckerinckhove Vred Wahagnies Walincourt-Selvigny Wallers Wallers-en-Fagne Wallon-Cappel Wambaix Wambrechies Wandignies-Hamage Wannehain Wargnies-le-Grand Wargnies-le-Petit Warhem Warlaing Warneton Wasnes-au-Bac Wasquehal Watten Wattignies Wattignies-la-Victoire Wattrelos Wavrechain-sous-Denain Wavrechain-sous-Faulx Wavrin Waziers Wemaers-Cappel Wervicq-Sud West-Cappel Wicres Wignehies Willems Willies Winnezeele Wormhout Wulverdinghe Wylder Zegerscappel Zermezeele Zuydcoote Zuytpeene pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany This Nord geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"title":"Communes of the Nord department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Nord_department"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashe_juniper

Juniperus ashei

["1 Description","2 Scientific name","3 As an invasive species","4 Allergens","5 Uses","6 References","7 External links"]

Species of conifer Juniperus ashei J. ashei shedding pollen: mature male on right, immature tree on left, mature green females in background Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Cupressales Family: Cupressaceae Genus: Juniperus Species: J. ashei Binomial name Juniperus asheiJ. Buchholz Natural range of Juniperus ashei Synonyms J. sabinoides (H.B.K.) Nees sensu Sargent J. mexicana Spreng J. monticola Martinez Sabina sabinoides (H.B.K.) Small Juniperus ashei (Ashe juniper, mountain cedar, blueberry juniper, post cedar, or just cedar) is a drought-tolerant evergreen tree, native from northeastern Mexico and the south-central United States to southern Missouri. The largest areas are in central Texas, where extensive stands occur. Ashe juniper grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall, and over time can reach 15 m (49 ft), and provides erosion control and year-round shade for wildlife and livestock. Description The feathery foliage grows in dense sprays, bright green in color. The leaves are scale-like, 2 to 5 millimetres (1⁄16 to 3⁄16 inch) long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. It is a dioecious species, with separate male and female plants. The seed cones are round, 3 to 5 mm (1⁄8 to 3⁄16 in) long, and soft, pulpy and berry-like, green at first, maturing purple about 8 months after pollination. They contain one or two seeds, which are dispersed when birds eat the cones and pass the seeds in their droppings. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, yellow, turning brown after pollen release in December to February. Scientific name The specific name ashei pays homage to American forester and botanist William Willard Ashe. As an invasive species Despite being native to Texas, ashe juniper is often considered an invasive species and weed by many landowners and ranchers. It is commonly believed that they use more water than live oaks, but more recent research suggests the reverse. Ashe juniper thrives on ranches, as cattle avoid the bitter-tasting seedlings. In contrast to the redberry juniper, ashe juniper does not resprout when cut. Allergens Ashe juniper pollen, along with that of the related Juniperus virginiana, can cause a severe allergic reaction. Consequently, what begins as a winter allergy may extend into spring, as the pollination of J. virginiana follows that of J. ashei. Colloquially, many Texans refer to the allergy as cedar fever. Uses Spanish explorers who arrived in what is now Texas in the mid-18th century built Hill Country missions using ashe junipers for roof beams. Poor land management, due to decades of clearcutting and overgrazing, led to soil erosion and a preponderance of caliche. The ashe juniper was one of the few plants that could thrive in the rocky soil. The wood is naturally rot-resistant and provides raw material for fence posts. Posts cut from old-growth Ashe junipers have been known to last in the ground for more than 50 years. Over 100 years ago, most old-growth Ashe junipers were cut and used not only for fence posts, but also for foundation piers, telegraph and telephone poles, roof framing, and railroad ties. The berry-like cones are eaten by a number of wildlife. The endangered golden-cheeked warbler uses the shredding bark of older Mountain Cedars to build its nests and old-growth cedar brakes and juniper-oak woodlands as habitat. References ^ Farjon, A. (2020). "Juniperus ashei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42224A179047527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T42224A179047527.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ United States Forest Service ^ Coker, W. C.; Holmes, J. S.; Korstian, C. F. (1932). "WILLIAM WILLARD ASHE". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 48 (1): 40–47. ISSN 0013-6220. ^ Fannin, Blair, 2008. “Research Could Change Perception of Woody Species Use of Water in Edwards Plateau,” AgriLife Today online. July 30. ^ Hauwert, Nico M. and Jack M. Sharp, 2014. “Measuring Autogenic Recharge over a Karst Aquifer Utilizing Eddy Covariance Evapotranspiration,” Journal of Water Resource and Protection. Volume 6:869-879. ^ Gregory, Lucas Frank, 2006. Water Budgets and Cave Recharge on Juniper Rangelands in the Edwards Plateau. Texas A&M University Thesis. ^ Owens, Keith M., Robert K. Lyons, and Chris L. Alejandro. 2006. “Rainfall Partitioning within Semiarid Juniper Communities: Effects of Event Size and Canopy Cover,” Hydrological Processes. Volume 20: 3179-3189. ^ Schwinning, Susanne, 2008. “The Water Relations of Two Evergreen Tree Species in a Karst Savanna,” Oecologia. Volume 158: 373-383. ^ McGinty, Allan (18 March 1997). "JUNIPER ECOLOGY". unidentified. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-10. ^ Bray, William L., 1904. Forest Resources of Texas, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Bulletin No. 47. Government Printing Office: Washington D.C. ^ Roemer, Dr. Ferdinand, 1983. Roemer’s Texas 1845 to 1847. German-Texas Heritage Society. Eakin Press: Austin. ^ Brown, Frank, 1875. Annals of Travis County and of the City of Austin: From the Earliest Time to the Close of 1875, Vol. 6. Austin History Center. ^ Austin Daily Democratic Statesman, September 10, 1874. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 307. ISBN 0-394-50760-6. ^ Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe, 1992. The Role of Birds and Mammals in the Dispersal Ecology of Ashe Juniper in the Edwards Plateau. Texas, A&M University Thesis. Farjon, A. (2020). "Juniperus ashei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T42224A179047527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T42224A179047527.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. External links Media related to Juniperus ashei at Wikimedia Commons Image Archive of Central Texas Plants detailed photographs Photographs of large Ashe Junipers (also called Mountain Cedars) Dimensions of Texas Champion Ashe juniper Evaluation of the Effects of Ashe Juniper (Cedar) Control on Water Quantity, Water Quality, and Suspended-Sediment Loads in three watersheds on the Edwards Aquifer Recharge and Catchment Area, South-Central Texas Taxon identifiersJuniperus ashei Wikidata: Q309507 Wikispecies: Juniperus ashei CoL: 6NGG4 Conifers.org: Juniperus_ashei EoL: 323369 EPPO: IUPAS FEIS: junash FNA: 233500722 GBIF: 2684487 GRIN: 20807 iNaturalist: 135927 IPNI: 676796-1 IRMNG: 10453175 ITIS: 194812 IUCN: 42224 MoBotPF: 279618 NatureServe: 2.154526 NCBI: 13101 Open Tree of Life: 836791 PfaF: Juniperus ashei Plant List: kew-2332607 PLANTS: JUAS POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:132457-2 Tropicos: 9400375 WFO: wfo-0000355562

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Ashe juniper grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall, and over time can reach 15 m (49 ft), and provides erosion control and year-round shade for wildlife and livestock.","title":"Juniperus ashei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dioecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_(botany)"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"}],"text":"The feathery foliage grows in dense sprays, bright green in color. The leaves are scale-like, 2 to 5 millimetres (1⁄16 to 3⁄16 inch) long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. It is a dioecious species, with separate male and female plants. The seed cones are round, 3 to 5 mm (1⁄8 to 3⁄16 in) long, and soft, pulpy and berry-like, green at first, maturing purple about 8 months after pollination. They contain one or two seeds, which are dispersed when birds eat the cones and pass the seeds in their droppings. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, yellow, turning brown after pollen release in December to February.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Willard Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Willard_Ashe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The specific name ashei pays homage to American forester and botanist William Willard Ashe.[3]","title":"Scientific name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"live oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_fusiformis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"redberry juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_pinchotii"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Despite being native to Texas, ashe juniper is often considered an invasive species and weed by many landowners and ranchers. It is commonly believed that they use more water than live oaks, but more recent research suggests the reverse.[4][5][6][7][8]Ashe juniper thrives on ranches, as cattle avoid the bitter-tasting seedlings. In contrast to the redberry juniper, ashe juniper does not resprout when cut.[9]","title":"As an invasive species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juniperus virginiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana"},{"link_name":"allergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"cedar fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_fever"}],"text":"Ashe juniper pollen, along with that of the related Juniperus virginiana, can cause a severe allergic reaction. Consequently, what begins as a winter allergy may extend into spring, as the pollination of J. virginiana follows that of J. ashei. Colloquially, many Texans refer to the allergy as cedar fever.","title":"Allergens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Country"},{"link_name":"caliche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliche"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"golden-cheeked warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-cheeked_warbler"}],"text":"Spanish explorers who arrived in what is now Texas in the mid-18th century built Hill Country missions using ashe junipers for roof beams. Poor land management, due to decades of clearcutting and overgrazing, led to soil erosion and a preponderance of caliche. The ashe juniper was one of the few plants that could thrive in the rocky soil.The wood is naturally rot-resistant and provides raw material for fence posts. Posts cut from old-growth Ashe junipers have been known to last in the ground for more than 50 years. Over 100 years ago, most old-growth Ashe junipers were cut and used not only for fence posts, but also for foundation piers, telegraph and telephone poles, roof framing, and railroad ties.[10][11][12][13]The berry-like cones are eaten by a number of wildlife.[14][15] The endangered golden-cheeked warbler uses the shredding bark of older Mountain Cedars to build its nests and old-growth cedar brakes and juniper-oak woodlands as habitat.","title":"Uses"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroepitheliomatous

Neuroepithelial cell

["1 Embryonic neural development","1.1 Brain development","1.2 Neuroepithelial cell proliferation","1.3 Radial glial cell transition","2 Adult neurogenesis","2.1 Genesis of neuroepithelial cells in the adult CNS","2.2 Neurogenesis in neural repair","3 Associated diseases","3.1 Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT)","3.2 Neuroepithelial cysts","3.3 Oligodendroglial tumors","4 Ongoing research","4.1 Neural chimeras","4.2 Depression","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Neuroepithelial cells, or neuroectodermal cells, form the wall of the closed neural tube in early embryonic development. The neuroepithelial cells span the thickness of the tube's wall, connecting with the pial surface and with the ventricular or lumenal surface. They are joined at the lumen of the tube by junctional complexes, where they form a pseudostratified layer of epithelium called neuroepithelium. Neuroepithelial cells are the stem cells of the central nervous system, known as neural stem cells, and generate the intermediate progenitor cells known as radial glial cells, that differentiate into neurons and glia in the process of neurogenesis. Embryonic neural development Brain development Development of the neural tube During the third week of embryonic growth, the brain begins to develop in the early fetus in a process called morphogenesis. Neuroepithelial cells of the ectoderm begin multiplying rapidly and fold in forming the neural plate, which invaginates during the fourth week of embryonic growth and forms the neural tube. The formation of the neural tube polarizes the neuroepithelial cells by orienting the apical side of the cell to face inward, which later becomes the ventricular zone, and the basal side is oriented outward, which contacts the pia, or outer surface of the developing brain. As part of this polarity, neuroepithelial cells express prominin-1 in the apical plasma membrane as well as tight junctions to maintain the cell polarity. Integrin alpha 6 anchors the neuroepithelial cells to the basal lamina. The neural tube begins as a single layer of pseudostratified epithelial cells, but rapid proliferation of neuroepithelial cells creates additional layers and eventually three distinct regions of growth. As these additional layers form the apical-basal polarity must be downregulated. Further proliferation of the cells in these regions gives rise to three distinct areas of the brain: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The neural tube also gives rise to the spinal cord. Neuroepithelial cell proliferation Neuroepithelial cells symmetrically divide or differentiate into progenitor cells called radial glial cells in asymmetric cell division. These can further differentiate into neurons or glial cells. Neuroepithelial cells are a class of stem cell and have the ability to self-renew. During the formation of the neural tube, neuroepithelial cells undergo symmetric proliferative divisions that give rise to two new neuroepithelial cells. At a later stage of brain development, neuroepithelial cells begin to self renew and give rise to non-stem cell progenitors, such as radial glial cells simultaneously by undergoing asymmetric division. Expression of Tis21, an antiproliferative gene, causes the neuroepithelial cell to make the switch from proliferative division to neuronic division. Many of the neuroepithelial cells also divide into radial glial cells, a similar, but more fate restricted cell. Being a more fate restricted cell the radial glial cell will either generate postmitotic neurons, intermediate progenitor cells, or astrocytes in gliogenesis. During neuroepithelial cell division, interkinetic nuclear migration allows the cells to divide unrestricted while maintaining a dense packing. During G1 the cell nucleus migrates to the basal side of the cell and remains there for S phase and migrates to the apical side for G2 phase. This migration requires the help of microtubules and actin filaments. Radial glial cell transition Neuroepithelial cells give rise to radial glial progenitor cells in early embryonic development. To make this change, neuroepithelial cells begin to downregulate their epithelial features, by stopping the expression of occludin, a tight junction protein. Loss of occludin causes a loss of the previous tight junction seals which is required for the generation of neuroblasts. Another tight junction protein, PARD3, remains at the apical side of the cell co-localizing with N-cadherin and keeps the apical face of the neuroepithelial cell intact. In the absence of occludin some polarity is still lost and the neuroepithelial cell gives rise to the radial glial cell. Adult neurogenesis Genesis of neuroepithelial cells in the adult CNS Moving away from the ependymal layer of the SVZ the neural cells become more and more differentiatedIn the adult CNS, neuroepithelial cells arise in several different areas of the brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ), the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. These cells do not appear in any of the peripheral nervous system. Often categorized as neural stem cells, neuroepithelial cells give rise to only a few varieties of neural cells, making them multipotent - a definite distinction from the pluripotent stem cells found in embryonic development. Neuroepithelial cells undergo mitosis generating more neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells or progenitor cells, the latter two differentiating into either neurons or glial cells. The neuroepithelial cells undergo two different forms of mitosis: asymmetric differentiating division and symmetric prolific division. The asymmetric cell division results in two different varieties of daughter cells (i.e. a neuroepithelial cell divides into a radial glial cell and another neuroepithelial cell), while the symmetric version yields identical daughter cells. This effect is caused by the orientation of the mitotic spindle, which is located in either the posterior or anterior area of the mitotic cell, rather than the center where it is found during symmetric division. The progenitor cells and radial glial cells respond to extracellular trophic factors - like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cytokines or neuregulin 1 (NRG1) - that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia. On a whole, neurogenesis is regulated both by many varied regulatory pathways in the CNS as well as several other factors, from genes to external stimuli such as the individual behavior of a person. The large interconnected web of regulatory responses acts to fine-tune the responses provided by newly formed neurons. Neurogenesis in neural repair Neurogenesis in the adult brain is often associated with diseases that deteriorate the CNS, like Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. While adult neurogenesis is up-regulated in the hippocampus in patients with these diseases, whether its effects are regenerative or inconclusive remains to be seen. Individuals with these diseases also often express diminished olfactory abilities as well as decreased cognitive activity in the hippocampus, areas specific to neurogenesis. The genes associated with these diseases like α-synuclein, presenilin 1, MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau) and huntingtin are also often associated with plasticity in the brain and its modification. Neuroplasticity is associated with neurogenesis in a complementary fashion. The new neurons generated by the neuroepithelial cells, progenitors and radial glial cells will not survive unless they are able to integrate into the system by making connections with new neighbors. This also leads to many controversial concepts, like neurogenic therapy involving the transplant of local progenitor cells to a damaged area. Associated diseases Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor is a rare, benign tumor that affects children and teenagers under the age of twenty. The tumor occurs in the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. The symptoms of the tumor are dependent on its location, but most children experience seizures that cannot be controlled by medication. DNT is usually treated through invasive surgery and the patients are usually capable of recovering fully, with little to no long-term effects. Neuroepithelial cysts Neuroepithelial cysts, also known as colloid cysts, develop in individuals between the ages of 20 and 50 and is relatively rare in individuals under the age of twenty. The cysts are benign tumors that usually appear in the anterior third ventricle. The cysts occur in the epithelium putting their patients at risk for obstructive hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, and rarely intracystic hemorrhage. This results from the cysts enlarging by causing the epithelium to secrete additional mucinous fluid. The cysts are usually found incidentally or if patients become symptomatic presenting with the symptoms of hydrocephalus. The larger cysts are operated on while smaller cysts that are not obstructive can be left alone. Oligodendroglial tumors Oligodendroglial tumors manifest in glial cells, which are responsible for supporting and protecting nerve cells in the brain. The tumor develops over oligodendrocytes and is usually found in the cerebrum around the frontal or temporal lobes. The tumors can either grow slowly in a well-differentiated manner delaying the onset of symptoms, or they can grow rapidly to form an anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The symptoms for this type of tumor include headaches and visual problems. Additionally, blockage of ventricles could cause buildup of cerebral spinal fluid resulting in swelling around the tumor. The location of the tumor may also affect the symptoms since frontal lobe tumors can cause gradual mood or personality changes while temporal lobe tumors result in coordination and speech problems. Ongoing research Neural chimeras Researchers have been able to create neural chimeras by combining neurons that developed from embryonic stem cells with glial cells that were also derived from embryonic stem cells. These neural chimeras give researchers a comprehensive way of studying the molecular mechanisms behind cell repair and regeneration via neuroepithelial precursor cells and will hopefully shed light on possible nervous system repair in a clinical setting. In an attempt to identify the key features that differentiate neuroepithelial cells from their progenitor cells, researchers identified an intermediate filament that was expressed by 98% of the neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube, but none of their progenitor cells. After this discovery it became clear that all three cell types in the nervous system resulted from a homogenous population of stem cells. In order make clinical neural repair possible researchers needed to further characterize regional determination of stem cells during brain development by determining what factors commit a precursor to becoming one or the other. While the exact factors that lead to differentiation are unknown, researchers have taken advantage of human-rat neural chimeras to explore the development of human neurons and glial cells in an animal model. These neural chimeras have permitted researchers to look at neurological diseases in an animal model where traumatic and reactive changes can be controlled. Eventually researchers hope to be able to use the information taken from these neural chimera experiments to repair regions of the brain affected by central nervous system disorders. The problem of delivery, however, has still not been resolved as neural chimeras have been shown to circulate throughout the ventricles and incorporate into all parts of the CNS. By finding environmental cues of differentiation, neuroepithelial precursor transplantation could be used in the treatment of many diseases including multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Further exploration of neural chimera cells and chimeric brains will provide evidence for manipulating the correct genes and increasing the efficacy of neural transplant repair. Depression Research on depression indicates that one of the major causal factors of depression, stress, also influences neurogenesis. This connection led researches to postulate that depression could be the result of changes in levels of neurogenesis in the adult brain, specifically in the dentate gyrus. Studies indicate that stress affects neurogenesis by increasing Glucocorticoids and decreasing neurotransmitters such as serotonin. These effects were further verified by inducing stress in lab animals, which resulted in decreased levels of neurogenesis. Additionally, modern therapies that treat depression also promote neurogenesis. Ongoing research is looking to further verify this connection and define the mechanism by which it occurs. This could potentially lead to a better understanding of the development of depression as well as future methods of treatment. See also List of human cell types derived from the germ layers References ^ a b Sadler, T (2006). Langman's medical embryology (11th. ed.). Lippincott William & Wilkins. pp. 295–299. ISBN 9780781790697. ^ a b c d McDonald, A. (2007). Prenatal Development - The Dana Guide. The Dana Foundation. ISBN 978-1-932594-10-2. Retrieved 7 December 2011. ^ a b c Zolessi, F. R. (2009). "Vertebrate Neurogenesis: Cell Polarity". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000826.pub2. ISBN 978-0470016176. ^ a b c d e f g Götz, M.; Huttner, W. B. (2005). "The cell biology of neurogenesis". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (10): 777–788. doi:10.1038/nrm1739. PMID 16314867. S2CID 16955231. ^ Clarke, D. L. (2003). "Neural stem cells". Bone Marrow Transplantation. 32: S13–S17. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703937. PMID 12931233. ^ Kempermann, G. (2011). "Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis". European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1018–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07599.x. PMID 21395844. S2CID 14149058. ^ a b Taupin, P. (2008). "Adult neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells". International Journal of Medical Sciences. 5 (3): 127–132. doi:10.7150/ijms.5.127. PMC 2424180. PMID 18566676. ^ Winner, Beate; Zacharias Kohl; Fred H. Gage (2011). "Neurodegenerative disease and adult neurogenesis" (PDF). European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1139–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07613.x. PMID 21395858. S2CID 6610255. Retrieved 2011-11-28. ^ "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor". Children's Hospital Boston. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ^ Chin, L. S.; Jayarao, M. "Colloid Cysts". Medscape. Retrieved 7 December 2011. ^ "Oligodendroglioma". Macmillan. Retrieved 7 December 2011. ^ Brüstle, O. (1999). "Building brains: Neural chimeras in the study of nervous system development and repair". Brain Pathology. 9 (3). Zurich, Switzerland: 527–545. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00540.x. PMC 8098370. PMID 10416992. S2CID 14847541. ^ Jacobs, B. L.; Praag, H.; Gage, F. H. (May 2000). "Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression". Molecular Psychiatry. 5 (3): 262–269. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000712. PMID 10889528. S2CID 24913141. External links neuroepithelial+cells at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteStem cellsSources/types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell: Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Category vteDevelopment of the nervous systemNeurogenesisGeneral Neural development Neurulation Neurula Notochord Neuroectoderm Neural plate Neural fold Neural groove Neuropoiesis Adult neurogenesis Neural crest Cranial neural crest Cardiac neural crest complex Truncal neural crest Neural tube Rostral neuropore Neuromere / Rhombomere Cephalic flexure Cervical flexure Pontine flexure Alar plate Basal plate Glioblast Neuroblast Germinal matrix Eye Neural tube Optic vesicle Optic stalk Optic cup Surface ectoderm Lens placode Ear Otic placode Otic pit Otic vesicle

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"neural stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"progenitor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor_cell"},{"link_name":"radial glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_glial_cell"},{"link_name":"differentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"glia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia"},{"link_name":"neurogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sadler-1"}],"text":"Neuroepithelial cells are the stem cells of the central nervous system, known as neural stem cells, and generate the intermediate progenitor cells known as radial glial cells, that differentiate into neurons and glia in the process of neurogenesis.[1]","title":"Neuroepithelial cell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Embryonic neural development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Development_of_the_neural_tube.png"},{"link_name":"embryonic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"morphogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-2"},{"link_name":"ectoderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm"},{"link_name":"neural plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_plate"},{"link_name":"neural tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-2"},{"link_name":"pia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zolessi-3"},{"link_name":"prominin-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD133"},{"link_name":"tight junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junctions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"},{"link_name":"Integrin alpha 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_alpha_6"},{"link_name":"basal lamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_lamina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"},{"link_name":"neural tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube"},{"link_name":"pseudostratified epithelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zolessi-3"},{"link_name":"forebrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forebrain"},{"link_name":"midbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain"},{"link_name":"hindbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindbrain"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonald-2"}],"sub_title":"Brain development","text":"Development of the neural tubeDuring the third week of embryonic growth, the brain begins to develop in the early fetus in a process called morphogenesis.[2] Neuroepithelial cells of the ectoderm begin multiplying rapidly and fold in forming the neural plate, which invaginates during the fourth week of embryonic growth and forms the neural tube.[2] The formation of the neural tube polarizes the neuroepithelial cells by orienting the apical side of the cell to face inward, which later becomes the ventricular zone, and the basal side is oriented outward, which contacts the pia, or outer surface of the developing brain.[3] As part of this polarity, neuroepithelial cells express prominin-1 in the apical plasma membrane as well as tight junctions to maintain the cell polarity.[4] Integrin alpha 6 anchors the neuroepithelial cells to the basal lamina.[4] The neural tube begins as a single layer of pseudostratified epithelial cells, but rapid proliferation of neuroepithelial cells creates additional layers and eventually three distinct regions of growth.[2][4] As these additional layers form the apical-basal polarity must be downregulated.[3] Further proliferation of the cells in these regions gives rise to three distinct areas of the brain: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The neural tube also gives rise to the spinal cord.[2]","title":"Embryonic neural development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svg"},{"link_name":"radial glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_glial_cell"},{"link_name":"Tis21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTG2"},{"link_name":"gliogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliogenesis"},{"link_name":"G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"S phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase"},{"link_name":"G2 phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_phase"},{"link_name":"microtubules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubules"},{"link_name":"actin filaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin_filaments"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"}],"sub_title":"Neuroepithelial cell proliferation","text":"Neuroepithelial cells symmetrically divide or differentiate into progenitor cells called radial glial cells in asymmetric cell division. These can further differentiate into neurons or glial cells.Neuroepithelial cells are a class of stem cell and have the ability to self-renew. During the formation of the neural tube, neuroepithelial cells undergo symmetric proliferative divisions that give rise to two new neuroepithelial cells. At a later stage of brain development, neuroepithelial cells begin to self renew and give rise to non-stem cell progenitors, such as radial glial cells simultaneously by undergoing asymmetric division. Expression of Tis21, an antiproliferative gene, causes the neuroepithelial cell to make the switch from proliferative division to neuronic division. Many of the neuroepithelial cells also divide into radial glial cells, a similar, but more fate restricted cell. Being a more fate restricted cell the radial glial cell will either generate postmitotic neurons, intermediate progenitor cells, or astrocytes in gliogenesis. During neuroepithelial cell division, interkinetic nuclear migration allows the cells to divide unrestricted while maintaining a dense packing. During G1 the cell nucleus migrates to the basal side of the cell and remains there for S phase and migrates to the apical side for G2 phase. This migration requires the help of microtubules and actin filaments.[4]","title":"Embryonic neural development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occludin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occludin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zolessi-3"},{"link_name":"neuroblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblast"},{"link_name":"tight junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction"},{"link_name":"PARD3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARD3"},{"link_name":"N-cadherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-cadherin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"}],"sub_title":"Radial glial cell transition","text":"Neuroepithelial cells give rise to radial glial progenitor cells in early embryonic development. To make this change, neuroepithelial cells begin to downregulate their epithelial features, by stopping the expression of occludin, a tight junction protein.[3] Loss of occludin causes a loss of the previous tight junction seals which is required for the generation of neuroblasts. Another tight junction protein, PARD3, remains at the apical side of the cell co-localizing with N-cadherin and keeps the apical face of the neuroepithelial cell intact.[4] In the absence of occludin some polarity is still lost and the neuroepithelial cell gives rise to the radial glial cell.[4]","title":"Embryonic neural development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adult neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_subventricular_zone.jpg"},{"link_name":"subventricular zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventricular_zone"},{"link_name":"olfactory bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb"},{"link_name":"dentate gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_gyrus"},{"link_name":"hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"peripheral nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"multipotent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency"},{"link_name":"pluripotent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency"},{"link_name":"progenitor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor_cells"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gotz-4"},{"link_name":"asymmetric cell division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division"},{"link_name":"mitotic spindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_spindle"},{"link_name":"ciliary neurotrophic factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokines"},{"link_name":"neuregulin 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuregulin_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempermann-6"}],"sub_title":"Genesis of neuroepithelial cells in the adult CNS","text":"Moving away from the ependymal layer of the SVZ the neural cells become more and more differentiatedIn the adult CNS, neuroepithelial cells arise in several different areas of the brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ), the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. These cells do not appear in any of the peripheral nervous system. Often categorized as neural stem cells, neuroepithelial cells give rise to only a few varieties of neural cells, making them multipotent - a definite distinction from the pluripotent stem cells found in embryonic development. Neuroepithelial cells undergo mitosis generating more neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells or progenitor cells, the latter two differentiating into either neurons or glial cells. The neuroepithelial cells undergo two different forms of mitosis: asymmetric differentiating division and symmetric prolific division.[4] The asymmetric cell division results in two different varieties of daughter cells (i.e. a neuroepithelial cell divides into a radial glial cell and another neuroepithelial cell), while the symmetric version yields identical daughter cells. This effect is caused by the orientation of the mitotic spindle, which is located in either the posterior or anterior area of the mitotic cell, rather than the center where it is found during symmetric division. The progenitor cells and radial glial cells respond to extracellular trophic factors - like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cytokines or neuregulin 1 (NRG1) - that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia.[5] On a whole, neurogenesis is regulated both by many varied regulatory pathways in the CNS as well as several other factors, from genes to external stimuli such as the individual behavior of a person. The large interconnected web of regulatory responses acts to fine-tune the responses provided by newly formed neurons.[6]","title":"Adult neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taupin-7"},{"link_name":"α-synuclein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-synuclein"},{"link_name":"presenilin 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1"},{"link_name":"MAPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"huntingtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neuroplasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taupin-7"}],"sub_title":"Neurogenesis in neural repair","text":"Neurogenesis in the adult brain is often associated with diseases that deteriorate the CNS, like Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. While adult neurogenesis is up-regulated in the hippocampus in patients with these diseases, whether its effects are regenerative or inconclusive remains to be seen.[7] Individuals with these diseases also often express diminished olfactory abilities as well as decreased cognitive activity in the hippocampus, areas specific to neurogenesis. The genes associated with these diseases like α-synuclein, presenilin 1, MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau) and huntingtin are also often associated with plasticity in the brain and its modification.[8] Neuroplasticity is associated with neurogenesis in a complementary fashion. The new neurons generated by the neuroepithelial cells, progenitors and radial glial cells will not survive unless they are able to integrate into the system by making connections with new neighbors. This also leads to many controversial concepts, like neurogenic therapy involving the transplant of local progenitor cells to a damaged area.[7]","title":"Adult neurogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Associated diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNET02.jpg"},{"link_name":"dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysembryoplastic_neuroepithelial_tumor"},{"link_name":"benign tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumor"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"invasive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_surgery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNT-9"}],"sub_title":"Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT)","text":"Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumorA dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor is a rare, benign tumor that affects children and teenagers under the age of twenty. The tumor occurs in the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. The symptoms of the tumor are dependent on its location, but most children experience seizures that cannot be controlled by medication. DNT is usually treated through invasive surgery and the patients are usually capable of recovering fully, with little to no long-term effects.[9]","title":"Associated diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colloid cysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid_cyst"},{"link_name":"third ventricle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventricle"},{"link_name":"hydrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"intracranial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colloid_Cysts-10"}],"sub_title":"Neuroepithelial cysts","text":"Neuroepithelial cysts, also known as colloid cysts, develop in individuals between the ages of 20 and 50 and is relatively rare in individuals under the age of twenty. The cysts are benign tumors that usually appear in the anterior third ventricle. The cysts occur in the epithelium putting their patients at risk for obstructive hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, and rarely intracystic hemorrhage. This results from the cysts enlarging by causing the epithelium to secrete additional mucinous fluid. The cysts are usually found incidentally or if patients become symptomatic presenting with the symptoms of hydrocephalus. The larger cysts are operated on while smaller cysts that are not obstructive can be left alone.[10]","title":"Associated diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oligodendroglial tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma"},{"link_name":"oligodendrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocytes"},{"link_name":"cerebrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"temporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"anaplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaplasia"},{"link_name":"oligodendroglioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma"},{"link_name":"cerebral spinal fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_spinal_fluid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macmillam-11"}],"sub_title":"Oligodendroglial tumors","text":"Oligodendroglial tumors manifest in glial cells, which are responsible for supporting and protecting nerve cells in the brain. The tumor develops over oligodendrocytes and is usually found in the cerebrum around the frontal or temporal lobes. The tumors can either grow slowly in a well-differentiated manner delaying the onset of symptoms, or they can grow rapidly to form an anaplastic oligodendroglioma. The symptoms for this type of tumor include headaches and visual problems. Additionally, blockage of ventricles could cause buildup of cerebral spinal fluid resulting in swelling around the tumor. The location of the tumor may also affect the symptoms since frontal lobe tumors can cause gradual mood or personality changes while temporal lobe tumors result in coordination and speech problems.[11]","title":"Associated diseases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ongoing research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chimeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells"},{"link_name":"progenitor cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor_cell"},{"link_name":"intermediate filament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brustle-12"}],"sub_title":"Neural chimeras","text":"Researchers have been able to create neural chimeras by combining neurons that developed from embryonic stem cells with glial cells that were also derived from embryonic stem cells. These neural chimeras give researchers a comprehensive way of studying the molecular mechanisms behind cell repair and regeneration via neuroepithelial precursor cells and will hopefully shed light on possible nervous system repair in a clinical setting. In an attempt to identify the key features that differentiate neuroepithelial cells from their progenitor cells, researchers identified an intermediate filament that was expressed by 98% of the neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube, but none of their progenitor cells. After this discovery it became clear that all three cell types in the nervous system resulted from a homogenous population of stem cells. In order make clinical neural repair possible researchers needed to further characterize regional determination of stem cells during brain development by determining what factors commit a precursor to becoming one or the other. While the exact factors that lead to differentiation are unknown, researchers have taken advantage of human-rat neural chimeras to explore the development of human neurons and glial cells in an animal model. These neural chimeras have permitted researchers to look at neurological diseases in an animal model where traumatic and reactive changes can be controlled. Eventually researchers hope to be able to use the information taken from these neural chimera experiments to repair regions of the brain affected by central nervous system disorders. The problem of delivery, however, has still not been resolved as neural chimeras have been shown to circulate throughout the ventricles and incorporate into all parts of the CNS. By finding environmental cues of differentiation, neuroepithelial precursor transplantation could be used in the treatment of many diseases including multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Further exploration of neural chimera cells and chimeric brains will provide evidence for manipulating the correct genes and increasing the efficacy of neural transplant repair.[12]","title":"Ongoing research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"dentate gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_gyrus"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Depression-13"}],"sub_title":"Depression","text":"Research on depression indicates that one of the major causal factors of depression, stress, also influences neurogenesis. This connection led researches to postulate that depression could be the result of changes in levels of neurogenesis in the adult brain, specifically in the dentate gyrus. Studies indicate that stress affects neurogenesis by increasing Glucocorticoids and decreasing neurotransmitters such as serotonin. These effects were further verified by inducing stress in lab animals, which resulted in decreased levels of neurogenesis. Additionally, modern therapies that treat depression also promote neurogenesis. Ongoing research is looking to further verify this connection and define the mechanism by which it occurs. This could potentially lead to a better understanding of the development of depression as well as future methods of treatment.[13]","title":"Ongoing research"}]

[{"image_text":"Development of the neural tube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Development_of_the_neural_tube.png/220px-Development_of_the_neural_tube.png"},{"image_text":"Neuroepithelial cells symmetrically divide or differentiate into progenitor cells called radial glial cells in asymmetric cell division. These can further differentiate into neurons or glial cells.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svg/110px-Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Moving away from the ependymal layer of the SVZ the neural cells become more and more differentiated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Human_subventricular_zone.jpg/220px-Human_subventricular_zone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DNET02.jpg/220px-DNET02.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of human cell types derived from the germ layers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers"}]

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ISBN 978-0470016176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0000826.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/9780470015902.a0000826.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470016176","url_text":"978-0470016176"}]},{"reference":"Götz, M.; Huttner, W. B. (2005). \"The cell biology of neurogenesis\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (10): 777–788. doi:10.1038/nrm1739. PMID 16314867. S2CID 16955231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm1739","url_text":"10.1038/nrm1739"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16314867","url_text":"16314867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16955231","url_text":"16955231"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, D. L. (2003). \"Neural stem cells\". Bone Marrow Transplantation. 32: S13–S17. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703937. PMID 12931233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bmt.1703937","url_text":"10.1038/sj.bmt.1703937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12931233","url_text":"12931233"}]},{"reference":"Kempermann, G. (2011). \"Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis\". European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1018–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07599.x. PMID 21395844. S2CID 14149058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2011.07599.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07599.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21395844","url_text":"21395844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14149058","url_text":"14149058"}]},{"reference":"Taupin, P. (2008). \"Adult neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells\". International Journal of Medical Sciences. 5 (3): 127–132. doi:10.7150/ijms.5.127. PMC 2424180. PMID 18566676.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424180","url_text":"\"Adult neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fijms.5.127","url_text":"10.7150/ijms.5.127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424180","url_text":"2424180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566676","url_text":"18566676"}]},{"reference":"Winner, Beate; Zacharias Kohl; Fred H. Gage (2011). \"Neurodegenerative disease and adult neurogenesis\" (PDF). European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (6): 1139–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07613.x. PMID 21395858. S2CID 6610255. Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culturacientifica.org/textosudc/neurogenesis/neurodegen_adult_neurogenesis.pdf","url_text":"\"Neurodegenerative disease and adult neurogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2011.07613.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07613.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21395858","url_text":"21395858"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6610255","url_text":"6610255"}]},{"reference":"\"Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor\". Children's Hospital Boston. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926232251/http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site812/mainpageS812P0.html","url_text":"\"Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor\""},{"url":"http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site812/mainpageS812P0.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chin, L. S.; Jayarao, M. \"Colloid Cysts\". Medscape. Retrieved 7 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249401-overview#a04","url_text":"\"Colloid Cysts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oligodendroglioma\". Macmillan. Retrieved 7 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Brain/Typesofbraintumours/Oligodendroglioma.aspx","url_text":"\"Oligodendroglioma\""}]},{"reference":"Brüstle, O. (1999). \"Building brains: Neural chimeras in the study of nervous system development and repair\". Brain Pathology. 9 (3). Zurich, Switzerland: 527–545. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00540.x. PMC 8098370. PMID 10416992. S2CID 14847541.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098370","url_text":"\"Building brains: Neural chimeras in the study of nervous system development and repair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-3639.1999.tb00540.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00540.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098370","url_text":"8098370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10416992","url_text":"10416992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14847541","url_text":"14847541"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, B. L.; Praag, H.; Gage, F. H. (May 2000). \"Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Mike_Yates

Mike Yates

["1 Character history","2 Other appearances","3 List of appearances","3.1 Television","3.2 Audio drama","3.3 Novels","3.4 Short stories","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

This article is about the fictional character. For people with similar names, see Michael Yates. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mike Yates" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character Captain YatesDoctor Who characterCaptain Mike YatesFirst appearanceTerror of the Autons (1971)Last appearanceThe Five Doctors (1983)Portrayed byRichard FranklinNon-canonical appearancesDimensions in Time (1993)Duration1971–1974, 1983, 1993In-universe informationSpeciesHumanAffiliationUNITHomeEarthHome era20th century Captain Mike Yates is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, played by Richard Franklin. He was adjutant of the British contingent of UNIT, an international organization that defends Earth from alien threats. Character history Yates first appears in the Third Doctor serial Terror of the Autons, the latest in a line of Captains assisting Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, although the Doctor implies that he was around for previous stories. He proves more durable than his predecessors, appearing semi-regularly on the programme from 1971 to 1974 alongside the Brigadier and Sergeant Benton. Together with the Doctor and his companions, Yates fights off alien invasions, the machinations of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master, rogue computers and mutated maggots. Little is known of him outside of his time with UNIT. He is cool under fire, efficient, and both gives and carries out his orders with a minimum of fuss. He appears to have a relatively good rapport with his men, although he does remind Benton on occasion that "rank has its privileges." The Third Doctor's assistant, Jo Grant, is dressed up to go on a night on the town with Mike at the start of The Curse of Peladon, only to be taken on a trip in the TARDIS by the Doctor. Yates's fall from grace starts when he is brainwashed by the artificial intelligence BOSS in the 1973 serial The Green Death. The brush with ecological disaster apparently made Yates very concerned about the future of the planet, and he is easily recruited by Sir Charles Grover into a conspiracy to reverse time and return Earth to a "golden age" (Invasion of the Dinosaurs). The conspiracy is thwarted by the Doctor, and in return for his past service to UNIT, the Brigadier allows Yates to take medical leave and then quietly resign (actor Richard Franklin believes the initial plan for this story was to kill off Yates). Trying to recover, Yates attends a meditation centre where he uncovers strange goings-on, which he reports to Sarah Jane Smith. Sarah communicates this back to the Doctor, leading into the rest of the events of the Third Doctor's last serial, Planet of the Spiders. Richard Franklin returned as an illusory image of Yates in the 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors and reprised the role of Yates in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time. A photo of Yates meeting Special Space Security agent Sara Kingdom is seen amongst a collection of companion photographs kept by UNIT's Black Archive in the 50th anniversary story, The Day of the Doctor. In their 1995 book Doctor Who Companions writers and Doctor Who historians David J. Howe and Mark Stammers noted that the character of Yates was created as a possible love interest for Jo Grant, but this was not pursued very far. They also note that early UNIT stories had featured a succession of Captains acting as the Brigadier's second in command and it made sense to standardise this position with one regular character. As one of the more prominent recurring supporting characters in the television series, Yates is often listed as a companion of the Doctor and indeed is listed as such on the official BBC Doctor Who website. However, he is not always listed as such - John Nathan-Turner's book Doctor Who: The Companions, for instance, excludes Yates. Other appearances Mike Yates has appeared in the spin-off novels taking place during his time with UNIT. In the Virgin Missing Adventures novels The Eye of the Giant by Christopher Bulis and The Scales of Injustice by Gary Russell, Yates begins as a sergeant in UNIT together with Benton and is promoted to Captain at the end of Scales, which takes place between the television stories Inferno and Terror of the Autons. The novel implies that he is promoted directly from Sergeant to Captain, which would be unusual if not impossible in most real-world militaries. In the Past Doctor Adventures novel The Devil Goblins from Neptune by Keith Topping and Martin Day it is established that his full name is Michael Alexander Raymond Yates. In the Past Doctor Adventures novel Verdigris by Paul Magrs, Yates is rendered amnesiac and subsequently turned two-dimensional. The Third Doctor later arranges for Yates to be restored to normal. In Past Doctor Adventures novel Deep Blue, it is revealed that Mike had three brothers, and his mum thinks that Mike is the most sensitive. Stories written as in-universe articles in Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special 1991, (subtitled "UNIT Exposed") describe significant post-UNIT activity for Yates. He founds an organisation called the Cosmic Earth Society; writes a book called Help From the Stars, which details the revelations of past extraterrestrial involvement in human evolution discovered by UNIT at Devil's End, and reveals other UNIT-operations information to a reporter from the Metropolitan. He claims that the actual cause of central London's evacuation was dinosaurs being brought forward in time (part of a plan that he admits to have been involved in and which was, he claimed, the real reason for his discharge from UNIT). This dovetails with Day of the Dinosaurs, an entry in a series of science fiction novels written by former UNIT associate Sarah Jane Smith, which feature an organization called WIN (World Investigative Network) commanded by General Lutwidge-Douglas. This leads another Metropolitan reporter to doubt that Yates is a crackpot as generally believed. Richard Franklin also wrote an unpublished novel featuring Mike Yates, The Killing Stone, set after the events of Spiders. It was released as an audio book, read by Franklin, by BBV in 2002. In 2009, Franklin reprised the role of Mike Yates for a series of five audio dramas produced by BBC Audio under the umbrella title Hornets' Nest. The series sees Yates partner with the Fourth Doctor, played by Tom Baker. He reunites with the Fourth Doctor in the subsequent sequel series, Demon Quest and Serpent Crest. List of appearances Television Season 8 Terror of the Autons The Mind of Evil The Claws of Axos The Dæmons Season 9 Day of the Daleks (Episodes 1 – 2 & 4) The Time Monster (Episodes 1 – 4) Season 10 The Green Death (Episodes 4 – 6) Season 11 Invasion of the Dinosaurs Planet of the Spiders 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors (cameo) 30th anniversary special Dimensions in Time Audio drama The Blue Tooth (adventure related by the character Liz Shaw) by Nigel Fairs The Magician's Oath by Scott Handcock Hornets' Nest Demon Quest Serpent Crest The Rings of Ikiria Destiny of the Doctor: Vengeance of the Stones Novels Virgin Missing Adventures Dancing the Code by Paul Leonard The Eye of the Giant by Christopher Bulis The Scales of Injustice by Gary Russell Speed of Flight by Paul Leonard Virgin New Adventures Happy Endings by Paul Cornell Virgin sidestep novel Who Killed Kennedy by David Bishop (letter to a UNIT casualty's next-of-kin is signed by Yates) Past Doctor Adventures The Devil Goblins from Neptune by Martin Day and Keith Topping The Face of the Enemy by David A. McIntee Deep Blue by Mark Morris Verdigris by Paul Magrs Rags by Mick Lewis Deadly Reunion by Terrance Dicks and Barry Letts Unlicensed novel, released on CD The Killing Stone by Richard Franklin Short stories "Brief Encounter--Listening Watch" by Dan Abnett (Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special 1991) "Prisoners of the Sun" by Tim Robins (Decalog; parallel universe version of Yates) "Where the Heart Is" by Andy Lane (Decalog 2: Lost Property) "Housewarming" by David A. McIntee (Decalog 2: Lost Property) "The Switching" by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: Zodiac) "UNIT Christmas Parties: Christmas Truce" by Terrance Dicks (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury) "Operation H.A.T.E" by Richard Franklin See also UNIT List of Doctor Who supporting characters References ^ "The Curse of Peladon: Episode 1". Doctor Who. Season 9. 29 January 1972. 4:39 minutes in. BBC. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ Lyons, Steve and Chris Howarth, "Captain's Log', Doctor Who Magazine, #222, 15 February 1995, Marvel Comics UK Ltd., p. 7 (interview with Richard Franklin). ^ Howe, David J.; Stammers, Mark (1995). Doctor Who Companions. London: Doctor Who Books an imprint of Virgin Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 1-85227-582-0. ^ Haining, Peter (1983). Doctor Who: A Celebration - Two Decades Through Time And Space. Virgin Publishing Ltd. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-86369-932-4. ^ "Companions". Doctor Who: Classic Series Episode Guide. BBC. 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007. ^ Leith, Tim, "Yates Speaks Out", Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special, 1991, Marvel Comics Ltd., pp. 19-21. ^ Parker, Kevin W., untitled sidebar, Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special, 1991, Marvel Comics Ltd., p. 7. ^ BBC Press Release: Tom Baker returns as the Fourth Doctor in new audio dramas, July 27, 2009; accessed August 23, 2009. ^ Demon quest complete series May 7, 2022 ^ Franklin, Richard (2013). Operation H.A.T.E. England: Fantom Films Limited. p. 13. ISBN 9781781960929. External links Mike Yates on Tardis Wiki, the Doctor Who Wiki Captain Mike Yates on the BBC's Doctor Who website Portal: Doctor WhoMike Yates at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons vteDoctor Who charactersIncarnations of the DoctorSeries leads First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Other The Valeyard War Doctor Fugitive Doctor See also Dr. Who List of actors who have played the Doctor List of actors considered for the part of the Doctor Companions and alliesCompanionsTelevision Susan Foreman Ian Chesterton Barbara Wright Vicki Steven Taylor Dodo Chaplet Ben and Polly Jamie McCrimmon Victoria Waterfield Zoe Heriot Liz Shaw Jo Grant Sarah Jane Smith Harry Sullivan Leela K9 Romana Adric Nyssa Tegan Jovanka Vislor Turlough Peri Brown Mel Bush Ace Grace Holloway Rose Tyler Adam Mitchell Jack Harkness Mickey Smith Donna Noble Martha Jones Astrid Peth Wilfred Mott Amy Pond Rory Williams River Song Clara Oswald Nardole Bill Potts Graham O'Brien Ryan Sinclair Yasmin Khan Ruby Sunday Spin-offs Kroton Bernice Summerfield Izzy Sinclair Destrii Charley Pollard Allies Sara Kingdom Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart Sergeant Benton Mike Yates Professor Chronotis Iris Wildthyme Jackie Tyler Harriet Jones Toshiko Sato Pete Tyler Jenny Gwen Cooper Ianto Jones Luke Smith Paternoster Gang Courtney Woods Danny Pink Ashildr Karvanista Creatures and villains Autons Cybermen Daleks Davros Death's Head Great Intelligence Yeti Ice Warriors Judoon Ood Silurians The Silence Slitheen Sontarans Time Lords The Master Omega The Rani Rassilon Voord Weeping Angels Zygons List of cast members Robots

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Yates_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Richard Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Franklin_(actor)"},{"link_name":"UNIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIT"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"}],"text":"This article is about the fictional character. For people with similar names, see Michael Yates.Fictional characterCaptain Mike Yates is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, played by Richard Franklin. He was adjutant of the British contingent of UNIT, an international organization that defends Earth from alien threats.","title":"Mike Yates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Terror of the Autons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_of_the_Autons"},{"link_name":"Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_Lethbridge-Stewart"},{"link_name":"Sergeant Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Benton"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Time Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Lord"},{"link_name":"the Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Jo Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Grant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Curse of Peladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Peladon"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"The Green Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Death"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jane Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Spiders"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Five Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Dimensions in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensions_in_Time"},{"link_name":"Sara Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Doctor"},{"link_name":"David J. Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Howe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howe&Stammers1995-3"},{"link_name":"recurring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"supporting characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_supporting_characters"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Celebration-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sixth_citation-5"},{"link_name":"John Nathan-Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nathan-Turner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Yates first appears in the Third Doctor serial Terror of the Autons, the latest in a line of Captains assisting Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, although the Doctor implies that he was around for previous stories. He proves more durable than his predecessors, appearing semi-regularly on the programme from 1971 to 1974 alongside the Brigadier and Sergeant Benton. Together with the Doctor and his companions, Yates fights off alien invasions, the machinations of the renegade Time Lord known as the Master, rogue computers and mutated maggots.Little is known of him outside of his time with UNIT. He is cool under fire, efficient, and both gives and carries out his orders with a minimum of fuss. He appears to have a relatively good rapport with his men, although he does remind Benton on occasion that \"rank has its privileges.\" The Third Doctor's assistant, Jo Grant, is dressed up to go on a night on the town with Mike[1] at the start of The Curse of Peladon, only to be taken on a trip in the TARDIS by the Doctor.Yates's fall from grace starts when he is brainwashed by the artificial intelligence BOSS in the 1973 serial The Green Death. The brush with ecological disaster apparently made Yates very concerned about the future of the planet, and he is easily recruited by Sir Charles Grover into a conspiracy to reverse time and return Earth to a \"golden age\" (Invasion of the Dinosaurs). The conspiracy is thwarted by the Doctor, and in return for his past service to UNIT, the Brigadier allows Yates to take medical leave and then quietly resign (actor Richard Franklin believes the initial plan for this story was to kill off Yates[2]).Trying to recover, Yates attends a meditation centre where he uncovers strange goings-on, which he reports to Sarah Jane Smith. Sarah communicates this back to the Doctor, leading into the rest of the events of the Third Doctor's last serial, Planet of the Spiders.[citation needed]Richard Franklin returned as an illusory image of Yates in the 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors and reprised the role of Yates in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time. A photo of Yates meeting Special Space Security agent Sara Kingdom is seen amongst a collection of companion photographs kept by UNIT's Black Archive in the 50th anniversary story, The Day of the Doctor.In their 1995 book Doctor Who Companions writers and Doctor Who historians David J. Howe and Mark Stammers noted that the character of Yates was created as a possible love interest for Jo Grant, but this was not pursued very far. They also note that early UNIT stories had featured a succession of Captains acting as the Brigadier's second in command and it made sense to standardise this position with one regular character.[3]As one of the more prominent recurring supporting characters in the television series, Yates is often listed as a companion of the Doctor[4] and indeed is listed as such on the official BBC Doctor Who website.[5] However, he is not always listed as such - John Nathan-Turner's book Doctor Who: The Companions, for instance, excludes Yates.[citation needed]","title":"Character history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_spin-offs"},{"link_name":"Virgin Missing Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Missing_Adventures"},{"link_name":"The Eye of the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_of_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bulis"},{"link_name":"The Scales of Injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scales_of_Injustice"},{"link_name":"Gary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Russell"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Past Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"The Devil Goblins from Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Goblins_from_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Keith Topping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Topping"},{"link_name":"Martin Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Day_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Verdigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Paul Magrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magrs"},{"link_name":"amnesiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"Deep Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jane Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Smith"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"BBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Ben_Video"},{"link_name":"Hornets' Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornets%27_Nest_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Fourth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Tom Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Demon Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Quest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Serpent Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Crest"}],"text":"Mike Yates has appeared in the spin-off novels taking place during his time with UNIT. In the Virgin Missing Adventures novels The Eye of the Giant by Christopher Bulis and The Scales of Injustice by Gary Russell, Yates begins as a sergeant in UNIT together with Benton and is promoted to Captain at the end of Scales, which takes place between the television stories Inferno and Terror of the Autons. The novel implies that he is promoted directly from Sergeant to Captain, which would be unusual if not impossible in most real-world militaries.In the Past Doctor Adventures novel The Devil Goblins from Neptune by Keith Topping and Martin Day it is established that his full name is Michael Alexander Raymond Yates.In the Past Doctor Adventures novel Verdigris by Paul Magrs, Yates is rendered amnesiac and subsequently turned two-dimensional. The Third Doctor later arranges for Yates to be restored to normal.In Past Doctor Adventures novel Deep Blue, it is revealed that Mike had three brothers, and his mum thinks that Mike is the most sensitive.Stories written as in-universe articles in Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special 1991, (subtitled \"UNIT Exposed\") describe significant post-UNIT activity for Yates. He founds an organisation called the Cosmic Earth Society; writes a book called Help From the Stars, which details the revelations of past extraterrestrial involvement in human evolution discovered by UNIT at Devil's End, and reveals other UNIT-operations information to a reporter from the Metropolitan.[6] He claims that the actual cause of central London's evacuation was dinosaurs being brought forward in time (part of a plan that he admits to have been involved in and which was, he claimed, the real reason for his discharge from UNIT). This dovetails with Day of the Dinosaurs, an entry in a series of science fiction novels written by former UNIT associate Sarah Jane Smith, which feature an organization called WIN (World Investigative Network) commanded by General Lutwidge-Douglas. This leads another Metropolitan reporter to doubt that Yates is a crackpot as generally believed.[7]Richard Franklin also wrote an unpublished novel featuring Mike Yates, The Killing Stone, set after the events of Spiders. It was released as an audio book, read by Franklin, by BBV in 2002.In 2009, Franklin reprised the role of Mike Yates for a series of five audio dramas produced by BBC Audio under the umbrella title Hornets' Nest. The series sees Yates partner with the Fourth Doctor, played by Tom Baker.[8] He reunites with the Fourth Doctor in the subsequent sequel series, Demon Quest[9] and Serpent Crest.","title":"Other appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terror of the Autons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_of_the_Autons"},{"link_name":"The Mind of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mind_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"The Claws of Axos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Claws_of_Axos"},{"link_name":"The Dæmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D%C3%A6mons"},{"link_name":"Day of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Daleks"},{"link_name":"The Time Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Monster"},{"link_name":"The Green Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Death"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Spiders"},{"link_name":"The Five Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Dimensions in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensions_in_Time"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Season 8Terror of the Autons\nThe Mind of Evil\nThe Claws of Axos\nThe DæmonsSeason 9Day of the Daleks (Episodes 1 – 2 & 4)\nThe Time Monster (Episodes 1 – 4)Season 10The Green Death (Episodes 4 – 6)Season 11Invasion of the Dinosaurs\nPlanet of the Spiders20th anniversary specialThe Five Doctors (cameo)30th anniversary specialDimensions in Time","title":"List of appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liz Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Shaw"},{"link_name":"The Magician's Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magician%27s_Oath"},{"link_name":"Hornets' Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornets%27_Nest_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Demon Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Quest"},{"link_name":"Serpent Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Crest"},{"link_name":"The Rings of Ikiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rings_of_Ikiria"},{"link_name":"Destiny of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_Destiny_of_the_Doctor"}],"sub_title":"Audio drama","text":"The Blue Tooth (adventure related by the character Liz Shaw) by Nigel Fairs\nThe Magician's Oath by Scott Handcock\nHornets' Nest\nDemon Quest\nSerpent Crest\nThe Rings of Ikiria\nDestiny of the Doctor: Vengeance of the Stones","title":"List of appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Missing Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Missing_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Dancing the Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_the_Code"},{"link_name":"Paul Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leonard_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Eye of the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eye_of_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bulis"},{"link_name":"The Scales of Injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scales_of_Injustice"},{"link_name":"Gary Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Russell"},{"link_name":"Speed of Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_Flight"},{"link_name":"Virgin New Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Happy Endings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Endings_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Paul Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell"},{"link_name":"Virgin sidestep novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books"},{"link_name":"Who Killed Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"David Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bishop_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Past Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"The Devil Goblins from Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Goblins_from_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Martin Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Day_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Keith Topping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Topping"},{"link_name":"The Face of the Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_of_the_Enemy_(novel)"},{"link_name":"David A. McIntee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._McIntee"},{"link_name":"Deep Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Mark Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morris_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Verdigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Paul Magrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magrs"},{"link_name":"Rags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Deadly Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Reunion"},{"link_name":"Terrance Dicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Dicks"},{"link_name":"Barry Letts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Letts"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Virgin Missing AdventuresDancing the Code by Paul Leonard\nThe Eye of the Giant by Christopher Bulis\nThe Scales of Injustice by Gary Russell\nSpeed of Flight by Paul LeonardVirgin New AdventuresHappy Endings by Paul CornellVirgin sidestep novelWho Killed Kennedy by David Bishop (letter to a UNIT casualty's next-of-kin is signed by Yates)Past Doctor AdventuresThe Devil Goblins from Neptune by Martin Day and Keith Topping\nThe Face of the Enemy by David A. McIntee\nDeep Blue by Mark Morris\nVerdigris by Paul Magrs\nRags by Mick Lewis\nDeadly Reunion by Terrance Dicks and Barry LettsUnlicensed novel, released on CDThe Killing Stone by Richard Franklin","title":"List of appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Abnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abnett"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Decalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Decalog#Decalog"},{"link_name":"parallel universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Andy Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lane"},{"link_name":"Decalog 2: Lost Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Decalog#Decalog_2:_Lost_Property"},{"link_name":"Simon Guerrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Guerrier"},{"link_name":"Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Trips:_A_Christmas_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"\"Brief Encounter--Listening Watch\" by Dan Abnett (Doctor Who Magazine Winter Special 1991)\n\"Prisoners of the Sun\" by Tim Robins (Decalog; parallel universe version of Yates)\n\"Where the Heart Is\" by Andy Lane (Decalog 2: Lost Property)\n\"Housewarming\" by David A. McIntee (Decalog 2: Lost Property)\n\"The Switching\" by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: Zodiac)\n\"UNIT Christmas Parties: Christmas Truce\" by Terrance Dicks (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)\n\"Operation H.A.T.E\" by Richard Franklin [10]","title":"List of appearances"}]

[]

[{"title":"UNIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIT"},{"title":"List of Doctor Who supporting characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_supporting_characters"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_Hypermotard

Ducati Hypermotard

["1 History","2 Hypermotard 1100 revisions","3 Custom models","4 Hypermotard 796","5 2013 model year","6 2019 Model - Present","7 References","8 External links"]

Motorcycle model This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ducati Hypermotard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Type of motorcycle Ducati Hypermotard 939/939SPDucati HypermotardManufacturerDucatiClassSupermotardEngine937cc Testastretta 11°, L-Twin cylinder, 4 valve per cylinder, Desmodromic, liquid cooledPower113bhp @ 9000 rpmTorque72.2 lb-ft @ 7500 rpmTransmission6 speed, dry hydraulic clutch, chain driveSuspension43mm usd forks (939) Ohlins fully adjustable 48mm usd forks (939SP) - front. Progressive linkage with adjustable spring preload and rebound damping Sachs monoshock. (939) Progressive linkage with fully adjustable Ohlins monoshock. (939SP) - rearBrakes2 x 320 mm semi-floating discs, radially mounted Brembo monobloc callipers, 4-piston 2-pad, radial pump with adjustable lever, Bosch ABS - front, 245 mm disc, 2-piston calliper, Bosch ABS - rearTiresFront: 120/70 ZR17, rear: 180/55 ZR17 (Pirelli Diablo Rosso II - 939/Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SP - 939SP)Rake, trail25,5°Seat height32 inchesWeight392 - 399 lb (dry)443 - 450 lb (wet)Fuel capacity4.2gallon (US) The Ducati Hypermotard is a supermotard Ducati motorcycle designed by Pierre Terblanche and was first seen at the November 2005 EICMA trade show in Milan. The Hypermotard was awarded "Best of Show" at EICMA and has since won other show awards. The Hypermotard has a 937 cc (57.2 cu in) dual-spark (see 2010 MY revisions) 'Desmo' or 'Desmodromic' liquid-cooled four-valve-per-cylinder 90° V-twin engine with fuel injection and weighs under 180 kg (400 lb). The Hypermotard is capable of speeds in the region of 125 mph (201 km/h). The rigidly triangulated trellis frame wears 50 mm Marzocchi R.A.C. inverted forks, and has a Sachs/Öhlins remote reservoir shock attached to a strong, single-sided swing arm. The Marchesini racing wheels wear dual radially mounted Brembo four-piston, two-pad brake calipers matched with 305 mm discs up front, and a 245 mm disc with two-piston caliper at the rear. History There had been rumours for some time that Ducati would produce a supermotard class bike, which was a growing sector of the market mostly catered-for by the likes of KTM and Husqvarna. The unveiling of the Hypermotard concept was via a dedicated mini-site, linked to from the main Ducati website in March 2006. This apparently caused outages of the whole Ducati website, such was the interest in this distinctive-looking motorcycle. The mini-site asked visitors to complete an online survey giving their opinion on the Hypermotard, as well as offering the opportunity to vote on configurations such as engine size, brakes and favourite features. The bike was still in concept form at the time and production was not guaranteed, but a subsequent post to the blog of then Ducati CEO Federico Minoli on 31 March 2006 confirmed that it would indeed go into production and also gave some details of the survey results. Very few changes were made to the prototype to create the first production version, and quirky features such as the 'duck bill' front fender and handguards incorporating LED indicators/folding mirrors made it to the final version. Later blog entries featured some of the concept drawings and these are incredibly close to the finished machine. In 2008, Greg Tracy won the 1200 Pro Class Division of the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb on a Hypermotard 1100S. It was the first Hypermotard to win an international competition and the first Ducati to win at the Pikes Peak since the race began in 1916. Hypermotard 1100 revisions Ducati Hypermotard 1100 MY09 The first 2007 Hypermotard was available in two configurations: the base '1100' model and the higher specification '1100S' model. The more expensive 1100S featured a durable low friction diamond-like carbon (DLC) black coating to the front fork sliders, an Öhlins remote reservoir rear shock, the same Brembo Monobloc brake calipers used on the 1098, lighter forged aluminium Marchesini wheels with a red pin-stripe, Pirelli tires, plus carbon fibre fork protectors, timing belt covers, front mudguard/fender and tail/exhaust side panels. These upgrades made for a 2 kg (4.4 lb) weight saving; 177 kg (390 lb) versus 179 kg (395 lb) for the base model. The specification remained virtually the same for 2009; however, the 1100S model received 48 mm Kayaba forks (with DLC coating) to replace the 50 mm Marzocchi items, while lower-spec Marzocchi forks continued to be offered on the base model. Also, for 2009 the 1100S model came with Ducati's DDA telemetry/data-logging device and software. For 2010, the Hypermotard 1100 has been changed enough for the two models to receive new names reflecting the fact that the bike has 'evolved'. The 1100 Evo and the more expensive top-of-the-line 1100 Evo SP feature a redesigned engine which is no longer Dual Spark and has Siemens fuel injection in place of the previous models' Marelli system. The higher-compression engine is said to give 5 bhp (3.7 kW) more, outputting 95 bhp (71 kW) at a slightly lower engine speed of 7,500 rpm. Torque is fractionally lower than it was before at 75.9 lb-ft (10.5kgm), but peak torque appears 1,000 rpm higher in the rev range at 5750 rpm, which Ducati say allows owners to hang on to gears for longer. A new oil cooler has been fitted, with 85% more cooling area than before. The final drive gearing has also changed from 15/42 to 15/41. The Evo features 50 mm Marzocchi forks and a Sachs rear shock, but the Evo SP features specially developed (1.2") taller 50 mm Marzocchi forks together with an Ohlins rear shock. The colour of the fork stanchions on both models is now black, the Evo SP also featuring a black DLC coating to the lower fork section. The Evo SP has a seat height of 875 mm (34.4 in) and is deliberately the taller bike because Ducati say that racers were asking for more ground clearance. The Evo, and all previous Hypermotard 1100 models, has a seat height of 845 mm (33.3 in). To complement the increased ride height of the Evo SP, it features handlebars that sit 20 mm higher than those on the base model. The speedometer unit is now similar to that fitted to the Ducati Streetfighter, with white backlighting. The 2010 Hypermotard 1100 bikes are both considerably lighter than before, mainly due to the vacuum-cast engine casings, lighter crankshaft, flywheel and alternator, but the rear subframe has also been redesigned and both bikes carry some carbon fibre. The Evo SP gets the full complement of carbon fibre, as the 'S' model before it, but a rear hugger is now standard on the SP. The Evo model weighs 172 kg (379 lb) versus 171 kg (377 lb) for the Evo SP, the latter's cast alloy wheels making the difference. The Evo has Pirelli Diablo Rosso tyres and the Evo SP has Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SP. As with last year's more expensive model, the SP comes with Ducati's DDA device/ software. Custom models In November 2007, NCR announced the production of the 'Leggera', essentially a highly modified Hypermotard which was over 30 kg (66 lb) lighter and had around 40 hp (30 kW) more than the standard bike. It cost several times the asking price of the standard Hypermotard 1100S. In December 2007, Roland Sands of Roland Sands Design (RSD) was commissioned by Ducati North America to build a custom Hypermotard. The modifications made were mainly cosmetic. Ducati North America also began offering a Tri-colore special edition Ducati Hypermotard, with a modified racing seat, ECU, and sport exhaust. It was released in the Neiman Marcus Christmas catalog in the Fall of 2008. Hypermotard 796 Type of motorcycle Hypermotard 796ManufacturerDucatiClassSupermotardEngine803 cc (49.0 cu in) 90° V-twin, air-cooled, 2 valve/cyl. Desmodromic, 11:1 comp.Bore / stroke88 mm × 66 mm (3.5 in × 2.6 in)Power81 bhp (60 kW) @ 8000 rpm Torque55.7lb-ft @ 6,250 rpmTransmission6-speed, wet hydraulic APTC slipper clutch, chain driveSuspensionFront: Marzocchi 43 mm USD forks, rear: adjustable Sachs monoshock. Aluminium single-sided swingarmBrakesFront: 2 disc Brembo radial caliper, 4 piston, Rear: disc, 2 pistonTiresFront: 120/70 ZR17, rear: 180/55 ZR17Rake, trail24°Wheelbase1,455 mm (57.3 in)DimensionsL: 2,120 mm (83 in) H: 1,155 mm (45.5 in)Seat height825 mm (32.5 in)Weight167 kg (368 lb) (dry)Fuel capacity12.4 L (3.3 US gal) In late 2009, Ducati introduced a new Hypermotard model – the 796 – featuring a 20 mm lower seat height (825 mm) and a smaller-capacity, less powerful engine. The 800 cc engine features Siemens fuel injection and is derived from the Monster. Power output is 81 bhp (60 kW), just 9 bhp less than the 2007–2009 1100 models, although torque output is considerably lower. The 796 has a wet 'slipper' clutch, not a Ducati trademark dry clutch as fitted to the 1100 models. The bike is lighter than any of the 1100 models at 167 kg (368 lb), although the difference is less marked when compared to the 2010 Evo and Evo SP. Pirelli Diablo Rosso tyres are fitted in the same sizes used on the Hypermotard 1100, but the 796 uses less substantial, non-adjustable 43 mm Marzocchi forks and has Sachs rear suspension. The single-sided swinging arm and fold-out mirrors of the 1100 model are retained. The aluminium wheels are made by Enkei. The speedometer unit is similar to that fitted to the Ducati Streetfighter, with orange backlighting to differentiate the 796 from the 2010 1100 models. 2013 model year Type of motorcycle Hypermotard 950 SPManufacturerDucatiParent companyAudiProduction2019 - PresentClassSupermotardEngine937cc Testastretta 11° L-Twin Liquid CooledBore / stroke94.0 x 67.5 mm (3.7 x 2.7 inches)Compression ratio13.3:1Top speedClaimed 165 MPHPower114 hp (84 kW) @ 9.000 rpmTorque71 lb-ft (96 Nm) @ 7.250 rpmTransmissionQuick Shift (DQS) EVO up/down (6 Speed)Suspension950 SP is equipped with a fully adjustable 48 mm Öhlins fork with 185 mm wheel travel and a fully adjustable Öhlins shock absorber with 175 mm wheel travel.BrakesThe front braking system features two monobloc radially-mounted 4-piston Brembo M4.32 callipers operated by a radial brake master cylinder with adjustable 5-position lever.TiresPirelli Diablo Rosso III tyres, 120/70 ZR17 up front and 180/55/55 ZR17 at the rear.Wheelbase1498 mm (59,0 in)Seat height890 mm (35.0 in)Weight176 kg (388 lb) (dry)Fuel capacity14.5 Litres Ducati unveiled the 2013 Ducati Hypermotard lineup in November 2012. The three new models received countless updates from frame, body, suspension, exhaust, electronics and ergonomics. The base model Hypermotard has a new 11-degree Testastretta 821 cc engine with longer valve service intervals (30,000 km or 19,000 miles), ride-by-wire, traction control and ABS and a 16-litre (3.5 imp gal; 4.2 US gal) fuel tank. The Hypermotard line up also uses a new display and ride-by-wire system allowing riders to switch between different traction/ABS/throttle modes for street, track and rain. The Hypermotard SP has a slightly lesser weight due to the use of carbon fibre engine and body components, and has higher suspension travel and response similar to the last generation. It also utilises 821 cc engine and lightweight wheels similar to those on the 1199 Panigale S. 2019 Model - Present The Ducati Hypermotard 950 family is updated for the Model Year 2022 and sees the entry into the range of a new livery for the SP version. All models become compliant with Euro 5 anti-pollution regulations. The Borgo Panigale fun-bike family consists of three models: Hypermotard 950, Hypermotard 950 RVE and Hypermotard 950 SP. Three different choices, which allow the rider both to have fun in curves and to easily tackle city traffic with all the safety offered by Ducati's sophisticated electronic equipment. The design of the Hypermotard 950 is inspired by the look of motards and revolves around the twin under-seat exhaust and the reduced superstructures that leave the mechanical components visible, including the trellis rear frame that communicates lightness and essentiality. The ergonomics of the bike, also derived from the motard world, ensure a riding position with an upright torso and wide elbows which translates into a great vehicle control, while the flat seat guarantees the possibility of wide longitudinal movements. The new livery of the SP version recalls the world of MotoGP in its choice of colours and that of ‘freestyle sports’ in its graphic lines, underlining the dynamic and fun character of the bike. The Hypermotard 950 SP represents the top of the range and is distinguished from the other two models by Öhlins suspension with increased travel, Marchesini forged wheels and standard Ducati Quick Shift (DQS) Up and Down EVO. The engine of the Hypermotard 950 family is the 937 cc Ducati Testastretta 11° twin-cylinder unit, capable of delivering 114 hp at 9,000 rpm and generating flat-cornered torque whose peak is 9.8 kgm at 7,250 rpm. These power and torque values remain unchanged with the transition to Euro 5 homologation. The gearbox has been revised to make it easier to engage neutral when the bike is stationary and to ensure maximum precision in gear selection, adopting the same technical solution of the Monster and the SuperSport 950. The system envisages that the gearshift drum rotates on bearings, ensuring a movement with reduced friction. In addition, the gear lever spring is more loaded to prevent the system from remaining idle in the intermediate positions, thus resulting more precise. The Hypermotard 950 in Ducati Red colour scheme, the Hypermotard 950 RVE characterized by “Graffiti” livery and the Hypermotard 950 SP in the new “SP” colour will be available for purchase in all Ducati network dealers starting from June 2021. The motorcycles are also available in a depowered version for A2 license holders. In Italy, on all the Borgo Panigale 35 kW bikes, Ducati offers a discount of €1,000 on the list price to encourage the entry of young enthusiasts into the world of two wheels. References ^ "Ducati Blog". Ducati.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. ^ Biker Voodoo » Roland Sands Design’S Custom Ducati Hypermotard Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A., Hypermotard 796 - Technical specification, archived from the original on 2009-12-28, retrieved 2009-12-21 External links Hypermotard official site vteDucatiCurrent motorcycles Panigale V2 V4 1299 Streetfighter V2 V4 Diavel 1260 XDiavel Hypermotard 950 SuperSport 950 Monster Multistrada V2 V4 DesertX Scrambler Ducati 860-E Concept Previous motorcycles 60 65T 98 125 TV 250 GT 748 749 750 GT 848 851 860 GT 888 916 996 998 999 1098 1198 Apollo Aurea Bronco Desmo 250 350 450 Desmosedici RR Diana (Mk 3) GTL 350 500 GTV 350 500 Mach 1 Monza Monza Junior Mark 3 239 250 350 450 Mark 3D 239 250 350 450 MH900e Monster 696 Monster 1200 S Multistrada 620/1000/1100 Panigale 899 959 1199 Pantah Paso Scrambler 50 100 125 250 350 350 R/T 450 450 R/T Sebring SportClassic PS1000LE Sports Desmo 350 500 ST ST2 ST3 ST4s Streetfighter Supersport Mopeds Cucciolo MotoTrans models 24 Horas Deluxe Electronic Forza Road 250 350 Strada Vento Designers Fabbro Galluzzi Giugiaro Taglioni Tamburini Terblanche Ducati Corse (racing) 750 Imola Supermono Desmosedici MotoGP riders Engines Bipantah Desmoquattro Parallel twins Superquadro Singles V-twins Other Cagiva Museum Sogno Ducati Motor Holding Ducati Corse Ducati Sporting Club DesmoDue Championship Ducati: 90th Anniversary Ducati Energia Berliner Motor Corporation Volkswagen Group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supermotard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermotard"},{"link_name":"Ducati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"Pierre Terblanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Terblanche"},{"link_name":"EICMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EICMA"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"V-twin engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-twin_engine"},{"link_name":"Öhlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96hlins"},{"link_name":"Marchesini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchesini"},{"link_name":"Brembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brembo"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleThe Ducati Hypermotard is a supermotard Ducati motorcycle designed by Pierre Terblanche and was first seen at the November 2005 EICMA trade show in Milan. The Hypermotard was awarded \"Best of Show\" at EICMA and has since won other show awards.\nThe Hypermotard has a 937 cc (57.2 cu in) dual-spark (see 2010 MY revisions) 'Desmo' or 'Desmodromic' liquid-cooled four-valve-per-cylinder 90° V-twin engine with fuel injection and weighs under 180 kg (400 lb). The Hypermotard is capable of speeds in the region of 125 mph (201 km/h).The rigidly triangulated trellis frame wears 50 mm Marzocchi R.A.C. inverted forks, and has a Sachs/Öhlins remote reservoir shock attached to a strong, single-sided swing arm. The Marchesini racing wheels wear dual radially mounted Brembo four-piston, two-pad brake calipers matched with 305 mm discs up front, and a 245 mm disc with two-piston caliper at the rear.","title":"Ducati Hypermotard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supermotard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermotard"},{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"Husqvarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna_Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pikes Peak International Hill Climb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_International_Hill_Climb"}],"text":"There had been rumours for some time that Ducati would produce a supermotard class bike, which was a growing sector of the market mostly catered-for by the likes of KTM and Husqvarna. The unveiling of the Hypermotard concept was via a dedicated mini-site, linked to from the main Ducati website in March 2006. This apparently caused outages of the whole Ducati website, such was the interest in this distinctive-looking motorcycle.The mini-site asked visitors to complete an online survey giving their opinion on the Hypermotard, as well as offering the opportunity to vote on configurations such as engine size, brakes and favourite features. The bike was still in concept form at the time and production was not guaranteed, but a subsequent post to the blog of then Ducati CEO Federico Minoli on 31 March 2006[1] confirmed that it would indeed go into production and also gave some details of the survey results.Very few changes were made to the prototype to create the first production version, and quirky features such as the 'duck bill' front fender and handguards incorporating LED indicators/folding mirrors made it to the final version. Later blog entries featured some of the concept drawings and these are incredibly close to the finished machine.In 2008, Greg Tracy won the 1200 Pro Class Division of the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb on a Hypermotard 1100S. It was the first Hypermotard to win an international competition and the first Ducati to win at the Pikes Peak since the race began in 1916.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ducati_Hypermotard_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"diamond-like carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond-like_carbon"},{"link_name":"Öhlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96hlins"},{"link_name":"Brembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brembo"},{"link_name":"1098","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_1098"},{"link_name":"Pirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli"},{"link_name":"Ducati Streetfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_Streetfighter"}],"text":"Ducati Hypermotard 1100 MY09The first 2007 Hypermotard was available in two configurations: the base '1100' model and the higher specification '1100S' model. The more expensive 1100S featured a durable low friction diamond-like carbon (DLC) black coating to the front fork sliders, an Öhlins remote reservoir rear shock, the same Brembo Monobloc brake calipers used on the 1098, lighter forged aluminium Marchesini wheels with a red pin-stripe, Pirelli tires, plus carbon fibre fork protectors, timing belt covers, front mudguard/fender and tail/exhaust side panels. These upgrades made for a 2 kg (4.4 lb) weight saving; 177 kg (390 lb) versus 179 kg (395 lb) for the base model.The specification remained virtually the same for 2009; however, the 1100S model received 48 mm Kayaba forks (with DLC coating) to replace the 50 mm Marzocchi items, while lower-spec Marzocchi forks continued to be offered on the base model. Also, for 2009 the 1100S model came with Ducati's DDA telemetry/data-logging device and software.For 2010, the Hypermotard 1100 has been changed enough for the two models to receive new names reflecting the fact that the bike has 'evolved'. The 1100 Evo and the more expensive top-of-the-line 1100 Evo SP feature a redesigned engine which is no longer Dual Spark and has Siemens fuel injection in place of the previous models' Marelli system. The higher-compression engine is said to give 5 bhp (3.7 kW) more, outputting 95 bhp (71 kW) at a slightly lower engine speed of 7,500 rpm. Torque is fractionally lower than it was before at 75.9 lb-ft (10.5kgm), but peak torque appears 1,000 rpm higher in the rev range at 5750 rpm, which Ducati say allows owners to hang on to gears for longer. A new oil cooler has been fitted, with 85% more cooling area than before. The final drive gearing has also changed from 15/42 to 15/41.The Evo features 50 mm Marzocchi forks and a Sachs rear shock, but the Evo SP features specially developed (1.2\") taller 50 mm Marzocchi forks together with an Ohlins rear shock. The colour of the fork stanchions on both models is now black, the Evo SP also featuring a black DLC coating to the lower fork section. The Evo SP has a seat height of 875 mm (34.4 in) and is deliberately the taller bike because Ducati say that racers were asking for more ground clearance. The Evo, and all previous Hypermotard 1100 models, has a seat height of 845 mm (33.3 in). To complement the increased ride height of the Evo SP, it features handlebars that sit 20 mm higher than those on the base model. The speedometer unit is now similar to that fitted to the Ducati Streetfighter, with white backlighting.The 2010 Hypermotard 1100 bikes are both considerably lighter than before, mainly due to the vacuum-cast engine casings, lighter crankshaft, flywheel and alternator, but the rear subframe has also been redesigned and both bikes carry some carbon fibre. The Evo SP gets the full complement of carbon fibre, as the 'S' model before it, but a rear hugger is now standard on the SP. The Evo model weighs 172 kg (379 lb) versus 171 kg (377 lb) for the Evo SP, the latter's cast alloy wheels making the difference. The Evo has Pirelli Diablo Rosso tyres and the Evo SP has Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SP. As with last year's more expensive model, the SP comes with Ducati's DDA device/ software.","title":"Hypermotard 1100 revisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In November 2007, NCR announced the production of the 'Leggera', essentially a highly modified Hypermotard which was over 30 kg (66 lb) lighter and had around 40 hp (30 kW) more than the standard bike. It cost several times the asking price of the standard Hypermotard 1100S.In December 2007, Roland Sands of Roland Sands Design (RSD) was commissioned by Ducati North America to build a custom Hypermotard. The modifications made were mainly cosmetic.[2]Ducati North America also began offering a Tri-colore special edition Ducati Hypermotard, with a modified racing seat, ECU, and sport exhaust. It was released in the Neiman Marcus Christmas catalog in the Fall of 2008.","title":"Custom models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkei_Corporation"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleIn late 2009, Ducati introduced a new Hypermotard model – the 796 – featuring a 20 mm lower seat height (825 mm) and a smaller-capacity, less powerful engine. The 800 cc engine features Siemens fuel injection and is derived from the Monster. Power output is 81 bhp (60 kW), just 9 bhp less than the 2007–2009 1100 models, although torque output is considerably lower.The 796 has a wet 'slipper' clutch, not a Ducati trademark dry clutch as fitted to the 1100 models. The bike is lighter than any of the 1100 models at 167 kg (368 lb), although the difference is less marked when compared to the 2010 Evo and Evo SP.Pirelli Diablo Rosso tyres are fitted in the same sizes used on the Hypermotard 1100, but the 796 uses less substantial, non-adjustable 43 mm Marzocchi forks and has Sachs rear suspension. The single-sided swinging arm and fold-out mirrors of the 1100 model are retained. The aluminium wheels are made by Enkei.The speedometer unit is similar to that fitted to the Ducati Streetfighter, with orange backlighting to differentiate the 796 from the 2010 1100 models.","title":"Hypermotard 796"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ride-by-wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_by_wire"}],"text":"Type of motorcycleDucati unveiled the 2013 Ducati Hypermotard lineup in November 2012. The three new models received countless updates from frame, body, suspension, exhaust, electronics and ergonomics.The base model Hypermotard has a new 11-degree Testastretta 821 cc engine with longer valve service intervals (30,000 km or 19,000 miles), ride-by-wire, traction control and ABS and a 16-litre (3.5 imp gal; 4.2 US gal) fuel tank. The Hypermotard line up also uses a new display and ride-by-wire system allowing riders to switch between different traction/ABS/throttle modes for street, track and rain.The Hypermotard SP has a slightly lesser weight due to the use of carbon fibre engine and body components, and has higher suspension travel and response similar to the last generation. It also utilises 821 cc engine and lightweight wheels similar to those on the 1199 Panigale S.","title":"2013 model year"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Ducati Hypermotard 950 family is updated for the Model Year 2022 and sees the entry into the range of a new livery for the SP version. All models become compliant with Euro 5 anti-pollution regulations.The Borgo Panigale fun-bike family consists of three models: Hypermotard 950, Hypermotard 950 RVE and Hypermotard 950 SP. Three different choices, which allow the rider both to have fun in curves and to easily tackle city traffic with all the safety offered by Ducati's sophisticated electronic equipment.The design of the Hypermotard 950 is inspired by the look of motards and revolves around the twin under-seat exhaust and the reduced superstructures that leave the mechanical components visible, including the trellis rear frame that communicates lightness and essentiality. The ergonomics of the bike, also derived from the motard world, ensure a riding position with an upright torso and wide elbows which translates into a great vehicle control, while the flat seat guarantees the possibility of wide longitudinal movements.The new livery of the SP version recalls the world of MotoGP in its choice of colours and that of ‘freestyle sports’ in its graphic lines, underlining the dynamic and fun character of the bike. The Hypermotard 950 SP represents the top of the range and is distinguished from the other two models by Öhlins suspension with increased travel, Marchesini forged wheels and standard Ducati Quick Shift (DQS) Up and Down EVO.The engine of the Hypermotard 950 family is the 937 cc Ducati Testastretta 11° twin-cylinder unit, capable of delivering 114 hp at 9,000 rpm and generating flat-cornered torque whose peak is 9.8 kgm at 7,250 rpm. These power and torque values remain unchanged with the transition to Euro 5 homologation.The gearbox has been revised to make it easier to engage neutral when the bike is stationary and to ensure maximum precision in gear selection, adopting the same technical solution of the Monster and the SuperSport 950. The system envisages that the gearshift drum rotates on bearings, ensuring a movement with reduced friction. In addition, the gear lever spring is more loaded to prevent the system from remaining idle in the intermediate positions, thus resulting more precise.The Hypermotard 950 in Ducati Red colour scheme, the Hypermotard 950 RVE characterized by “Graffiti” livery and the Hypermotard 950 SP in the new “SP” colour will be available for purchase in all Ducati network dealers starting from June 2021. The motorcycles are also available in a depowered version for A2 license holders. In Italy, on all the Borgo Panigale 35 kW bikes, Ducati offers a discount of €1,000 on the list price to encourage the entry of young enthusiasts into the world of two wheels.","title":"2019 Model - Present"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular

FRAP (Chile)

["1 Composition of the coalition","2 Strategy","3 See also","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "FRAP" Chile – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Political party in Chile Popular Action Front Frente de Acción PopularAbbreviationFRAPFounded28 February 1956 (1956-02-28)Dissolved9 October 1969 (1969-10-09)IdeologyCommunismSocialismSocial democracyDemocratic socialismParty flagPolitics of ChilePolitical partiesElections The FRAP (Spanish: Frente de Acción Popular, Popular Action Front) was a Chilean left-wing coalition of parties from 1956 to 1969. It presented twice a common candidate, Salvador Allende, for the 1958 and the 1964 presidential elections. Succeeding to the FRENAP formed the preceding year, the FRAP itself was succeeded by the Popular Unity coalition. Composition of the coalition The FRAP succeeded to the FRENAP (Frente Nacional del Pueblo, People's National Front), formed the following year by a coalition of the Socialist Party (PS) and the Communist Party (PCCh). The new coalition, created on February 28, 1956, as a platform of movements struggling for an "anti-imperialist, anti-oligarch and anti-feudal program." Apart from the Socialist and the Communist parties, the FRAP included: the Popular Socialist Party (until its merger in 1957 with the PS; the People's Democratic Party (Partido Democrático del Pueblo), which merged in 1960 with the PS to form the PADENA (which in turn withdrew itself from the FRAP coalition in 1965); the Vanguardia Nacional del Pueblo (National Vanguard of the People), which had been created in 1958 from a merger of minor groups such as the Labour Party (1953) and others; and the Social Democrat, founded in 1965. Strategy Despite their alliances, tensions separated the Socialists and the Communists. For the first one, the coalition was a "Workers' Front", formed exclusively of working classes' parties struggling to defend their interests, while for the latter, it was rather a "National Liberation Front," that is a legal means to accede to power through elections, in alliance with "bourgeois parties" such as the Radical Party and the Christian Democrat Party who would united in a common national emancipation program and social and political democratization program. See also Democratic Front of Chile (its right-wing opponent) Presidential Republic Era (1924–1973) References ^ "Frente de Acción Popular" (in Spanish). Library of the National Congress of Chile. Retrieved 24 February 2024. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylana_of_Callisto

Ylana of Callisto

["1 Plot summary","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]

1977 novel by Lin Carter Ylana of Callisto Cover of the first edition.AuthorLin CarterCover artistKen W. KellyLanguageEnglishSeriesCallisto seriesGenreScience fantasyPublished1977 (Dell Books)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Paperback)Pages192ISBN0-440-14244-XPreceded byLankar of Callisto Followed byRenegade of Callisto  Ylana of Callisto is a science fantasy novel by American writer Lin Carter, the seventh in his Callisto series. It was first published in paperback by Dell Books in October 1977. Its working title was evidently Jungle Maid of Callisto, as announced in Locus #198, January 30, 1977; the title used appears to be a nod to that of Edgar Rice Burroughs's Llana of Gathol, a book in the Barsoom series that inspired Carter's Callisto books. The character of Ylana, however, was established in Mind Wizards of Callisto, an earlier volume in the series. The novel includes an appendix ("The Men of Thanator") collating background information from this and previous volumes. Plot summary The storyline begins during events covered in the previous volume in the series, Lankar of Callisto, in which most of the evil Mind Wizards threatening the Jovian moon of Callisto, or Thanator, were wiped out in the climactic battle. One last survivor of the villainous band seizes as hostages Ylana the jungle girl and her lover Tomar, and flees to take refuge with the Cave People, a tribe dominated by his race. Together with Ylana's father, lately deposed as chief of the tribe, the two captives escape and head for the territory of the rival River People, pursued by a hunting party. Ylana is kidnapped by a River faction intent on fomenting war between the tribes, but the eventual conflict is limited to young malcontents from both, strengthening the power of the traditional authorities. The threat of the Mind Wizard is ended when he is devoured by a plesiosaur, and all ends happily for Ylana and Tomar. Reception According to Den Valdron, assessing the series in ERBzine, the book is "etter than Lankar of Callisto, Carter makes a real effort to keep the pages turning. But sadly, he offers nothing new and nothing remarkable, the plot is thin with complications literally shoehorned in." References ^ a b Ylana of Callisto title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ Valdron, Den. "Lin Carter's Callisto Series (Part 1 of a series of 12)" in ERBzine 1731. External links Fantastic Fiction entry vteWorks by Lin CarterCallisto Jandar of Callisto (1972) Black Legion of Callisto (1972) Sky Pirates of Callisto (1973) Mad Empress of Callisto (1975) Mind Wizards of Callisto (1975) Lankar of Callisto (1975) Ylana of Callisto (1977) Renegade of Callisto (1978) Green Star Under the Green Star (1972) When the Green Star Calls (1973) By the Light of the Green Star (1974) As the Green Star Rises (1975) In the Green Star's Glow (1976) Mars The Flame of Iridar (1967) "The Martian El Dorado of Parker Wintley" (1976) The Valley Where Time Stood Still (1974) The City Outside the World (1977) Down to a Sunless Sea (1984) The Man Who Loved Mars (1973) Zarkon The Nemesis of Evil (1975) Invisible Death (1975) The Volcano Ogre (1976) The Earth-Shaker (1982) Horror Wears Blue (1987) Zanthodon Journey to the Underground World (1979) Zanthodon (1980) Hurok of the Stone Age (1981) Darya of the Bronze Age (1981) Eric of Zanthodon (1982) Thongor The Wizard of Lemuria (1965/69) Thongor and the Dragon City (1966/70) Thongor Against the Gods (1967) Thongor in the City of Magicians (1968) Thongor at the End of Time (1968) Thongor Fights the Pirates of Tarakus (1970) Young Thongor (2012) The Sword of Thongor (Robert M. Price) (2016) ConanNovels Conan of the Isles (1968) Conan the Barbarian (1982) Conan the Buccaneer (1971) Conan the Liberator (1979) Shortworks "Black Sphinx of Nebthu" (1973) "Black Tears" (1968) "The Castle of Terror" (1969) "The City of Skulls" (1967) "The Curse of the Monolith" (1968) "Death-Song of Conan the Cimmerian" (1972) "The Gem in the Tower" (1978) "The Hand of Nergal" (1967) "The Ivory Goddess" (1978) "The Lair of the Ice Worm" (1969) "Legions of the Dead" (1978) "Moon of Blood" (1978) "Red Moon of Zembabwei" (1974) "Shadows in the Dark" (1978) "Shadows in the Skull" (1975) "The Snout in the Dark" (1969) "The Thing in the Crypt" (1967) "The Witch of the Mists" (1972) Collections Conan (1967) The Conan Chronicles (1989) The Conan Chronicles 2 (1990) Conan of Aquilonia (1977) Conan of Cimmeria (1969) Conan the Swordsman (1978) Conan the Wanderer (1968) Sagas of Conan (2004) Kull "Exile of Atlantis" (1967) King Kull (1967) Gondwane The Warrior of World's End (1974) The Enchantress of World's End (1975) The Immortal of World's End (1976) The Barbarian of World's End (1977) The Pirate of World's End (1978) Giant of World's End (1969) Terra Magica Kesrick (1982) Dragonrouge (1984) Mandricardo (1987) Callipygia (1988) Kylix The Quest of Kadji (1971) The Wizard of Zao (1978) Kellory the Warlock (1984) Other Tara of the Twilight (1979) The Tired Tailor of Oz (2001) The Merry Mountaineer of Oz (2004) Collections Beyond the Gates of Dream (1969) Lost Worlds (1980) The Xothic Legend Cycle: The Complete Mythos Fiction of Lin Carter (1997) Lin Carter's Simrana Cycle (2018) AnthologieseditedBAFS andDoubledayanthologies Dragons, Elves, and Heroes (1969) The Young Magicians (1969) Golden Cities, Far (1970) New Worlds for Old (1971) The Spawn of Cthulhu (1971) Double Phoenix (1971) Discoveries in Fantasy (1972) Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy I (1972) Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy Volume II (1973) Kingdoms of Sorcery (1976) Realms of Wizardry (1976) FlashingSwords! Flashing Swords! #1 (1973) Flashing Swords! #2 (1973) Flashing Swords! #3: Warriors and Wizards (1976) Flashing Swords! #4: Barbarians and Black Magicians (1977) Flashing Swords! #5: Demons and Daggers (1981) Lin Carter's Flashing Swords! #6 (2020/21) Lin Carter's Flashing Swords! #7 (2023) Lin Carter's Flashing Swords! #8 (2023) Year's BestFantasy The Year's Best Fantasy Stories (1975) The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 2 (1976) The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 3 (1977) The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4 (1978) The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 5 (1980) The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 6 (1980) Weird Tales Weird Tales #1 (1980) Weird Tales #2 (1980) Weird Tales #3 (1981) Weird Tales #4 (1983) Other The Magic of Atlantis (1970) Nonfiction Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969) Lovecraft: A Look Behind the "Cthulhu Mythos" (1972) Imaginary Worlds (1973) Poetry Sandalwood and Jade (1951) Galleon of Dream (1953) Letter to Judith (1959) Dreams from R'lyeh (1975) This article about a 1970s fantasy novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatroslav_Lisinski

Vatroslav Lisinski

["1 See also","2 References"]

Vatroslav LisinskiBornIgnatius Fuchs(1819-07-08)8 July 1819Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian EmpireDied31 May 1854(1854-05-31) (aged 34)Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian EmpireNationalityAustrian Vatroslav Lisinski (Croatian: , 8 July 1819 – 31 May 1854) was a Croatian composer. Lisinski was born Ignatius Fuchs to a German Jewish family. He would later change his name to Vatroslav Lisinski, which is a Croatian calque of his original name. For a time he worked as a clerk at the Tabula Banalis in Zagreb. Lisinski composed the first Croatian opera, Love and Malice (1846), which he wrote at the urging of Alberto Ognjen Štriga, and Porin (1851) as well as numerous works for orchestra, choir and soloists. The Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall is named after him. He was also one of the founders of Illyrism, a movement that advocated the importance of Croatian and more generally South Slavic cultural heritage, as a reaction to Magyarisation during the Austro-Hungarian rule. Lisinski died in Zagreb on 31 May 1854 and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery. The international train EN 498/499 connecting Zagreb and Munich is named Lisinski. See also Lisinski (film) References ^ Beus-Richembergh, Goran. "Croatian God German" (in Croatian). Matica hrvatska. Retrieved 2010-07-15. Vatroslav Lisinski, pravim imenom Ignaz Fuchs, bio je njemačko-židovskog podrijetla,... ("Vatroslav Lisinski, real name Ignaz Fuchs, was of German-Jewish origin, ...") ^ Polimac, Nenad (2009-12-23). "Titula izdanja godine za blistavo restaurirani film" (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Retrieved 2012-07-10. Prvi hrvatski operni skladatelj Vatroslav Lisinski, zapravo zvao Ignac Fuchs i bio je podrijetlom Židov. ("The first Croatian opera composer Vatroslav Lisinski, real name Ignac Fuchs was a Jew by origin.") ^ Kalogjera-Brkić, Ivana (2009-07-26). "I'm not minister for the money, I already have my millions" (in Croatian). Jutarnji list. Archived from the original on 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2010-07-15. Obiteljskoj lozi po očevoj strani pripada i Vatroslav Lisinski, pristaša ilirskog pokreta, pravim imenom Ignac Fuchs. ("To family line on my father's side belongs Lisinski, a supporter of the Illyrian movement, whose real name was Ignac Fuchs") ^ "Opera". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-28. ^ "Himna". Archives of Yugoslavia. Retrieved 2 October 2022. was sung as the anthem at the pan-Slavic congress in Prague in 1848, where delegate Vatroslav Lisinski declared himself as the first Yugoslav. ^ (in Croatian) Gradska groblja Zagreb: Vatroslav Lisinski - pod ilir, Mirogoj RKT-908-PAVVEL-1 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Finland United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other RISM SNAC IdRef This article about a Croatian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Lisinski (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinski_(film)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilier_Triestina_(cycling_team)

Wilier Triestina (cycling team)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Italian professional cycling team Not to be confused with Wilier Triestina–Selle Italia. Wilier TriestinaTeam informationRegisteredItalyFounded1946 (1946)Disbanded1951Discipline(s)RoadBicyclesWilier TriestinaTeam name history1946–1951Wilier Triestina Wilier Triestina was an Italian professional cycling team that existed from 1946 to 1951. It was sponsored by Italian bicycle manufacturer Wilier Triestina. Fiorenzo Magni won the general classification of the 1948 Giro d'Italia with the team. References ^ "Wilier Triestina (1946)" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "Wilier Triestina (1951)" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "A "romantic" team". Wilier Triestina. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "Giro d'Italia roll of honour". La Gazzetta dello Sport. RCS MediaGroup. Retrieved 28 March 2017. External links Media related to Wilier Triestina (cycling team) at Wikimedia Commons vteGiro d'Italia team classification winnersTeam classification 1909–10: Atala–Dunlop 1911: Bianchi 1912: Atala–Dunlop 1913: Maino 1914–19: Stucchi–Dunlop 1920–21: Bianchi 1922–23: Legnano–Pirelli 1924: unknown 1925–29: Legnano–Pirelli 1930: Bianchi 1931–33: Legnano–Hutchinson 1934: Gloria 1935: Fréjus 1936: Legnano–Wolsit 1937: Fréjus 1938: Gloria–Ambrosiana 1939: Fréjus 1940: Gloria 1946: Legnano–Pirelli 1947: Welter 1948–49: Wilier Triestina 1950: Fréjus–Superga 1951: Taurea 1952: Bianchi–Pirelli 1953: Ganna–Ursus 1954: Girardengo 1955–56: Atala 1957: Legnano 1958: Carpano 1959: Atala–Pirelli–Lygi 1960: Ignis 1961–62: Faema 1963: Carpano 1964: Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–Dunlop 1965: Salvarani 1966: Molteni 1967: Kas–Kaskol 1968–70: Faema 1971–73: Molteni 1974: Kas–Kaskol 1975–76: Brooklyn 1977: Flandria–Velda–Latina Assicurazioni 1978: Bianchi–Faema 1979: Scic–Bottecchia 1980–82: Bianchi–Piaggio 1983: Zor–Gemeaz Cusin 1984: Renault 1985: Alpilatte–Olmo–Cierre 1986: Supermercati Brianzoli 1987: Panasonic–Isostar 1988: Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 1989: Fagor–MBK 1990: ONCE 1991: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1992: GB–MG Maglificio 1993: Lampre–Polti 1994: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1995: Gewiss–Ballan 1996: Carrera Jeans–Tassoni 1997: Kelme–Costa Blanca 1998: Mapei–Bricobi 1999: Vitalicio Seguros 2000: Mapei–Quick-Step 2001: Alessio 2002: Alessio 2003: Lampre 2004: Saeco 2005: Liquigas–Bianchi 2006: Phonak 2007: Saunier Duval–Prodir 2008: CSF Group–Navigare 2009: Astana 2010: Liquigas–Doimo 2011: Astana 2012: Lampre–ISD 2013: Team Sky 2014: Ag2r–La Mondiale 2015–16: Astana 2017: Movistar Team 2018: Team Sky 2019: Movistar Team 2020–21: Ineos Grenadiers 2022–23: Team Bahrain Victorious 2024: Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale Team points classification(1993–2017) 1993: Ariostea 1994: Team Polti–Vaporetto 1995: Gewiss–Ballan 1996: Panaria–Vinavil 1997: Saeco–Estro 1998–99: Team Polti 2000–01: Fassa Bortolo 2002: Alessio 2003: Fassa Bortolo 2004: Alessio–Bianchi 2005: Davitamon–Lotto 2006: Phonak 2007: Lampre–Fondital 2008: Liquigas 2009: Team Columbia–High Road 2010: Liquigas–Doimo 2011: Lampre–ISD 2012: Garmin–Barracuda 2013: Movistar Team 2014: Omega Pharma–Quick-Step 2015: Astana 2016: Etixx–Quick-Step 2017: Quick-Step Floors This cycling team article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Italian sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gorilla_Conservation_Programme

International Gorilla Conservation Programme

["1 Origins","2 Activities","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]

International Gorilla Conservation ProgrammeProgramme international de conservation des gorillesFormation1991TypeINGOPurposeEnvironmental protectionRegion served AfricaDirectorEugène RutagaramaWebsitewww.igcp.orgFormerly calledMountain Gorilla Project Mountain gorillas in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo The International Gorilla Conservation Programme (IGCP; French: Programme international de conservation des gorilles) was formed in 1991 to ensure that the critically endangered mountain gorillas are conserved in their habitat in the mountain forests of the Virunga Massif in Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Origins The programme grew out of the work of Dian Fossey, who began to study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s. African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) President Robinson McIlvaine later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years". McIlvaine initiated formation of the Mountain Gorilla Project in 1979, the predecessor to the IGCP, while he was president of the AWF. Rosalind and Conrad Aveling were the first people to manage the Mountain Gorilla Project in Virunga National Park and Rosalind wrote the original proposal for IGCP. The International Gorilla Conservation Programme was formally established in 1991 by the AWF, Fauna & Flora International and the World Wide Fund for Nature. During the ongoing and linked conflicts of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1993) followed by the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the Second Congo War (1998-2003) the best that could be done was to attempt to support park workers, many of whom lost their lives. Activities The International Gorilla Conservation Programme works with the Rwanda Development Board, the Uganda Wildlife Authority and the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. The IGCP tries to gain support for conservation among the local communities, and to ensure that the protected area authorities collaborate with these local communities. Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets handmade products of artisans who live near the Volcanoes, Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks. A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years, an encouraging sign that conservation efforts were succeeding. See also Mgahinga Gorilla National Park Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Rwenzori Mountains National Park Virunga National Park Volcanoes National Park References ^ a b c d About IGCP. ^ Celebrating AWF's 40th. ^ Robinson McIlvaine. ^ About Virunga Artisans. ^ Masozera 2010. Sources "About the International Gorilla Conservation Programme". The International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Retrieved 2011-10-20. "About Virunga Artisans". Virunga Artisans. Archived from the original on 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2011-10-15. "Celebrating AWF's 40th Anniversary". African Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-10-18. Masozera, Anna Behm (December 7, 2010). "Census confirms increase in population of the critically endangered Virunga mountain gorillas". Greater Virunga Transboundary Executive Secretariat. Retrieved 2011-10-15. "Robinson McIlvaine 1913 - 2001". AWF. Retrieved 2011-10-18. External links Mountain Gorilla Conservation Partner Rwanda Gorilla Trekking Tours vteConservation of species Index of conservation articles Conservationbiology Biodiversity Captive breeding Compassionate conservation Conservation behavior Conservation-dependent species Conservation genetics Conservation-induced extinction Conservation status Endemism Ex-situ conservation Extinction threshold In-situ conservation Latent extinction risk Marine conservation Mutualisms and conservation Nature conservation Conservation biology of parasites Species translocation Conservation welfare Threatened species Vulnerability and susceptibility Approaches Conservation agriculture Conservation development Conservation finance Conservation grazing Conservation management system Conservation movement Conservation photography Conservation psychology Conspicuous conservation Community-based conservation Ecoregion conservation status Environmental protection Evidence-based conservation Flagship species Forest management Forest protection Tropical rainforest conservation Integrated Conservation and Development Project Other effective area-based conservation measures Riparian buffer Roadless area conservation Roadside conservation Site-based conservation Wetland conservation Protectedareas Conservation designation Conservation district Conservation easement Conservation reserve Gap analysis Habitat conservation High conservation value area Landscape-scale conservation Marine protected area Marxan Open space reserve Wildlife corridor 30 by 30 target Key issues Conservation refugee Fortress conservation Habitat fragmentation Human–wildlife conflict Restoration Assisted natural regeneration Ecosystem restoration Island restoration Reforestation afforestation Rewilding marine Species reintroduction By taxon Arthropod Bird Hawaiian honeycreeper Raptor Golden eagle Fungi Land mammal American bison Arabian oryx Bear Polar bear Cheetah Elephant Indian elephant Slow loris Tiger Bengal Tiger Wolf Marine Dolphin Gray nurse shark Manatee Painted turtle Salmon Sea otter Plant Seed bank Cryopreservation By country Angola Australia Belize Brazil Canada Central African Republic Costa Rica Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Malaysia Mauritius Namibia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Sudan Sweden Uganda United Kingdom Scotland United States forests Related Conservation officer De-extinction Planetary boundaries IUCN Red List NatureServe conservation status Special Area of Conservation Soil conservation List of conservation issues List of organisations List of people Category

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The International Gorilla Conservation Programme was formally established in 1991 by the AWF, Fauna & Flora International and the World Wide Fund for Nature.[1]During the ongoing and linked conflicts of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1993) followed by the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the Second Congo War (1998-2003) the best that could be done was to attempt to support park workers, many of whom lost their lives.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbout_IGCP-1"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbout_Virunga_Artisans-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasozera2010-5"}],"text":"The International Gorilla Conservation Programme works with the Rwanda Development Board, the Uganda Wildlife Authority and the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. The IGCP tries to gain support for conservation among the local communities, and to ensure that the protected area authorities collaborate with these local communities.[1] \nAmong other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets handmade products of artisans who live near the Volcanoes, Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks.[4]\nA census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years, an encouraging sign that conservation efforts were succeeding.[5]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"About the International Gorilla Conservation Programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.igcp.org/about/"},{"link_name":"\"About Virunga Artisans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111128234605/http://www.virungaart.com/about.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.virungaart.com/about.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Celebrating AWF's 40th Anniversary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120407100126/http://africanconservation.org/forum/news-archives-around-africa/704-celebrating-awf-s-40th-anniversary.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//africanconservation.org/forum/news-archives-around-africa/704-celebrating-awf-s-40th-anniversary.html"},{"link_name":"\"Census confirms increase in population of the critically endangered Virunga mountain gorillas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=8&PHPSESSID=f991fb81d778f37460c75c17dcf18eb7"},{"link_name":"\"Robinson McIlvaine 1913 - 2001\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1124"}],"text":"\"About the International Gorilla Conservation Programme\". The International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Retrieved 2011-10-20.\n\"About Virunga Artisans\". Virunga Artisans. Archived from the original on 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2011-10-15.\n\"Celebrating AWF's 40th Anniversary\". African Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-10-18.\nMasozera, Anna Behm (December 7, 2010). \"Census confirms increase in population of the critically endangered Virunga mountain gorillas\". Greater Virunga Transboundary Executive Secretariat. Retrieved 2011-10-15.\n\"Robinson McIlvaine 1913 - 2001\". AWF. Retrieved 2011-10-18.","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Umesao

Tadao Umesao

["1 Publications","2 Awards and honors","3 Notes"]

Japanese anthropologist (1920–2010) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tadao Umesao" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tadao UmesaoBorn(1920-06-13)June 13, 1920 Japan Kyoto prefectureDiedJuly 13, 2010(2010-07-13) (aged 90)Other names梅棹 忠夫Occupationanthropologist Tadao Umesao (梅棹 忠夫, Umesao Tadao, June 13, 1920 – July 3, 2010) was a Japanese anthropologist. A professor for decades at Kyoto University, he was also among the founders and the director-general of National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan. A number of Umesao's theories were influential on anthropologists, and his work was also well known among the general population of Japan. Publications Major Publications in Japanese 1956 Exploration to the Moghols in Afghanistan, Iwanami Shoten 1957 Ethnological Conception of the History of Civilizations, Chuo Koron-sha 1969 The Art of Intellectual Production, Iwanami Shoten 1974 The Japanese in the Global Age, Chuo Koron-sha 1976 The World of Hunting and Nomadism, Kodansha 1986 The Formation and Development of Modern Japanese Civilization, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai 1987 The Museum as Media, Heibonsha 1988 Civilization Theory on Information, Chuo Koron-sha 1988 Women and Civilization, Chuo Koron-sha 1989 Research Management Theory, Iwanami Shoten 1989–94 Collected Works of Tadao Umesao, Chuo Koron-sha 1997 Action and Imagination: an autobiography, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha 2000 Japanese Civilization in the Modern World: Comparative Study of Civilizations, Chuo Koron Shinsha Publications in other languages: 1983 Le Japon à l'ère Planétaire, Paris : Publications Orientalistes de France. 1984 Il Giappone Nell'era Planetaria, Milano: Spirali Edizioni. 1988 “Prolegomena zu einer historischen Betrachtung zivilisierter Lebensformen“ in Japan ohne Mythos, Munich: Iudicium. 1998 The Roots of Contemporary Japan (trilingual in English, Japanese and Chinese), Tokyo: The Japan Forum. 2002 Ecological and Anthropological Study of the Nomadic Culture of Mongolia, Hohhot: People's Press of Inner Mongolia. 2003 An Ecological View of History: Japanese Civilization in the World Context, Edited by Harumi Befu, Translated by Beth Cary, Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press. An Ecological View of History was also translated into Chinese (Shanghai, 1988) and Vietnamese (Ha Noi, 2007) Awards and honors Jan. 1988 The Asahi Prize, Japan Apr. 1988 Commandeur, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, France May 1988 Medal with Purple Ribbon, Japan Oct. 1990 Japan Foundation Award, 1990. Nov. 1991 Person of Cultural Merit, Japan Nov. 1994 Order of Culture, Japan Jul. 1998 Person of Cultural Merit, Mongolia Nov. 1999 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan Oct. 2002 C&C Prize (Foundation for Computers and Communications Promotion), Japan Notes ^ Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation Award, 1990 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef

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A number of Umesao's theories were influential on anthropologists, and his work was also well known among the general population of Japan.","title":"Tadao Umesao"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Major Publications in Japanese1956\t\tExploration to the Moghols in Afghanistan, Iwanami Shoten\n1957\t\tEthnological Conception of the History of Civilizations, Chuo Koron-sha\n1969\t\tThe Art of Intellectual Production, Iwanami Shoten\n1974\t\tThe Japanese in the Global Age, Chuo Koron-sha\n1976\t\tThe World of Hunting and Nomadism, Kodansha\n1986\tThe Formation and Development of Modern Japanese Civilization, Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai\n1987\t\tThe Museum as Media, Heibonsha\n1988\t\tCivilization Theory on Information, Chuo Koron-sha\n1988\t\tWomen and Civilization, Chuo Koron-sha\n1989\t\tResearch Management Theory, Iwanami Shoten\n1989–94\tCollected Works of Tadao Umesao, Chuo Koron-sha\n1997\t\tAction and Imagination: an autobiography, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha\n2000\tJapanese Civilization in the Modern World: Comparative Study of Civilizations, Chuo Koron ShinshaPublications in other languages:1983 \tLe Japon à l'ère Planétaire, Paris : Publications Orientalistes de France.\n1984 \tIl Giappone Nell'era Planetaria, Milano: Spirali Edizioni.\n1988\t“Prolegomena zu einer historischen Betrachtung zivilisierter Lebensformen“ in Japan ohne Mythos, Munich: Iudicium.\n1998\tThe Roots of Contemporary Japan (trilingual in English, Japanese and Chinese), Tokyo: The Japan Forum.\n2002\tEcological and Anthropological Study of the Nomadic Culture of Mongolia, Hohhot: People's Press of Inner Mongolia.\n2003 \tAn Ecological View of History: Japanese Civilization in the World Context, Edited by Harumi Befu, Translated by Beth Cary, Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.\nAn Ecological View of History was also translated into Chinese (Shanghai, 1988) and Vietnamese (Ha Noi, 2007)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Asahi Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Palmes Académiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_Acad%C3%A9miques"},{"link_name":"Medal with Purple Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medals_of_Honor_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japan Foundation Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Foundation_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Person of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_Cultural_Merit"},{"link_name":"Order of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure"},{"link_name":"C&C Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26C_Prize"}],"text":"Jan. 1988 \tThe Asahi Prize, Japan\nApr. 1988 \tCommandeur, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, France\nMay 1988\tMedal with Purple Ribbon, Japan\nOct. 1990\tJapan Foundation Award, 1990.[1]\nNov. 1991\tPerson of Cultural Merit, Japan\nNov. 1994\tOrder of Culture, Japan\nJul. 1998\tPerson of Cultural Merit, Mongolia\nNov. 1999\tGrand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan\nOct. 2002\tC&C Prize (Foundation for Computers and Communications Promotion), Japan","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japan Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html"},{"link_name":"Japan Foundation Award, 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/award/index.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3137555#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1757231/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000110716406"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/76436890"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMF7txY87THDTtMjD6rq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12643413g"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12643413g"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616905306706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/133482944"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269272305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81050547"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00088637"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010601845&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35737940"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200302777"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074422332"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810603870605606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00046056?l=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1064708"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/02717249X"}],"text":"^ Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation Award, 1990Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_(disambiguation)

Konkan (disambiguation)

["1 See also"]

Look up Konkan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Konkan is a region of India. Konkan may also refer to: Konkana Kingdom, an ancient Indian kingdom in the region Konkan division, one of the 6 administrative divisions of Maharashtra, India within the region HMIS Konkan (J228), Bangor-class minesweepers built for the Royal Navy, named after the region Konkan, Burkina Faso, village in the Sidéradougou Department of Comoé Province See also Konkani (disambiguation) Kankan (disambiguation) Concan, Texas Kon Kan Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Konkan.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_International_Development_Cooperation_(Sweden)

Minister for International Development Cooperation (Sweden)

["1 List of ministers"]

Minister for International Development Cooperation of SwedenLesser coat of arms of SwedenIncumbentJohan Forssellsince 18 October 2022Ministry for Foreign AffairsMember ofThe GovernmentAppointerThe Prime MinisterTerm lengthNo fixed termServes as long as the Prime Minister sees fitFormation4 June 1958First holderUlla LindströmSalary1,452,000 SEK (annually)Websitewww.sweden.gov.se The Minister for International Development Cooperation is the cabinet minister in the Swedish Government responsible for foreign aid and global development. The cabinet minister is, like the rest of the Swedish Government, nominated and appointed by the Prime Minister of Sweden who in turn is appointed by the Swedish Riksdag. The cabinet minister belongs to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The position was established in 1954 and the first officeholder was Ulla Lindström. Lindström is also the person who has served in this capacity during the longest time, 12 years. The current cabinet minister to hold the office is Johan Forssell, appointed on 18 October 2022. List of ministers No. Portrait Minister Took office Left office Time in office Party Prime Minister 1 Lindström, UllaUlla Lindström(1909–1999)4 June 195431 December 196612 years, 210 daysSocial DemocratsErlander, TageTage Erlander (S/SAP) 2 Sigurdsen, GertrudGertrud Sigurdsen(1923–2015)3 November 19738 October 19762 years, 340 daysSocial DemocratsPalme, OlofOlof Palme (S/SAP) 3 Ullsten, OlaOla Ullsten(1931–2018)8 October 197618 October 19782 years, 10 daysLiberalsFälldin, ThorbjörnThorbjörn Fälldin (C) 4 Hjelm-Wallén, LenaLena Hjelm-Wallén(born 1943)17 October 19854 October 19915 years, 352 daysSocial DemocratsPalme, OlofOlof Palme (S/SAP)(1985 – 1986)Ingvar Carlsson (S/SAP)(1986 – 1991) 5 Svensson, AlfAlf Svensson(born 1938)4 October 19917 October 19943 years, 3 daysChristian DemocratsBildt, CarlCarl Bildt (M) 6 Schori, PierrePierre Schori(born 1938)7 October 199411 June 19994 years, 247 daysSocial DemocratsCarlsson, IngvarIngvar Carlsson (S/SAP)(1994 – 1966)Göran Persson (S/SAP)(1996 – 1999) 7 Klingvall, Maj-IngerMaj-Inger Klingvall(born 1946)14 September 199916 November 20012 years, 63 daysSocial DemocratsPersson, GöranGöran Persson (S/SAP) 8 Karlsson, Jan O.Jan O. Karlsson(1939–2016)7 January 20029 October 20031 year, 275 daysSocial DemocratsPersson, GöranGöran Persson (S/SAP) 9 Jämtin, CarinCarin Jämtin(born 1964)10 October 20036 October 20062 years, 361 daysSocial DemocratsPersson, GöranGöran Persson (S/SAP) 10 Carlsson, GunillaGunilla Carlsson(born 1963)6 October 200617 September 20136 years, 346 daysModerateReinfeldt, FredrikFredrik Reinfeldt (M) 11 Engström, HilleviHillevi Engström(born 1963)17 September 20133 October 20141 year, 16 daysModerateReinfeldt, FredrikFredrik Reinfeldt (M) 12 Lövin, IsabellaIsabella Lövin(born 1963)3 October 201421 January 20194 years, 110 daysGreenLöfven, StefanStefan Löfven (S/SAP) 13 Eriksson, PeterPeter Eriksson(born 1958)21 January 201917 December 20201 year, 331 daysGreenLöfven, StefanStefan Löfven (S/SAP) — Lövin, IsabellaIsabella Lövin (acting)(born 1963)17 December 20205 February 202150 daysGreenLöfven, StefanStefan Löfven (S/SAP) 14 Olsson Fridh, PerPer Olsson Fridh(born 1981)5 February 202130 November 2021298 daysGreenLöfven, StefanStefan Löfven (S/SAP) 15 Ernkrans, MatildaMatilda Ernkrans(born 1973)30 November 202118 October 2022322 daysSocial DemocratsAndersson, MagdalenaMagdalena Andersson (S/SAP) 16 Forssell, JohanJohan Forssell(born 1973)18 October 2022Incumbent1 year, 244 daysModerateKristersson, UlfUlf Kristersson (M) vteSwedish ministries and ministerial officesOfficesPrime Minister Prime Minister List Deputy Prime Minister Heads of Ministries Culture Defence Education Employment and Integration Energy, Business and Industry Finance Foreign Affairs Social Affairs, Public Health and Sports Justice Rural Affairs Other cabinet ministers Climate and the Environment Consumer Affairs Democracy Digital Development EU Affairs Financial Markets Foreign Trade Gender Equality Higher Education and Research Infrastructure and Housing International Development Cooperation Migration Schools Nordic Cooperation Public Administration Social Security Historic ministerial portfolios Agriculture Budget Children Civil Service Affairs Commerce and Industry Economics Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs Elderly Elderly Care and Public Health Government Coordination Healthcare Home Affairs Immigration Interior Management of the Economy Municipal Affairs Naval Affairs Physical Planning and Local Government Public Health Strategic Development and Nordic Cooperation Supply Taxes Upper Secondary School and Adult Education and Training War MinistriesPresent Prime Minister's Office Culture Defence Education and Research Employment Climate and Enterprise Finance Foreign Affairs Health and Social Affairs Rural Affairs and Infrastructure Justice Former Agriculture Budget Civil Service Affairs Commerce and Industry Communications Economics Industry Environment Integration and Gender Equality Housing Interior Land Defence Local Government Naval Affairs Supply Rural Affairs Infrastructure

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The cabinet minister is, like the rest of the Swedish Government, nominated and appointed by the Prime Minister of Sweden who in turn is appointed by the Swedish Riksdag. The cabinet minister belongs to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.The position was established in 1954 and the first officeholder was Ulla Lindström. Lindström is also the person who has served in this capacity during the longest time, 12 years. 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Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Nordic_Cooperation_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Civil_Service_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Social_Security_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Rural_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Budget"},{"link_name":"Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Children_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Civil_Service_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Commerce and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Economics_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Education_and_Ecclesiastical_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Elderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_the_Elderly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elderly Care and Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Elderly_Care_and_Public_Health_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Government Coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Government_Coordination_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Healthcare_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Immigration_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Management of the Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Management_of_the_Economy_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Municipal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Municipal_Affairs_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naval Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Naval_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Physical Planning and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Physical_Planning_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Public_Health_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Strategic Development and Nordic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Strategic_Development_and_Nordic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Supply_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Taxes_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Upper Secondary School and Adult Education and Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Upper_Secondary_School_and_Adult_Education_and_Training_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_War_(Sweden)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbad"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Education and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Employment_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Climate and Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Climate_and_Enterprise_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Health and Social Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Rural Affairs and Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Rural_Affairs_and_Infrastructure_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Rural_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Budget"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Civil_Service_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Commerce and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economics_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Enterprise_and_Innovation_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Integration and Gender Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Integration_and_Gender_Equality_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Land Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land_Defence"},{"link_name":"Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Government_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Naval Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Naval_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Rural Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Rural_Affairs_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_(Sweden)"}],"text":"vteSwedish ministries and ministerial officesOfficesPrime Minister\nPrime Minister\nList\nDeputy Prime Minister\nHeads of Ministries\nCulture\nDefence\nEducation\nEmployment and Integration\nEnergy, Business and Industry\nFinance\nForeign Affairs\nSocial Affairs, Public Health and Sports\nJustice\nRural Affairs\nOther cabinet ministers\nClimate and the Environment\nConsumer Affairs\nDemocracy\nDigital Development\nEU Affairs\nFinancial Markets\nForeign Trade\nGender Equality\nHigher Education and Research\nInfrastructure and Housing\nInternational Development Cooperation\nMigration\nSchools\nNordic Cooperation\nPublic Administration\nSocial Security\nHistoric ministerial portfolios\nAgriculture\nBudget\nChildren\nCivil Service Affairs\nCommerce and Industry\nEconomics\nEducation and Ecclesiastical Affairs\nElderly\nElderly Care and Public Health\nGovernment Coordination\nHealthcare\nHome Affairs\nImmigration\nInterior\nManagement of the Economy\nMunicipal Affairs\nNaval Affairs\nPhysical Planning and Local Government\nPublic Health\nStrategic Development and Nordic Cooperation\nSupply\nTaxes\nUpper Secondary School and Adult Education and Training\nWar\nMinistriesPresent\nPrime Minister's Office\nCulture\nDefence\nEducation and Research\nEmployment\nClimate and Enterprise\nFinance\nForeign Affairs\nHealth and Social Affairs\nRural Affairs and Infrastructure\nJustice\nFormer\nAgriculture\nBudget\nCivil Service Affairs\nCommerce and Industry\nCommunications\nEconomics\nIndustry\nEnvironment\nIntegration and Gender Equality\nHousing\nInterior\nLand Defence\nLocal Government\nNaval Affairs\nSupply\nRural Affairs\nInfrastructure","title":"List of ministers"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rael

Ronald Rael

["1 References"]

American artist Ronald RaelBorn1971 (1971)Conejos County, ColoradoKnown forarchitecture, additive manufacturing, 3d printing, art, earthen architecture, ceramics, border wall studies, activismWebsiterael-sanfratello.com Ronald Rael (born 1971, Conejos County, Colorado) is an American artist known for architecture, human rights and environmental advocacy along the U.S. - Mexico border, earthen architecture, and pioneering work in developing materials for 3D printing. He works independently, and operates collaboratively in the design ventures Emerging Objects, a "make-tank" that develops 3D printed materials, objects, software, hardware, as well as startup companies, and Rael San Fratello, a social practice design based studio with the architect Virginia San Fratello. In 2020 Rael San Fratello received the prestigious Beazely Award from the London Design Museum and in 2021 the International Award for Art from the Institute for Public Art for their project Teeter Totter Wall. In 2014 Rael San Fratello received the Emerging Voices award from the Architectural League of New York. He co-founded FORUST, a 3D printing company that uses sawdust, which was acquired by the 3D printing company Desktop Metal. He is a tenured full professor at the University of California Berkeley where he holds the Eva Li Memorial Chair in Architecture and is Chair of the Department of Art Practice. He Chaired the Department of Architecture from 2019 to 2020 and was the first chair in both of the Departments of Latino descent. His collaborative work is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and The Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. Their series, Bad Ombres v.2, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign. He was educated at the University of Colorado Boulder and Columbia University. Rael is the author of several books including Borderwall as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S. - Mexico Boundary (University of California Press, 2017), Printing Architecture: Innovative Recipes for 3D Printing (Princeton Architectural Press, 2018) and Earth Architecture (Princeton Architectural Press, 2008). His widely viewed TED talk on Borderwall as Architecture presents a "subversive reimagining of the US-Mexico border wall." References ^ "Ronald Rael". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Ronald Rael |". School of Architecture & Urban Planning. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ V, Carlota (9 May 2019). "Emerging Objects on their unique approach to materials and architecture thanks to 3D printing". 3Dnatives. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ a b "Rael San Fratello". SFMOMA. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ Q42, Fabrique &. "Teeter-Totter Wall". Design Museum. Retrieved 2023-08-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Teeter Totter Wall / IPA". www.instituteforpublicart.org. Retrieved 2023-08-12. ^ "Emerging Voices 2014". The Architectural League of New York. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ Vinoski, Jim. "Desktop Metal's Forust Brings 3D Printing To Wood". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-08-01. ^ Martinez, Joseph. "Professor Ronald Rael 1st Latino Chair,Dept. of Architecture, UC Berkeley" (PDF). ByDesign. ByDesign. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Virginia San Fratello". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ Savig, Mary; Atkinson, Nora; Montiel, Anya (2022). This Present Moment: Crafting a Better World. Washington, DC: Smithsonian American Art Museum. pp. 228–238. ISBN 9781913875268. ^ "Bad Ombrés v.2". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ "Ronald Rael". UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ Rael, Ronald (April 2017). Borderwall as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S.-Mexico Boundary. Contributions by Teddy Cruz, Marcello Di Cintio, Norma Iglesias-Prieto, Michael Dear. ISBN 978-0-520-28394-7. ^ Jackson, Beau (12 December 2018). "BOOK REVIEW Printing Architecture: Innovative Recipes for 3D Printing by Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello". 3D Printing Industry. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ Rael, Ronald (15 May 2010). Earth Architecture. Princeton Archit.Press. ISBN 9781568989457. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ Rael, Ronald (25 February 2019). "An architect's subversive reimagining of the US-Mexico border wall". TED Conferences. Retrieved 23 December 2022. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel Other IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balraj_Komal

Balraj Komal

["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]

Balraj KomalBorn25 September 1928IndiaDied2013Occupation(s)Poet, writerSpouseGargi KomalAwardsPadma ShriSahitya Akademi AwardUttar Pradesh Urdu Academy Award Balraj Komal (1928-2013) was an Indian poet and writer of Urdu literature. The Government of India honored Komal in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri. Biography Balraj Komal, born in 1928, was a freelance writer post his retirement from the Delhi Administration as an Education officer. He was a former member of Delhi Urdu Akademi and the advisory board of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. He has credited with several publications composed of poems, short stories, and critical studies and Meri Nazmen, Parindon Bhara Aasman, Rishta-e-Dil, Agala Waraq, Ankhen Aur Paon, and Adab ki Talas are some hid known works. A recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985, Balraj Komal has also won Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy Award twice(1971 and 1982) and has also received a Senior Fellowship from the Government of India. In 2011, the Government of India honored Komal again by including him in the Republic Day honours list for Padma Award. Balraj Komal died in 2013 at the age of 85. References ^ a b "Padma Shri" (PDF). Padma Shri. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b c d "Muse India". Muse India. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ a b c "Daily Post". Daily Post. 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. External links Balraj Komal (1989). Selected Poems of Balraj Komal. Educational Publishing House. p. 113. vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Literature & Education1950s K. Shankar Pillai (1954) Krishna Kanta Handique (1955) Surya Kumar Bhuyan (1956) Sukhdev Pande (1956) Nalini Bala Devi (1957) S. R. Ranganathan (1957) Ram Chandra Varma (1958) Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas (1958) K. S. Chandrasekharan (1958) 1960s B. S. Kesavan (1960) Artaballabha Mohanty (1960) N. D. Sundaravadivelu (1961) Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1961) Vishnukant Jha (1961) Jinvijay (1961) Evengeline Lazarus (1961) 1970s Ananda Chandra Barua (1970) Sulabha Panandikar (1971) 1980s Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj (1981) Abid Ali Khan (1981) Ram Punjwani (1981) Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1982) R. V. Pandit (1982) Sher Singh Sher (1982) Gaura Pant Shivani (1982) Ahalya Chari (1983) Amitabha Chaudhuri (1983) Saliha Abid Hussain (1983) Komal Kothari (1983) Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik (1983) Raghuvir Sharan Mitra (1983) Attar Singh (1983) Mayangnokcha Ao (1984) Kshem Suman Chandra (1984) Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat (1984) Shanta Gandhi (1984) Sadhu Singh Hamdard (1984) Qurratulain Hyder (1984) Ganpatrao Jadhav (1984) Syed Abdul Malik (1984) John Arthur King Martyn (1984) Sooranad Kunjan Pillai (1984) Syed Hasan Askari (1985) Jamesh Dokhuma (1985) Kaka Hathrasi (1985) Bharat Mishra (1985) Harishankar Parsai (1985) Ashangbam Minaketan Singh (1985) Anil Agarwal (1986) Binod Kanungo (1986) Chitra Naik (1986) Abdur Rahman (1986) Nuchhungi Renthlei (1986) Raghunath Sharma (1986) Abdul Sattar (1987) Nazir Ahmed (1987) Vanaja Iyengar (1987) Khawlkungi (1987) Badri Narayan (1987) Debi Prasanna Pattanayak (1987) Sant Singh Sekhon (1987) N. Khelchandra Singh (1987) Madaram Brahma (1988) Nissim Ezekiel (1988) K. M. George (1988) Mario Miranda (1988) Vidya Niwas Mishra (1988) Ali Jawad Zaidi (1988) Kalim Aajiz (1989) Barsane Lal Chaturvedi (1989) Anita Desai (1989) Moti Lal Saqi (1989) Rongbong Terang (1989) V. Venkatachalam (1989) 1990s M. Aram (1990) Vijay Kumar Chopra (1990) Behram Contractor (1990) Radha Mohan Gadanayak (1990) Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari (1990) Yashpal Jain (1990) Sharad Joshi (1990) Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra (1990) Gopi Chand Narang (1990) Dagdu Maruti Pawar (1990) Nilmani Phookan Jr (1990) Shyam Singh Shashi (1990) Ram Nath Shastri (1990) Bharat Bhushan (yogi) (1991) Kapil Deva Dvivedi (1991) B. K. S. Iyengar (1991) Satish Chandra Kakati (1991) Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte (1991) Madan Lal Madhu (1991) Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor (1991) Keshav Malik (1991) Surendra Mohanty (1991) P. T. Narasimhachar (1991) V. G. Bhide (1992) Gulabdas Broker (1992) Krishna Chaithanya (1992) Rajammal P. Devadas (1992) Vasant Shankar Kanetkar (1992) V. C. Kulandaiswamy (1992) R. S. Lugani (1992) Shovana Narayan (1992) Nisith Ranjan Ray (1992) M. Kirti Singh (1992) B. K. Thapar (1992) Mark Tully (1992) B. N. Goswamy (1998) O. N. V. Kurup (1998) Lalsangzuali Sailo (1998) Gurdial Singh (1998) Narayan Gangaram Surve (1998) Ruskin Bond (1999) Shayama Chona (1999) G. P. Chopra (1999) Namdeo Dhasal (1999) Kanhaiya Lal Nandan (1999) Satya Vrat Shastri (1999) Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh (1999) 2000s Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky (2000) P. S. Chawngthu (2000) Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla (2000) Mandan Mishra (2000) Rehman Rahi (2000) K. P. Saxena (2000) Nabaneeta Dev Sen (2000) Elangbam Nilakanta Singh (2000) Bala V. 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Issac (2023) Rattan Singh Jaggi (2023) Anand Kumar (2023) Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande (2023) Antaryami Mishra (2023) Ramesh Patange (2023) B. Ramakrishna Reddy (2023) Mohan Singh (2023) Prakash Chandra Sood (2023) Janum Singh Soy (2023) Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (2023) Dhaniram Toto (2023) vteGangadhar National Award For Poetry1991–2009 Ali Sardar Jafri (1991) Nabakanta Barua (1992) Shakti Chattopadhyay (1993) Jayanta Mahapatra (1994) Kedarnath Singh (1995) Ayyappa Paniker (1996) Sitakant Mahapatra (1997) Nirupama Kaur (1998) Vinda Karandikar (1999) Ramakanta Rath (2000) K. Satchidanandan (2001) Sankha Ghosh (2002) Sitanshu Yashaschandra (2003) Dilip Chitre (2004) Gulzar (2005) Nilmani Phookan Jr (2006) Haraprasad Das (2007) Akhlaq Mohammed Khan (2008) Surjit Patar (2009) 2010–2029 Rajendra Kishore Panda (2010) Balraj Komal (2011) Vasdev Mohi (2012) Soubhagya Kumar Misra (2013) Subodh Sarkar (2014) Leeladhar Jagudi (2015) K. Siva Reddy (2016) Chandrashekhara Kambara (2017) Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (2018) Sheen Kaaf Nizam (2019) Kamal Vora (2020) K. G. Sankara Pillai (2021) (awarded by Sambalpur University) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany United States Other IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_settlement

Commuter town

["1 Causes","2 Effects","3 Exurb","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Urban community that is primarily residential, from which most of the workforce commutes out "Bedroom community" redirects here. For the record label, see Bedroom Community. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Commuter town" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Many municipalities in the US state of New Jersey can be considered commuter towns. Here, riders wait in Maplewood for a train bound for New York City during the morning rush hour. Hervanta in Tampere, Finland, is mostly known for its residential tower blocks, but there are also some commercial services, a university campus and several high-tech companies. Cidade Tiradentes is a heavily populated area in the outskirts of São Paulo consisting mainly of public housing projects. On average, its inhabitants spend 2 hours and 45 minutes a day commuting between home and work. A commuter town is a populated area that is primarily residential rather than commercial or industrial. Routine travel from home to work and back is called commuting, which is where the term comes from. A commuter town may be called by many other terms: "bedroom community" (Canada and northeastern US), "bedroom town", "bedroom suburb" (US). In Japan, a commuter town may be referred to by the wasei-eigo coinage "bed town" (ベッドタウン, beddotaun). The term "exurb" was used from the 1950s, but since 2006, is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute. Causes Often commuter towns form when workers in a region cannot afford to live where they work and must seek residency in another town with a lower cost of living. The late 20th century, the dot-com bubble and United States housing bubble drove housing costs in Californian metropolitan areas to historic highs, spawning exurban growth in adjacent counties. As of 2003, over 80% of the workforce of Tracy, California, was employed in the San Francisco Bay Area. In some cases, commuter towns can result from changing economic conditions. Steubenville, Ohio along with neighboring Weirton, West Virginia had an independent regional identity until the collapse of the steel industry in the 1980s. Steubenville Pike and the Parkway West also created easier access to the much larger city of Pittsburgh. In 2013, Jefferson County, Ohio (where Steubenville is located) was added to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area as part of its larger Combined Statistical Area. In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the 1980s but unlike in the UK, both the national railway's tracks, trains, stations and real estate were included in the privatization agreements. Japan's privately operated railroads view real estate investment and development of commuter towns as central to their business model. These railroads continuously develop new residential and commercial areas alongside their existing and new routes and stations and adjust their train schedules in order to provide existing and prospective commuters with convenient work-commute routines. This is quite different from North American commuter towns that are almost exclusively the result of transportation by car. Effects Where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets are weaker than city housing markets, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process akin to gentrification. Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanized areas that prevent the construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment. The number of commuter towns increased in the US and the UK during the 20th century because of a trend for people to move out of the cities into the surrounding green belt. In the United States, it is common for commuter towns to create disparities in municipal tax rates. When a commuter town collects few business taxes, residents must pay the brunt of the public operating budget in higher property or income taxes. Such municipalities may scramble to encourage commercial growth once an established residential base has been reached. In the UK, commuter towns were developed by railway companies to create demand for their lines. One 1920s pioneer of this form of development was the Metropolitan Railway (now part of London Underground) which marketed its Metro-land developments. This initiative encouraged many to move out of central and inner-city London to suburbs such as Harrow, or out of London itself, to commuter villages in Buckinghamshire or Hertfordshire. Commuter towns have more recently been built ahead of adequate transportation infrastructure, thus spurring the development of roads and public transportation systems. These can take the form of light rail lines extending from the city center to new streetcar suburbs and new or expanded highways, whose construction and traffic can lead to the community becoming part of a larger conurbation. A 2014 study by the British Office for National Statistics found that commuting also affects wellbeing. Commuters are more likely to be anxious, dissatisfied and have the sense that their daily activities lack meaning than those who don't have to travel to work, even if they are paid more. Exurb Main article: Exurb The term exurb (a portmanteau of "extra & urban") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky, in his 1955 book The Exurbanites to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area. However, since a landmark report by the Brookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute. Comparatively low density towns – often featuring large lots and large homes – create heavy motor vehicle dependency. "They begin as embryonic subdivisions of a few hundred homes at the far edge of beyond, surrounded by scrub. Then, they grow – first gradually, but soon with explosive force – attracting stores, creating jobs and struggling to keep pace with the need for more schools, more roads, more everything. And eventually, when no more land is available and home prices have skyrocketed, the whole cycle starts again, another 15 minutes down the turnpike."— Rick Lyman, The New York Times Others argue that exurban environments, such as those that have emerged in Oregon over the last 40 years as a result of the state's unique land use laws, have helped to protect local agriculture and local businesses by creating strict urban growth boundaries that encourage greater population densities in centralized towns, while slowing or greatly reducing urban and suburban sprawl into agricultural, timber land, and natural areas. See also Automotive city Daily urban system Edge city Railway town Satellite city Transit-oriented development Transit-proximate development Transit village Travel to work area Urban sprawl References ^ "Mobilidade: paulistano leva uma hora e meia para ir e voltar do trabalho". Cidade de São Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 December 2021. ^ "ベッドタウンの英語・英訳 - 英和辞典・和英辞典 Weblio辞書" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015. ^ a b Berube, Alan (2006). Finding Exurbia: America's Fast-Growing Communities at the Metropolitan Fringe (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2014-08-31 – via National Archives.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Harding, Robin (2019-01-28). "Rail privatisation: the UK looks for secrets of Japan's success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-08-15. ^ "Commuting and Personal Well-being, 2014". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955). The Exurbanites. Lippincott, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 476943. ^ Rick (December 18, 2005). "In Exurbs, Life Framed by Hours Spent in the Car". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008. ^ Wuerthner, George (March 19, 2007). "The Oregon Example: Statewide Planning Works". Bozeman New West. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011. External links Central City White Flight: Racial and Nonracial Causes Rybczynski, Witold (Nov. 7, 2005). "Suburban Despair". Slate. Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955). The Exurbanites. Lippincott, Philadelphia. OCLC 476943. Lyman, Rick (2005). Living Large, by Design, in Middle of Nowhere The New York Times vteCitiesUrban geography Urban area City centre Downtown Suburb Exurb Core city Twin cities Satellite city Edge city Commuter town City proper limits Conurbation Metropolitan area Metropolis Megacity Megalopolis Cities with the most skyscrapers Urbanization Suburbanization Shrinking cities Ghost town Abandoned village Lost city Tent city Closed city College town Urban government City status Municipality direct-controlled Independent city City-state Autonomous city Capital city Urban economics World's cities by GDP Global city Central business district Most expensive cities Cheapest cities Most livable cities Urban decay Ghetto Modern ruins Shanty town Skid row Slum Squatting Urban renewal Municipal bond Habitat III Peri-urban agriculture Urban planning History of urban planning Theories of urban planning Technical aspects of urban planning Urban planners Public open space Green space Urban wild Zoning Mixed-use development Urban design Grid plan Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model Linear settlement Land use Smart city Bicycle-friendly Cyclability Cycling infrastructure Pedestrian zone Walkability Urban population World's largest cities throughout history Most densely populated cities Most populous national capitals Most populous satellite cities Urbanism New Urbanism Urban warfare Urban studies Urban morphology Urban culture Urban sociology Anti-urbanism Urban exploration Urban homesteading Unitary urbanism Environment Climate change Eco-cities Ecological engineering Green infrastructure Green urbanism Million Tree Initiative Sustainable city Sustainable Development Goal 11 Sustainable urbanism Urban ecology Urban forest inequity Urban forest Urban forestry Urban heat island Urban park Urban prairie Urban reforestation Zero-carbon city Cities portal Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedroom Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_Community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commuters_in_Maplewood_NJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Maplewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maplewood_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hervanta1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hervanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervanta"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cidade_Tiradentes_-_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cidade Tiradentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_Tiradentes_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"commuting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"wasei-eigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei-eigo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"exurb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"\"Bedroom community\" redirects here. For the record label, see Bedroom Community.Many municipalities in the US state of New Jersey can be considered commuter towns. Here, riders wait in Maplewood for a train bound for New York City during the morning rush hour.Hervanta in Tampere, Finland, is mostly known for its residential tower blocks, but there are also some commercial services, a university campus and several high-tech companies.Cidade Tiradentes is a heavily populated area in the outskirts of São Paulo consisting mainly of public housing projects. On average, its inhabitants spend 2 hours and 45 minutes a day commuting between home and work.[1]A commuter town is a populated area that is primarily residential rather than commercial or industrial. Routine travel from home to work and back is called commuting, which is where the term comes from. A commuter town may be called by many other terms: \"bedroom community\" (Canada and northeastern US),[citation needed] \"bedroom town\", \"bedroom suburb\" (US). In Japan, a commuter town may be referred to by the wasei-eigo coinage \"bed town\" (ベッドタウン, beddotaun).[2] The term \"exurb\" was used from the 1950s, but since 2006, is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute.[3]","title":"Commuter town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cost of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living"},{"link_name":"dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"United States housing bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commuter_town&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Tracy, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Steubenville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Weirton, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weirton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"collapse of the steel industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_crisis"},{"link_name":"Steubenville Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Parkway West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_376"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"national railway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail"},{"link_name":"privately operated railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_railway#Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Often commuter towns form when workers in a region cannot afford to live where they work and must seek residency in another town with a lower cost of living. The late 20th century, the dot-com bubble and United States housing bubble drove housing costs in Californian metropolitan areas to historic highs, spawning exurban growth in adjacent counties.[citation needed] As of 2003[update], over 80% of the workforce of Tracy, California, was employed in the San Francisco Bay Area.[citation needed]In some cases, commuter towns can result from changing economic conditions. Steubenville, Ohio along with neighboring Weirton, West Virginia had an independent regional identity until the collapse of the steel industry in the 1980s. Steubenville Pike and the Parkway West also created easier access to the much larger city of Pittsburgh. In 2013, Jefferson County, Ohio (where Steubenville is located) was added to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area as part of its larger Combined Statistical Area.[4]In Japan, most of the national railway network was privatized by the 1980s but unlike in the UK, both the national railway's tracks, trains, stations and real estate were included in the privatization agreements. Japan's privately operated railroads view real estate investment and development of commuter towns as central to their business model. These railroads continuously develop new residential and commercial areas alongside their existing and new routes and stations and adjust their train schedules in order to provide existing and prospective commuters with convenient work-commute routines.[5] This is quite different from North American commuter towns that are almost exclusively the result of transportation by car.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"green belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt"},{"link_name":"property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax"},{"link_name":"income taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Metro-land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-land"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"streetcar suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets are weaker than city housing markets, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process akin to gentrification. Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanized areas that prevent the construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment.The number of commuter towns increased in the US and the UK during the 20th century because of a trend for people to move out of the cities into the surrounding green belt. In the United States, it is common for commuter towns to create disparities in municipal tax rates. When a commuter town collects few business taxes, residents must pay the brunt of the public operating budget in higher property or income taxes. Such municipalities may scramble to encourage commercial growth once an established residential base has been reached.In the UK, commuter towns were developed by railway companies to create demand for their lines. One 1920s pioneer of this form of development was the Metropolitan Railway (now part of London Underground) which marketed its Metro-land developments. This initiative encouraged many to move out of central and inner-city London to suburbs such as Harrow, or out of London itself, to commuter villages in Buckinghamshire or Hertfordshire.[citation needed] Commuter towns have more recently been built ahead of adequate transportation infrastructure, thus spurring the development of roads and public transportation systems. These can take the form of light rail lines extending from the city center to new streetcar suburbs and new or expanded highways, whose construction and traffic can lead to the community becoming part of a larger conurbation.A 2014 study by the British Office for National Statistics found that commuting also affects wellbeing. Commuters are more likely to be anxious, dissatisfied and have the sense that their daily activities lack meaning than those who don't have to travel to work, even if they are paid more.[6]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exurb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"motor vehicle dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_dependency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"unique land use laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"urban growth boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The term exurb (a portmanteau of \"extra & urban\") was coined by Auguste Comte Spectorsky, in his 1955 book The Exurbanites to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area.[7] However, since a landmark report by the Brookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally used for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute.[3]Comparatively low density towns – often featuring large lots and large homes – create heavy motor vehicle dependency.\"They begin as embryonic subdivisions of a few hundred homes at the far edge of beyond, surrounded by scrub. Then, they grow – first gradually, but soon with explosive force – attracting stores, creating jobs and struggling to keep pace with the need for more schools, more roads, more everything. And eventually, when no more land is available and home prices have skyrocketed, the whole cycle starts again, another 15 minutes down the turnpike.\"— Rick Lyman, The New York Times[8]Others argue that exurban environments, such as those that have emerged in Oregon over the last 40 years as a result of the state's unique land use laws, have helped to protect local agriculture and local businesses by creating strict urban growth boundaries that encourage greater population densities in centralized towns, while slowing or greatly reducing urban and suburban sprawl into agricultural, timber land, and natural areas.[9]","title":"Exurb"}]

[{"image_text":"Many municipalities in the US state of New Jersey can be considered commuter towns. Here, riders wait in Maplewood for a train bound for New York City during the morning rush hour.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Commuters_in_Maplewood_NJ.jpg/220px-Commuters_in_Maplewood_NJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hervanta in Tampere, Finland, is mostly known for its residential tower blocks, but there are also some commercial services, a university campus and several high-tech companies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hervanta1.jpg/220px-Hervanta1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cidade Tiradentes is a heavily populated area in the outskirts of São Paulo consisting mainly of public housing projects. On average, its inhabitants spend 2 hours and 45 minutes a day commuting between home and work.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cidade_Tiradentes_-_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_City.jpg/220px-Cidade_Tiradentes_-_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_City.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Automotive city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_city"},{"title":"Daily urban system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_urban_system"},{"title":"Edge city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_city"},{"title":"Railway town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_town"},{"title":"Satellite city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_city"},{"title":"Transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"title":"Transit-proximate development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-proximate_development"},{"title":"Transit village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_village"},{"title":"Travel to work area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_to_work_area"},{"title":"Urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"}]

[{"reference":"\"Mobilidade: paulistano leva uma hora e meia para ir e voltar do trabalho\". Cidade de São Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capital.sp.gov.br/noticia/paulistano-leva-uma-hora-e-meia-para-ir-e-voltar-do-trabalho","url_text":"\"Mobilidade: paulistano leva uma hora e meia para ir e voltar do trabalho\""}]},{"reference":"\"ベッドタウンの英語・英訳 - 英和辞典・和英辞典 Weblio辞書\" [\"Beddo Tawn\" - English Translation, English-Japanese Dictionary, Weblio Dictionary] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3","url_text":"\"ベッドタウンの英語・英訳 - 英和辞典・和英辞典 Weblio辞書\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150712153410/http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Berube, Alan (2006). Finding Exurbia: America's Fast-Growing Communities at the Metropolitan Fringe (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20061017_exurbia.pdf","url_text":"Finding Exurbia: America's Fast-Growing Communities at the Metropolitan Fringe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204165955/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20061017_exurbia.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved 2014-08-31 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget","url_text":"Office of Management and Budget"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121004708/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b13-01.pdf","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Robin (2019-01-28). \"Rail privatisation: the UK looks for secrets of Japan's success\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/9f7f044e-1f16-11e9-b2f7-97e4dbd3580d","url_text":"\"Rail privatisation: the UK looks for secrets of Japan's success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commuting and Personal Well-being, 2014\". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/wellbeing/measuring-national-well-being/commuting-and-personal-well-being--2014/art-commuting-and-personal-well-being.html#tab-2--Key-Points","url_text":"\"Commuting and Personal Well-being, 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/wellbeing/measuring-national-well-being/commuting-and-personal-well-being--2014/art-commuting-and-personal-well-being.html#tab-2--Key-Points","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955). The Exurbanites. Lippincott, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 476943.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476943","url_text":"476943"}]},{"reference":"Rick (December 18, 2005). \"In Exurbs, Life Framed by Hours Spent in the Car\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/national/18FRISCO.html?_r=1&oref=slogin","url_text":"\"In Exurbs, Life Framed by Hours Spent in the Car\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425025437/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/national/18FRISCO.html?_r=1&oref=slogin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wuerthner, George (March 19, 2007). \"The Oregon Example: Statewide Planning Works\". Bozeman New West. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newwest.net/index.php/city/article/the_oregon_example_statewide_planning_works/C396/L396/","url_text":"\"The Oregon Example: Statewide Planning Works\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224442/http://www.newwest.net/index.php/city/article/the_oregon_example_statewide_planning_works/C396/L396/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955). The Exurbanites. Lippincott, Philadelphia. OCLC 476943.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/476943","url_text":"476943"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_Almanac

Strangers Almanac

["1 Background and production","2 Strangers Almanac Tour (1997–98)","3 Track listing","3.1 Original release","3.2 Deluxe edition","4 Personnel","4.1 Musicians","4.2 Additional musicians","4.3 Production","5 References"]

1997 studio album by WhiskeytownStrangers AlmanacStudio album by WhiskeytownReleasedJuly 29, 1997Recorded1996–1997StudioWoodland (Nashville)Ocean Way (Hollywood)GenreAlternative countryLength51:40LanguageEnglishLabelGeffen, Outpost, MoodfoodProducerJim ScottWhiskeytown chronology In Your Wildest Dreams(1997) Strangers Almanac(1997) Pneumonia(2001) Singles from Strangers Almanac "16 Days"Released: July 1997 "Yesterday's News"Released: February 1998 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Austin ChronicleEncyclopedia of Popular MusicEntertainment WeeklyB+The GuardianPitchfork7.8/10Record CollectorRolling StoneSpinUncut Strangers Almanac is the second studio album by American alternative country band Whiskeytown, released on July 29, 1997, on Outpost and Geffen Records. The album was reissued as a deluxe edition with bonus tracks and an additional disc of previously unreleased material on March 4, 2008. Background and production Throughout 1996, Whiskeytown recorded new material in Chapel Hill and Durham, North Carolina. Two separate recording sessions – dubbed the "Barn's On Fire" sessions and the "Baseball Park" sessions – produced several songs that were later re-recorded for Strangers Almanac. And while praising everyone involved in making Strangers, principal songwriter Ryan Adams once remarked in an interview that he preferred these earlier songs to the final album. Tracks from these sessions would later be released on the reissues of Faithless Street and Strangers Almanac. The road to making Strangers was a rocky one – in late 1996, bassist Steve Grothman and drummer Skillet Gilmore left the band on the same day, suddenly placing the future of Whiskeytown in doubt. It was then that violinist Caitlin Cary also considered leaving the band, while Adams toyed with the idea of signing as a solo artist with A&M Records. But in the end, the remaining band members soldiered on and, in February 1997, Adams, Cary, and guitarist Phil Wandscher traveled to Woodland Studios in Nashville to record their major label debut. Drummer Steve Terry and bassist Jeff Rice were also added to the lineup. Producer Jim Scott was selected due to his previous work on Tom Petty's Wildflowers album. The sessions featured plenty of give-and-take between the young, scrappy band and the older, more-polished producer. Said Adams later: "He wanted to make something flow. He wanted to make our record work, whereas we wanted our record to get damaged." And for his part, Scott points to a particularly raw-sounding guitar part in the song "Everything I Do" and says, "I listen to that and go, oh my God, we should've redone that guitar because it just is a little rough on such a beautiful song. But that's maybe what they liked about it; they were like, 'No, that's cool'... Maybe that was the bruise on the apple that they were looking for." The first notes heard on the album – Adams picking out a slow acoustic guitar line at the beginning of "Inn Town" – were played using an Alvarez guitar purchased for $100 at a Nashville pawn shop. Adams had arrived in Nashville without a guitar because of an unfortunate mishap: on the day they were leaving for Nashville, the band met in a parking lot to load their gear into a van for the trip. After loading their gear, everyone hopped in the van and drove off. It was only later that they realized they'd left Adams's guitars behind, still sitting in the parking lot. The title of the album's opening track is a reference to fellow North Carolinian/Superchunk frontman Mac McCaughan and his band Wwax, who released a song with the same title. The song "Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight" features Alejandro Escovedo on vocals. The band had previously covered Escovedo's True Believers song "The Rain Won't Help You When It's Over", which is featured on Disc 2 of the album's 2008 reissue. The understated piano accents on "Avenues" were played by Adams. Producer Scott believes that this was the first time that the young songwriter had ever played piano on a recording. About the song "Losering", Adams says: "I love 'Losering' because I think it makes a beautiful statement with only about six words. I coulda put more extremely well-written, musically perfect songs on the record but decided not to because I was proud of the fact that there was finally some experimenting going on in the band. And 'Losering' was one of them – 'Losering' was originally just about a six or seven-bar little hymn that I was writing, like Sun Ra or somebody might do – like A Love Supreme, you know, where they just mumble that in succession at the end of that Coltrane record? I kinda wanted to do something like that but maybe with an influence from The Byrds, you know. And I was really proud of that; I really thought that was amazing, so I love listening to it." After a month of recording at Woodland Studios, the band finished recording and mixing at Ocean Way Studios in Los Angeles. Thirty-six songs were recorded for the album, of which thirteen made the final cut. Strangers Almanac Tour (1997–98) In a 2008 interview with Independent Weekly, Adams admitted that the Strangers sessions were a very unhappy time for him personally. Depression, substance abuse, and a general dissatisfaction with the band plagued his time in Nashville. In spite of this, Whiskeytown embarked on a grueling and turbulent tour that stretched out over the next 19 months. The band first appeared as part of the "No Depression Tour" with fellow alt-country acts Old 97's, Hazeldine, and The Picketts in the Spring of 1997. After Strangers Almanac was released on July 29, another round of touring ensued. This leg of the tour, dubbed the "RV Tour", found the band traveling between gigs in an RV. On the whiskeytownavenues message board, tour manager Thomas O'Keefe called the tour "a 2-month trek in the US that still causes mental illness in those that were there." One particular show at the Iota Club in Arlington, Virginia, found guitarist Phil Wandscher sitting above the stage for the entire performance, playing his guitar and occasionally throwing beer bottles down at singer Ryan Adams. At another show in Lansing, MI, a fan threw tomatoes at the band's crew following an abbreviated set by the band. On September 10, the band recorded a live in-studio performance for the KCRW radio program "Brave New World", which was later released on the 2008 deluxe edition of Strangers. Following a contentious September 25 show at The Hurricane in Kansas City, the band splintered. Ryan Adams and Caitlin Cary played the remaining dates of the tour as an acoustic duo. Wandscher, an original member of the band, would never play or record with Whiskeytown again. Wandscher's work on the Strangers Almanac album would later secure a record deal for his next band – thanks to a recommendation by Death Cab for Cutie's Chris Walla, who's a big fan of the album. Less than a month later, Whiskeytown had a new touring lineup and hit the road again. Joining Adams and Cary were ex-Firehose guitarist Ed Crawford, bassist Jenni Snyder, multi-instrumentalist Mike Daly, and the band's original drummer Skillet Gilmore. In January 1998, this lineup taped a live performance for Austin City Limits. They also performed on a number of radio programs, including Mountain Stage, Acoustic Cafe, Modern Rock Live, and KMTT's Music Lounge. In late April, the band embarked on their very first European tour, but without Crawford or Snyder. The Strangers tour continued in June as the band opened for John Fogerty, again with a new lineup of sidemen for Adams and Cary, including Brad Rice and Danny Kurtz from The Backsliders. Whiskeytown's ever-evolving lineup would prompt the band to poke fun at itself by selling T-shirts at shows that read: "I Played In Whiskeytown And All I Got Was This Lousy Goddamn T-Shirt!" In September, having now been on the road since March of the previous year, the band played another scandalous show – this time at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. At the end of the show, after experiencing sound problems, a lukewarm crowd, and being told he could not smoke on stage, an upset Adams smashed his mic stand and tossed the monitors off the stage. He then got into an altercation with the venue's security, and was finally dragged away by band member Daly. By the final show of the tour in October 1998, the band was playing almost an entire set of brand-new, unreleased music, with barely any songs from Strangers Almanac – the very album which had launched the tour nearly two years before. It would prove to be Whiskeytown's final tour to date. Track listing Original release All tracks written by Ryan Adams, except where noted. "Inn Town" – 5:51 (Adams, Wandscher) "Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight" – 3:14 "Yesterday's News" – 2:49 (Adams, Wandscher) "16 Days" – 3:54 "Everything I Do" – 4:31 (Adams, Wandscher) "Houses on the Hill" – 2:38 (Adams, Cary) "Turn Around" – 5:16 (Adams, Cary) "Dancing with the Women at the Bar" – 4:38 "Waiting to Derail" – 3:54 "Avenues" – 2:31 "Losering" – 4:00 "Somebody Remembers the Rose" – 2:30 (Adams, Wandscher) "Not Home Anymore" – 5:54 Deluxe edition All tracks written by Ryan Adams, except where noted. Disc one "Inn Town" – 5:51 "Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight" – 3:14 "Yesterday's News" – 2:49 "16 Days" – 3:54 "Everything I Do" – 4:31 "Houses on the Hill" – 2:38 "Turn Around" – 5:16 "Dancing with the Women at the Bar" – 4:38 "Waiting to Derail" – 3:54 "Avenues" – 2:31 "Losering" – 4:00 "Somebody Remembers the Rose" – 2:30 "Not Home Anymore" – 5:54 "Houses on the Hill" (Live) (bonus track) – 3:42 "Nurse with the Pills" (Live) (bonus track) – 4:40 "I Don't Care What You Think About Me" (Live) (bonus track) – 3:18 "Somebody Remembers the Rose" (Live) (bonus track) – 2:33 "Turn Around" (Live) (bonus track) – 4:26 Tracks 14–18 are previously unreleased live in the studio recordings. They were originally broadcast 9/10/97 on "Brave New World", KCRW-FM Radio, Santa Monica, CA Tracks 15 & 16 written by Ryan Adams Disc two "Indian Gown" – 4:46 (Adams/Wandscher) "16 Days" (Demo) – 3:13 "Somebody Remembers the Rose" (Demo) – 2:45 (Adams/Wandscher) "Avenues" (Demo) – 3:34 "Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight" (Demo) – 2:43 "Houses on the Hill" (Early Version) – 2:25 (Adams/Cary) "My Heart Is Broken" – 3:04 (Adams/Cary) "I Still Miss Someone" (Demo) – 2:24 (Johnny Cash/Roy Cash Jr.) "Kiss and Make-Up" – 3:31 "Barn's on Fire" – 1:43 "Dancing with the Women at the Bar" (Early Version) – 4:28 "Dreams" – 5:49 (Stevie Nicks) "Breathe" – 4:07 "Wither, I'm a Flower" (from the Hope Floats soundtrack) – 4:53 "Luxury Liner" – 2:40 (Gram Parsons) "Theme for a Trucker" (from The End of Violence soundtrack) – 4:29 "Streets of Sirens" – 3:44 "Turn Around" (Early Version) – 4:02 (Adams/Cary) "10 Seconds Till the End of the World" – 4:15 (Adams/Wandscher) "Ticket Time" – 3:54 (Adams/Wandscher) "The Rain Won't Help You When It's Over" – 4:34 (Alejandro Escovedo) Tracks 1, 6, 7, 10–13, 15, 17, and 19–21: the "Barn's on Fire" sessions. Tracks 2, 3, and 5: the "Baseball Park" sessions. All songs are previously unreleased, except for tracks 14 and 16. Personnel Musicians Ryan Adams – acoustic and electric guitars, vocals, banjo, piano, percussion Phil Wandscher – electric guitar, vocals, organ, percussion Caitlin Cary – violin, vocals Steven Terry – drums, vocals, percussion Jeff Rice – bass guitar Additional musicians Alejandro Escovedo – vocals John Ginty – piano, wurlitzer electric piano, Hammond b3 organ, church keys Greg Leisz – pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin Curt Bisquera – percussion Bill Ladd – pedal steel guitar Rick Latina – pedal steel guitar Dan Navarro – trumpet Crecencio Gonzalez – trombone Jim Goodwin – alto saxophone Jim Scott – percussion Production Produced, engineered and mixed by Jim Scott Recorded at Woodland studios, Nashville and Ocean Way studios, Hollywood Mixed at Ocean Way Studios, Hollywood Mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Precision Mastering, Los Angeles. References ^ Deming, Mark. "Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown". AllMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Hernandez, Raoul (May 2, 2008). "Otis Redding, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Whiskeytown". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Larkin, Colin (2009). "Whiskeytown". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-72636-3. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Willman, Chris (August 1, 1997). "Stranger's Almanac". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Cox, Tom (January 16, 1998). "Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac (Geffen)". The Guardian. ^ Wisdom, James P. "Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on June 5, 2003. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Staunton, Terry (June 2008). "Whiskeytown – Stranger's Almanac". Record Collector (350). Retrieved January 9, 2017. ^ Alden, Grant (August 7, 1997). "Whiskeytown: Strangers Almanac". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 13, 2002. Retrieved October 31, 2016. ^ Howe, Sean (May 2008). "Reissues". Spin. 24 (5): 96. Retrieved December 21, 2018. ^ "Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac". Uncut: 109. still sounds like alt-country's high tide. ^ "Whiskeytown's 'Almanac' Bolstered For Reissue". Billboard.com. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-02-04. ^ a b c d e f g h Blackstock, Peter (2008). Strangers Almanac Deluxe Edition (booklet). Whiskeytown. Santa Monica, California: Geffen. pp. 6–13. B0009410-02. ^ a b Currin, Grayson (1997). "Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ a b Blackstock, Peter (1997). "Whiskeytown – Falling down, standing up: Americana and Roots Music". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-01-03. ^ "Ryan Adams". 28 December 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-12-28. Retrieved 7 June 2023. ^ Menconi, David (1997). "Whiskeytown Has Songs To Spare". Billboard. BPI Communications (published 1997-06-28). p. 10. ^ Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). "Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ a b "1997 Set Lists". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ a b "1998 Set Lists". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ Blackstock, Peter (1997). "Hello Stranger from Issue #9". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ Deming, Mark (1997-07-29). "Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ a b "Yahoo! Groups". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ "Yahoo! Groups". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ "08/16/97". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ "Yahoo! Groups". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ "10/25/97". Answeringbell.com. 1997-10-24. Retrieved 2011-07-06. ^ Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). "Whiskeytown's Caitlin Cary on Strangers Almanac". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ a b "Field Reportings from Issue #12". No Depression. 1997. Retrieved 2011-02-04. ^ Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). "Whiskeytown's Strangers Almanac Gets Double-Disc Reissue Treatment". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ Blackstock, Peter (1998). "Whiskeytown – Borderline (London, England)". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-02-04. ^ Ray, Linda (1999). "Chip Robinson – Sliding In and Out of Grace". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-02-04. ^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Lh6.ggpht.com. Retrieved 2023-06-07. ^ Ganahl, Jane (1998-10-20). "Talkin' with the newest poet of rock". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-02-06. ^ duBrowa, Corey (2001-12-01). "Ryan Adams: Saving Private Ryan". Magnet Magazine. Retrieved 2011-02-06. ^ "October 2, 1998". Answeringbell.com. 1998-10-02. Retrieved 2011-07-06. vteWhiskeytown Ryan Adams Caitlin Cary Ed Crawford Mike Daly Eric "Skillet" Gilmore Steve Grothmann James Iha Bill Ladd Chris Laney Nicholas Petti Brad Rice Jeff Rice Chris Riser Mike Santoro Jenni Snyder Steven Terry Phil Wandscher Jon Wurster Studio albums Faithless Street (1995) Strangers Almanac (1997) Pneumonia (2001) EPs Angels (1995) Theme for a Trucker (1997) Rural Free Delivery (1997) In Your Wildest Dreams (1997) Unreleased albums Those Weren't the Days (1996) The Freightwhaler Sessions (1996) Forever Valentine (1997) Singles "16 Days" (1997) "Yesterday's News" (1998) Car Songs (split 7" w/ Neko Case & The Sadies) (1998) "Don't Be Sad" (2001) "San Antone" / "The Great Divide" (2009) Related articles Alternative country Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_country"},{"link_name":"Whiskeytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskeytown"},{"link_name":"Outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpost_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Strangers Almanac is the second studio album by American alternative country band Whiskeytown, released on July 29, 1997, on Outpost and Geffen Records. The album was reissued as a deluxe edition with bonus tracks and an additional disc of previously unreleased material on March 4, 2008.[11]","title":"Strangers Almanac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indyweek1997-13"},{"link_name":"Faithless Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_Street"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Cary"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Phil Wandscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Wandscher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Depression-14"},{"link_name":"Wildflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflowers_(Tom_Petty_album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"Superchunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superchunk"},{"link_name":"Mac McCaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_McCaughan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indyweek1997-13"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Escovedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Escovedo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"A Love Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Love_Supreme"},{"link_name":"Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltrane"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ocean Way Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Way_Studios"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Depression-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Throughout 1996, Whiskeytown recorded new material in Chapel Hill and Durham, North Carolina. Two separate recording sessions – dubbed the \"Barn's On Fire\" sessions and the \"Baseball Park\" sessions – produced several songs that were later re-recorded for Strangers Almanac.[12] And while praising everyone involved in making Strangers, principal songwriter Ryan Adams once remarked in an interview that he preferred these earlier songs to the final album.[13] Tracks from these sessions would later be released on the reissues of Faithless Street and Strangers Almanac.The road to making Strangers was a rocky one – in late 1996, bassist Steve Grothman and drummer Skillet Gilmore left the band on the same day, suddenly placing the future of Whiskeytown in doubt. It was then that violinist Caitlin Cary also considered leaving the band, while Adams toyed with the idea of signing as a solo artist with A&M Records. But in the end, the remaining band members soldiered on and, in February 1997, Adams, Cary, and guitarist Phil Wandscher traveled to Woodland Studios in Nashville to record their major label debut. Drummer Steve Terry and bassist Jeff Rice were also added to the lineup.[14] Producer Jim Scott was selected due to his previous work on Tom Petty's Wildflowers album.[12]The sessions featured plenty of give-and-take between the young, scrappy band and the older, more-polished producer. Said Adams later: \"He [Jim Scott] wanted to make something flow. He wanted to make our record work, whereas we wanted our record to get damaged.\" And for his part, Scott points to a particularly raw-sounding guitar part in the song \"Everything I Do\" and says, \"I listen to that and go, oh my God, we should've redone that guitar because it just is a little rough on such a beautiful song. But that's maybe what they liked about it; they were like, 'No, that's cool'... Maybe that was the bruise on the apple that they were looking for.\"[12]The first notes heard on the album – Adams picking out a slow acoustic guitar line at the beginning of \"Inn Town\" – were played using an Alvarez guitar purchased for $100 at a Nashville pawn shop. Adams had arrived in Nashville without a guitar because of an unfortunate mishap: on the day they were leaving for Nashville, the band met in a parking lot to load their gear into a van for the trip. After loading their gear, everyone hopped in the van and drove off. It was only later that they realized they'd left Adams's guitars behind, still sitting in the parking lot.[12] The title of the album's opening track is a reference to fellow North Carolinian/Superchunk frontman Mac McCaughan and his band Wwax, who released a song with the same title.[13]The song \"Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight\" features Alejandro Escovedo on vocals. The band had previously covered Escovedo's True Believers song \"The Rain Won't Help You When It's Over\", which is featured on Disc 2 of the album's 2008 reissue.[12]The understated piano accents on \"Avenues\" were played by Adams. Producer Scott believes that this was the first time that the young songwriter had ever played piano on a recording.[12]About the song \"Losering\", Adams says: \"I love 'Losering' because I think it makes a beautiful statement with only about six words. I coulda put more extremely well-written, musically perfect songs on the record but decided not to because I was proud of the fact that there was finally some experimenting going on in the band. And 'Losering' was one of them – 'Losering' was originally just about a six or seven-bar little hymn that I was writing, like Sun Ra or somebody might do – like A Love Supreme, you know, where they just mumble that in succession at the end of that Coltrane record? I kinda wanted to do something like that but maybe with an influence from The Byrds, you know. And I was really proud of that; I really thought that was amazing, so I love listening to it.\"[15]After a month of recording at Woodland Studios, the band finished recording and mixing at Ocean Way Studios in Los Angeles.[12] Thirty-six songs were recorded for the album, of which thirteen made the final cut.[14][16]","title":"Background and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answeringbell1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answeringbell2-19"},{"link_name":"alt-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_country"},{"link_name":"Old 97's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_97%27s"},{"link_name":"Hazeldine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazeldine_(band)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo1-22"},{"link_name":"Thomas O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Phil Wandscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Wandscher"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lansing, MI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_MI"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"KCRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deluxe_liner-12"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Cary"},{"link_name":"Wandscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Wandscher"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nodepression1997-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answeringbell1-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo1-22"},{"link_name":"next band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Sykes"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"},{"link_name":"Chris Walla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Walla"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Firehose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehose_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ed Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Mike Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daly"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nodepression1997-28"},{"link_name":"Austin City Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_City_Limits"},{"link_name":"Mountain Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Stage"},{"link_name":"Acoustic Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_Cafe"},{"link_name":"KMTT's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHTP"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answeringbell2-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"John Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"The Backsliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Backsliders"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Fillmore Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore_West"},{"link_name":"Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daly"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In a 2008 interview with Independent Weekly, Adams admitted that the Strangers sessions were a very unhappy time for him personally. Depression, substance abuse, and a general dissatisfaction with the band plagued his time in Nashville.[17] In spite of this, Whiskeytown embarked on a grueling and turbulent tour that stretched out over the next 19 months.[18][19] The band first appeared as part of the \"No Depression Tour\" with fellow alt-country acts Old 97's, Hazeldine, and The Picketts in the Spring of 1997.[20]After Strangers Almanac was released on July 29,[21] another round of touring ensued. This leg of the tour, dubbed the \"RV Tour\", found the band traveling between gigs in an RV.[22] On the whiskeytownavenues message board, tour manager Thomas O'Keefe called the tour \"a 2-month trek in the US that still causes mental illness in those that were there.\"[23] One particular show at the Iota Club in Arlington, Virginia, found guitarist Phil Wandscher sitting above the stage for the entire performance, playing his guitar and occasionally throwing beer bottles down at singer Ryan Adams.[24][25] At another show in Lansing, MI, a fan threw tomatoes at the band's crew following an abbreviated set by the band.[26][27]On September 10, the band recorded a live in-studio performance for the KCRW radio program \"Brave New World\", which was later released on the 2008 deluxe edition of Strangers.[12]Following a contentious September 25 show at The Hurricane in Kansas City, the band splintered. Ryan Adams and Caitlin Cary played the remaining dates of the tour as an acoustic duo. Wandscher, an original member of the band,[28] would never play or record with Whiskeytown again.[18][22]Wandscher's work on the Strangers Almanac album would later secure a record deal for his next band – thanks to a recommendation by Death Cab for Cutie's Chris Walla, who's a big fan of the album.[29]Less than a month later, Whiskeytown had a new touring lineup and hit the road again. Joining Adams and Cary were ex-Firehose guitarist Ed Crawford, bassist Jenni Snyder, multi-instrumentalist Mike Daly, and the band's original drummer Skillet Gilmore.[28] In January 1998, this lineup taped a live performance for Austin City Limits. They also performed on a number of radio programs, including Mountain Stage, Acoustic Cafe, Modern Rock Live, and KMTT's Music Lounge.[19]In late April, the band embarked on their very first European tour, but without Crawford or Snyder.[30] The Strangers tour continued in June as the band opened for John Fogerty, again with a new lineup of sidemen for Adams and Cary, including Brad Rice and Danny Kurtz from The Backsliders.[31]Whiskeytown's ever-evolving lineup would prompt the band to poke fun at itself by selling T-shirts at shows that read: \"I Played In Whiskeytown And All I Got Was This Lousy Goddamn T-Shirt!\"[32]In September, having now been on the road since March of the previous year, the band played another scandalous show – this time at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. At the end of the show, after experiencing sound problems, a lukewarm crowd, and being told he could not smoke on stage, an upset Adams smashed his mic stand and tossed the monitors off the stage. He then got into an altercation with the venue's security, and was finally dragged away by band member Daly.[33][34]By the final show of the tour in October 1998, the band was playing almost an entire set of brand-new, unreleased music, with barely any songs from Strangers Almanac – the very album which had launched the tour nearly two years before.[35]It would prove to be Whiskeytown's final tour to date.","title":"Strangers Almanac Tour (1997–98)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_News_(Whiskeytown_song)"},{"link_name":"16 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Days_(Whiskeytown_song)"}],"sub_title":"Original release","text":"All tracks written by Ryan Adams, except where noted.\"Inn Town\" – 5:51 (Adams, Wandscher)\n\"Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight\" – 3:14\n\"Yesterday's News\" – 2:49 (Adams, Wandscher)\n\"16 Days\" – 3:54\n\"Everything I Do\" – 4:31 (Adams, Wandscher)\n\"Houses on the Hill\" – 2:38 (Adams, Cary)\n\"Turn Around\" – 5:16 (Adams, Cary)\n\"Dancing with the Women at the Bar\" – 4:38\n\"Waiting to Derail\" – 3:54\n\"Avenues\" – 2:31\n\"Losering\" – 4:00\n\"Somebody Remembers the Rose\" – 2:30 (Adams, Wandscher)\n\"Not Home Anymore\" – 5:54","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yesterday's News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_News_(Whiskeytown_song)"},{"link_name":"16 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Days_(Whiskeytown_song)"},{"link_name":"KCRW-FM Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRW"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"16 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Days_(Whiskeytown_song)"},{"link_name":"I Still Miss Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still_Miss_Someone"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Roy Cash Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Cash_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Dreams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)"},{"link_name":"Stevie Nicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks"},{"link_name":"Hope Floats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Floats"},{"link_name":"\"Luxury Liner\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_at_Home"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Theme for a Trucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_for_a_Trucker"},{"link_name":"The End of Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Violence"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Escovedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Escovedo"}],"sub_title":"Deluxe edition","text":"All tracks written by Ryan Adams, except where noted.Disc one\"Inn Town\" – 5:51\n\"Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight\" – 3:14\n\"Yesterday's News\" – 2:49\n\"16 Days\" – 3:54\n\"Everything I Do\" – 4:31\n\"Houses on the Hill\" – 2:38\n\"Turn Around\" – 5:16\n\"Dancing with the Women at the Bar\" – 4:38\n\"Waiting to Derail\" – 3:54\n\"Avenues\" – 2:31\n\"Losering\" – 4:00\n\"Somebody Remembers the Rose\" – 2:30\n\"Not Home Anymore\" – 5:54\n\"Houses on the Hill\" (Live) (bonus track) – 3:42\n\"Nurse with the Pills\" (Live) (bonus track) – 4:40\n\"I Don't Care What You Think About Me\" (Live) (bonus track) – 3:18\n\"Somebody Remembers the Rose\" (Live) (bonus track) – 2:33\n\"Turn Around\" (Live) (bonus track) – 4:26Tracks 14–18 are previously unreleased live in the studio recordings. They were originally broadcast 9/10/97 on \"Brave New World\", KCRW-FM Radio, Santa Monica, CA\nTracks 15 & 16 written by Ryan AdamsDisc two\"Indian Gown\" – 4:46 (Adams/Wandscher)\n\"16 Days\" (Demo) – 3:13\n\"Somebody Remembers the Rose\" (Demo) – 2:45 (Adams/Wandscher)\n\"Avenues\" (Demo) – 3:34\n\"Excuse Me While I Break My Own Heart Tonight\" (Demo) – 2:43\n\"Houses on the Hill\" (Early Version) – 2:25 (Adams/Cary)\n\"My Heart Is Broken\" – 3:04 (Adams/Cary)\n\"I Still Miss Someone\" (Demo) – 2:24 (Johnny Cash/Roy Cash Jr.)\n\"Kiss and Make-Up\" – 3:31\n\"Barn's on Fire\" – 1:43\n\"Dancing with the Women at the Bar\" (Early Version) – 4:28\n\"Dreams\" – 5:49 (Stevie Nicks)\n\"Breathe\" – 4:07\n\"Wither, I'm a Flower\" (from the Hope Floats soundtrack) – 4:53\n\"Luxury Liner\" – 2:40 (Gram Parsons)\n\"Theme for a Trucker\" (from The End of Violence soundtrack) – 4:29\n\"Streets of Sirens\" – 3:44\n\"Turn Around\" (Early Version) – 4:02 (Adams/Cary)\n\"10 Seconds Till the End of the World\" – 4:15 (Adams/Wandscher)\n\"Ticket Time\" – 3:54 (Adams/Wandscher)\n\"The Rain Won't Help You When It's Over\" – 4:34 (Alejandro Escovedo)Tracks 1, 6, 7, 10–13, 15, 17, and 19–21: the \"Barn's on Fire\" sessions.\nTracks 2, 3, and 5: the \"Baseball Park\" sessions.\nAll songs are previously unreleased, except for tracks 14 and 16.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Phil Wandscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Wandscher"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Cary"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Ryan Adams – acoustic and electric guitars, vocals, banjo, piano, percussion\nPhil Wandscher – electric guitar, vocals, organ, percussion\nCaitlin Cary – violin, vocals\nSteven Terry – drums, vocals, percussion\nJeff Rice – bass guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alejandro Escovedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Escovedo"},{"link_name":"Greg Leisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Leisz"},{"link_name":"Curt Bisquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Bisquera"},{"link_name":"Dan Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Navarro"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Alejandro Escovedo – vocals\nJohn Ginty – piano, wurlitzer electric piano, Hammond b3 organ, church keys\nGreg Leisz – pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin\nCurt Bisquera – percussion\nBill Ladd – pedal steel guitar\nRick Latina – pedal steel guitar\nDan Navarro – trumpet\nCrecencio Gonzalez – trombone\nJim Goodwin – alto saxophone\nJim Scott – percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocean Way studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Way_studios"},{"link_name":"Ocean Way Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Way_Studios"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Produced, engineered and mixed by Jim Scott\nRecorded at Woodland studios, Nashville and Ocean Way studios, Hollywood\nMixed at Ocean Way Studios, Hollywood\nMastered by Stephen Marcussen at Precision Mastering, Los Angeles.","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/strangers-almanac-mw0000594942","url_text":"\"Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Raoul (May 2, 2008). \"Otis Redding, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Whiskeytown\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2008-05-02/618729/","url_text":"\"Otis Redding, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Whiskeytown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2009). \"Whiskeytown\". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-72636-3. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-70621","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-72636-3","url_text":"978-0-199-72636-3"}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (August 1, 1997). \"Stranger's Almanac\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/1997/08/01/strangers-almanac","url_text":"\"Stranger's Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Tom (January 16, 1998). \"Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac (Geffen)\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Wisdom, James P. \"Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on June 5, 2003. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030605085045/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/w/whiskeytown/strangers-almanac.shtml","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/w/whiskeytown/strangers-almanac.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staunton, Terry (June 2008). \"Whiskeytown – Stranger's Almanac\". Record Collector (350). Retrieved January 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/strangers-almanacdeluxe-edition","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown – Stranger's Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"}]},{"reference":"Alden, Grant (August 7, 1997). \"Whiskeytown: Strangers Almanac\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 13, 2002. Retrieved October 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021213123920/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/cd/review.asp?aid=38655&cf=2149","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown: Strangers Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/cd/review.asp?aid=38655&cf=2149","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Sean (May 2008). \"Reissues\". Spin. 24 (5): 96. Retrieved December 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kic4tNzhZF8C&pg=PA96","url_text":"\"Reissues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"Whiskeytown: Stranger's Almanac\". Uncut: 109. [The album] still sounds like alt-country's high tide.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"\"Whiskeytown's 'Almanac' Bolstered For Reissue\". Billboard.com. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2008-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046690/whiskeytowns-almanac-bolstered-for-reissue","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown's 'Almanac' Bolstered For Reissue\""}]},{"reference":"Blackstock, Peter (2008). Strangers Almanac Deluxe Edition (booklet). Whiskeytown. Santa Monica, California: Geffen. pp. 6–13. B0009410-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_Almanac_(Whiskeytown_album)","url_text":"Strangers Almanac Deluxe Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskeytown","url_text":"Whiskeytown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California","url_text":"Santa Monica, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records","url_text":"Geffen"}]},{"reference":"Currin, Grayson (1997). \"Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac\". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2008-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/whiskeytowns-ryan-adams-on-strangers-almanac/Content?oid=1207059","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Weekly","url_text":"Independent Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Blackstock, Peter (1997). \"Whiskeytown – Falling down, standing up: Americana and Roots Music\". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nodepression.com/1997/07/falling-down-standing-up/4","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown – Falling down, standing up: Americana and Roots Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Adams\". 28 December 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-12-28. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011228224913/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~anderss/Adamsint.html","url_text":"\"Ryan Adams\""},{"url":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~anderss/Adamsint.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Menconi, David (1997). \"Whiskeytown Has Songs To Spare\". Billboard. BPI Communications (published 1997-06-28). p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). \"Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac\". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/whiskeytowns-ryan-adams-on-strangers-almanac/Content?oid=1207059","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown's Ryan Adams on Strangers Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Weekly","url_text":"Independent Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Set Lists\". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answeringbell.com/Answering%20Bell/Index/1997_set_lists.htm","url_text":"\"1997 Set Lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"1998 Set Lists\". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answeringbell.com/Answering%20Bell/Index/1998_set_lists.htm","url_text":"\"1998 Set Lists\""}]},{"reference":"Blackstock, Peter (1997). \"Hello Stranger from Issue #9\". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nodepression.com/1997/05/hello-stranger-from-issue-9","url_text":"\"Hello Stranger from Issue #9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark (1997-07-29). \"Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/strangers-almanac-r308728","url_text":"\"Strangers Almanac – Whiskeytown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo! Groups\". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105142622/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10671","url_text":"\"Yahoo! Groups\""},{"url":"http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10671","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo! Groups\". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716192728/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10603","url_text":"\"Yahoo! Groups\""},{"url":"http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10603","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"08/16/97\". Answeringbell.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answeringbell.com/Answering%20Bell/1997%20Shows/1997.08.16.htm","url_text":"\"08/16/97\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo! Groups\". Launch.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709231125/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10656","url_text":"\"Yahoo! Groups\""},{"url":"http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/whiskeytownavenues/message/10656","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"10/25/97\". Answeringbell.com. 1997-10-24. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answeringbell.com/Answering%20Bell/1997%20Shows/1997.10.25.htm","url_text":"\"10/25/97\""}]},{"reference":"Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). \"Whiskeytown's Caitlin Cary on Strangers Almanac\". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/whiskeytowns-caitlin-cary-on-strangers-almanac/Content?oid=1207063","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown's Caitlin Cary on Strangers Almanac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Weekly","url_text":"Independent Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Field Reportings from Issue #12\". No Depression. 1997. Retrieved 2011-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nodepression.com/1997/11/field-reportings-from-issue-12/","url_text":"\"Field Reportings from Issue #12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"Currin, Grayson (2008-03-12). \"Whiskeytown's Strangers Almanac Gets Double-Disc Reissue Treatment\". Independent Weekly. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/whiskeytowns-strangers-almanac-gets-double-disc-reissue-treatment/Content?oid=1206974","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown's Strangers Almanac Gets Double-Disc Reissue Treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Weekly","url_text":"Independent Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Blackstock, Peter (1998). \"Whiskeytown – Borderline (London, England)\". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nodepression.com/1998/08/whiskeytown-borderline-london-england/","url_text":"\"Whiskeytown – Borderline (London, England)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"Ray, Linda (1999). \"Chip Robinson – Sliding In and Out of Grace\". No Depression. Retrieved 2011-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.nodepression.com/1999/05/sliding-in-and-out-of-grace/3/","url_text":"\"Chip Robinson – Sliding In and Out of Grace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"\"Photographic image\" (JPG). Lh6.ggpht.com. Retrieved 2023-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://lh6.ggpht.com/WhittingStock/R0u49aq9SbI/AAAAAAAABDk/5zdV3riY-As/s400/whiskeytown+T-shirt.JPG","url_text":"\"Photographic image\""}]},{"reference":"Ganahl, Jane (1998-10-20). \"Talkin' with the newest poet of rock\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1998/10/20/STYLE10064.dtl","url_text":"\"Talkin' with the newest poet of rock\""}]},{"reference":"duBrowa, Corey (2001-12-01). \"Ryan Adams: Saving Private Ryan\". Magnet Magazine. Retrieved 2011-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnetmagazine.com/2001/12/01/ryan-adams-saving-private-ryan/","url_text":"\"Ryan Adams: Saving Private Ryan\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 2, 1998\". Answeringbell.com. 1998-10-02. Retrieved 2011-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.answeringbell.com/Answering%20Bell/1998%20Shows/1998.10.02.htm","url_text":"\"October 2, 1998\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogues_in_Human_Geography

Dialogues in Human Geography

["1 References","2 External links"]

Academic journalDialogues in Human GeographyDisciplineHuman geographyLanguageEnglishEdited byReuben Rose-RedwoodPublication detailsHistory2011–presentPublisherSAGE Publishing (England)FrequencyTriannualImpact factor27.000 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Dialogues Hum. Geogr.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN2043-8206 (print)2043-8214 (web)Links Journal homepage Online access Online archive Dialogues in Human Geography is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering human geography. It was established in 2011 and is published by SAGE Publishing. The journal's founding editor was Rob Kitchin (Maynooth University) and the current managing editor is Reuben Rose-Redwood (University of Victoria). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 27.000, ranking it 1st out of 85 journals in the category "Geography." In 2022, the related journal Dialogues in Urban Research was started, with Clark University geographer Mark Davidson as Editor-in-Chief. References ^ "Journals Ranked by Impact: Geography". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021. ^ "Geography journal founded and edited by Maynooth Professor ranked first in global index". Maynooth University. 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-10-20. ^ https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/dialogues-in-urban-research/journal203733#editorial-board External links Official website This article about a journal on geography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partements_d%27outre-mer

Overseas departments and regions of France

["1 History","2 Geography and characteristics","3 Demographics","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Overseas departments and regions of France that are outside metropolitan France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (August 2018) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Département et région d'outre-mer}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article is part of a series on theAdministrativedivisions of France Administrative divisions Regions Departments Arrondissements Cantons Intercommunality Métropole Communauté urbaine Communauté d'agglomération Communauté de communes Communes Associated communes Municipal arrondissements Overseas France Overseas departments and regions Overseas collectivities Overseas country (French Polynesia) Sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia) Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Clipperton Island Geocodes of France ISO NUTS France portalvte The overseas departments and regions of France (French: départements et régions d'outre-mer, pronounced ; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France". The distant parts have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions and departments. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status. Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are: French Guiana in South America; Guadeloupe in the Caribbean; Martinique in the Caribbean; Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa; Réunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. History France's earliest, short-lived attempt at setting up overseas departments was after Napoleon's conquest of the Republic of Venice in 1797, when the hitherto Venetian Ionian Islands fell to the French Directory and were organised as the departments of Mer-Égée, Ithaque and Corcyre. In 1798, the Russian Admiral Fyodor Ushakov evicted the French from these islands, and though France regained them via the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the three departments were not revived. Under the 1947 Constitution of the Fourth Republic, the French colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean; French Guiana in South America; and Réunion in the Indian Ocean were defined as overseas departments, joining Algeria in North Africa, which had previously been divided into three departments and a territory in 1848. 2011–2020 map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions Since 1982, following the French government's policy of decentralisation, overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As a result of a constitutional revision that occurred in 2003, these regions are now to be called "overseas regions"; indeed, the new wording of the Constitution gives no precedence to the terms "overseas department" or "overseas region", though the latter is still virtually unused by the French media. The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 to 1985. All five of France's overseas departments have between 200,000 and 1,000,000 people each, whereas Saint Pierre and Miquelon has only about 6,000, and the smaller collectivity unit therefore seemed more appropriate for the islands. The overseas collectivity of Mayotte held a referendum on 29 March 2009. Of the votes, 95% were in favor of becoming an overseas department. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011. Geography and characteristics Each overseas department is the sole department in its own overseas region (French: région d'outre-mer) with powers identical to the regions of metropolitan France. Because of the one-to-one correspondence, informal usage does not distinguish the two, and the French media use the term département d'outre-mer (DOM) almost exclusively. As integral parts of the French republic and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council. The areas also vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. The overseas departments and regions are not the same as the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status. Guadeloupe and Réunion each have separate departmental and regional councils, while in Mayotte, Guiana and Martinique, the two layers of government are consolidated so one body wields both sets of powers. The overseas departments acquired these additional powers in 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils and other regional powers; however, the term "overseas region" was only introduced with the French constitutional amendment of 28 March 2003. Due to distance from the EU and local proximity some areas participate in economic fora and organizations of mutual interest geographically close-by. Such as Martinique and Guadeloupe taking part in both the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and Association of Caribbean States (ACS); or French Polynesia taking part in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF). Demographics Main articles: Demographics of French Guiana, Demographics of Guadeloupe, Demographics of Martinique, Demographics of Mayotte, and Demographics of Réunion Historical populations of current overseas departments and regionsYearPop.±%1950720,000—    1960949,000+31.8%19701,194,000+25.8%19801,286,000+7.7%19901,566,000+21.8%20001,865,000+19.1%20102,148,000+15.2%20202,165,749+0.8%Sources: See also List of islands of France Administrative divisions of France Outre-mer Overseas France Overseas Territories of France (European Parliament constituency) Overseas territory Single territorial collectivity Special member state territories and the European Union Notes ^ With the departmentalization of French Algeria  during the Second French Republic, the departments of Algiers, Oran, and Constantine were established in the north of the country while the Saharan portion was administered as the Southern Territories . References ^ Golani, Moti (1998). Israel in Search of a War: The Sinai Campaign, 1955-1956. Sussex Academic Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781898723479. ^ "Mayotte: 95.2% de "oui" au final" . Le Figaro (in French). 29 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ "Estimation de la population au 1er janvier 2020" (in French). INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020. ^ "Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par département, sexe et grande classe d'âge" (in French). INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020. External links (in French) Ministry of the overseas departments and territories (in French) past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like DOMs and TOMs (archived 29 September 2006) vteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas​ regions1 French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte2 Réunion Overseas​ collectivities French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis​ collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory​ (French Southern​ and Antarctic Lands) Adélie Land Crozet Islands French domains of Saint Helena French domains of the Holy Land Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Scattered Islands in​ the Indian Ocean Bassas da India3 Europa Island3 Glorioso Islands2, 3 Banc du Geyser Juan de Nova Island3 Tromelin Island4 1 Also known as overseas departments 2 Claimed by the Comoros 3 Claimed by Madagascar 4 Claimed by Mauritius vteDesignations for types of administrative divisionEnglish termsCommon English termsArea Insular area Local government area Special area Unincorporated area Unorganized area Borough County borough Metropolitan borough CantonHalf-cantonCapital Federal capital Imperial capital City Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city-county County seat County town Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Regional county municipality Viscounty Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Local government district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Service district Educational service district Local service district School district Intermediate school district Special district in the US Urban district Division Census division Police division Subdivision of India Indian reserve/reservation Indian reservation (United States) Indian reserve (Canada) Municipality City municipality County municipality Direct-controlled municipality District municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Mountain resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Special administrative region Autonomous region Capital region National capital region Development region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Subregion State Proto-state City-state Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory National capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Incorporated territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Regional unit Territorial unit Autonomous territorial unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Exclusion zone Military exclusion zone Free speech zone Neutral zone Self-administered zone Trade zone Free-trade zone Other English termsCurrent Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy District Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Viceroyalty Non-English terms or loanwordsCurrent Amt Apskritis Bakhsh Barangay Bashki Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comarca Comune Frazione Freguesia Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Hromada Județ Kampong Kommun/Kunta Finland Sweden Län (Sweden) Landskap Finland Località Maakunta Megye Muban Mukim Njësi administrative Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Qark Raion Savivaldybė Selsoviet Seniūnija Shahrestān Sum China Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Komunë Köping Korale Län/Lääni Landskap Sweden Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Rreth Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics. See also Census division Electoral district List of administrative divisions by country Slavic administrative divisions

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[depaʁtəmɑ̃ e ʁeʒjɔ̃ d‿utʁəmɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"French Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"}],"text":"The overseas departments and regions of France (French: départements et régions d'outre-mer, pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ e ʁeʒjɔ̃ d‿utʁəmɛʁ]; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as \"metropolitan France\". The distant parts have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions and departments. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status.Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are:French Guiana in South America;\nGuadeloupe in the Caribbean;\nMartinique in the Caribbean;\nMayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa;\nRéunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.","title":"Overseas departments and regions of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"French Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory"},{"link_name":"organised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)"},{"link_name":"Mer-Égée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer-%C3%89g%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Ithaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaque"},{"link_name":"Corcyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcyre"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"regained them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1807%E2%80%931814)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France"},{"link_name":"Fourth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"French colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png"},{"link_name":"overseas countries and territories and outermost regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"French government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_France"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"overseas collectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_collectivity"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Mahoran_status_referendum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"France's earliest, short-lived attempt at setting up overseas departments was after Napoleon's conquest of the Republic of Venice in 1797, when the hitherto Venetian Ionian Islands fell to the French Directory and were organised as the departments of Mer-Égée, Ithaque and Corcyre. In 1798, the Russian Admiral Fyodor Ushakov evicted the French from these islands, and though France regained them via the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, the three departments were not revived.Under the 1947 Constitution of the Fourth Republic, the French colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean; French Guiana in South America; and Réunion in the Indian Ocean were defined as overseas departments, joining Algeria[1] in North Africa, which had previously been divided into three departments and a territory in 1848.[a]2011–2020 map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regionsSince 1982, following the French government's policy of decentralisation, overseas departments have elected regional councils with powers similar to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As a result of a constitutional revision that occurred in 2003, these regions are now to be called \"overseas regions\"; indeed, the new wording of the Constitution gives no precedence to the terms \"overseas department\" or \"overseas region\", though the latter is still virtually unused by the French media.The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 to 1985. All five of France's overseas departments have between 200,000 and 1,000,000 people each, whereas Saint Pierre and Miquelon has only about 6,000, and the smaller collectivity unit therefore seemed more appropriate[according to whom?] for the islands.[citation needed]The overseas collectivity of Mayotte held a referendum on 29 March 2009. Of the votes, 95% were in favor of becoming an overseas department. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"French republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(France)"},{"link_name":"Economic and Social Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Economic,_Social_and_Environmental_Council"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"overseas collectivities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_collectivity"},{"link_name":"consolidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_territorial_collectivity"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"regional councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_council_(France)"},{"link_name":"French constitutional amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_amendments_under_the_French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States"},{"link_name":"Association of Caribbean States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum"}],"text":"Each overseas department is the sole department in its own overseas region (French: région d'outre-mer) with powers identical to the regions of metropolitan France. Because of the one-to-one correspondence, informal usage does not distinguish the two, and the French media use the term département d'outre-mer (DOM) almost exclusively.As integral parts of the French republic and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council. The areas also vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. The overseas departments and regions are not the same as the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status.Guadeloupe and Réunion each have separate departmental and regional councils, while in Mayotte, Guiana and Martinique, the two layers of government are consolidated so one body wields both sets of powers. The overseas departments acquired these additional powers in 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils and other regional powers; however, the term \"overseas region\" was only introduced with the French constitutional amendment of 28 March 2003.Due to distance from the EU and local proximity some areas participate in economic fora and organizations of mutual interest geographically close-by. Such as Martinique and Guadeloupe taking part in both the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and Association of Caribbean States (ACS); or French Polynesia taking part in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).","title":"Geography and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"departmentalization of French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Departmentalization_of_French_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partementalisation_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Second French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_(department)"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_(department)"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Department"},{"link_name":"Southern Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Territories_(French_Algiera)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoires_du_Sud"}],"text":"^ With the departmentalization of French Algeria [fr] during the Second French Republic, the departments of Algiers, Oran, and Constantine were established in the north of the country while the Saharan portion was administered as the Southern Territories [fr].","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rant_(disambiguation)

Rant (disambiguation)

["1 Literature","2 Music","3 Other uses","4 People with the surname","5 See also"]

Look up rant or rants in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A rant or diatribe is a kind of oration. Rant(s) or The Rant(s) may also refer to: Literature Rant (novel), a 2007 novel by Chuck Palahniuk The Rants, a book by Dennis Miller Rant, a type of character in Leven Thumps Music Rant (Ian Hunter album) (2001) Rant (The Futureheads album) (2012) RANT, Scottish chamber-folk quartet whose members have included Jenna Reid, Lauren MacColl and Gillian Frame A lively Scottish tune; see "MacPherson's Rant" A traditional dance-step, originating in the UK; see Music of Northumbria Other uses "The Rant", a commercial in the I Am Canadian media campaign for Molson Canadian Beer Ranter, member of a seventeenth-century English religious movement People with the surname Christopher Rants (born 1967), American politician from Iowa James Rant (1936–2003), British judge and Judge Advocate General Thomas Rant (1604–1671), English lawyer and Member of Parliament in 1660 Zoran Rant (1904–1972), Slovene mechanical engineer, scientist and professor See also RANTES or CCL5, a human protein RantMedia, a media organization Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rant.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Lyall

Gavin Lyall

["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Obituaries","4 References","5 Notes"]

English author (1932–2003) Gavin LyallBornGavin Tudor Lyall(1932-05-09)9 May 1932Birmingham, Warwickshire, EnglandDied18 January 2003(2003-01-18) (aged 70)LondonOccupationjournalist and novelistGenreThrillerSpouse Katharine Whitehorn ​(m. 1958)​ Gavin Tudor Lyall (9 May 1932 – 18 January 2003) was an English author of espionage thrillers. Biography Lyall was born in Birmingham, then in Warwickshire (now West Midlands), England, as the son of a local accountant, and educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham. After completing his two years of National Service, 1951 to 1953, as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force flying Gloster Meteors, he went to Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduating in 1956 with honours in English. While at Cambridge he wrote regularly for the undergraduate newspaper Varsity and also created a strip cartoon whose hero, "Olly", reflected student life and became a cult figure. He became editor of Varsity in 1956. After graduating he worked briefly as a reporter for the Birmingham Gazette, Picture Post and Sunday Graphic newspapers and then as a film director for the BBC's Tonight programme. In 1958, he married the author Katharine Whitehorn, with whom he was to have two sons. Lyall lived at 14 Provost Rd, London NW3 and enjoyed sailing on the Thames in his motor cruiser. From 1959 to 1962 he was a newspaper reporter and the aviation correspondent for the Sunday Times. His first novel, The Wrong Side of the Sky, was published in 1961, drawing from his personal experiences in the Libyan Desert and in Greece. It was an immediate success; P.G. Wodehouse said of it, "Terrific: when better novels of suspense are written, lead me to them." Lyall then left journalism in 1963 to become a full-time author. Lyall's first seven novels in the 1960s and early 1970s were action thrillers with different settings around the world. The Most Dangerous Game (1963) was set in Finnish Lapland. The film rights to Midnight Plus One (1965), in which an ex-spy is hired to drive a millionaire to Liechtenstein were purchased by actor Steve McQueen, who had planned to adapt it to the cinema before he died. Shooting Script (1966), about a former RAF pilot hired to fly his de Havilland Dove for a filming company, later in the story a B-25 Mitchell, is set around the Caribbean. Whitmore, a central character in the story was inspired by John Wayne who Lyall had met while reporting on the making of the 1957 film 'Legend of the Lost' in Libya. The protagonists of Judas Country (1975) are again former RAF pilots, and the setting is now in Cyprus and the Middle East. Lyall is credited as co-writer (together with Frank Hardman and Martin Davison) of the original story on which the screenplay of the 1969 science-fiction film Moon Zero Two is based. Gavin Lyall was also a wargamer and appeared in "Battleground", a Tyne Tees television series on miniature war gaming in 1978. Lyall won the British Crime Writers' Association's Silver Dagger award in both 1964 and 1965. In 1966-67 he was Chairman of the British Crime Writers Association. He was not a prolific author, attributing his slow pace to obsession with technical accuracy. According to a British newspaper, "he spent many nights in his kitchen at Primrose Hill, north London, experimenting to see if one could, in fact, cast bullets from lead melted in a saucepan, or whether the muzzle flash of a revolver fired across a saucer of petrol really would ignite a fire". He eventually published the results of his research in a series of pamphlets for the Crime Writers' Association in the 1970s. Lyall signed a contract in 1964 by the investments group Booker similar to one they had signed with Ian Fleming. In return for a lump payment of £25,000 and an annual salary, they and Lyall subsequently split his royalties, 51–49. Up to the publication in 1975 of Judas Country, Lyall's work falls into two groups. The aviation thrillers (The Wrong Side of the Sky, The Most Dangerous Game, Shooting Script, and Judas Country), and what might be called "Euro-thrillers" revolving around international crime in Europe (Midnight Plus One, Venus With Pistol, and Blame The Dead). All these books were written in the first person, with a sardonic style reminiscent of the "hard-boiled private-eye" genre. Despite the commercial success of his work, Lyall began to feel that he was falling into a predictable pattern, and abandoned both his earlier genres, and the first-person narrative, for his "Harry Maxim" series of espionage thrillers beginning with The Secret Servant published in 1980. This book, originally developed for a proposed BBC TV Series, featured Major Harry Maxim, an SAS officer assigned as a security adviser to 10 Downing Street, and was followed by three sequels with the same central cast of characters. In the 1990s Lyall changed literary direction once again, and wrote four semi-historical thrillers about the fledgling British secret service in the years leading up to World War I. Lyall died of cancer in 2003. Works The Wrong Side of the Sky (1961) The Most Dangerous Game (1963) Midnight Plus One (1965) Shooting Script (1966) Venus With Pistol (1969) Freedom's Battle: The War in the Air 1939-1945 (1971) Blame the Dead (1973) Judas Country (1975) Operation Warboard: How to Fight World War II Battles in Miniature (1976) non-fiction, in collaboration with his son Bernard Lyall The Secret Servant (1980) The Conduct of Major Maxim (1982) The Crocus List (1985) Uncle Target (1988) Spy's Honour (1993) Flight from Honour (1996) All Honourable Men (1997) Honourable Intentions (1999) Obituaries The Guardian The Times New York Times References Murphy, Bruce F. (1999). Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29414-X. Pederson, Jay P.; Klein, Kathleen Gregory (1996). St. James Guide to Crime & Mystery Writers. St James Press. ISBN 1-55862-178-4. DeAndrea, William L (1997). Encyclopedia Mysteriosa. Hungry Minds. ISBN 0-02-861678-2. Petri Liukkonen. "Gavin Lyall". Books and Writers. Whitehorn, Katharine (2007). Selective Memory. Little Brown. ISBN 978-1-84408-240-7. Notes ^ Guardian obituary, infra. ^ a b "Gavin Lyall - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2004. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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After completing his two years of National Service, 1951 to 1953, as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force flying Gloster Meteors, he went to Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduating in 1956 with honours in English.While at Cambridge he wrote regularly for the undergraduate newspaper Varsity and also created a strip cartoon whose hero, \"Olly\", reflected student life and became a cult figure. He became editor of Varsity in 1956.After graduating he worked briefly as a reporter for the Birmingham Gazette, Picture Post and Sunday Graphic newspapers and then as a film director for the BBC's Tonight programme. In 1958, he married the author Katharine Whitehorn, with whom he was to have two sons.Lyall lived at 14 Provost Rd, London NW3 and enjoyed sailing on the Thames in his motor cruiser. From 1959 to 1962 he was a newspaper reporter and the aviation correspondent for the Sunday Times. His first novel, The Wrong Side of the Sky, was published in 1961, drawing from his personal experiences in the Libyan Desert and in Greece. It was an immediate success; P.G. Wodehouse said of it, \"Terrific: when better novels of suspense are written, lead me to them.\"[1] Lyall then left journalism in 1963 to become a full-time author.Lyall's first seven novels in the 1960s and early 1970s were action thrillers with different settings around the world. The Most Dangerous Game (1963) was set in Finnish Lapland. The film rights to Midnight Plus One (1965), in which an ex-spy is hired to drive a millionaire to Liechtenstein were purchased by actor Steve McQueen, who had planned to adapt it to the cinema before he died. Shooting Script (1966), about a former RAF pilot hired to fly his de Havilland Dove for a filming company, later in the story a B-25 Mitchell, is set around the Caribbean. Whitmore, a central character in the story was inspired by John Wayne who Lyall had met while reporting on the making of the 1957 film 'Legend of the Lost' in Libya. The protagonists of Judas Country (1975) are again former RAF pilots, and the setting is now in Cyprus and the Middle East.Lyall is credited as co-writer (together with Frank Hardman and Martin Davison) of the original story on which the screenplay of the 1969 science-fiction film Moon Zero Two is based.Gavin Lyall was also a wargamer and appeared in \"Battleground\", a Tyne Tees television series on miniature war gaming in 1978.[1]Lyall won the British Crime Writers' Association's Silver Dagger award in both 1964 and 1965. In 1966-67 he was Chairman of the British Crime Writers Association. He was not a prolific author, attributing his slow pace to obsession with technical accuracy. According to a British newspaper, \"he spent many nights in his kitchen at Primrose Hill, north London, experimenting to see if one could, in fact, cast bullets from lead melted in a saucepan, or whether the muzzle flash of a revolver fired across a saucer of petrol really would ignite a fire\".[2]\nHe eventually published the results of his research in a series of pamphlets for the Crime Writers' Association in the 1970s.\nLyall signed a contract in 1964 by the investments group Booker similar to one they had signed with Ian Fleming. In return for a lump payment of £25,000 and an annual salary, they and Lyall subsequently split his royalties, 51–49.[2]Up to the publication in 1975 of Judas Country, Lyall's work falls into two groups. The aviation thrillers (The Wrong Side of the Sky, The Most Dangerous Game, Shooting Script, and Judas Country), and what might be called \"Euro-thrillers\" revolving around international crime in Europe (Midnight Plus One, Venus With Pistol, and Blame The Dead). All these books were written in the first person, with a sardonic style reminiscent of the \"hard-boiled private-eye\" genre. Despite the commercial success of his work, Lyall began to feel that he was falling into a predictable pattern, and abandoned both his earlier genres, and the first-person narrative, for his \"Harry Maxim\" series of espionage thrillers beginning with The Secret Servant published in 1980. This book, originally developed for a proposed BBC TV Series, featured Major Harry Maxim, an SAS officer assigned as a security adviser to 10 Downing Street, and was followed by three sequels with the same central cast of characters. In the 1990s Lyall changed literary direction once again, and wrote four semi-historical thrillers about the fledgling British secret service in the years leading up to World War I.Lyall died of cancer in 2003.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wrong Side of the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Side_of_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"The Most Dangerous Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Dangerous_Game_(Gavin_Lyall_novel)"},{"link_name":"Midnight Plus One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Plus_One"},{"link_name":"Shooting Script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Script"},{"link_name":"Venus With Pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_With_Pistol"},{"link_name":"Blame the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Judas Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Country"},{"link_name":"The Secret Servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Servant_(Gavin_Lyall_novel)"},{"link_name":"The Conduct of Major Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conduct_of_Major_Maxim"},{"link_name":"The Crocus List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crocus_List"},{"link_name":"Uncle Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Target"},{"link_name":"Spy's Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spy%27s_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flight from Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_from_Honour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Honourable Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Honourable_Men&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honourable Intentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honourable_Intentions&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Wrong Side of the Sky (1961)\nThe Most Dangerous Game (1963)\nMidnight Plus One (1965)\nShooting Script (1966)\nVenus With Pistol (1969)\nFreedom's Battle: The War in the Air 1939-1945 (1971)\nBlame the Dead (1973)\nJudas Country (1975)\nOperation Warboard: How to Fight World War II Battles in Miniature (1976) non-fiction, in collaboration with his son Bernard Lyall\nThe Secret Servant (1980)\nThe Conduct of Major Maxim (1982)\nThe Crocus List (1985)\nUncle Target (1988)\nSpy's Honour (1993)\nFlight from Honour (1996)\nAll Honourable Men (1997)\nHonourable Intentions (1999)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,878937,00.html"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-45-549709,00.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900EFD61330F931A15752C0A9659C8B63"}],"text":"The Guardian\nThe Times\nNew York Times","title":"Obituaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gavin_Lyall_-_Telegraph_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gavin_Lyall_-_Telegraph_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gavin Lyall - Telegraph\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040106044139/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&targetRule=10&xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F21%2Fdb2101.xml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&targetRule=10&xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F21%2Fdb2101.xml"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496441#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109193417"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/79287989"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk86wrJpTg9PDHpyth73"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90969966"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1317552"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/113155809X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274366105171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14131029"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079934"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448255"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018P0247"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068862873"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810590375405606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01987093?l=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1281081"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bb13g8"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/085926396"}],"text":"^ Guardian obituary, infra.\n\n^ a b \"Gavin Lyall - Telegraph\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 6 January 2004.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nJapan\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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