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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis

Tau Boötis

["1 Stellar components","2 Planetary system","2.1 Naming controversy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 13h 47m 15.7s, +17° 27′ 25″Star in the constellation of BoötesNot to be confused with T Boötis. τ Boötis Location of τ Boötis (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Boötes Right ascension 13h 47m 15.7382s Declination +17° 27′ 24.810″ Apparent magnitude (V) 4.50 (4.46 to 4.52) Characteristics Spectral type F6V + M2 B−V color index 0.48 Variable type Suspected AstrometryProper motion (μ) RA: −468.923(95) mas/yr Dec.: +63.469(74) mas/yr Parallax (π)64.0470 ± 0.1093 masDistance50.92 ± 0.09 ly (15.61 ± 0.03 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)3.38 OrbitPrimaryτ Boo ACompanionτ Boo BPeriod (P)2,420+2,587−947 yrSemi-major axis (a)14.1+8.8−3.9″Eccentricity (e)0.87±0.04Inclination (i)47.2+2.7−3.7°Longitude of the node (Ω)191.8+3.3−4.7°Argument of periastron (ω)(secondary)290.7+13−10° Detailsτ Boo AMass1.35±0.03 M☉Radius1.42±0.02 R☉Luminosity3.06±0.16 L☉Surface gravity (log g)4.26±0.06 cgsTemperature6,387±44 KMetallicity 0.25±0.03 dexRotation3.2±0.2 daysRotational velocity (v sin i)14.27±0.06 km/sAge1.3+0.4−0.6 Gyrτ Boo BMass0.49±0.02 M☉Radius0.48±0.05 R☉Surface gravity (log g)4.90 cgsTemperature3,580±90 KMetallicity +0.21 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)5.0 km/s Other designations τ Boo, 4 Boötis, NSV 6444, BD+18°2782, FK5 507, GC 18637, GJ 527, HD 120136, HIP 67275, HR 5185, SAO 100706, ADS 9025, CCDM 13473+1727, LTT 14021 Database referencesSIMBADdataAB Tau Boötis, Latinised from τ Boötis, is an F-type main-sequence star approximately 51 light-years away in the constellation of Boötes. It is a binary star system, with the secondary star being a red dwarf. In 1999, an extrasolar planet was detected orbiting the primary star. In December 2020, astronomers may have observed, for the first time, radio emissions from a planet beyond the Solar System. According to the researchers: "The signal is from the Tau Boötis system, which contains a binary star and an exoplanet. We make the case for an emission by the planet itself." Stellar components The system is a binary. The primary component is a yellow-white dwarf (spectral type F6V) and secondary is a dim red dwarf (spectral type M2). The system is relatively nearby, distance being about 51 light-years. The primary star should be easily visible to the unaided eye under dark skies. The primary star, Tau Boötis A is a yellow-white dwarf. It is 35 percent more massive and 42 percent larger than the Sun and thus is somewhat brighter and hotter. It is about 1.3 billion years old, making it younger than the Sun as well. Since it is more massive than the Sun, its lifespan is shorter—less than 6 billion years. Tau Boötis is the first star apart from the Sun to be observed changing the polarity of its magnetic field. It is also listed as a suspected variable star. The magnetic activity cycle for this star shows a period of 122 days—much shorter than the solar cycle. Tau Boötis B (with a capital B, as opposed to the planet) is a dim, 11 mag red dwarf with only about half the mass and radius of the Sun. It orbits the primary star at an average distance of about 220 AU (14 arcseconds) but comes as close as about 28 AU to the primary, giving its orbit a very high eccentricity of about 0.87. One orbit around the primary would take approximately 2400 years to complete. Planetary system In 1996 the planet Tau Boötis b was discovered orbiting the primary star by a team of astronomers led by R. Paul Butler. There are also some indications of another planet orbiting the star with a period of roughly 5,000 days; however, this could be due to an instrumental effect or a stellar magnetic activity cycle. Tau Boötis and its planet appear to be tidally locked to each other. The Tau Boötis A planetary system Companion(in order from star) Mass Semimajor axis(AU) Orbital period(days) Eccentricity Inclination Radius b 6±0.28 MJ 0.0481 ± 0.028 3.312463 ± 0.000014 0.023 ± 0.015 44.5 ± 1.5° — Naming controversy The planet and its host star was one of the planetary systems selected by the International Astronomical Union as part of NameExoWorlds, their public process for giving proper names to exoplanets and their host star (where no proper name already exists). The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names, and the IAU announced the new names in mid-December 2015. However, the IAU annulled the vote for the system, as the winning names ("Shri Ram Matt" for the star and "Bhagavatidevi" for the planet) were judged not to conform with the IAU rules for naming exoplanets due to the political activities of the namesake people. The names garnered the majority of the votes cast for the system, and also making up a significant proportion of all votes cast as part of the contest. See also List of exoplanets discovered before 2000 - Tau Boötis b References ^ a b c d e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR. ^ a b Mallik, Sushma V. (December 1999). "Lithium abundance and mass". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 352: 495–507. Bibcode:1999A&A...352..495M. ^ a b Samus, N. N.; et al. (2017). "General Catalogue of Variable Stars". Astronomy Reports. 5.1. 61 (1): 80–88. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. S2CID 125853869. Search for: NSV 6444. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Justesen, A. B.; Albrecht, S. (2019). "Constraining the orbit of the planet-hosting binary τ Boötis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625. EDP Sciences: A59. arXiv:1812.05885. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..59J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834368. ISSN 0004-6361. ^ Reiners, Ansgar (January 2006). "Rotation- and temperature-dependence of stellar latitudinal differential rotation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 446 (1): 267–277. arXiv:astro-ph/0509399. Bibcode:2006A&A...446..267R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053911. S2CID 8642707. ^ a b Borsa, F.; Scandariato, G.; Rainer, M.; Bignamini, A.; Maggio, A.; Poretti, E.; Lanza, A. F.; Di Mauro, M. P.; Benatti, S.; Biazzo, K.; Bonomo, A. S.; Damasso, M.; Esposito, M.; Gratton, R.; Affer, L.; Barbieri, M.; Boccato, C.; Claudi, R. U.; Cosentino, R.; Covino, E.; Desidera, S.; Fiorenzano, A. F. M.; Gandolfi, D.; Harutyunyan, A.; Maldonado, J.; Micela, G.; Molaro, P.; Molinari, E.; Pagano, I.; et al. (2015). "The GAPS programme with HARPS-N at TNG. VII. Putting exoplanets in the stellar context: Magnetic activity and asteroseismology of τ Bootis A". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 578: A64. arXiv:1504.00491. Bibcode:2015A&A...578A..64B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525741. S2CID 53490623. ^ a b c Lindgren, Sara; Heiter, Ulrike; Seifahrt, Andreas (February 2016). "Metallicity determination of M dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 586: A100. arXiv:1510.06642. Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.100L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526602. eISSN 1432-0746. ISSN 0004-6361. ^ Friedlander, Blaine (16 December 2020). "Astronomers detect possible radio emission from exoplanet". Phys.org. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ Turner, J.D.; et al. (2020). "The search for radio emission from the exoplanetary systems 55 Cancri, upsilon Andromedae, and tau Boötis using LOFAR beam-formed observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 645: A59. arXiv:2012.07926. Bibcode:2021A&A...645A..59T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937201. ^ Donati, J.-F.; et al. (2008). "Magnetic cycles of the planet-hosting star Tau Boötis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 385 (3): 1179–1185. arXiv:0802.1584. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.385.1179D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12946.x. S2CID 119089082. ^ Mittag, M.; et al. (April 2017). "Four-month chromospheric and coronal activity cycle in τ Boötis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 600: 9. Bibcode:2017A&A...600A.119M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629156. A119. ^ Butler, R. Paul; et al. (1997). "Three New 51 Pegasi Type Planets". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 474 (2): L115–L118. Bibcode:1997ApJ...474L.115B. doi:10.1086/310444. ^ Howard, Andrew W.; Fulton, Benjamin J. (2016). "Limits on Planetary Companions from Doppler Surveys of Nearby Stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 128 (969). 114401. arXiv:1606.03134. Bibcode:2016PASP..128k4401H. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/128/969/114401. S2CID 118503912. ^ Walker, G. A. H.; et al. (2008). "MOST detects variability on tau Bootis possibly induced by its planetary companion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 482 (2): 691–697. arXiv:0802.2732. Bibcode:2008A&A...482..691W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078952. S2CID 56317105. ^ Butler, R. P.; et al. (2006). "Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets". The Astrophysical Journal. 646 (1): 505–522. arXiv:astro-ph/0607493. Bibcode:2006ApJ...646..505B. doi:10.1086/504701. S2CID 119067572. ^ "NameExoWorlds: An IAU Worldwide Contest to Name Exoplanets and their Host Stars". International Astronomical Union. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ^ a b c "The ExoWorlds". NameExoWorlds. International Astronomical Union. n.d. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ^ "The Process". NameExoWorlds. International Astronomical Union. 30 November 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ^ "Final Results of NameExoWorlds Public Vote Released". International Astronomical Union. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016. External links "VizieR: HR 5185". Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-05-15. "VizieR: CCDM J13473+1727". Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-05-15. "Aladin Previewer: Tau Boötis". Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-05-15. Schirber, Michael (23 May 2005). "Role Reversal: Planet Controls a Star". SPACE.com. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "Notes for star Tau Boo". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "Tau Boötis 2". SolStation. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "Tau Bootis". The Planet Project. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-06-25. vteConstellation of Boötes Boötes in Chinese astronomy Boötes Void List of stars in Boötes StarsBayer α (Arcturus) β (Nekkar) γ (Seginus) δ (Princeps) ε (Izar) ζ η (Muphrid) θ (Asellus Primus) ι (Asellus Secundus) κ (Asellus Tertius) λ (Xuange) μ (Alkalurops) ν1 ν2 ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Flamsteed 1 2 3 6 (e) 7 9 10 11 12 (d) 13 14 15 18 20 22 (f) 24 (g) 26 31 32 33 34 38 (h, Merga) 39 40 44 (i) 45 (c) 46 (b) 47 (k) 50 Variable R S T ZZ BL BP BX BY CE CH CI CP CR CX CY (101 Vir) DE EK HN HP HD 118508 118889 122563 125040 125351 (A) 125658 126128 126141 126200 126271 127304 127726 128093 128198 129132 129357 130084 130603 130917 131040 131473 131496 (Arcalís) 132029 132406 132563 134064 134335 135438 135530 135944 136418 (Nikawiy) 141399 Other CFBDSIR 1458+10 Gliese 526 HAT-P-4 2MASS J15031961+2525196 LHS 2924 PSR J1544+4937 SDSS J1416+1348 SDSS J1433+1011 TVLM 513-46546 WASP-14 ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 Exoplanets HD 136418 b (Awasis) HAT-P-4b HD 128311 b c HD 132406 b τ Boötis b WASP-14b Star clusters NGC 5466 GalaxiesNGC 5248 5490 5500 5514 5523 5529 5533 5535 5539 5544 5545 5548 5557 5559 5562 5579 5582 5609 5613 5614 5615 5624 5641 5653 5665 5676 5682 5683 5714 5752 5753 5754 5755 5820 5821 5829 5837 5886 5896 5929 5930 5966 Numbered I II III Other Arp 302 3C 295 3C 299 3C 303 7C 1415+2556 CEERS-2112 CEERS-93316 CLASS B1359+154 Cloverleaf quasar DDO 190 EGS-zs8-1 EGSY8p7 IC 1050 IC 4461 IC 4462 IC 4481 IC 4516 LEDA 2108986 MACS 1423-z7p64 Maisie's Galaxy MS 1512-cB58 PGC 1470080 SDSSCGB 10189 SDSS J1430+2303 Teacup galaxy UGC 9128 UGC 9684 UGC 9796 ULAS J1342+0928 Galaxy clusters Abell 1795 IDCS J1426.5+3508 Astronomical events GRB 990123 GRB 080319B SCP 06F6 SN 2003fg SN 2005bc SN 2020tlf Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"13h 47m 15.7s, +17° 27′ 25″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wikisky.org/?ra=13.787694444444&de=17.456944444444&zoom=3&show_grid=1&show_constellation_lines=1&show_constellation_boundaries=1&show_const_names=1&show_galaxies=1&img_source=IMG_all"},{"link_name":"T Boötis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bo%C3%B6tis"},{"link_name":"Latinised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"F-type main-sequence star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaia_DR3-1"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Boötes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"red dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf"},{"link_name":"extrasolar planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet"},{"link_name":"radio emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_emission"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"exoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHYS-20201216-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2020-9"}],"text":"Coordinates: 13h 47m 15.7s, +17° 27′ 25″Star in the constellation of BoötesNot to be confused with T Boötis.Tau Boötis, Latinised from τ Boötis, is an F-type main-sequence star approximately 51 light-years away[1] in the constellation of Boötes. It is a binary star system, with the secondary star being a red dwarf. In 1999, an extrasolar planet was detected orbiting the primary star. In December 2020, astronomers may have observed, for the first time, radio emissions from a planet beyond the Solar System. According to the researchers: \"The signal is from the Tau Boötis system, which contains a binary star and an exoplanet. We make the case for an emission by the planet itself.\"[8][9]","title":"Tau Boötis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"spectral type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_type"},{"link_name":"red dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justesen2019-4"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justesen2019-4"},{"link_name":"magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donati2008-10"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"magnetic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_activity"},{"link_name":"solar cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mittag2017-11"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"arcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcseconds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justesen2019-4"}],"text":"The system is a binary. The primary component is a yellow-white dwarf (spectral type F6V) and secondary is a dim red dwarf (spectral type M2).[4] The system is relatively nearby, distance being about 51 light-years. The primary star should be easily visible to the unaided eye under dark skies.The primary star, Tau Boötis A is a yellow-white dwarf. It is 35 percent more massive and 42 percent larger than the Sun and thus is somewhat brighter and hotter. It is about 1.3 billion years old, making it younger than the Sun as well.[4] Since it is more massive than the Sun, its lifespan is shorter—less than 6 billion years. Tau Boötis is the first star apart from the Sun to be observed changing the polarity of its magnetic field.[10] It is also listed as a suspected variable star. The magnetic activity cycle for this star shows a period of 122 days—much shorter than the solar cycle.[11]Tau Boötis B (with a capital B, as opposed to the planet) is a dim, 11 mag red dwarf with only about half the mass and radius of the Sun. It orbits the primary star at an average distance of about 220 AU (14 arcseconds) but comes as close as about 28 AU to the primary, giving its orbit a very high eccentricity of about 0.87. One orbit around the primary would take approximately 2400 years to complete.[4]","title":"Stellar components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"Tau Boötis b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b"},{"link_name":"R. Paul Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Paul_Butler"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler1997-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard2016-13"},{"link_name":"tidally locked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidally_locked"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker2008-14"}],"text":"In 1996 the planet Tau Boötis b was discovered orbiting the primary star by a team of astronomers led by R. Paul Butler.[12] There are also some indications of another planet orbiting the star with a period of roughly 5,000 days; however, this could be due to an instrumental effect or a stellar magnetic activity cycle.[13] Tau Boötis and its planet appear to be tidally locked to each other.[14]","title":"Planetary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"NameExoWorlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NameExoWorlds"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nameexoworlds-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-process-18"},{"link_name":"Shri Ram Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriram_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Bhagavatidevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagwati_Devi_Sharma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vote-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statistics-17"}],"sub_title":"Naming controversy","text":"The planet and its host star was one of the planetary systems selected by the International Astronomical Union as part of NameExoWorlds, their public process for giving proper names to exoplanets and their host star (where no proper name already exists).[16][17] The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names, and the IAU announced the new names in mid-December 2015.[18] However, the IAU annulled the vote for the system, as the winning names (\"Shri Ram Matt\" for the star and \"Bhagavatidevi\" for the planet)[17] were judged not to conform with the IAU rules for naming exoplanets due to the political activities of the namesake people.[19] The names garnered the majority of the votes cast for the system, and also making up a significant proportion of all votes cast as part of the contest.[17]","title":"Planetary system"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cladel

Léon Cladel

["1 References"]

French novelist Léon Cladel Léon Cladel (Montauban, 22 March 1834 – 21 July 1892, Sèvres) was a French novelist. The son of an artisan, he studied law at Toulouse and became a solicitor's clerk in Paris. Cladel made a limited reputation by his first book, Les Martyrs ridicules (1862), a novel for which Charles Baudelaire, whose literary disciple Cladel was, wrote a preface. He then returned to his native district of Quercy in southwestern France, where he produced a series of stories of peasant life in Eral le dompteur (1865), Le Nomm Qouael (1868) and other volumes, similar to the works of Émile Pouvillon. Returning to Paris he published the two novels which are generally acknowledged as his best work, Le Bouscassié (1869) and La Fête votive de Saint-Bartholomée Porte-Glaive (1872). Une Maudite (1876) was judged dangerous to public morals and cost its author a month's imprisonment. Other works by Cladel are Les Va-nu-pieds (1873), a volume of short stories; N'a-qu'un-oeil (1882), Urbains et ruraux (1884), Gueux de marque (1887), and the posthumous Juive errante (1897). He died in Sèvres on 21 July 1892. References La Vie de Léon Cladel (Paris, 1905), by his daughter Judith Cladel, containing also an article on Cladel by Edmond Picard, a complete list of his works, and of the critical articles on his work. New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors The Symbolist Movement in Literature (1919), Arthur Symons  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cladel, Léon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_v_Eastleigh_BC

James v Eastleigh BC

["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

UK legal case James v Eastleigh BCCourtHouse of LordsCitation 2 AC 751 James v Eastleigh Borough Council 2 AC 751 is a leading discrimination case relevant for UK labour law, concerning the test for discrimination. It rejected that motive was in any way a part of the test for discrimination. This precludes the legality of positive discrimination, or any other kind of discrimination which may involve a benign motive. Facts Eastleigh BC offered free swimming pool access to pensioners, while non-pensioners had to pay for access. Because men and women become pensioners at different ages, "pensionable age" was "a shorthand expression which refers to the age of 60 in a woman and to the age of 65 in a man". Mr James had to pay for the swimming pool, but Mrs James did not because he was below pensionable age. He claimed there was direct discrimination (not indirect, whereby there would probably be a successful justification). Mr James claimed that this was contrary to the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 section 29. Judgment Lord Bridge, Lord Ackner and Lord Goff held that this was discrimination on grounds of sex under SDA 1975 s 1(1), because it followed the state pensionable and that was itself discriminatory. Lord Goff that Sir Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson VC’s desire test was not appropriate. One need not focus at all on intention or motive, because one can simply ask, ‘would the complainant have received the same treatment from the defendant but for his or her sex?’ I have to stress, however, that the ‘but for’ test is not appropriate for cases of indirect discrimination under s 1(1)(b), because there may be indirect discrimination against persons of one sex under that subsection, although a (proportionately smaller) group of persons of the opposite sex is adversely affected in the same way. Lord Griffiths and Lord Lowry dissented. See also vteDirect discrimination casesEquality Act 2010 ss 13 and 136Stefanko v Doherty and Maritime Hotel Ltd IRLR 322Horsey v Dyfed County Council ICR 755R (EOC) v Birmingham City Council AC 1155James v Eastleigh BC UKHL 6Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2) UKHL 13Smith v Safeway plc ICR 868Grant v South-West Trains Ltd ICR 449 (C-249/96)Chief Constable of Yorkshire Police v Khan UKHL 48Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary UKHL 11Roma Rights Centre v Prague Immigration UKHL 55Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire UKSC 15Coleman v Attridge Law (2008) C-303/06English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd EWCA Civ 1421Grainger plc v Nicholson IRLR 4 (EAT)see UK labour and equality law vteSources on justifying discriminationEquality Act 2010 Sch 9Etam plc v Rowan IRLR 150Johnston v Royal Ulster Constabulary (1986) C-222/84R (Amicus) v SS for Trade and Industry EWHC 860Sirdar v The Army Board (1999) C-273/97Kreil v Germany (2000) C-285/98Lambeth LBC v Commission for Racial Equality ICR 768Tottenham Green Nursery v Marshall (No 2) ICR 320Equality Act 2010 s 19(2)(d)Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz (1984) C-170/84Kontofunktionaerernes Forbund v Danfoss (1989) C-109/88Rinner-Kühn v FWW Gebäudereinigung KG (1989) C-171/88Nimz v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (1991) C-184/89Kutz-Bauer v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (2003) C-187/00Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College (2004) C-256/01see UK labour law UK labour law EU labour law Notes ^ Adams‐Prassl, Jeremias; Binns, Reuben; Kelly‐Lyth, Aislinn (1 August 2022). "Directly Discriminatory Algorithms". The Modern Law Review. 86: 1468–2230.12759. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.12759. ISSN 0026-7961. S2CID 251264321. References External links House of Lords James (Appellant) v. Eastleigh Borough Council (Respondents) https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/6.html

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"}],"text":"James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] 2 AC 751 is a leading discrimination case relevant for UK labour law, concerning the test for discrimination. It rejected that motive was in any way a part of the test for discrimination. This precludes the legality of positive discrimination, or any other kind of discrimination which may involve a benign motive.","title":"James v Eastleigh BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sex Discrimination Act 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975"}],"text":"Eastleigh BC offered free swimming pool access to pensioners, while non-pensioners had to pay for access. Because men and women become pensioners at different ages, \"pensionable age\" was \"a shorthand expression which refers to the age of 60 in a woman and to the age of 65 in a man\".[1]\nMr James had to pay for the swimming pool, but Mrs James did not because he was below pensionable age. He claimed there was direct discrimination (not indirect, whereby there would probably be a successful justification). Mr James claimed that this was contrary to the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 section 29.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lord Bridge, Lord Ackner and Lord Goff held that this was discrimination on grounds of sex under SDA 1975 s 1(1), because it followed the state pensionable and that was itself discriminatory. \nLord Goff that Sir Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson VC’s desire test was not appropriate. One need not focus at all on intention or motive, because one can simply ask, ‘would the complainant have received the same treatment from the defendant but for his or her sex?’I have to stress, however, that the ‘but for’ test is not appropriate for cases of indirect discrimination under s 1(1)(b), because there may be indirect discrimination against persons of one sex under that subsection, although a (proportionately smaller) group of persons of the opposite sex is adversely affected in the same way.Lord Griffiths and Lord Lowry dissented.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Directly Discriminatory Algorithms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2230.12759"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1468-2230.12759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.12759"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0026-7961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-7961"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"251264321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251264321"}],"text":"^ Adams‐Prassl, Jeremias; Binns, Reuben; Kelly‐Lyth, Aislinn (1 August 2022). \"Directly Discriminatory Algorithms\". The Modern Law Review. 86: 1468–2230.12759. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.12759. ISSN 0026-7961. S2CID 251264321.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Spain

Spain and the Holocaust

["1 Background","2 The Holocaust","2.1 Official policy","2.2 Personal initiatives","3 Post-war years","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 Further reading"]

The Spanish state's involvement in the Holocaust Francoist Spain remained officially neutral during World War II but maintained close political and economic ties to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy throughout the period of the Holocaust. Before the war, Francisco Franco had taken power in Spain at the head of a coalition of fascist, monarchist, and conservative political factions in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) with the aid of German and Italian military support. He was personally sympathetic to aspects of Nazi ideology including its anti-communism and anti-Semitism. It appeared possible that Spain might enter into an alliance with the Axis powers in 1940 and 1941. In this period, Franco's regime compiled a register of Jews resident in Spain and added Jewish identity to its official identity documents. Other pre-existing anti-Jewish measures remained in force. The regime failed to protect the vast majority of Spanish Sephardic Jews living in German-occupied Europe. It permitted 20,000 to 35,000 Jews to travel through Spanish territory on transit visas from France. In the post-war years, the Franco regime cultivated the idea that it had acted to protect Jews across Europe as a means to improve diplomatic relations with the former Allied powers. Background Spain shown on a map of German-occupied Europe, c.1942 Francisco Franco took power at the head of a coalition of fascist, monarchist, and conservative political factions in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) against the left-leaning Spanish government supported by communist and anarchist factions. He was actively supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during the Civil War and Franco sympathised with many aspects of Nazism, especially its anti-communism. There was a small community of Jews in Spain and a larger one in Spanish Morocco; however, the practical restrictions imposed in the aftermath of the Civil War made it increasingly hard for Jews to live in Spain. Franco ensured that Spain was neutral at the start of World War II but seriously contemplated joining the conflict as a German ally in the aftermath of the Fall of France in 1940. He met Adolf Hitler on 23–24 October 1940 but was unable to gain promises that Spain would gain colonial territories from France in North Africa because Hitler feared delegitimising the new Vichy regime in France. Spain ultimately remained neutral but maintained close economic and political relations with the Nazi regime to the end of the war. The Holocaust Official policy Paul Preston wrote that "ne of Franco's central beliefs was the "Jewish–masonic–Bolshevik conspiracy". He was convinced that Judaism was the ally of both American capitalism and Russian communism". Public Jewish religious services, like Protestant services, had been forbidden since the Civil War. José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní, the Director of Security, ordered a list of Jews and foreigners in Spain to be compiled in May 1941. The same year, Jewish status was marked on Spanish identity papers for the first time. The Franco regime was informed of atrocities on the Eastern Front by Spanish volunteers from the Blue Division, which fought as part of the German Army, who "observed the numerous murders of Jews and Polish and Russian civilians". The Blue Division occasionally provided temporary protection to Jews who found themselves within its areas of control. Historically, Spain had attempted to extend its influence over Sephardic Jews in other parts of Europe. A vague offer of citizenship to them had been made in 1924 under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and many Sephardic Jews living in German-occupied Europe either held Spanish citizenship or protected status. The German occupation authorities issued a repatriation ultimatum (Heimschaffungsaktion) requiring neutral states to repatriate their Jewish citizens and the Spanish government ultimately accepted 300 Spanish Jews from France and 1,357 from Greece but failed to intervene on behalf of the majority of Spanish Jews in German-occupied Europe. Michael Alpert writes that "to save these Jews would mean having to accept that they had the right to repatriation, to live as residents in Spain, or so it seems to have been feared in Madrid. While, on the one hand, the Spanish regime, as always inconsistently, issued instructions to its representatives to try to prevent the deportation of Jews, on the other, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Madrid allowed the Nazis and Vichy puppet government to apply anti-Jewish regulations to people whom Spain should have protected". In addition, Spanish authorities permitted 20,000 to 35,000 Jews to travel through Spanish territory on transit visas from France. A smaller number of Jewish refugees were among the évadés escaping illegally into Spanish territory across the Pyrenees from France and other parts of Western Europe en route for Portugal or Gibraltar from where they traveled to the United Kingdom or United States. Personal initiatives The Spanish Embassy in Budapest, Hungary where Ángel Sanz Briz was posted during the war Eduardo Propper de Callejón, a Spanish diplomat, issued a number of visas and transit visas to French refugees at Bordeaux over three days in June 1940. He was married to a Jewish woman and apparently made the decision on his own initiative on the grounds that the Spanish Embassy should not be seen to be less generous than the local Portuguese consulate where Aristides de Sousa Mendes was issuing thousands of visas. It is not known exactly how many individuals received these documents and official records were destroyed by the Franco regime at the time in an apparent attempt to cover up his actions; not all the recipients were Jews. Ángel Sanz Briz, a Spanish diplomat in Hungary, protected several hundred Hungarian Jews in 1944. After he was ordered to withdraw from the country ahead of the Red Army's advance, he encouraged Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian businessman, to pose as the Spanish consul-general and continue his activities. In this way, 3,500 Jews are thought to have been saved. Stanley G. Payne described Sanz Briz's actions as "a notable humanitarian achievement by far the most outstanding of anyone in Spanish government during World War II" but, comparing him with the Swedish consul Raoul Wallenberg, argued that Sanz Briz "might have accomplished even more had he received greater assistance from Madrid". In total, nine Spaniards have been awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli institute Yad Vashem. Post-war years Preston writes that, in the post-war years, "a myth was carefully constructed to claim that Franco's regime had saved many Jews from extermination" as a means to deflect foreign criticism away from allegations of active collaboration with the Nazi regime. As early as 1943, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs concluded that the Allies were likely to win the war. José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza became Foreign Minister in 1944 and soon developed an "obsession" with the importance of the "Jewish card" in relations with the former Allied powers. Spain was isolated diplomatically in the post-war years. The Franco regime sponsored the publication of the pamphlet España y los Judíos (1949), which inaccurately depicted Franco as saving as many as 50,000 Jews from France and South-Eastern Europe. The escalation of the Cold War led to an improvement in Spain–United States relations in 1953 and Spain was subsequently admitted into the United Nations in 1955. Michael Alpert notes that "this public relations effort of the Spanish regime was remarkably effective, even in the Jewish world itself". For example, the American rabbi Chaim Lipschitz who authored a study entitled Franco, Spain, the Jews and the Holocaust (1984) was "invited to Spain and provided with an official driver, hotel, and a suitable set of translated documents" although he remained relatively critical of Spanish policy. Spanish official archives were not made widely available to researchers until the aftermath of the Spanish transition to democracy in 1975. Spain became a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance in 2008. See also International response to the Holocaust Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Portugal and the Holocaust Turkey and the Holocaust Mauthausen concentration camp, in which a large number of Spanish Republican exiles were held as political prisoners. References ^ Alpert 2009, p. 204. ^ Preston 2020, p. 341. ^ a b Payne 2008, p. 215. ^ a b Preston 2020, p. 342. ^ Payne 2008, pp. 221–2. ^ a b Payne 2008, p. 234. ^ a b Alpert 2009, p. 207. ^ Alpert 2009, p. 205. ^ Payne 2008, p. 220. ^ Alpert 2009, pp. 203–4. ^ Payne 2008, p. 230. ^ Payne 2008, p. 232. ^ Preston 2020, p. 343. ^ a b Alpert 2009, p. 202. ^ Alpert 2009, p. 203. Bibliography Alpert, Michael (2009). "Spain and the Jews in the Second World War". Jewish Historical Studies. 42: 201–210. JSTOR 29780130. Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300122824. Preston, Paul (2020). A People Betrayed: A History of Corruption, Political Incompetence and Social Division in Modern Spain (1st American ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9780871408686. Further reading Baer, Alejandro (2011). "The Voids of Sepharad: the Memory of the Holocaust in Spain". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 12 (1): 95–120. doi:10.1080/14636204.2011.556879. S2CID 144699163. González-Delgado, Mariano (2017). "The treatment of the Holocaust in high school history textbooks: a case study from Spain". History of Education. 46 (6): 810–825. doi:10.1080/0046760X.2017.1365951. S2CID 149425069. Herrmann, Gina; Brenneis, Sara J., eds. (2020). Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust: History and Representation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-0570-7. Karakaya, Yağmur; Baer, Alejandro (2019). ""Such Hatred Has Never Flourished on Our Soil": The Politics of Holocaust Memory in Turkey and Spain". Sociological Forum. 34 (3): 705–728. doi:10.1111/socf.12521. S2CID 200071056. Leitz, Christian (2005). "Spain and the Holocaust". Holocaust Studies. 11 (3): 70–83. doi:10.1080/17504902.2005.11087161. S2CID 149152193. O'Donoghue, Samuel (2018). "Carlos Barral and the Struggle for Holocaust Consciousness in Franco's Spain" (PDF). History and Memory. 30 (2): 116. doi:10.2979/histmemo.30.2.05. S2CID 159511966. Rother, Bernd (2002). "Spanish Attempts to Rescue Jews from the Holocaust: Lost Opportunities". Mediterranean Historical Review. 17 (2): 47–68. doi:10.1080/09518960208559126. S2CID 159489822. Rother, Bernd (2005). Franco y el Holocausto (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 978-84-96467-05-7. vteThe HolocaustBy territory Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Sudetenland Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Bulgarian-occupied Greece Hungary Italy and colonies Libya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Soviet Union Belarus Russia Ukraine Yugoslavia Croatia Serbia Overview Evidence and documentation Contemporary knowledge Hidden children Timeline Response International response Japan Philippines Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey United States Vatican Rescue of Jews by Catholics by Poles Righteous Among the Nations Camps and ghettosConcentration Auschwitz Bergen-Belsen Buchenwald Dachau Flossenbürg Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Hinzert Kaiserwald Kauen Kraków-Płaszów Majdanek Mauthausen and Gusen Mittelbau-Dora Natzweiler-Struthof Neuengamme Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Stutthof Vaivara Warsaw Extermination Auschwitz II-Birkenau Belzec Chełmno Majdanek Sobibor Treblinka Transit be Breendonk Mechelen fr Gurs Drancy it Bolzano Risiera di San Sabba nl Amersfoort Schoorl Westerbork sk Sereď Methods Einsatzgruppen Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Human experimentation Death marches Nazi units SS-Totenkopfverbände Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitätswesen Ghettos (list)Poland Białystok Kraków Łódź Lublin Lwów Radom Warsaw Elsewhere Budapest Kovno Minsk Riga Theresienstadt Vilna Judenrat Jewish Ghetto Police Reich Association of Jews in Germany Ústredňa Židov VictimsJewsRoundups Izieu Marseille Vel' d'Hiv Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iași 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland Jedwabne Lviv in Lithuania Kaunas "Final Solution" Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard Holocaust trains Mass executions Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Harvest Festival Kamianets-Podilskyi Maly Trostenets Ninth Fort Odesa Piaśnica Ponary Rumbula Resistance Jewish partisans Bielski partisans Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Białystok Częstochowa Rescue Aid and Rescue Committee Attack on the twentieth convoy Kastner train Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Danish underground Working Group Żegota Others Soviet POWs Soviet urban residents Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare People with disabilities Romani people Polish leaders and intellectuals Homosexuals Jehovah's Witnesses Responsibility List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust Organizations Nazi Party Schutzstaffel (SS) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Referat IV B4 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) Waffen-SS Wehrmacht Units Einsatzgruppen Police Regiments Order Police battalions Collaborators Arajs Kommando Lithuanian Security Police Nederlandsche SS Rollkommando Hamann Special Brigades Topf and Sons Trawnikis Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ypatingasis būrys Early elementsAftermathRemembranceEarly elements Nazi racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Hitler's prophecy Jewish war conspiracy theory Jewish emigration Kindertransport Madagascar Plan Nisko Plan Forced euthanasia (Action T4) Aftermath Depopulated shtetls Holocaust survivors Sh'erit ha-Pletah Bricha List Postwar violence Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law Nuremberg trials Eichmann trial Holocaust restitution Reparations Agreement Holocaust denial trivialization History and memory Academia Books and other resources Days of remembrance Education Films Lessons Memorials and museums Uniqueness Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Humor Righteous Among the Nations Yad Vashem Yizkor books "Never again"

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In the post-war years, the Franco regime cultivated the idea that it had acted to protect Jews across Europe as a means to improve diplomatic relations with the former Allied powers.","title":"Spain and the Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png"},{"link_name":"German-occupied Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"fascist, monarchist, and conservative political factions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"left-leaning Spanish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Fascist Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"anti-communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"Jews in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Morocco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009204-1"},{"link_name":"neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_neutrality"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"met Adolf Hitler on 23–24 October 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye"},{"link_name":"colonial territories from France in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Vichy regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"}],"text":"Spain shown on a map of German-occupied Europe, c.1942Francisco Franco took power at the head of a coalition of fascist, monarchist, and conservative political factions in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) against the left-leaning Spanish government supported by communist and anarchist factions. He was actively supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during the Civil War and Franco sympathised with many aspects of Nazism, especially its anti-communism. There was a small community of Jews in Spain and a larger one in Spanish Morocco; however, the practical restrictions imposed in the aftermath of the Civil War made it increasingly hard for Jews to live in Spain.[1]Franco ensured that Spain was neutral at the start of World War II but seriously contemplated joining the conflict as a German ally in the aftermath of the Fall of France in 1940. He met Adolf Hitler on 23–24 October 1940 but was unable to gain promises that Spain would gain colonial territories from France in North Africa because Hitler feared delegitimising the new Vichy regime in France. Spain ultimately remained neutral but maintained close economic and political relations with the Nazi regime to the end of the war.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020341-2"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008215-3"},{"link_name":"José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Finat_y_Escriv%C3%A1_de_Roman%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"a list of Jews and foreigners in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Archive_(Francoist_Spain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008215-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342-4"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Blue Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Division"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008221%E2%80%932-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008234-6"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews"},{"link_name":"dictatorship of Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"protected status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_person"},{"link_name":"Heimschaffungsaktion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimschaffungsaktion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009207-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009207-7"},{"link_name":"transit visas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_visa"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009205-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008220-9"},{"link_name":"évadés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vad%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"Official policy","text":"Paul Preston wrote that \"[o]ne of Franco's central beliefs was the \"Jewish–masonic–Bolshevik conspiracy\". He was convinced that Judaism was the ally of both American capitalism and Russian communism\".[2] Public Jewish religious services, like Protestant services, had been forbidden since the Civil War.[3] José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní, the Director of Security, ordered a list of Jews and foreigners in Spain to be compiled in May 1941. The same year, Jewish status was marked on Spanish identity papers for the first time.[3][4]The Franco regime was informed of atrocities on the Eastern Front by Spanish volunteers from the Blue Division, which fought as part of the German Army, who \"observed the numerous murders of Jews and Polish and Russian civilians\".[5] The Blue Division occasionally provided temporary protection to Jews who found themselves within its areas of control.[6]Historically, Spain had attempted to extend its influence over Sephardic Jews in other parts of Europe. A vague offer of citizenship to them had been made in 1924 under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and many Sephardic Jews living in German-occupied Europe either held Spanish citizenship or protected status. The German occupation authorities issued a repatriation ultimatum (Heimschaffungsaktion) requiring neutral states to repatriate their Jewish citizens and the Spanish government ultimately accepted 300 Spanish Jews from France and 1,357 from Greece but failed to intervene on behalf of the majority of Spanish Jews in German-occupied Europe.[7] Michael Alpert writes that \"to save these Jews would mean having to accept that they had the right to repatriation, to live as residents in Spain, or so it seems to have been feared in Madrid. While, on the one hand, the Spanish regime, as always inconsistently, issued instructions to its representatives to try to prevent the deportation of Jews, on the other, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Madrid allowed the Nazis and Vichy puppet government to apply anti-Jewish regulations to people whom Spain should have protected\".[7]In addition, Spanish authorities permitted 20,000 to 35,000 Jews to travel through Spanish territory on transit visas from France.[8][9] A smaller number of Jewish refugees were among the évadés escaping illegally into Spanish territory across the Pyrenees from France and other parts of Western Europe en route for Portugal or Gibraltar from where they traveled to the United Kingdom or United States.","title":"The Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A1z_(733._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k).jpg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ángel Sanz Briz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sanz_Briz"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Propper de Callejón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Propper_de_Callej%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Aristides de Sousa Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides_de_Sousa_Mendes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009203%E2%80%934-10"},{"link_name":"Ángel Sanz Briz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sanz_Briz"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Perlasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Perlasca"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008234-6"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne"},{"link_name":"Raoul Wallenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008230-11"},{"link_name":"nine Spaniards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Righteous_Among_the_Nations_by_country"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"}],"sub_title":"Personal initiatives","text":"The Spanish Embassy in Budapest, Hungary where Ángel Sanz Briz was posted during the warEduardo Propper de Callejón, a Spanish diplomat, issued a number of visas and transit visas to French refugees at Bordeaux over three days in June 1940. He was married to a Jewish woman and apparently made the decision on his own initiative on the grounds that the Spanish Embassy should not be seen to be less generous than the local Portuguese consulate where Aristides de Sousa Mendes was issuing thousands of visas. It is not known exactly how many individuals received these documents and official records were destroyed by the Franco regime at the time in an apparent attempt to cover up his actions; not all the recipients were Jews.[10]Ángel Sanz Briz, a Spanish diplomat in Hungary, protected several hundred Hungarian Jews in 1944. After he was ordered to withdraw from the country ahead of the Red Army's advance, he encouraged Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian businessman, to pose as the Spanish consul-general and continue his activities. In this way, 3,500 Jews are thought to have been saved.[6] Stanley G. Payne described Sanz Briz's actions as \"a notable humanitarian achievement by far the most outstanding of anyone in Spanish government during World War II\" but, comparing him with the Swedish consul Raoul Wallenberg, argued that Sanz Briz \"might have accomplished even more had he received greater assistance from Madrid\".[11]In total, nine Spaniards have been awarded the title of Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli institute Yad Vashem.","title":"The Holocaust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020342-4"},{"link_name":"José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_de_Lequerica_y_Erquiza"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008232-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2020343-13"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Spain–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"admitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Question_(United_Nations)"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009202-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009202-14"},{"link_name":"Spanish transition to democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_democracy_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2009203-15"},{"link_name":"International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance"}],"text":"Preston writes that, in the post-war years, \"a myth was carefully constructed to claim that Franco's regime had saved many Jews from extermination\" as a means to deflect foreign criticism away from allegations of active collaboration with the Nazi regime.[4] As early as 1943, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs concluded that the Allies were likely to win the war. José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza became Foreign Minister in 1944 and soon developed an \"obsession\" with the importance of the \"Jewish card\" in relations with the former Allied powers.[12] Spain was isolated diplomatically in the post-war years. The Franco regime sponsored the publication of the pamphlet España y los Judíos (1949), which inaccurately depicted Franco as saving as many as 50,000 Jews from France and South-Eastern Europe.[13] The escalation of the Cold War led to an improvement in Spain–United States relations in 1953 and Spain was subsequently admitted into the United Nations in 1955.Michael Alpert notes that \"this public relations effort of the Spanish regime was remarkably effective, even in the Jewish world itself\".[14] For example, the American rabbi Chaim Lipschitz who authored a study entitled Franco, Spain, the Jews and the Holocaust (1984) was \"invited to Spain and provided with an official driver, hotel, and a suitable set of translated documents\" although he remained relatively critical of Spanish policy.[14] Spanish official archives were not made widely available to researchers until the aftermath of the Spanish transition to democracy in 1975.[15] Spain became a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance in 2008.","title":"Post-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/14636204.2011.556879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F14636204.2011.556879"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144699163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144699163"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0046760X.2017.1365951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0046760X.2017.1365951"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"149425069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149425069"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4875-0570-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0570-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/socf.12521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fsocf.12521"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"200071056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200071056"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/17504902.2005.11087161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F17504902.2005.11087161"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"149152193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149152193"},{"link_name":"\"Carlos Barral and the Struggle for Holocaust Consciousness in Franco's Spain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109730/1/WRAP-Barral-holocaust-consciousness-Franco-O%27Donoghue.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2979/histmemo.30.2.05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2979%2Fhistmemo.30.2.05"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159511966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159511966"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09518960208559126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09518960208559126"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159489822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159489822"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-96467-05-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-05-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-occupied Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Evidence and documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Contemporary knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Hidden children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"International response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Rescue of Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"by Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"by Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_ghettos"},{"link_name":"Concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Bergen-Belsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Buchenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Dachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Flossenbürg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Gross-Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Herzogenbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Hinzert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Kaiserwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Kauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Kraków-Płaszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Majdanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Gusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Mittelbau-Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Natzweiler-Struthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Stutthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Vaivara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Extermination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz 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shtetls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Holocaust survivors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivors"},{"link_name":"Sh'erit ha-Pletah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah"},{"link_name":"Bricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricha"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors"},{"link_name":"Postwar violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346"},{"link_name":"Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"Eichmann trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichmann_trial"},{"link_name":"Holocaust restitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_restitution"},{"link_name":"Reparations Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"trivialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization"},{"link_name":"Academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_studies"},{"link_name":"Books and other resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Days of remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_education"},{"link_name":"Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films"},{"link_name":"Lessons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Memorials and museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums"},{"link_name":"Uniqueness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_humor"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"Yizkor books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yizkor_books"},{"link_name":"Never again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again"}],"text":"Baer, Alejandro (2011). \"The Voids of Sepharad: the Memory of the Holocaust in Spain\". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 12 (1): 95–120. doi:10.1080/14636204.2011.556879. S2CID 144699163.\nGonzález-Delgado, Mariano (2017). \"The treatment of the Holocaust in high school history textbooks: a case study from Spain\". History of Education. 46 (6): 810–825. doi:10.1080/0046760X.2017.1365951. S2CID 149425069.\nHerrmann, Gina; Brenneis, Sara J., eds. (2020). Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust: History and Representation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-0570-7.\nKarakaya, Yağmur; Baer, Alejandro (2019). \"\"Such Hatred Has Never Flourished on Our Soil\": The Politics of Holocaust Memory in Turkey and Spain\". Sociological Forum. 34 (3): 705–728. doi:10.1111/socf.12521. S2CID 200071056.\nLeitz, Christian (2005). \"Spain and the Holocaust\". Holocaust Studies. 11 (3): 70–83. doi:10.1080/17504902.2005.11087161. S2CID 149152193.\nO'Donoghue, Samuel (2018). \"Carlos Barral and the Struggle for Holocaust Consciousness in Franco's Spain\" (PDF). History and Memory. 30 (2): 116. doi:10.2979/histmemo.30.2.05. S2CID 159511966.\nRother, Bernd (2002). \"Spanish Attempts to Rescue Jews from the Holocaust: Lost Opportunities\". Mediterranean Historical Review. 17 (2): 47–68. doi:10.1080/09518960208559126. S2CID 159489822.\nRother, Bernd (2005). Franco y el Holocausto (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 978-84-96467-05-7.vteThe HolocaustBy territory\nAlbania\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCzechoslovakia\nBohemia and Moravia\nSlovakia\nSudetenland\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nBulgarian-occupied Greece\nHungary\nItaly and colonies\nLibya\nLatvia\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nNetherlands\nNorway\nPoland\nRomania\nSoviet Union\nBelarus\nRussia\nUkraine\nYugoslavia\nCroatia\nSerbia\nOverview\nEvidence and documentation\nContemporary knowledge\nHidden children\nTimeline\nResponse\nInternational response\nJapan\nPhilippines\nPortugal\nSpain\nSweden\nTurkey\nUnited States\nVatican\nRescue of Jews\nby Catholics\nby Poles\nRighteous Among the Nations\nCamps and ghettosConcentration\nAuschwitz\nBergen-Belsen\nBuchenwald\nDachau\nFlossenbürg\nGross-Rosen\nHerzogenbusch\nHinzert\nKaiserwald\nKauen\nKraków-Płaszów\nMajdanek\nMauthausen and Gusen\nMittelbau-Dora\nNatzweiler-Struthof \nNeuengamme\nRavensbrück\nSachsenhausen\nStutthof\nVaivara\nWarsaw\nExtermination\nAuschwitz II-Birkenau\nBelzec\nChełmno\nMajdanek\nSobibor\nTreblinka\nTransit\nbe\nBreendonk\nMechelen\nfr\nGurs\nDrancy\nit\nBolzano\nRisiera di San Sabba\nnl\nAmersfoort\nSchoorl\nWesterbork\nsk\nSereď\nMethods\nEinsatzgruppen\nGas van\nGas chamber\nExtermination through labour\nHuman experimentation\nDeath marches\nNazi units\nSS-Totenkopfverbände\nConcentration Camps Inspectorate\nPolitische Abteilung\nSanitätswesen\nGhettos (list)Poland\nBiałystok\nKraków\nŁódź\nLublin\nLwów\nRadom\nWarsaw\nElsewhere\nBudapest\nKovno\nMinsk\nRiga\nTheresienstadt\nVilna\nJudenrat\nJewish Ghetto Police\nReich Association of Jews in Germany\nÚstredňa Židov\nVictimsJewsRoundups\nIzieu\nMarseille\nVel' d'Hiv\nPogroms\nKristallnacht\nBucharest\nDorohoi\nIași\n1941 pogroms in eastern Poland\nJedwabne\nLviv\nin Lithuania\nKaunas\n\"Final Solution\"\nWannsee Conference\nOperation Reinhard\nHolocaust trains\nMass executions\nEinsatzgruppen\nBabi Yar\nHarvest Festival\nKamianets-Podilskyi\nMaly Trostenets\nNinth Fort\nOdesa\nPiaśnica\nPonary\nRumbula\nResistance\nJewish partisans\nBielski partisans\nGhetto uprisings\nWarsaw\nBiałystok\nCzęstochowa\nRescue\nAid and Rescue Committee\nAttack on the twentieth convoy\nKastner train\nLe Chambon-sur-Lignon\nDanish underground\nWorking Group\nŻegota\nOthers\nSoviet POWs\nSoviet urban residents\nCivilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare\nPeople with disabilities\nRomani people\nPolish leaders and intellectuals\nHomosexuals\nJehovah's Witnesses\nResponsibility\nList of major perpetrators of the Holocaust\nOrganizations\nNazi Party\nSchutzstaffel (SS)\nReich Security Main Office (RSHA)\nReferat IV B4\nSicherheitsdienst (SD)\nOrdnungspolizei (Orpo)\nWaffen-SS\nWehrmacht\nUnits\nEinsatzgruppen\nPolice Regiments\nOrder Police battalions\nCollaborators\nArajs Kommando\nLithuanian Security Police\nNederlandsche SS\nRollkommando Hamann\nSpecial Brigades\nTopf and Sons\nTrawnikis\nUkrainian Auxiliary Police\nYpatingasis būrys\n\nEarly elementsAftermathRemembranceEarly elements\nNazi racial policy\nNazi eugenics\nNuremberg Laws\nHaavara Agreement\nHitler's prophecy\nJewish war conspiracy theory\nJewish emigration\nKindertransport\nMadagascar Plan\nNisko Plan\nForced euthanasia (Action T4)\nAftermath\nDepopulated shtetls\nHolocaust survivors\nSh'erit ha-Pletah\nBricha\nList\nPostwar violence\nNazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law\nNuremberg trials\nEichmann trial\nHolocaust restitution\nReparations Agreement\nHolocaust denial\ntrivialization\nHistory and memory\nAcademia\nBooks and other resources\nDays of remembrance\nEducation\nFilms\nLessons\nMemorials and museums\nUniqueness\nArmenian genocide and the Holocaust\nHumor\nRighteous Among the Nations\nYad Vashem\nYizkor books\n\"Never again\"","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"International response to the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Portugal and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Turkey and the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust"},{"title":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquettes

Croquette

["1 Etymology","2 Origins","3 Asia","3.1 India","3.2 Sri Lanka","3.3 China","3.4 Indonesia","3.5 Japan","3.6 South Korea","4 Europe","4.1 Belgium","4.2 France","4.3 Germany, Austria, and Switzerland","4.4 Hungary","4.5 Italy","4.6 Ireland","4.7 The Netherlands","4.8 Poland","4.9 Portugal","4.10 Russia","4.11 Spain","4.12 United Kingdom","5 Caribbean","5.1 Puerto Rico","5.2 Cuba","5.3 Dominican Republic","5.4 Aruba","6 North America","6.1 Mexico","6.2 United States","7 South America","7.1 Brazil","7.2 Ecuador","7.3 Uruguay","7.4 Colombia","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Small breaded, deep-fried food For the game, see croquet. For the comic book, see Croket! For the film, see Croquette (film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Croquette" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CroquetteCylindrical croquettesRegion or stateFranceMain ingredientsGround meat, shellfish, fish, ham, cheese, mashed potatoes, vegetables, béchamel or brown sauce  Media: Croquette A croquette (/kroʊˈkɛt/) is a deep-fried roll originating in French cuisine, consisting of a thick binder combined with a filling, which is then breaded. It is served as a side dish, a snack, or fast food worldwide. The binder is typically a thick béchamel or brown sauce, mashed potatoes, wheat flour or wheat bread. The binder may be mixed with or stuffed with a filling. Typical fillings include finely chopped meat, seafood, cheese, rice, mushrooms, and various vegetables, which may be combined with seasonings such as herbs and spices. Sweet croquettes may use a pastry cream binder and be filled with fruit. Croquettes may also be formed in other shapes, such as disks, ovals, or balls. Etymology The word croquette is French, derived from croquer, meaning 'to crunch'. In the 18th century, it was typically spelled croquet. Origins A 17th-century recipe for croquettes (croquets) by François Massialot binds a filling of meat, truffles, marrow, bread crumbs, and cheese with egg, then breads and fries them in lard. They may be as large as an egg or as small as a walnut, and can be served as an hors-d'œuvre or as a garnish. They are mentioned in a 1706 English dictionary. One 18th-century recipe uses just a batter, rather than a béchamel binder. Croquettes of the modern type, with a thick binder, are documented in an 1822 English cookbook by the French cook Louis Eustache Ude. Asia India Aloo tikki served with mint, tamarind sauce, and dahi (yogurt) in India. A potato-filled croquette called aloo tikki, which originated in the Indian subcontinent, is very popular in Northern India and is usually served with a stew. They are mostly eaten as snacks at home and are also popularly sold by roadside vendors. In West Bengal, there are two popular types of croquettes called chop and cutlet. Vegetable chop is prepared using a medley of mashed vegetables like boiled beetroot, carrot, and green peas, which is held together by potato, then breaded and deep fried. A cutlet is like a chop, but skips the potato binding on its inside. A mutton cutlet is made of minced goat meat mixed with spices that is breaded and deep-fried. McDonald's in India serves a fast-food variation of aloo tikki inside a hamburger bun. Meat croquettes called kebabs are made with minced mutton. Lightly spiced beef croquettes are a popular snack and appetiser among the Christian communities in Goa and Kerala. Sri Lanka There are two main types of croquettes in Sri Lanka. The first type is called rolls, and is a popular cylindrical bakery product. The rolls are commonly filled with a mixture of fish, potatoes and spices, and hence called fish rolls. Chicken is also sometimes used. The second type is called cutlets, which are spherical and generally made for festive occasions. China Japanese-style croquettes (kělè bǐng 可乐饼) are popular in China. They are made with mashed potatoes, corn, and sometimes meat. Indonesia The recipes Indonesia (Dutch), made of mashed potato filled with minced chicken or ragout, is one of the most popular snack items in Indonesia, introduced during Dutch colonial rule. The kroket is made by putting the chicken filling inside a mashed potato ball, which is then breaded and fried. Japan Korokke A relative of the croquette, known as korokke, (コロッケ) is a popular fried food; widely available in supermarkets, convenience stores and butcher shops, as well as from specialty korokke shops. Generally patty-shaped, it is mainly made of potatoes with other ingredients including vegetables (such as onions and carrots) and usually less than 5% meat (e.g. pork or beef). It is often served with tonkatsu (とんかつ) sauce. Cylindrical korokke are also served; they more closely resemble the French version, where seafood (prawns or crab meat) or chicken in white sauce (ragout) is cooled down to make it harden before the croquette is breaded and deep-fried. When it is served hot, the inside melts. This version is called "cream korokke" (クリームコロッケ) to distinguish it from the potato-based variety. It is often served with no sauce or tomato sauce. Unlike its French cousin, croquettes made mainly of meat are not called korokke in Japan. They are called menchi katsu (メンチカツ), short for minced meat cutlets. The dish likely was imported to Japan in the late 1800s along with other Western dishes. The town of Assabu, Hokkaido holds the Guinness World Record for world's largest croquette. South Korea The Korean version of croquettes, goroke (고로케) or keuroket (크로켓), are sold in many bakeries in South Korea. The most common type is deep-fried rolls stuffed with japchae (잡채) ingredients or chicken curry and mashed potato with vegetable salad. Goroke is sometimes filled with kimchi, pork, and bulgogi ingredients. Many Korean stores advertise the goroke as a French product and they are sold in most European-style bread stores in South Korea. Europe Belgium Kroketten/croquettes can be served as a side or main dish. They are usually savoury and filled with mashed potatoes. The two most popular Belgian croquettes have a thick bechamel filling mixed with grey shrimps "garnaalkroketten/croquettes de crevettes" or cheese "kaaskroketten/croquettes de fromage". The prawn filling seems to have first appeared in 1922, and became popular in the 1950s. As a main dish, they are usually served with a salad, fried parsley and frites. France The ragout-filled dish was regarded as a French delicacy. It was first described in a recipe from 1691 by the chef of the French king Louis XIV, using ingredients such as truffles, sweetbreads, and cream cheese. From the 1800s onward, it became a way to use leftover stewed meat. They are traditionally made from a base of thick béchamel, velouté or potatoes purée in which different ingredients can be included (ham, cheese, meat, vegetables). Croquettes made from a base of rice are also common and several recipes can be found in Antonin Carême books. Germany, Austria, and Switzerland Baked croquettes from Austria The German word is Kroketten (singular Krokette). In the German speaking countries, this usually refers to plain potato croquettes. They are served as a side dish in restaurants but are also available frozen in supermarkets. Hungary Krokett is a small cylindrical croquette similar to the Czech variety: potatoes, eggs, flour, and butter, seasoned with nutmeg and salt and deep-fried in oil. This variety is available in most restaurants as a side dish and can also be bought frozen. When made with cottage cheese, they are called túrókrokett. Italy A plate containing crocchette and panelle In Italy, crocchette (known in the South as crocchè) is made mainly with crushed potatoes or vegetables such as aubergines (crocchette di melanzane). Crocchette is derived from the croquettes introduced in the area by the French in the 18th century; in Neapolitan and Sicilian cuisine they are made from mashed potato and egg, which is covered in breadcrumbs and fried. Crocchette are typically a Southern Italian street food, ubiquitous at friggitorie specializing in fried foods, the Italian equivalent of fish and chip shops. Rice arancini (typical of Sicily), supplì (Roman cuisine) and Milanese rice and saffron crocchette are particularly well-known in Italian cuisine. In Emilia-Romagna and Piedmont, crocchette are usually filled with chicken, while in Calabria polpette di riso are stuffed with rice and cheese (usually Parmesan or pecorino). Ireland Plain potato croquettes are available frozen or refrigerated in most supermarkets. They are also homemade, usually with the addition of chopped onion. The Netherlands Rundvleeskroketten, Dutch croquettes containing a beef ragout, served with Doesburg mustard and bread After World War II, several suppliers started mass-producing croquettes filled with beef. The croquette (kroket in Dutch) subsequently became even more popular as a fast food; meat ragout was covered in breadcrumbs and subsequently deep-fried. Its success as a fast food garnered its reputation as a cheap dish of dubious quality, to such an extent that Dutch tongue-in-cheek urban myths relate its "allegedly mysterious content" to offal and butchering waste. Research in 2008 showed that 350 million kroketten are eaten in the Netherlands every year. An estimated 75% of all Dutch people eat them, resulting in 29 kroketten per person per year on average, being the 2nd most popular Dutch snack after the frikandel. The major consumers are between 35 and 49 years old. The success of the croquette led to a whole series of food products resembling the croquette, but with other types of fillings, such as noodles, rice and kidney, and with names like bamibal, nasibal, and nierbroodje. Variants of the croquette which specify the kind of meat can also be found, like rundvleeskroket (made with beef) and kalfsvleeskroket (made with veal). Also popular in Dutch snack bars are the satékroket (where the filling consists of a peanut satay sauce and shredded meat in a ragout) and the goulash kroket. A smaller round version of the standard beef or veal croquette, the bitterbal, is often served with mustard as a snack in bars and at receptions. Potato croquettes and potato balls (similar to potato croquettes, but small and round) can be bought frozen in most food stores. Febo broodje kroket in the Netherlands Broodje kroket, a croquette on a bread roll, is sold in restaurants, snack shops, and by street vendors. The popularity of the kroket in the Netherlands is such that even McDonald's sells their version on a bun as "McKroket". Poland Polish croquettes, served with barszcz (borscht soup) Croquettes in Poland are typically made from a thin, rolled crepe-type pancake stuffed with meat, mushrooms, cabbage, sauerkraut, or some combination of those ingredients. The croquette is lightly pan-fried before serving. Some recipe variations also require the croquette to be covered in breadcrumbs before frying and served with a clear soup e.g. "barszcz", similar to borscht. Portugal Croquetes are cylindrical, covered in breadcrumbs, and deep-fried. They are usually made with white sauce and beef, sometimes mixed with varying amounts of pork, and frequently with some chouriço, black pepper or piri-piri to add more flavour. Seafood, fish (other than codfish) and vegetarian (potato) croquetes are also eaten in Portugal, but those have other names (such as rissol, pastel, empada), thus the name croquete refers only to the Dutch-style beef croquette. Russia The widespread minced cutlet (Russian: котлета рубленная, romanized: kotleta rublennaya) is made of minced meat (beef or pork or a mixture of both; chicken, turkey, or fish), bread, eggs, white onions, salt and spices, shaped as a meat patty and pan-fried. Bread is added in amounts up to 25% of meat, adding softness to the final product and also making it cheaper to produce. The Pozharsky cutlet is a well-known variety of such cutlets in which minced meat is mixed with butter. Spain Traditional croquetas in Spain are made with thick béchamel. They are one of the most typical tapas dishes, especially filled with jamón, chicken or salt cod. Also, many bars and restaurants may offer novel, less traditional versions of croquettes with more varied fillings and ingredients such as apple, wild mushrooms, morcilla (blood sausage), cheeses, tuna, cuttlefish (using its ink to give color and flavour), etc. Croqueterías are restaurants that specialize in croquetas. United Kingdom Croquettes are available frozen or refrigerated in most supermarkets, typically with potato filling. Caribbean Puerto Rico Croquettes are typically made from ham, codfish or chicken in Puerto Rico, where they are dipped in what is colloquially known as "mayo-ketchup", a variation of fry sauce. Frozen croquettes are sold in supermarkets in Puerto Rico. There are versions of taro, cornmeal (called sorullos), breadfruit, yams, and cassave in replacement of wheat flour or potato. Cuba Cuban croquettes are nearly identical to the Puerto Rican croquettes, in that they are also made from ham or chicken. There is also a common cheese and potato variation, and they are sometimes made with fish. Dominican Republic Dominican croquettes are nearly identical to the Cuban and Puerto Rican croquettes, in that they are typically made from ham or chicken, but there is a common cheese and potato variation, a beef variation, and they are also sometimes made with fish. Aruba Aruban croquettes are commonly made with mashed potato, ground beef, shellfish, and fish. They are eaten as an early morning breakfast or as snacks any time of the day. They are considered one of the island's cultural foods. North America Mexico Croquettes are usually made of tuna or chicken and potatoes. In southern Mexico, a variety is made with fresh cheese, plantain, and black beans. United States A deviled crab (croqueta de jaiba) is a particular variety of a blue crab croquette from Tampa, Florida. The crab meat is seasoned with a unique Cuban-style enchilada or sofrito sauce (locally known as chilau), breaded with stale Cuban bread crumbs, formed into the approximate shape of a prolate spheroid, and fried. It is meant to be eaten with one hand. It originated in the immigrant community of Ybor City during a cigar workers' strike in the 1920s and is still popular in the area. South America Brazil Croquetes, primarily made from beef, are a common snack in many parts of Brazil. The coxinha is a popular chicken-based croquette. Ecuador From Riobamba, llapingachos are potato cakes with a cheese filling, fried in oil with achiote, and served with a peanut sauce. Uruguay Called "croquetas" in Spanish, the most popular stuffing are mashed potatoes (croquetas de papa), ham and mozzarella cheese (croquetas de jamón y queso), and rice (croquetas de arroz). Sometimes, the rice ones have herbs and little ham cubes. Generally, their shape is cylindrical and medium sized; but larger spherical ones also can be seen (especially with rice stuffing). They are deep-fried in oil. Croquetas are very common: they are available in almost every bakery, supermarket or food shop, and many people cook them at home as a side dish or even a main dish. In modern restaurants, more sophisticated croquettes (e.g. with serrano ham and a mixture of cheese or salmon) usually come with a more elaborate sauce as a dip (e.g. sweet chili sauce) and are ordered as starters. Colombia In Colombia croquettes are commonly referred to as "papa rellena", which translates as stuffed potato. They consist of a mix of roughly mashed potato, seasoned shredded or ground beef and an egg. This mix is then lightly battered and deep fried. They are served in bars, casual restaurants, and at home for a celebration or party. They usually come with a side of homemade or bottled chili sauce. Gallery Circular croquettes Cylindrical potato croquettes Croquetas fritas Two Dutch kroketten, one cut open to show the beef-ragout filling; Chiang Mai, Thailand See also Food portal List of deep fried foods List of potato dishes Krokettenmotie Cuchifritos – Various fried foods prepared principally of pork Bitterballen – Savoury Dutch meat-based snack Fritter – Fried pastry usually consisting of a portion of batter with a filling Rissole – European dish of meat covered in pastry Chicken cordon bleu – Meat and cheese dishPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Arancini and supplì – Italian snack foods References ^ "croquette noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. ^ Nagao, Keiko; Hatae, Keiko; Shimada, Atsuko (1997). "Occurrence of Ruptures on the Surface of Foods During Frying". Journal of Texture Studies. 28 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.1997.tb00100.x. ISSN 0022-4901. ^ Kashima, Tomoko; Masumoto, Shimpei; Ishii, Hiroaki (2009). "Evaluation of Menu Planning Capability Based on Multi-dimensional 0/1 Knapsack Problem of Nutritional Management System". IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics. 39: 163–170. ^ Khaustova, Tetyana; Fedak, Natalia; Andreeva, Svetlana; Dikhtyar, Aliona (2018-12-10). "Studying the influence of hydrothermal treatment parameters on the properties of wheat flour in the technology of a croquette mass". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 6 (11 (96)): 77–82. doi:10.15587/1729-4061.2018.150072. ISSN 1729-4061. ^ Prosper Montagné, Larousse gastronomique: the encyclopedia of food, wine & cookery, Crown, 1961. (translation of the 1938 edition) OCLC 413918, s.v., p. 325 ^ "Eat this Word: Croquettes". James Beard Foundation. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2023. ^ a b c Alan Davidson, Oxford Companion to Food, 1999, s.v., p. 229 ^ Lembi, Dante P.; Kaulfers, Walter V. (1940). "French Expressions Used in English: An Exploratory Vocabulary Unit for the First Week of Beginning French or General Language". The Modern Language Journal. 25 (3): 174–180. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1940.tb00635.x. ^ François Massialot, Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois, Paris, 1693, p. 227 ^ Phillips, Edward (1720). The new world of words. . J. Philips. ^ Menon (pseud.), La cuisinière bourgeoise, 1769, p. 42 ^ Ude, Louis Eustache (1822). The French Cook. J. Ebers. p. 208. ^ "Stuffed Aloo Tikki Recipe - How To Make Stuffed Alu Tikki". indianfoodforever.com. 25 September 2019. ^ "Prepare croquettes". www.goaholidayhomes.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "Welcome to GOV.LK :: Home Page". www.gov.lk. ^ "Technical Difficulties". ^ Yusuf, Munif (2018-06-29). "Indonesian Influence in Dutch: A Cultural and Linguistic Perspective". International Review of Humanities Studies. 1 (1). doi:10.7454/irhs.v1i1.50 (inactive 2024-04-24). ISSN 2477-6866.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) ^ Hara, Reiko (2006). International cuisine : Japan (1st ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 978-1-4441-6547-0. OCLC 778802068. ^ a b c Washington, Bryan (2022-06-08). "A Foolproof Recipe for Korokke". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ Palmer, Edwina (2016-01-01). Harima Fudoki: A Record of Ancient Japan Reinterpreted, Translated, Annotated, and with Commentary. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004269378_004. ISBN 978-90-04-26937-8. ^ "Japanese town cooks up world's largest croquette - UPI.com". UPI. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ KBS, Busan (2005) Archived 2012-07-08 at archive.today ^ Cismaru, Joanna (2019-05-31). "Potato Croquettes". Jo Cooks. Retrieved 2022-09-23. ^ "Belgium in Brief: Shrimp or Cheese Croquette?". The Brussels Times. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "The prawn croquette, Belgium's hidden gem". La Prensa Latina Media. 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "'De kroket leeft als nooit tevoren' | Radio Nederland Wereldomroep". Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-06-18. ^ Escoffier, Auguste; Gilbert, Philéas; Fetu, Emile (1948). Le guide culinaire: aide-mémoire de cuisine pratique (in French). E. Flammarion. ^ Carême, Marie-Antoine (1815). Le Pâtissier royal parisien ou Traité élémentaire et pratique de la pâtisserie ancienne et moderne,...: suivi d'observations utiles aux progrès de cet art, d'une série de plus de soixante menus et d'une revue critique des grands bals de 1810 et 1811 (in French). J. G. Dentu. ^ "Kroketten". ESSEN UND TRINKEN. 19 July 2021. ^ "Manchester United legend: Maguire is a nightmare for England at the World Cup 2022". November 11, 2022. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022. ^ Barone, Michele; Pellerito, Alessandra (2020), Barone, Michele; Pellerito, Alessandra (eds.), "Palermo's Street Foods. The Authentic Pane e Panelle", Sicilian Street Foods and Chemistry: The Palermo Case Study, SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–81, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55736-2_5, ISBN 978-3-030-55736-2, S2CID 226750085, retrieved 2021-04-09 ^ Larousse (2017). Le grand Larousse gastronomique (in French). Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-594805-2. ^ a b "Real Dutch kroket and bitterbal". coquinaria.nl. 9 January 2006. ^ H. van Dam: Het volkomen krokettenboek, publisher: Nigh & Van Ditmar, 2011 ^ "Nederland neemt een betere kroket - Foodlog". foodlog.nl. ^ Pinho, Maria Gabriela M.; Lakerveld, Jeroen; Harbers, Marjolein C.; Sluijs, Ivonne; Vermeulen, Roel; Huss, Anke; Boer, Jolanda M. A.; Verschuren, W. M. Monique; Brug, Johannes; Beulens, Joline W. J.; Mackenbach, Joreintje D. (2020-11-24). "Ultra-processed food consumption patterns among older adults in the Netherlands and the role of the food environment". European Journal of Nutrition. 60 (5): 2567–2580. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02436-5. ISSN 1436-6215. PMC 8275501. PMID 33236180. ^ "Beyond 'Royale with Cheese' - McKroket (3) - FORTUNE". money.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2013-11-19. ^ Derek, Marta (January 2021). "Nature on a Plate: Linking Food and Tourism within the Ecosystem Services Framework". Sustainability. 13 (4): 1687. doi:10.3390/su13041687. ^ "Recipe - Polish Croquettes". foodcult.com. ^ "Krokiet (Croquette- fried breaded meat-filled crepe pancake)". polishfoodrecipes.blogspot.com. 16 July 2007. ^ Alves, Jose. "Receitas - Croquetes de Batata - Roteiro Gastronómico de Portugal". www.gastronomias.com. ^ http://www.russianfoods.ru/recipes/item0022f/_rus_/default.asp%7Carchiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210044101/http://russianfoods.ru/recipes/item0022F/_rus_/default.asp ^ Schneider, Edward (7 October 2008). "Making Spanish Croquettes". The New York Times. ^ Batlle-Bayer, Laura; Bala, Alba; Roca, Mercè; Lemaire, Elodie; Aldaco, Rubén; Fullana-i-Palmer, Pere (2020-10-20). "Nutritional and environmental co-benefits of shifting to "Planetary Health" Spanish tapas". Journal of Cleaner Production. 271: 122561. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122561. hdl:10902/19007. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 224979446. ^ Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2023-02-24). "Seductive croquetas". The Critic Magazine. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ White, Keri (2023-02-20). "Basque-Style Croquettes". Jewish Exponent. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "Receta de Croquetas de atún fritas". recetasgratis.net. ^ "Definition of CROQUETTE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ "Morrison's own label potato croquettes receive top British Frozen Food Award". allbusiness.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. ^ "Ham Croquettes". thelatinkitchen.com. ^ Peláez, Ana Sofía; Silverman, Ellen (28 October 2014). The Cuban table : a celebration of food, flavors, and history (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-250-03608-7. OCLC 883510935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Bitterbal (Meat Croquettes)". Visit Aruba. 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ "Croquetas de pollo (Mexikanska kycklingkroketter)". matklubben.se. ^ "Deviled crab croquettes a tasty Tampa tradition - TBO.com". tbo.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2011-07-02. ^ ""Bitter Strikes Brought Deviled Crabs" - Cigar City Magazine". Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. ^ ""A venerable Tampa tradition" - foodmuseum.com". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. ^ Edge, John T. (26 April 2011). "Tampa's Favorite Street Food: Devil Crabs". The New York Times. ^ Croquetas de atún tradicionales de España Lobbymarket.es ^ Araujo, Marina Campos; Cunha, Diana Barbosa; Bezerra, Ilana Nogueira; de Castro, Maria Beatriz Trindade; Sichieri, Rosely (2017). "Quality of food choices of Brazilian adolescents according to individual earnings". Public Health Nutrition. 20 (17): 3145–3150. doi:10.1017/S1368980017002099. ISSN 1368-9800. PMC 10261516. PMID 28851473. ^ Farias, Gisele; Silva, Robertah Maryanna Oliveira; Da Silva, Priscilla Peixoto Policarpo; Vilela, Regina Maria; Bettini, Solange Cravo; Dâmaso, Ana Raimunda; Netto, Bárbara Dal Molin (2020-06-01). "Impact of dietary patterns according to NOVA food groups: 2 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery". Nutrition. 74: 110746. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110746. ISSN 0899-9007. PMID 32200267. S2CID 213937487. External links A feature about a Palermitan friggitoria (in Italian) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croquettes. Look up croquette in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vtePotato dishesBaked or roasted Baeckeoffe Baked potato Fondant potatoes Funeral potatoes Gratin dauphinois Hasselback potatoes Jansson's temptation Knish Kouign patatez Kugel Kugelis Lancashire hotpot Panackelty Pâté aux pommes de terre Pommes Anna Pommes boulangère Potato babka Potato scone Potato skins Potato waffle Potatoes au gratin Rappie pie Rumbledethumps Sweetened potato casserole Tartiflette Yapchik Boiled or stewed Aloo gosht Aloo tikki Älplermagronen Bryndzové halušky Carapulcra Cepelinai Coddle Kroppkaka Lobscouse Nikujaga Ocopa Papa a la Huancaína Papas arrugadas Papas chorreadas Papet Vaudois Pitepalt Poutine râpée Raclette Raspeball Salt potatoes Selat solo Stovies Szilvásgombóc Bread Lefse Rewena bread Wrap roti FriedFrench fries Cheese fries Carne asada fries Kapsalon Poutine Chorrillana Curly fries Halal snack pack Lomo saltado Potato wedges Salchipapa Sandwiches and wraps California burrito Chip butty French tacos Mitraillette Spice bag Triple-cooked chips Other deep-fried Kripik kentang Papa rellena Pommes soufflées Potato chips Crisp sandwich Potato doughnut Potato fritters Batata vada Bonda Perkedel Pommes dauphine Vada Vada pav Tater tots Tornado potato Pan- or griddle-fried Bubble and squeak German fries Hash browns Home fries Lyonnaise potatoes Maluns Patatas bravas Potatoes O'Brien Potato pancakes Boxty Gamja-jeon Latke Llapingacho Patatnik Reibekuchen Pyttipanna Rösti Spanish omelette Trinxat Truffade Other or mixed Aloo pie Aloo chaat Aloo gobi Batata harra Péla Samosa Tombet Mashed Aligot Bangers and mash Brandade Brændende kærlighed Champ Clapshot Colcannon Cottage pie Croquette Duchess potatoes Hachis Parmentier Himmel und Erde Hutspot Mince and tatties Ragda pattice Skomakarlåda Stamppot Stoemp Pies Homity pie Shepherd's pie Salads Olivier salad Szałot Soups Ajiaco Gamja-ongsimi Gamja-tang Sayur sop Other Chuño Gnocchi Kartoffelkäse Munini-imo Potato cake Potatonik

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"croquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquet"},{"link_name":"Croket!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croket!"},{"link_name":"Croquette (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croquette_(film)"},{"link_name":"/kroʊˈkɛt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"deep-fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-frying"},{"link_name":"French cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"breaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_crumbs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"side dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish"},{"link_name":"snack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack"},{"link_name":"fast food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food"},{"link_name":"béchamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"brown sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sauce_(meat_stock_based)"},{"link_name":"mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"mushrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"seasonings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoning"},{"link_name":"herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"pastry cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-7"}],"text":"For the game, see croquet. For the comic book, see Croket! For the film, see Croquette (film).A croquette (/kroʊˈkɛt/)[1] is a deep-fried roll originating in French cuisine, consisting of a thick binder combined with a filling, which is then breaded.[2] It is served as a side dish, a snack, or fast food worldwide.The binder is typically a thick béchamel or brown sauce, mashed potatoes,[3] wheat flour or wheat bread.[4] The binder may be mixed with or stuffed with a filling. Typical fillings include finely chopped meat, seafood, cheese, rice, mushrooms, and various vegetables, which may be combined with seasonings such as herbs and spices. Sweet croquettes may use a pastry cream binder and be filled with fruit.[5][6][7]Croquettes may also be formed in other shapes, such as disks, ovals, or balls.","title":"Croquette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-7"}],"text":"The word croquette is French, derived from croquer, meaning 'to crunch'.[8] In the 18th century, it was typically spelled croquet.[7]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Massialot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Massialot"},{"link_name":"truffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle"},{"link_name":"marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrow_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"bread crumbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_crumbs"},{"link_name":"lard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard"},{"link_name":"walnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut"},{"link_name":"hors-d'œuvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors-d%27%C5%93uvre"},{"link_name":"garnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnish_(food)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A 17th-century recipe for croquettes (croquets) by François Massialot binds a filling of meat, truffles, marrow, bread crumbs, and cheese with egg, then breads and fries them in lard. They may be as large as an egg or as small as a walnut, and can be served as an hors-d'œuvre or as a garnish.[9] They are mentioned in a 1706 English dictionary.[7][10] One 18th-century recipe uses just a batter, rather than a béchamel binder.[11] Croquettes of the modern type, with a thick binder, are documented in an 1822 English cookbook by the French cook Louis Eustache Ude.[12]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aloo_Tikki_served_with_chutneys.jpg"},{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_sauce"},{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"},{"link_name":"sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce"},{"link_name":"dahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahi_(curd)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"aloo tikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloo_tikki"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Northern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_India"},{"link_name":"stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"beetroot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot"},{"link_name":"carrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot"},{"link_name":"green peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"goat meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"hamburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"kebabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab"},{"link_name":"mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"Aloo tikki served with mint, tamarind sauce, and dahi (yogurt) in India.A potato-filled croquette called aloo tikki,[13] which originated in the Indian subcontinent, is very popular in Northern India and is usually served with a stew. They are mostly eaten as snacks at home and are also popularly sold by roadside vendors. In West Bengal, there are two popular types of croquettes called chop and cutlet. Vegetable chop is prepared using a medley of mashed vegetables like boiled beetroot, carrot, and green peas, which is held together by potato, then breaded and deep fried. A cutlet is like a chop, but skips the potato binding on its inside. A mutton cutlet is made of minced goat meat mixed with spices that is breaded and deep-fried. McDonald's in India serves a fast-food variation of aloo tikki inside a hamburger bun. Meat croquettes called kebabs are made with minced mutton. Lightly spiced beef croquettes are a popular snack and appetiser among the Christian communities in Goa and Kerala.[14]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Sri Lanka","text":"There are two main types of croquettes in Sri Lanka.[15] The first type is called rolls, and is a popular cylindrical bakery product. The rolls are commonly filled with a mixture of fish, potatoes and spices, and hence called fish rolls. Chicken is also sometimes used. The second type is called cutlets, which are spherical and generally made for festive occasions.","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Japanese-style croquettes (kělè bǐng 可乐饼) are popular in China.[16] They are made with mashed potatoes, corn, and sometimes meat.","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ragout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragout"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Dutch colonial rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"The recipes Indonesia (Dutch), made of mashed potato filled with minced chicken or ragout, is one of the most popular snack items in Indonesia, introduced during Dutch colonial rule.[17] The kroket is made by putting the chicken filling inside a mashed potato ball, which is then breaded and fried.","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potato_croquettes_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korokke"},{"link_name":"korokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korokke"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"tonkatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkatsu"},{"link_name":"ragout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragout"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"menchi katsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menchi_katsu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Assabu, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assabu,_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"KorokkeA relative of the croquette, known as korokke,[18][19] (コロッケ) is a popular fried food; widely available in supermarkets, convenience stores and butcher shops, as well as from specialty korokke shops.[20] Generally patty-shaped, it is mainly made of potatoes with other ingredients including vegetables (such as onions and carrots) and usually less than 5% meat (e.g. pork or beef).[19] It is often served with tonkatsu (とんかつ) sauce. Cylindrical korokke are also served; they more closely resemble the French version, where seafood (prawns or crab meat) or chicken in white sauce (ragout) is cooled down to make it harden before the croquette is breaded and deep-fried. When it is served hot, the inside melts. This version is called \"cream korokke\" (クリームコロッケ) to distinguish it from the potato-based variety. It is often served with no sauce or tomato sauce. Unlike its French cousin, croquettes made mainly of meat are not called korokke in Japan. They are called menchi katsu (メンチカツ), short for minced meat cutlets.The dish likely was imported to Japan in the late 1800s along with other Western dishes.[19]The town of Assabu, Hokkaido holds the Guinness World Record for world's largest croquette.[21]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"japchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japchae"},{"link_name":"chicken curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_curry"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"bulgogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi"}],"sub_title":"South Korea","text":"The Korean version of croquettes, goroke (고로케) or keuroket (크로켓),[22] are sold in many bakeries in South Korea. The most common type is deep-fried rolls stuffed with japchae (잡채) ingredients or chicken curry and mashed potato with vegetable salad. Goroke is sometimes filled with kimchi, pork, and bulgogi ingredients. Many Korean stores advertise the goroke as a French product and they are sold in most European-style bread stores in South Korea.","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mashed potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"grey shrimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crangon_crangon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad"},{"link_name":"parsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley"},{"link_name":"frites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"Kroketten/croquettes can be served as a side or main dish. They are usually savoury and filled with mashed potatoes.[23] The two most popular Belgian croquettes have a thick bechamel filling mixed with grey shrimps \"garnaalkroketten/croquettes de crevettes\" or cheese \"kaaskroketten/croquettes de fromage\".[24] The prawn filling seems to have first appeared in 1922, and became popular in the 1950s.[25] As a main dish, they are usually served with a salad, fried parsley and frites.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ragout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragout"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"truffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffles"},{"link_name":"sweetbreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetbread"},{"link_name":"cream cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_cheese"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"leftover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftover"},{"link_name":"béchamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce"},{"link_name":"velouté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velout%C3%A9_sauce"},{"link_name":"purée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Antonin Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The ragout-filled dish was regarded as a French delicacy. It was first described in a recipe from 1691 by the chef of the French king Louis XIV, using ingredients such as truffles, sweetbreads, and cream cheese.[26] From the 1800s onward, it became a way to use leftover stewed meat.They are traditionally made from a base of thick béchamel, velouté or potatoes purée in which different ingredients can be included (ham, cheese, meat, vegetables).[27] Croquettes made from a base of rice are also common and several recipes can be found in Antonin Carême books.[28]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gebackene_Kroketten.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Germany, Austria, and Switzerland","text":"Baked croquettes from AustriaThe German word is Kroketten (singular Krokette). In the German speaking countries, this usually refers to plain potato croquettes.[29] They are served as a side dish in restaurants but are also available frozen in supermarkets.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cottage cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheese"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"Krokett is a small cylindrical croquette similar to the Czech variety: potatoes, eggs, flour, and butter, seasoned with nutmeg and salt and deep-fried in oil. This variety is available in most restaurants as a side dish and can also be bought frozen.[citation needed] When made with cottage cheese, they are called túrókrokett.[30]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panelle_e_Crocch%C3%A8.jpg"},{"link_name":"panelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panella"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"aubergines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"mashed potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_as_food"},{"link_name":"street food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food"},{"link_name":"friggitorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friggitoria"},{"link_name":"arancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arancini"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"supplì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Roman cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Milanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Parmesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmesan"},{"link_name":"pecorino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecorino"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"A plate containing crocchette and panelleIn Italy, crocchette (known in the South as crocchè[31]) is made mainly with crushed potatoes or vegetables such as aubergines (crocchette di melanzane). Crocchette is derived from the croquettes introduced in the area by the French in the 18th century;[32] in Neapolitan and Sicilian cuisine they are made from mashed potato and egg, which is covered in breadcrumbs and fried. Crocchette are typically a Southern Italian street food, ubiquitous at friggitorie specializing in fried foods, the Italian equivalent of fish and chip shops. Rice arancini (typical of Sicily), supplì (Roman cuisine) and Milanese rice and saffron crocchette are particularly well-known in Italian cuisine. In Emilia-Romagna and Piedmont, crocchette are usually filled with chicken, while in Calabria polpette di riso are stuffed with rice and cheese (usually Parmesan or pecorino).","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Plain potato croquettes are available frozen or refrigerated in most supermarkets. They are also homemade, usually with the addition of chopped onion.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20220907_kroketten.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coquinaria.nl-33"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"tongue-in-cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_in_cheek"},{"link_name":"urban myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_myths"},{"link_name":"offal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"frikandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frikandel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_(food)"},{"link_name":"veal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal"},{"link_name":"satay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay"},{"link_name":"bitterbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterbal"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coquinaria.nl-33"},{"link_name":"mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broodje_kroket_-_Febo_-_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Febo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEBO"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"The Netherlands","text":"Rundvleeskroketten, Dutch croquettes containing a beef ragout, served with Doesburg mustard and breadAfter World War II, several suppliers started mass-producing croquettes[33] filled with beef. The croquette (kroket in Dutch) subsequently became even more popular as a fast food; meat ragout was covered in breadcrumbs and subsequently deep-fried. Its success as a fast food garnered its reputation as a cheap dish of dubious quality, to such an extent that Dutch tongue-in-cheek urban myths relate its \"allegedly mysterious content\" to offal and butchering waste.[34] Research in 2008 showed that 350 million kroketten are eaten in the Netherlands every year. An estimated 75% of all Dutch people eat them, resulting in 29 kroketten per person per year on average, being the 2nd most popular Dutch snack after the frikandel. The major consumers are between 35 and 49 years old.[35]The success of the croquette led to a whole series of food products resembling the croquette, but with other types of fillings, such as noodles, rice and kidney, and with names like bamibal, nasibal, and nierbroodje. Variants of the croquette which specify the kind of meat can also be found, like rundvleeskroket (made with beef) and kalfsvleeskroket (made with veal). Also popular in Dutch snack bars are the satékroket (where the filling consists of a peanut satay sauce and shredded meat in a ragout) and the goulash kroket. A smaller round version of the standard beef or veal croquette, the bitterbal,[33] is often served with mustard as a snack in bars and at receptions. Potato croquettes and potato balls (similar to potato croquettes, but small and round) can be bought frozen in most food stores.[36]Febo broodje kroket in the NetherlandsBroodje kroket, a croquette on a bread roll, is sold in restaurants, snack shops, and by street vendors. The popularity of the kroket in the Netherlands is such that even McDonald's sells their version on a bun as \"McKroket\".[37]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krokiety.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"crepe-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepe"},{"link_name":"cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage"},{"link_name":"sauerkraut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"borscht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barszcz"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"Polish croquettes, served with barszcz (borscht soup)Croquettes in Poland are typically made from a thin, rolled crepe-type pancake stuffed with meat, mushrooms, cabbage, sauerkraut, or some combination of those ingredients.[38] The croquette is lightly pan-fried before serving.[39]\nSome recipe variations also require the croquette to be covered in breadcrumbs before frying and served with a clear soup e.g. \"barszcz\", similar to borscht.[40]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"chouriço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouri%C3%A7o"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"piri-piri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri-piri"},{"link_name":"codfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codfish"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"Croquetes[41] are cylindrical, covered in breadcrumbs, and deep-fried. They are usually made with white sauce and beef, sometimes mixed with varying amounts of pork, and frequently with some chouriço, black pepper or piri-piri to add more flavour. Seafood, fish (other than codfish) and vegetarian (potato) croquetes are also eaten in Portugal, but those have other names (such as rissol, pastel, empada), thus the name croquete refers only to the Dutch-style beef croquette.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cutlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutlet"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_meat"},{"link_name":"Pozharsky cutlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozharsky_cutlet"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"The widespread minced cutlet (Russian: котлета рубленная, romanized: kotleta rublennaya)[42] is made of minced meat (beef or pork or a mixture of both; chicken, turkey, or fish), bread, eggs, white onions, salt and spices, shaped as a meat patty and pan-fried. Bread is added in amounts up to 25% of meat, adding softness to the final product and also making it cheaper to produce. The Pozharsky cutlet is a well-known variety of such cutlets in which minced meat is mixed with butter.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"jamón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"salt cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"blood sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sausage"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"cuttlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Traditional croquetas[43] in Spain are made with thick béchamel. They are one of the most typical tapas dishes,[44] especially filled with jamón, chicken or salt cod.[45][46] Also, many bars and restaurants may offer novel, less traditional versions of croquettes with more varied fillings and ingredients such as apple, wild mushrooms, morcilla (blood sausage), cheeses, tuna,[47] cuttlefish (using its ink to give color and flavour), etc. Croqueterías are restaurants that specialize in croquetas.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Croquettes[48] are available frozen[49] or refrigerated in most supermarkets, typically with potato filling.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"fry sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_sauce"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"sorullos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorullos"},{"link_name":"breadfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit"},{"link_name":"yams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)"},{"link_name":"cassave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassave"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rico","text":"Croquettes are typically made from ham, codfish or chicken[50] in Puerto Rico, where they are dipped in what is colloquially known as \"mayo-ketchup\", a variation of fry sauce. Frozen croquettes are sold in supermarkets in Puerto Rico. There are versions of taro, cornmeal (called sorullos), breadfruit, yams, and cassave in replacement of wheat flour or potato.","title":"Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Cuba","text":"Cuban croquettes are nearly identical to the Puerto Rican croquettes, in that they are also made from ham or chicken.[51] There is also a common cheese and potato variation, and they are sometimes made with fish.","title":"Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"}],"sub_title":"Dominican Republic","text":"Dominican croquettes are nearly identical to the Cuban and Puerto Rican croquettes, in that they are typically made from ham or chicken, but there is a common cheese and potato variation, a beef variation, and they are also sometimes made with fish.","title":"Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Aruba","text":"Aruban croquettes are commonly made with mashed potato, ground beef, shellfish, and fish. They are eaten as an early morning breakfast or as snacks any time of the day. They are considered one of the island's cultural foods.[52]","title":"Caribbean"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"plantain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_banana"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"Croquettes are usually made of tuna or chicken[53] and potatoes. In southern Mexico, a variety is made with fresh cheese, plantain, and black beans.","title":"North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deviled crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviled_crab"},{"link_name":"blue crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_cuisine"},{"link_name":"enchilada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchilada"},{"link_name":"sofrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofrito"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"},{"link_name":"Cuban bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_bread"},{"link_name":"prolate spheroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate_spheroid"},{"link_name":"Ybor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ybor_City"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1-57"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"A deviled crab (croqueta de jaiba) is a particular variety of a blue crab croquette from Tampa, Florida. The crab meat is seasoned with a unique Cuban-style enchilada or sofrito sauce (locally known as chilau[54]), breaded with stale Cuban bread crumbs, formed into the approximate shape of a prolate spheroid, and fried. It is meant to be eaten with one hand. It originated in the immigrant community of Ybor City during a cigar workers' strike in the 1920s[55][56][57] and is still popular in the area.","title":"North America"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"coxinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxinha"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"Croquetes,[58] primarily made from beef, are a common snack in many parts of Brazil.[59] The coxinha is a popular chicken-based croquette.[60]","title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riobamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riobamba"},{"link_name":"llapingachos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapingacho"},{"link_name":"achiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixa_orellana"},{"link_name":"peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"}],"sub_title":"Ecuador","text":"From Riobamba, llapingachos are potato cakes with a cheese filling, fried in oil with achiote, and served with a peanut sauce.","title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serrano ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_as_food"},{"link_name":"sweet chili sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_chili_sauce"}],"sub_title":"Uruguay","text":"Called \"croquetas\" in Spanish, the most popular stuffing are mashed potatoes (croquetas de papa), ham and mozzarella cheese (croquetas de jamón y queso), and rice (croquetas de arroz). Sometimes, the rice ones have herbs and little ham cubes. Generally, their shape is cylindrical and medium sized; but larger spherical ones also can be seen (especially with rice stuffing). They are deep-fried in oil.Croquetas are very common: they are available in almost every bakery, supermarket or food shop, and many people cook them at home as a side dish or even a main dish. In modern restaurants, more sophisticated croquettes (e.g. with serrano ham and a mixture of cheese or salmon) usually come with a more elaborate sauce as a dip (e.g. sweet chili sauce) and are ordered as starters.","title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"papa rellena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_rellena"},{"link_name":"chili sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_sauce"}],"sub_title":"Colombia","text":"In Colombia croquettes are commonly referred to as \"papa rellena\", which translates as stuffed potato. They consist of a mix of roughly mashed potato, seasoned shredded or ground beef and an egg. This mix is then lightly battered and deep fried. They are served in bars, casual restaurants, and at home for a celebration or party. They usually come with a side of homemade or bottled chili sauce.","title":"South America"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croquettes_with_red_lettuce.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kartoffel-Kroketten-tiefgefroren.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croquetas_con_patatas_fritas.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_0082_broodje_kroket_chiang_mai_2009_0629.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"}],"text":"Circular croquettes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCylindrical potato croquettes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCroquetas fritas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo Dutch kroketten, one cut open to show the beef-ragout filling; Chiang Mai, Thailand","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"Aloo tikki served with mint, tamarind sauce, and dahi (yogurt) in India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aloo_Tikki_served_with_chutneys.jpg/200px-Aloo_Tikki_served_with_chutneys.jpg"},{"image_text":"Korokke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Potato_croquettes_001.jpg/200px-Potato_croquettes_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baked croquettes from Austria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gebackene_Kroketten.jpg/220px-Gebackene_Kroketten.jpg"},{"image_text":"A plate containing crocchette and panelle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Panelle_e_Crocch%C3%A8.jpg/220px-Panelle_e_Crocch%C3%A8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rundvleeskroketten, Dutch croquettes containing a beef ragout, served with Doesburg mustard and bread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/20220907_kroketten.jpg/220px-20220907_kroketten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Febo broodje kroket in the Netherlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Broodje_kroket_-_Febo_-_03.JPG/220px-Broodje_kroket_-_Febo_-_03.JPG"},{"image_text":"Polish croquettes, served with barszcz (borscht soup)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Krokiety.jpg/220px-Krokiety.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"\"croquette noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com\". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/croquette","url_text":"\"croquette noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com\""}]},{"reference":"Nagao, Keiko; Hatae, Keiko; Shimada, Atsuko (1997). \"Occurrence of Ruptures on the Surface of Foods During Frying\". Journal of Texture Studies. 28 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.1997.tb00100.x. 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The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/making-spanish-croquettes/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Making Spanish Croquettes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Batlle-Bayer, Laura; Bala, Alba; Roca, Mercè; Lemaire, Elodie; Aldaco, Rubén; Fullana-i-Palmer, Pere (2020-10-20). \"Nutritional and environmental co-benefits of shifting to \"Planetary Health\" Spanish tapas\". Journal of Cleaner Production. 271: 122561. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122561. hdl:10902/19007. ISSN 0959-6526. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_(band)

Dayton (band)

["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"]

Post-disco funk band DaytonOriginDayton, OhioGenresFunk, post-discoYears active1980–1985LabelsLiberty, Capitol, United Artists RecordsPast membersChris JonesCraig E. RobinsonDavid Shawn SandridgeDean HummonsDerrick ArmstrongElaine TerriEvan RogersJennifer MatthewsJenny DouglasJohn HardinJustin Gresham Dayton was a post-disco funk band, formed in Dayton, Ohio, United States by Chris Jones (trumpet, keyboards, vocals) from the band Sun and Shawn Sandridge (guitar, vocals) from Over Night Low. Derrick Armstrong (vocals), Kevin Hurt (drums, percussion), Jenny Douglas (vocals) and Rachel Beavers (vocals) completed the line up. Former Sun member Dean Hummons played the keyboards on the first two Dayton albums. Biography The group signed to Liberty Records in 1980 and released their self-titled debut album which included the track "Eyes on You". Dayton toured with Ashford & Simpson, Quincy Jones and Stephanie Mills. They recorded a second Liberty album, Cutie Pie, in 1981. Guest musicians included James "Diamond" Williams, Keith Harrison, Clarence "Chet" Willis, Billy Beck, Wes Boatman and Vincent Andrews. The group switched to Capitol Records in 1982 and delivered the successful album Hot Fun. This record included "Krackity-Krack" with a guest appearance by Bootsy Collins and their hit cover version of Sly Stone's "Hot Fun in the Summertime". Dayton introduced Rahni Harris as vocalist/keyboard player on their fourth album, Feel the Music in 1983, which included "The Sound of Music". "The Sound of Music" recorded on Capitol (CL318) Records was their best known track in the UK, where it reached No.75 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in late 1983. It became very popular in nightclubs throughout the UK. The song "Love You Anyway" was produced by Zapp’s Roger Troutman. Harris did most of the songwriting and production. They released their last album This Time in 1985, also produced by Harris. The single "You Should Be Dancin'" was released from this LP (the last track on side 2) but failed to chart in the UK. The album did not match their previous efforts and marked the end of Dayton. Discography Albums 1980: Dayton (Liberty) 1981: Cutie Pie (Liberty) 1982: Hot Fun (Capitol) 1983: Feel the Music (Capitol) 1985: This Time (Capitol) Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album US R&B US 100 UK 1980 "Dank" — — — Dayton "Eyes on You" — — — 1981 "Body Shaker" — — — Cutie Pie "Cutie Pie" 62 — — 1982 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" 17 58 — Hot Fun "Krackity Krack" — — — "We Can't Miss" — — — 1983 "Meet the Man" — — — "Out Tonight" — — — Feel the Music "The Sound of Music" 69 — 75 "It Must Be Love" 54 — — 1984 "So What" — — — 1985 "This Time" 81 — — This Time "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. References ^ a b c d "Dayton biography and discography". jacquespetrus.com. Retrieved September 4, 2020. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 143. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "Dayton Page". Soulwalking.co.uk. Retrieved October 27, 2020. ^ a b "Dayton Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography". Music VF. Retrieved September 4, 2020. ^ "DAYTON - full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 7, 2020. External links Dayton discography at Discogs. Dayton discography on Allmusic Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United States band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Derrick Armstrong (vocals), Kevin Hurt (drums, percussion), Jenny Douglas (vocals) and Rachel Beavers (vocals) completed the line up. Former Sun member Dean Hummons played the keyboards on the first two Dayton albums.[1]","title":"Dayton (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Records"},{"link_name":"toured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Mills"},{"link_name":"recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Bootsy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootsy_Collins"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Sly Stone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_Stone"},{"link_name":"Hot Fun in the Summertime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Fun_in_the_Summertime"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Zapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp_(band)"},{"link_name":"Roger Troutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Troutman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"}],"text":"The group signed to Liberty Records in 1980 and released their self-titled debut album which included the track \"Eyes on You\". Dayton toured with Ashford & Simpson, Quincy Jones and Stephanie Mills. They recorded a second Liberty album, Cutie Pie, in 1981. Guest musicians included James \"Diamond\" Williams, Keith Harrison, Clarence \"Chet\" Willis, Billy Beck, Wes Boatman and Vincent Andrews.[1]The group switched to Capitol Records in 1982 and delivered the successful album Hot Fun. This record included \"Krackity-Krack\" with a guest appearance by Bootsy Collins and their hit cover version of Sly Stone's \"Hot Fun in the Summertime\".[1]Dayton introduced Rahni Harris as vocalist/keyboard player on their fourth album, Feel the Music in 1983, which included \"The Sound of Music\". \"The Sound of Music\" recorded on Capitol (CL318) Records was their best known track in the UK, where it reached No.75 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in late 1983. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bana_Kingdom

Bana Kingdom

["1 History","2 Boundaries","3 In Medieval South India","3.1 In Nellore","3.2 In Konidena","3.3 Other Banas","4 Brihatphala","5 Bana kings","6 In Sangam literature","7 Titles","8 See also","9 References"]

South Indian dynasty This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bana or Vana was a dynasty based in South India, who claimed descent from king Mahabali. The dynasty takes its name from Bana, the son of Mahabali. The Banas faced opposition from several neighbouring dynasties and served some major dynasties such as the Chalukyas Cholas and Pandyas as feudatories, sometimes after they were subjugated by them. They also served as Samantas to some dynasties. The Banas had their capital at various places at different times, including Kolar and Gudimallam. History Mahabali Banarasa Old kannada inscription dated 300 AD or much earlier at Gulgan Pode, Palar valley The earliest mention of the Banas in authentic historical records is in the middle of the fourth century AD, and as the feudatories of the Satavahana and early Pallavas. But from the actual literature history (Mysore State Gazetteer 1968), The Mahavalis or Brihadbanas who ruled the present Kolar and Chikkaballapur districts of Karnataka are the descendants of King Banasura or King Bana, son of King Mahabali. King Brihadbana was the grandson of Mahabali. Last known ruling king of this generation was King Sambayya. They were in constant conflicts with Nolambas and Western Gangas of the Kolar region. They had Vaidumbas as their allies. They had the present day Avani region (a village in Kolar District) as their capital. The Bana dynasty had a distinctive emblem, featuring a black flag and a bull crest. An inscription discovered in Mulbagal Taluk dating back to the year 339 AD, written in Sanskrit, begins by praising Shiva, whose throne is said to be on the mountain peak called Nandi. This peak is believed to be the present-day Nandidurga, which is considered to personify Nandi, the bull of Shiva. The inscription documents the grant of the village of Mudiyanur (also known as Chudagrama, a Sanskritized form of Mudiyanur) to 25 Brahmins by Vadhuvallabha-Malladeva-Nandivarma, the son of Vijayaditya Deva and grandson of Nandivarma, a notable figure from Mahabali's dynasty. The king, who was in the town of Avanya (Avani), is credited with bringing prosperity to the Bana dynasty and has been compared to Bodhisattva. The Banas seem to have been a strong power almost until the decline at the end of the 9th century. In the battle of Soremati about 874, Banas they, together with the Vaidumbas, are said to have defeated the Gangas and the Nolambas. Further, their inscriptions of 898, 905 and 909 A.D. mention no overlord. But all the same, the Banas had adversaries on all sides, and their power was continually being undermined since the close of the 9th century. They ultimately appear to have lost their independence by the first half of the 1Oth century at the latest. If the Nolamba king Mahendra (c. 870-897) is described as the cunning king who has ended the Mahabali family, the Chola king Viranarayana or Parantaka claims in 921 to have uprooted by force two Bana kings and conferred the title of Banadhiraja on the Ganga prince Prithvipathi II, who helped him in this task. In 961, which is the date of the latest Bana inscription in this district, we find one King Sambayya ruling a small district under the Pallava king Iriva or Dilipa. But the Banas did not disappear altogether from the political history, as is evident from the references to them in some later literary works and inscriptions. Stray Bana records have been found outside this district, particularly in the south, as late as the first quarter of the 16th century AD. The history of the Banas, who, during a period of more than a thousand years, moved from district to district, from the Andhra-desha in the north to the Pandya country in the far south where they were governors of Madurai under the Pandya kings, is particularly interesting in that it illustrates the long survival of a dynasty by migrations. Boundaries The Bana Kingdom was made up of various regions at different points in time and was known by the following names: Perumbanappadi (the great Bana country), of the Sangam period. It is the Tamil equivalent of the 'Country of Brihad-Bana' or 'country of the Brihad (great) Bana'. Perumbanappadi was a large tract of land which lay to the west of Andhrapatha. It had Punganur, Kolar and Srisailam in the west, Kalahasti and Sholingur in the east, while the river Palar formed its Southern boundary. Its capital was Thiruvallam also known as Vanapuram. Perumbanappadi formed a part of the province of Jayakonda Sola Mandalam and also represented the north-western portions of Thondai-Mandalam. Balikula Nadu (Kingdom of the Banas). It was made up of parts of modern Chittor, Ananthapur and Cuddapah districts. A portion of Balikula Nadu later included parts of Nellore. The Banas were located in the said regions as early as the 7th century AD and were affiliated with the Tamil Cholas. Andhrapatha (aka Andhra-desa or Province of the Andhras) traditionally between the Godavari and Krishna rivers. This Bana Kingdom known as Andhrapatha, originally extended as far as Kalahasti in the west and covered the whole of present-day North Arcot district. It also included present day Guntur and flourished under the Satavahanas. Andhrapatha was known to the Tamils as Vadugavalli, Vadugavalli Merku or Vadugavalli 12,000. Andhrapatha was developed into Andhramandala by a grant given by the Bana king, Vadhuvallaba Malladeva Nandivarman in AD 338. Andhrapatha was ruled by Ikshvaku kings, such as Virapurshadatta. In Medieval South India The Western Ganga dynasty king, Prithivipati II was conferred the title "lord of the Banas" by Parantaka I Chola after he defeated the Banas. After the Chola King, Parantaka I deprived the Banas of their Andhrapatha kingdom between 909-916 AD, the Banas were subsequently found ruling various parts, such as Nellore, Guntur and Anantapur, as chieftains in medieval Andhra. In Nellore An inscription discovered in Sannamur revealed the existence of a Bana dynasty that ruled the northern part of Nellore district in the 11th century AD. The Bana king at that time was named Aggaparaju (also known as Aggraparaju alias Aggappa), who claimed his descent from Mahabali and asserted lordship over Paravipura and Nandagiri. While nothing is known about his predecessors, it is believed that Aggappa may have ruled as a vassal of the Chalukya prince, Vimaladitya. In Konidena Churrabali I or Churaballiraja I of the Banas was ruling in Konidena in the 12th century AD. Churaballi II alias Churabbiraju II, served as a Mahamandaleshwara and bore a long prasasti and titles similar to that of Aggapparaju. Hence it is suggested that he was a descendant of Aggappa Raju. Churabbiraju's only record from Konidena dated 1151 AD mentions him as "Mahamandalesvara Berbaha Churraballi Raju". His epithets mention he belonged to Vashista gotra. He claimed lordship over Paravipura and Nandagiri and ruled in a part of Kammanadu. Other Banas Chittarasa, figuring in a record of 1122 AD record of Anantapur, was perhaps of Bana lineage. In the time of Prataparudra of the Kakatiya Dynasty, some Banas are heard of in the Telugu country. They have been mentioned in the work 'Prataparudra Yashobhushana' written by Vidyanatha. Trivikramadeva claimed a Bana descent and flourished in the 15th century. He wrote Trivikrama Vritti, a work on Prakrit grammar. The last date for the Vijayanagar Viceroys (Nayaks) of Madurai claiming a Bana descent is 1546 AD. Brihatphala Based on the copper plates of Jayavarman Brihat-Phalayana, it has been suggested that Brihat-Phala means the same as Brihad-Bana, where 'phala' and 'bana' both have the same meaning as 'arrowhead'. The Brihat-phalayanas ruled in regions around Masulipatnam around the 3rd century AD. Additionally, the Saka Mahakshatrapas of Ujjain claimed Brihatphala (Bahaphala) gotra and were linked with the Ikshvakus. A record of the Ikshvakus of the Guntur-Krishna region mentions that a queen named Varma Bhatarika, the wife of Maharaja Ehuvula Chantamula, and daughter-in-law of Maharaja Chantamula, is said to have belonged to Bahapala (that is, Brihat-phala or Brihatphalayana) gotra and is said to have been the daughter of a Mahakshatrapa. It may therefore be surmised that Brihatphala was possibly used as a gotra name to indicate descent from Brihad-Bana. Bana kings Some Bana kings mentioned in various historical sources are: Jayanandivarman Vijayaditya I, son of Jayanandivarman Malladeva, son of Vijayaditya I Bana Vidhyadhara, son of Malladeva (Married a granddaughter of the Ganga King Siva Maharaja, who reigned between 1000 and 1016 AD) Prabhumerudeva, son of Banavidhyadhara Vikramaditya I, son of Prabhumerudeva Vikramaditya II or Pugalvippavar-Ganda, son of Vikramaditya I Vijayabahu Vikramaditya II, son of Vikramaditya II Aragalur Udaiya Ponparappinan Rajarajadevan alias Magadesan (Magadai Mandalam chief) of Aragalur Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan In Sangam literature An ancient Tamil poem of the Sangam period, describes a scene in front of a Vanar Palace as below: Poets are leaving the palace with plenty of gifts from the King, while the arrested rulers of smaller regions of the Kingdom, who have failed to pay tribute to the King and waiting for the King's pardon happen to see the poets leaving with expensive gifts which are actually things seized by the King from them. One of them, seeing the gifts, says that it is his horse that one the poet takes away, while another one points out to his elephant, similarly and so on goes the poem, capturing the might of ancient Vanars. This poem explains the wealth and power of Southern Vanars. Kalki, in his historic novel Ponniyin Selvan, describes a scene in which the protagonist, Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, who he claims to be of Vanar descent, broods over the fall of his clan, singing this poem. Titles The Bana Chieftains held various titles in different regions and at different times, including Vanar, Vanara, Vanavarayar, Vanakovarayar, Ponparappinan, and some claimed titles such as "Vaana-Kulothoman," "Ganga-kula-uthaman," and "Kaangeyar," among others. See also Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai References ^ The history of Andhra country, 1000 C.E.-1500 C.E, By Yashoda Devi, p.384 ^ Karnataka through the ages: from prehistoric times to the day of the independence of India, Ranganath Ramachandra Diwakar, Literary and Cultural Development Department, Government of Mysore, p.129-130. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen. (1988). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International Publishers. pp. 469–476. ISBN 9788122411980. ^ Feudatories of South India, 800-1070 A.D, p.35-36 ^ The Tirumala Temple, by N Ramesan, p.17-18 ^ The early Chōḷas history, art, and culture, by S.Swaminathan, p.46 ^ South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil, by Eugen Hultzsch, Hosakote Krishna Sastri, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 89 and p.113 ^ Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, by Radha Champakalakshmi, p.374 ^ Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 & 610 A.D, by KR Subramanian, p.148 ^ Foundations of Indian culture, By Govind Chandra Pande, p. 30 ^ The history of Andhra country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D, By Yashoda Devi, p.384 ^ Journal of Indian history, Volume 45, By University of Kerala, p.481-482 ^ Malwa through the ages, from the earliest times to 1305 A.D, by Kailash Chand Jain, p.177 ^ The history of Andhra country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D., by Yashoda Devi, p.385 ^ The history of Andhra country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D, by Yashoda Devi, p.385-386 ^ The history of Andhra country, 1000 AD-1500 AD, by Yashoda Devi, p.384-387 ^ The Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Volume 19, p.179 ^ Ancient India, By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, p.385 ^ Department of Archeology Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy for 1961-58, p.4 ^ Epigraphia Indica, Volume 34, by Devadutt Bhandarkar, p.21 ^ Rural studies in early Andhra, by PVP Shastry, p.198

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabali"},{"link_name":"Chalukyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Pandyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya"},{"link_name":"Samantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanta"},{"link_name":"Kolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar"},{"link_name":"Gudimallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudimallam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Bana or Vana was a dynasty based in South India, who claimed descent from king Mahabali. The dynasty takes its name from Bana, the son of Mahabali. The Banas faced opposition from several neighbouring dynasties and served some major dynasties such as the Chalukyas Cholas and Pandyas as feudatories, sometimes after they were subjugated by them. They also served as Samantas to some dynasties. The Banas had their capital at various places at different times, including Kolar and Gudimallam.[1]","title":"Bana Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabali_Banarasa_Kannada_inscription_300AD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Satavahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana"},{"link_name":"Pallavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chikkaballapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkaballapur"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Nolambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolamba"},{"link_name":"Gangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Nolambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolamba"},{"link_name":"Nolamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolamba"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Viranarayana or Parantaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantaka_I"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pandya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya"}],"text":"Mahabali Banarasa Old kannada inscription dated 300 AD or much earlier at Gulgan Pode, Palar valleyThe earliest mention of the Banas in authentic historical records is in the middle of the fourth century AD, and as the feudatories of the Satavahana and early Pallavas.[2]But from the actual literature history (Mysore State Gazetteer 1968), The Mahavalis or Brihadbanas who ruled the present Kolar and Chikkaballapur districts of Karnataka are the descendants of King Banasura or King Bana, son of King Mahabali. King Brihadbana was the grandson of Mahabali. Last known ruling king of this generation was King Sambayya. They were in constant conflicts with Nolambas and Western Gangas of the Kolar region. They had Vaidumbas as their allies. They had the present day Avani region (a village in Kolar District) as their capital.The Bana dynasty had a distinctive emblem, featuring a black flag and a bull crest. An inscription discovered in Mulbagal Taluk dating back to the year 339 AD, written in Sanskrit, begins by praising Shiva, whose throne is said to be on the mountain peak called Nandi. This peak is believed to be the present-day Nandidurga, which is considered to personify Nandi, the bull of Shiva. The inscription documents the grant of the village of Mudiyanur (also known as Chudagrama, a Sanskritized form of Mudiyanur) to 25 Brahmins by Vadhuvallabha-Malladeva-Nandivarma, the son of Vijayaditya Deva and grandson of Nandivarma, a notable figure from Mahabali's dynasty. The king, who was in the town of Avanya (Avani), is credited with bringing prosperity to the Bana dynasty and has been compared to Bodhisattva.The Banas seem to have been a strong power almost until the decline at the end of the 9th century. In the battle of Soremati about 874, Banas they, together with the Vaidumbas, are said to have defeated the Gangas and the Nolambas. Further, their inscriptions of 898, 905 and 909 A.D. mention no overlord. But all the same, the Banas had adversaries on all sides, and their power was continually being undermined since the close of the 9th century. They ultimately appear to have lost their independence by the first half of the 1Oth century at the latest. If the Nolamba king Mahendra (c. 870-897) is described as the cunning king who has ended the Mahabali family, the Chola king Viranarayana or Parantaka claims in 921 to have uprooted by force two Bana kings and conferred the title of Banadhiraja on the Ganga prince Prithvipathi II, who helped him in this task. In 961, which is the date of the latest Bana inscription in this district, we find one King Sambayya ruling a small district under the Pallava king Iriva or Dilipa. But the Banas did not disappear altogether from the political history, as is evident from the references to them in some later literary works and inscriptions. Stray Bana records have been found outside this district, particularly in the south, as late as the first quarter of the 16th century AD. The history of the Banas, who, during a period of more than a thousand years, moved from district to district, from the Andhra-desha in the north to the Pandya country in the far south where they were governors of Madurai under the Pandya kings, is particularly interesting in that it illustrates the long survival of a dynasty by migrations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perumbanappadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumbanappadi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thondai-Mandalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondai_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Balikula Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balikula_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Andhrapatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhrapatha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Satavahanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ikshvaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Bana Kingdom was made up of various regions at different points in time and was known by the following names:Perumbanappadi (the great Bana country), of the Sangam period. It is the Tamil equivalent of the 'Country of Brihad-Bana' or 'country of the Brihad (great) Bana'. Perumbanappadi was a large tract of land which lay to the west of Andhrapatha. It had Punganur, Kolar and Srisailam in the west, Kalahasti and Sholingur in the east, while the river Palar formed its Southern boundary.[3][4][5] Its capital was Thiruvallam also known as Vanapuram.[6] Perumbanappadi formed a part of the province of Jayakonda Sola Mandalam [7] and also represented the north-western portions of Thondai-Mandalam.[8]\nBalikula Nadu (Kingdom of the Banas). It was made up of parts of modern Chittor, Ananthapur and Cuddapah districts. A portion of Balikula Nadu later included parts of Nellore. The Banas were located in the said regions as early as the 7th century AD and were affiliated with the Tamil Cholas.[9]\nAndhrapatha (aka Andhra-desa or Province of the Andhras) traditionally between the Godavari and Krishna rivers.[10] This Bana Kingdom known as Andhrapatha, originally extended as far as Kalahasti in the west and covered the whole of present-day North Arcot district.[11] It also included present day Guntur and flourished under the Satavahanas. Andhrapatha was known to the Tamils as Vadugavalli, Vadugavalli Merku or Vadugavalli 12,000. Andhrapatha was developed into Andhramandala by a grant given by the Bana king, Vadhuvallaba Malladeva Nandivarman in AD 338.[12] Andhrapatha was ruled by Ikshvaku kings, such as Virapurshadatta.[13]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Ganga dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Parantaka I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantaka_I"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"}],"text":"The Western Ganga dynasty king, Prithivipati II was conferred the title \"lord of the Banas\" by Parantaka I Chola after he defeated the Banas. After the Chola King, Parantaka I deprived the Banas of their Andhrapatha kingdom between 909-916 AD, the Banas were subsequently found ruling various parts, such as Nellore, Guntur and Anantapur, as chieftains in medieval Andhra.","title":"In Medieval South India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"In Nellore","text":"An inscription discovered in Sannamur revealed the existence of a Bana dynasty that ruled the northern part of Nellore district in the 11th century AD. The Bana king at that time was named Aggaparaju (also known as Aggraparaju alias Aggappa), who claimed his descent from Mahabali and asserted lordship over Paravipura and Nandagiri. While nothing is known about his predecessors, it is believed that Aggappa may have ruled as a vassal of the Chalukya prince, Vimaladitya.[14]","title":"In Medieval South India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kammanadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammanadu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"In Konidena","text":"Churrabali I or Churaballiraja I of the Banas was ruling in Konidena in the 12th century AD. Churaballi II alias Churabbiraju II, served as a Mahamandaleshwara and bore a long prasasti and titles similar to that of Aggapparaju. Hence it is suggested that he was a descendant of Aggappa Raju. Churabbiraju's only record from Konidena dated 1151 AD mentions him as \"Mahamandalesvara Berbaha Churraballi Raju\". His epithets mention he belonged to Vashista gotra. He claimed lordship over Paravipura and Nandagiri and ruled in a part of Kammanadu.[15]","title":"In Medieval South India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anantapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantapur"},{"link_name":"Kakatiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other Banas","text":"Chittarasa, figuring in a record of 1122 AD record of Anantapur, was perhaps of Bana lineage.\nIn the time of Prataparudra of the Kakatiya Dynasty, some Banas are heard of in the Telugu country. They have been mentioned in the work 'Prataparudra Yashobhushana' written by Vidyanatha.\nTrivikramadeva claimed a Bana descent and flourished in the 15th century. He wrote Trivikrama Vritti, a work on Prakrit grammar.\nThe last date for the Vijayanagar Viceroys (Nayaks) of Madurai claiming a Bana descent is 1546 AD.[citation needed][16]","title":"In Medieval South India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ikshvakus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Based on the copper plates of Jayavarman Brihat-Phalayana, it has been suggested that Brihat-Phala means the same as Brihad-Bana, where 'phala' and 'bana' both have the same meaning as 'arrowhead'.[17] The Brihat-phalayanas ruled in regions around Masulipatnam around the 3rd century AD.[18] Additionally, the Saka Mahakshatrapas of Ujjain claimed Brihatphala (Bahaphala) gotra and were linked with the Ikshvakus.[19] A record of the Ikshvakus of the Guntur-Krishna region mentions that a queen named Varma Bhatarika, the wife of Maharaja Ehuvula Chantamula, and daughter-in-law of Maharaja Chantamula, is said to have belonged to Bahapala (that is, Brihat-phala or Brihatphalayana) gotra and is said to have been the daughter of a Mahakshatrapa.[20][21] It may therefore be surmised that Brihatphala was possibly used as a gotra name to indicate descent from Brihad-Bana.","title":"Brihatphala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aragalur Udaiya Ponparappinan Rajarajadevan alias Magadesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aragalur_Udaiya_Ponparappinan_Rajarajadevan_alias_Magadesan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Magadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadai"},{"link_name":"Aragalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragalur"},{"link_name":"Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallavaraiyan_Vandiyadevan"}],"text":"Some Bana kings mentioned in various historical sources are:Jayanandivarman\nVijayaditya I, son of Jayanandivarman\nMalladeva, son of Vijayaditya I\nBana Vidhyadhara, son of Malladeva (Married a granddaughter of the Ganga King Siva Maharaja, who reigned between 1000 and 1016 AD)\nPrabhumerudeva, son of Banavidhyadhara\nVikramaditya I, son of Prabhumerudeva\nVikramaditya II or Pugalvippavar-Ganda, son of Vikramaditya I\nVijayabahu Vikramaditya II, son of Vikramaditya II\nAragalur Udaiya Ponparappinan Rajarajadevan alias Magadesan (Magadai Mandalam chief) of Aragalur\nVallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan","title":"Bana kings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangam period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_period"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"historic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Ponniyin Selvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan"},{"link_name":"Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallavaraiyan_Vandiyadevan"}],"text":"An ancient Tamil poem of the Sangam period, describes a scene in front of a Vanar Palace as below: \nPoets are leaving the palace with plenty of gifts from the King, while the arrested rulers of smaller regions of the Kingdom, who have failed to pay tribute to the King and waiting for the King's pardon happen to see the poets leaving with expensive gifts which are actually things seized by the King from them. One of them, seeing the gifts, says that it is his horse that one the poet takes away, while another one points out to his elephant, similarly and so on goes the poem, capturing the might of ancient Vanars. This poem explains the wealth and power of Southern Vanars. Kalki, in his historic novel Ponniyin Selvan, describes a scene in which the protagonist, Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, who he claims to be of Vanar descent, broods over the fall of his clan, singing this poem.","title":"In Sangam literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Bana Chieftains held various titles in different regions and at different times, including Vanar, Vanara, Vanavarayar, Vanakovarayar, Ponparappinan, and some claimed titles such as \"Vaana-Kulothoman,\" \"Ganga-kula-uthaman,\" and \"Kaangeyar,\" among others.","title":"Titles"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Texas

Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas

["1 Organization of the Court","1.1 Jurisdiction","1.2 Operation of the Court","2 Justices of the Court","2.1 Chief Justices","2.2 District judges","2.3 Succession of seats","3 Sessions","3.1 1837 and 1839","3.2 1840","3.3 1841","3.4 1842","3.5 1843","3.6 1844","3.7 1845","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Notes","6 External links"]

Supreme Court of the Republic of TexasSeal of the Republic of TexasEstablished1836LocationAustin, TexasComposition methodCongressional electionAuthorized byConstitution of the Republic of TexasNumber of positionsChief Justice, 7 District Judges (ex officio members) Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1519–1543 French Texas 1684–1689 Spanish Texas 1690–1821 Mexican Texas 1821–1836 Republic of Texas 1836–1845 Statehood 1845–1860 Civil War Era 1861–1865 Reconstruction 1865–1899 Years in Texas Texas portalvte The Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas was the court of last resort for legal matters in the Republic of Texas from the Republic's independence from Mexico in 1836 until its annexation by the United States of America in 1846. The current Supreme Court of Texas was established that year. Organization of the Court The Court was established by the Constitution of 1836, which created the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the Texas Congress might from time to time establish. The constitution also mandated that the Republic be divided into judicial districts, and that the district judges would serve as the associate judges on the Supreme Court, along with a Chief Justice. The judges were elected by Congress for a term of four years. The district judges rode the circuit in their district during the spring and fall, leaving only the summer and winter for the judges to sit as the Supreme Court. Jurisdiction The Court had unlimited appellate jurisdiction. In the first statute establishing the district courts, Congress set $300 as the minimum amount in controversy for the appeal of a decision from the district court to the Supreme Court. In 1841 the Court declared that limit unconstitutional in Morton v. Gordon and Alley, stating that all final judgments of the district courts were able to be appealed to the Supreme Court. The same district court enabling act did not provide for appeal to the Supreme Court of criminal matters, which the Court resolved in Republic v. Smith, stating that the constitution gave jurisdiction to the Court over all criminal appeals. Operation of the Court On December 15, 1836, the Texas Congress passed the implementing statute establishing the courts of Texas, and elected the chief justice and four district judges the next day. The four district judges covered 22 counties and were ex officio members of the Supreme Court. The court was to meet for one session a year, beginning on the first Monday in December, and required a majority of the judges to be present. The opinions of the court are collected in a private reporter, Dallam's Decisions, in only one volume. Justices of the Court Thomas J. Rusk, Chief Justice from 1838 to 1840 Chief Justices The Court had a Chief Justice and originally four district judges who served as associate judges. This was expanded to five in 1838 and seven in 1840. The first Chief Justice was James Collinsworth, who was an ally of Sam Houston, the president-elect of the new republic. On Collinsworth's death, Houston appointed John Birdsall to the post. When Mirabeau B. Lamar became president, Congress refused to confirm Birdsall and elected Thomas Jefferson Rusk instead. In 1840, Rusk resigned and was replaced by John Hemphill, who served until the annexation of Texas.. The election in Congress was contested, with John Scott, former Solicitor General of North Carolina; James Webb, former U.S. District judge and Attorney General of Texas; and Hemphill all in the running for Chief Justice. Hemphill has been compared to John Marshall in laying down the legal foundation of Texas law, especially in the area of land titles, marital property, and homestead exemptions. District judges The original four district court judges elected by Congress were Shelby Corzine, Benjamin Cromwell Franklin, Robert McAlpin Williamson, and James W. Robinson. Due to delays in the Supreme Court sitting in session, these four judges (along with the first two chief justices) never sat with the Supreme Court. Succession of seats Chief Justice Established by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Dec. 15, 1836 James Collinsworth 1836-1838 John Birdsall 1838 Thomas Jefferson Rusk 1838-1840 John Hemphill 1840-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office, June 1838. ^ Appointed by President Sam Houston, the Senate would not ratify the appointment. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned May 1840. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. First District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836 Shelby Corzine 1836-1839 Ezekiel Wimberly Cullen 1839 Anthony B. Shelby 1839-1841 Thomas Johnson (Texas jurist) 1841 Richard Morris (Texas jurist) 1841-1844 John Baker Jones 1844-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office, February 1839. ^ Appointed by President Mirabeau B. Lamar. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned September 1841. Both Shelby and Johnson attempted to hold court at the same time ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned September 1841. ^ Appointed, then elected by Texas Congress, died in office August 1844. ^ Appointed, then elected by Texas Congress. Second District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836 Benjamin Cromwell Franklin 1836-1839 Henry W. Fontaine 1839 William Jefferson Jones 1840-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned February 1839. ^ Appointed by President Lamar, resigned after one month. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. Third District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836 Robert McAlpin Williamson 1836-1839 John T. Mills 1839-1840 Robert Emmett Bledsoe Baylor 1841-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned January 1839. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, youngest member (21 at election). Later on court from 7th District. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. Fourth District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836 James W. Robinson 1836-1840 John Hemphill 1840 Anderson Hutchinson 1841-1843 William Early Jones 1843-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned January 1839. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, became Chief Justice December 1840. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned June 1843. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. Fifth District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, May 24, 1838 Edward Thomas Branch 1838-1840 George Whitfield Terrell 1840-1842 William Beck Ochiltree 1842-1845 Royall Tyler Wheeler 1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned June 1840. ^ Appointed by President Lamar, elected by Texas Congress the following year, resigned January 1842. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned December 1844. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. Sixth District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Jan. 29, 1840 Richardson A. Scurry 1840-1841 Patrick Churchill Jack 1841-1844 Milford Phillips Norton 1844-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned February 1841. ^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office. ^ Appointed by President Houston and elected by the Texas Congress. Seventh District Established by the Constitution of Republic of Texas Enabling Act, Jan. 29, 1840 John M. Hansford 1840-1842 John T. Mills 1843-1845 ^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned before impeachment. ^ Elected by Texas Congress. Previously on court from 3rd District. Sessions 1837 and 1839 Judge James Robinson never sat at a session of the Supreme Court No session was held in 1837, probably because a majority of the judges were not present. Two weeks after the Court was supposed to have met, Congress passed a statute which would impose a $1,000 fine on a judge who did not appear for a session. A short time later, Congress eliminated the scheduled 1838 session when it moved the annual date to the second Monday in January. In the meantime, Collinsworth died and Houston replaced him with Birdsall until Congress could meet and elect a new Chief Justice. Rusk was elected, but did not receive word of his election until after the 1839 session had been scheduled to occur and been canceled for lack of a Chief Justice. 1840 The first session in which the Texas Supreme Court met was the January 1840 session, in Austin. The Court consisted of Chief Justice Rusk, and District Judges Shelby, W.J. Jones, Mills, and Hemphill. The clerk was W. Fairfax Gray. The court disposed of 49 cases on its docket, but issued only 18 opinions. Thirteen cases were decided without opinion; the rest were continued to the following term. The court issued what appear to be the first writ of mandamus and first writ of habeas corpus in Texas. 1841 John Hemphill, Chief Justice from 1840 to 1845 The January 1841 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Baylor, Hutchinson, Terrell, Scurry, and Hansford. Gray was the clerk. The District Judges from the First and Second Districts were not in attendance. 1842 The January 1842 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, Baylor, Hutchinson, Ochiltree, Jack, and Mills. Thomas Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the Second District did not attend. 1843 The June 1843 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, Baylor, Ochiltree, and Jack. Green was the clerk. The District Judges from the Second, Fourth, and Seventh Districts did not attend. 1844 The June 1844 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, W.J. Jones, Baylor, W.E. Jones, Ochiltree, and Jack. Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the Seventh District did not attend. 1845 The December 1845 session was the last session of the Court. It was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges J. B. Jones, W. J. Jones, Baylor, W. E. Jones, Wheeler, and Norton. Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the seventh district did not attend. See also Texas portalLaw portal List of Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas cases References Footnotes ^ Collinsworth was 30 years old, had been the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee, and signed the Texas Declaration of Independence and help draft the Constitution. He drowned in 1838 while running for President, to replace Houston. ^ Although required to convene on the first Monday of December (later changed to January), the Court had never had a quorum until Rusk convened it in January 1840. ^ Hemphill served as Chief Justice until 1958, when he was appointed U.S. Senator, replacing Sam Houston. ^ Judge Franklin has the distinction of being the first judge appointed by the Republic, abet outside of the required process. The Texas Navy had captured a United States ship, the brig Pocket, which was carrying contraband to a Mexican port. President David G. Burnet appointed Franklin as a district judge to hear the case. ^ The mandamus was issued in Dangerfield v. Secretary of State and the habeas was issued in Republic v. Bynum Notes ^ Tex. Const. art. IV § 1 (1836); 1 The Laws of Texas, 1822-1897 1073 (Hans Peter Mareus Neilsen Gammel ed. 1898); James W. Paulsen, A Short History of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas 65 Tex. L. Rev. 237, 240-41 (1986). ^ Tex. Const. art. IV §§ 2, 7 (1836); Gammel, 1 Laws at 1073-74; Paulsen, Short History at 240-41. ^ Jewette Harbert Davenport, The History of the Supreme Court of the State of Texas: With Biographies of the Chief and Associate Justices 7 (1917). ^ Paulsen, Short History at 241. ^ Tex. Const. art. IV § 8 (1836); Gammel, 1 Laws at 1074; Paulsen, Short History at 241. ^ Act of Dec. 22, 1836, § 15; Gammel, 1 Laws at 1263; 1 Year Book for Texas 96-97 (Cadwell Walton Raines ed. 1902); Paulsen, Short History at 242. ^ Morton v. Gordon and Alley, Dallam 396 (1841); Paulsen, Short History at 242 n.19. ^ Raines, at 97. ^ Republic v. Smith, Dallam 407 (1841). ^ Raines, at 97. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 248. ^ James L. Haley, The Texas Supreme Court: A Narrative History, 1836–1986 18 (2013). ^ Haley, at 18. ^ Davenport, at 14. ^ Act of Dec. 15, 1836, § 1; Act of Dec. 22, 1836, § 1; Gammel, 1 Laws at 1139, 1258; Paulsen, Short History at 241. ^ Act of May 24, 1838, §§ 1, 6; Gammel, 1 Laws at 1500-02; Paulsen, Short History at 241. ^ Act of Jan. 29, 1836, § 1; Gammel, 2 Laws at 350-51; Paulsen, Short History at 241. ^ James Daniel Lynch, The Bench and Bar of Texas 64 (1885); Haley, at 19; Raines, at 93. ^ Haley, at 19; Raines, at 93; Stanley Siegel, A Political History of the Texas Republic, 1836-1845 56 (2010). ^ Raines, at 93. ^ Haley, at 20. ^ Lynch, at 67; Haley, at 19-20; Raines, at 94. ^ 1 Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia 374 (John R. Vile ed. 2003). ^ Lynch, at 70; Haley, at 20; Raines, at 94. ^ Profile of John Scott at University of Texas School of Law Library; Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 254. ^ The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law 260-61 (Roger K. Newman ed. 2009); Vile, at 370. ^ C.T. Neu, The Case of the Brig Pocket, 12 Q. of Tex. St. Hist. Ass'n 276 (1909). ^ Raines, at 95; Seigel, at 56. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 248. ^ James W. Paulsen, The Judges of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas, 65 Tex. L. Rev. 305 (1986). ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Judges at 305. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 249. ^ Act of Dec. 14, 1837; Gammel, 1 Laws 1400; Paulsen, Short History at 249. ^ Act of May 24, 1838 § 7; Gammel, 1 Laws 1500, 1502; Paulsen, Short History at 250. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 250-52. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 253. ^ Raines, at 97-98. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 253. ^ Paulsen, Short History at 253 n.100. ^ Dangerfield v. Secretary of State, Dallam 358 (1840). ^ Republic v. Bynum, Dallam 376 (1840). ^ Raines, at 98. ^ Raines, at 98. ^ Raines, at 98. ^ Raines, at 98. ^ Raines, at 99. External links The Texas Supreme Court Historical Society vte History of TexasBy period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission Years in Texas

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"court of last resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas"}],"text":"The Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas was the court of last resort for legal matters in the Republic of Texas from the Republic's independence from Mexico in 1836 until its annexation by the United States of America in 1846. The current Supreme Court of Texas was established that year.","title":"Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Court was established by the Constitution of 1836, which created the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as the Texas Congress might from time to time establish.[1] The constitution also mandated that the Republic be divided into judicial districts, and that the district judges would serve as the associate judges on the Supreme Court, along with a Chief Justice.[2] The judges were elected by Congress for a term of four years.[3] The district judges rode the circuit in their district during the spring and fall, leaving only the summer and winter for the judges to sit as the Supreme Court.[4]","title":"Organization of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appellate jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconstitutional"},{"link_name":"Morton v. Gordon and Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morton_v._Gordon_and_Alley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Republic v. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Jurisdiction","text":"The Court had unlimited appellate jurisdiction.[5] In the first statute establishing the district courts, Congress set $300 as the minimum amount in controversy for the appeal of a decision from the district court to the Supreme Court.[6] In 1841 the Court declared that limit unconstitutional in Morton v. Gordon and Alley,[7] stating that all final judgments of the district courts were able to be appealed to the Supreme Court.[8] The same district court enabling act did not provide for appeal to the Supreme Court of criminal matters, which the Court resolved in Republic v. Smith,[9] stating that the constitution gave jurisdiction to the Court over all criminal appeals.[10]","title":"Organization of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_report"},{"link_name":"Dallam's Decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallam%27s_Decisions"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Operation of the Court","text":"On December 15, 1836, the Texas Congress passed the implementing statute establishing the courts of Texas, and elected the chief justice and four district judges the next day.[11] The four district judges covered 22 counties and were ex officio members of the Supreme Court.[12] The court was to meet for one session a year, beginning on the first Monday in December, and required a majority of the judges to be present.[13] The opinions of the court are collected in a private reporter, Dallam's Decisions, in only one volume.[14]","title":"Organization of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TJRusk.jpg"}],"text":"Thomas J. Rusk, Chief Justice from 1838 to 1840","title":"Justices of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"James Collinsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collinsworth"},{"link_name":"Sam Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston"},{"link_name":"[fn 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"John Birdsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birdsall_(politician,_born_1802)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mirabeau B. Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk"},{"link_name":"[fn 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"John Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hemphill_(senator)"},{"link_name":"[fn 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Scott_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"James Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(Attorney_General)"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"land titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_(real_estate)"},{"link_name":"marital property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_property"},{"link_name":"homestead exemptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_exemption"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Chief Justices","text":"The Court had a Chief Justice and originally four district judges who served as associate judges.[15] This was expanded to five in 1838[16] and seven in 1840.[17] The first Chief Justice was James Collinsworth, who was an ally of Sam Houston, the president-elect of the new republic.[fn 1][19] On Collinsworth's death, Houston appointed John Birdsall to the post.[20] When Mirabeau B. Lamar became president, Congress refused to confirm Birdsall and elected Thomas Jefferson Rusk instead.[fn 2][22]In 1840, Rusk resigned and was replaced by John Hemphill, who served until the annexation of Texas.[fn 3].[24] The election in Congress was contested, with John Scott, former Solicitor General of North Carolina;[25] James Webb, former U.S. District judge and Attorney General of Texas; and Hemphill all in the running for Chief Justice.[26] Hemphill has been compared to John Marshall in laying down the legal foundation of Texas law, especially in the area of land titles, marital property, and homestead exemptions.[27]","title":"Justices of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelby Corzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Corzine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Cromwell Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Cromwell_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[fn 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Robert McAlpin Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McAlpin_Williamson"},{"link_name":"James W. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Robinson_(Texas_and_California)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"District judges","text":"The original four district court judges elected by Congress were Shelby Corzine, Benjamin Cromwell Franklin,[fn 4] Robert McAlpin Williamson, and James W. Robinson.[29] Due to delays in the Supreme Court sitting in session, these four judges (along with the first two chief justices) never sat with the Supreme Court.[30]","title":"Justices of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of the Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"James Collinsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collinsworth"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"John Birdsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birdsall_(politician,_born_1802)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"John Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hemphill_(senator)"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Wimberly Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezekiel_Wimberly_Cullen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Anthony B. Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_B._Shelby"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Thomas Johnson (Texas jurist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Johnson_(Texas_jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Richard Morris (Texas jurist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Morris_(Texas_jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"John Baker Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Baker_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_W._Fontaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"William Jefferson Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jefferson_Jones"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"John T. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Mills"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Robert Emmett Bledsoe Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Emmett_Bledsoe_Baylor"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Anderson Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"William Early Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Early_Jones"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Edward Thomas Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thomas_Branch"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"George Whitfield Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whitfield_Terrell"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"William Beck Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beck_Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Royall Tyler Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royall_T._Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Richardson A. Scurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_A._Scurry"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Patrick Churchill Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Churchill_Jack"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Milford Phillips Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Phillips_Norton"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"John M. Hansford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Hansford"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"}],"sub_title":"Succession of seats","text":"Chief Justice\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of the Republic of Texas[31] Enabling Act, Dec. 15, 1836\n\n\nJames Collinsworth\n1836-1838[a]\n\n\nJohn Birdsall\n1838[b]\n\n\nThomas Jefferson Rusk\n1838-1840[c]\n\n\nJohn Hemphill\n1840-1845[d]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office, June 1838.\n\n^ Appointed by President Sam Houston, the Senate would not ratify the appointment.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned May 1840.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[32] Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836\n\n\nShelby Corzine\n1836-1839[a]\n\n\nEzekiel Wimberly Cullen\n1839[b]\n\n\nAnthony B. Shelby\n1839-1841[c]\n\n\nThomas Johnson (Texas jurist)\n1841[d]\n\n\nRichard Morris (Texas jurist)\n1841-1844[e]\n\n\nJohn Baker Jones\n1844-1845[f]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office, February 1839.\n\n^ Appointed by President Mirabeau B. Lamar.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned September 1841. Both Shelby and Johnson attempted to hold court at the same time\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned September 1841.\n\n^ Appointed, then elected by Texas Congress, died in office August 1844.\n\n^ Appointed, then elected by Texas Congress.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSecond District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[33] Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836\n\n\nBenjamin Cromwell Franklin\n1836-1839[a]\n\n\nHenry W. Fontaine\n1839[b]\n\n\nWilliam Jefferson Jones\n1840-1845[c]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned February 1839.\n\n^ Appointed by President Lamar, resigned after one month.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress.Third District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[34] Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836\n\n\nRobert McAlpin Williamson\n1836-1839[a]\n\n\nJohn T. Mills\n1839-1840[b]\n\n\nRobert Emmett Bledsoe Baylor\n1841-1845[c]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned January 1839.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, youngest member (21 at election). Later on court from 7th District.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFourth District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[35] Enabling Act, Dec. 22, 1836\n\n\nJames W. Robinson\n1836-1840[a]\n\n\nJohn Hemphill\n1840[b]\n\n\nAnderson Hutchinson\n1841-1843[c]\n\n\nWilliam Early Jones\n1843-1845[d]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned January 1839.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, became Chief Justice December 1840.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned June 1843.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFifth District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[36] Enabling Act, May 24, 1838\n\n\nEdward Thomas Branch\n1838-1840[a]\n\n\nGeorge Whitfield Terrell\n1840-1842[b]\n\n\nWilliam Beck Ochiltree\n1842-1845[c]\n\n\nRoyall Tyler Wheeler\n1845[d]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned June 1840.\n\n^ Appointed by President Lamar, elected by Texas Congress the following year, resigned January 1842.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned December 1844.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress.Sixth District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[37] Enabling Act, Jan. 29, 1840\n\n\nRichardson A. Scurry\n1840-1841[a]\n\n\nPatrick Churchill Jack\n1841-1844[b]\n\n\nMilford Phillips Norton\n1844-1845[c]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned February 1841.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, died in office.\n\n^ Appointed by President Houston and elected by the Texas Congress.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeventh District\n\n\nEstablished by the Constitution of Republic of Texas[38] Enabling Act, Jan. 29, 1840\n\n\nJohn M. Hansford\n1840-1842[a]\n\n\nJohn T. Mills\n1843-1845[b]\n\n\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress, resigned before impeachment.\n\n^ Elected by Texas Congress. Previously on court from 3rd District.","title":"Justices of the Court"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_W_Robinson.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"1837 and 1839","text":"Judge James Robinson never sat at a session of the Supreme CourtNo session was held in 1837, probably because a majority of the judges were not present.[39] Two weeks after the Court was supposed to have met, Congress passed a statute which would impose a $1,000 fine on a judge who did not appear for a session.[40] A short time later, Congress eliminated the scheduled 1838 session when it moved the annual date to the second Monday in January.[41] In the meantime, Collinsworth died and Houston replaced him with Birdsall until Congress could meet and elect a new Chief Justice. Rusk was elected, but did not receive word of his election until after the 1839 session had been scheduled to occur and been canceled for lack of a Chief Justice.[42]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"W. Fairfax Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._Fairfax_Gray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"writ of mandamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_mandamus"},{"link_name":"writ of habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[fn 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"1840","text":"The first session in which the Texas Supreme Court met was the January 1840 session, in Austin.[43] The Court consisted of Chief Justice Rusk, and District Judges Shelby, W.J. Jones, Mills, and Hemphill. The clerk was W. Fairfax Gray.[44] The court disposed of 49 cases on its docket, but issued only 18 opinions.[45] Thirteen cases were decided without opinion; the rest were continued to the following term.[46] The court issued what appear to be the first writ of mandamus and first writ of habeas corpus in Texas.[fn 5]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Hemphill.jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"1841","text":"John Hemphill, Chief Justice from 1840 to 1845The January 1841 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Baylor, Hutchinson, Terrell, Scurry, and Hansford. Gray was the clerk. The District Judges from the First and Second Districts were not in attendance.[49]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Green_(general)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"1842","text":"The January 1842 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, Baylor, Hutchinson, Ochiltree, Jack, and Mills. Thomas Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the Second District did not attend.[50]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"1843","text":"The June 1843 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, Baylor, Ochiltree, and Jack. Green was the clerk. The District Judges from the Second, Fourth, and Seventh Districts did not attend.[51]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"1844","text":"The June 1844 session was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges Morris, W.J. Jones, Baylor, W.E. Jones, Ochiltree, and Jack. Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the Seventh District did not attend.[52]","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"1845","text":"The December 1845 session was the last session of the Court. It was attended by Chief Justice Hemphill and District Judges J. B. Jones, W. J. Jones, Baylor, W. E. Jones, Wheeler, and Norton. Green was the clerk. The District Judge from the seventh district did not attend.[53]","title":"Sessions"}]

[{"image_text":"Thomas J. Rusk, Chief Justice from 1838 to 1840","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/TJRusk.jpg/200px-TJRusk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Judge James Robinson never sat at a session of the Supreme Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/James_W_Robinson.jpg/150px-James_W_Robinson.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Hemphill, Chief Justice from 1840 to 1845","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/John_Hemphill.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"List of Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_cases"}]

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[{"Link":"http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/justices/profile/view/93","external_links_name":"Profile of John Scott"},{"Link":"http://texascourthistory.org/","external_links_name":"The Texas Supreme Court Historical Society"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errico_Malatesta_bibliography

Errico Malatesta bibliography

["1 Books","2 Articles","3 Letters","4 Collected works","5 References"]

Errico Malatesta was an Italian anarchist and revolutionary socialist. Unless otherwise noted, all works are authored solely by Errico Malatesta. Books English title Original title Date Published Online Notes Anarchy L'Anarchia 1891 Wikisource, Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Between Peasants: A Dialogue on Anarchy Fra Contadini: Dialogo sull'anarchia 1884 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library At The Café: Conversations on Anarchism 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Articles English title Original title Published In Date Published Online Notes About a Strike A proposito di uno sciopero L'Associazione, n. 1 1889 The Anarchist Library About my trial: Class Struggle or Class Hatred? Umanità Nova, n. 137 20 September 1921 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Against the Constituent Assembly as Against the Dictatorship 4 October 1930 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Against Monarchy: A Call to All Progressive People or Against Monarchy: Appeal to all forward-looking men Contro la Monarchia August 1899 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Published as an anonymous pamphlet, presumably during Malatesta's short stay in London Anarchism and Organization 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Anarchism and Reforms March 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Anarchism and Syndicalism 1907 The Anarchist Library Anarchism in the Workers' Movement L'anarchismo nel movimento operajo L'Agitazione, no. 30 7 October 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Anarchism's Evolution Evoluzione dell'anarchismo (A proposito di un'intervista) L'Agitazione, no. 31 14 October 1897 The Anarchist Library An Anarchist Programme Programma Anarchico 1920 The Anarchist Library Adopted as official programme by the Unione Anarchica Italiana at its Congress in Bologna Anarchist Propaganda 1890 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Anarchist Revolution 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Anarchists and the Situation Freedom, no. 242 June 1909 The Anarchist Library Anarchists Have Forgotten Their Principles Freedom November 1914 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Anarchists in the Present Time Vogliamo! June 1930 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Anarchists' Task Il compito degli anarchici La Questione Sociale, no. 13 2 December 1899 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Anarchists, the War and Their Principles Freedom November 1914 The Anarchist Library Anarchy and Violence Liberty, No. 9 1894 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Another Strike Un altro sciopero L'Associazione, no. 2 16 October 1889 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Armed Strike Lo sciopero armato Lo Sciopero Generale, no. 3 2 June 1902 The Anarchist Library A Bit Of Theory or A Little Theory Un peu de théorie L'En Dehors August 1892 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Bourgeois Seepage Into Socialist Doctrine Infiltrazioni borghesi nella dottrina socialista Il Pensiero, no. 10 16 May 1905 The Anarchist Library Capitalists and Thieves Capitalistes et voleurs: A propos des tragédies de Houndsditch et Sidney Street Les Temps Nouveaux, no. 23 18 February 1911 The Anarchist Library According to Rudolf Rocker, the first version to appear was in London by Der Arbeter Fraint on 27 January 1911 Comments on the Article 'Science and Anarchy' July 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Communism and Individualism April 1926 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library A comment on an article by German historian and anarchist Max Nettlau Dear Comrades at Ilota Cari Compagni dell'Ilota Ilota (Pistoia) 1, no. 9 1 April 1883 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Democracy and Anarchy Pensiero e Volontà March 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Doing Good By Force Le bien par la force L'Idée, no. 7 15 October 1894 The Anarchist Library The Duties of the Present Hour Liberty, no. 8 August 1894 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Duty of Resistance 30 May 1897 The Anarchist Library The Economic Question Questione economica La Questione Sociale, no. 13 29 June 1884 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Errors And Remedies Errori e rimedi L'Anarchia August 1896 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library A Few Words To Bring The Controversy To An End Poche parole per chiudere la polemica L'Agitazione, no. 6 18 April 1897 The Anarchist Library The First of May The Commonweal, no. 1 1 May 1893 The Anarchist Library From a Matter of Tactics to a Matter of Principle Da una questione di tattica a una questione di principii 28 March 1897 The Anarchist Library Response to article written by Francesco Saverio Merlino Further Thoughts on Anarchism and the Labour Movement March 1926 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Further Thoughts on Revolution in Practice Umanità Nova, no.192 14 October 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Further Thoughts on Science and Anarchy: Necessity and Liberty February 1926 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The General Strike And The Revolution The Torch, no. 3 August 1894 The Anarchist Library Gradualism Gradualismo Pensiero e Volantà, no.12 1 October 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library How to Get… What You Want Come si conquista… quel che si vuole L'Agitazione, no. 5 and no. 7 12/25 April 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Originally released in two parts The Idea of Good Government Umanità Nova 1920 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Individualism and Communism in Anarchism July 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Individualism in Anarchism L'Individualismo nell'Anarchismo and Ancora sull'Individualismo L'Agitazione, no. 6 18/25 April 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Originally released in two parts In Relation to Strikes A proposito di scioperi La Rivoluzione Sociale, no. 2 18 October 1902 The Anarchist Library The Irreconcilable Contradiction La contradizione irreduttibile La Questione Sociale, vol. 6, no. 30 31 March 1900 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Let's Demolish — and then? 1926 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Let Us Be Of Good Cheer! 1 May 1897 The Anarchist Library Let Us Go To The People Andiamo fra il popolo L'Art. 248, no. 5 4 February 1894 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Liberty and Fatalism: Determinism and Will Libertà e fatalità: Determinismo e volontà Volontà, no. 24 22 November 1913 The Anarchist Library A Little Theory Freedom, vol. 37, no. 41 October 1923 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Majorities and Minorities Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Matters Revolutionary Questions révolutionnaires La Révolte 4, no. 4 4-10 October 1890 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Monza Tragedy: Causes and Effects La tragedia di Monza: Cause ed Effetti September 1900 The Anarchist Library Mussolini in Power Mussolini al potere Umanità Nova 25 November 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Mutual Aid: An Essay 1909 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Neither Democrats, nor Dictators: Anarchists Pensiero e Volontà May 1926 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Note on Hz's article, 'Science and Anarchy' September 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Note on Medicine and Anarchism Pensiero e Volontà, No. 9 10 May 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Note to the article "Individualism and Anarchism" by Adamas Pensiero e Volontà, n. 15 August 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library On 'Anarchist Revisionism' May 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Organization L'organizzazione L'Agitazione, Nos. 13–15 4/11/18 June 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Originally released in three parts Our Foreign Policy La Nostra Politica Estera Volontà, no. 10 7 March 1914 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Our Plans: Union Between Communists and Collectivists I nostri propositi. I. L'Unione tra comunisti e collettivisti L'Associazione, no. 4 30 November 1889 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Our Tactics La nostra tattica L'Agitazione, no. 35 11 November 1897 The Anarchist Library The Paris Commune Il Comune di Parigi La Questione Sociale, nos. 28-29 17 an 24 March 1900 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Peter Kropotkin: Recollections and Criticisms of an Old Friend Pietro Kropotkin: Ricordi e Critiche di un Vecchio Amicco April 15, 1931 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Published in 2015 as part of a book Life and Ideas: The Anarchist Writings of Errico Malatesta and also in 2018 in czech in a zine Malatesta (životopisné poznámky). The Products of Soil and Industry: An Anarchist Concern Los productos de la tierra y de la industria El Productor 5, no. 278 24 December 1891 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Pro-Government Anarchists April 1916 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library A Project of Anarchist Organisation October 1927 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Propaganda by Deeds: One Way of Marking Socialism's Anniversaries La propaganda a fatti L'Associazione 1, no. 2 16 October 1889 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Pseudo-Scientific Aberrations November 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Questions of Tactics Almanacco Libertario 1931 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Reformism 1920s Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Republic and Revolution July 1924 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Republic of the Boys and that of the Bearded Men La repubblica dei giovanetti e quella degli uomini colla barba La Questione Sociale, no. 3 5 January 1884 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Resistance Societies Leghe di resistenza Agitiamoci per il Socialismo Anarchico 1 May 1897 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library First published in Agitiamoci per il Socialismo Anarchico which was a replacement for no. 8 of L'Agitazione. A Revolt is No Revolution La sommossa non è rivoluzione L'Associazione, no. 3 27 October 1889 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Revolutionary "Haste" Umanità Nova, n. 125 6 September 1921 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Revolutionary Terror: Thoughts on a Possibly Near Future October 1924 The Anarchist Library Revolution in Practice Umanità Nova, n. 191 7 October 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Should Anarchists Be Admitted to the Coming International Congress? The Labour Leader 8, no. 119 11 July 1896 The Anarchist Library Some Thoughts on the Post-Revolutionary Property System November 1929 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Syndicalism and Anarchism April-May 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Tactical Matters Questions de tactique La Révolte 6, no. 3 1–7 October 1892 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library A Talk About Anarchist Communism Between Two Workers 1933 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Suffragettes Le Suffragette Volontà 22/6/1913 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Towards Anarchism Verso l'anarchia La Questione Sociale 9 December 1899 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The Tragic Bandits La Société Nouvelle, no. 2 August 1913 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Violence as a Social Factor April 1895 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library The War and the Anarchists La guerra e gli anarchici La Guerra Tripolina April 1912 The Anarchist Library What is to be done? Umanità Nova, n. 185 August 26, 1922 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Why Fascism Won Perché il fascismo vinse Libero Accordo 28 August 1923 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Letters English title Original title Published In Date Published Online Notes Further thoughts on the question of crime Umanità Nova, no. 134 16 September 1921 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library On Collective Responsibility Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Letter to the anarchist group of the 18e Arrondissement in Paris. On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat: A Prophetic Letter to Luigi Fabbri 30 July 1919 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Reply to Nestor Makhno: In reply to About the Platform Umanità Nova, n. 137 20 September 1921 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Reply to Nestor Makhnos letter About the Platform which was a reply to Malatestas article A Project of Anarchist Organisation. The Labour Movement and Anarchism December 1925 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Open letter addressed to the editors of El Productor Letter to The Bulletin De La Fédération Jurassienne: The Italian federal delegates to the Berne Congress Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne 5, no. 49 3 December 1876 Marxists Internet Archive, The Anarchist Library Signor Malatesta Explains Il signor Malatesta si spiega Il Progresso Italo-Americano 20, n. 200 23 August 1899 The Anarchist Library The Socialists and the Elections I socialisti e le elezioni: Una lettera di E. Malatesta Il Messaggero 19, no. 38 7 February 1897 The Anarchist Library Collected works The Complete Works of Malatesta by AK Press References ^ Richard, Vernons. Malatesta: Life and Ideas. ^ "Vernon Richards: Malatesta (životopisné poznámky) | Nakladatelství AF" (in Czech). Retrieved 2021-09-23.

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Errico Malatesta bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Articles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AK Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK_Press"}],"text":"The Complete Works of Malatesta by AK Press","title":"Collected works"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Richard, Vernons. Malatesta: Life and Ideas.","urls":[{"url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/errico-malatesta-malatesta-life-and-ideas","url_text":"Malatesta: Life and Ideas"}]},{"reference":"\"Vernon Richards: Malatesta (životopisné poznámky) | Nakladatelství AF\" (in Czech). Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://nakladatelstvi.afed.cz/kapesni_brozury/vernon-richards-malatesta-zivotopisne-poznamky/","url_text":"\"Vernon Richards: Malatesta (životopisné poznámky) | Nakladatelství AF\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Cecchini

Elena Cecchini

["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Major results","3.1 Track","3.2 Road","4 References","5 External links"]

Italian cyclist (born 1992) Elena CecchiniCecchini with the Fiamme Azzurre jersey in 2013Personal informationBorn (1992-05-25) 25 May 1992 (age 32)Udine, ItalyTeam informationCurrent teamTeam SD Worx–ProtimeDisciplinesRoadTrackRoleRiderRider typeAll-rounderAmateur teams2009–2010Vecchia Fontana2010–G.S. Fiamme Azzurre Professional teams2011Colavita Forno d'Asolo2012MCipollini–Giambenini–Gauss2013–2014Faren–Let's Go Finland2015Lotto–Soudal Ladies2016–2020Canyon–SRAM2021–SD Worx Major winsStage races Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen (2016) One day races & Classics National Road Race Championships (2014–2016) National Time Trial Championships (2018, 2019) Medal record Women's road bicycle racing Representing  Italy World Championships 2022 Wollongong Mixed team relay 2021 Flanders Mixed team relay European Championships 2021 Trentino Mixed team relay 2023 Drenthe Mixed team relay Elena Cecchini (born 25 May 1992) is an Italian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Team SD Worx–Protime. She competed in the 2013 UCI women's team time trial in Florence. Career In 2013 and 2014, she rode for the Estado de México–Faren Kuota team. In November 2015 she was announced as part of the Canyon–SRAM team's inaugural squad for the 2016 season. She remained with the team until the end of the 2020 season; in August 2020, she signed a two-year contract with the SD Worx team, from the 2021 season. Personal life Cecchini is married to fellow cyclist Elia Viviani. Cecchini is an athlete of Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Azzurre. Major results Track 2009 2nd Points race, UCI Juniors Track World Championships 2010 UEC European Junior Track Championships 1st Points race 2nd Team pursuit 3rd Scratch, UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships 2011 National Track Championships 2nd Team sprint 3rd Keirin 3rd Scratch 2012 2nd Points race, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships 3rd Team pursuit, National Track Championships 2013 National Track Championships 1st Points race 1st Team pursuit 3 Jours d'Aigle 1st Points race 2nd Scratch 3rd Team pursuit, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships (with Beatrice Bartelloni, Maria Giulia Confalonieri and Chiara Vannucci) 2014 UEC European Under-23 Track Championships 1st Points race 3rd Team pursuit (with Beatrice Bartelloni, Maria Giulia Confalonieri and Francesca Pattaro) 3rd Scratch 1st Team pursuit, National Track Championships International Track Women & Men (Under-23) 2nd Scratch 2nd Points race UEC European Track Championships 3rd Points race 3rd Scratch Road Source: 2009 1st Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships 5th Road race, UCI Junior World Championships 2010 6th Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships 2011 5th GP Comune di Cornaredo 10th Overall Giro della Toscana Int. Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini 2012 1st Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin 1st Stage 1 10th Overall Ladies Tour of Qatar 2013 5th Drentse 8 van Dwingeloo 10th Classica Citta di Padova 2014 1st Road race, National Road Championships 2nd Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships 2nd Tour of Chongming Island World Cup 4th Grand Prix de Dottignies 5th Winston-Salem Cycling Classic 6th Overall Tour of Chongming Island 8th Overall Ladies Tour of Qatar 10th Overall The Women's Tour 10th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio 2015 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Stage 1 Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs 1st Sprints classification Tour Femenino de San Luis 3rd Overall BeNe Ladies Tour 3rd Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria 4th Overall Belgium Tour 5th Tour of Flanders for Women 5th Dwars door de Westhoek 5th Sparkassen Giro 6th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 6th Grand Prix de Dottignies 7th Gran Prix San Luis Femenino 7th GP de Plouay 7th La Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta 9th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio 10th Le Samyn des Dames 10th Strade Bianche Women 2016 1st Road race, National Road Championships 1st Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen 2nd Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships 2nd GP de Plouay – Bretagne 2nd Dwars door de Westhoek 4th Overall Energiewacht Tour 8th Omloop van Borsele 8th Philadelphia Cycling Classic 9th Chrono Champenois 10th Overall Gracia–Orlová 2017 2nd Road race, National Road Championships 2nd Ronde van Drenthe 3rd Crescent Vårgårda TTT 5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio 5th GP de Plouay – Bretagne 6th Tour of Flanders for Women 9th Gent–Wevelgem 10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships 10th Overall Holland Ladies Tour 10th Strade Bianche Women 2018 1st Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships Mediterranean Games 1st Time trial 9th Road race 1st Time trial, National Road Championships 4th Road race, UEC European Road Championships 4th Open de Suède Vårgårda 4th GP de Plouay – Bretagne 5th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen 1st Stage 2 10th Overall Holland Ladies Tour 2019 1st Time trial, National Road Championships 2nd Road race, UEC European Road Championships 2nd Postnord Vårgårda West Sweden TTT 4th Dwars door Vlaanderen for Women 5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio 8th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen 1st Stage 6 8th Gent–Wevelgem 9th Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria 10th GP de Plouay – Bretagne 2020 UEC European Road Championships 3rd Mixed team relay 9th Road race 5th GP de Plouay 8th Clasica Femenina Navarra 2021 1st Mixed team relay, UEC European Road Championships 2nd Ronde van Drenthe 3rd Mixed team relay, UCI Road World Championships 2022 2nd Mixed team relay, UCI Road World Championships 2nd Postnord Vårgårda WestSweden TTT 4th Omloop van het Hageland 5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda 9th Drentse Acht van Westerveld References ^ "Elena Cecchini". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ "Our full roster for 2019!". Canyon–SRAM. Lauke Pro Radsport GmbH. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ Frattini, Kirsten (6 December 2019). "Canyon-SRAM confirm 15 returning riders in 2020". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 13 January 2020. ^ "Team SD Worx". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021. ^ "World Championships WE – Team Time Trial". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 9 October 2013. ^ "New Canyon//SRAM women's team presented in London". cyclingnews.com. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ "Elena Cecchini and Roxane Fournier sign with Team SD Worx". VeloNews. Pocket Outdoor Media. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. ^ "Europeo "al bacio". Per Viviani e Cecchini la festa è doppia" (in Italian). gazzetta.it. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020. ^ "Fiamme Azzurre Atleti – Elena Cecchini" (in Italian). polizia-penitenziaria.it. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ "Elena Cecchini". FirstCycling.com. FirstCycling AS. Retrieved 16 December 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elena Cecchini. Elena Cecchini at UCI Elena Cecchini at Cycling Archives Elena Cecchini at ProCyclingStats Elena Cecchini at CQ Ranking Elena Cecchini at CycleBase Elena Cecchini at Olympedia Elena Cecchini at Olympics.com vte UCI Road World Champions – Women's team time trialNational teams(1987–1993) 1987: Soviet Union (Kibardina, Jakovleva, Poliakova, Pugovichnikova) 1988: Italy (Bandini, Bonanomi, Canins, Galli) 1989: Soviet Union (Kibardina, Poliakova, Zilporytė, Melyokhina) 1990: Netherlands (Van Moorsel, Knol, Westland, Schop) 1991: France (Clignet, Gendron, Odin, Marsal) 1992: United States (Stephenson, Golay, Bolland, Bankaitis-Davis) 1993–1994: Russia (Sokolova, Bubnenkova, Polkhanova, Koliaseva) Trade teams(2012–2018) 2012: Team Specialized–lululemon (Becker, Neben, Stevens, Teutenberg, Van Dijk, Worrack) 2013: Specialized–lululemon (Brennauer, Colclough, Small, Stevens, Van Dijk, Worrack) 2014: Specialized–lululemon (Blaak, Brennauer, Canuel, Small, Stevens, Worrack) 2015: Velocio–SRAM (Amialiusik, Brennauer, Canuel, Guarischi, Kröger, Worrack) 2016: Boels–Dolmans (Blaak, Canuel, Deignan, Majerus, Stevens, Van Dijk) 2017: Team Sunweb (Brand, Kirchmann, Mackaij, Rivera, Stultiens, Van Dijk) 2018: Canyon–SRAM (Amialiusik, A. Barnes, H. Barnes, Cecchini, Klein, Worrack) vte European Track Champions – Women's points race (U23) 1999: Mirella van Melis 2001: Lada Kozlíková 2002: Vera Koedooder 2003: Giorgia Bronzini 2004–2005: Charlotte Becker 2006–2007: Marlijn Binnendijk 2008: Ellen van Dijk 2009: Marta Tagliaferro 2010: Aksana Papko 2011: Valentina Scandolara 2012: Jolien D'Hoore 2013: Laura Trott 2014: Elena Cecchini 2015: Gulnaz Badykova 2016: Lotte Kopecky 2017: Tatjana Paller 2018: Diana Klimova 2019: Natalia Studenikina 2020-2021: Silvia Zanardi vteItalian National Road Race Champion (women)1960–1979 Paola Scotti (1963) Maria Cressari (1964) Florinda Parenti (1965) Elisabetta Maffeis (1966) Rosa D'Angelo (1967) Maria Cressari (1968) Morena Tartagni (1969) Giuditta Longari (1970) Ivana Panzi (1971) Maria Cressari (1972–1973) Carmen Menegaldo (1974) Luigina Bissoli (1975) Bruna Cancelli (1976) Luigina Bissoli (1977) Rossella Galbiati (1978) Francesca Galli (1979) 1980–1999 Michela Tommasi (1980) Rosanna Piantoni (1981) Maria Canins (1982) Patrizia Spadaccini (1983) Maria Canins (1984–1985) Bruna Seghezzi (1986) Maria Canins (1987–1989) Elisabetta Fanton (1990) Lucia Pizzolotto (1991) Michela Fanini (1992) Imelda Chiappa (1993) Simona Muzzioli (1994) Roberta Ferrero (1995) Fabiana Luperini (1996) Imelda Chiappa (1997) Lucia Pizzolotto (1998) Valeria Cappellotto (1999) 2000–2019 Gabriella Pregnolato (2000) Greta Zocca (2001) Rosalisa Lapomarda (2002) Alessandra Cappellotto (2003) Fabiana Luperini (2004) Silvia Parietti (2005) Fabiana Luperini (2006) Eva Lechner (2007) Fabiana Luperini (2008) Monia Baccaille (2009–2010) Noemi Cantele (2011) Giada Borgato (2012) Dalia Muccioli (2013) Elena Cecchini (2014–2016) Elisa Longo Borghini (2017) Marta Cavalli (2018) Marta Bastianelli (2019) 2020–2039 Elisa Longo Borghini (2020–2021) Elisa Balsamo (2022) Elisa Longo Borghini (2023) vteRiders on SD Worx Mischa Bredewold Elena Cecchini Niamh Fisher-Black Sina Frei Barbara Guarischi Lotte Kopecky Femke Markus Christine Majerus Marlen Reusser Anna Shackley Marie Schreiber Lonneke Uneken Chantal van den Broek-Blaak Blanka Vas Demi Vollering Lorena Wiebes Manager: Erwin Janssen Former riders: list of riders

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Giro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sparkassen_Giro"},{"link_name":"Omloop Het Nieuwsblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Omloop_Het_Nieuwsblad_(women%27s_race)"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de Dottignies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Grand_Prix_de_Dottignies"},{"link_name":"Gran Prix San Luis Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Gran_Prix_San_Luis_Femenino"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_GP_de_Plouay"},{"link_name":"La Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_La_Madrid_Challenge_by_La_Vuelta"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"Le Samyn des Dames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Le_Samyn_des_Dames"},{"link_name":"Strade Bianche Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Strade_Bianche_Women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen_Ladies_Tour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Team time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay – Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_de_Plouay_%E2%80%93_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Energiewacht Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Energiewacht_Tour"},{"link_name":"Omloop van Borsele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloop_van_Borsele"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Cycling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Philadelphia_Cycling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Chrono Champenois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Champenois"},{"link_name":"Gracia–Orlová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracia%E2%80%93Orlov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Ronde_van_Drenthe_(women%27s_race)"},{"link_name":"Crescent Vårgårda TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Crescent_V%C3%A5rg%C3%A5rda_UCI_Women%27s_WorldTour"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay – Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_de_Plouay_%E2%80%93_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tour_of_Flanders_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Gent–Wevelgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem_(women%27s_race)"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_road_race"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Holland Ladies Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Holland_Ladies_Tour"},{"link_name":"Strade Bianche Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Strade_Bianche_Women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Team time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_road_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2018_Mediterranean_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual_road_race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"UEC European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Road_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Open de Suède Vårgårda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_de_Su%C3%A8de_V%C3%A5rg%C3%A5rda"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay – Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_de_Plouay_%E2%80%93_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Th%C3%BCringen_Rundfahrt_der_Frauen"},{"link_name":"Holland Ladies Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Holland_Ladies_Tour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotItalia.svg"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg"},{"link_name":"UEC European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"Postnord Vårgårda West Sweden TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Postnord_UCI_WWT_V%C3%A5rg%C3%A5rda_West_Sweden_TTT"},{"link_name":"Dwars door Vlaanderen for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Dwars_door_Vlaanderen_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Th%C3%BCringen_Rundfahrt_der_Frauen"},{"link_name":"Gent–Wevelgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem_(women%27s_race)"},{"link_name":"Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango-Durango_Emakumeen_Saria"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay – Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_GP_de_Plouay_%E2%80%93_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"UEC European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_European_Road_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_europe.svg"},{"link_name":"GP de Plouay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_GP_de_Plouay"},{"link_name":"Clasica Femenina Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasica_Femenina_Navarra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_europe.svg"},{"link_name":"Mixed team relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_European_Road_Championships_%E2%80%93_Mixed_team_relay"},{"link_name":"UEC European Road Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_European_Road_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Drenthe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Mixed team relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Mixed_team_relay"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_blank.svg"},{"link_name":"Mixed team relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Mixed_team_relay"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Postnord Vårgårda WestSweden TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Postnord_V%C3%A5rg%C3%A5rda_WestSweden_TTT"},{"link_name":"Omloop van het Hageland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omloop_van_het_Hageland"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"Drentse Acht van Westerveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Drenthe#Drentse_8_van_Dwingeloo_/_Acht_van_Westerveld"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Source:[10]2009\n1st Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships\n5th Road race, UCI Junior World Championships\n2010\n6th Road race, UEC European Junior Road Championships\n2011\n5th GP Comune di Cornaredo\n10th Overall Giro della Toscana Int. Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini\n2012\n1st Overall Trophée d'Or Féminin\n1st Stage 1\n10th Overall Ladies Tour of Qatar\n2013\n5th Drentse 8 van Dwingeloo\n10th Classica Citta di Padova\n2014\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n2nd Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships\n2nd Tour of Chongming Island World Cup\n4th Grand Prix de Dottignies\n5th Winston-Salem Cycling Classic\n6th Overall Tour of Chongming Island\n8th Overall Ladies Tour of Qatar\n10th Overall The Women's Tour\n10th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio\n2015\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Stage 1 Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs\n1st Sprints classification Tour Femenino de San Luis\n3rd Overall BeNe Ladies Tour\n3rd Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria\n4th Overall Belgium Tour\n5th Tour of Flanders for Women\n5th Dwars door de Westhoek\n5th Sparkassen Giro\n6th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad\n6th Grand Prix de Dottignies\n7th Gran Prix San Luis Femenino\n7th GP de Plouay\n7th La Madrid Challenge by La Vuelta\n9th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio\n10th Le Samyn des Dames\n10th Strade Bianche Women\n2016\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\n1st Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen\n2nd Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships\n2nd GP de Plouay – Bretagne\n2nd Dwars door de Westhoek\n4th Overall Energiewacht Tour\n8th Omloop van Borsele\n8th Philadelphia Cycling Classic\n9th Chrono Champenois\n10th Overall Gracia–Orlová\n2017\n2nd Road race, National Road Championships\n2nd Ronde van Drenthe\n3rd Crescent Vårgårda TTT\n5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio\n5th GP de Plouay – Bretagne\n6th Tour of Flanders for Women\n9th Gent–Wevelgem\n10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships\n10th Overall Holland Ladies Tour\n10th Strade Bianche Women\n2018\n1st Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships\nMediterranean Games\n1st Time trial\n9th Road race\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n4th Road race, UEC European Road Championships\n4th Open de Suède Vårgårda\n4th GP de Plouay – Bretagne\n5th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen\n1st Stage 2\n10th Overall Holland Ladies Tour\n2019\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n2nd Road race, UEC European Road Championships\n2nd Postnord Vårgårda West Sweden TTT\n4th Dwars door Vlaanderen for Women\n5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio\n8th Overall Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen\n1st Stage 6\n8th Gent–Wevelgem\n9th Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria\n10th GP de Plouay – Bretagne\n2020\nUEC European Road Championships\n3rd Mixed team relay\n9th Road race\n5th GP de Plouay\n8th Clasica Femenina Navarra\n2021\n1st Mixed team relay, UEC European Road Championships\n2nd Ronde van Drenthe\n3rd Mixed team relay, UCI Road World Championships\n2022\n2nd Mixed team relay, UCI Road World Championships\n2nd Postnord Vårgårda WestSweden TTT\n4th Omloop van het Hageland\n5th Trofeo Alfredo Binda\n9th Drentse Acht van Westerveld","title":"Major results"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitudes_(Stargate_SG-1)

Stargate SG-1 season 1

["1 Ratings success","2 Development","2.1 Production","2.2 Production design","2.3 Cast and characters","3 Main cast","4 Release and reception","4.1 Cultural references","5 Episodes","6 References","7 External links"]

Season of television series Season of television series Stargate SG-1Season 1DVD coverStarringRichard Dean Anderson Michael Shanks Amanda Tapping Christopher Judge Don S. DavisNo. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkShowtimeOriginal releaseJuly 27, 1997 (1997-07-27) –March 6, 1998 (1998-03-06)Season chronologyNext →Season 2 List of episodes The first season of the military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie Stargate written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. Stargate SG-1 re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan "Jack" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha "Sam" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them. Ratings success The 100-minute premiere "Children of the Gods", which aired on July 27, 1997, at 8 p.m, received Showtime's highest-ever ratings for a series premiere and ranked as the highest-rated original movie to premiere on Showtime at the time. The show got a 10.5 rating in Showtime's approximately 12 million U.S. households, which equaled approximately 1.5 million homes in total. Season one regular cast members included Richard Dean Anderson, Amanda Tapping, Michael Shanks, Christopher Judge and Don S. Davis. Development Production Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner had worked together on the Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM) television series The Outer Limits since 1995. Wright saw a wide range of possible science fiction storylines in the original Stargate (1994) film that could take place in the present day. Meanwhile, Glassner was interested in the feature film's theme that Ancient Egypt had been partially or completely built by aliens. Upon hearing of MGM's plan to create a television spin-off series of the film, Wright and Glassner independently and unbeknownst to each other approached MGM and proposed their concept for the television series. MGM president John Symes greenlit the project on the condition that Wright and Glassner worked together as executive producers of the new show. The show was eventually given the name Stargate SG-1 after Wright flightily agreed to Symes's pitch question if the team should be called "SG-1". MGM released posters titled Stargate SG-1 within the next week without the knowledge of Wright and Glassner. John Symes approached Michael Greenburg and Richard Dean Anderson of MacGyver fame. Although Anderson was never a real fan of the science fiction genre, he believed the original concept of a "Stargate" was a good vehicle for a series. Anderson agreed to become involved with the project if his character Jack O'Neill was allowed significantly more comedic leeway than Kurt Russell's character in the feature film. He also requested Stargate SG-1 to be more of an ensemble show, so that he would not be carrying the plot alone as on MacGyver. The American subscription channel Showtime made a two-season commitment for 44 episodes in 1996. Principal photography began in Vancouver in February 1997. "The First Commandment" was the first Stargate SG-1 episode written by Robert C. Cooper, who would later become an executive producer and co-creator of the spin-off series Stargate Atlantis. Paul McGillion, who played young Ernest Littlefield in "Torment of Tantalus", would go on to play the recurring and later main character Dr. Carson Beckett in Stargate Atlantis. The outside scenes of "Solitudes" were filmed at Pemberton Icefield. The rest of the episode was filmed in the studio, which was filled with fake snow and ice and kept at a low temperature. Production design Lead production designer Richard Hudolin flew to Los Angeles, 1996 to gather material from Stargate for reference and found the original film prop stored outside in the Californian desert. Although the prop had severely disintegrated, he could take a detailed mould for Stargate SG-1 production to build its own prop. The new Stargate was engineered to turn, lock the chevrons, and be computer-controlled to dial specific gate addresses. A portable Stargate prop was built for on-location shoots and required six workers and one full day to set up. Since visual effects are sometimes faster and cheaper, a computer-generated Stargate was occasionally used in on-location shoots in later seasons. The design of the Stargate Command (SGC) base was supposed to match the real Cheyenne Mountain complex as much as possible. The set had to be twice as high for shooting as the 22 feet tall Stargate prop, but one of Hudolin's original plans of a three-level SGC set was rejected in favor of a two-level set. The gateroom was the biggest room on set and could be redesigned for other scenes. Two multi-purpose rooms were frequently redecorated into the infirmary, Daniel's lab, the cafeteria or the gym. The SGC set and all other sets from the pilot episode were constructed within six weeks in January and February 1997, incorporating some original set pieces from the feature film. Cast and characters The initial season had five main characters getting star billing. Richard Dean Anderson portrayed formerly suicidal United States Air Force Colonel Jack O'Neill. Michael Shanks played the American Egyptologist Daniel Jackson. Both O'Neill and Jackson appeared in the 1994 film Stargate. Amanda Tapping played astrophysicist and United States Air Force captain Samantha "Sam" Carter. Christopher Judge portrayed Teal'c, a Jaffa from Chulak and former First Prime of Apophis. Don S. Davis played George Hammond, the new leader of the Stargate program, taking over after General W.O. West. Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including: Teryl Rothery as Janet Fraiser, Gary Jones as Chevron Guy (later identified as Walter Harriman), Jay Acovone as Charles Kawalsky (portrayed by John Diehl in the 1994 feature film), Tom McBeath as Harry Maybourne, and Ronny Cox as Robert Kinsey, among others. Main cast Starring Richard Dean Anderson as Colonel Jack O'Neill Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson Amanda Tapping as Captain Samantha Carter Christopher Judge as Teal'c Don S. Davis as Major General George Hammond Release and reception Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Stargate SG-1 The original airing of "Children of the Gods" on Showtime featured full frontal nudity during the scene showing the possession of Sha're (Vaitiare Bandera) by Amonet. While this has never been repeated on network television and subsequent airings as well as this episode available on most streaming platforms have had the nudity cut out for syndication; it was rated R by the MPAA. The DVD, iTunes and Netflix prints of this episode retain this scene. According to Brad Wright, the Showtime network had insisted on the full frontal nudity despite Wright's vocal opposition; Wright told fan site GateWorld that he would cut the nudity scene from the 2009 direct-to-DVD recut of the pilot episode. The DVD version, in fact, only retains a portion of this scene, with full frontal nudity being cut and a partial syndicate friendly back nudity version used. Likely because of the nudity, the original version of this episode as well as the next two episodes of the series are the first and only ones in the series to be rated by the MPAA (it is rated R), while in the UK the episode is rated 18 by the BBFC (all other episodes have generally been rated PG, or 12, very occasionally 15). It is rated M in Australia, recommended for (but not restricted to) viewers 15 and older. The version available on iTunes and Netflix is the uncut, original version of the episode. "Hathor" was heavily criticized, and the series' writers themselves acknowledged the episode's weakness. Later, in the Season 7 episode "Heroes (Part 1)", Dr. Fraiser is discussing Jack with the film crew and mentions "the whole Hathor incident, which we were never supposed to speak of again". "Politics," the series' first clip show, is widely regarded as one of Stargate SG-1's weakest episodes. "Children of the Gods" was nominated for a Golden Reel Award in the category "Best Sound Editing – Television Movies of the Week" and the music for "Best Sound Editing – Television Episodic – Music". "The Nox" was nominated for an Emmy in the category "Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)". "Within the Serpent's Grasp" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category "Best Visual Effects". Richard Dean Anderson won a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actor. Cultural references During the production of "Solitudes", a joke was played on Richard Dean Anderson. Whilst filming, when O'Neill asks how Carter is getting along with unearthing the Stargate's DHD, Carter starts ranting at O'Neill for being completely "MacUseless" even though he spent seven years on MacGyver, referring to Richard Dean Anderson's role in both shows. The prank was organized by Tapping in cooperation with the director. Similarly, in the first episode, "Children of the Gods" Carter speaks of "MacGyvering" the Stargate into operation while O'Neill rolls his eyes. The 2009 DVD version of this episode does not contain the MacGyver reference. "Politics" contains a scene that references uploading a virus to an alien mothership, alluding that the solution to the movie Independence Day will not work in this situation. "Within the Serpent's Grasp" contains the only scene produced especially for Showtime, not shown on the syndicated versions. When seeing a floating metal ball, Teal'c explains "It is a Goa'uld long-range visual communication device, somewhat like your television, only much further advanced." In the Showtime version, O'Neill says "Think it gets Showtime?" While this scene remains in the DVD versions of the episode, syndication runs have O'Neill instead saying, "Hmm....Goa'uld TV..." (in a manner similar to that of Homer Simpson) Episodes See also: List of Stargate SG-1 episodes In the United States the series broadcaster, Showtime, aired episodes 7 through 19, except 14 and 17 out of order. Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes. This is the list of episodes in order as they aired on Showtime. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1212"Children of the Gods"Mario AzzopardiJonathan Glassner & Brad WrightJuly 27, 1997 (1997-07-27) The Stargate Program (SGC) is revived when Apophis, an alien of the same race as Ra, comes to Earth through the gate seeking hosts. After the attack, Colonel Jack O'Neill and Samantha Carter are sent to Abydos to locate, and bring back, Daniel Jackson. They all are sent to Chulak and befriend Apophis's first prime Teal'c, a Jaffa (incubator to a larval Goa'uld), who joins their side. He helps SG-1 return to Earth, though they cannot save Daniel's wife Sha're and his friend Skaara, who have been taken as hosts. 33"The Enemy Within"Dennis BerryBrad WrightAugust 1, 1997 (1997-08-01) After being infested by a Goa'uld parasite in the previous episode, Major Charles Kawalsky shows signs of possession. The symbiote is removed, but Kawalsky remains possessed and is killed by Teal'c. 44"Emancipation"Jeff WoolnoughKatharyn PowersAugust 8, 1997 (1997-08-08) SG-1 visits a planet inhabited by the Shavadai, a nomadic tribe descended from the Mongols. They regard women as property, and restrict their rights in the belief that to do otherwise would bring "demons" (the Goa'uld) down upon them. Carter ends up being 'sold', but when Carter beats a chieftain in hand-to-hand combat, the team changes the tribe's opinions about the rights of women. Guest starring Soon-Tek Oh and Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa. 55"The Broca Divide"William GereghtyJonathan GlassnerAugust 15, 1997 (1997-08-15) SG-1 travels to P3X-797, a planet divided into 'Light' and 'Dark' sides. While the inhabitants of the light side have a Bronze Age culture bearing similarities to the Minoan civilization, the dark side is infected with a plague that turns people into savages, and the SGC is locked down when SG-1 brings it home. Dr. Janet Fraiser manages to find a cure for both peoples. 66"The First Commandment"Dennis BerryRobert C. CooperAugust 22, 1997 (1997-08-22) As SG-9 is on P3X-513 and long overdue, SG-1 is sent after them to find out what has happened to them. They soon discover that the commander of SG-9 has gone completely insane and set himself up as a god on the planet. 77"Cold Lazarus"Kenneth J. GirottiJeff F. KingAugust 29, 1997 (1997-08-29) A strange crystal strikes down O'Neill, replacing him with a double that returns with the team to Earth to find the cause of O'Neill's private grief – his son's death. But the double is dangerously unstable. Can O'Neill return home to save everyone and prevent chaos? 88"The Nox"Charles CorrellHart HansonSeptember 12, 1997 (1997-09-12) When a planned ambush goes disastrously awry, resulting in fatalities among the SG-1 team, the peace-loving Nox restore them to life. But while these gentle people can bring back the dead, can they resist the deadly technology of the blood-thirsty Goa'uld? 99"Brief Candle"Mario AzzopardiStory by : Steven BarnesTeleplay by : Katharyn PowersSeptember 19, 1997 (1997-09-19) On the mysterious planet Argos, the beautiful Kynthia (Bobbie Phillips) seduces Colonel O'Neill, which means he is condemned to an Argosian lifespan of only a hundred days. As he turns grey and old, will his team succeed in their frantic search for a cure? 1010"Thor's Hammer"Brad TurnerKatharyn PowersSeptember 26, 1997 (1997-09-26) SG-1 visits the planet Cimmeria (P3X-974), a planet inhabited by Viking descendants, in search of allies against the Goa'uld. Upon arrival, O'Neill and Teal'c are trapped in a labyrinth, where the only exit is through Thor's Hammer, a device to destroy Goa'uld, but preserve the host. Goa'uld weapons are rendered inoperative but not earth guns. Also in the labyrinth is one of the Unas, the original host species for the Goa'ulds. 1111"The Torment of Tantalus"Jonathan GlassnerRobert C. CooperOctober 3, 1997 (1997-10-03) SG-1 goes to Heliopolis (PB2-908) and recovers Dr. Ernest Littlefield, who went through the Stargate in 1945 (using a standard diving dress as a spacesuit) and never returned. Daniel nearly stays behind to study a 'book' detailing the meaning of human existence, left behind by the Four Great Races. 1212"Bloodlines"Mario AzzopardiStory by : Mark SaraceniTeleplay by : Jeff F. KingOctober 10, 1997 (1997-10-10) Teal'c's son Rya'c is to be implanted with his first Goa'uld larva on Chulak, so SG-1 goes to prevent it. However, Rya'c falls ill and can only be saved by a symbiote; Teal'c donates his own, and receives a stolen one for himself. The team also meet Teal'c's first teacher Bra'tac, formerly the greatest of all Jaffa warriors and now still a spry 133 years old, who had taught Teal'c that the Goa'uld were false gods. 1313"Fire and Water"Allan EastmanStory by : Brad Wright & Katharyn PowersTeleplay by : Katharyn PowersOctober 17, 1997 (1997-10-17) On P3X-866, SG-1 is given a false memory of Daniel's death by his alien abductor Nem. Nem is a member of an amphibious species named Oannes (Ohne), and wants to know from Daniel what happened to his mate Omoroca in ancient Babylon. Ultimately, Daniel remembers the obscure fact from his studies of ancient myths, and is allowed to go home. 1414"Hathor"Brad TurnerStory by : David Bennett Carren & J. Larry CarrollTeleplay by : Jonathan GlassnerOctober 24, 1997 (1997-10-24) The Goa'uld Hathor (one of the mothers of all Goa'uld) brainwashes the men of the SGC with pheromones, and nearly makes O'Neill host to a larval Goa'uld conceived with Daniel. She flees after the unaffected women of Stargate Command retake the facility. 1515"Singularity"Mario AzzopardiRobert C. CooperOctober 31, 1997 (1997-10-31) On the planet Hanka (P8X-987), SG-1 finds the entire planet's inhabitants and SG-7 dead except for Cassandra, a small girl who turns out to have a non removable Naqahdah bomb put in her by Nirrti to destroy the SGC. Ultimately the girl is given to the care of Dr. Janet Fraiser, the SGC doctor, after they discover that the bomb will dissolve if she is kept away from the Stargate. 1616"Cor-Ai"Mario AzzopardiTom J. AstleJanuary 23, 1998 (1998-01-23) The Byrsa, human inhabitants of the planet Cartago (P3X-1279) that was once enslaved, condemn Teal'c for the atrocities he once committed under Apophis. He is sentenced to death, but when the Goa'uld attack, Teal'c saves his accuser's life and proves he is a changed man. 1717"Enigma"William GereghtyKatharyn PowersJanuary 30, 1998 (1998-01-30) SG-1 rescues a group of highly advanced Tollan from their homeworld, P3X-7763, which has experienced catastrophic volcanic eruptions. The military and the NID take an interest in their technology, and attempt to imprison them for research purposes before Daniel helps them take refuge with the Nox. 1818"Solitudes"Martin WoodBrad WrightFebruary 6, 1998 (1998-02-06) Carter and O'Neill are stranded on an icy planet when the Stargate malfunctions on their return journey to Earth. However, it turns out that they have merely been redirected to a second Stargate in Antarctica. 1919"Tin Man"Jimmy KaufmanJeff F. KingFebruary 13, 1998 (1998-02-13) 11,000 years ago, the inhabitants of the planet On Altair (P3X-989) were forced underground by deadly radiation, and eventually transferred their minds into exact android duplicates to survive. By the time SG-1 visits their planet, there is only one remaining individual, Harlan, who creates android replicas of the Earth team to aid him. When this is discovered, the androids must accept that they will stay off-world, and the real SG-1 returns home. 2020"There But for the Grace of God"David Warry-SmithStory by : David KemperTeleplay by : Robert C. CooperFebruary 20, 1998 (1998-02-20) On P3R-233, Daniel finds a strange alien mirror and is transported into an alternate universe where he finds things are slightly different from his own reality, including a Goa'uld attack on Earth. Before he returns to his own reality, he learns of a Stargate address where the attack originated. 2121"Politics"Martin WoodTeleplay by : Brad WrightExcerpts by : Jonathan Glassner, Brad Wright, Hart Hanson, Jeff F. King, Robert C. Cooper, Steven Barnes and Katharyn PowersFebruary 27, 1998 (1998-02-27) Senator Robert Kinsey shuts down the Stargate program (as the gate represents a global risk and costs too much money to operate), despite Daniel's warnings that Apophis will attack Earth, and that the Stargate may be Earth's only defense. 2222"Within the Serpent's Grasp"David Warry-SmithStory by : James CrockerTeleplay by : Jonathan GlassnerMarch 6, 1998 (1998-03-06) SG-1 uses the Stargate to go to an address discovered by Daniel Jackson. This turns out to be Apophis's ship, where they find that Skaara has been made host to Apophis's son Klorel. The ship reaches Earth, and the fate of the world hangs in the balance. References ^ Will Joyner (July 26, 1997). "Through a Gate to the Far Side of the Universe: A TV Series". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2009. ^ Richmond, Ray (August 1, 1997). "'Stargate' Showtime's home run". Variety. Retrieved March 26, 2009. ^ a b c d e f Wright, Brad; Glassner, Jonathan; Greenburg, Michael; Anderson, Richard Dean; Shanks, Michael (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Timeline To The Future – Part 1: Legacy Of The Gate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ Wright, Brad (2006). Stargate SG-1: Season 9 – Profile On: Brad Wright (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ Goldman, Eric (August 16, 2006). "Richard Dean Anderson on Returning to Stargate". IGN. Retrieved June 8, 2009. ^ Eramo, Steven (July 2002). "Richard Dean Anderson – Mr Anderson – Colonel O'Neill". TV Zone (Special 46): 4–9. ^ Hudolin, Richard. (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Production Design: Richard Hudolin . MGM Home Entertainment. ^ a b Gibson, Thomasina (2001) Stargate SG-1 The Illustrated Companion Seasons 1 and 2. Published by Titan Books. ISBN 1-84023-354-0 ^ a b c d e f Hudolin, Richard (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Production Design: Richard Hudolin (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ a b Wood, Martin and Tichenor, James (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 4 – Audio Commentary for "Upgrades" (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ Wright, Brad and Glassner, Jonathan. (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Producing Stargate . MGM Home Entertainment. ^ Wood, Martin (2003). Stargate SG-1: Season 6 – Audio Commentary for "Redemption (Part 1)" (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. ^ "Children of the Gods". Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA). Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ Darren Sumner (April 4, 2008). "Special edition of SG-1 pilot episode in the works". GateWorld. Retrieved March 30, 2009. ^ "Children of the Gods". Reelzchannel. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ Audio Commentary for "Citizen Joe", Season 8 ^ "Politics". Global Episode Opinion Survey. Retrieved March 30, 2009. ^ "Stargate: Golden Reel Awards". Stargate.de. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ "Primetime Awards". Emmy Awards. Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ "Canada's Awards Database". The Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ "Saturn Awards – Past Award Winners". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2009. ^ Mario Azzopardi (director); Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper (writers). "Children of the Gods". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 1 and 2. Showtime. ^ Martin Wood (director); Brad Wright (writer). "Politics". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 21. Showtime. ^ David Warry-Smith (director); Jonathan Glassner (writer). "Within the Serpent's Grasp". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 22. Showtime. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Stargate SG-1 Season 1. Season 1 Archived 2010-05-19 at the Wayback Machine on GateWorld Season 1 on IMDb SG1 Season 1 on Stargate Wiki vteStargateFilm Soundtrack SG-1 Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 Characters Carson Beckett Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Evan Lorne Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 2 Characters Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Other mediaTelevision Origins Infinity Games Pinball Genesis/SNES Roleplaying The Alliance Resistance Worlds Timekeepers Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Related Mythology Atlantis Ori Stargate device Prometheus Fandom Gatecon A Dog's Breakfast Category Topics

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dean Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Roland Emmerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich"},{"link_name":"supporting characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_character"},{"link_name":"Jonathan \"Jack\" O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Teal'c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal%27c"},{"link_name":"George Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hammond_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Samantha \"Sam\" Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Carter"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"Goa'uld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%27uld"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSeason of television seriesThe first season of the military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 commenced airing on the Showtime channel in the United States on July 27, 1997, concluded on the Sci Fi channel on March 6, 1998, and contained 22 episodes. The show itself is a spin-off from the 1994 hit movie Stargate written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. Stargate SG-1 re-introduced supporting characters from the film universe, such as Jonathan \"Jack\" O'Neill and Daniel Jackson and included new characters such as Teal'c, George Hammond and Samantha \"Sam\" Carter. The first season was about a military-science expedition team discovering how to use the ancient device, named the Stargate, to explore the galaxy. However, they encountered a powerful enemy in the film named the Goa'uld, who are bent on destroying Earth and all who oppose them.","title":"Stargate SG-1 season 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Amanda Tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Tapping"},{"link_name":"Michael Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Christopher Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Judge"},{"link_name":"Don S. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_S._Davis"}],"text":"The 100-minute premiere \"Children of the Gods\", which aired on July 27, 1997, at 8 p.m,[1] received Showtime's highest-ever ratings for a series premiere and ranked as the highest-rated original movie to premiere on Showtime at the time. The show got a 10.5 rating in Showtime's approximately 12 million U.S. households, which equaled approximately 1.5 million homes in total.[2] Season one regular cast members included Richard Dean Anderson, Amanda Tapping, Michael Shanks, Christopher Judge and Don S. Davis.","title":"Ratings success"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brad Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Glassner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner"},{"link_name":"Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%E2%80%93Goldwyn%E2%80%93Mayer"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdprofilewright-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"MacGyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(device)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Kurt Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Russell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones46_4-6"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Paul McGillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGillion"},{"link_name":"Carson Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Pemberton Icefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberton_Icefield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illustrated_companion-8"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner had worked together on the Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer (MGM) television series The Outer Limits since 1995. Wright saw a wide range of possible science fiction storylines in the original Stargate (1994) film that could take place in the present day.[3] Meanwhile, Glassner was interested in the feature film's theme that Ancient Egypt had been partially or completely built by aliens.[3] Upon hearing of MGM's plan to create a television spin-off series of the film, Wright and Glassner independently and unbeknownst to each other approached MGM and proposed their concept for the television series. MGM president John Symes greenlit the project on the condition that Wright and Glassner worked together as executive producers of the new show.[3] The show was\neventually given the name Stargate SG-1 after Wright flightily agreed to Symes's pitch question if the team should be called \"SG-1\". MGM released posters titled Stargate SG-1 within the next week without the knowledge of Wright and Glassner.[4]John Symes approached Michael Greenburg and Richard Dean Anderson of MacGyver fame.[3] Although Anderson was never a real fan of the science fiction genre, he believed the original concept of a \"Stargate\" was a good vehicle for a series.[5] Anderson agreed to become involved with the project if his character Jack O'Neill was allowed significantly more comedic leeway than Kurt Russell's character in the feature film. He also requested Stargate SG-1 to be more of an ensemble show, so that he would not be carrying the plot alone as on MacGyver.[6] The American subscription channel Showtime made a two-season commitment for 44 episodes in 1996.[3] Principal photography began in Vancouver in February 1997.[7]\"The First Commandment\" was the first Stargate SG-1 episode written by Robert C. Cooper, who would later become an executive producer and co-creator of the spin-off series Stargate Atlantis. Paul McGillion, who played young Ernest Littlefield in \"Torment of Tantalus\", would go on to play the recurring and later main character Dr. Carson Beckett in Stargate Atlantis. The outside scenes of \"Solitudes\" were filmed at Pemberton Icefield.[8] The rest of the episode was filmed in the studio, which was filled with fake snow and ice and kept at a low temperature.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdlegacy-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_403-10"},{"link_name":"Stargate Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Command"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne Mountain complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_complex"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_403-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_601_mw-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdproductiondesign-9"}],"sub_title":"Production design","text":"Lead production designer Richard Hudolin flew to Los Angeles, 1996 to gather material from Stargate for reference and found the original film prop stored outside in the Californian desert. Although the prop had severely disintegrated, he could take a detailed mould for Stargate SG-1 production to build its own prop. The new Stargate was engineered to turn, lock the chevrons, and be computer-controlled to dial specific gate addresses. A portable Stargate prop was built for on-location shoots and required six workers and one full day to set up.[3][9] Since visual effects are sometimes faster and cheaper,[9] a computer-generated Stargate was occasionally used in on-location shoots in later seasons.[10]The design of the Stargate Command (SGC) base was supposed to match the real Cheyenne Mountain complex as much as possible.[9] The set had to be twice as high for shooting as the 22 feet tall Stargate prop,[11] but one of Hudolin's original plans of a three-level SGC set was rejected in favor of a two-level set.[9] The gateroom was the biggest room on set and could be redesigned for other scenes.[10] Two multi-purpose rooms were frequently redecorated into the infirmary, Daniel's lab, the cafeteria or the gym.[9][12] The SGC set and all other sets from the pilot episode were constructed within six weeks in January and February 1997, incorporating some original set pieces from the feature film.[9]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"billing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billing_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Michael Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Stargate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_(film)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Tapping"},{"link_name":"Samantha \"Sam\" Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Carter"},{"link_name":"Christopher Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Judge"},{"link_name":"Teal'c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal%27c"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Apophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"George Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hammond_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Stargate program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Command"},{"link_name":"Teryl Rothery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teryl_Rothery"},{"link_name":"Janet Fraiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Fraiser"},{"link_name":"Gary Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chevron Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Harriman_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Jay Acovone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Acovone"},{"link_name":"Charles Kawalsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kawalsky"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tom McBeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McBeath"},{"link_name":"Harry Maybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Maybourne"},{"link_name":"Ronny Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Cox"},{"link_name":"Robert Kinsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Earth_characters_in_Stargate_SG-1#Robert_Kinsey"}],"sub_title":"Cast and characters","text":"The initial season had five main characters getting star billing. Richard Dean Anderson portrayed formerly suicidal United States Air Force Colonel Jack O'Neill. Michael Shanks played the American Egyptologist Daniel Jackson. Both O'Neill and Jackson appeared in the 1994 film Stargate. Amanda Tapping played astrophysicist and United States Air Force captain Samantha \"Sam\" Carter. Christopher Judge portrayed Teal'c, a Jaffa from Chulak and former First Prime of Apophis. Don S. Davis played George Hammond, the new leader of the Stargate program, taking over after General W.O. West. Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including: Teryl Rothery as Janet Fraiser, Gary Jones as Chevron Guy (later identified as Walter Harriman), Jay Acovone as Charles Kawalsky (portrayed by John Diehl in the 1994 feature film), Tom McBeath as Harry Maybourne, and Ronny Cox as Robert Kinsey, among others.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Michael Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr."},{"link_name":"Daniel Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jackson_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Tapping"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain"},{"link_name":"Samantha Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Carter"},{"link_name":"Christopher Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Judge"},{"link_name":"Teal'c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teal%27c"},{"link_name":"Don S. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_S._Davis"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"George Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hammond_(Stargate)"}],"text":"Starring Richard Dean Anderson as Colonel Jack O'Neill\nMichael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson\nAmanda Tapping as Captain Samantha Carter\nChristopher Judge as Teal'c\nDon S. Davis as Major General George Hammond","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Gods"},{"link_name":"Sha're","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27re"},{"link_name":"Vaitiare Bandera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaitiare_Bandera"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fan site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_site"},{"link_name":"GateWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld"},{"link_name":"direct-to-DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-DVD"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_specialpilot-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAA-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"clip show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip_show"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worst-17"},{"link_name":"Golden Reel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Reel_Award_(Motion_Picture_Sound_Editors)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greela-18"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gemini Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Award"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cad-20"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Saturn Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The original airing of \"Children of the Gods\" on Showtime featured full frontal nudity during the scene showing the possession of Sha're (Vaitiare Bandera) by Amonet. While this has never been repeated on network television and subsequent airings as well as this episode available on most streaming platforms have had the nudity cut out for syndication; it was rated R by the MPAA.[13] The DVD, iTunes and Netflix prints of this episode retain this scene. According to Brad Wright, the Showtime network had insisted on the full frontal nudity despite Wright's vocal opposition; Wright told fan site GateWorld that he would cut the nudity scene from the 2009 direct-to-DVD recut of the pilot episode.[14] The DVD version, in fact, only retains a portion of this scene, with full frontal nudity being cut and a partial syndicate friendly back nudity version used. Likely because of the nudity, the original version of this episode as well as the next two episodes of the series are the first and only ones in the series to be rated by the MPAA (it is rated R), while in the UK the episode is rated 18 by the BBFC (all other episodes have generally been rated PG, or 12, very occasionally 15).[15] It is rated M in Australia, recommended for (but not restricted to) viewers 15 and older. The version available on iTunes and Netflix is the uncut, original version of the episode.\"Hathor\" was heavily criticized, and the series' writers themselves acknowledged the episode's weakness.[16] Later, in the Season 7 episode \"Heroes (Part 1)\", Dr. Fraiser is discussing Jack with the film crew and mentions \"the whole Hathor incident, which we were never supposed to speak of again\". \"Politics,\" the series' first clip show, is widely regarded as one of Stargate SG-1's weakest episodes.[17]\"Children of the Gods\" was nominated for a Golden Reel Award in the category \"Best Sound Editing – Television Movies of the Week\" and the music for \"Best Sound Editing – Television Episodic – Music\".[18] \"The Nox\" was nominated for an Emmy in the category \"Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)\".[19] \"Within the Serpent's Grasp\" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category \"Best Visual Effects\".[20] Richard Dean Anderson won a Saturn Award for Best Genre TV Actor.[21]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"MacGyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Richard Dean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illustrated_companion-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cotg-22"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poliric-23"},{"link_name":"Homer Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h-24"}],"sub_title":"Cultural references","text":"During the production of \"Solitudes\", a joke was played on Richard Dean Anderson. Whilst filming, when O'Neill asks how Carter is getting along with unearthing the Stargate's DHD, Carter starts ranting at O'Neill for being completely \"MacUseless\" even though he spent seven years on MacGyver, referring to Richard Dean Anderson's role in both shows. The prank was organized by Tapping in cooperation with the director.[8] Similarly, in the first episode, \"Children of the Gods\" Carter speaks of \"MacGyvering\" the Stargate into operation while O'Neill rolls his eyes. The 2009 DVD version of this episode does not contain the MacGyver reference.[22] \"Politics\" contains a scene that references uploading a virus to an alien mothership, alluding that the solution to the movie Independence Day will not work in this situation.[23] \"Within the Serpent's Grasp\" contains the only scene produced especially for Showtime, not shown on the syndicated versions. When seeing a floating metal ball, Teal'c explains \"It is a Goa'uld long-range visual communication device, somewhat like your television, only much further advanced.\" In the Showtime version, O'Neill says \"Think it gets Showtime?\" While this scene remains in the DVD versions of the episode, syndication runs have O'Neill instead saying, \"Hmm....Goa'uld TV...\" (in a manner similar to that of Homer Simpson)[24]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Stargate SG-1 episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Stargate SG-1 episodesIn the United States the series broadcaster, Showtime, aired episodes 7 through 19, except 14 and 17 out of order.Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.This is the list of episodes in order as they aired on Showtime.","title":"Episodes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Will Joyner (July 26, 1997). \"Through a Gate to the Far Side of the Universe: A TV Series\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/26/arts/through-a-gate-to-the-far-side-of-the-universe-a-tv-series.html","url_text":"\"Through a Gate to the Far Side of the Universe: A TV Series\""}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Ray (August 1, 1997). \"'Stargate' Showtime's home run\". Variety. Retrieved March 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1116678643.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"\"'Stargate' Showtime's home run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Brad; Glassner, Jonathan; Greenburg, Michael; Anderson, Richard Dean; Shanks, Michael (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Timeline To The Future – Part 1: Legacy Of The Gate (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Wright, Brad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner","url_text":"Glassner, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, Richard Dean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks","url_text":"Shanks, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment","url_text":"MGM Home Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Brad (2006). Stargate SG-1: Season 9 – Profile On: Brad Wright (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (August 16, 2006). \"Richard Dean Anderson on Returning to Stargate\". IGN. Retrieved June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.ign.com/articles/725/725838p2.html","url_text":"\"Richard Dean Anderson on Returning to Stargate\""}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (July 2002). \"Richard Dean Anderson – Mr Anderson – Colonel O'Neill\". TV Zone (Special 46): 4–9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"}]},{"reference":"Hudolin, Richard (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 3 – Production Design: Richard Hudolin (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wood, Martin and Tichenor, James (2001). Stargate SG-1: Season 4 – Audio Commentary for \"Upgrades\" (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Wood, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upgrades_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Upgrades"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Martin (2003). Stargate SG-1: Season 6 – Audio Commentary for \"Redemption (Part 1)\" (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Wood, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_(Stargate_SG-1)","url_text":"Redemption (Part 1)"}]},{"reference":"\"Children of the Gods\". Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA). Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmratings.com/","url_text":"\"Children of the Gods\""}]},{"reference":"Darren Sumner (April 4, 2008). \"Special edition of SG-1 pilot episode in the works\". GateWorld. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2008/04/special-edition-of-sg-1-pilot-episode-in-the-works/","url_text":"\"Special edition of SG-1 pilot episode in the works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"Children of the Gods\". Reelzchannel. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121172556/http://www.reelzchannel.com/movie/201741/stargate-sg-1-children-of-the-gods","url_text":"\"Children of the Gods\""},{"url":"http://www.reelzchannel.com/movie/201741/stargate-sg-1-children-of-the-gods","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Politics\". Global Episode Opinion Survey. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geos.tv/index.php/episode?eid=5681","url_text":"\"Politics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stargate: Golden Reel Awards\". Stargate.de. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090310000318/http://www.stargate-area.de/site.php?showID=121#golden","url_text":"\"Stargate: Golden Reel Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.stargate-area.de/site.php?showID=121#golden","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Primetime Awards\". Emmy Awards. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.org/awards/2007pt/history.php","url_text":"\"Primetime Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Awards Database\". The Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607070448/http://academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=Stargate+SG-1&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=0&submit.y=0","url_text":"\"Canada's Awards Database\""},{"url":"http://academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?stitle=Stargate+SG-1&awyear=0&winonly=0&awards=2&rtype=2&curstep=4&submit.x=0&submit.y=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saturn Awards – Past Award Winners\". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502112545/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html","url_text":"\"Saturn Awards – Past Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mario Azzopardi (director); Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper (writers). \"Children of the Gods\". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 1 and 2. Showtime.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Azzopardi","url_text":"Mario Azzopardi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Cooper","url_text":"Robert C. Cooper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)","url_text":"Showtime"}]},{"reference":"Martin Wood (director); Brad Wright (writer). \"Politics\". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 21. Showtime.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Martin Wood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"David Warry-Smith (director); Jonathan Glassner (writer). \"Within the Serpent's Grasp\". Stargate SG-1. Season 1. Episode 22. Showtime.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glassner","url_text":"Jonathan Glassner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_movement

Protest

["1 Historical examples","2 Forms","3 Typology","3.1 Written demonstration","3.2 Civil disobedience demonstrations","3.3 As a residence","3.4 Destructive","3.5 Non-destructive","3.6 Direct action","3.7 Against a government","3.8 Against a military shipment","3.9 Against a planning application or development","3.10 By government employees","3.11 Job action","3.12 In sports","3.13 By management","3.14 By tenants","3.15 By consumers","3.16 Information","3.17 Civil disobedience to censorship","3.18 By Internet and social networking","3.19 Literature, art and culture","3.20 Against religious or ideological institutions","4 Economic effects against companies","5 See also","6 References"]

For other uses, see Protest (disambiguation). For the grouping of eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, nor fungi, see Protist. Not to be confused with Political demonstration. "Public outcry" redirects here. For other uses, see Outcry (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Protest" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Public expression of objection, typically political Demonstration against the president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during the Rio+20 conference in Brazil, June 2012 Demonstration in front of the MPR/DPR/DPD building in Jakarta during the 2019 Indonesian protests and riots Part of a series onPolitical revolution By class Bourgeois Communist Counter-revolutionary Democratic Proletarian By other characteristic Colour From above Nonviolent Passive Permanent Social Wave Methods Boycott Civil disobedience Civil disorder Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Mutiny Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Riot Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terror Examples English Atlantic American Brabant Liège French Haitian Spanish American Serbian Greek 1820 1830 July Belgian Texas 1848 Italian states February German Hungarian Eureka Bulgarian unification Philippine Iranian First Second Young Turk Mexican Chinese Xinhai Communist Cultural 1917–1923 Russian German Siamese Spanish August Guatemalan Hungarian (1956) Cuban Rwandan Nicaraguan Argentine Carnation Saur People Power 1989 Yogurt Velvet Romanian Singing Bolivarian Bulldozer Rose Orange Tulip Kyrgyz Arab Spring Tunisian Egyptian Yemeni Euromaidan Second Arab Spring Sudanese Politics portalvte A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration, or remonstrance) is a public expression of objection, disapproval, or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one. Protests can be thought of as acts of cooperation in which numerous people cooperate by attending, and share the potential costs and risks of doing so. Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass political demonstrations. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or they may undertake direct action in an attempt to enact desired changes themselves. When protests are part of a systematic and peaceful nonviolent campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as civil resistance or nonviolent resistance. Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of protest permits), economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of riot police. Observers have noted an increased militarization of protest policing in many countries, with police deploying armored vehicles and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open civil disobedience, more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration. A protest itself may at times be the subject of a counter-protest. In such cases, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest. Protesters and counter-protesters can sometimes violently clash. One study found that nonviolent activism during the civil rights movement in the United States tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order. Historical examples Gandhi leading his followers on the famous Salt March to abolish the British Salt Laws Protesters in the middle of the road in downtown Manama, Bahrain (2011) Protest in London over the Israel-Hamas conflict, October 2023 Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into civil resistance, dissent, activism, riots, insurgency, revolts, and political or social revolution. Some examples of protests include: Northern Europe in the early 16th century (Protestant Reformation) North America in the 1770s (American Revolution) Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the Continental Army France in 1789 (French Revolution) Haiti in 1803 (Haitian Revolution), the first successful black revolution against slavery The Haymarket affair in 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 Mohandas Gandhi's 1930 Salt March to protest the colonial salt tax in India 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, part of the civil rights movement. 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil rights movement Selma to Montgomery marches of 1965, part of the Civil Rights Movement Protests against the Vietnam War Mexico 68 The Takeover of Vanha in Helsinki, Finland in 1968 The Stonewall riots in 1969, protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City The People Power Revolution in the Philippines 1976 Thai military personnel, police and right wing nationalistic milita shooting at peaceful protesters the Thammasat University of Thailand. The Solidarity (Polish trade union) Movement's protests against Soviet Communism in Poland from 1980 to 1989. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 The Alexanderplatz demonstrations from November 4–9, 1989, which culminated in the Fall of the Berlin Wall The many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s Japanese Canadians Protest of their Dispossession The Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization Anti-globalization protests in Prague in 2000 Anti-globalization protests in Genoa from 18 to 22 July 2001 15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest Anti-nuclear protests 2007 Bersih rally 2010 Thai political protests 2011 Iranian protests Arab Spring protests Impact of the Arab Spring Occupy Wall Street protests Bersih Malaysia protests Gezi Park protests in 2013 in Turkey June 2013 Egyptian protests Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, November 2013–February 2014 Black Lives Matter-led protests on July 13, 2013 Sunflower Student Movement Add the Words gay and transgender rights protests in Idaho in 2014. 2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement 2016 South Korean protests 2017 Jallikattu protests 2017–2019 Romanian protests Dakota Access Pipeline protests 2018 Tommy Robinson protests 2018 Sadiq Khan protests March for Our Lives protests 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution 2018–2019 Sudanese protests 2018–2020 Serbian protests 2019 Venezuelan protests 2019 Indonesian protests 2019 Bolivian protests 2019–20 Hong Kong protests Citizenship Amendment Act protests 2019–20 Lebanese protests 2019–2021 Iraqi protests George Floyd protests 2020–21 Belarusian protests Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia 2020 Thai protests 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest 2020–2021 United States election protests Mahsa Amini protests Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine Peruvian protests (2022–2023) 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation Forms See also: Repertoire of contention Protester with a "Free The Bee" placard during the COVID-19 protests in Berlin on 29th of August 2020, near the Brandenburg Gate A protest can take many forms. Willingness to participate is influenced by individuals' ties within social networks. Social connections can affect both the spread of factual information about a protest and social pressures on participants. Willing to participate will also vary depending on the type of protest. Likelihood that someone will respond to a protest is also affected by group identification, and by the types of tactics involved. The Dynamics of Collective Action project and the Global Nonviolent Action Database are two of the leading data collection efforts attempting to capture information about protest events. The Dynamics of Collective Action project considers the repertoire of protest tactics (and their definitions) to include: Rally or demonstration: Demonstration, rally, or similar protest, without reference to marching or walking in a picket line or standing in a vigil. Reference to speeches, speakers, singing, or preaching, often verified by the presence of PA sound equipment and sometimes by a platform or stage. Ordinarily will include worship services, speeches, briefings. March: Reference to moving from one location to another; to distinguish from rotating or walking in a circle with picket signs (which is a picket). Vigil: Most vigils have banners, placards, or leaflets so that people passing by, despite silence from participants, can be informed about the purpose of the vigil. Picket: The modal activity is picketing; there may be references to a picket line, informational picketing, or holding signs; "carrying signs and walking around in a circle". Holding signs, placards, or banners is not the defining criteria; rather, it is holding or carrying those items and walking a circular route, a phrase sometimes surprisingly found in the permit application. Civil disobedience: Explicit protest that involves deliberately breaking laws deemed unjust in order to protest them; crossing barricades, prohibited use of segregated facilities (such as lunch-counters or restrooms), voter registration drives (to earn non-eligible people the right to vote), or tying up phone lines. Ceremony: These celebrate or protest status transitions ranging from birth and death dates of individuals, organizations or nations; seasons; re-enlistment or commissioning of military personnel; or to anniversaries of any of the above. These are sometimes referenced by presenting flowers or wreaths commemorating, dedicating, or celebrating status transitions or their anniversary; e.g., an annual merchant marine memorial service, celebrating Hanukkah or Easter, or celebrating the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. Dramaturgical demonstration Motorcade: Vehicular procession (electoral campaigns or other issues) Information distribution: Tabling/petition gathering, lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, or teach-ins. Symbolic display: e.g., a menorah or creche scene, graffiti, cross burning, sign, or standing display. Attack by collective group (not-one-on-one assault, crime, rape): Motivation for attack is the "other group's identity", as in gay-bashing or lynching. Can also include verbal attacks or threats. (See hate crime) Riot, melee, mob violence: Large-scale (50+), use of violence by instigators against persons, property, police, or buildings separately or in combination, lasting several hours. Strike, slow down, sick-ins, and employee work protest of any kind: Regular air strike through failure of negotiations or wildcat air strike. (Make note if a wildcat strike.) Boycott: Organized refusal to buy or use a product or service. Examples: rent strikes, Montgomery bus boycotts Press conference: Only if specifically named as such in report, and must be the predominant activity form. Could involve disclosure of information to "educate the public" or influence various decision-makers. Organization formation announcement or meeting announcement: Meeting or press conference to announce the formation of a new organization. Conflict, attack or clash (no instigator): This includes any boundary conflict in which no instigator can be identified, i.e. Black/white conflicts, abortion/anti-abortion conflicts. Prayer Walk: A prayer walk is an activity that consists of walking and praying at the same time. It is done not for the physical benefit but for the spiritual exercise, either publicly functioning as a demonstration or rally. Lawsuit: Legal maneuver by social movement organization or group. Peopleless Protest: Simultaneous online and offline protests involving physical representations of protesters in public spaces that are subsequently assembled online. Developed in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. UCL, anarchist protest in France, on October 16th during the COVID-19 pandemic The Global Nonviolent Action Database uses Gene Sharp's classification of 198 methods of nonviolent action. There is considerable overlap with the Dynamics of Collective Action repertoire, although the GNA repertoire includes more specific tactics. Together, the two projects help define tactics available to protesters and document instances of their use. Typology March next to the Benito Juárez Hemicycle, 27 August 1968, Mexico City Street protesters with signs are demonstrating in Helsinki, Finland after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022 Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project. Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory - Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays (street theater, dancing, etc.) including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions (speech-making, chanting, etc.). May also include tactile exchanges of information (petitions, leaflets, etc.) and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society (police response, media focus, impact on potential allies, etc.) often are underestimated. Solemnity and the sacred – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, candlelight vigils, cross or coffin bearing etc. All directly related to the Durkheimian "sacred", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events. Institutional and conventional – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions (press conferences, lawsuits, lobbying, etc.). Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the other or reference category. More acceptable because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system. Movement in space – Marches or parades (processional activities) from one spatio-temporal location to another, with beginning or ending places sometimes chosen for symbolic reasons. Picket lines often used in labor strikes but can be used by non-labor actors but the key differences between picket and processionals are the distance of movement. Events that take the form of a procession are logistically much more difficult to police (even if it is for the safety of protesters). Marches are some of the largest events in this period. Civil disobedience – Withholding obligations, sit-ins, blockades, shop-ins, occupations, bannering, "camping", etc., are all specific activities which constitute the tactical form of civil disobedience. In some way, these activities directly or technically break the law. Usually given most attention by researchers, media, and authorities. Often conflated with violence and threats because of direct action and confrontational nature, but should serve as a distinct category of action (both in the context of tactical and strategic planning and in the control of activity). Collective violence and threats – Collective violence such as pushing, shoving, hitting, punching, damaging property, throwing objects, verbal threats, etc., is usually committed by a relative few out of many protesters (even tens of thousands). It is rare in occurrence and rarely condoned by the public or onlookers (particularly the media). Usually met with equivalent or overwhelming force in response by authorities. Some forms of direct action listed in this article are also public demonstrations or rallies. Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people. Picketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause. Street protesters demonstrate in areas with high visibility, often employing handmade placards such as sandwich boards or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public. Lockdowns and lock-ons are a way to stop movement of an object like a structure or tree, and to thwart the removal of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the sleeping dragon for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials. Die-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or bandages, usually made to appear bloody, are used. Protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration. Radical cheerleading. The idea is to ironically re-appropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader. Critical Mass bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement; the U.K. e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London". However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, not as protests or organized demonstrations. This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police. Toyi-toyi is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa. See Protest in South Africa. Written demonstration Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting. Petitions Letters (to show political power by the volume of letters): Used by some letter writing campaigns, especially those with a form letter that supporters are given to sign Civil disobedience demonstrations A protester photobombing a news reporter during a protest in New York City TET passed candidates who are protesting over SSC scam in West Bengal, beneath the statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Kolkata Maidan. Any protest could be civil disobedience if a "ruling authority" says so, but the following are usually civil disobedience demonstrations: Public nudity or topfree (to protest indecency laws or as a publicity stunt for another protest such as a war protest) or animal mistreatment (e.g. PETA's campaign against fur). See also Nudity and protest. Sit-in Photobombing – disrupting an event being broadcast live Raasta roko – people blocking auto traffic with their bodies Silent protest Lebenslaute As a residence Peace camp Formation of a tent city Camp for Climate Action Destructive Black bloc members spray graffiti during an Iraq War Protest in Washington, D.C. Vandalism – Smashing windows or spraying graffiti is used as a form of riot, and is sometimes employed by black bloc groups. Riot – Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting. Looting – stealing goods from establishments or businesses (takes place during riots) Self-immolation Suicide Hunger strike Bombing Non-destructive Silent protest – protests or parades in which participants are nonviolent and usually silent in an attempt to avoid violent confrontation with military or police forces. This tactic was effectively used during the Arab Spring in cities such as Tehran and Cairo. Direct action Civil resistance Nonviolent resistance Occupation Public shaming Against a government The District of Columbia issues license plates protesting the "taxation without representation" that occurs due to its special status. Tax resistance Conscientious objector Flag desecration Against a military shipment Port Militarization Resistance – protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments Against a planning application or development NIMBY ("not in my backyard") – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable By government employees Protest inside the Wisconsin State Capitol Bully pulpit Judicial activism Filibuster Job action Main article: Industrial action Strike action Walkout Work-to-rule In sports In modern times, sports protests have become increasingly significant, causing more people to take notice. Sporting protests can be about any number of things ranging from racial justice to political wrongdoings. Some of the most prominent sports figures being Tommie Smith, Jhon Carlos, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robison, Colin Kaepernick and Billie Jean King have all pushed forward change by this method of protest. However, the majority of people do not believe sports and politics belong together, saying, "Most of us who love sports want to forget about politics when we watch games." Nevertheless, this statement can still be controversial since others believe that sports athletes should use their platform and wealth to encourage change. Either way protesting in sports is an important form of protest that has gotten significant media attention and has caused significant change throughout modern times. During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests. By management Lockout By tenants Rent strike By consumers Boycott Consumer Court Information Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor Teach-in Zine Soap-boxing Civil disobedience to censorship Samizdat (distributing censored materials) Protest graffiti By Internet and social networking Occupy Wall Street protesters in Zuccotti Park using the Internet to get their message out over social networking as events happen, September 2011Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views or news, and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people. With protests on the rise from the U.S. election season of 2016 going into 2017, protesters became aware that using their social media during a protest could make them an easier target for government surveillance. Literature, art and culture Culture jamming Against religious or ideological institutions Recusancy Book burning Economic effects against companies Protest march in Palmerston North, New Zealand Protesters outside the Oireachtas in Dublin, Republic of Ireland A study of 342 US protests covered by The New York Times newspaper from 1962 to 1990 showed that such public activities usually affected the company's publicly traded stock price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings revealed that the amount of media coverage the event received was of the most importance to this study. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event. See also Activist Wisdom, a book about protesters in Australia Anti-globalization movement Fare strike First Amendment to the United States Constitution Coup d'état Revolution Riot People power Two Minutes Hate Struggle session Emmanuel Goldstein Mass mobilization Burning of the Papal Bull by Martin Luther, during Protestant reformation and the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church in Western and Central Europe, Mainland Europe, Europe 1992 Los Angeles riots Gandhigiri "I Protest" List of uprisings led by women Protest art Public Library Advocacy Right to protest Satyagraha Social criticism Tactical frivolity References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protests. Look up protest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ "Definition of PROTEST". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "PROTEST (noun) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary". www.macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ a b Larson, Jennifer M. (11 May 2021). "Networks of Conflict and Cooperation". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 89–107. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523. ^ St. John Barned-Smith, "How We Rage: This Is Not Your Parents' Protest," Current (Winter 2007): 17–25. ^ a b Roberts, Adam (2009). Ash, Timothy Garton (ed.). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. ^ Daniel L. Schofield, S.J.D. (November 1994). "Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications". in the FBI's Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 16 December 2009. ^ Omar Wasow. "Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ "6ตุลา". ^ Baldwin, Brent; Kruszewski, Jackie. "Why They Keep Fighting: Richmond Protesters Explain Their Resistance to Trump's America". Style Weekly. Retrieved 29 March 2017. ^ Pinckney, Jonathan; Rivers, Miranda (25 March 2020). "Nonviolent Action in the Time of Coronavirus". U.S. Institute of Peace. Retrieved 23 September 2021. ^ Bugden, Dylan (January 2020). "Does Climate Protest Work? Partisanship, Protest, and Sentiment Pools". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 6: 237802312092594. doi:10.1177/2378023120925949. ^ Global Nonviolent Action Database ^ "Dynamics of Collective Action Project". Stanford University. ^ Ratliff, Thomas (2014). "Practicing the Art of Dissent: Toward a Typology of Protest Activity in the United States". Humanity & Science. 38 (3): 268–294. doi:10.1177/0160597614537796. S2CID 147285566. ^ Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019, ISBN 978-88-6977-241-2. ^ Mcgrath, Ben (13 November 2006). "Holy Rollers". ^ "Critical Mass London". Urban75. 2006. ^ "Pittsburgh Critical Mass". Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. ^ "Critical Mass: Over 260 Arrested in First Major Protest of RNC". Democracy Now!. 30 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. ^ Seaton, Matt (26 October 2005). "Critical crackdown". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ Rosi-Kessel, Adam (24 August 2004). " Hong Kong Critical Mass News". ^ https://www.flickr.com Image of black bloc members during an Iraq War protest in Washington, D.C., 21 March 2009 ^ Parvaz, D. "Iran's Silent Protests". Al Jazeera. ^ Kaufman, Peter; Wolf, Eli (16 February 2010). "Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 34 (2): 154–175. doi:10.1177/0193723509360218. S2CID 144155586. Retrieved 23 October 2020. ^ Zirin, Dave (9 September 2008). A People's History of Sports in the United States: 250 Years of Politics, Protest, People, and Play. The New Press. ^ Newman, Lily Hay. "How to Use Social Media at a Protest Without Big Brother Snooping". WIRED. Retrieved 9 February 2017. ^ Welling, Angie (13 November 2007). "Coverage of protests hurts firms, Cornell-Y. study says". Deseret Morning News. p. E3. vteMedia manipulationContext Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Manipulation (psychology) Activism Alternative media Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Deplatforming Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Annoyance factor CensorshipMedia regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Catch and kill Corporate Cover-ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools' Deepfake Fake news websites Fakelore False document Fictitious entries Firehose of falsehood Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Lying press Photograph manipulation Racial Urban legend Virus Video manipulation Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda-setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Dog whistle Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Big lie Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language National mythology Rally 'round the flag effect Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information (IT) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Corporate propaganda Sales Cold calling Door-to-door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Spaving Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Related Influence-for-hire Media bias United States Media concentration Media democracy Media ecology Media ethics Media franchise Media influence Media proprietor vteMedia cultureMedia 24-hour news cycle Alternative media Digital media Electronic media Independent media Mass media Mainstream media New media News broadcasting News media Old media Social media State media Principles Media development Media policy Media independence Freedom of information Freedom of speech Media pluralism Media transparency Ideology Advanced capitalism American Dream Bipartisanship Consumerism Pensée unique DeceptionForms Advertising Propaganda Fake news Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism Techniques Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Viral phenomenon Others Catch and kill Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Jean Baudrillard Edward Bernays Noam Chomsky Guy Debord Walter Lippmann Marshall McLuhan Jacques Rancière Counterculture Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstration Graffiti Occupation Political satire Protest Punk Review bomb Strike action In academia Influence of mass media Media studies Mediatization Semiotic democracy The Lonely Crowd Issues Anonymity Concentration of media ownership Exploitation of women Freedom of speech Media bias Privacy Social influence Transparency Violence Synonyms Advanced capitalism Culture industry Mass society Post-Fordism Society of the Spectacle Portals: Society Politics Authority control databases International FAST National Israel United States Latvia Other NARA 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protest (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Protist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist"},{"link_name":"Political demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_demonstration"},{"link_name":"Outcry (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcry_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demonstration_against_Ahmadinejad_in_Rio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Ahmadinejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad"},{"link_name":"Rio+20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:September2019jakartademo2.jpg"},{"link_name":"MPR/DPR/DPD building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPR/DPR/DPD_building"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"2019 Indonesian protests and riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_protests_and_riots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson-3"},{"link_name":"political demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_demonstration"},{"link_name":"public opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nonviolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"civil resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_resistance"},{"link_name":"nonviolent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CivilResistance-5"},{"link_name":"protest permits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_permit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"riot police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_police"},{"link_name":"militarization of protest policing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarization_of_police"},{"link_name":"armored vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"counter-protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-protest"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For other uses, see Protest (disambiguation).For the grouping of eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, nor fungi, see Protist.Not to be confused with Political demonstration.\"Public outcry\" redirects here. For other uses, see Outcry (disambiguation).Public expression of objection, typically politicalDemonstration against the president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during the Rio+20 conference in Brazil, June 2012Demonstration in front of the MPR/DPR/DPD building in Jakarta during the 2019 Indonesian protests and riotsA protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration, or remonstrance) is a public expression of objection, disapproval, or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one.[1][2] Protests can be thought of as acts of cooperation in which numerous people cooperate by attending, and share the potential costs and risks of doing so.[3] Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass political demonstrations. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or they may undertake direct action in an attempt to enact desired changes themselves.[4] When protests are part of a systematic and peaceful nonviolent campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as civil resistance or nonviolent resistance.[5]Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of protest permits),[6] economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of riot police. Observers have noted an increased militarization of protest policing in many countries, with police deploying armored vehicles and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open civil disobedience, more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.A protest itself may at times be the subject of a counter-protest. In such cases, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest. Protesters and counter-protesters can sometimes violently clash. One study found that nonviolent activism during the civil rights movement in the United States tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order.[7]","title":"Protest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marche_sel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salt March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March"},{"link_name":"British Salt Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_salt_tax_in_British_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4bahrain22011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Palestine_Protest_Equestrian_Statue_Whitehall.jpg"},{"link_name":"civil resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_resistance"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Haitian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Haymarket affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_affair"},{"link_name":"Anarchist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New York shirtwaist strike of 1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909"},{"link_name":"Mohandas Gandhi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Salt March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March"},{"link_name":"colonial salt tax in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_salt_tax_in_India"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Children's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Campaign"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Selma to Montgomery marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches"},{"link_name":"Protests against the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Mexico 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_68"},{"link_name":"Takeover of Vanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_of_Vanha"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"People Power Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"shooting at peaceful protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square protests of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Alexanderplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"ACT-UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Dispossession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians#Protest"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"Anti-globalization protests in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_Protests_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15,_2003_anti-war_protest"},{"link_name":"Anti-nuclear protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests"},{"link_name":"2007 Bersih rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Bersih_rally"},{"link_name":"2010 Thai political protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests"},{"link_name":"2011 Iranian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Iranian_protests"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Occupy Wall Street protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_protest"},{"link_name":"Bersih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersih"},{"link_name":"Gezi Park protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests"},{"link_name":"June 2013 Egyptian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"Sunflower Student Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement"},{"link_name":"Add the Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Add_the_Words"},{"link_name":"2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"2016 South Korean protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_South_Korean_protests"},{"link_name":"2017 Jallikattu protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jallikattu_protests"},{"link_name":"2017–2019 Romanian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests"},{"link_name":"Dakota Access Pipeline protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests"},{"link_name":"Tommy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Robinson_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Sadiq Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan"},{"link_name":"protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"March for Our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Armenian_Velvet_Revolution"},{"link_name":"2018–2019 Sudanese protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Sudanese_protests"},{"link_name":"2018–2020 Serbian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_Serbian_protests"},{"link_name":"2019 Venezuelan protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests"},{"link_name":"2019 Indonesian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_protests_and_riots"},{"link_name":"2019 Bolivian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bolivian_protests"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Hong Kong protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"Citizenship Amendment Act protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_Amendment_Act_protests"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Lebanese protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Lebanese_protests"},{"link_name":"2019–2021 Iraqi protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Belarusian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_and_riots_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"2020 Thai protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Thai_protests"},{"link_name":"2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Indian_farmers%27_protest"},{"link_name":"2020–2021 United States election protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_United_States_election_protests"},{"link_name":"Mahsa Amini protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests"},{"link_name":"Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Peruvian protests (2022–2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation"}],"text":"Gandhi leading his followers on the famous Salt March to abolish the British Salt LawsProtesters in the middle of the road in downtown Manama, Bahrain (2011)Protest in London over the Israel-Hamas conflict, October 2023Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into civil resistance, dissent, activism, riots, insurgency, revolts, and political or social revolution. Some examples of protests include:Northern Europe in the early 16th century (Protestant Reformation)\nNorth America in the 1770s (American Revolution)\nPennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, an anti-government protest by several hundred soldiers of the Continental Army\nFrance in 1789 (French Revolution)\nHaiti in 1803 (Haitian Revolution), the first successful black revolution against slavery\nThe Haymarket affair in 1886, a violent labor protest led by the Anarchist Movement\nNew York shirtwaist strike of 1909\nMohandas Gandhi's 1930 Salt March to protest the colonial salt tax in India\n1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, part of the civil rights movement.\n1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a key moment in the Civil rights movement\nSelma to Montgomery marches of 1965, part of the Civil Rights Movement\nProtests against the Vietnam War\nMexico 68\nThe Takeover of Vanha in Helsinki, Finland in 1968\nThe Stonewall riots in 1969, protesting the treatment of homosexuals in New York City\nThe People Power Revolution in the Philippines\n1976 Thai military personnel, police and right wing nationalistic milita shooting at peaceful protesters the Thammasat University of Thailand.[8]\nThe Solidarity (Polish trade union) Movement's protests against Soviet Communism in Poland from 1980 to 1989.\nThe Tiananmen Square protests of 1989\nThe Alexanderplatz demonstrations from November 4–9, 1989, which culminated in the Fall of the Berlin Wall\nThe many ACT-UP AIDS protests of the late 1980s and early 1990s\nJapanese Canadians Protest of their Dispossession\nThe Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity against the World Trade Organization\nAnti-globalization protests in Prague in 2000\nAnti-globalization protests in Genoa from 18 to 22 July 2001\n15 February 2003 Iraq War Protest\nAnti-nuclear protests\n2007 Bersih rally\n2010 Thai political protests\n2011 Iranian protests\nArab Spring protests\nImpact of the Arab Spring\nOccupy Wall Street protests\nBersih Malaysia protests\nGezi Park protests in 2013 in Turkey\nJune 2013 Egyptian protests\nEuromaidan protests in Ukraine, November 2013–February 2014\nBlack Lives Matter-led protests on July 13, 2013\nSunflower Student Movement\nAdd the Words gay and transgender rights protests in Idaho in 2014.\n2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement\n2016 South Korean protests\n2017 Jallikattu protests\n2017–2019 Romanian protests\nDakota Access Pipeline protests\n2018 Tommy Robinson protests\n2018 Sadiq Khan protests\nMarch for Our Lives protests\n2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution\n2018–2019 Sudanese protests\n2018–2020 Serbian protests\n2019 Venezuelan protests\n2019 Indonesian protests\n2019 Bolivian protests\n2019–20 Hong Kong protests\nCitizenship Amendment Act protests\n2019–20 Lebanese protests\n2019–2021 Iraqi protests\nGeorge Floyd protests\n2020–21 Belarusian protests\nProtests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic\nCOVID-19 protests and riots in Serbia\n2020 Thai protests\n2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest\n2020–2021 United States election protests\nMahsa Amini protests\nProtests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine\nPeruvian protests (2022–2023)\n2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation","title":"Historical examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Repertoire of contention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertoire_of_contention"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicent-van-Volkmer-Bienen-Aktivist-Demo-29.08.2020_Berlin_Covid-19_Pandemie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinckney-10"},{"link_name":"social networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"social pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_pressure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bugden-11"},{"link_name":"Global Nonviolent Action Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Nonviolent_Action_Database"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"picket line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing"},{"link_name":"vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigil"},{"link_name":"PA sound equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_address_system"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"lunch-counters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunch_counter_protests"},{"link_name":"merchant marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_marine"},{"link_name":"Hanukkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Dramaturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgical_action"},{"link_name":"teach-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach-in"},{"link_name":"menorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)"},{"link_name":"creche scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_scene"},{"link_name":"cross burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_burning"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"gay-bashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bashing"},{"link_name":"lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"definition needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"wildcat strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action"},{"link_name":"rent strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_strike"},{"link_name":"Montgomery bus boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"UCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_communiste_libertaire"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Global Nonviolent Action Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Nonviolent_Action_Database"}],"text":"See also: Repertoire of contentionProtester with a \"Free The Bee\" placard during the COVID-19 protests in Berlin on 29th of August 2020, near the Brandenburg GateA protest can take many forms.[9][10]\nWillingness to participate is influenced by individuals' ties within social networks. Social connections can affect both the spread of factual information about a protest and social pressures on participants.[3] \nWilling to participate will also vary depending on the type of protest. \nLikelihood that someone will respond to a protest is also affected by group identification, and by the types of tactics involved.[11]The Dynamics of Collective Action project and the Global Nonviolent Action Database[12] are two of the leading data collection efforts attempting to capture information about protest events. The Dynamics of Collective Action project considers the repertoire of protest tactics (and their definitions) to include:[13]Rally or demonstration: Demonstration, rally, or similar protest, without reference to marching or walking in a picket line or standing in a vigil. Reference to speeches, speakers, singing, or preaching, often verified by the presence of PA sound equipment and sometimes by a platform or stage. Ordinarily will include worship services, speeches, briefings.\nMarch: Reference to moving from one location to another; to distinguish from rotating or walking in a circle with picket signs (which is a picket).\nVigil: Most vigils have banners, placards, or leaflets so that people passing by, despite silence from participants, can be informed about the purpose of the vigil.\nPicket: The modal activity[clarification needed] is picketing; there may be references to a picket line, informational picketing, or holding signs; \"carrying signs and walking around in a circle\". Holding signs, placards, or banners is not the defining criteria; rather, it is holding or carrying those items and walking a circular route, a phrase sometimes surprisingly found in the permit application.\nCivil disobedience: Explicit protest that involves deliberately breaking laws deemed unjust in order to protest them; crossing barricades, prohibited use of segregated facilities (such as lunch-counters or restrooms), voter registration drives (to earn non-eligible people the right to vote), or tying up phone lines.\nCeremony: These celebrate or protest status transitions ranging from birth and death dates of individuals, organizations or nations; seasons; re-enlistment or commissioning of military personnel; or to anniversaries of any of the above. These are sometimes referenced by presenting flowers or wreaths commemorating, dedicating, or celebrating status transitions or their anniversary; e.g., an annual merchant marine memorial service, celebrating Hanukkah or Easter, or celebrating the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr.\nDramaturgical demonstration\nMotorcade: Vehicular procession (electoral campaigns or other issues)\nInformation distribution: Tabling/petition gathering, lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, or teach-ins.\nSymbolic display: e.g., a menorah or creche scene, graffiti, cross burning, sign, or standing display.\nAttack by collective group (not-one-on-one assault, crime, rape): Motivation for attack is the \"other group's identity\",[This quote needs a citation] as in gay-bashing or lynching. Can also include verbal attacks or threats. (See hate crime)\nRiot, melee, mob violence: Large-scale (50+),[clarification needed] use of violence by instigators against persons, property, police, or buildings separately or in combination, lasting several hours.[vague]\nStrike, slow down, sick-ins, and employee work protest of any kind: Regular air strike[definition needed] through failure of negotiations or wildcat air strike. (Make note if a wildcat strike.)\nBoycott: Organized refusal to buy or use a product or service. Examples: rent strikes, Montgomery bus boycotts\nPress conference: Only if specifically named as such in report, and must be the predominant activity form. Could involve disclosure of information to \"educate the public\" or influence various decision-makers.\nOrganization formation announcement or meeting announcement: Meeting or press conference to announce the formation of a new organization.\nConflict, attack or clash (no instigator): This includes any boundary conflict in which no instigator can be identified, i.e. Black/white conflicts, abortion/anti-abortion conflicts.\nPrayer Walk: A prayer walk is an activity that consists of walking and praying at the same time. It is done not for the physical benefit but for the spiritual exercise, either publicly functioning as a demonstration or rally.[citation needed]\nLawsuit: Legal maneuver by social movement organization or group.\nPeopleless Protest: Simultaneous online and offline protests involving physical representations of protesters in public spaces that are subsequently assembled online. Developed in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic.UCL, anarchist protest in France, on October 16th during the COVID-19 pandemicThe Global Nonviolent Action Database uses Gene Sharp's classification of 198 methods of nonviolent action. There is considerable overlap with the Dynamics of Collective Action repertoire, although the GNA repertoire includes more specific tactics. Together, the two projects help define tactics available to protesters and document instances of their use.","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifestaci%C3%B3_27_d%27agost.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez Hemicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Hemicycle"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_(51905533738).jpg"},{"link_name":"Street protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_protester"},{"link_name":"Helsinki, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Russia invaded Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"candlelight vigils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_vigil"},{"link_name":"Durkheimian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durkheimian"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"sit-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in"},{"link_name":"shop-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop-in"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"public demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"Protest march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"nonviolent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent"},{"link_name":"Picketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing_(protest)"},{"link_name":"Street protesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_protester"},{"link_name":"placards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/placard"},{"link_name":"sandwich boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_board"},{"link_name":"Lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown"},{"link_name":"lock-ons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-on_(protest_tactic)"},{"link_name":"sleeping dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_dragon_(manoeuver)"},{"link_name":"Die-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in"},{"link_name":"Protest song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_song"},{"link_name":"emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage"},{"link_name":"labor movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"injustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"globalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization"},{"link_name":"social inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalities"},{"link_name":"incarceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration"},{"link_name":"Radical cheerleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_cheerleading"},{"link_name":"cheerleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerleading"},{"link_name":"chants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Critical Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Mass_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"e-zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-zine"},{"link_name":"Urban75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban75"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Toyi-toyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyi-toyi"},{"link_name":"Protest in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa"}],"text":"March next to the Benito Juárez Hemicycle, 27 August 1968, Mexico CityStreet protesters with signs are demonstrating in Helsinki, Finland after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall[14] have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project.Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory - Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays (street theater, dancing, etc.) including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions (speech-making, chanting, etc.).[15] May also include tactile exchanges of information (petitions, leaflets, etc.) and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society (police response, media focus, impact on potential allies, etc.) often are underestimated.[by whom?]\nSolemnity and the sacred – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, candlelight vigils, cross or coffin bearing etc. All directly related to the Durkheimian \"sacred\", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events.\nInstitutional and conventional – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions (press conferences, lawsuits, lobbying, etc.). Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the other or reference category. More acceptable because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system.\nMovement in space – Marches or parades (processional activities) from one spatio-temporal location to another, with beginning or ending places sometimes chosen for symbolic reasons. Picket lines often used in labor strikes but can be used by non-labor actors but the key differences between picket and processionals are the distance of movement. Events that take the form of a procession are logistically much more difficult to police (even if it is for the safety of protesters). Marches are some of the largest events in this period.\nCivil disobedience – Withholding obligations, sit-ins, blockades, shop-ins, occupations, bannering, \"camping\", etc., are all specific activities which constitute the tactical form of civil disobedience. In some way, these activities directly or technically break the law. Usually given most attention by researchers, media, and authorities. Often conflated with violence and threats because of direct action and confrontational nature, but should serve as a distinct category of action (both in the context of tactical and strategic planning and in the control of activity).[citation needed]\nCollective violence and threats – Collective violence such as pushing, shoving, hitting, punching, damaging property, throwing objects, verbal threats, etc., is usually committed by a relative few out of many protesters (even tens of thousands). It is rare in occurrence and rarely condoned by the public or onlookers (particularly the media). Usually met with equivalent or overwhelming force in response by authorities.Some forms of direct action listed in this article are also public demonstrations or rallies.Protest march, a historically and geographically common form of nonviolent action by groups of people.\nPicketing, a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in (\"crossing the picket line\"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.\nStreet protesters demonstrate in areas with high visibility, often employing handmade placards such as sandwich boards or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.\nLockdowns and lock-ons are a way to stop movement of an object like a structure or tree, and to thwart the removal of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the sleeping dragon for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials.\nDie-ins are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a \"sleep-in\". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or bandages, usually made to appear bloody, are used.\nProtest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave emancipation to women's suffrage, the labor movement, civil rights, the anti-war movement, the feminist movement, the environmental movement. Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as injustice, racial discrimination, the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), globalization, inflation, social inequalities, and incarceration.\nRadical cheerleading. The idea is to ironically re-appropriate the aesthetics of cheerleading, for example by changing the chants to promote feminism and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, transgender or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.\nCritical Mass bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as \"monthly political-protest rides\", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement;[16] the U.K. e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as \"the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London\".[17] However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as \"celebrations\" and spontaneous gatherings, not as protests or organized demonstrations.[18][19] This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.[20][21]\nToyi-toyi is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa. See Protest in South Africa.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition"},{"link_name":"Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(message)"},{"link_name":"form letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_letter"}],"sub_title":"Written demonstration","text":"Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.Petitions\nLetters (to show political power by the volume of letters): Used by some letter writing campaigns, especially those with a form letter that supporters are given to sign","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Mike_Brown-Ferguson_protest_Broadway_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"photobombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobombing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_over_TET,_SSC_education_scam_in_West_Bengal_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"Public nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity"},{"link_name":"topfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topfree"},{"link_name":"publicity stunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_stunt"},{"link_name":"animal mistreatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_mistreatment"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETA"},{"link_name":"Nudity and protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_and_protest"},{"link_name":"Sit-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in"},{"link_name":"Photobombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobombing"},{"link_name":"Raasta roko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasta_roko"},{"link_name":"Silent protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_protest"},{"link_name":"Lebenslaute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebenslaute"}],"sub_title":"Civil disobedience demonstrations","text":"A protester photobombing a news reporter during a protest in New York CityTET passed candidates who are protesting over SSC scam in West Bengal, beneath the statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Kolkata Maidan.Any protest could be civil disobedience if a \"ruling authority\" says so, but the following are usually civil disobedience demonstrations:Public nudity or topfree (to protest indecency laws or as a publicity stunt for another protest such as a war protest) or animal mistreatment (e.g. PETA's campaign against fur). See also Nudity and protest.\nSit-in\nPhotobombing – disrupting an event being broadcast live\nRaasta roko – people blocking auto traffic with their bodies\nSilent protest\nLebenslaute","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_camp"},{"link_name":"tent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent_city"},{"link_name":"Camp for Climate Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_for_Climate_Action"}],"sub_title":"As a residence","text":"Peace camp\nFormation of a tent city\nCamp for Climate Action","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_(Black_Bloc_Element).jpg"},{"link_name":"Black bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bloc"},{"link_name":"Iraq War Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War#March_21,_2009"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"black bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bloc"},{"link_name":"Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"link_name":"Looting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Self-immolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-immolation"},{"link_name":"Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"Hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Destructive","text":"Black bloc members spray graffiti during an Iraq War Protest in Washington, D.C.[22]Vandalism – Smashing windows or spraying graffiti is used as a form of riot, and is sometimes employed by black bloc groups.\nRiot – Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.\nLooting[citation needed] – stealing goods from establishments or businesses (takes place during riots)\nSelf-immolation\nSuicide\nHunger strike\nBombing[citation needed]","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silent protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_protest"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"sub_title":"Non-destructive","text":"Silent protest[23] – protests or parades in which participants are nonviolent and usually silent in an attempt to avoid violent confrontation with military or police forces. This tactic was effectively used during the Arab Spring in cities such as Tehran and Cairo.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_resistance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CivilResistance-5"},{"link_name":"Nonviolent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_(protest)"},{"link_name":"Public shaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_shaming"}],"sub_title":"Direct action","text":"Civil resistance[5]\nNonviolent resistance\nOccupation\nPublic shaming","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington,_D.C._license_plate,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"license plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_Plates"},{"link_name":"taxation without representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_without_representation"},{"link_name":"special status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights"},{"link_name":"Tax resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_resistance"},{"link_name":"Conscientious objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Flag desecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_desecration"}],"sub_title":"Against a government","text":"The District of Columbia issues license plates protesting the \"taxation without representation\" that occurs due to its special status.Tax resistance\nConscientious objector[citation needed]\nFlag desecration","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Militarization Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Militarization_Resistance"}],"sub_title":"Against a military shipment","text":"Port Militarization Resistance – protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NIMBY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMBY"}],"sub_title":"Against a planning application or development","text":"NIMBY (\"not in my backyard\") – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gov_Walker_Protests1_JR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Bully pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_pulpit"},{"link_name":"Judicial activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_activism"},{"link_name":"Filibuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster"}],"sub_title":"By government employees","text":"Protest inside the Wisconsin State CapitolBully pulpit\nJudicial activism\nFilibuster","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strike action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"Walkout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkout"},{"link_name":"Work-to-rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-to-rule"}],"sub_title":"Job action","text":"Strike action\nWalkout\nWork-to-rule","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"In sports","text":"In modern times, sports protests have become increasingly significant, causing more people to take notice. Sporting protests can be about any number of things ranging from racial justice to political wrongdoings.[24] Some of the most prominent sports figures being Tommie Smith, Jhon Carlos, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robison, Colin Kaepernick and Billie Jean King have all pushed forward change by this method of protest. However, the majority of people do not believe sports and politics belong together, saying, \"Most of us who love sports want to forget about politics when we watch games.[25]\" Nevertheless, this statement can still be controversial since others believe that sports athletes should use their platform and wealth to encourage change. Either way protesting in sports is an important form of protest that has gotten significant media attention and has caused significant change throughout modern times.\nDuring a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game \"under protest\", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout_(industry)"}],"sub_title":"By management","text":"Lockout","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rent strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_strike"}],"sub_title":"By tenants","text":"Rent strike","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"Consumer Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Court"}],"sub_title":"By consumers","text":"Boycott\nConsumer Court","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(message)"},{"link_name":"Teach-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach-in"},{"link_name":"Zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"},{"link_name":"Soap-boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapbox"}],"sub_title":"Information","text":"Informative letters, letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor\nTeach-in\nZine\nSoap-boxing","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samizdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"}],"sub_title":"Civil disobedience to censorship","text":"Samizdat (distributing censored materials)\nProtest graffiti","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Day_3_Occupy_Wall_Street_2011_Shankbone_13.JPG"},{"link_name":"Occupy Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Zuccotti Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuccotti_Park"},{"link_name":"U.S. election season of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_election_2016"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"government surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_surveillance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"By Internet and social networking","text":"Occupy Wall Street protesters in Zuccotti Park using the Internet to get their message out over social networking as events happen, September 2011Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views or news, and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people. With protests on the rise from the U.S. election season of 2016 going into 2017, protesters became aware that using their social media during a protest could make them an easier target for government surveillance.[26]","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culture jamming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_jamming"}],"sub_title":"Literature, art and culture","text":"Culture jamming","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recusancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy"},{"link_name":"Book burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_burning"}],"sub_title":"Against religious or ideological institutions","text":"Recusancy\nBook burning","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rally_Against_Asset_Sales,_Palmerston_North,_14_July_2012_07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Palmerston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Occupy_the_D%C3%A1il_-_We_are_the_99_per_cent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"publicly traded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicly_traded"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Protest march in Palmerston North, New ZealandProtesters outside the Oireachtas in Dublin, Republic of IrelandA study of 342 US protests covered by The New York Times newspaper from 1962 to 1990 showed that such public activities usually affected the company's publicly traded stock price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings revealed that the amount of media coverage the event received was of the most importance to this study. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event.[27]","title":"Economic effects against companies"}]

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Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 89–107. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102523","url_text":"\"Networks of Conflict and Cooperation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102523","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Adam (2009). Ash, Timothy Garton (ed.). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)","url_text":"Roberts, Adam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash","url_text":"Ash, Timothy Garton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6","url_text":"978-0-19-955201-6"}]},{"reference":"Daniel L. Schofield, S.J.D. (November 1994). \"Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications\". in the FBI's Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 16 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Controlling+public+protest%3a+First+Amendment+implications.-a016473804","url_text":"\"Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"FBI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Law_Enforcement_Bulletin","url_text":"Law Enforcement Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Omar Wasow. \"Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Wasow","url_text":"Omar Wasow"},{"url":"http://www.omarwasow.com/Protests_on_Voting.pdf","url_text":"\"Agenda Seeding: How 1960s Black Protests Moved Elites, Public Opinion and Voting\""}]},{"reference":"\"6ตุลา\".","urls":[{"url":"https://secretsiam.news/p/october-6","url_text":"\"6ตุลา\""}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Brent; Kruszewski, Jackie. \"Why They Keep Fighting: Richmond Protesters Explain Their Resistance to Trump's America\". Style Weekly. Retrieved 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/why-they-keep-fighting-richmond-protesters-explain-their-resistance-to-trumps-america/Content?oid=2846422","url_text":"\"Why They Keep Fighting: Richmond Protesters Explain Their Resistance to Trump's America\""}]},{"reference":"Pinckney, Jonathan; Rivers, Miranda (25 March 2020). \"Nonviolent Action in the Time of Coronavirus\". U.S. Institute of Peace. 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Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanford.edu/group/collectiveaction/cgi-bin/drupal/node/3","url_text":"\"Dynamics of Collective Action Project\""}]},{"reference":"Ratliff, Thomas (2014). \"Practicing the Art of Dissent: Toward a Typology of Protest Activity in the United States\". Humanity & Science. 38 (3): 268–294. doi:10.1177/0160597614537796. S2CID 147285566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0160597614537796","url_text":"10.1177/0160597614537796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147285566","url_text":"147285566"}]},{"reference":"Mcgrath, Ben (13 November 2006). \"Holy Rollers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/061113fa_fact","url_text":"\"Holy Rollers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Mass London\". Urban75. 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urban75.org/photos/critical","url_text":"\"Critical Mass London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban75","url_text":"Urban75"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Critical Mass\". Archived from the original on 28 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090928023011/http://www.pghcriticalmass.org/","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Critical Mass\""},{"url":"http://pghcriticalmass.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Mass: Over 260 Arrested in First Major Protest of RNC\". Democracy Now!. 30 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114174744/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F08%2F30%2F1453256","url_text":"\"Critical Mass: Over 260 Arrested in First Major Protest of RNC\""},{"url":"http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453256","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seaton, Matt (26 October 2005). \"Critical crackdown\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1600570,00.html","url_text":"\"Critical crackdown\""}]},{"reference":"Rosi-Kessel, Adam (24 August 2004). \"[*BCM*] Hong Kong Critical Mass News\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostoncriticalmass.org/pipermail/bostoncriticalmass/2004-August/000146.html","url_text":"\"[*BCM*] Hong Kong Critical Mass News\""}]},{"reference":"Parvaz, D. \"Iran's Silent Protests\". 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A People's History of Sports in the United States: 250 Years of Politics, Protest, People, and Play. The New Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Newman, Lily Hay. \"How to Use Social Media at a Protest Without Big Brother Snooping\". WIRED. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2017/01/use-social-media-protest-without-big-brother-snooping/","url_text":"\"How to Use Social Media at a Protest Without Big Brother Snooping\""}]},{"reference":"Welling, Angie (13 November 2007). \"Coverage of protests hurts firms, Cornell-Y. study says\". Deseret Morning News. p. E3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_Morning_News","url_text":"Deseret Morning News"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar

Mahabaleshwar

["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 History","2.1 British colonial era","3 Demographics","4 Transport","4.1 Road","4.2 Rail","4.3 Air","5 Tourism","5.1 Pratapgad","5.2 Gallery of places of interest to tourism","6 In popular culture","7 References","8 External links","9 Further reading"]

Coordinates: 17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E / 17.9250°N 73.6575°E / 17.9250; 73.6575Town in Maharashtra, India Hill station in Maharashtra, IndiaMahabaleshwarHill stationMahabaleshwarShow map of MaharashtraMahabaleshwarShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E / 17.9250°N 73.6575°E / 17.9250; 73.6575Country IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictSatara DistrictArea • Total137.15 km2 (52.95 sq mi)Elevation1,353 m (4,439 ft)Population (2011) • Total12,737 • Density93/km2 (240/sq mi)Languages • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Sex ratio90 females/ 100 males ♀/♂Literacy Rate78% Mahabaleshwar (pronunciationⓘ) is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus because the Krishna River has its origin here. The British colonial rulers developed the town as a hill station, and it served as the summer capital of the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj. Geography Mahabaleshwar is located on the mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats that run North to south along the western coast of India. The coordinates of the town are 17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E / 17.9250°N 73.6575°E / 17.9250; 73.6575. Mahabaleshwar is a vast plateau measuring 150 km2 (58 sq mi), bound by valleys on all sides. It reaches a height of 1,439 m (4,721 ft) at its highest peak above sea level, known as Wilson/Sunrise Point. The town is about 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Pune and 285 km (177 mi) from Mumbai. Mahabaleshwar comprises three villages: Malcolm Peth, Old "Kshetra" Mahabaleshwar, and part of the Shindola village. The Mahabaleshwar region is the source of the Krishna River that flows east across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh towards the Bay of Bengal. Three tributaries of Krishna, namely Koyna, Venna (Veni) and Gayatri, also have their source in Mahabaleshwar region. A fourth river, the Savitri, also has its source in the region, but flows Westward via Mahad to the Arabian Sea. The area's climate is suitable for cultivation of strawberries; Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country. It also received the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. Panoramic view of Mahabaleshwar Climate Mahabaleshwar has a borderline tropical monsoon/humid subtropical climate (Köppen Am/Cwa). Very heavy rainfall is a normal occurrence during monsoons. During July, 10–12 days of continuous rains with 100 to 200 mm or 4 to 8 in each day occur each year. There were reports of ice and ground frost formation around Venna Lake in 2018. On August 7, 2019, Mahabaleshwar recorded 330 mm or 12.99 in of rain in 24 hours causing landslides. Mahabaleshwar has been described as the "New Candidate for the wettest place in the world", the title currently held by Cherrapunji. Climate data for Mahabaleshwar (1991–2020, extremes 1932–2011). Mahabaleshwar's summers are colder than spring, fall and winter. Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 32.4(90.3) 33.9(93.0) 38.2(100.8) 37.6(99.7) 37.4(99.3) 34.8(94.6) 31.7(89.1) 29.6(85.3) 29.2(84.6) 31.9(89.4) 30.8(87.4) 31.0(87.8) 38.2(100.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.4(79.5) 28.1(82.6) 31.0(87.8) 32.1(89.8) 30.5(86.9) 23.8(74.8) 20.1(68.2) 19.7(67.5) 21.8(71.2) 25.8(78.4) 25.9(78.6) 26.1(79.0) 26.0(78.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.4(56.1) 14.7(58.5) 17.3(63.1) 18.9(66.0) 18.4(65.1) 17.6(63.7) 17.1(62.8) 16.8(62.2) 16.3(61.3) 16.3(61.3) 15.2(59.4) 13.9(57.0) 16.3(61.3) Record low °C (°F) 0.0(32.0) 3.9(39.0) 7.7(45.9) 11.1(52.0) 12.5(54.5) 12.0(53.6) 12.2(54.0) 11.3(52.3) 10.5(50.9) 10.0(50.0) 7.4(45.3) 6.4(43.5) 0.0(32.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.0(0.04) 0.5(0.02) 6.1(0.24) 20.1(0.79) 46.1(1.81) 958.4(37.73) 2,197.4(86.51) 1,806.9(71.14) 657.4(25.88) 157.6(6.20) 25.1(0.99) 5.9(0.23) 5,882.6(231.60) Average rainy days 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.4 3.4 19.9 29.7 29.1 19.1 8.0 2.0 0.4 113.8 Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 49 39 41 51 67 92 98 98 94 76 64 56 69 Source 1: India Meteorological Department Source 2: Government of Maharashtra History On the outskirts of Mahabaleshwar, towards Panchgani. Legend says that a Yadava ruler from 13th century built a small temple and water tank at the source of the river Krishna. The Valley of Jawali, the area around Mahabaleshwar, was ruled by the More (clan) who were vassals of the Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. In 1656, the founder of Maratha empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, killed the then ruler of Valley of Javali, Chandrarao More, and seized the area. Around that time Shivaji also built a hill fort near Mahabaleshwar called Pratapgad fort. British colonial era Map of the region (1881) Panchaganga temple in Old Mahabaleshwar, 1850s In 1819, after the demise of the Maratha empire, the British ceded the hills around Mahabaleshwar to the vassal state of Satara. Colonel Lodwick (Later General Sir Lodwick) after climbing the mountains near Mahabaleshwar, recommended the place as a sanatorium for the British forces to governor Sir John Malcolm of Bombay presidency. The Raja of Satara was granted other villages in exchange for the British getting Mahabaleshwar in 1828. In old records Mahabaleshwar was even called Malcolm Peth after the governor. Mahabaleshwar started gaining prominence when British officials of the Bombay presidency such as Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone, Arthur Malet (for whom the seat at "Point Arthur" is named), Carnac, and many others became regular visitors. Venna Lake was constructed in 1842 to collect water from perennial springs; the Venna River flows from this lake. Bartley Frere, the commissioner of Satara in the 1850s, built the road from Satara to Mahabaleshwar. In the mid 1800s, Mahabaleshwar was made into the summer capital of the Bombay presidency. Government spending led to rapid development of the area. Colonial officials spent part of their year in the area. Their wives spent a longer period of the year in the area to be with their children in local boarding schools in Mahabaleshwar and nearby Panchgani. The British rulers wanted to recreate the English landscape in the hill stations and to that end, European flora such as strawberries were introduced in Mahabaleshwar, and amenities such as libraries, theatres, boating lakes, and sports grounds were constructed. Added to the scores of magnificent scenic "points", the perennial springs, streams, and waterfalls of Mahabaleshwar plateau, with its year round superb climate, drew the English and others to Mahabaleshwar. By the end of the 19th century it had become an attractive popular hill station of world renown. Raj Bhavan, the summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra, is also located here. An older building named "The Terraces" was purchased in 1884 and rechristened as Giri Darshan in 1886. "Babington House", is a colonial-style bungalow built in the shape of a cross with a deep veranda, elaborate metal work railing and extensive outhouses. It was formerly one of the country seats of the Dubash family, a Parsi ship chandler dynasty from Bombay, before they sold it to the Rahejas in the early 1970s. It contains a central dining room with a 24-seater table and a library pavilion with 1st edition books collected by the Dubash family, notably Jamsetjee "Jimmy" Kavasjee Dubash, a bibliophile and art collector. Demographics As of 2011 India census, Mahabaleshwar had a population of 12,737. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Mahabaleshwar had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 71%. In Mahabaleshwar, 11% of the population was at that time under 6 years of age. 90% of population speaks Marathi language. Transport Road Mahabaleshwar is 32 km from Wai. It is 260 km from Mumbai, the state capital. The nearest major city is Satara, 45 km and it is 120 km from Pune, 170 km from Sangli and 263 km from Mumbai thane Mahabaleshwar is connected by the National Highway 4. Bus services by state-run MSRTC and private organizations connect it to Pune, Mumbai, Sangli and Satara. Rail Nearest railway station to Mahabaleshwar is Satara, 60 km. Nearby major railway stations include Pune (120 km), Sangli railway station (170 km). State-run bus services are available in these locations to Mahabaleshwar. Rail station Diwan Khavati on Kokan Railway near Khed gives a route of 60 km via Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar. Air The nearest airport is Pune International Airport, serving the city of Pune, 120 km from Mahabaleshwar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport of Mumbai is 270 km. Tourism Mahabaleshwar is a popular tourist destination in Maharashtra. Attractions include many hill side look out points with views of surrounding hills, valleys and forests such as Bombay Point, Arthur Seat, Kates Point, Lodwick-Wilson Point, and Elphinston Point. Wilson Point is the only location in Mahabaleshwar where both the sunrise and sunset can be seen. The town also has a man-made lake dating back to British era called Venna Lake. The lake is a popular place for boating. It is surrounded by a market and food stalls that are popular with the tourists. Other attractions include the Lingmala waterfall. Old Mahabaleshwar is a place of pilgrimage with its Mahadeo temple. The temple is the source of the five rivers Krishna, Koyna, Venna, Savitri and Gayatri. Being a relatively cool place, many temperate region crops such as strawberries, raspberries, and mulberries have been grown in Mahabaleshwar and surrounding hills. Principal amongst these crops is Strawberries. Strawberry plantations, and the produce they offer are also a popular tourist activity. The Mahabaleshwar strawberry was granted the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. As a popular tourist destination, Mahabaleshwar has hotels and accommodation to suit different budgets. Pratapgad A popular place to visit is the historic fort of Pratapgad built by Chatrapati Shivaji. It is the site of the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur general, Afzal Khan, where the latter was defeated and killed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. There are small shops, restaurants and a handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational trips to the fort. The fort is also on many trekking routes of the area. Gallery of places of interest to tourism Panoramic view from Savitri Point, Mahabaleshwar A view from Arthur seat point The Venna lake Boats on the Venna lake in Mahabaleshwar. Balakwadi dam viewed from Kate's Point Needle hole rock, viewed from the point Panoramic view of Lingamala waterfalls In popular culture This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2023) Movies filmed in Mahabaleshwar include Raj Kapoor's Barsaat (1949),Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anupama (1966) and Basu Chatterji's Chitchor (1976). In December 2020, some scenes of RRR (2022) were filmed around Mahabaleshwar, notably scenes involving Alia Bhatt. Some scenes of the Kannada film Vikrant Rona (2022), starring Sudeepa, were filmed around the hill station. Other hill stations such as Panchgani and Wai are also popular filming locations. For example, in 2021 Kartik Aaryan filmed the movie Freddy (2022) in Panchgani. References ^ Talbot, Ian (2016). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2020. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Mahabaleshwar". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2007. ^ Balasubramanian, Lalitha (30 August 2017). Temples in Maharashtra: A Travel Guide. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-947697-88-1. ^ Puri, G. S., & Mahajan, S. D. (1960). The study of the evergreen vegetation of Mahabaleshwar area. Nelumbo, 2(1-2), 109-137. ^ Kasabe, Nanda (18 February 2012). "Growing demand for strawberries in domestic market". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ Kshirsagar, Alka (16 January 2012). "Mahabaleshwar set for good strawberry season". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ Mahableshwar-where strawberries grow:https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mahabaleshwar--where-strawberries-grow/1757666 Archived 18 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ Strawberry fields forever:https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind/strawberry-fields-forever/articleshow/74419558.cms Archived 18 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Joshi, Hrishikesh (14 May 2010). "Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ "Cold wave grips parts of India: Delhi continues to freeze; Nagpur gets colder than Shimla; Pune records coldest morning in 18 years". Firstpost. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "In-pics: Maharashtra's Mahabaleshwar witnesses frozen dew drops". Hindustan Times. 8 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ Dighe, Sandip; Joshi, Satyajit (7 August 2019). "Stay off roads to Mahabaleshwar, heavy rain floods Satara, Sangli districts too". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021. ^ "Mahabaleshwar: New Candidate for Wettest Place on Earth". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "Station: Mahabaleshwar Climatological Table 1981–2010". Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 457–458. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ "Climate". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Gundawar, P., Sinha, D.K. and Wable, P., 2008. A critical investigation of motivating factors responsible for increase in pleasure tourism at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar,Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, 15–17 May 2008, IIMK Archived 20 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine ^ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 317. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. ^ Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2015). The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth. University of Chicago Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-226-24024-4. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022. ^ Puri, G.S. and Mahajan, S.D., 1960. The study of the evergreen vegetation of Mahabaleshwar area. Nelumbo-The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India, 2(1-2), pp.109-137. Archived 2 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kulkarni, Sumitra (1995). The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture. Mittal Publications. pp. 174–177. ISBN 978-81-7099-581-4. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Dane Keith Kennedy (1 January 1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Puri, G.S. and Mahajan, S.D., 1960. The study of the evergreen vegetation of Mahabaleshwar area. Nelumbo, 2(1-2), pp.109-137. Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ranade, Rekha (1990). Sir Bartle Frere and His Times: A Study of His Bombay Years, 1862-1867. Mittal Publications. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-81-7099-222-6. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ Knight, Lionel (2012). Britain in India, 1858-1947. Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-85728-517-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ Baker, K., 2009. The changing tourist gaze in India’s hill stations: from the early nineteenth century to the present. Environment, Politics and Development Working Paper Series. London: Department of Geography, King’s College. Available online: http://www Archived 2 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. kcl. ac. uk/schools/sspp/geography/research/epd/working. html. ^ Burns, Peter M.; Palmer, Cathy; Jo-Anne Lester; Baker, Kathleen (2010). Tourism and Visual Culture Theories and concepts. CABI. pp. 2, 5, 11. ISBN 978-1-84593-609-9. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ "Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status". Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020. ^ Dossal, Mariam; Maloni, Ruby (1999). State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century. Popular Prakashan. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-81-7154-855-2. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ "The History of Raj Bhavan, Mumbai". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ^ Gundawar, P., Sinha, D.K. and Wable, P., 2008. A critical investigation of motivating factors responsible for increase in pleasure tourism at panchgani and Mahabaleshwar.Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, 15–17 May 2008, IIMK Archived 22 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chavan, R. and Bhola, S.S., 2014. A Perceived image of Hill Stations of the Satara District, Maharashtra-by Domestic Tourist. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR), 3(10). ^ Kanan Chandra, Kavita (11 May 2012). "Berry bounty". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ "India's strawberry fields". The Tribune. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ Gunaji, M. (2010). Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan.pp=135-138 ^ Gunaji, Milind (2010). Offbeat tracks in Maharashtra (2nd ed.). Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9788179915783. ^ Kapadia, Harish (2003). Trek the Sahyadris (5. ed.). New Delhi: Indus Publ. pp. 144–146. ISBN 9788173871511. ^ Nanda, R. and Kapūra, R., 2002. Raj Kapoor Speaks. Penguin Books India. ^ Singh, J.A., 2016. The World of Hrishikesh Mukherjee. Penguin UK. ^ The Sound of Silence Indian Express, March 15, 2015. ^ Arya, K.K. and Verma, M., A Navarasa-based Analysis of Love (Sringa-ra) in Middle Cinema’s Chitchor versus Do-mestic Drama’s Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon.ISSN 2319-5339 IIS Univ.J.A. Vol.10 (2), 310–27 (2021) ^ "Alia Bhatt Finally Joins 'RRR' Cast for Shoot in Mahabaleshwar". News 18. ^ "Kartik Aaryan..." Hindustan Times. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mahabaleshwar. Mahabaleshwar page of Maharashtra Tourism website Media related to Mahabaleshwar at Wikimedia Commons Further reading The other Mahabaleshwar by Dhruti Vaidya vteWestern GhatsStates Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Regions Desh Kongu Nadu Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Tulu Nadu Peaks Agasthyamalai Ambukuthi Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Baba Budangiri Banasura Brahmagiri Chembra Devar Mala Devimala Dhodap Doddabetta Don Elivai Malai Eravimala Ettina Bhuja Gangamoola Gopalaswamy Betta Illikkal Kallu Kalsubai Karimala Gopuram Kattumala Kemmangudi Kodachadri Kodikuthi Mala Kolaribetta Kottamala Kudremukh Kumara Parvata Kumarikkal Mala Kurumbalakotta Madikeri Mahendragiri Mahuli Malleswaran Marunthuvazh Malai Meenuliyan Para Meesapulimala Mukurthi Mullayanagiri Nedumpara Padagiri Paithalmala Perumal Malai Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Rangaswamy Ranipuram Ratangad Salher Saptashrungi Saputara Sinhagad Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Torna Vagamon Vandaravu 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Makrandgad Machchindragad Mahimandangad Mahimangad Santoshgad Sundargad Vasota Fort Vardhangad Vandangad Vasantgad Varugad Vairatgad Battles Battle of Pratapgarh Battle of Satara Rivers Koyna River Krishna River Venna River Savitri River Gayatri River Dams Koyna Dam Kanher Dam Dhom Dam Mhaswad Dam Morana Dam Morna Gureghar Dam Uttarmand Dam Yeralwadi Dam Lakes Shivsagar Lake Venna Lake Kas Lake Bamnoli Lake Ghats Khambatki Ghat Amba Ghat Caves Wai Caves Karad Caves Cities and towns Karad Khatav Khandala Saal Wai Koregaon Rahimatpur Mahabaleshwar Mhaswad Man Aundh Panchgani Patan Phaltan Khed Medha Koynanagar Villages Awlan Kinhai Kondhawali Menawali Ninam Yerad Places to see Kas Plateau Reserved Forest Kanher Dam Pritisangam Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Mayani Bird Sanctuary Nandgiri or Kalyangad Fort Sajjangad Fort Siddhanath Temple, Mhaswad Thoseghar Waterfalls Vajrai Waterfall Monuments Mandhradevi Transport NH-48 Satara Junction Karad Airport Education Rayat Shikshan Sanstha Sainik School, Satara Lok Sabha constituencies Madha Satara Vidhan Sabha constituencies Satara Koregaon Wai Karad North Karad South Patan Phaltan Man Culture Satari Kandhi Pedhe Lavani Puran poli Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Mahabaleshwar.ogg/Mahabaleshwar.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabaleshwar.ogg"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council"},{"link_name":"Satara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_district"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talbot2016-1"},{"link_name":"hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station"},{"link_name":"summer capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_capital"},{"link_name":"the Bombay Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"}],"text":"Town in Maharashtra, IndiaHill station in Maharashtra, IndiaMahabaleshwar (pronunciationⓘ) is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus because the Krishna River has its origin here.[1] The British colonial rulers developed the town as a hill station, and it served as the summer capital of the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj.","title":"Mahabaleshwar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_ghats"},{"link_name":"17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E / 17.9250°N 73.6575°E / 17.9250; 73.6575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mahabaleshwar&params=17.9250_N_73.6575_E_"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Koyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_River"},{"link_name":"Venna (Veni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_River"},{"link_name":"Gayatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri_River"},{"link_name":"Savitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitri_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mahabaleshwar strawberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_strawberry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-good-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bstd-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabaleshwar_Panorama.jpg"}],"text":"Mahabaleshwar is located on the mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats that run North to south along the western coast of India.\nThe coordinates of the town are 17°55′30″N 73°39′27″E / 17.9250°N 73.6575°E / 17.9250; 73.6575.[2] Mahabaleshwar is a vast plateau measuring 150 km2 (58 sq mi), bound by valleys on all sides. It reaches a height of 1,439 m (4,721 ft) at its highest peak above sea level, known as Wilson/Sunrise Point.\nThe town is about 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Pune and 285 km (177 mi) from Mumbai.Mahabaleshwar comprises three villages: Malcolm Peth, Old \"Kshetra\" Mahabaleshwar, and part of the Shindola village. The Mahabaleshwar region is the source of the Krishna River that flows east across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh towards the Bay of Bengal. Three tributaries of Krishna, namely Koyna, Venna (Veni) and Gayatri, also have their source in Mahabaleshwar region. A fourth river, the Savitri, also has its source in the region, but flows Westward via Mahad to the Arabian Sea.[3][4]The area's climate is suitable for cultivation of strawberries; Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country.[5][6][7][8] It also received the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010.[9]Panoramic view of Mahabaleshwar","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"monsoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Venna Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_Lake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cherrapunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherrapunji"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"India Meteorological Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDnormals-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDextremes-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Mahabaleshwar has a borderline tropical monsoon/humid subtropical climate (Köppen Am/Cwa). Very heavy rainfall is a normal occurrence during monsoons. During July, 10–12 days of continuous rains with 100 to 200 mm or 4 to 8 in each day occur each year. There were reports of ice and ground frost formation around Venna Lake in 2018.[10][11] On August 7, 2019, Mahabaleshwar recorded 330 mm or 12.99 in of rain in 24 hours causing landslides.[12] Mahabaleshwar has been described as the \"New Candidate for the wettest place in the world\", the title currently held by Cherrapunji.[13]Climate data for Mahabaleshwar (1991–2020, extremes 1932–2011). Mahabaleshwar's summers are colder than spring, fall and winter.\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n33.9(93.0)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n1.0(0.04)\n\n0.5(0.02)\n\n6.1(0.24)\n\n20.1(0.79)\n\n46.1(1.81)\n\n958.4(37.73)\n\n2,197.4(86.51)\n\n1,806.9(71.14)\n\n657.4(25.88)\n\n157.6(6.20)\n\n25.1(0.99)\n\n5.9(0.23)\n\n5,882.6(231.60)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.5\n\n1.4\n\n3.4\n\n19.9\n\n29.7\n\n29.1\n\n19.1\n\n8.0\n\n2.0\n\n0.4\n\n113.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)\n\n49\n\n39\n\n41\n\n51\n\n67\n\n92\n\n98\n\n98\n\n94\n\n76\n\n64\n\n56\n\n69\n\n\nSource 1: India Meteorological Department[14][15]\n\n\nSource 2: Government of Maharashtra[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabaleshwar-scene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panchgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchgani"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"More (clan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)"},{"link_name":"Adilshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adilshahi"},{"link_name":"Chhatrapati Shivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji"},{"link_name":"Chandrarao More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pratapgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapgad"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon2007-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"On the outskirts of Mahabaleshwar, towards Panchgani.Legend says that a Yadava ruler from 13th century built a small temple and water tank at the source of the river Krishna.[17] The Valley of Jawali, the area around Mahabaleshwar, was ruled by the More (clan) who were vassals of the Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur.\nIn 1656, the founder of Maratha empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, killed the then ruler of Valley of Javali, Chandrarao More, and seized the area.[18][19] Around that time Shivaji also built a hill fort near Mahabaleshwar called Pratapgad fort.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabaleshwar_1855.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_Siva._(12488632604).jpg"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_state"},{"link_name":"Sir John Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Bombay presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_presidency"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kulkarni1995-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy1996-23"},{"link_name":"Bombay presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_presidency"},{"link_name":"Mountstuart Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_(city)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranade1990-25"},{"link_name":"Bombay presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_presidency"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight2012-26"},{"link_name":"boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Panchgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchgani"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BurnsPalmer2010-28"},{"link_name":"strawberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_strawberry"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DossalMaloni1999-30"},{"link_name":"Raj Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan_(Mahabaleshwar)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"British colonial era","text":"Map of the region (1881)Panchaganga temple in Old Mahabaleshwar, 1850sIn 1819, after the demise of the Maratha empire, the British ceded the hills around Mahabaleshwar to the vassal state of Satara. Colonel Lodwick (Later General Sir Lodwick) after climbing the mountains near Mahabaleshwar, recommended the place as a sanatorium for the British forces to governor Sir John Malcolm of Bombay presidency. The Raja of Satara was granted other villages in exchange for the British getting Mahabaleshwar in 1828.[22] In old records Mahabaleshwar was even called Malcolm Peth after the governor.[23]Mahabaleshwar started gaining prominence when British officials of the Bombay presidency such as Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone, Arthur Malet (for whom the seat at \"Point Arthur\" is named), Carnac, and many others became regular visitors.\nVenna Lake was constructed in 1842 to collect water from perennial springs; the Venna River flows from this lake.[24] Bartley Frere, the commissioner of Satara in the 1850s, built the road from Satara to Mahabaleshwar.[25] In the mid 1800s, Mahabaleshwar was made into the summer capital of the Bombay presidency.[26] Government spending led to rapid development of the area.Colonial officials spent part of their year in the area. Their wives spent a longer period of the year in the area to be with their children in local boarding schools in Mahabaleshwar and nearby Panchgani.[27][28] The British rulers wanted to recreate the English landscape in the hill stations and to that end, European flora such as strawberries[29] were introduced in Mahabaleshwar, and amenities such as libraries, theatres, boating lakes, and sports grounds were constructed.[30]Added to the scores of magnificent scenic \"points\", the perennial springs, streams, and waterfalls of Mahabaleshwar plateau, with its year round superb climate, drew the English and others to Mahabaleshwar. By the end of the 19th century it had become an attractive popular hill station of world renown. Raj Bhavan, the summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra, is also located here. An older building named \"The Terraces\" was purchased in 1884 and rechristened as Giri Darshan in 1886.[31]\"Babington House\", is a colonial-style bungalow built in the shape of a cross with a deep veranda, elaborate metal work railing and extensive outhouses. It was formerly one of the country seats of the Dubash family, a Parsi ship chandler dynasty from Bombay, before they sold it to the Rahejas in the early 1970s. It contains a central dining room with a 24-seater table and a library pavilion with 1st edition books collected by the Dubash family, notably Jamsetjee \"Jimmy\" Kavasjee Dubash, a bibliophile and art collector.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahabaleshwar&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"As of 2011[update] India census,[32] Mahabaleshwar had a population of 12,737. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Mahabaleshwar had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 71%. In Mahabaleshwar, 11% of the population was at that time under 6 years of age. 90% of population speaks Marathi language.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_(city)"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"},{"link_name":"MSRTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSRTC"},{"link_name":"Sangli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Mahabaleshwar is 32 km from Wai. It is 260 km from Mumbai, the state capital. The nearest major city is Satara, 45 km and it is 120 km from Pune, 170 km from Sangli and 263 km from Mumbai thane Mahabaleshwar is connected by the National Highway 4. Bus services by state-run MSRTC and private organizations connect it to Pune, Mumbai, Sangli and Satara.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangli railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangli_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Nearest railway station to Mahabaleshwar is Satara, 60 km. Nearby major railway stations include Pune (120 km), Sangli railway station (170 km). State-run bus services are available in these locations to Mahabaleshwar. Rail station Diwan Khavati on Kokan Railway near Khed gives a route of 60 km via Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pune International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"The nearest airport is Pune International Airport, serving the city of Pune, 120 km from Mahabaleshwar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport of Mumbai is 270 km.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venna Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_Lake"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Koyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_River"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mahabaleshwar strawberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_strawberry"},{"link_name":"geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bounty-35"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bstd-9"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trib-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Mahabaleshwar is a popular tourist destination in Maharashtra. Attractions include many hill side look out points with views of surrounding hills, valleys and forests such as Bombay Point, Arthur Seat, Kates Point, Lodwick-Wilson Point, and Elphinston Point. Wilson Point is the only location in Mahabaleshwar where both the sunrise and sunset can be seen. The town also has a man-made lake dating back to British era called Venna Lake. The lake is a popular place for boating. It is surrounded by a market and food stalls that are popular with the tourists.[33] Other attractions include the Lingmala waterfall. Old Mahabaleshwar is a place of pilgrimage with its Mahadeo temple. The temple is the source of the five rivers Krishna, Koyna, Venna, Savitri and Gayatri.[34] Being a relatively cool place, many temperate region crops such as strawberries, raspberries, and mulberries have been grown in Mahabaleshwar and surrounding hills. Principal amongst these crops is Strawberries. Strawberry plantations, and the produce they offer are also a popular tourist activity. The Mahabaleshwar strawberry was granted the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010.[35][9][36] As a popular tourist destination, Mahabaleshwar has hotels and accommodation to suit different budgets.[37]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pratapgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapgad"},{"link_name":"Shivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji"},{"link_name":"Afzal Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Pratapgad","text":"A popular place to visit is the historic fort of Pratapgad built by Chatrapati Shivaji. It is the site of the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur general, Afzal Khan, where the latter was defeated and killed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.[38] There are small shops, restaurants and a handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational trips to the fort. The fort is also on many trekking routes of the area.[39]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabaleshwar_(Author_Abid_Hasan).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Savitri_river_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venna_Lake,_Mahabaleshwar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boats_On_Venna_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venna lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balakwadi_Dam.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Needle_Hole_Point_Mahabaleshwar.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingmala_waterfall_1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery of places of interest to tourism","text":"Panoramic view from Savitri Point, Mahabaleshwar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view from Arthur seat point\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Venna lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoats on the Venna lake in Mahabaleshwar.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBalakwadi dam viewed from Kate's Point\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeedle hole rock, viewed from the point\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanoramic view of Lingamala waterfalls","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raj Kapoor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Barsaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsaat_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hrishikesh Mukherjee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Anupama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupama_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Chitchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitchor"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"RRR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRR_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alia Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kannada film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_film"},{"link_name":"Vikrant Rona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrant_Rona"},{"link_name":"Sudeepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeepa"},{"link_name":"Panchgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchgani"},{"link_name":"Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Kartik Aaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan"},{"link_name":"Freddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_(film)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Movies filmed in Mahabaleshwar include Raj Kapoor's Barsaat (1949),[40]Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anupama (1966)[41][42] and Basu Chatterji's Chitchor (1976).[43] In December 2020, some scenes of RRR (2022) were filmed around Mahabaleshwar, notably scenes involving Alia Bhatt.[44] Some scenes of the Kannada film Vikrant Rona (2022), starring Sudeepa, were filmed around the hill station. Other hill stations such as Panchgani and Wai are also popular filming locations. For example, in 2021 Kartik Aaryan filmed the movie Freddy (2022) in Panchgani.[45]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The other Mahabaleshwar by Dhruti Vaidya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sahyadribooks.org/books/TheOtherMahabaleshwar.aspx?bid=2166"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Desh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desh_region"},{"link_name":"Kongu Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Konkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan"},{"link_name":"Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast"},{"link_name":"Malenadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenadu"},{"link_name":"North Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Malabar"},{"link_name":"Tulu Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peaks_in_the_Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Agasthyamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamalai"},{"link_name":"Ambukuthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambukuthi_mala"},{"link_name":"Anamudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamudi"},{"link_name":"Anginda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anginda_peak"},{"link_name":"Anjaneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaneri"},{"link_name":"Baba Budangiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Budangiri"},{"link_name":"Banasura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banasura_Hill"},{"link_name":"Brahmagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagiri_(hill),_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Chembra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chembra_Peak"},{"link_name":"Devar Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devar_Mala"},{"link_name":"Devimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devimala"},{"link_name":"Dhodap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhodap"},{"link_name":"Doddabetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddabetta"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don,_Dang"},{"link_name":"Elivai Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elivai_Malai"},{"link_name":"Eravimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eravimala"},{"link_name":"Ettina Bhuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettina_Bhuja"},{"link_name":"Gangamoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangamoola"},{"link_name":"Gopalaswamy Betta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himavad_Gopalaswamy_Betta"},{"link_name":"Illikkal Kallu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illikkal_Kallu"},{"link_name":"Kalsubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsubai"},{"link_name":"Karimala Gopuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimala_Gopuram"},{"link_name":"Kattumala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattumala"},{"link_name":"Kemmangudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmangundi_peak"},{"link_name":"Kodachadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachadri"},{"link_name":"Kodikuthi Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodikuthi_Mala"},{"link_name":"Kolaribetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolaribetta"},{"link_name":"Kottamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottamala"},{"link_name":"Kudremukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudremukh"},{"link_name":"Kumara Parvata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumara_Parvata"},{"link_name":"Kumarikkal Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarikkal_Mala"},{"link_name":"Kurumbalakotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurumbalakotta"},{"link_name":"Madikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madikeri"},{"link_name":"Mahendragiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendragiri,_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Mahuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuli"},{"link_name":"Malleswaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleswaran"},{"link_name":"Marunthuvazh Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marunthuvazh_Malai"},{"link_name":"Meenuliyan Para","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenuliyan_Para"},{"link_name":"Meesapulimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesapulimala"},{"link_name":"Mukurthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukurthi"},{"link_name":"Mullayanagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullayanagiri"},{"link_name":"Nedumpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedumpara_Peak"},{"link_name":"Padagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padagiri"},{"link_name":"Paithalmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paithalmala"},{"link_name":"Perumal Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumal_Malai"},{"link_name":"Pratapgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapgad"},{"link_name":"Purandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purandar_fort"},{"link_name":"Raigad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raigad_Fort"},{"link_name":"Rajgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgad"},{"link_name":"Rangaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangaswamy_Peak_and_Pillar"},{"link_name":"Ranipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipuram"},{"link_name":"Ratangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratangad"},{"link_name":"Salher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salher"},{"link_name":"Saptashrungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptashrungi"},{"link_name":"Saputara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saputara"},{"link_name":"Sinhagad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhagad"},{"link_name":"Sispara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sispara"},{"link_name":"Sonsogor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsogor"},{"link_name":"Tadiandamol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadiandamol"},{"link_name":"Taramati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taramati"},{"link_name":"Torna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torna_fort"},{"link_name":"Vagamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagamon"},{"link_name":"Vandaravu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandaravu"},{"link_name":"Varayadumotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varayadumotta"},{"link_name":"Vavul Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavul_Mala"},{"link_name":"Velliangiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velliangiri_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Ambanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambanad_Hills"},{"link_name":"Anaimalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills"},{"link_name":"Biligiriranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills"},{"link_name":"Cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Hills"},{"link_name":"Nilgiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Satmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmala_Range"},{"link_name":"Selbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbari_Range"},{"link_name":"Palani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Hills"},{"link_name":"Thirumoorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirumoorthy_hills"},{"link_name":"Trimbakeshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Range"},{"link_name":"Achankovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achankovil"},{"link_name":"Adan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adan_River"},{"link_name":"Amarja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarja"},{"link_name":"Ambankadavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambankadavu_River"},{"link_name":"Anjarakandi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjarakandi_River"},{"link_name":"Arkavathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkavathi_River"},{"link_name":"Ayalurpuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayalurpuzha_River"},{"link_name":"Banganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banganga_River_(Maharashtra)"},{"link_name":"Bhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadra_River"},{"link_name":"Bharathappuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathappuzha"},{"link_name":"Bhavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavani_River"},{"link_name":"Bhima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhima_River"},{"link_name":"Bindusara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindusara_River"},{"link_name":"Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra_River"},{"link_name":"Chalakudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalakudy_River"},{"link_name":"Chaliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaliyar"},{"link_name":"Cherukunnapuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherukunnapuzha"},{"link_name":"Cherupuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherupuzha_(Karulai)"},{"link_name":"Cheruthoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheruthoni"},{"link_name":"Chitravathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitravathi_River"},{"link_name":"Chittar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittar_River"},{"link_name":"Chulki Nala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulki_Nala"},{"link_name":"Chulliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulliyar_River"},{"link_name":"Dahisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahisar_River"},{"link_name":"Daman 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Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadra_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bhandardara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandardara_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bhatghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatghar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bhavanisagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavanisagar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bhushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhushi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Chaskaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaskaman_Dam"},{"link_name":"Dhom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhom_Dam"},{"link_name":"Gorur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorur_dam"},{"link_name":"Harangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harangi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Hetwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetwane_Dam"},{"link_name":"Itiadoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiadoh_Dam"},{"link_name":"Jayakwadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayakwadi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kabini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabini_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadra_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kamarajar Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarajar_Sagar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kanher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanher_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kanva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanva_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Karuppanadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuppanadhi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Khadakwasla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadakwasla_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kodasalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodasalli_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kodiveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiveri_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kolkewadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkewadi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Koyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Dam"},{"link_name":"Krishna Raja Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Sagara"},{"link_name":"Krishnagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnagiri_Dam"},{"link_name":"Linganamakki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linganamakki_Dam"},{"link_name":"Manimuthar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimuthar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Mettur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettur_Dam"},{"link_name":"Mukkadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukkadal_Dam"},{"link_name":"Mulshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulshi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Nallathangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallathangal_Dam"},{"link_name":"Nilwande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilwande_Dam"},{"link_name":"Orathuppalayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orathuppalayam_Dam"},{"link_name":"Panshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panshet_Dam"},{"link_name":"Papanasam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papanasam_dam"},{"link_name":"Pawna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawana_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pechiparai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechiparai_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Perunchani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perunchani_Dam"},{"link_name":"Raja Lakhamagouda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Lakhamagouda_dam"},{"link_name":"Ramtek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramtek_Dam"},{"link_name":"Renuka Sagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renuka_Sagara"},{"link_name":"Salaulim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaulim_Dam"},{"link_name":"Sathanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathanur_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Servalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servalar_dam"},{"link_name":"Shanti Sagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Sagara"},{"link_name":"Solaiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaiyar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Supa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supa_Dam"},{"link_name":"Susri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susri_Dam"},{"link_name":"Tansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansa_Dam"},{"link_name":"Temghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temghar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Tilari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillari_(Forebay)_Dam"},{"link_name":"Totladoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totladoh_Dam"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_Dam"},{"link_name":"Ujjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjani_Dam"},{"link_name":"Upper Bhavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bhavani"},{"link_name":"Vaigai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaigai_Dam"},{"link_name":"Vaitarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaitarna_Dam"},{"link_name":"Vani Vilasa Sagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani_Vilasa_Sagara"},{"link_name":"Varasgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varasgaon_Dam"},{"link_name":"Varattu Pallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varattu_Pallam_Dam"},{"link_name":"Veer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_Dam"},{"link_name":"Vihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Waghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waghur_Dam"},{"link_name":"Walwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walwan_Dam"},{"link_name":"Yeldari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeldari_Dam"},{"link_name":"Mountains of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Mountains of Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eastern_Ghats"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Satara_district_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Satara_district_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satara_district_topics"},{"link_name":"Satara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_district"},{"link_name":"Sajjangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjangad"},{"link_name":"Ajinkyatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajinkyatara"},{"link_name":"Kamalgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalgad"},{"link_name":"Kalyangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyangad"},{"link_name":"Kenjalgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjalgad"},{"link_name":"Chandangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandangad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jangali Jayagad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangali_Jayagad"},{"link_name":"Gunavantgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunavantgad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prachitgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachitgad"},{"link_name":"Pratapgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapgad"},{"link_name":"Pandavgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavgad"},{"link_name":"Bhairavgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairavgad"},{"link_name":"Bhushangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhushangad"},{"link_name":"Bhopalgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhopalgad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Makrandgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrandgad"},{"link_name":"Machchindragad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machchindragad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahimandangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahimandangad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahimangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahimangad"},{"link_name":"Santoshgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoshgad"},{"link_name":"Sundargad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundargad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasota Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasota_Fort"},{"link_name":"Vardhangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardhangad_Fort"},{"link_name":"Vandangad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandangad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vasantgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasantgad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varugad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varugad"},{"link_name":"Vairatgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairatgad_Fort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satara_in_Maharashtra_(India).svg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pratapgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Satara"},{"link_name":"Koyna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_River"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Venna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_River"},{"link_name":"Savitri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitri_River"},{"link_name":"Gayatri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayatri_River"},{"link_name":"Koyna Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kanher Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanher_Dam"},{"link_name":"Dhom Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhom_Dam"},{"link_name":"Mhaswad Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhaswad_Dam"},{"link_name":"Morana Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_Dam"},{"link_name":"Morna Gureghar Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morna_Gureghar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Uttarmand Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarmand_Dam"},{"link_name":"Yeralwadi Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeralwadi_Dam"},{"link_name":"Shivsagar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivsagar_Lake"},{"link_name":"Venna Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venna_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kas Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kas_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bamnoli Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamnoli_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khambatki Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khambatki_Ghat"},{"link_name":"Amba Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba_Ghat"},{"link_name":"Wai Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Caves"},{"link_name":"Karad Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karad_Caves"},{"link_name":"Karad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karad"},{"link_name":"Khatav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatav"},{"link_name":"Khandala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandala,_Satara"},{"link_name":"Saal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_(city)"},{"link_name":"Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Koregaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koregaon"},{"link_name":"Rahimatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahimatpur"},{"link_name":"Mahabaleshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mhaswad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhaswad"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Aundh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundh,_Satara"},{"link_name":"Panchgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchgani"},{"link_name":"Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Phaltan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaltan"},{"link_name":"Khed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khed,_Satara"},{"link_name":"Medha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koynanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koynanagar"},{"link_name":"Awlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awalan,_Mahabaleshwar"},{"link_name":"Kinhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinhai"},{"link_name":"Kondhawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondhawali"},{"link_name":"Menawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menawali"},{"link_name":"Ninam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninam,_Satara"},{"link_name":"Yerad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerad"},{"link_name":"Kas Plateau Reserved Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_Plateau_Reserved_Forest"},{"link_name":"Kanher Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanher_Dam"},{"link_name":"Pritisangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritisangam"},{"link_name":"Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Mayani Bird Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayani_Bird_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Nandgiri or Kalyangad Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyangad"},{"link_name":"Sajjangad Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjangad"},{"link_name":"Siddhanath Temple, Mhaswad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhanath_Temple,_Mhaswad"},{"link_name":"Thoseghar Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoseghar_Waterfalls"},{"link_name":"Vajrai Waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrai_Waterfall"},{"link_name":"Mandhradevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandhradevi"},{"link_name":"NH-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_48_(India)"},{"link_name":"Satara Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Karad Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karad_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rayat Shikshan Sanstha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayat_Shikshan_Sanstha"},{"link_name":"Sainik School, Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainik_School,_Satara"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Madha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madha_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Vidhan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Koregaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koregaon_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Karad North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karad_North_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Karad South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karad_South_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan,_Maharashtra_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Phaltan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaltan_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Satari Kandhi Pedhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peda"},{"link_name":"Lavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavani"},{"link_name":"Puran poli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puran_poli"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463273#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/139587674"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562273705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n83004809"}],"text":"The other Mahabaleshwar by Dhruti VaidyavteWestern GhatsStates\nGoa\nGujarat\nKarnataka\nKerala\nMaharashtra\nTamil Nadu\nRegions\nDesh\nKongu Nadu\nKonkan\nMalabar\nMalenadu\nNorth Malabar\nTulu Nadu\nPeaks\nAgasthyamalai\nAmbukuthi\nAnamudi\nAnginda\nAnjaneri\nBaba Budangiri\nBanasura\nBrahmagiri\nChembra\nDevar Mala\nDevimala\nDhodap\nDoddabetta\nDon\nElivai Malai\nEravimala\nEttina Bhuja\nGangamoola\nGopalaswamy Betta\nIllikkal Kallu\nKalsubai\nKarimala Gopuram\nKattumala\nKemmangudi\nKodachadri\nKodikuthi Mala\nKolaribetta\nKottamala\nKudremukh\nKumara Parvata\nKumarikkal Mala\nKurumbalakotta\nMadikeri\nMahendragiri\nMahuli\nMalleswaran\nMarunthuvazh Malai\nMeenuliyan Para\nMeesapulimala\nMukurthi\nMullayanagiri\nNedumpara\nPadagiri\nPaithalmala\nPerumal Malai\nPratapgad\nPurandar\nRaigad\nRajgad\nRangaswamy\nRanipuram\nRatangad\nSalher\nSaptashrungi\nSaputara\nSinhagad\nSispara\nSonsogor\nTadiandamol\nTaramati\nTorna\nVagamon\nVandaravu\nVarayadumotta\nVavul Mala\nVelliangiri\nHills\nAmbanad\nAnaimalai\nBiligiriranga\nCardamom\nNilgiri\nSatmala\nSelbari\nPalani\nThirumoorthy\nTrimbakeshwar\nRivers\nAchankovil\nAdan\nAmarja\nAmbankadavu\nAnjarakandi River\nArkavathi\nAyalurpuzha\n Banganga\nBhadra\nBharathappuzha\nBhavani\nBhima\nBindusara\nChakra\nChalakudy\nChaliyar\nCherukunnapuzha\nCherupuzha\nCheruthoni\nChitravathi\nChittar\nChulki Nala\nChulliyar\nDahisar\nDaman Ganga\nDandavati\n Darna\nEdamalayar\nGangavalli\nGayathripuzha\nGhataprabha\nGirna\nGodavari\nGomai\nGomukhi\nGurupura\nHemavati\nHonnuhole\nIndravati\nIndrayani\nIruvanjippuzha\nIthikkara\nKabini\nKadalundi\nKadva\nKali\nKallada\nKallayi\nKalpathipuzha\nKanjirappuzha\nKannadipuzha\nKaramana\n Karanja\nKarha\nKarimpuzha\nKaveri\nKedaka\nKodaganar\nKodavanar\nKokkiliyar\nKolar\nKorapuzha\nKorayar\nKottappuzha\nKoyna\nKrishna\nKubja\nKumaradhara\nKumudvathi\nKundali\nKundalika\nKunthipuzha\nKurumali\nKuthirappuzha\nLakshmana Tirtha\nMadatharuvi\nMahé\nMalampuzha\nMalaprabha\nMangalam\nManimala\nManimuthar\nManjalar\nManjira\nMarkandeya\nMaruthappuzha\nMeenachil\nMeenkarappuzha\nMithi\nMoyar\nMula\nMula-Mutha\nMullayar\nMutha\nMuthirapuzha\nMuvattupuzha\nNanganjiyar\nNarmada\nNeerppuzha\nNetravati\nNeyyar\nNira\nNoyyal\nOshiwara\nPachaiyar\nPahrali\nPainganga\nPalar\nPalar (Kaveri)\nPallichelaru\nPamba\nPambar\nPambar\nPanchagangavalli\nPanchganga\nPandippuzha\nPanzara\nPapagni\nPapanasini\nParambikulam\nPatalganga\nPavana\nPayaswini\nPenna\nPerinjankutti\nPeriyar\nPoisar\nPonnaiyar\nPranahita\nPunnappuzha\nPurna (Godavari)\nPurna (Tapti)\nDnyanganga\nSavitri\nShahanur\nShambhavi\nSharavati\nShimsha\nShivana\nSindphana\nSouparnika\nTansa\nTapti\nTasso\nThamirabarani\nThuppanadippuzha\nThuthapuzha\nTirur\nTunga\nTungabhadra\nUlhas\nVaan\nVaippar\nValapattanam\nVandazhippuzha\nVarada\nVarahi\nVashishti\nVedavathi\nVenna\nVrishabhavathi\nWainganga\nWardha\nWaterfalls\nAbbey\nAruvikkuzhy\nAthirappilly\nAyyanar\nBandaje\nBarkana\nCatherine\nCharpa\nChunchanakatte\nCourtallam\nDevaragundi\nDevkund\nDudhsagar\nGodchinamalaki\nGokak\nHanumangundi\nHebbe\nHogenakkal\nIrupu\n Jaladurga\nJog\nKalhatti (Nilgiris)\nKalhatti\nKatary\nKumbakkarai\nKumbhavurutty\nKuchikal\nKune\nKutladampatti\nLaw's\nMagod\nMallalli\nManalar\n Meenmutty\nMonkey\nMuthyala Maduvu\nOliyarik\nPalaruvi\nPandavgad\nPattathippara\nPerunthenaruvi\nSahasrakund\nSathodi\nSengupathi\nShivanasamudra\nShivganga\nSiruvani\nSoochipara\nSuruli\nThalaiyar\nThusharagiri\nTirparappu\nUlakkai\nUnchalli\nVaideki\nVajrapoha\nVattaparai\nVazhachal\nLakes\nAvalanche\nBerijam\nKodaikanal\nOoty\nPykara\nSasthamkotta\nVellayani\nProtected areasand reserves\nAnamalai\nAnnekal\nAralam\nAgasthyamala\nAgasthyavanam\nBandipur\nBannerghatta\nBhadra\nBhimgad\nBrahmagiri\nChandoli\nChimmony\nChinnar\nDandeli\nEravikulam\nGrass Hills\nGrizzled Squirrel\nKali\nKalakkad-Mundanthurai\nKarian Shola\nKarnala\nKoyna\nKudremukh\nMhadei\nMudumalai\nMukurthi\nNagarhole\nNew Amarambalam\nNeyyar\nNilgiri\nPalani\nParambikulam\nPeechi-Vazhani\nPeppara\nPeriyar\nPushpagiri\nRadhanagari\nSAI\nSathyamangalam\nShendurney\nSilent Valley\nSomeshwara\nTalakaveri\nThanthai\nWayanad\nGhats and gaps\nAmba Ghat\nAmboli Ghat\nBhor Ghat\nChorla Ghat\nGoa Gap\nKumbharli Ghat\nNaneghat\nPalakkad Gap\nTamhini Ghat\nThal Ghat\nVarandha Ghat\nDams andreservoirs\nAathupalayam\nAliyar\nAlmatti\nAmaravathi\nBasava Sagara\nBhadra Dam\nBhandardara\nBhatghar\nBhavanisagar\nBhushi\nChaskaman\nDhom\nGorur\nHarangi\nHetwane\nItiadoh\nJayakwadi\nKabini\nKadra\nKamarajar Sagar\nKanher\nKanva\nKaruppanadhi\nKhadakwasla\nKodasalli\nKodiveri\nKolkewadi\nKoyna\nKrishna Raja Sagar\nKrishnagiri\nLinganamakki\nManimuthar\nMettur\nMukkadal\nMulshi\nNallathangal\nNilwande\nOrathuppalayam\nPanshet\nPapanasam\nPawna\nPechiparai\nPerunchani\nRaja Lakhamagouda\nRamtek\nRenuka Sagara\nSalaulim\nSathanur\nServalar\nShanti Sagara\nSolaiyar\nSupa\nSusri\nTansa\nTemghar\nTilari\nTotladoh\nTungabhadra\nUjjani\nUpper Bhavani\nVaigai\nVaitarna\nVani Vilasa Sagara\nVarasgaon\nVarattu Pallam\nVeer\nVihar\nWaghur\nWalwan\nYeldari\nRelated\nMountains of Kerala\nMountains of Maharashtra\nSee also: Eastern GhatsvteSatara district topicsHistory\nSajjangad\nAjinkyatara\nKamalgad\nKalyangad\nKenjalgad\nChandangad\nJangali Jayagad\nGunavantgad\nPrachitgad\nPratapgad\nPandavgad\nBhairavgad\nBhushangad\nBhopalgad\nMakrandgad\nMachchindragad\nMahimandangad\nMahimangad\nSantoshgad\nSundargad\nVasota Fort\nVardhangad\nVandangad\nVasantgad\nVarugad\nVairatgad\nBattles\nBattle of Pratapgarh\nBattle of Satara\nRivers\nKoyna River\nKrishna River\nVenna River\nSavitri River\nGayatri River\nDams\nKoyna Dam\nKanher Dam\nDhom Dam\nMhaswad Dam\nMorana Dam\nMorna Gureghar Dam\nUttarmand Dam\nYeralwadi Dam\nLakes\nShivsagar Lake\nVenna Lake\nKas Lake\nBamnoli Lake\nGhats\nKhambatki Ghat\nAmba Ghat\nCaves\nWai Caves\nKarad Caves\nCities and towns\nKarad\nKhatav\nKhandala\nSaal\nWai\nKoregaon\nRahimatpur\nMahabaleshwar\nMhaswad\nMan\nAundh\nPanchgani\nPatan\nPhaltan\nKhed\nMedha\nKoynanagar\nVillages\nAwlan\nKinhai\nKondhawali\nMenawali\nNinam\nYerad\nPlaces to see\nKas Plateau Reserved Forest \nKanher Dam\nPritisangam\nKoyna Wildlife Sanctuary\nMayani Bird Sanctuary\nNandgiri or Kalyangad Fort\nSajjangad Fort\nSiddhanath Temple, Mhaswad\nThoseghar Waterfalls\nVajrai Waterfall\nMonuments\nMandhradevi\nTransport\nNH-48\nSatara Junction\nKarad Airport\nEducation\nRayat Shikshan Sanstha\nSainik School, Satara\nLok Sabha constituencies\nMadha\nSatara\nVidhan Sabha constituencies\nSatara\nKoregaon\nWai\nKarad North\nKarad South\nPatan\nPhaltan\nMan\nCulture\nSatari Kandhi Pedhe\nLavani\nPuran poliAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Panoramic view of Mahabaleshwar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mahabaleshwar_Panorama.jpg/600px-Mahabaleshwar_Panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"On the outskirts of Mahabaleshwar, towards Panchgani.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mahabaleshwar-scene.jpg/170px-Mahabaleshwar-scene.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the region (1881)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahabaleshwar_1855.jpg/220px-Mahabaleshwar_1855.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panchaganga temple in Old Mahabaleshwar, 1850s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Temple_of_Siva._%2812488632604%29.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Siva._%2812488632604%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Talbot, Ian (2016). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. Yale University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PP11","url_text":"A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8","url_text":"978-0-300-19694-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602061220/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PP11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Falling Rain Genomics, Mahabaleshwar\". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Mahabaleshwar.html","url_text":"\"Falling Rain Genomics, Mahabaleshwar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060503055928/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Mahabaleshwar.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balasubramanian, Lalitha (30 August 2017). Temples in Maharashtra: A Travel Guide. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-947697-88-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947697-88-1","url_text":"978-1-947697-88-1"}]},{"reference":"Kasabe, Nanda (18 February 2012). \"Growing demand for strawberries in domestic market\". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/growing-demand-for-strawberries-in-domestic-market/913569","url_text":"\"Growing demand for strawberries in domestic market\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013646/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/growing-demand-for-strawberries-in-domestic-market/913569/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kshirsagar, Alka (16 January 2012). \"Mahabaleshwar set for good strawberry season\". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/mahabaleshwar-set-for-good-strawberry-season/article2805530.ece","url_text":"\"Mahabaleshwar set for good strawberry season\""}]},{"reference":"Joshi, Hrishikesh (14 May 2010). \"Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status\". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html","url_text":"\"Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403062530/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cold wave grips parts of India: Delhi continues to freeze; Nagpur gets colder than Shimla; Pune records coldest morning in 18 years\". Firstpost. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/india/cold-wave-grips-parts-of-india-delhi-continues-to-freeze-nagpur-gets-colder-than-shimla-pune-records-coldest-morning-in-18-years-5812301.html","url_text":"\"Cold wave grips parts of India: Delhi continues to freeze; Nagpur gets colder than Shimla; Pune records coldest morning in 18 years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210420070656/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cold-wave-grips-parts-of-india-delhi-continues-to-freeze-nagpur-gets-colder-than-shimla-pune-records-coldest-morning-in-18-years-5812301.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In-pics: Maharashtra's Mahabaleshwar witnesses frozen dew drops\". Hindustan Times. 8 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pics-at-zero-degree-mahabaleshwar-witnesses-frozen-dew-drops/story-OllUibgz0kWlpgoxEXIfoO.html","url_text":"\"In-pics: Maharashtra's Mahabaleshwar witnesses frozen dew drops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210420070654/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pics-at-zero-degree-mahabaleshwar-witnesses-frozen-dew-drops/story-OllUibgz0kWlpgoxEXIfoO.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dighe, Sandip; Joshi, Satyajit (7 August 2019). \"Stay off roads to Mahabaleshwar, heavy rain floods Satara, Sangli districts too\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/stay-off-roads-to-mahabaleshwar-heavy-rain-floods-satara-sangli-districts-too/articleshow/70564847.cms","url_text":"\"Stay off roads to Mahabaleshwar, heavy rain floods Satara, Sangli districts too\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210420070654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/stay-off-roads-to-mahabaleshwar-heavy-rain-floods-satara-sangli-districts-too/articleshow/70564847.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahabaleshwar: New Candidate for Wettest Place on Earth\". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2019-08-07-mahabaleshwar-new-candidate-for-wettest-place-on-earth","url_text":"\"Mahabaleshwar: New Candidate for Wettest Place on Earth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210426070801/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2019-08-07-mahabaleshwar-new-candidate-for-wettest-place-on-earth","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Mahabaleshwar Climatological Table 1981–2010\". Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 457–458. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43111","url_text":"\"Station: Mahabaleshwar Climatological Table 1981–2010\""},{"url":"https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43111","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)\" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf","url_text":"\"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)\""},{"url":"https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate\". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/gen_climate.html","url_text":"\"Climate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234849/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/gen_climate.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 317. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC","url_text":"A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1","url_text":"978-81-317-3202-1"}]},{"reference":"Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2015). The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth. University of Chicago Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-226-24024-4. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","url_text":"The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-24024-4","url_text":"978-0-226-24024-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210719084309/https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-521-03316-9. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Marathas 1600-1818"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9","url_text":"978-0-521-03316-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220416031943/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA62","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kulkarni, Sumitra (1995). The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture. Mittal Publications. pp. 174–177. ISBN 978-81-7099-581-4. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PR9","url_text":"The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-581-4","url_text":"978-81-7099-581-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200721045433/https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PR9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dane Keith Kennedy (1 January 1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC&pg=PR9","url_text":"The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20188-0","url_text":"978-0-520-20188-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211231163935/https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC&pg=PR9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ranade, Rekha (1990). Sir Bartle Frere and His Times: A Study of His Bombay Years, 1862-1867. Mittal Publications. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-81-7099-222-6. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ePXKrmYrWswC&pg=PR9","url_text":"Sir Bartle Frere and His Times: A Study of His Bombay Years, 1862-1867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-222-6","url_text":"978-81-7099-222-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602061034/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePXKrmYrWswC&pg=PR9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Lionel (2012). Britain in India, 1858-1947. Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-85728-517-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NVfTufIqlD8C&pg=PR1","url_text":"Britain in India, 1858-1947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-517-1","url_text":"978-0-85728-517-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611085659/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVfTufIqlD8C&pg=PR1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Peter M.; Palmer, Cathy; Jo-Anne Lester; Baker, Kathleen (2010). Tourism and Visual Culture Theories and concepts. CABI. pp. 2, 5, 11. ISBN 978-1-84593-609-9. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JE5XAgHk6d4C&pg=PA1","url_text":"Tourism and Visual Culture Theories and concepts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-609-9","url_text":"978-1-84593-609-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=JE5XAgHk6d4C&pg=PA1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html","url_text":"\"Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200111195632/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dossal, Mariam; Maloni, Ruby (1999). State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century. Popular Prakashan. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-81-7154-855-2. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA5","url_text":"State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-855-2","url_text":"978-81-7154-855-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220602061217/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Raj Bhavan, Mumbai\". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/Pages/frm_rajbhavanhistory.aspx","url_text":"\"The History of Raj Bhavan, Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325144544/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/Pages/frm_rajbhavanhistory.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kanan Chandra, Kavita (11 May 2012). \"Berry bounty\". The Hindu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_H._Billings

Bruce H. Billings

["1 References","2 See also"]

American physicist Bruce H. BillingsBornJuly 6, 1915DiedOctober 21, 1992 (1992-10-22) (aged 77)Long Beach, CaliforniaAlma materHarvard UniversityJohns Hopkins UniversityAwardsAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences (1952)Scientific careerFieldsPhysics Bruce Hadley Billings (July 6, 1915 – October 21, 1992) was an American physicist. He was president of the Optical Society of America in 1971. and the Polaroid Corporation's chief physicist between 1941 and 1947. Billings was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy. He received his bachelor's degree in 1936 and his master's degree in 1937, both from Harvard University. Billings obtained his Ph.D. in 1941 from Johns Hopkins University. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952. In the 1950s and 1960s Billings was senior vice president for research at Baird-Atomic, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he contributed to the development of analytical instrumentation for emission spectroscopy, dual-beam, recording infra-red absorption spectrometry, flame photometry, and investigated the potential of circular dichroism as the basis for instrumentation, a technology that Baird-Atomic, Inc. never commercialized. Billings died in Long Beach, California, aged 77 from pancreatic cancer. References ^ "Bruce H. Billings". Social Security Death Index. New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved July 20, 2011. ^ "Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America". Retrieved 2009-02-22. ^ a b "Local Section News: Personalia: Dr. Bruce H. Billings" (PDF). Journal of the Optical Society of America. 46: 306. 1956. doi:10.1364/JOSA.46.000306. ^ a b "Bruce Billings, optics pioneer, Polaroid's chief physicist; at 77". The Boston Globe. 1992-10-31. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2009-02-22. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 20, 2011. See also Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Catalonia Germany United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef This article about an American physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_Horizons

Math Horizons

["1 Notes","2 Further reading","3 External links"]

Math HorizonsCover of November 2008 issueEditorsTom EdgarFormer editorsDavid Richeson; Steve Abbot and Bruce Torrence; Arthur T. Benjamin and Jennifer Quinn; Deanna Haunsperger and Steve Kennedy; Don AlbersFrequency4 times yearlyFirst issue1993CompanyTaylor & Francis for the Mathematical Association of AmericaCountryUnited StatesBased inWashington, D.C.LanguageEnglishWebsitehttp://www.maa.org/mathhorizons/ISSN1072-4117 Math Horizons is a magazine aimed at undergraduates interested in mathematics, published by the Mathematical Association of America. It publishes expository articles about "beautiful mathematics" as well as articles about the culture of mathematics covering mathematical people, institutions, humor, games, cartoons, and book reviews. The MAA gives the Trevor Evans Awards annually to "authors of exceptional articles that are accessible to undergraduates" that are published in Math Horizons. Notes ^ "Math Horizons: Instructions for Authors". Mathematical Association of America. January 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-31. ^ "The Mathematical Association of America's Trevor Evans Awards". Mathematical Association of America. October 16, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31. Further reading Haunsperger, Deanna; Kennedy, Stephen, eds. (2006). The Edge of the Universe: Celebrating Ten Years of Math Horizons. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 978-0-88385-555-3. External links Official website Math Horizons at JSTOR Math Horizons at Taylor & Francis Online This article about a mathematical publication is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(law)

Test (law)

["1 Kinds of legal tests","2 International law","3 Common law","4 Canada","5 European Convention on Human Rights","6 United Kingdom","7 United States","8 Notes and references"]

Commonly applied method of evaluation used to resolve matters of jurisprudence This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Test" law – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In law, a test is a commonly applied method of evaluation used to resolve matters of jurisprudence. In the context of a trial, a hearing, discovery, or other kinds of legal proceedings, the resolution of certain questions of fact or law may hinge on the application of one or more legal tests. Tests are often formulated from the logical analysis of a judicial decision or a court order where it appears that a finder of fact or the court made a particular decision after contemplating a well-defined set of circumstances. It is assumed that evaluating any given set of circumstances under a legal test will lead to an unambiguous and repeatable result. Kinds of legal tests Bright-line rule Balancing test International law Berne three-step test Habitual residence test Caroline test Common law "But-for" test Canada Andrews test Air of reality test (see also R v Fontaine) Assumed Jurisdiction test Central management and control test Collins Test Community Standards of Tolerance test Conway Test Degradation or Dehumanization Test Denial of Bail test Gladue Test Grant Test (see also R v Suberu) Indecent conduct test (see also R v Kouri) Integral to Distinctive Culture test Interjurisdictional immunity Internal Necessities Test or Artistic Defense Meiorin test Law test Multiple Access test Necessarily incidental doctrine Oakes test Overbreadth test Patent unreasonableness test Pith and substance test (see also R v Morgentaler) Provincial Inability test Purpose and form test Real and Substantial Connection test Reasonableness Standard Sheppard Test Smithers test Sparrow test Test for Aboriginal Title Test for bias Test for confusion Test for detention Test for exclusion of evidence Test for the inclusion of hearsay evidence Test for materiality Test for material causation/contribution Test for new principle of fundamental justice Test for Infringement of Title Test for inducement or contributory patent infringement Tests for paramountcy – Express contradiction test & Frustrate the purpose test Test for patent infringement Test for peace, order, and good government (see also R v Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd) Void for Vagueness test Waterfield Test Wigmore Test European Convention on Human Rights Necessary in a democratic society United Kingdom Bolam test Hicklin test Wednesbury unreasonableness test United States Aguilar-Spinelli test Calculus of negligence test (Hand rule) Consumer expectations test Daubert standard Frye test Imminent lawless action Lemon test Miller test Mt. Healthy test Risk-utility test SLAPS test (an element of the Miller test) Reasonable expectation of privacy Clear and present danger Bad tendency Shocks the conscience test Wambaugh's inversion test. see: Obiter dictum. Sherbert test. see: Sherbert v. Verner McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework Notes and references ^ Cane, Peter (2002). Responsibility in Law and Morality. Hart Publishing. ISBN 1-84113-321-3.

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Healthy test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Healthy_test"},{"link_name":"Risk-utility test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-utility_test"},{"link_name":"SLAPS test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAPS_test"},{"link_name":"Reasonable expectation of privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_expectation_of_privacy"},{"link_name":"Clear and present danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger"},{"link_name":"Bad tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_tendency_(legal)"},{"link_name":"Shocks the conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocks_the_conscience"},{"link_name":"see: Obiter dictum.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiter_dictum"},{"link_name":"Sherbert v. Verner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_burden-shifting"}],"text":"Aguilar-Spinelli test\nCalculus of negligence test (Hand rule)\nConsumer expectations test\nDaubert standard\nFrye test\nImminent lawless action\nLemon test\nMiller test\nMt. Healthy test\nRisk-utility test\nSLAPS test (an element of the Miller test)\nReasonable expectation of privacy\nClear and present danger\nBad tendency\nShocks the conscience test\nWambaugh's inversion test. see: Obiter dictum.\nSherbert test. see: Sherbert v. Verner\nMcDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cane000_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84113-321-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84113-321-3"}],"text":"^ Cane, Peter (2002). Responsibility in Law and Morality. Hart Publishing. ISBN 1-84113-321-3.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb

MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 18h 08m 04s, −27° 09′ 00″Terrestrial ice planet orbiting MOA-2007-BLG-192L MOA-2007-BLG-192LbAn artist's impression of MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb orbiting its primary.DiscoveryDiscovered byBennett et al.Discovery siteMount John UniversityObservatory, New ZealandDiscovery date30 May 2008Detection methodGravitational microlensingOrbital characteristicsStarMOA-2007-BLG-192LPhysical characteristicsMass3.3+4.9−1.6 ME MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb, occasionally shortened to MOA-192 b, is an extrasolar planet approximately 3,000 light-years away in the constellation of Sagittarius. The planet was discovered orbiting the brown dwarf or low-mass star MOA-2007-BLG-192L. At a mass of approximately 3.3 times Earth, it is one of the lowest-mass extrasolar planets at the time of discovery. It was found when it caused a gravitational microlensing event on May 24, 2007, which was detected as part of the MOA-II microlensing survey at the Mount John University Observatory in New Zealand. The system's primary is small as well. At roughly 6% the mass of the Sun, it is probably too small to sustain fusion reactions, making it a dimly glowing brown dwarf. Also, the estimated projected distance between MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb and its primary is approximately 0.62 astronomical units. That means the planet probably formed with much ice and gases, more like Neptune (an ice giant planet) in composition than Earth (a terrestrial planet), according to astronomer David Bennett of the University of Notre Dame. References ^ a b c Bennett, D. P.; Bond, I. A.; Udalski, A.; et al. (2008), "A Low-Mass Planet with a Possible Sub-Stellar-Mass Host in Microlensing Event MOA-2007-BLG-192", The Astrophysical Journal, 684 (1): 663–683, arXiv:0806.0025, Bibcode:2008ApJ...684..663B, doi:10.1086/589940, S2CID 14467194 ^ Planet Quest: New Worlds Atlas Archived 2008-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, JPL. Accessed on line July 2, 2008. ^ a b Smallest Extrasolar Planet Portends Other Earths Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Richard A. Kerr, ScienceNOW Daily News, June 2, 2008. Accessed on line June 16, 2008. External links "MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb: A Low-Mass Planet with a Possible Sub-Stellar-Mass Host". Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-28.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Language

Malay language

["1 Origin","2 History","3 Classification","4 Writing system","5 Extent of use","6 Phonology","6.1 Consonants","6.2 Vowels","7 Grammar","8 Vocabulary and borrowed words","9 Varieties and related languages","9.1 Usages","10 Examples","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]

Austronesian language of Southeast Asia This article is about the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based. For the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay, see Malayic languages. For the standard Malay used in Malaysia, see Malaysian Malay. Not to be confused with Malayalam, a Dravidian language. MalayMalay/IndonesianBahasa Melayu بهاس ملايوPronunciationNative toBrunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) IslandsEthnicityMalays Various ethnic groups in Indonesia (as Indonesian) (see also Malayophones)SpeakersL1: 82 million (2004–2010)Total (L1 and L2): 200–290 million (2009)Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianMalayicMalayEarly formsOld Malay Classical Malay Pre-Modern Malay Standard forms Indonesian (as Bahasa Indonesia) Malaysian Malay (as Bahasa Melayu or Bahasa Malaysia) Writing systemLatin (Malay alphabet)Arabic (Jawi script)Arabic (Pegon script) (In Indonesia)Thai alphabet (in Thailand)Malay Braille Historically Pallava script, Kawi script, Ulu scripts, Rejang scriptSigned formsManually Coded MalayOfficial statusOfficial language in  Brunei  Indonesia (as Indonesian)  Malaysia  Singapore  UNESCO (as Indonesian) Recognised minoritylanguage in Indonesia(beside the national standard of Indonesian, Local Malay enjoys the status of a regional language in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo)) East Timor (beside Dili Malay, Indonesian used as a working language and a trade language with Indonesia)  Thailand (as Pattani Malay, Syburi Malay, and Bangkok Malay)Regulated byLanguage Development and Fostering Agency in IndonesiaInstitute of Language and Literature in MalaysiaLanguage and Literature Bureau in BruneiMalay Language Council in SingaporeBrunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM (a trilateral joint venture)Language codesISO 639-1msISO 639-2may (B) msa (T)ISO 639-3msa – inclusive codeIndividual codes:zlm – Malay (individual language)ind – Indonesianzsm – Standard Malayabs – Ambon Malaymbf – Baba Malaypea – Baba Indonesianmhp – Balinese Malaybjn – Banjaresemfb – Bangkabtj – Bacanbew – Betawibve – Beraukxd – Brunei Malayccm – Chetty Malaycoa – Cocos Malayliw – Colgoq – Goraphji – Hajijax – Jambi Malayvkk – Kaurmeo – Kedah Malaymfa – Kelantan-Pattani Malaykvr – Kerincimqg – Kota Bangun Kutaimkn – Kupang Malaymfp – Makassar Malayxmm – Manado Malaymin – Minangkabaumui – Musizmi – Negeri SembilanGlottolognucl1806Linguasphere31-MFA-aAreas where Malay-Indonesian is spoken:  Indonesia   Malaysia   Singapore and Brunei, where Standard Malay is an official language   East Timor, where Indonesian is a working language   Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken A speaker of the Indonesian variant in the Netherlands A speaker of the Malaysian variant in Langkawi A young man speaks Kedah Malay Malay (/məˈleɪ/ mə-LAY; Malay: Bahasa Melayu, Jawi: بهاس ملايو) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (including 260 million as "Indonesian") across Maritime Southeast Asia. The language is pluricentric and a macrolanguage, i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as the national language (bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia ("Malaysian") or also Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia ("Indonesian language") is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or lingua franca) whereas the term "Malay" (bahasa Melayu) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan. Classical Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages. According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay) based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay, which appears to be a mixed language. Origin Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo. A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages. Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan. History Main article: History of the Malay language Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 13th century. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India. Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription, it was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. It was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who today still live in the highlands of Sumatra, Indonesia. Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of the region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Sanskrit, and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language, a West Papuan language, as their first language. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Classification See also: Austronesian languages § Comparison charts Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages, which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei—Brunei Malay—for example, is not readily intelligible with the standard language, and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. Writing system Main article: Malay alphabet The Rencong alphabet, a native writing system found in central and South Sumatra. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang ", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line. Kedukan Bukit Inscription, using Pallava alphabet, is the oldest surviving specimen of the Old Malay language in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Malay is now written using the Latin script, known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals. Final pages of the Taj al-Salatin, The Crown of Kings, a Malay "mirror for princes", copied by Muhammad bin Umar Syaikh Farid on 31 July 1824 CE in Penang in Jawi script. British Library Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava, Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as the Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Extent of use See also: Malay trade and creole languages and Pluricentric language A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia. Indonesian road signs in Jakarta, Indonesia. The blue sign reads "Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang" which means "Lane for dropping passengers only" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads "Sampai Rambu Berikutnya" which means "until next sign" in Indonesian Malay is spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, Singapore and southern Thailand. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay. In East Timor, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese. The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines, Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City. Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students. Phonology Main article: Malay phonology Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a tonal language. Consonants The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets. Malay consonant phonemes Labial Dental/Alveolar Post‑alv./Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Stop/Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k (ʔ) voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ Fricative voiceless (f) s (ʃ) (x) h voiced (v) (z) (ɣ) Approximant semivowel w j lateral l Trill r Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: /ð/ is 'z', the same as the /z/ sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the /ð/ sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with /z/ sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). /ɲ/ is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j' /ŋ/ is 'ng' /θ/ is represented as 's', the same as the /s/ sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the /θ/ sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with /s/ sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian) the glottal stop /ʔ/ is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as rakyat) /tʃ/ is 'c' /dʒ/ is 'j' /ʃ/ is 'sy' /x/ is 'kh' /j/ is 'y' /q/ is 'k' Loans from Arabic: Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds. Table of borrowed Arabic consonants Distinct Assimilated Example /x/ /k/, /h/ khabar, kabar "news" /ð/ /d/, /l/ redha, rela "good will" /zˤ/ /l/, /z/ lohor, zuhur "noon (prayer)" /ɣ/ /ɡ/, /r/ ghaib, raib "hidden" /ʕ/ /ʔ/ saat, sa'at "second (time)" /θ/ /s/ Selasa "Tuesday" /q/ /k/ makam "grave" Vowels Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/. Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either or , and relatively few words require a mid vowel . Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay Front Central Back Close i u Mid e ə o Open a Orthographic note: both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩. Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/. There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ "war" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ "blond". (In Indonesia, "blond" may be written perang or pirang.) Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs. However, and can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ("tax") and pulau ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ("good") and laut ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs , and as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/, /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of vowel harmony: the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ("nose") is allowed but *hedung is not. Comparison of several standard pronunciations of Malay Johor-Riau Pronunciation Northern Pronunciation Baku & Indonesian Pronunciation ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable /ə/ /a/ /a/ ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ /e/ /i/ /i/ ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants /e/ /e/ /i/ ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ /o/ /u/ /u/ ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants /o/ /o/ /u/ final ⟨r⟩ silent /r/ /r/ Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below. Final /a/ mutation in Malay-Indonesian dialects and nearby Austronesian languages Types Phonemes "Malay" provenance Native languages area (origin) Kedah, Brunei Arekan (eg. Tengger), Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan (except Pontianak), East Indonesia Raised , Johor, Pontianak, Tanah Abang (Jakarta) Bali Rounded , Pattani, Palembang Minangkabau, Mataraman (eg. Yogyakarta) Fronted , Perak, Jakarta, Sambas Grammar Main article: Malay grammar Malay is an agglutinative language, and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word (affixation), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (reduplication). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. Malay does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya. There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order. Vocabulary and borrowed words Main article: List of loanwords in Malay This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019) The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit, Tamil, certain Sinitic languages, Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese, Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Varieties and related languages Main article: Malayic languages Jakartan Creole Malay (Betawi language) There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, Kampung Alor in East Timor, and the far southern parts of the Philippines. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of Sumatra. They are: Minangkabau, Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal, Talang Mamak, Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’. Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the Orang Asli (Proto-Malay) in Malaya. They are Jakun, Orang Kanaq, Orang Seletar, and Temuan. The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian), Kedah Malay, Kedayan/Brunei Malay, Berau Malay, Bangka Malay, Jambi Malay, Kutai Malay, Natuna Malay, Riau Malay, Loncong, Pattani Malay, and Banjarese. Menterap may belong here. There are also several Malay-based creole languages, such as Betawi, Cocos Malay, Makassar Malay, Ambonese Malay, Dili Malay, Kupang Malay, Manado Malay, Papuan Malay, Pattani Malay, Satun Malay, Songkhla Malay, Bangkok Malay, and Sabah Malay, which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town, who are now known as Coloureds, numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans. Usages This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Alamat Langkapuri from British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka). Initially published between 1869 and 1870 and written in Jawi script, it is noted to be among the first Malay-language newspaper. The readership consist of the Malay-diaspora in Ceylon as well as in the Malay archipelago. The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani—speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines, Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages. By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.) Besides Indonesian, which developed from the Malaccan dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo, which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay, Langkat, Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay. Minangkabau, Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles, are spoken in the eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay, Manado Malay, Ambonese Malay, North Moluccan Malay, Kupang Malay, Dili Malay, and Papuan Malay. The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama, katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, kita (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as /kitə/, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, in Riau as /kita/, in Palembang as /kito/, in Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/ and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/. Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay. Examples All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', pasal and perkara, and for 'declaration', pernyataan and perisytiharan, are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings). Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights English Malay Indonesian Standard "Malay" Universal Declaration of Human Rights Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia(General Declaration about Human Rights) Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Article 1 Pasal 1 Perkara 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan. (All human beings are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.) Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan. (All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.) See also Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian Indonesian language Jawi script, an Arabic alphabet for Malay Languages of Indonesia List of English words of Malay origin Malajoe Batawi Malaysian English, the English used formally in Malaysia Malaysian language Notes ^ In the context of Malaysian education and law, "Bahasa Melayu" is used in formal literature like the Constitution, however "Bahasa Malaysia" is sometimes also used by both Malaysians and moreso Indonesians. ^ Since the standardized varieties of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore are structurally largely identical and mostly differ in lexicon and to a lesser degree in phonetic details, the umbrella terms "Malay/Indonesian" or "Malay-Indonesian" are often used in the linguistic literature when discussing the structure or history of the language. References ^ a b Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (revised ed.). Australian National University. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5. ^ Malay at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Malay (individual language) at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Indonesian at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Standard Malay at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Ambon Malay at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Baba Malay at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Baba Indonesian at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) ^ Uli, Kozok (10 March 2012). "How many people speak Indonesian". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 20 October 2012. James T. Collins (Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17). ^ "Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards". The Star. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. ^ Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf. ^ The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon: Estuningtiyas, R. (2021). Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi’ie (1910-1985). The International Journal of Pegon : Islam Nusantara Civilization, 5(01), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45 ^ "Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO". unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ a b "East Timor Languages". www.easttimorgovernment.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistic Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ^ 10 million in Malaysia as either "Malay" or "Malaysian", 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "Indonesian", etc. ^ Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). "Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021". Journal of Social Work and Science Education. 1 (3): 266–280. doi:10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ Asmah Haji Omar (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael J. (ed.). Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyte. pp. 403–4. ISBN 3-11-012855-1. ^ Tadmor, Uri (2009). "Malay-Indonesian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 791–818. ^ Adelaar (2004) ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). "The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 32 (3): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169. S2CID 62886471. ^ Wurm, Stephen; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4. ^ "Bahasa Melayu Kuno". Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. ^ Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay Archived 16 June 2007 at archive.today ^ Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). "Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia". kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). ^ Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8. ^ a b Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8. ^ Ethnologue 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 kxd and meo, but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay". ^ "Malay (Bahasa Melayu)". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 August 2008. ^ "Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN'". brudirect.com. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. ^ Salleh, Haji (2008). An introduction to modern Malaysian literature. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-983-068-307-2. ^ a b Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (2011). "Standard Malay (Brunei)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (2): 259–268. doi:10.1017/S002510031100017X.. ^ Karim, Nik Safiah; M. Onn, Farid; Haji Musa, Hashim; Mahmood, Abdul Hamid (2008). Tatabahasa Dewan (in Malay) (3 ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. pp. 297–303. ISBN 978-983-62-9484-5. ^ Hassan, Abdullah (1972). The Morphology of Malay. University of Edinburgh. ^ Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008). "Indonesian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320. ISSN 1475-3502. ^ Asmah Haji, Omar (1985). Susur galur bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ^ Ahmad, Zaharani (1993). Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ^ Clynes, Adrian (1997). "On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs"". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (2): 347–361. doi:10.2307/3622989. JSTOR 3622989. ^ Adelaar, K. A. (1992). Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c119. ISBN 0858834081. OCLC 26845189. ^ Abu Bakar, Mukhlis (18 December 2019). "Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura". Issues in Language Studies. 8 (2). doi:10.33736/ils.1521.2019. ISSN 2180-2726. S2CID 213343934. ^ Uri, Tadmor (2003). "Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia" (PDF). Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology (PL-550). CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S). Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University: 15–36. doi:10.15144/PL-550.15. Retrieved 5 November 2022 – via sealang.net/CRCL. ^ Ethnologue 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'. ^ Standard named as stated in: "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ The other language standard aside from "Indonesian" is named simply as "Malay", as stated in: "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Further reading Adelaar, K. Alexander (2004). "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 160 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003733. hdl:11343/122869. JSTOR 27868100. B., C. O. (1939). "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A.D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (1). JSTOR 607921. Braginsky, Vladimir, ed. (2013) . Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7. Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205. S2CID 129174700. Wilkinson, Richard James (1901–1903). A Malay-English Dictionary. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh. External links Malay edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indonesian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malay language. Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Malay. Look up Category:Malay language or Category:Malay derivations in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Swadesh list of Malay words Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu, online Malay language database provided by the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only) Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only) The Malay Spelling Reform, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11) Malay Chinese Dictionary Malay English Dictionary Malay English Translation Links to related articles vteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan Indonesian Slang Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Bawean Duano' Haji Iban Kangean Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Malay Anambas-Natuna Bacan Bangka Belitung Bengkulu Berau Besemah Col/Lembak Deli Enim Jambi Kaur Jaring Halus Kutai Langkat Ogan Palembang-Musi Pekal 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Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Padang Seko Tengah Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bakumpai Bajaw Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Sama Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Beginci Gerai Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languagesCentral Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Central-Eastern languagesAru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika Halmahera-Cenderawasih Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Papuan languagesNorth Halmahera Galela Gamkonora Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Waioli West Makian Timor–Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika Asmat–Mombum Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan West Bird's Head Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit South Bird's Head Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian East Bird's Head Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Dani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani Digul River Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon Foja Range Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou Lakes Plain Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai East Cenderawasih Bay Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria Yawa Saweru Yawa Demta–Sentani Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla Ok Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom Momuna–Mek Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai Skou Skou South Pauwasi Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim East Pauwasi Emem Zorop West Pauwasi Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku Kaure–Kosare Kaure Kosare Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Bulaka River Maklew Yelmek Kayagar Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario Border Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris Senagi Dera Mairasi Mairasi Mer Semimi Kolopom Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana Yam Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei Lower Mamberamo Warembori Yoke Others Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Sumuri Uhunduni Other languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Bandanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontaloan Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Peranakan Serui Malay Other creoles and pidgins Bidau Creole Portuguese Javindo Mardijker Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Tansi Immigrant languagesChinese Cantonese Hakka Fujianese Hokkien Medan Riau Tiochiu Hainanese Hinghwa Fuzhounese Mandarin European Dutch English Portuguese Indian Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Middle Eastern Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Persian Others Filipino Japanese Korean Sign languages Indonesian Sign Languages Kata Kolok vte Languages of MalaysiaMainOfficial Malaysian English comparison with British English Families Austroasiatic Aslian Austronesian North Bornean Kayan–Murik Land Dayak Malayic Philippine Sama–Bajaw Tai-Kadai Tai Natives &IndigenousNationwide Malay PeninsularMalaysia Batek Cheq Wong Duanoʼ Jah Hut Jahai Jakun Jedek Judeo-Malay2 Kedah Malay Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kenaboi1 Kensiu Kintaq Kristang Lanoh Mah Meri Minriq Mintil Negeri Sembilan Malay Mos Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Perak Malay Reman Malay Sabüm1 Semai Semaq Beri Semelai Semnam Southern Thai Temiar Temoq2 Temuan Terengganu Malay Wila'1 EastMalaysia Abai Bahau Bajau Belait Berawan Biatah Bintulu Bonggi Bookan Bruneian/Kedayan Malay Brunei Bisaya Bukar–Sadong Bukitan Coastal Kadazan Daro-Matu Dumpas Dusun Eastern Kadazan Ganaʼ Iban Ida'an Jagoi Jangkang Kajaman Kalabakan Kanowit Kayan Kelabit Kendayan Keningau Murut Kinabatangan Kiput Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Lahanan Lelak1 Lengilu1 Lotud Lun Bawang Mainstream Kenyah Melanau Momogun Murik Kayan Narom Nonukan Tidong Okolod Paluan Papar Punan Bah-Biau Punan Batu2 Penan Remun Sa'ban Sabah Bisaya Sama Sarawak Malay Sebop Sekapan Selungai Murut Sembakung Seru1 Serudung Sian Sungai Tagol Timugon Tombonuwo Tring Tringgus Tutoh Ukit2 Umaʼ Lasan SignificantminorityChinese Sino-Tibetan Yue Cantonese Malaysian Cantonese Hakka Min Eastern Min Fuqing Fuzhou Hainanese Pu-Xian Min Southern Min Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Penang Hokkien Chaoshan Min Teochew Mandarin Chinese Malaysian Mandarin Indian Dravidian Malayalam Tamil Malaysian Tamil Telugu Indo-European Gujarati Hindi Punjabi Urdu Indonesianarchipelago Acehnese Banjar Baweanese Buginese Javanese Kerinci Mandailing Minangkabau Rawa Philippine Philippine Iranun Maranao Molbog Suluk Others Cham Creoles Chavacano Kristang Manglish Malay trade and creole languages Baba Malay Chetty Malay Cocos Malay Sabah Malay Mixed & Others Rojak Tanglish Esperanto Immigrants African Arab Bangladeshi Burmese Cambodian East Timorese Filipino Indonesian comparison with Malaysian Iranian Japanese Korean Laotian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Thai Vietnamese SignsMain Malaysian Sign Language Manually Coded Malay By states Penang Sign Language Selangor Sign Language 1 Extinct languages 2 Nearly extinct languages vteLanguages of SingaporeMain languagesNational Malay Official English Malay Mandarin Tamil Indigenous languages Johor-Riau Malay Orang Seletar Creole languages Baba Malay Bazaar Malay Chitty Malay Kristang Singlish Singdarin Immigrant languagesChinese Sinitic Cantonese Hainanese Hakka Henghwa Hokchew Hokkien Teochew Indian Dravidian Malayalam Telugu Indo-Aryan Bengali Gujarati Hindi Punjabi Sindhi Sinhala Indonesian Acehnese Banjarese Batak Angkola Mandailing Toba Baweanese Buginese Javanese Minangkabau Other Arabic Armenian Burmese Filipino Japanese Korean Nepali Thai Vietnamese Sign languages Singaporean Sign Language vteLanguages of South Africa Pan South African Language Board Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights Department of Arts and Culture OfficialWest Germanic Afrikaans English Southern BantuSotho–Tswana Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa) Southern Sotho (Sesotho) Tswana (Setswana) Nguni Southern Ndebele (isiNdebele) Swazi (siSwati) Xhosa (isiXhosa) Zulu (isiZulu) Tswa–Ronga Tsonga (Xitsonga) Venda Venda (Tshivenḓa) Recognisedunofficial languagesmentioned in the1996 constitutionIndigenous Bhaca Khoe Khoisan Lala Lozi Nama Nhlangwini Northern Ndebele Phuthi Tuu Foreign German Greek Gujarati Hindi Portuguese Malay (historical) Tamil Telugu Urdu Religious Arabic Hebrew Sanskrit OtherLGBT slang Gayle IsiNgqumo Other Tsotsitaal and Camtho Oorlams Creole Fanagalo Pretoria Sotho Scamto SA Sign Language Angloromani Kaaps vteLanguages of Sri LankaOfficial languages Sinhala Tamil Others Sri Lankan Tamil Sri Lankan English1 Sri Lankan Malay Pali2 Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole Vedda Sri Lankan sign languages Formerly spoken and extinct Arwi Ceylon Dutch Rodiya3 1Recognized as a "link" language 2a liturgical language 3a dialect of Sinhala vteLanguages of BruneiOfficial language Malay Lingua franca Brunei Malay English Minority languages Belait Chinese Dusun Bisaya Iban Lun Bawang Melanau Berawan Tutong Tamil Sian Penan-Nibong vte Languages of ThailandOfficial language Thai Other ThaisLao–Phutai Isan Phu Thai Chiang Saen Northern Thai Tai Lü Phuan Thai Song Sukhothai Southern Thai Northwestern Khün Shan Tai Nüa Minorityby languages groupsAustroasiatic Bru Chong Chung Jahai Kensiu Khmer Northern Western Kintaq Kuy Mlabri Mon Nyah Kur Palaung Ten'edn Thavung Vietnamese Austronesian Cham Malay Bangkok Malay Pattani Malay Satun Malay Moken Moklen Urak Lawoi’ Hmong-Mien Hmong Iu Mien Sino-Tibetan Akha Eastern Pwo Lisu Sinitic Cantonese Teochew Hakka Hokkien Hainanese Hokchew Nuosu Mpi Northern Pwo Phrae Pwo Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) S'gaw Karen Ugong Non-IndigenousImmigrant language Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Southwestern Mandarin Working language English Japanese Korean Sign languages Thai Sign Language Ban Khor Sign vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languages"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"/məˈleɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"mə-LAY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Austronesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Maritime Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"pluricentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric"},{"link_name":"macrolanguage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay"},{"link_name":"Indonesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Classical Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Malay"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Malayic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languages"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"Orang Asli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asli"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Malay trade and creole languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"Ambonese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Makassar Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_Malay"},{"link_name":"mixed language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_language"}],"text":"This article is about the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based. For the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay, see Malayic languages. For the standard Malay used in Malaysia, see Malaysian Malay.Not to be confused with Malayalam, a Dravidian language.A speaker of the Indonesian variant in the NetherlandsA speaker of the Malaysian variant in LangkawiA young man speaks Kedah MalayMalay (/məˈleɪ/ mə-LAY;[9] Malay: Bahasa Melayu, Jawi: بهاس ملايو) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (including 260 million as \"Indonesian\") across Maritime Southeast Asia.[10][11]The language is pluricentric and a macrolanguage, i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as the national language (bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (\"Malaysian\") or also Bahasa Melayu (\"Malay language\"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu (\"Malay language\"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (\"Indonesian language\") is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu (\"unifying language\" or lingua franca) whereas the term \"Malay\" (bahasa Melayu) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[12][b]Classical Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages. According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay) based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay, which appears to be a mixed language.","title":"Malay language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Malayic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languages"},{"link_name":"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian"},{"link_name":"Proto-Austronesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Maritime Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo.[14] A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages. Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan.[15]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srivijayan_Expansion.gif"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bangka Belitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Belitung"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Dharmasraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmasraya"},{"link_name":"Jambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Pallava variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Grantha alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kedukan Bukit inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription"},{"link_name":"Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Musi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Old Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay"},{"link_name":"Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Adityawarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityawarman"},{"link_name":"Dharmasraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmasraya"},{"link_name":"Srivijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Terengganu Inscription Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Malacca Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Francisco Serrão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sneddon-23"},{"link_name":"Ternate language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate_language"},{"link_name":"West Papuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"first language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sneddon-23"}],"text":"Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 13th century.The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.[16]Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India. Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet[17] and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription, it was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. It was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region.[18]Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.[19] This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who today still live in the highlands of Sumatra, Indonesia.Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance.The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of the region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Sanskrit, and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.[20]Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão.[21] The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language, a West Papuan language, as their first language. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austronesian languages § Comparison charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Comparison_charts"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Proto-Austronesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language"},{"link_name":"cognates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"forms of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Malayic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayic_languages"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"Brunei Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"standard language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language"},{"link_name":"Kedah Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Malay"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"See also: Austronesian languages § Comparison chartsMalay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages, which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called \"Malay\" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei—Brunei Malay—for example, is not readily intelligible with the standard language, and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.[22]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rencong alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rencong_alphabet"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kedukan Bukit Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Pallava alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Old Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay"},{"link_name":"South Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Arabic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Hindu-Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin,_The_Crown_of_Kings,_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg"},{"link_name":"mirror for princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Pallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_script"},{"link_name":"Kawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawi_script"},{"link_name":"Rencong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rencong_script"},{"link_name":"Cham alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Chams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chams"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The Rencong alphabet, a native writing system found in central and South Sumatra. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): \"haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]\", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: \"I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come\" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.Kedukan Bukit Inscription, using Pallava alphabet, is the oldest surviving specimen of the Old Malay language in South Sumatra, Indonesia.Malay is now written using the Latin script, known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals.Final pages of the Taj al-Salatin, The Crown of Kings, a Malay \"mirror for princes\", copied by Muhammad bin Umar Syaikh Farid on 31 July 1824 CE in Penang in Jawi script. British LibraryRumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava, Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as the Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the Rumi script.[23]","title":"Writing system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay trade and creole languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"Pluricentric language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introduction-27"},{"link_name":"vernacular dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect"},{"link_name":"Brunei Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-9"},{"link_name":"Article 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152_%E2%80%93_National_Language_and_Other_Languages"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"East Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Davao City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"See also: Malay trade and creole languages and Pluricentric languageA Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.Indonesian road signs in Jakarta, Indonesia. The blue sign reads \"Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang\" which means \"Lane for dropping passengers only\" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads \"Sampai Rambu Berikutnya\" which means \"until next sign\" in IndonesianMalay is spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, Singapore and southern Thailand.[24] Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard.[25] Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay. In East Timor, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.[8] The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines, Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City. Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students.","title":"Extent of use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tonal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonal_language"}],"text":"Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a tonal language.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"ð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"ð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"ɲ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal"},{"link_name":"ŋ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"θ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"θ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"ʔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"},{"link_name":"tʃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate"},{"link_name":"dʒ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate"},{"link_name":"ʃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"The consonants of Malaysian[26][27][28] and also Indonesian[29] are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.Orthographic note:\nThe sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:/ð/ is 'z', the same as the /z/ sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the /ð/ sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with /z/ sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).\n/ɲ/ is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j'\n/ŋ/ is 'ng'\n/θ/ is represented as 's', the same as the /s/ sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the /θ/ sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with /s/ sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)\nthe glottal stop /ʔ/ is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as rakyat)\n/tʃ/ is 'c'\n/dʒ/ is 'j'\n/ʃ/ is 'sy'\n/x/ is 'kh'\n/j/ is 'y'\n/q/ is 'k'Loans from Arabic:Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"vowel harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/.[26] Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either [i, u] or [e, o], and relatively few words require a mid vowel [e, o].Orthographic note: both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩. Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/. There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ \"war\" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ \"blond\". (In Indonesia, \"blond\" may be written perang or pirang.)Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs.[30][31] However, [ai] and [au] can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai (\"tax\") and pulau (\"island\"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik (\"good\") and laut (\"sea\"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs [ai], [au] and [oi] as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/, /aw/ and /oj/ respectively.[32]There is a rule of vowel harmony: the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung (\"nose\") is allowed but *hedung is not.[33]Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below.[35]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agglutinative language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language"},{"link_name":"affixation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixation"},{"link_name":"compound word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_word"},{"link_name":"reduplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplication"},{"link_name":"derived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix"},{"link_name":"suffixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"circumfixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumfix"},{"link_name":"grammatical gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender"},{"link_name":"inflected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflected_language"},{"link_name":"voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"moods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood"},{"link_name":"grammatical subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_subject"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Malay is an agglutinative language, and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word (affixation), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (reduplication). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes.Malay does not make use of grammatical gender, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya. There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods.Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called \"passive\", is the basic and most common word order.[citation needed]","title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Sinitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit, Tamil, certain Sinitic languages, Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese, Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).","title":"Vocabulary and borrowed words"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betawi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jakartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"Betawi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Southern Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Kampung Alor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kampung_Alor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language"},{"link_name":"Central Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pekal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekal_language"},{"link_name":"Talang Mamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Musi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi_language"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Duano’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duano_language"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Orang Asli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asli"},{"link_name":"Proto-Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Malay"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Jakun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakun_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Kanaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Seletar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language"},{"link_name":"Temuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan_language"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Kedah Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kedayan/Brunei Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"Berau Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berau_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bangka Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Malay"},{"link_name":"Jambi Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kutai Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutai_Malay"},{"link_name":"Riau Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Malay"},{"link_name":"Loncong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Laut_language"},{"link_name":"Pattani Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Malay"},{"link_name":"Banjarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjar_language"},{"link_name":"Menterap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menterap_language"},{"link_name":"Malay-based creole languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay-based_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"Betawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language"},{"link_name":"Cocos Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_Malay"},{"link_name":"Makassar Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_Malay"},{"link_name":"Ambonese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Dili Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kupang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang_Malay"},{"link_name":"Manado Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manado_Malay"},{"link_name":"Papuan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pattani Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Malay"},{"link_name":"Satun Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun_Malay"},{"link_name":"Songkhla Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songkhla_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Malay"},{"link_name":"Sabah Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Malay"},{"link_name":"Cape Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Malay"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured"},{"link_name":"Classical Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Classical_Malay"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_language"}],"text":"Jakartan Creole Malay (Betawi language)There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, Kampung Alor in East Timor, and the far southern parts of the Philippines. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of Sumatra. They are: Minangkabau, Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal, Talang Mamak, Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’.[36]Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the Orang Asli (Proto-Malay) in Malaya. They are Jakun, Orang Kanaq, Orang Seletar, and Temuan.The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay (Malaysian and Indonesian), Kedah Malay, Kedayan/Brunei Malay, Berau Malay, Bangka Malay, Jambi Malay, Kutai Malay, Natuna Malay, Riau Malay, Loncong, Pattani Malay, and Banjarese. Menterap may belong here.There are also several Malay-based creole languages, such as Betawi, Cocos Malay, Makassar Malay, Ambonese Malay, Dili Malay, Kupang Malay, Manado Malay, Papuan Malay, Pattani Malay, Satun Malay, Songkhla Malay, Bangkok Malay, and Sabah Malay, which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.Due to the early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town, who are now known as Coloureds, numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans.","title":"Varieties and related languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alamat_lankapuri_cover.png"},{"link_name":"Alamat Langkapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_Langkapuri"},{"link_name":"British Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Jawi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script"},{"link_name":"Malay-diaspora in Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays"},{"link_name":"Article 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152_%E2%80%93_National_Language_and_Other_Languages"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"West Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"East Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"Majulah Singapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majulah_Singapura"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Pattani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Yawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawi_language"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"Philippine languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_language"},{"link_name":"Malaccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_sultanate"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Riau Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau"},{"link_name":"Langkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkat"},{"link_name":"Palembang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi_language"},{"link_name":"Jambi Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_Malay"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people"},{"link_name":"Kerinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerinci_people"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Betawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language"},{"link_name":"creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"Makassar Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_Malay"},{"link_name":"Manado Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manado_Malay"},{"link_name":"Ambonese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_Malay"},{"link_name":"North Moluccan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kupang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang_Malay"},{"link_name":"Dili Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili_Malay"},{"link_name":"Papuan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_Malay"}],"sub_title":"Usages","text":"The Alamat Langkapuri from British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka). Initially published between 1869 and 1870 and written in Jawi script, it is noted to be among the first Malay-language newspaper. The readership consist of the Malay-diaspora in Ceylon as well as in the Malay archipelago.The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem, Majulah Singapura, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani—speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines, Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages.By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.)Besides Indonesian, which developed from the Malaccan dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo, which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay, Langkat, Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay. Minangkabau, Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi) also belongs to the western Malay group.The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles, are spoken in the eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay, Manado Malay, Ambonese Malay, North Moluccan Malay, Kupang Malay, Dili Malay, and Papuan Malay.The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us\" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house\" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama, katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect.The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, kita (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as /kitə/, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, in Riau as /kita/, in Palembang as /kito/, in Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/ and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/.Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.","title":"Varieties and related languages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', pasal and perkara, and for 'declaration', pernyataan and perisytiharan, are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152_%E2%80%93_National_Language_and_Other_Languages"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blust-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"^ In the context of Malaysian education and law, \"Bahasa Melayu\" is used in formal literature like the Constitution, however \"Bahasa Malaysia\" is sometimes also used by both Malaysians and moreso Indonesians.\n\n^ Since the standardized varieties of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore are structurally largely identical and mostly differ in lexicon and to a lesser degree in phonetic details, the umbrella terms \"Malay/Indonesian\"[1] or \"Malay-Indonesian\"[13] are often used in the linguistic literature when discussing the structure or history of the language.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733"},{"link_name":"Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijdragen_tot_de_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/22134379-90003733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11343/122869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F122869"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27868100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27868100"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"607921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/607921"},{"link_name":"Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-84879-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0041977X00093204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00093204"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"607205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/607205"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"129174700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129174700"},{"link_name":"A Malay-English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc"}],"text":"Adelaar, K. Alexander (2004). \"Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications\". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 160 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003733. hdl:11343/122869. JSTOR 27868100.\nB., C. O. (1939). \"Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A.D. 1403 and 1511 (?)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (1). JSTOR 607921.\nBraginsky, Vladimir, ed. (2013) [First published 2002]. Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.\nEdwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). \"A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205. S2CID 129174700.\nWilkinson, Richard James (1901–1903). A Malay-English Dictionary. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A speaker of the Indonesian variant in the Netherlands"},{"image_text":"A speaker of the Malaysian variant in Langkawi"},{"image_text":"A young man speaks Kedah Malay"},{"image_text":"Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 13th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif/250px-Srivijayan_Expansion.gif"},{"image_text":"The Rencong alphabet, a native writing system found in central and South Sumatra. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): \"haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]\", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: \"I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come\" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/220px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kedukan Bukit Inscription, using Pallava alphabet, is the oldest surviving specimen of the Old Malay language in South Sumatra, Indonesia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/230px-KedukanBukit001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Final pages of the Taj al-Salatin, The Crown of Kings, a Malay \"mirror for princes\", copied by Muhammad bin Umar Syaikh Farid on 31 July 1824 CE in Penang in Jawi script. British Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg/220px-Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/220px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indonesian road signs in Jakarta, Indonesia. The blue sign reads \"Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang\" which means \"Lane for dropping passengers only\" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads \"Sampai Rambu Berikutnya\" which means \"until next sign\" in Indonesian","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jakartan Creole Malay (Betawi language)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Betawi.jpg/220px-Betawi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Alamat Langkapuri from British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka). Initially published between 1869 and 1870 and written in Jawi script, it is noted to be among the first Malay-language newspaper. The readership consist of the Malay-diaspora in Ceylon as well as in the Malay archipelago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alamat_lankapuri_cover.png/180px-Alamat_lankapuri_cover.png"}]

[{"title":"Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian"},{"title":"Indonesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"title":"Jawi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script"},{"title":"Arabic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"title":"Languages of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of English words of Malay origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Malay_origin"},{"title":"Malajoe Batawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajoe_Batawi"},{"title":"Malaysian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English"},{"title":"Malaysian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_language"}]

[{"reference":"Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (revised ed.). Australian National University. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10191","url_text":"1885/10191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5","url_text":"978-1-922185-07-5"}]},{"reference":"Uli, Kozok (10 March 2012). \"How many people speak Indonesian\". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 20 October 2012. James T. Collins (Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).","urls":[{"url":"http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/","url_text":"\"How many people speak Indonesian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards\". The Star. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation","url_text":"\"Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Star"},{"url":"http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO\". unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387388.locale=en","url_text":"\"Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Timor Languages\". www.easttimorgovernment.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm","url_text":"\"East Timor Languages\""},{"url":"http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistic Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). \"Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021\". Journal of Social Work and Science Education. 1 (3): 266–280. doi:10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114. Retrieved 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114","url_text":"\"Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52690%2Fjswse.v1i3.114","url_text":"10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114"}]},{"reference":"Asmah Haji Omar (1992). \"Malay as a pluricentric language\". In Clyne, Michael J. (ed.). Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyte. pp. 403–4. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmah_Haji_Omar","url_text":"Asmah Haji Omar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clyne","url_text":"Clyne, Michael J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1","url_text":"3-11-012855-1"}]},{"reference":"Tadmor, Uri (2009). \"Malay-Indonesian\". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 791–818.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). \"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu\" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 32 (3): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169. S2CID 62886471.","urls":[{"url":"http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf","url_text":"\"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000169","url_text":"10.1017/S0022463401000169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62886471","url_text":"62886471"}]},{"reference":"Wurm, Stephen; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wurm","url_text":"Wurm, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mühlhäusler, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_T._Tryon","url_text":"Tryon, Darrell T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19","url_text":"Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4","url_text":"978-3-11-081972-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Bahasa Melayu Kuno\". Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html","url_text":"\"Bahasa Melayu Kuno\""},{"url":"http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). \"Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia\". kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian).","urls":[{"url":"https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/","url_text":"\"Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia\""}]},{"reference":"Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70","url_text":"The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8","url_text":"978-0-86840-598-8"}]},{"reference":"Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8","url_text":"978-0-86840-598-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Malay (Bahasa Melayu)\". Omniglot. Retrieved 30 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm","url_text":"\"Malay (Bahasa Melayu)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN'\". brudirect.com. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html","url_text":"\"Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN'\""}]},{"reference":"Salleh, Haji (2008). An introduction to modern Malaysian literature. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. pp. xvi. 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ISSN 1475-3502.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320","url_text":"\"Indonesian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320","url_text":"10.1017/S0025100308003320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502","url_text":"1475-3502"}]},{"reference":"Asmah Haji, Omar (1985). Susur galur bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Zaharani (1993). Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clynes, Adrian (1997). \"On the Proto-Austronesian \"Diphthongs\"\". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (2): 347–361. doi:10.2307/3622989. JSTOR 3622989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622989","url_text":"10.2307/3622989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622989","url_text":"3622989"}]},{"reference":"Adelaar, K. A. (1992). Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c119. ISBN 0858834081. 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S2CID 213343934.","urls":[{"url":"http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521","url_text":"\"Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019","url_text":"10.33736/ils.1521.2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2180-2726","url_text":"2180-2726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213343934","url_text":"213343934"}]},{"reference":"Uri, Tadmor (2003). \"Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia\" (PDF). Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology (PL-550). CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S). Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University: 15–36. doi:10.15144/PL-550.15. Retrieved 5 November 2022 – via sealang.net/CRCL.","urls":[{"url":"http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-550.15.pdf","url_text":"\"Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.15","url_text":"10.15144/PL-550.15"}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli","url_text":"\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))\". 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JSTOR 607921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921","url_text":"607921"}]},{"reference":"Braginsky, Vladimir, ed. (2013) [First published 2002]. Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366","url_text":"Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7","url_text":"978-1-136-84879-7"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). \"A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 6 (3): 715–749. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093204. JSTOR 607205. S2CID 129174700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00093204","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00093204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205","url_text":"607205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129174700","url_text":"129174700"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Richard James (1901–1903). A Malay-English Dictionary. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh.","urls":[{"url":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc","url_text":"A Malay-English Dictionary"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Stamfordham

Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Family","4 Honours","5 References"]

British public administrator Lieutenant-Colonel The Right HonourableThe Lord StamfordhamGCB, GCIE, GCVO, KCSI, KCMG, ISO, PCPrivate Secretary to the SovereignIn office1910–1931MonarchGeorge VPreceded byThe Lord KnollysSucceeded bySir Clive WigramIn office1895–1901MonarchVictoriaPreceded bySir Henry PonsonbySucceeded bySir Francis Knollys Personal detailsBornArthur John Bigge(1849-06-18)18 June 1849Died31 March 1931(1931-03-31) (aged 81)Nationality BritishSpouse Constance Neville ​ ​(m. 1881; died 1922)​Children3Alma materRoyal Military Academy Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur John Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham, GCB, GCIE, GCVO, KCSI, KCMG, ISO, PC (18 June 1849 – 31 March 1931) was a British Army officer and courtier. He was Private Secretary to Queen Victoria during the last few years of her reign, and to George V during most of his reign. He was the maternal grandfather of Lord Adeane, Private Secretary to Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1972. Early life Bigge was the son of John Frederick Bigge (1814–1885), Vicar of Stamfordham, Northumberland, and the grandson of Charles William Bigge (1773–1849) of Benton House (Little Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland) and Linden Hall (Longhorsley, Northumberland), High Sheriff of Northumberland and a prominent merchant and banker in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military Academy and was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1869. Career In 1879, Bigge fought in the Anglo-Zulu War and was mentioned in despatches. In 1880, he was summoned to Balmoral Castle by Queen Victoria to give her more information about the Prince Imperial's death in the Zulu War, and he escorted the Empress Eugenie on her tour of Zululand to visit the site of her son's death. In 1881, he was appointed equerry-in-ordinary and then served as a groom-in-waiting and assistant private secretary to Queen Victoria. King George V about to disembark from the Royal Navy flotilla leader HMS Whirlwind at Calais, 5 August 1918. With him are Lieutenant-General George Henry Fowke, the Adjutant-General of the Expeditionary Force; Lord Stamfordham; Lieutenant-General Joseph Asser; Major Edward Gerald Thompson, the ADC to Field Marshal Haig; Lieutenant Gush RN; and Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer. Bigge was appointed Private Secretary to Queen Victoria in 1895 in succession to Sir Henry Ponsonby and served until her death in January 1901. A couple of months later, he was appointed Private Secretary to her grandson, the Duke of Cornwall and York, who was made Prince of Wales later that year. He continued to serve as such on the Prince's accession to the throne as King George V in 1910 and serving until his own death in 1931. As Private Secretary to the sovereign he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1910 and elevated to the peerage as Baron Stamfordham, of Stamfordham in the County of Northumberland, in 1911. Lord Stamfordham one of those who supported the King's decision to adopt Windsor as the family name because of the keen anti-German feelings during the First World War. On 17 July 1917, King George V "issued a proclamation declaring, "The Name of Windsor is to be borne by His Royal House and Family and Relinquishing the Use of All German Titles and Dignities". He persuaded the King to deny asylum to Tsar Nicholas II and his family, who were thus forced to remain in Russia and who were murdered by the Bolsheviks. He interpreted the King's response "Bugger Bognor" as assent to the renaming of Bognor as Bognor Regis. He introduced the Duke of York (later King George VI) to Lionel Logue, who became the Duke's speech therapist. Family Bigge married in 1881 Constance Neville (d. 1922), daughter of Rev. William Frederick Neville, Vicar of Butleigh, Somerset : they had a son and two daughters. Their son, Captain The Hon. John Neville Bigge (b. 1887), was killed in action near Festubert on 15 May 1915 whilst serving with the 1st Bn. King's Royal Rifle Corps. He is commemorated on Le Touret Memorial. A daughter, the Honourable Victoria Eugenie, married Captain Henry Robert Augustus Adeane. She was the mother of Michael Adeane, Baron Adeane, Private Secretary to Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1972. Lord Stamfordham died, still in office, at St James's Palace on 31 March 1931, aged 81, when the barony became extinct. Honours British KCB : Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB) – 1895 GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – 2 February 1901 – on the day of the funeral of Queen Victoria KCMG: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – 26 November 1901 ISO: Imperial Service Order – 1903. KCSI: Knight Commander – 1906. PC : Privy Counsellor – 11 June 1910 GCIE : Knight Grand Commander – 1911 GCB : Knight Grand Cross – 1916. He received the George V Version of the Royal Household Long and Faithful Service Medal with 30 year service bar. Foreign  Czechoslovakia: Order of the White Lion References ^ a b c d William M. Kuhn. "Bigge, Arthur John, Baron Stamfordham (1849–1931)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31883. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Knight, Ian, With His Face to the Foe, Spellmount, 2001, passim ^ a b c / Arthur John Bigge, 1st and last Baron Stamfordham Retrieved on 29 January 2018 ^ "No. 27290". The London Gazette. 1 March 1901. p. 1499. ^ a b "No. 28384". The London Gazette. 14 June 1910. pp. 4164–4165. ^ "No. 28512". The London Gazette. 11 July 1911. p. 5168. ^ / British royal family change their name to Windsor – archive 1917 Retrieved on 29 Jan 2018 ^ Antonia Fraser, ed. (2000). The House of Windsor. A royal history of England. University of California Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-520-22803-0. ^ BBC, Note reveals story behind King's speech film, 1 March 2011. ^ "The Hon. JOHN NEVILLE BIGGE | CWGC". www.cwgc.org. Retrieved 17 July 2021. ^ thepeerage.com Arthur John Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham ^ "No. 27285". The London Gazette. 15 February 1901. p. 1145. ^ "No. 27380". The London Gazette. 26 November 1901. p. 8087. Court offices Preceded bySir Henry Ponsonby Private Secretary to the Sovereign 1895–1901 Succeeded byThe Viscount Knollys Preceded byThe Viscount Knollys Private Secretary to the Sovereign 1910–1931 Succeeded bySir Clive Wigram Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Baron Stamfordham 1911–1931 Extinct Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"GCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"KCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Lord Adeane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adeane,_Baron_Adeane"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"}],"text":"Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur John Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham, GCB, GCIE, GCVO, KCSI, KCMG, ISO, PC (18 June 1849 – 31 March 1931) was a British Army officer and courtier. He was Private Secretary to Queen Victoria during the last few years of her reign, and to George V during most of his reign. He was the maternal grandfather of Lord Adeane, Private Secretary to Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1972.","title":"Arthur Bigge, 1st Baron Stamfordham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamfordham, Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamfordham,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Charles William Bigge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Bigge"},{"link_name":"Little Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Benton"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Linden Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_Hall,_Longhorsley"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Rossall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"Bigge was the son of John Frederick Bigge (1814–1885), Vicar of Stamfordham, Northumberland, and the grandson of Charles William Bigge (1773–1849) of Benton House (Little Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland) and Linden Hall (Longhorsley, Northumberland), High Sheriff of Northumberland and a prominent merchant and banker in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military Academy and was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1869.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Zulu War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War"},{"link_name":"Balmoral Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle"},{"link_name":"Prince Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collection-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Official_Visits_To_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q19914.jpg"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"George Henry Fowke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Fowke"},{"link_name":"Joseph Asser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Asser"},{"link_name":"Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Cornwall and York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgpc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Bognor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bognor,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_VI"},{"link_name":"Lionel Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Logue"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1879, Bigge fought in the Anglo-Zulu War and was mentioned in despatches. In 1880, he was summoned to Balmoral Castle by Queen Victoria to give her more information about the Prince Imperial's death in the Zulu War, and he escorted the Empress Eugenie on her tour of Zululand to visit the site of her son's death.[2] In 1881, he was appointed equerry-in-ordinary and then served as a groom-in-waiting and assistant private secretary to Queen Victoria.[3]King George V about to disembark from the Royal Navy flotilla leader HMS Whirlwind at Calais, 5 August 1918. With him are Lieutenant-General George Henry Fowke, the Adjutant-General of the Expeditionary Force; Lord Stamfordham; Lieutenant-General Joseph Asser; Major Edward Gerald Thompson, the ADC to Field Marshal Haig; Lieutenant Gush RN; and Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer.Bigge was appointed Private Secretary to Queen Victoria in 1895 in succession to Sir Henry Ponsonby and served until her death in January 1901. A couple of months later, he was appointed Private Secretary to her grandson, the Duke of Cornwall and York, who was made Prince of Wales later that year.[4] He continued to serve as such on the Prince's accession to the throne as King George V in 1910 and serving until his own death in 1931.[1] As Private Secretary to the sovereign he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1910[5] and elevated to the peerage as Baron Stamfordham, of Stamfordham in the County of Northumberland, in 1911.[6]Lord Stamfordham one of those who supported the King's decision to adopt Windsor as the family name because of the keen anti-German feelings during the First World War. On 17 July 1917, King George V \"issued a proclamation declaring, \"The Name of Windsor is to be borne by His Royal House and Family and Relinquishing the Use of All German Titles and Dignities\".[7] He persuaded the King to deny asylum to Tsar Nicholas II and his family, who were thus forced to remain in Russia and who were murdered by the Bolsheviks. He interpreted the King's response \"Bugger Bognor\" as assent to the renaming of Bognor as Bognor Regis.[8]\nHe introduced the Duke of York (later King George VI) to Lionel Logue, who became the Duke's speech therapist.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butleigh"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Festubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festubert"},{"link_name":"King's Royal Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Le Touret Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Touret_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Adeane, Baron Adeane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adeane,_Baron_Adeane"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"Bigge married in 1881 Constance Neville (d. 1922), daughter of Rev. William Frederick Neville, Vicar of Butleigh, Somerset : they had a son and two daughters.[1] Their son, Captain The Hon. John Neville Bigge (b. 1887), was killed in action near Festubert on 15 May 1915 whilst serving with the 1st Bn. King's Royal Rifle Corps. He is commemorated on Le Touret Memorial.[10] A daughter, the Honourable Victoria Eugenie, married Captain Henry Robert Augustus Adeane. She was the mother of Michael Adeane, Baron Adeane, Private Secretary to Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1972.[11]Lord Stamfordham died, still in office, at St James's Palace on 31 March 1931, aged 81, when the barony became extinct.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Imperial Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgpc-5"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collection-3"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collection-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Household Long and Faithful Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Household_Long_and_Faithful_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion"}],"text":"BritishKCB : Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB) – 1895\nGCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – 2 February 1901 – on the day of the funeral of Queen Victoria[12]\nKCMG: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – 26 November 1901[13]\nISO: Imperial Service Order – 1903.\nKCSI: Knight Commander – 1906.\nPC : Privy Counsellor – 11 June 1910[5]\nGCIE : Knight Grand Commander – 1911[3]\nGCB : Knight Grand Cross – 1916.[3]\nHe received the George V Version of the Royal Household Long and Faithful Service Medal with 30 year service bar.ForeignCzechoslovakia: Order of the White Lion","title":"Honours"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treesort

Tree sort

["1 Efficiency","2 Example","3 External links","4 References"]

Type of sorting algorithm This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tree sort" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tree sortClassSorting algorithmData structureArrayWorst-case performanceO(n²) (unbalanced) O(n log n) (balanced)Best-case performanceO(n log n) Average performanceO(n log n)Worst-case space complexityΘ(n)OptimalYes, if balanced A tree sort is a sort algorithm that builds a binary search tree from the elements to be sorted, and then traverses the tree (in-order) so that the elements come out in sorted order. Its typical use is sorting elements online: after each insertion, the set of elements seen so far is available in sorted order. Tree sort can be used as a one-time sort, but it is equivalent to quicksort as both recursively partition the elements based on a pivot, and since quicksort is in-place and has lower overhead, tree sort has few advantages over quicksort. It has better worst case complexity when a self-balancing tree is used, but even more overhead. Efficiency Adding one item to a binary search tree is on average an O(log n) process (in big O notation). Adding n items is an O(n log n) process, making tree sorting a 'fast sort' process. Adding an item to an unbalanced binary tree requires O(n) time in the worst-case: When the tree resembles a linked list (degenerate tree). This results in a worst case of O(n²) time for this sorting algorithm. This worst case occurs when the algorithm operates on an already sorted set, or one that is nearly sorted, reversed or nearly reversed. Expected O(n log n) time can however be achieved by shuffling the array, but this does not help for equal items. The worst-case behaviour can be improved by using a self-balancing binary search tree. Using such a tree, the algorithm has an O(n log n) worst-case performance, thus being degree-optimal for a comparison sort. However, tree sort algorithms require separate memory to be allocated for the tree, as opposed to in-place algorithms such as quicksort or heapsort. On most common platforms, this means that heap memory has to be used, which is a significant performance hit when compared to quicksort and heapsort. When using a splay tree as the binary search tree, the resulting algorithm (called splaysort) has the additional property that it is an adaptive sort, meaning that its running time is faster than O(n log n) for inputs that are nearly sorted. Example The following tree sort algorithm in pseudocode accepts a collection of comparable items and outputs the items in ascending order: STRUCTURE BinaryTree BinaryTree:LeftSubTree Object:Node BinaryTree:RightSubTree PROCEDURE Insert(BinaryTree:searchTree, Object:item) IF searchTree.Node IS NULL THEN SET searchTree.Node TO item ELSE IF item IS LESS THAN searchTree.Node THEN Insert(searchTree.LeftSubTree, item) ELSE Insert(searchTree.RightSubTree, item) PROCEDURE InOrder(BinaryTree:searchTree) IF searchTree.Node IS NULL THEN EXIT PROCEDURE ELSE InOrder(searchTree.LeftSubTree) EMIT searchTree.Node InOrder(searchTree.RightSubTree) PROCEDURE TreeSort(Collection:items) BinaryTree:searchTree FOR EACH individualItem IN items Insert(searchTree, individualItem) InOrder(searchTree) In a simple functional programming form, the algorithm (in Haskell) would look something like this: data Tree a = Leaf | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a) insert :: Ord a => a -> Tree a -> Tree a insert x Leaf = Node Leaf x Leaf insert x (Node t y s) | x <= y = Node (insert x t) y s | x > y = Node t y (insert x s) flatten :: Tree a -> flatten Leaf = flatten (Node t x s) = flatten t ++ ++ flatten s treesort :: Ord a => -> treesort = flatten . foldr insert Leaf In the above implementation, both the insertion algorithm and the retrieval algorithm have O(n²) worst-case scenarios. External links The Wikibook Algorithm Implementation has a page on the topic of: Binary Tree Sort Binary Tree Java Applet and Explanation at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 November 2016) Tree Sort of a Linked List Tree Sort in C++ References ^ McLuckie, Keith; Barber, Angus (1986). "Binary Tree Sort". Sorting routines for microcomputers. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-39587-5. OCLC 12751343. vteSorting algorithmsTheory Computational complexity theory Big O notation Total order Lists Inplacement Stability Comparison sort Adaptive sort Sorting network Integer sorting X + Y sorting Transdichotomous model Quantum sort Exchange sorts Bubble sort Cocktail shaker sort Odd–even sort Comb sort Gnome sort Proportion extend sort Quicksort Selection sorts Selection sort Heapsort Smoothsort Cartesian tree sort Tournament sort Cycle sort Weak-heap sort Insertion sorts Insertion sort Shellsort Splaysort Tree sort Library sort Patience sorting Merge sorts Merge sort Cascade merge sort Oscillating merge sort Polyphase merge sort Distribution sorts American flag sort Bead sort Bucket sort Burstsort Counting sort Interpolation sort Pigeonhole sort Proxmap sort Radix sort Flashsort Concurrent sorts Bitonic sorter Batcher odd–even mergesort Pairwise sorting network Samplesort Hybrid sorts Block merge sort Kirkpatrick–Reisch sort Timsort Introsort Spreadsort Merge-insertion sort Other Topological sorting Pre-topological order Pancake sorting Spaghetti sort Impractical sorts Stooge sort Slowsort Bogosort

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sort algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_algorithm"},{"link_name":"binary search tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_tree"},{"link_name":"in-order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_traversal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLuckie_Barber_p.-1"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_algorithm"},{"link_name":"quicksort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort"}],"text":"A tree sort is a sort algorithm that builds a binary search tree from the elements to be sorted, and then traverses the tree (in-order) so that the elements come out in sorted order.[1] Its typical use is sorting elements online: after each insertion, the set of elements seen so far is available in sorted order.Tree sort can be used as a one-time sort, but it is equivalent to quicksort as both recursively partition the elements based on a pivot, and since quicksort is in-place and has lower overhead, tree sort has few advantages over quicksort. It has better worst case complexity when a self-balancing tree is used, but even more overhead.","title":"Tree sort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big O notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation"},{"link_name":"linked list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list"},{"link_name":"degenerate tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_Tree#Types_of_binary_trees"},{"link_name":"self-balancing binary search tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-balancing_binary_search_tree"},{"link_name":"comparison sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_sort"},{"link_name":"quicksort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort"},{"link_name":"heapsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heapsort"},{"link_name":"heap memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management#HEAP"},{"link_name":"quicksort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort"},{"link_name":"heapsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heapsort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"splay tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splay_tree"},{"link_name":"splaysort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splaysort"},{"link_name":"adaptive sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_sort"}],"text":"Adding one item to a binary search tree is on average an O(log n) process (in big O notation). Adding n items is an O(n log n) process, making tree sorting a 'fast sort' process. Adding an item to an unbalanced binary tree requires O(n) time in the worst-case: When the tree resembles a linked list (degenerate tree). This results in a worst case of O(n²) time for this sorting algorithm.\nThis worst case occurs when the algorithm operates on an already sorted set, or one that is nearly sorted, reversed or nearly reversed. Expected O(n log n) time can however be achieved by shuffling the array, but this does not help for equal items.The worst-case behaviour can be improved by using a self-balancing binary search tree. Using such a tree, the algorithm has an O(n log n) worst-case performance, thus being degree-optimal for a comparison sort. However, tree sort algorithms require separate memory to be allocated for the tree, as opposed to in-place algorithms such as quicksort or heapsort. On most common platforms, this means that heap memory has to be used, which is a significant performance hit when compared to quicksort and heapsort[citation needed]. When using a splay tree as the binary search tree, the resulting algorithm (called splaysort) has the additional property that it is an adaptive sort, meaning that its running time is faster than O(n log n) for inputs that are nearly sorted.","title":"Efficiency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collection of comparable items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order"},{"link_name":"functional programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)"}],"text":"The following tree sort algorithm in pseudocode accepts a collection of comparable items and outputs the items in ascending order:STRUCTURE BinaryTree\n BinaryTree:LeftSubTree\n Object:Node\n BinaryTree:RightSubTree\n \n PROCEDURE Insert(BinaryTree:searchTree, Object:item)\n IF searchTree.Node IS NULL THEN\n SET searchTree.Node TO item\n ELSE\n IF item IS LESS THAN searchTree.Node THEN\n Insert(searchTree.LeftSubTree, item)\n ELSE\n Insert(searchTree.RightSubTree, item)\n \n PROCEDURE InOrder(BinaryTree:searchTree)\n IF searchTree.Node IS NULL THEN\n EXIT PROCEDURE\n ELSE\n InOrder(searchTree.LeftSubTree)\n EMIT searchTree.Node\n InOrder(searchTree.RightSubTree)\n \n PROCEDURE TreeSort(Collection:items)\n BinaryTree:searchTree\n \n FOR EACH individualItem IN items\n Insert(searchTree, individualItem)\n \n InOrder(searchTree)In a simple functional programming form, the algorithm (in Haskell) would look something like this:data Tree a = Leaf | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a)\n\n insert :: Ord a => a -> Tree a -> Tree a\n insert x Leaf = Node Leaf x Leaf\n insert x (Node t y s)\n | x <= y = Node (insert x t) y s\n | x > y = Node t y (insert x s)\n\n flatten :: Tree a -> [a]\n flatten Leaf = []\n flatten (Node t x s) = flatten t ++ [x] ++ flatten s\n\n treesort :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]\n treesort = flatten . foldr insert LeafIn the above implementation, both the insertion algorithm and the retrieval algorithm have O(n²) worst-case scenarios.","title":"Example"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Cineplex

Sterling Cineplex

["1 History","2 Conversion to multiplex","3 References","4 External links"]

Multiplex cinema hall in Mumbai, India Sterling CineplexSterling Cinema, Sterling TheatreSterling Cineplex in 2024Address65, Cinema Lane, Marzaban Road, FortMumbaiIndiaCoordinates18°56′17″N 72°49′59″E / 18.938°N 72.833°E / 18.938; 72.833TypeMultiplexConstructionOpened1969Reopened2007Years active1969–presentWebsitehttp://www.sterlingcineplex.in/ Sterling Cineplex (previously known as Sterling Cinema) is a multiplex cinema hall in Mumbai. Opened (as a multiplex) in 2007, Sterling has three screens and was the first cinema in India to be THX certified. It is considered a landmark in South Mumbai. History Sterling Cinema (also referred to as Sterling Theatre) was opened in 1969 with Doctor Dolittle, a Hollywood musical. Sterling was a frontrunner in terms of technology, being the first cinema in India to introduce Dolby sound and Xenon projectors. In terms of snacks and shows too, Sterling was the first cinema in India to introduce , matinee shows as well as late night shows. In fact, at one time Sterling was the only cinema in South Mumbai to have a late night show. Its matinee shows were popular among students of nearby colleges. As a single screen cinema, Sterling used to screen only Hollywood films. Ajay Bijli, the owner of PVR Cinemas (then Priya Cinema in New Delhi) visited Sterling Cinema in 1990, which was then the only cinema in India with Dolby sound and was so impressed by it that he convinced his father to remodel Priya Cinema along the lines of Sterling, with Dolby sound and screening Hollywood movies. In 1999, Sterling was looted by robbers armed with knives. The robbers beat up cinema staff and locked them in toilets before escaping with cash and valuables. Conversion to multiplex With the advent of new age multiplexes in Mumbai, Sterling, which catered to a niche English-speaking youth crowd, faced competition apart from the fact that single screen cinemas were heavily taxed whereas new multiplexes had tax incentives. It was first reported in 2003, that Sterling along with other single screen cinemas in Mumbai was looking at conversion into a multiplex. In May 2006 it was confirmed that Sterling would close down for a year to make way for a multiplex under the same management. It reopened in May 2007 as Sterling Cineplex for audiences of both Hollywood and Bollywood with films Spider-Man 3 and Yatra. The renewed theatre had three screens, a food court, THX certification and online booking facilities. When reopened, the Sterling management confirmed that it would screen both Hollywood and Bollywood movies, though priority would be given to Hollywood films. In 2009, it was reported that prior to the 2008 Mumbai attacks, trained Lashkar-e-Taiba militants had surveyed various other places in Mumbai, including Sterling Cinema. References ^ a b c "Sterling boosts short film genre". Daily News and Analysis. 2 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ a b c "Sterling screen will go blank". Daily News and Analysis. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ a b c "Swanky Sterling to reopen". Daily News and Analysis. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "The big screen bug bites the suburbs". Indian Express. 9 February 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "PVR sells off Phoenix Mills plex for 100 cr". The Times of India. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "Ajay Bijli: The original Mister Multiplex". Hindustan Times. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "Sundowner with Ajay Bijli: The showman who saw it coming". The Economic Times. 6 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "Sterling cinema ransacked". Indian Express. 25 May 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "India 360: 10 yrs of multiplexes". CNN IBN. 8 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "City set to become multiplex capital of India". The Times of India. 24 June 2003. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "Mumbai's Sterling pounded into multiplex". CNN IBN. 20 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ "'LeT men in India mapped out Mumbai for attackers'". The Hindu. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2012. External links Official Website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"THX certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnam07-1"},{"link_name":"South Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna06-2"}],"text":"Sterling Cineplex (previously known as Sterling Cinema) is a multiplex cinema hall in Mumbai. Opened (as a multiplex) in 2007, Sterling has three screens and was the first cinema in India to be THX certified.[1] It is considered a landmark in South Mumbai.[2]","title":"Sterling Cineplex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Dolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_(film)"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Dolby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby"},{"link_name":"Xenon projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaa07-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnam07-1"},{"link_name":"South Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie00-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaa07-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi11-5"},{"link_name":"Ajay Bijli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Bijli"},{"link_name":"PVR Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVR_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht07-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eto07-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie99-8"}],"text":"Sterling Cinema (also referred to as Sterling Theatre) was opened in 1969 with Doctor Dolittle, a Hollywood musical. Sterling was a frontrunner in terms of technology, being the first cinema in India to introduce Dolby sound and Xenon projectors.[3] In terms of snacks and shows too, Sterling was the first cinema in India to introduce [Caramel Popcorn], matinee shows as well as late night shows.[1] In fact, at one time Sterling was the only cinema in South Mumbai to have a late night show.[4] Its matinee shows were popular among students of nearby colleges.[3] As a single screen cinema, Sterling used to screen only Hollywood films.[5] Ajay Bijli, the owner of PVR Cinemas (then Priya Cinema in New Delhi) visited Sterling Cinema in 1990, which was then the only cinema in India with Dolby sound and was so impressed by it that he convinced his father to remodel Priya Cinema along the lines of Sterling, with Dolby sound and screening Hollywood movies.[6][7] In 1999, Sterling was looted by robbers armed with knives. The robbers beat up cinema staff and locked them in toilets before escaping with cash and valuables.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibn07-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna06-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi03-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dna06-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaa07-3"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_3"},{"link_name":"Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnam07-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibnj07-11"},{"link_name":"2008 Mumbai attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks"},{"link_name":"Lashkar-e-Taiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th09-12"}],"text":"With the advent of new age multiplexes in Mumbai, Sterling, which catered to a niche English-speaking youth crowd, faced competition[9] apart from the fact that single screen cinemas were heavily taxed whereas new multiplexes had tax incentives.[2] It was first reported in 2003, that Sterling along with other single screen cinemas in Mumbai was looking at conversion into a multiplex.[10] In May 2006 it was confirmed that Sterling would close down for a year to make way for a multiplex under the same management.[2][3] It reopened in May 2007 as Sterling Cineplex for audiences of both Hollywood and Bollywood with films Spider-Man 3 and Yatra. The renewed theatre had three screens, a food court, THX certification and online booking facilities.[1] When reopened, the Sterling management confirmed that it would screen both Hollywood and Bollywood movies, though priority would be given to Hollywood films.[11] In 2009, it was reported that prior to the 2008 Mumbai attacks, trained Lashkar-e-Taiba militants had surveyed various other places in Mumbai, including Sterling Cinema.[12]","title":"Conversion to multiplex"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)

Front (military formation)

["1 Russian Empire","2 Soviet fronts in the Russian Civil War","3 Soviet fronts in World War II","4 Soviet fronts after World War II","5 Poland","6 Citations and notes","7 References"]

Type of military formation originating in Russia vteArmy units and organizationSubordinatedelement Fireteam / Crew  Ø  Squad  ●  Section / Patrol  ●● Platoon / Troop / Flight ●●●  Staffel / Echelon  ●●●●  Unit Company / Battery / Squadron ❘  Battalion / Squadron / Cohort ❘ ❘  Regiment / Group  ❘ ❘ ❘   Formation Brigade / Group / Wing ☓  Division / Legion ☓☓  Corps ☓☓☓  Command Field army / Command ☓☓☓☓  Army group / Front ☓☓☓☓☓  Region / Theater ☓☓☓☓☓☓  Temporary Detachment Chalk Patrol Field force Task force Brigade group Flying column Combat command Regimental combat team Battalion tactical group Battlegroup Group army Combat team NATO Map Symbols a friendly front a hostile front A front (Russian: фронт, front) is a type of military formation that originated in the Russian Empire, and has been used by the Polish Army, the Red Army, the Soviet Army, and Turkey. It is roughly equivalent to an army group in the military of most other countries. It varies in size but in general contains three to five armies. It should not be confused with the more general usage of military front, describing a geographic area in wartime. Russian Empire After the outbreak of the First World War, the Russian General Headquarters set up two Fronts: Northwestern Front, uniting forces deployed against German Empire, and Southwestern Front, uniting forces deployed against Austria-Hungary. In August 1915, Northwestern Front was split into Northern Front and Western Front. At the end of 1916 Romanian Front was established, which also included remnants of the Romanian army. In April 1917, Caucasus Front was established by the reorganization of the Caucasus Army. Soviet fronts in the Russian Civil War The Soviet fronts were first raised during the Russian Civil War. They were wartime organizations only, in the peacetime the fronts were normally disbanded and their armies organized back into military districts. Usually a single district formed a single front at the start of the hostilities, or when hostilities were anticipated. Some military districts could not form a front. Fronts were also formed during the Polish-Soviet War of 1920. The main fronts during the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War were : Northern Front (15 September 1918 – 19 February 1919) Western Front (12 February 1919 – 8 April 1924) Southwestern Front (10 January 1920 – 5 December 1920) Southern Front (September 1918 – January 1920 and September – December 1920) Southeastern Front (30 September 1919 – 16 January 1920). Eastern Front (13 June 1918 – 15 January 1920) Turkestan Front (23 February 1919 – 4 June 1926) Ukrainian Front (January – June 1919) Caspian-Caucasian Front (8 December 1918 – 13 March 1919) Caucasian Front (16 January 1920 – 29 May 1921) Soviet fronts in World War II Army groups differ from fronts in that a Soviet front typically had its own army-sized tactical fixed-wing aviation organization. According to Soviet military doctrine, the air army was directly subordinated to the front commander (typically a ground commander). The reform of 1935 established that in case of a war the peacetime military districts on the border would split upon mobilisation each into a Front Command (taking control of the district's peacetime military formations) and a Military District Command (which stayed behind with the mission of mobilising the reserve formations and putting them at the disposal of the Fronts as replacement troops). In that sense the Air Armies were under Air Force command in peacetime, but under the command of the Front HQs in wartime; and the Fronts were commanded by ground-forces generals. An entire Front might report either to the Stavka or to a theatre of military operations (TVD). A Front was mobilised for a specific operation, after which it could be reformed and tasked with another operation (including a change of the Front's designation) or it could be disbanded - with its formations dispersed among the other active Fronts and its HQ reintegrated into its original Military District HQ. Soviet and Russian military doctrine calls the different levels in the command chain (including the Fronts) "Organs of Military Control" (Russian: Органы военного управления). Organs of Military Control Level Peacetime Peacetime and wartime Function Examples Highest political control Main Military Council (Russian: Главный военный совет РККА) Stavka of the Supreme Main Command (Russian: Ставка верховного главнокомандования) General Staff Exercises supreme party control over the armed forces. It could best be considered as the office for military matters of the head of state. During World War I this was the Stavka of the Supreme Commander (Russian: Ставка Верховного Главнокомандующего) aiding Tsar Nicholas II. During World War II this was the Stavka of the Supreme Main Command (Russian: Ставка верховного главного командования) aiding Joseph Stalin, who took precedence over it after the launch of the German invasion into the Soviet Union. Highest military control General Staff (Russian: Генеральный штаб РККА) In wartime the General Staff became a department of the Stavka. Strategical Main Command of the Troops of a Strategic Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск направления) The Main Command of the Troops of a Strategic Direction were organised in wartime in 1941 – 42, each to take control over several Fronts, Fleets, Separate Armies and / or Flotillas. In 1979 in the years of high confrontation between the countries of the Western liberal democracies and those of the Socialist Bloc the Main Commands of the Troops of a Strategic Directions were reinstated covertly: Main Command of the Troops of the Western Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Западного направления) in Legnica (Poland) Main Command of the Troops of the South-Western Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Юго-Западного направления) in Chișinău Main Command of the Troops of the Southern Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Южного направления) in Baku and the Main Command of the Troops in the Far East (Russian: Главное командование войск Дальнего Востока) in Ulan-Ude. Main Command of the Troops of the North-Western Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Северо-Западного направления). Existed between 10 July and 27 August 1941 under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov. It commanded the: Northern and Northwestern Fronts and the Northern and the Baltic Fleets. Main Command of the Troops of the Western Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Западного направления). Existed between 10 July and 10 September 1941 under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko. It commanded the: Western, Central and Reserve Fronts and the Pinsk Flotilla. Main Command of the Troops of the South-Western Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Юго-Западного направления). Existed between 10 July 1941 and 21 June 1942 under the command of initially Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Budyonny, since September 1941 of Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Timoshenko. It commanded the: Southwestern, Southern (Sep.-Oct. 1041), Bryansk (Dec. 1941 – April 1942) Fronts and the Black Sea Fleet (until April 1942). Main Command of the Troops of the North Caucasus Direction (Russian: Главное командование войск Северо-Кавказского направления). Existed between 21 April and 19 May 1942 under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Budyonny. It commanded the: Crimean Front, the Sevastopol Defence Area, North Caucasus Military District, the Black Sea Fleet and the Azov Flotilla. Main Command of the Soviet Troops in the Far East (Russian: Главное командование советских войск на Дальнем Востоке). Existed between 30 July and 17 December 1945 under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky. It commanded the: Transbaikal, Far Eastern (since 5 August the 2nd Far Eastern) Fronts, the Maritime Group of Forces (since 5 August the 1st Far Eastern front), the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Flotilla. Operational-Strategical Military district (Russian: Военный округ) FRONT (Russian: Фронт) The Military Districts were high military commands in charge of the combat readiness of troops, of training centers and schools, of support to the security services in cases of insurrections and of support to the population in case of disasters. Initially a distinction was made between border and internal (Russian: "приграничные" и "внутренние") MDs. With a decree of the People's Commissariat for Defence dated 17 May 1935 the border districts were further divided between first-line and second-line (Russian: "лобовые" и "тыловые", literally "head" and "rear") MDs. A provision was put in force, grouping a first-line district with two second-line districts, according to which in wartime the first-line MD would form a Frontal HQ and the rear districts would prepare replacements for it. This grouping was called a "Strategic Direction". Another decree of the PCD from 13 August 1940 introduced further changes in the war plans. The distinction between first- and second-line border districts was abolished. The 16 Military Districts were divided between 8 districts bordering potential enemy states, which would in case of a war form Frontal HQs and 8 internal MDs, which would form Separate Army commands. Operational-Strategical None in peacetime Separate Army (Russian: Отдельная армия) Operational Army (Russian: Армия) Operational-Tactical Separate Corps (Russian: Отдельный корпус) Operational-Tactical Corps Corps (Russian: Корпус) Tactical Separate Division Separate Division (Russian: Отдельная дивизия) Tactical Division Division (Russian: Дивизия) Tactical (Separate) Brigade (Separate) Brigade (Russian: (Отдельная) Бригада) The degree of change in the structure and performance of individual fronts can only be understood when seen in the context of the strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II. Soviet fronts in the European Theatre during the Second World War from 1941 to 1945: Formed from FRONT (time period) Commanders Reformed into 1941 Baltic Special Military District Northwestern Front (22.6.41. – 20.11.43.) Fyodor Kuznetsov, Pyotr Sobennikov, Pavel Kurochkin, Semyon Timoshenko, Ivan Konev disbanded Western Special Military District Western Front (22.6.41. – 15.4.44.) Dmitry Pavlov, Andrey Yeryomenko, Semyon Timoshenko, Ivan Konev, Georgy Zhukov, Vasily Sokolovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky 3rd Belorussian Front Kiev Special Military District Southwestern Front (I) (21.6.41. – 12.7.42.) Mikhail Kirponos, Semyon Timoshenko, Fyodor Kostenko split between the Southern Front and the Stalingrad Front Leningrad Military District Northern Front (24.6.41. – 26.8.41.) Markian Popov split between the Leningrad Front and the Karelian Front mobilised peacetime formations of the Moscow Military District Southern Front (I) (25.6.41. – 28.7.41.) Ivan Tyulenev, Dmitry Ryabyshev, Yakov Cherevichenko, Rodion Malinovsky North Caucasian Front NKVD troops transferred to the Army (the STAVKA Reserve Armies Group) Reserve Armies Front (14.7.41. – 29.7.41.) Ivan Bogdanov (NKVD) split between the Western Front and the newly formed Reserve Front Moscow Military District Mozhaysk Line of Defence Front (18 – 30.7.41.) Pavel Artemyev (NKVD) Reserve Front Headquarters of the 4th Army & Right wing of Western Front Central Front (I) (26.7.41. – 25.8.41.) Fyodor Kuznetsov, Mikhail Yefremov heavy casualties inflicted by the main German spearhead, disbanded, what was left of the Central Front was absorbed into the Bryansk Front (I) Reserve Armies Front Reserve Front (I) (30.7.41. – 12.10.41.) Georgy Zhukov, Semyon Budyonny merged with the Western Front 20th Rifle Corps and 25th Mechanized Corps Bryansk Front (I) (16.8.41. – 10.11.41.) Andrey Yeryomenko, Mikhail Petrov, Georgiy Zakharov disbanded Transcaucasian Military District and Sevastopol Defensive Area Transcaucasian Front (I) (23.8.41. – 30.12.41.) Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov Caucasian Front Northern Front Leningrad Front (27.8.41. – 24.7.45.) Markian Popov, Kliment Voroshilov, Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Fedyuninski , Mikhail Khozin, Leonid Govorov Leningrad Military District Northern Front Karelian Front (1.9.41. – 15.11.44.) Valerian Frolov, Kirill Meretskov disbanded after Finland exited the war, Front HQ used for the formation of the Primorsky Army Group Field Command that would became the 1st Far Eastern Front for the liberation of Manchuria Mozhaysk Line of Defence Front Moscow Reserve Front (9.10.41. – 12.10.41.) Pavel Artemyev (NKVD) absorbed into the Western Front 22, 29, 30 and 31st Armies of the Western Front Kalinin Front (19.10.41. – 20.10.43.) Ivan Konev, Maksim Purkayev, Andrey Yeryomenko 1st Baltic Front mobilised reserves of the Moscow Military District Moscow Defence Zone (3.12.41. – 1.10.43.) Pavel Artemyev (NKVD) after the German advance was stopped and the threat to Moscow was evaded, it became a training command for conscripts, its HQ was used to reestablish the Belorussian Military District in October 1943 left flank of the Leningrad Front and STAVKA Reserve formations Volkhov Front (I) (17.12.41. – 23.4.42.) Kirill Meretskov reintegrated into the Leningrad Front as its Volkhov Direction Army Group Lt.-Gen. Kostenko's Task Group Bryansk Front (II) (24.12.41. – 12.3.43.) Yakov Cherevichenko, Filipp Golikov, Nikandr Chibisov, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Max Reyter Reserve Front (II.) Transcaucasian Front Caucasian Front (30.12.41. – 28.1.42.) Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov Crimean Front and Transcaucasian Military District 1942 Caucasian Front Crimean Front (28.1.42 – 19.5.42.) Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov after its destruction its remnants absorbed into the North Caucasian Front Transcaucasian Military District re-mobilised after the destruction of the Crimean Front Transcaucasian Front (II) (15.5.42. – 25.8.45.) Ivan Tyulenev Tbilisi Military District remnants of the Crimean Front and the Southern Front North Caucasian Front (I) (20.5.42. – 3.9.42.) Semyon Budyonny Black Sea Army Group Volkhov Direction Army Group of the Leningrad Front Volkhov Front (II) (8.6.42. – 15.2.44.) Kirill Meretskov disbanded part of the Bryansk Front (II) Voronezh Front (9.7.42. – 20.10.43.) Filipp Golikov, Nikolai Vatutin 1st Ukrainian Front part of the Southwestern Front (I) Stalingrad Front (I) (12.7.42. – 30.9.42.) Semyon Timoshenko, Vasiliy Gordov, Andrey Yeryomenko Don Front part of the Stalingrad Front (I) Southeastern Front (7.8.42. – 30.9.42.) Andrey Yeryomenko Stalingrad Front (II) Stalingrad Front (I) Don Front (30.9.42. – 15.2.43.) Konstantin Rokossovsky Central Front (II) Southeastern Front Stalingrad Front (II) (30.9.42. – 31.12.42.) Andrey Yeryomenko Southern Front (II) reserve formations Southwestern Front (II) (25.10.42. – 20.10.43.) Nikolai Vatutin 3rd Ukrainian Front 1943 Stalingrad Front (II) Southern Front (II) (1.1.43. – 20.10.43.) Andrey Yeryomenko, Rodion Malinovsky, Fyodor Tolbukhin 4th Ukrainian Front (I) reserve formations North Caucasian Front (II) (24.1.43. – 20.11.43.) Ivan Maslennikov, Ivan Yefimovich Petrov Separate Coastal Army Don Front Central Front (II) (15.2.43. – 20.10.43.) Konstantin Rokossovsky Belorussian Front (I) Bryansk Front (II) Reserve Front (II) (12.3.43. – 23.3.43.) Max Reyter Kursk Front Reserve Front (II) Kursk Front (23.3.43. – 27.3.43.) Max Reyter Oryol Front Kursk Front Oryol Front (27.3.43 – 28.3.43.) Max Reyter Bryansk Front (III) Oryol Front Bryansk Front (III) (28.3.43. – 10.10.43.) Max Reyter, Markian Popov Baltic Front 41st Army Reserve Front (III) (10.4.43. – 15.4.43.) Markian Popov Steppe Military District Steppe Military District Steppe Front (9.7.43. – 20.10.43.) Ivan Konev 2nd Ukrainian Front Bryansk Front (III) Baltic Front (15.10.43. – 20.10.43) Markian Popov 2nd Baltic Front Kalinin Front 1st Baltic Front (20.10.43. – 24.2.45.) Andrey Yeryomenko, Ivan Bagramyan Zemland Army Group under the 3rd Baltic Front Baltic Front 2nd Baltic Front (20.10.43. – 9.2.45.) Markian Popov, Andrey Yeryomenko, Leonid Govorov absorbed into the Leningrad Front Central Front (II) Belorussian Front (I) (20.10.43. – 23.2.44.) Konstantin Rokossovsky 1st Belorussian Front (I) Voronezh Front 1st Ukrainian Front (20.10.43. – 10.6.45.) Nikolai Vatutin, Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Konev Central Group of Forces Steppe Front 2nd Ukrainian Front (20.10.43. – 10.6.45.) Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky Odessa Military District Southwestern Front (II) 3rd Ukrainian Front (20.10.43. – 15.6.45.) Rodion Malinovsky, Fyodor Tolbukhin Southern Group of Forces Southern Front 4th Ukrainian Front (I) (20.10.43. – 15.5.44.) Fyodor Tolbukhin disbanded, formations transferred to STAVKA Reserve 1944 Belorussian Front (I) 1st Belorussian Front (I) (24.2.44. – 5.4.44.) Konstantin Rokossovsky Belorussian Front (II) Northwestern Front 2nd Belorussian Front (I) (24.2.44. – 5.4.44.) Pavel Kurochkin absorbed into Belorussian Front (II) 1st Belorussian Front (I) Belorussian Front (II) (6.4.44. – 16.4.44.) Konstantin Rokossovsky 1st Belorussian Front (II) Belorussian Front (II) 1st Belorussian Front (II) (16.4.44. – 10.6.45.) Konstantin Rokossovsky, Georgy Zhukov Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany left flank of the Leningrad Front 3rd Baltic Front (21.4.44. – 16.10.44.) Ivan Maslennikov, disbanded, formations split between STAVKA Reserve, Leningrad Front, 1st Baltic Front and 2nd Baltic Front 10th Army 2nd Belorussian Front (II) (24.4.44. – 10.6.45.) Ivan Yefimovich Petrov, Georgiy Zakharov, Konstantin Rokossovsky Northern Group of Forces Western Front 3rd Belorussian Front (24.4.44. – 15.8.45.) Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Ivan Bagramyan Baranovichy Military District formations from STAVKA Reserve 4th Ukrainian Front (II) (5.8.44. – 31.7.45.) Fyodor Tolbukhin, Ivan Yefimovich Petrov, Andrey Yeryomenko Carpathian Military District Notes: (I), (II) and (III) represents the time the designation was used. Baltic Fronts 1st Baltic Front: Formed from Kalinin Front late 1943. 2nd Baltic Front: Formed from Bryansk Front on 10 October 1943. 3rd Baltic Front Bryansk Front – Created 18 December 1941, to take sector between the Western and Southwestern Fronts. Disbanded 11/12 March 1943. Reformed from Orel Front 28 March 1943. Belorussian Fronts (alternative spellings are Byelorussian Front and Belarusian Front) 1st Belorussian Front 2nd Belorussian Front 3rd Belorussian Front Caucasus Front Central Front Crimean Front – formed January 1942 to reconquer the Crimea, incorporating 44th, 47th, and 51st Armies Don Front Far East Front 1st Far East Front 2nd Far East Front Kalinin Front – the Kalinin Front was formally established by Stavka directive on 17 October 1941, and allocated three armies – 22nd, 29th and 30th. Renamed 1st Baltic Front Oct–Dec 1943. Karelian Front – formed from Northern Front, along with Leningrad Front, on 23 August 1941. Kursk Front Leningrad Front – formed from Northern Front, along with Karelian Front, on 23 August 1941. Moscow Defence Zone Moscow Reserve Front Mozhaysk Line of Defense North Caucasus Front – redesignated TC Front's Black Sea Group of Forces, 1 September 1942 Northern Front – formed from Leningrad Military District on 24 June 1941 Northwestern Front – formed from Baltic Special Military District on 22 June 1941 Orel Front – created 24 March 1943 to defend opposite the tip of the German salient east of Orel. Composed of Western Front's 61st Army, Central Front's 3rd Army, and 15th Air Army. Redesignated Bryansk Front 28 March 1943. Army Group of Primorye Reserve Front – Front of Reserve Armies formed 14 July 1941 Southeastern Front – formed from armies on Stalingrad Front's left wing, 7 August 1942. Redesignated Stalingrad Front 28 September 1942. Southern Front – renamed 4th Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943. Southwestern Front – Formed initially on 22 June 1941. Reestablished 22 October 1942 between Don and Voronezh Fronts. Renamed 3rd Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943. Stalingrad Front – Along with Voronezh Front, formed from remnants of Southwestern Front July 1942. Became Don Front 28 September 1942. Steppe Front – renamed 2nd Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943. Transbaikal Front Transcaucasian Front – formed 23 August 1941 Ukrainian Fronts 1st Ukrainian Front 2nd Ukrainian Front 3rd Ukrainian Front 4th Ukrainian Front Volkhov Front – formed 17 December 1941 Voronezh Front – renamed 1st Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943. Western Front – formed from Western Special Military District on 22 June 1941 For constituent armies see List of Soviet armies. Soviet fronts after World War II Soviet Front 1980s The Soviet Army maintained contingencies for establishing fronts in the event of war. During the Cold War, fronts and their staffs became groups of Soviet forces in the Warsaw Pact organization. The front was to be the highest operational command during wartime. Though there was no front ever established during peacetime the basic building blocks were maintained the established Military Districts. A front generally comprised 3–4 Combined Arms Armies and 1–2 Tank Armies though there was no set organization. Poland A number of fronts were created by the Second Polish Republic from 1918 to 1939, among them being the Polish Southern Front. See pl:Kategoria:Fronty polskie. In addition, the creation of a Polish Front was considered to group the First and Second Armies of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1944, and during the Warsaw Pact period, a Polish Front was created, seemingly as a mobilization-only organization. Citations and notes ^ APP-6C Joint Military Symbology (PDF). NATO. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015. ^ FM 100-2-3, The Soviet Army: Troops, Organizations, and Equipment, June 1991 ^ Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army: Fronts, Hamish Hamilton, 198x ^ Erickson 1975 ^ Glantz, 2005, p.495 ^ US Army FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment References John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1975 David Glantz, Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War 1941–43, University Press of Kansas, 2005 vteFronts of the Red Army in World War II1938–40 Northwestern Belorussian Ukrainian Far Eastern June 1941 Northern Northwestern Western Southwestern Southern Far Eastern Mid-war Karelian Leningrad Volkhov Kalinin Central Bryansk Moscow Defence Zone Moscow Line of Defence Moscow Reserve Front Maritime Group of Forces Reserve Oryol Kursk Voronezh Don Stalingrad Southeastern Steppe North Caucasian Transcaucasian Caucasian Crimean Transbaikal Far Eastern Late warBaltic 1 2 3 Belorussian 1 2 3 Ukrainian 1 2 3 4 Far Eastern 1 2 Zemland Group of Forces Karelian Transbaikal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Army_units"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Army_units"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Army_units"},{"link_name":"Army units and organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_organization"},{"link_name":"Subordinatedelement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-subunit"},{"link_name":"Fireteam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireteam"},{"link_name":"Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew"},{"link_name":"Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad"},{"link_name":"Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol"},{"link_name":"Platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"Troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)#Ground_flights"},{"link_name":"Staffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffel_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(army)"},{"link_name":"Cohort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_unit)#Groups_in_armies"},{"link_name":"Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_legions"},{"link_name":"Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"Field army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(military_formation)"},{"link_name":"Army group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_group"},{"link_name":"Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region#Military_regions"},{"link_name":"Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(warfare)"},{"link_name":"Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_(military)"},{"link_name":"Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_(military)"},{"link_name":"Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol#Military"},{"link_name":"Field force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_force"},{"link_name":"Task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"Brigade group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_group"},{"link_name":"Flying column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_column"},{"link_name":"Combat command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_command"},{"link_name":"Regimental combat team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_combat_team"},{"link_name":"Battalion tactical group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion_tactical_group"},{"link_name":"Battlegroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlegroup_(army)"},{"link_name":"Group army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_army_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Combat team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_team"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"military formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_formation"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Polish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Army"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"army group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_group"},{"link_name":"armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"military front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_(military)"}],"text":"vteArmy units and organizationSubordinatedelement\nFireteam / Crew  Ø \nSquad  ● \nSection / Patrol  ●●\nPlatoon / Troop / Flight ●●● \nStaffel / Echelon  ●●●● \nUnit\nCompany / Battery / Squadron ❘ \nBattalion / Squadron / Cohort ❘ ❘ \nRegiment / Group  ❘ ❘ ❘  \nFormation\nBrigade / Group / Wing ☓ \nDivision / Legion ☓☓ \nCorps ☓☓☓ \nCommand\nField army / Command ☓☓☓☓ \nArmy group / Front ☓☓☓☓☓ \nRegion / Theater ☓☓☓☓☓☓ \nTemporary\nDetachment\nChalk\nPatrol\nField force\nTask force\nBrigade group\nFlying column\nCombat command\nRegimental combat team\nBattalion tactical group\nBattlegroup\nGroup army\nCombat teamA front (Russian: фронт, front) is a type of military formation that originated in the Russian Empire, and has been used by the Polish Army, the Red Army, the Soviet Army, and Turkey. It is roughly equivalent to an army group in the military of most other countries. It varies in size but in general contains three to five armies.[2] It should not be confused with the more general usage of military front, describing a geographic area in wartime.","title":"Front (military formation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"General Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Northern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Romanian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Front_(Russian_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Army_(Russian_Empire,_1914%E2%80%931917)"}],"text":"After the outbreak of the First World War, the Russian General Headquarters set up two Fronts: Northwestern Front, uniting forces deployed against German Empire, and Southwestern Front, uniting forces deployed against Austria-Hungary.In August 1915, Northwestern Front was split into Northern Front and Western Front.At the end of 1916 Romanian Front was established, which also included remnants of the Romanian army.In April 1917, Caucasus Front was established by the reorganization of the Caucasus Army.","title":"Russian Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"military districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_district"},{"link_name":"Polish-Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Northern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(RSFSR)"},{"link_name":"Turkestan Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Front"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Front_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Caspian-Caucasian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian-Caucasian_Front"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(RSFSR)"}],"text":"The Soviet fronts were first raised during the Russian Civil War. They were wartime organizations only, in the peacetime the fronts were normally disbanded and their armies organized back into military districts. \nUsually a single district formed a single front at the start of the hostilities, or when hostilities were anticipated. Some military districts could not form a front. Fronts were also formed during the Polish-Soviet War of 1920.[citation needed]The main fronts during the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet War were :Northern Front (15 September 1918 – 19 February 1919)\nWestern Front (12 February 1919 – 8 April 1924)\nSouthwestern Front (10 January 1920 – 5 December 1920)\nSouthern Front (September 1918 – January 1920 and September – December 1920)\nSoutheastern Front (30 September 1919 – 16 January 1920).\nEastern Front (13 June 1918 – 15 January 1920)\nTurkestan Front (23 February 1919 – 4 June 1926)\nUkrainian Front (January – June 1919)\nCaspian-Caucasian Front (8 December 1918 – 13 March 1919)\nCaucasian Front (16 January 1920 – 29 May 1921)","title":"Soviet fronts in the Russian Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_group"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"military doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_doctrine"},{"link_name":"air army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"theatre of military operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_military_operations"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_operations_of_the_Red_Army_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1st Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"2nd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Front"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"1st Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"2nd Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"Caucasus Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Caucasian_Front"},{"link_name":"Central Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Central_Front"},{"link_name":"Crimean Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Front"},{"link_name":"51st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Don Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Front"},{"link_name":"Far East Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Far_East_Front"},{"link_name":"1st Far East Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Far_East_Front"},{"link_name":"2nd Far East Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Far_East_Front"},{"link_name":"Kalinin Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinin_Front"},{"link_name":"Stavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Karelian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Front"},{"link_name":"Kursk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_Front"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Front"},{"link_name":"Moscow Defence Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Defence_Zone"},{"link_name":"Moscow Reserve Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Reserve_Front"},{"link_name":"Mozhaysk Line of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozhaysk_Line_of_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Front"},{"link_name":"Northern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Northern_Front"},{"link_name":"Leningrad Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front"},{"link_name":"Orel Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_Front"},{"link_name":"Orel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol"},{"link_name":"Bryansk Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Front"},{"link_name":"Army Group of Primorye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Group_of_Primorye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reserve Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Reserve_Front"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Southeastern_Front"},{"link_name":"Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Southwestern_Front"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_Front"},{"link_name":"Steppe Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_Front"},{"link_name":"Transbaikal Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbaikal_Front"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front"},{"link_name":"1st Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"2nd Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"3rd Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"4th Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"Volkhov Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkhov_Front"},{"link_name":"Voronezh Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_Front"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"List of Soviet armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_armies"}],"text":"Army groups differ from fronts in that a Soviet front typically had its own army-sized tactical fixed-wing aviation organization.[3] According to Soviet military doctrine, the air army was directly subordinated to the front commander (typically a ground commander). The reform of 1935 established that in case of a war the peacetime military districts on the border would split upon mobilisation each into a Front Command (taking control of the district's peacetime military formations) and a Military District Command (which stayed behind with the mission of mobilising the reserve formations and putting them at the disposal of the Fronts as replacement troops).[citation needed] In that sense the Air Armies were under Air Force command in peacetime, but under the command of the Front HQs in wartime; and the Fronts were commanded by ground-forces generals. An entire Front might report either to the Stavka or to a theatre of military operations (TVD). A Front was mobilised for a specific operation, after which it could be reformed and tasked with another operation (including a change of the Front's designation) or it could be disbanded - with its formations dispersed among the other active Fronts and its HQ reintegrated into its original Military District HQ.Soviet and Russian military doctrine calls the different levels in the command chain (including the Fronts) \"Organs of Military Control\" (Russian: Органы военного управления).The degree of change in the structure and performance of individual fronts can only be understood when seen in the context of the strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II.Soviet fronts in the European Theatre during the Second World War from 1941 to 1945:Baltic Fronts\n1st Baltic Front: Formed from Kalinin Front late 1943.\n2nd Baltic Front: Formed from Bryansk Front on 10 October 1943.\n3rd Baltic Front\nBryansk Front – Created 18 December 1941, to take sector between the Western and Southwestern Fronts. Disbanded 11/12 March 1943. Reformed from Orel Front 28 March 1943.\nBelorussian Fronts (alternative spellings are Byelorussian Front and Belarusian Front)\n1st Belorussian Front\n2nd Belorussian Front\n3rd Belorussian Front\nCaucasus Front\nCentral Front\nCrimean Front – formed January 1942 to reconquer the Crimea, incorporating 44th, 47th, and 51st Armies\nDon Front\nFar East Front\n1st Far East Front\n2nd Far East Front\nKalinin Front – the Kalinin Front was formally established by Stavka directive on 17 October 1941, and allocated three armies – 22nd, 29th and 30th.[4] Renamed 1st Baltic Front Oct–Dec 1943.[5]\nKarelian Front – formed from Northern Front, along with Leningrad Front, on 23 August 1941.\nKursk Front\nLeningrad Front – formed from Northern Front, along with Karelian Front, on 23 August 1941.\nMoscow Defence Zone\nMoscow Reserve Front\nMozhaysk Line of Defense\nNorth Caucasus Front – redesignated TC Front's Black Sea Group of Forces, 1 September 1942\nNorthern Front – formed from Leningrad Military District on 24 June 1941\nNorthwestern Front – formed from Baltic Special Military District on 22 June 1941\nOrel Front – created 24 March 1943 to defend opposite the tip of the German salient east of Orel. Composed of Western Front's 61st Army, Central Front's 3rd Army, and 15th Air Army. Redesignated Bryansk Front 28 March 1943.\nArmy Group of Primorye\nReserve Front – Front of Reserve Armies formed 14 July 1941\nSoutheastern Front – formed from armies on Stalingrad Front's left wing, 7 August 1942. Redesignated Stalingrad Front 28 September 1942.\nSouthern Front – renamed 4th Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943.\nSouthwestern Front – Formed initially on 22 June 1941. Reestablished 22 October 1942 between Don and Voronezh Fronts. Renamed 3rd Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943.\nStalingrad Front – Along with Voronezh Front, formed from remnants of Southwestern Front July 1942. Became Don Front 28 September 1942.\nSteppe Front – renamed 2nd Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943.\nTransbaikal Front\nTranscaucasian Front – formed 23 August 1941\nUkrainian Fronts\n1st Ukrainian Front\n2nd Ukrainian Front\n3rd Ukrainian Front\n4th Ukrainian Front\nVolkhov Front – formed 17 December 1941\nVoronezh Front – renamed 1st Ukrainian Front 20 October 1943.\nWestern Front – formed from Western Special Military District on 22 June 1941For constituent armies see List of Soviet armies.","title":"Soviet fronts in World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Front_1980s_update_2.png"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"groups of Soviet forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groups_of_Soviet_forces"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Soviet Front 1980sThe Soviet Army maintained contingencies for establishing fronts in the event of war. During the Cold War, fronts and their staffs became groups of Soviet forces in the Warsaw Pact organization.[citation needed] The front was to be the highest operational command during wartime. Though there was no front ever established during peacetime the basic building blocks were maintained the established Military Districts. A front generally comprised 3–4 Combined Arms Armies and 1–2 Tank Armies though there was no set organization.[6]","title":"Soviet fronts after World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Polish Southern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Southern_Front"},{"link_name":"pl:Kategoria:Fronty polskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Fronty_polskie"},{"link_name":"Polish Armed Forces in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East"}],"text":"A number of fronts were created by the Second Polish Republic from 1918 to 1939, among them being the Polish Southern Front. See pl:Kategoria:Fronty polskie. In addition, the creation of a Polish Front was considered to group the First and Second Armies of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1944, and during the Warsaw Pact period, a Polish Front was created, seemingly as a mobilization-only organization.","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"},{"link_name":"APP-6C Joint Military Symbology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150921231042/http://armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Viktor Suvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov"},{"link_name":"Inside the Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/03.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ APP-6C Joint Military Symbology (PDF). NATO. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015.\n\n^ FM 100-2-3, The Soviet Army: Troops, Organizations, and Equipment, June 1991\n\n^ Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army: Fronts, Hamish Hamilton, 198x\n\n^ Erickson 1975\n\n^ Glantz, 2005, p.495\n\n^ US Army FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization, and Equipment","title":"Citations and notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Soviet Front 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Soviet_Front_1980s_update_2.png/220px-Soviet_Front_1980s_update_2.png"}]

[{"reference":"APP-6C Joint Military Symbology (PDF). NATO. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921231042/http://armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf","url_text":"APP-6C Joint Military Symbology"},{"url":"http://armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921231042/http://armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf","external_links_name":"APP-6C Joint Military Symbology"},{"Link":"http://armawiki.zumorc.de/files/NATO/APP-6(C).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/03.html","external_links_name":"Fronts"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Nationalities_League_for_Democracy

Shan Nationalities League for Democracy

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Political party in Myanmar Shan Nationalities League for Democracy ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ်Tai nameငဝ်ႈငုၼ်းတီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇၸီႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆးBurmese nameရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ်AbbreviationSNLDChairpersonSai Nyunt Lwin1st Vice-ChairpersonHkam Pöng Fa (Khin Maung Nyunt)2nd Vice-ChairpersonSai Hla PeGeneral SecretarySai LeikFounded26 October 1988 (35 years ago) (1988-10-26)HeadquartersPyay Road, Ward 5, Mayangone Township, Yangon RegionIdeologyShan interestsFederalismSelf-determinationSocial democracyPolitical positionCentre-leftRegional affiliationNetwork of Social Democracy in AsiaInternational affiliationProgressive AllianceSlogan"Without equality we cannot have peace; without peace we cannot build a democracy."Seats in the Shan State Hluttaw28 / 151 Seats in the Kachin State Hluttaw1 / 53 Party flagWebsitewww.snld.infoPolitics of MyanmarPolitical partiesElections This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (Burmese: ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်; ; Shan: ငဝ်ႈငုၼ်းတီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇၸီႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆး; abbreviated as SNLD) is a de-registered political party in Myanmar (Burma). The party was established on 26 October 1988, and campaigns for the interests of the Shan people. The SNLD became the largest Shan party in the Assembly of the Union following the 2015 general election. The party is a federal party having local branches in most townships in Shan State and few in other states and regions such as Kayah, Kachin, and Mandalay. Unlike other Shan political parties, the party prefers a federal system with eight states or eight units to have equal political rights in upper house as the original principle based on the Federal Principles of 1961, rather than the status quo of seven states and seven regions. History The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy was founded by Hkun Htun Oo, the nephew of Sao Kya Seng, the last Saopha of the Hsipaw State. The party was formally registered in 1988. In the 1990 general election, the party won the second highest number of seats (23 seats out of 58 constituencies), which was unrecognized by the ruling military junta. From 1993 and 1996, members of the party attended the National Convention (NC) and Dialogue, where several opposition groups met with the military junta to negotiate peace treaties. There, the SNLD demanded "striving for national reconciliation in order to build a genuine democratic union". However, the Working Committee of the National Convention Convening Commission ignores SNLD's demands as well as other democratic forces. When the National Convention re-convened again in 2004, SNLD denied to send representatives joining the Convention. In February 2005, the party's leaders were arrested under accused charges on forming Shan State Advisory Expert Group, and were given long prison sentences. The party had been openly against the 2008 constitution, and it boycotted the 2010 general election, along with other opposition parties, such as the National League for Democracy and its alliance members United Nationalities Alliance (UNA) .Following that the party was de-registered under the new Union Election Commission of Myanmar in 2010. In 2012, following constitutional and government reforms, political prisoners, including the leaders of the SNLD, were released, and the SNLD was permitted to operate legally and re-register for elections. In the 012 by-election, the party did not contest. Instead, SNLD took outside parliament's path working on peace process and national reconciliation. In November 2012, SNLD cooperating with other Shan political parties, cease-fire armed groups and Shan civil society organizations, took its first initiative convening a three-day conference of "Trust Building for Peace" aiming to seeking solutions, building trust among different groups to achieve genuine peace. In March 2013, SNLD along with other ethnic political parties, cease-fired armed groups in Shan State and Kayah State organized another three days conference of Trust Building for Peace, Shan State & Kayah State in Lashio, Shan State projecting to figure out the common grounds, understanding among others. Similarly to that, in late 2013, the party collaborating other democratic forces such as ethnic political parties, cease-fired armed groups and civil society organization organize its third conference of Trusting Building for Peace, Shan, Kayah, and Mon State. The SNLD went on to run successfully in the 2015 election, winning three seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw, 12 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw and 25 seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws (24) in the Shan State Hluttaw, and one in the Kachin State Hluttaw). This makes the SNLD the fourth largest political party elected to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assembly of the Union) and the fifth largest overall. Many SNLD gains in the election took place at the expense of the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, which was reduced from being the second largest party in Shan State and the third largest party nationally, to holding only a single seat in the Shan State Hluttaw. In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the SNLD strongly condemned the military coup as a rejection of the country’s commitment to a democratic transition, and against the ongoing peace and trust building process. It rejected the military junta's offer to join the State Administration Council at the state level. In March 2023, the SNLD announced it would not re-register to participate in the military junta's planned elections. On 28 March, SNLD was officially dissolved by the junta-appointed Union Election Commission, along with 39 other parties. References ^ a b c "SOCDEM Asia: The Philippines, Nepal and Myanmar". Retrieved 27 May 2021. ^ "About". ^ "Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD)". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ "Shan Nationalities League for Democary". SNLD. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. ^ a b "That's a Wrap: UEC (Finally) Calls Last 11 Election Races". The Irrawaddy. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ Myint, Sithu Aung. "Sai Ai Pao, Chairman of the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party". Frontier Myanmar. Retrieved 31 December 2015. ^ ICG. Myanmar Backgrounder: Ethnic Minority Politics. ^ "BURMA: Appeal against unlawful conviction for treason & other offences of 8 men — Asian Human Rights Commission". Asian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ Myanmar Backgrounder: Ethnic Minority Politics ^ "Shan Nationalities League for Democracy". 7dailynews. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ "Federal Union a Prerequisite for Peace: Shan Leaders". The Irrawaddy. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ "Shan, Kayah Ethnic Groups Slam Burmese Constitution". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ "Ethnic Minorities Stress Trust-Building, Agree to 5-Point Peace Plan". www.irrawaddy.com. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ "Myanmar Ethnic Groups Call for Federal Union at 'Trust-Building' Conference". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 7 February 2017. ^ "Announcement 93/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ "Announcement 92/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015. ^ "SNLD strongly denounces military coup". Burma News International. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023. ^ "SNLD, DPNS reject offer to participate in new government". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023. ^ "Shan prominent party decides not to register for junta's election". Burma News International. Retrieved 20 March 2023. ^ "UEC announces dissolution of 40 political parties including NLD and SNLD". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. Retrieved 31 March 2023. External links Shan Nationalities League for Democracy vtePolitical parties in Myanmar House ofNationalities (224) National League for Democracy (138) Military (56) Union Solidarity and Development Party (7) Arakan National Party (4) Kayah State Democratic Party (3) Mon Unity Party (3) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (2) Ta'ang National Party (2) New Democracy Party (Kachin) (1) Pa-O National Organisation (1) House ofRepresentatives (440) National League for Democracy (258) Military (110) Union Solidarity and Development Party (26) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (13) Arakan National Party (4) Pa-O National Organisation (3) Ta'ang National Party (3) Kayah State Democratic Party (2) Mon Unity Party (2) Arakan Front Party (1) Kachin State People's Party (1) Wa National Party (1) Zomi Congress for Democracy (1) State andRegionalHluttaws (880) National League for Democracy (501) Military (220) Union Solidarity and Development Party (38) Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (27) Arakan National Party (7) Pa-O National Organisation (7) Ta'ang National Party (7) Mon Unity Party (6) Kachin State People's Party (3) Kayah State Democratic Party (3) Arakan Front Party (2) Wa National Unity Party (2) Chin National League for Democracy (1) Kayin People's Party (1) Lahu National Development Party (1) Lisu National Development Party (1) Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (1) Zomi Congress for Democracy (1) Ethnic AffairsMinisters (29) National League for Democracy (23) Kayan National Party (1) Lahu National Development Party (1) Lisu National Development Party (1) Mon Unity Party (1) Unrepresented parties Akha National Development Party Arakan League for Democracy Arakan Liberation Party Chin National Party Chin Progressive Party Communist Party of Burma (banned) Confederate Farmers Party Democracy and Human Rights Party Democracy and Peace Party Democratic Party Democratic Party for a New Society Ethnic National Development Party Federal Union Party Inn National Development Party Karen National Party Kokang Democracy and Unity Party Myanmar Farmers Development Party National Democratic Force National Development Party National Unity Party Peace and Diversity Party People's Party of Myanmar Farmers and Workers Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party Shan State Progress Party Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party Union Democratic Party United Democratic Party (dissolved) Wa Democratic Party Political alliances Federal Democracy Alliance Nationalities Brotherhood Federation United Nationalities Alliance United Political Parties Alliance Political organisations 88 Generation Students Group United Nationalities Federal Council Notable historical parties Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League Burma Socialist Programme Party Communist Party of Arakan National United Front Rakhine Nationalities Development Party Thakins Politics of Myanmar Myanmar Portal Politics Portal List of political parties

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Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (Burmese: ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်; [ʃáɰ̃ táɪɰ̃jɪ́ɰ̃ðámjá dìmòkəɹèsì ʔəpʰwḛdʑoʊʔ]; Shan: ငဝ်ႈငုၼ်းတီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇၸီႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆး; abbreviated as SNLD) is a de-registered political party in Myanmar (Burma).[3] The party was established on 26 October 1988, and campaigns for the interests of the Shan people.[4] The SNLD became the largest Shan party in the Assembly of the Union following the 2015 general election.[5] The party is a federal party having local branches in most townships in Shan State and few in other states and regions such as Kayah, Kachin, and Mandalay.Unlike other Shan political parties, the party prefers a federal system with eight states or eight units to have equal political rights in upper house as the original principle based on the Federal Principles of 1961, rather than the status quo of seven states and seven regions.[6]","title":"Shan Nationalities League for Democracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hkun Htun Oo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkun_Htun_Oo"},{"link_name":"Sao Kya Seng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Kya_Hseng"},{"link_name":"Saopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saopha"},{"link_name":"Hsipaw State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsipaw_State"},{"link_name":"1990 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Myanmar_general_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention_(Myanmar)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Myanmar_general_election"},{"link_name":"National League for Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy"},{"link_name":"United Nationalities Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationalities_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Union Election Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Election_Commission"},{"link_name":"political prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2015 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Myanmar_general_election"},{"link_name":"Amyotha Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pyithu Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyithu_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"State and Regional Hluttaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_and_Regional_Hluttaws"},{"link_name":"Shan State Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_State_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"Kachin State Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_State_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrrawaddyS-5"},{"link_name":"Pyidaungsu Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"Shan Nationalities Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Nationalities_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Shan State Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_State_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"2021 Myanmar coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"State Administration Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy was founded by Hkun Htun Oo, the nephew of Sao Kya Seng, the last Saopha of the Hsipaw State. The party was formally registered in 1988. In the 1990 general election, the party won the second highest number of seats (23 seats out of 58 constituencies[7]), which was unrecognized by the ruling military junta.From 1993 and 1996, members of the party attended the National Convention (NC) and Dialogue, where several opposition groups met with the military junta to negotiate peace treaties. There, the SNLD demanded \"striving for national reconciliation in order to build a genuine democratic union\". However, the Working Committee of the National Convention Convening Commission ignores SNLD's demands as well as other democratic forces. When the National Convention re-convened again in 2004, SNLD denied to send representatives joining the Convention. In February 2005, the party's leaders were arrested under accused charges on forming Shan State Advisory Expert Group, and were given long prison sentences.[8]The party had been openly against the 2008 constitution, and it boycotted the 2010 general election, along with other opposition parties, such as the National League for Democracy and its alliance members United Nationalities Alliance (UNA) [9].Following that the party was de-registered under the new Union Election Commission of Myanmar in 2010. In 2012, following constitutional and government reforms, political prisoners, including the leaders of the SNLD, were released, and the SNLD was permitted to operate legally and re-register for elections.[10]In the 012 by-election, the party did not contest. Instead, SNLD took outside parliament's path working on peace process and national reconciliation. In November 2012, SNLD cooperating with other Shan political parties, cease-fire armed groups and Shan civil society organizations, took its first initiative convening a three-day conference of \"Trust Building for Peace\" aiming to seeking solutions, building trust among different groups to achieve genuine peace.[11]In March 2013, SNLD along with other ethnic political parties, cease-fired armed groups in Shan State and Kayah State organized another three days conference of Trust Building for Peace, Shan State & Kayah State in Lashio, Shan State projecting to figure out the common grounds, understanding among others.[12] Similarly to that, in late 2013, the party collaborating other democratic forces such as ethnic political parties, cease-fired armed groups and civil society organization organize its third conference of Trusting Building for Peace, Shan, Kayah, and Mon State.[13][14]The SNLD went on to run successfully in the 2015 election, winning three seats in the Amyotha Hluttaw,[15] 12 seats in the Pyithu Hluttaw[16] and 25 seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws (24) in the Shan State Hluttaw, and one in the Kachin State Hluttaw).[5] This makes the SNLD the fourth largest political party elected to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assembly of the Union) and the fifth largest overall. Many SNLD gains in the election took place at the expense of the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, which was reduced from being the second largest party in Shan State and the third largest party nationally, to holding only a single seat in the Shan State Hluttaw.In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the SNLD strongly condemned the military coup as a rejection of the country’s commitment to a democratic transition, and against the ongoing peace and trust building process.[17] It rejected the military junta's offer to join the State Administration Council at the state level.[18] In March 2023, the SNLD announced it would not re-register to participate in the military junta's planned elections.[19] On 28 March, SNLD was officially dissolved by the junta-appointed Union Election Commission, along with 39 other parties.[20]","title":"History"}]

[]

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Retrieved 10 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.7daydaily.com/story/43676","url_text":"\"Shan Nationalities League for Democracy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Union a Prerequisite for Peace: Shan Leaders\". The Irrawaddy. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/federal-union-a-prerequisite-for-peace-shan-leaders.html","url_text":"\"Federal Union a Prerequisite for Peace: Shan Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shan, Kayah Ethnic Groups Slam Burmese Constitution\". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 7 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/constitution-03202013170635.html","url_text":"\"Shan, Kayah Ethnic Groups Slam Burmese Constitution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic Minorities Stress Trust-Building, Agree to 5-Point Peace Plan\". www.irrawaddy.com. 24 September 2013. 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Retrieved 20 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/snld-strongly-denounces-military-coup","url_text":"\"SNLD strongly denounces military coup\""}]},{"reference":"\"SNLD, DPNS reject offer to participate in new government\". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/snld-dpns-reject-offer-to-participate-in-new-government","url_text":"\"SNLD, DPNS reject offer to participate in new government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shan prominent party decides not to register for junta's election\". Burma News International. Retrieved 20 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/shan-prominent-party-decides-not-register-juntas-election","url_text":"\"Shan prominent party decides not to register for junta's election\""}]},{"reference":"\"UEC announces dissolution of 40 political parties including NLD and SNLD\". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. Retrieved 31 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/uec-announces-dissolution-of-40-political-parties-including-nld-and-snld","url_text":"\"UEC announces dissolution of 40 political parties including NLD and SNLD\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunakes

Kaunakes

["1 Background","1.1 Pre-Dynastic period (4000-2700 BC): kilts and \"net-dresses\"","1.2 Early Dynastic Period (2700-2350 BC): kaunakes","2 History","3 Purpose","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Woollen skirt or cloak worn around 2,500 BC This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Statue of Iku-Shamagan, King of Mari, wearing the Kaunakes. c. 2500 BCE. A kaunakes (Ancient Greek: καυνάκης, romanized: kaunákēs or γαυνάκης; Classical Syriac: ܓܘܢܟܐ, romanized: gawnɘḵā; Akkadian: 𒌆𒄖𒅘𒆪 TÚGGU-NAK-KU) or persis was a woollen mantle associated with ancient Mesopotamia and Persia. It was woven in a tufted pattern suggesting overlapping petals or feathers, either by sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric. Background The origin of this dress is traced to the Sumerian civilization which existed even before 4,000 BC. Pre-Dynastic period (4000-2700 BC): kilts and "net-dresses" A kilt or "net-dress" on the Blau Monuments (3000-2900 BC) The earliest type of dress attested in early Sumerian art is not the kaunakes, but rather a sort of kilt or "net dress" which is quite closely fitting the lower body, while the upper body remains bare. This early type of net dress looks much more similar to standard textile than the later kaunakes , which looks more like sheepskin with ample bell-shaped volume around the waist and the legs. Cylinder seal from Uruk, with "net-dress", 3100 BC Kilts being worn on the Stele of the lion hunt (3000-2900 BC) A "net dress" being worn on the Blau Monuments (3000-2900 BC) Early Dynastic Period (2700-2350 BC): kaunakes The Early Dynastic Period between 2,700 and 2,350 BC was marked by high culture. The dress was a unisex garment which both men and women wore. The skirt was made from sheepskin and was worn with the skin turned inside and with tufts ornamented like a toothed-comb over the wool. It was used in the form of a wraparound skirt tied and worn from the waist extending to the knees. Servants and soldiers wore the shortest garments, while persons of high status wore longer ones with the skirt often extending down to the ankles. The upper part of the body was either covered with another sheepskin cloak spread across the shoulders, or left bare. It was only around 2,500 BC that the sheepskin garment was replaced by a textile made of woven wool; however the tuft part of the dress was continued in the form of "sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric". The Greek called this dress kaunakes. This type of dress is featured in sculptures and mosaics of this period. History This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (March 2024) Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC), with all figures wearing kaunakes In a Sumerian image dated between 2,900 and 2,600 BC, the dress was worn as a pagne, which was a simple fleece pelt used as body wrap but retaining the tail part. In some images the wraparound covered the body crossed over the left shoulder. Following the discovery of weaving, kaunakes were designed with tufts of wool stitched into the cloth to "simulate the curling fleece fur". It was a rustic fabric made of sheepskin, camel or goat's hide fashioned in the form of a shawl or skirts called the "thick blanket" that evolved to suit the severe weather conditions of the Sumerian and Akkadian Mesopotamian region. It is also believed that kaunakes, as a fashioned fleece, while not mentioned prior to 300 BC could be traced to the 400–300 BC. During the Greek period of Aristophanes the garment was made from goat's hair or wool in the style of a weighty mantle or cape. Coptic Egypt, not Mesopotamia, is credited with the original design of woven tapestry with projecting long locks or strands of wool. Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as a mantle. These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders, and during summer adapted as a skirt. Over the centuries many designs evolved with sleeves, then variants were made with cloth instead of fleece, and eventually, it evolved back to a cape sans sleeves. Female statuette, with cup and bracelet, Khafajah, 2650-2550 BCE In Athens, initially the dress was thought to be of Persian origin but later it came to be identified as a Babylonian garment, as it matched with the textile practices of the northeast from Mesopotamia. Part of the confusion arose from the naming of the garment, because the root word is linguistically closer to Iranian language, rather than Babylonian language. The dress was also used by a stage actor in a drama scene of Aristophanes' Wasps in Athens, as the design of the exotic dress suited the dramatic effect in view of it being "visually distinctive", heavy and with small decorative tufts. It was the Athenians' belief that the kaunakes was of Persian origin and not from Babylon from an understanding that the dress was an exported item and could have originated from Anatolia (Kilikia or Phrygia), the Levant (Phoenicia or Syria), or Mesopotamia (Babylon), which were all part of the Persian Empire in the fifth century BC. Purpose An image dated to about 3rd millennium BC from the Temple of Ishtar at Mari, Tell Hariri, in Syria shows kaunakes wrapped as a cloak around the shoulders of an alabaster image of a woman in a seated posture; the kaunakes is inferred as made from goat hair or wool. From 2,450 BC, it was a royal dress, as seen from the figures in prayer mode in Mesopotamia. In this, the dress was formed with woolly tufts laid successively in horizontal lines and suspended vertically. It was fashioned generally as a woman's dress, adorning the left arm and shoulder with the right side exposing the skin and the breast. References ^ Sometimes spelled kaunakès, as in French. ^ "Sedra". sedra.bethmardutho.org. Retrieved 23 February 2023. ^ "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". cal.huc.edu. Retrieved 23 February 2023. ^ http://translate.enacademic.com/γαυνάκης/el/ ^ Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 5 (PDF). p. 134. ^ a b Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. pp. 703–705. ISBN 978-1-136-21911-5. ^ Breniquet, Catherine (2016). "Que savons-nous exactement du kaunakès mésopotamien?". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 110 (January): 1–22. doi:10.3917/assy.110.0001. ^ "Dress". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2015. ^ Tortora & Eubank 2010, p. 24. ^ "Mesopotamia Review". College of Fine Arts – Illinois State University. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015. ^ Liñeiro, Mirta. "El traje en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. Mesopotamia. Kaunakes". Reflexión Académica en Diseño y Comunicación Nºxix (in Spanish). Año XIII, Vol. 19, Agosto 2012, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sitio Estudiantes DC – Universidad de Palermo: 57–58. Retrieved 30 November 2015. ^ Forbes 1971, p. 9. ^ Miller 2004, p. 154. ^ Miller 2004, p. 171. ^ "images". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2015. ^ "A traditional garment worn in an unusual way". Louvre Museum. Retrieved 30 November 2015. Bibliography Forbes, R. J. (1971). studies in ancient technology. Brill Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:R5RHS1HQD3Z. Miller, Margaret C. (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2. Tortora, Phyllis G.; Eubank, Keith (2010). Survey of Historic Costume. New York: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-56367-806-6. Further reading Legrain, L. (1940). "Book Reviews: Le Kaunakès by Emile Cherblanc". American Journal of Archaeology. 44 (1): 150–2. doi:10.2307/499598. JSTOR 499598. Crawford, O. G. S. (1926). "The Birthplace of Civilization". Geographical Review. 16 (1): 73–81. Bibcode:1926GeoRv..16...73C. doi:10.2307/208504. JSTOR 208504. S2CID 163250399. Corbiau, Simone (1936). "Sumerian Dress Lengths as Chronological Data. An Indo-Sumerian Cylinder". Iraq. 3 (1): 97–103. doi:10.2307/4241588. JSTOR 4241588. S2CID 130526762. Langdon, S. (2011). "V.—Sumerian Origins and Racial Characteristics". Archaeologia. 70: 145–54. doi:10.1017/S0261340900011061. Taha, Munir Y. (1973). "The Authenticity of a Sumerian Statue". Iraq. 35 (2): 151–3. doi:10.2307/4199962. JSTOR 4199962. S2CID 193099592. Dimand, Maurice S. (June 1945). "A Sumerian Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C.". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 3 (10): 253–6. doi:10.2307/3257188. JSTOR 3257188. External links Media related to Kaunakes at Wikimedia Commons

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The dress was a unisex garment which both men and women wore. The skirt was made from sheepskin and was worn with the skin turned inside and with tufts ornamented like a toothed-comb over the wool. It was used in the form of a wraparound skirt tied and worn from the waist extending to the knees.[8] Servants and soldiers wore the shortest garments, while persons of high status wore longer ones[9] with the skirt often extending down to the ankles. The upper part of the body was either covered with another sheepskin cloak spread across the shoulders, or left bare. It was only around 2,500 BC that the sheepskin garment was replaced by a textile made of woven wool; however the tuft part of the dress was continued in the form of \"sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric\". The Greek called this dress kaunakes. This type of dress is featured in sculptures and mosaics of this period.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Ur-Nanshe_Louvre_AO2344.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ur-Nanshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nanshe"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"pagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arts-10"},{"link_name":"sheepskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepskin"},{"link_name":"shawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawl"},{"link_name":"Sumerian and Akkadian Mesopotamian region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumero-Akkadian"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sumer-11"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)"},{"link_name":"cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(vesture)"},{"link_name":"cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes19719-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesopotamia,_Periodo_proto-dinastico,_figurina_femminile_con_coppa_e_braccialetto_su_polso,_da_khafajah,_2650-2550_ac_ca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khafajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafajah"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Iranian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_language"},{"link_name":"Babylonian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004154-13"},{"link_name":"Aristophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Kilikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia"},{"link_name":"Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Persian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004171-14"}],"text":"Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC), with all figures wearing kaunakesIn a Sumerian image dated between 2,900 and 2,600 BC, the dress was worn as a pagne, which was a simple fleece pelt used as body wrap but retaining the tail part. In some images the wraparound covered the body crossed over the left shoulder. Following the discovery of weaving, kaunakes were designed with tufts of wool stitched into the cloth to \"simulate the curling fleece fur\".[10] It was a rustic fabric made of sheepskin, camel or goat's hide fashioned in the form of a shawl or skirts called the \"thick blanket\" that evolved to suit the severe weather conditions of the Sumerian and Akkadian Mesopotamian region.[11]It is also believed that kaunakes, as a fashioned fleece, while not mentioned prior to 300 BC could be traced to the 400–300 BC. During the Greek period of Aristophanes the garment was made from goat's hair or wool in the style of a weighty mantle or cape. Coptic Egypt, not Mesopotamia, is credited with the original design of woven tapestry with projecting long locks or strands of wool. Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as a mantle. These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders, and during summer adapted as a skirt. Over the centuries many designs evolved with sleeves, then variants were made with cloth instead of fleece, and eventually, it evolved back to a cape sans sleeves.[12]Female statuette, with cup and bracelet, Khafajah, 2650-2550 BCEIn Athens, initially the dress was thought to be of Persian origin but later it came to be identified as a Babylonian garment, as it matched with the textile practices of the northeast from Mesopotamia. Part of the confusion arose from the naming of the garment, because the root word is linguistically closer to Iranian language, rather than Babylonian language.[13] The dress was also used by a stage actor in a drama scene of Aristophanes' Wasps in Athens, as the design of the exotic dress suited the dramatic effect in view of it being \"visually distinctive\", heavy and with small decorative tufts. It was the Athenians' belief that the kaunakes was of Persian origin and not from Babylon from an understanding that the dress was an exported item and could have originated from Anatolia (Kilikia or Phrygia), the Levant (Phoenicia or Syria), or Mesopotamia (Babylon), which were all part of the Persian Empire in the fifth century BC.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tell Hariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Hariri"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Getty-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worn-16"}],"text":"An image dated to about 3rd millennium BC from the Temple of Ishtar at Mari, Tell Hariri, in Syria shows kaunakes wrapped as a cloak around the shoulders of an alabaster image of a woman in a seated posture; the kaunakes is inferred as made from goat hair or wool.[15] From 2,450 BC, it was a royal dress, as seen from the figures in prayer mode in Mesopotamia. In this, the dress was formed with woolly tufts laid successively in horizontal lines and suspended vertically. It was fashioned generally as a woman's dress, adorning the left arm and shoulder with the right side exposing the skin and the breast.[16]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studies in ancient technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ua83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9"},{"link_name":"Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC&pg=PA154"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-60758-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60758-2"},{"link_name":"Survey of Historic Costume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uV49AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56367-806-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56367-806-6"}],"text":"Forbes, R. J. (1971). studies in ancient technology. Brill Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:R5RHS1HQD3Z.\nMiller, Margaret C. (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.\nTortora, Phyllis G.; Eubank, Keith (2010). Survey of Historic Costume. New York: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-56367-806-6.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/499598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F499598"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"499598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/499598"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1926GeoRv..16...73C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926GeoRv..16...73C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/208504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F208504"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"208504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/208504"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163250399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163250399"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/4241588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F4241588"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4241588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4241588"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"130526762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130526762"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0261340900011061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261340900011061"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/4199962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F4199962"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4199962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4199962"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"193099592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193099592"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3257188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3257188"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3257188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3257188"}],"text":"Legrain, L. (1940). \"Book Reviews: Le Kaunakès by Emile Cherblanc\". American Journal of Archaeology. 44 (1): 150–2. doi:10.2307/499598. JSTOR 499598.\nCrawford, O. G. S. (1926). \"The Birthplace of Civilization\". Geographical Review. 16 (1): 73–81. Bibcode:1926GeoRv..16...73C. doi:10.2307/208504. JSTOR 208504. S2CID 163250399.\nCorbiau, Simone (1936). \"Sumerian Dress Lengths as Chronological Data. An Indo-Sumerian Cylinder\". Iraq. 3 (1): 97–103. doi:10.2307/4241588. JSTOR 4241588. S2CID 130526762.\nLangdon, S. (2011). \"V.—Sumerian Origins and Racial Characteristics\". Archaeologia. 70: 145–54. doi:10.1017/S0261340900011061.\nTaha, Munir Y. (1973). \"The Authenticity of a Sumerian Statue\". Iraq. 35 (2): 151–3. doi:10.2307/4199962. JSTOR 4199962. S2CID 193099592.\nDimand, Maurice S. (June 1945). \"A Sumerian Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C.\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 3 (10): 253–6. doi:10.2307/3257188. JSTOR 3257188.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Statue of Iku-Shamagan, King of Mari, wearing the Kaunakes. c. 2500 BCE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28front_and_side%29.jpg/330px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28front_and_side%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A kilt or \"net-dress\" on the Blau Monuments (3000-2900 BC)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Blau_Monuments_Priest_King.jpg/170px-Blau_Monuments_Priest_King.jpg"},{"image_text":"Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC), with all figures wearing kaunakes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Relief_Ur-Nanshe_Louvre_AO2344.jpg/220px-Relief_Ur-Nanshe_Louvre_AO2344.jpg"},{"image_text":"Female statuette, with cup and bracelet, Khafajah, 2650-2550 BCE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mesopotamia%2C_Periodo_proto-dinastico%2C_figurina_femminile_con_coppa_e_braccialetto_su_polso%2C_da_khafajah%2C_2650-2550_ac_ca.jpg/220px-Mesopotamia%2C_Periodo_proto-dinastico%2C_figurina_femminile_con_coppa_e_braccialetto_su_polso%2C_da_khafajah%2C_2650-2550_ac_ca.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Sedra\". sedra.bethmardutho.org. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sedra.bethmardutho.org/lexeme/get/21322","url_text":"\"Sedra\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon\". cal.huc.edu. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?lemma=gwnk%20N&cits=all","url_text":"\"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon\""}]},{"reference":"Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 5 (PDF). p. 134.","urls":[{"url":"https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/cad_g.pdf","url_text":"Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Volume 5"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. pp. 703–705. ISBN 978-1-136-21911-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Crawford","url_text":"Crawford, Harriet"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4SKYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT704","url_text":"The Sumerian World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21911-5","url_text":"978-1-136-21911-5"}]},{"reference":"Breniquet, Catherine (2016). \"Que savons-nous exactement du kaunakès mésopotamien?\". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 110 (January): 1–22. doi:10.3917/assy.110.0001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2016-1-page-1.htm#","url_text":"\"Que savons-nous exactement du kaunakès mésopotamien?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fassy.110.0001","url_text":"10.3917/assy.110.0001"}]},{"reference":"\"Dress\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/topic/dress-clothing#ref168685","url_text":"\"Dress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mesopotamia Review\". College of Fine Arts – Illinois State University. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154700/http://www.cfa.ilstu.edu/lmlowel/THE331/Mesopotamia/review.html","url_text":"\"Mesopotamia Review\""},{"url":"http://www.cfa.ilstu.edu/lmlowel/THE331/Mesopotamia/review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liñeiro, Mirta. \"El traje en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. Mesopotamia. Kaunakes\". Reflexión Académica en Diseño y Comunicación Nºxix (in Spanish). Año XIII, Vol. 19, Agosto 2012, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sitio Estudiantes DC – Universidad de Palermo: 57–58. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/publicacionesdc/vista/detalle_articulo.php?id_articulo=8302&id_libro=380","url_text":"\"El traje en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. Mesopotamia. Kaunakes\""}]},{"reference":"\"images\". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423162102/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/woman-sitting-wearing-kaunakes-fleece-cloak-high-res-stock-photography/479645111","url_text":"\"images\""},{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/woman-sitting-wearing-kaunakes-fleece-cloak-high-res-stock-photography/479645111","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A traditional garment worn in an unusual way\". Louvre Museum. Retrieved 30 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/statuette-praying-figure","url_text":"\"A traditional garment worn in an unusual way\""}]},{"reference":"Forbes, R. J. (1971). studies in ancient technology. Brill Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:R5RHS1HQD3Z.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ua83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9","url_text":"studies in ancient technology"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Margaret C. (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oGXMMD5rXBQC&pg=PA154","url_text":"Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60758-2","url_text":"978-0-521-60758-2"}]},{"reference":"Tortora, Phyllis G.; Eubank, Keith (2010). Survey of Historic Costume. New York: A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-56367-806-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uV49AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24","url_text":"Survey of Historic Costume"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56367-806-6","url_text":"978-1-56367-806-6"}]},{"reference":"Legrain, L. (1940). \"Book Reviews: Le Kaunakès by Emile Cherblanc\". American Journal of Archaeology. 44 (1): 150–2. doi:10.2307/499598. JSTOR 499598.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F499598","url_text":"10.2307/499598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/499598","url_text":"499598"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, O. G. S. (1926). \"The Birthplace of Civilization\". Geographical Review. 16 (1): 73–81. Bibcode:1926GeoRv..16...73C. doi:10.2307/208504. JSTOR 208504. S2CID 163250399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926GeoRv..16...73C","url_text":"1926GeoRv..16...73C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F208504","url_text":"10.2307/208504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/208504","url_text":"208504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163250399","url_text":"163250399"}]},{"reference":"Corbiau, Simone (1936). \"Sumerian Dress Lengths as Chronological Data. An Indo-Sumerian Cylinder\". Iraq. 3 (1): 97–103. doi:10.2307/4241588. JSTOR 4241588. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washermanpet

Vannarapettai

["1 History","2 Colleges and schools","2.1 Schools","2.2 Colleges","3 Hospitals","4 Rail and road connectivity","5 Parks and play ground","6 Landmarks","7 Adjacent areas","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°06′53″N 80°17′14″E / 13.1148°N 80.2872°E / 13.1148; 80.2872"Pazhaya Vannarapettai" redirects here. For a film with same name, see Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film). This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs major Reorganization. Please help improve this article if you can. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighbourhood in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaVannarapettai Vannai, Pazhaya Vannarapettai, Washermenpet, Old WashermenpetNeighbourhoodVannarapettaiWashermanpet, (Chennai)Show map of ChennaiVannarapettaiVannarapettai (Tamil Nadu)Show map of Tamil NaduVannarapettaiVannarapettai (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 13°06′53″N 80°17′14″E / 13.1148°N 80.2872°E / 13.1148; 80.2872Country IndiaStateTamil NaduMetroChennaiGovernment • BodyCMDAElevation58 m (190 ft)Languages • OfficialTamilTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN600021Vehicle registrationTN-04Planning agencyCMDA Vannarapettai (transl. Washermenpet) is a northern neighbourhood of Chennai, India. It is also known as Pazhaya Vannarapettai (transl. Old Washermenpet), sometimes shortened as Vannai. It is located north of Parrys Corner and adjacent to Royapuram. Washermanpet is famous for its jewelry shops and matchbox industries, many of which are centered on two main arterial roads. History The name comes from the fact that it used to be the washermen's enclave in Chennai, where many of the city's dhobi ghats used to be located. Prior to the development of T.Nagar and Purasawalkam, Washermenpet acted as the textile business hub of Chennai. Washermenpet is one of the several Dhobikhanas in Chennai since colonial times with others being Adayar, Chetpet, Saidapet and Mylapore. Colleges and schools There are many historical educational establishments present in this locality. Schools Old Washermanpet is surrounded by various private schools, government-run schools as well as government-aided schools to provide nursery to secondary education. Colleges Sir Theagaraya College is a government-aided college that is affiliated with the University of Madras, offering courses in the arts as well as sciences. It is one of the oldest colleges in Chennai. Hospitals Stanley Hospital and RSRM Hospital are two major hospitals in Washermanpet while CSI Rainy is located in Gollavar Agraharam Road. Rail and road connectivity Washermanpet has a bus terminus and a railway station. Washermanpet Metro Station serves as the northern terminus of the Blue Line of the Chennai Metro rail network and another metro station is expected to be located underground, near Sir Theagaraya College in Old Washermanpet. Parks and play ground Anna Park is used by the residents for morning walks and recreational activities. Robinson Ground and Sir Theyagaraya Ground are frequented by children for sport activities. These public areas were often used by the Dravidan Federation during its nascent stages and witnessed several speeches given by orators such as C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi. Landmarks The famous Mint Street, also known as "Thanga Salai" (Tamil: தங்க சாலை) has several landmarks, such as R Square, and Maharani Theatre. The famous Periyapalayam Mariamman Temple is also located at the start of T.H. Road and Sri Kothandaramar Temple on Perambalu Street. Adjacent areas Broadway, Parrys, Royapuram, Korukkupet, Tondiarpet, Kodungaiyur, Sowcarpet are located adjacent to this locality. References ^ Srikanth, R. (19 July 2015). "Still a favourite with north Chennai residents". The Hindu. ^ Peter, Petlee (3 April 2011). "A peep into the world of dhobikanas". The Hindu. ^ Sekar, Sunitha (30 October 2014). "Chennai Metro adds a station to phase-1 extension". The Hindu. ^ Ramakrishnan, Deepa H.; Srikanth, R. (25 December 2013). "Music and its lovers in the north". The Hindu. External links GeoHack - Vannarapettai Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washermanpet. India portal vteNeighbourhoods of Chennai (city) Adyar Adambakkam Adayalampattu Alapakkam Alandur Alwarpet Alwarthirunagar Ambattur Aminjikarai Anna Nagar Anna Nagar West Annanur Andarkuppam Arumbakkam Ashok Nagar Athipattu Avadi Ayanavaram Besant Nagar Chepauk Chembarambakkam Chengalpattu Chetput Choolai Choolaimedu Edayanchavadi Egmore Ennore Ernavoor Foreshore Estate Georgetown Greenways Road Guduvancheri Gummidipoondi Guindy Guindy TVK Estate ICF Colony Injambakkam Irumbuliyur Irungattukottai The Island Jawahar Nagar K. K. Nagar Kandanchavadi Kannammapet Karapakkam Karanodai Kathivakkam Kattankulathur Kavaraipettai Kelambakkam Kilambakkam Kilpauk Kanathur Kodambakkam Kodungaiyur Kolathur Komakkambedu Korattur Kosappur Kottivakkam Kotturpuram Kovalam Kovilambakkam Koyambedu Kundrathur Madipakkam Madhavaram Madhavaram Milk Colony Maduravoyal Mamallapuram Manali Manali New Town Manapakkam Mandavelli Mangadu Manjambakkam Maraimalai Nagar Mathur Medavakkam Meenambakkam Minjur Mogappair Moolakadai Muttukadu Mylapore Nandanam Nandambakkam Nandiambakkam Nanganallur Navalur Neelankarai Nerkundram Nesapakkam Nolambur Nungambakkam Padi Palavakkam Palavanthangal Pallikaranai Panagal Park Park Town Parry's Corner Pattabiram Pattaravakkam Pazhaverkadu Perambur Periapalayam Perumbakkam Perungudi Pondy Bazaar Ponneri Poonamallee Porur Potheri Pudhur Purasawalkam Puzhal Puzhuthivakkam Red Hills Royapettah Royapuram Sadayankuppam Saidapet Santhome Semmencherry Sholavaram Sholinganallur Shenoy Nagar Singaperumalkoil Siruseri Sithalapakkam Sriperumbudur Sunguvarchatram Surapet Sowcarpet St. Thomas Mount T. Nagar Tharamani Teynampet Thirumangalam Thirumazhisai Thirumullaivoyal Thiruninravur Thiruvanmiyur Thiruvidandhai Thiruporur Thuraipakkam Tirusulam Tiruverkadu Tiruvottiyur Tolgate Tondiarpet Triplicane Trustpuram Urapakkam Vadapalani Vadaperumbakkam Valasaravakkam Vallalar Nagar Vanagaram Vandalur Velachery Veppampattu Vichoor Villivakkam Vinayagapuram Virugambakkam Vyasarpadi Washermanpet West Mambalam vteAreas of ChennaiNorth Aaladu Aamullaivoyal Aathur Agaram Alamathi Alinjivakkam Alinjivakkam Amoor Andarkuppam Angadu Annadanakkakavakkam Annamalaicheri Anuppampattu Arambakkam Arani Arasur Arikkambattu Ariyalur Ariyanvoyal Arumandhai Assisi Nagar Athipattu Athipattu Pudunagar Athivakkam Attanthangal Avurikollaimedu Ayanavaram Bandikavanoor Baljipalayam Budhoor Basin Bridge Chinnakavanam Chinnambedu Chinnamullaivoyal Chinnasekkadu Chinnathoppu Chettimedu Devadanam Devampattu Dhargaas Echankuzhi Edapalayam Edayanchavadi Ennore Elandhanoor Elandhanjery Elavur Eliambedu Ellapuram Ernavoor Erukkancherry Girudalapuram Gnayiru Gounderpalayam Grant Lyon Gummidipoondi Guruvoyal Jaganathapuram Janapanchatram Jawahar Nagar Kaaladipettai Kadapakkam Kakapallam Kakkathoppu Kalakkral Kalpalayam Kamarajapuram Kammarpalayam Kandigai Kannadapalayam Kannampalayam Kannankottai Kannapuram Kanniammanpettai Kanniampalayam Kannigaipair Karanodai Karungali Kasimedu Kathirvedu Kathivakkam Kattavoor Kattupalli Kattur Kavangarai Kavaraipettai KK Thazhai Kaviyarasu Kannadhasan Nagar Kodipallam Kodungaiyur Kokkumedu Kalanji Kolathur Kollatti Kolur Kondakkarai Kondithoppu Korukkupet Kosappur Kottaikarai Kumaran Nagar Kummanur Kuruvimedu Lakshmipuram Lighthousekuppam Madhavaram Madhavaram Milk Colony Madaharpakkam Madiyur Mafuskhanpettai Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar Manali Manali Pudhunagar Manjambakkam Manjankaranai Manellore Marambedu Mathur Melsinglimedu Melur Medhur Mettu Surapedu Mettu Thandalam Mettur Minjur Moolachatiram Moolakadai Muthialpet Nallur Nandiambakkam Naravarikuppam Nerkundram Orakadu Padianallur Palavoyal Palla Surapedu Pammadukulam Panchetti Pannivakkam Pasiyavaram Pasuvanpalayam Pattamandiri Payasambakkam Pazhaverkadu Pazhayanaappaalayam Pazhaya Erumaivettipalayam Payasambakkam Pennalurpet Perambur Peravallur Periapalayam Periyamullavoyal Periyar Nagar Periyasekkadu Periyathoppu Perungavoor Peruvoyal Pondavakkam Ponneri Ponniammanmedu Poochiathipattu Poorivakkam Poovalambedu Pothur Pudhukuppam Pudhu Erumaivettipalayam Pudhunaappaalayam Pudhuvannarapettai Pudhupakkam Puduvoyal Pulli Lyon Puthagaram Puzhal Puzhudhivakkam Rajakadai Rettambedu Retteri Royapuram Sadayankuppam Sathangadu Seemapuram Sekkanjeri Selavayal Sendrambakkam Sembulivaram Sembium Sembiyamanali Sengundram Senganimedu Sholavaram Sirugavoor Sirupazhaverkadu Siruvapuri Siruniam Sothupakkam Sothuperumbedu Sowcarpet Sozhipalayam Subbareddipalayam Surapattu Surapattu Thadaperumbakkam Thandalkazhani Thandavarayanpalayam Thangalperumbulam Thatchoor Thathamanji Theerthakiriyampattu Theeyampakkam Thervoy Kandigai Thirukkandalam Thirunilai Thirupair Thirupalaivanam Thiruvellavoyal Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar Tiruvottiyur Tollgate Tondiarpet Upparapalayam Uthukottai Vadakarai Vadakkunallur Vadamadurai Vadaperumbakkam Vaikkadu Vairavankuppam Vallalar Nagar Vallur Vaniyanchatram Vannipakkam Vazhuthalambedu Vazhuthigaimedu Vellivoyal Vellivoyalchavadi Vengal Verkadu Vichoor Vijayanallur Vilakkupattu Vilangadupakkam Villivakkam Vinayagapuram VOC Nagar Voyalur Vyasarpadi Washermanpet Wimco Nagar West Adayalampattu Alwarthirunagar Ambattur Aminjikarai Athipattu Andankuppam Anna Nagar Anna Nagar West Annanur Arakkambakkam Aranvoyal Ashok Nagar Arakkonam Arumbakkam Avadi Ayanambakkam Ayapakkam Ayathur Beemanthangal Chembarambakkam Choolaimedu Egattur Gerugambakkam Govardhanagiri ICF Colony Ikkadu Ikkadu Kandigai Irungattukottai Iyyapanthangal K. K. Nagar Kadambathur Kadavur Kakkalur Kakkalur Industrial Estate Kallikuppam Karalapakkam Karambakkam Karayanchavadi Karukku Kattupakkam Kilkondaiyur Koduvalli Koladi Kolapakkam Konnur Korattur Kovur Koyambedu Kumananchavadi Kundrathur Kuthambakkam Maduravoyal Malayambakkam Manapakkam Manavala Nagar Melkondaiyur Menambedu Mettu Kandigai MGR Nagar Mogappair Morai Moulivakkam Mugalivakkam Muthapudupet Nandambakkam Nandambakkam Narasingapuram Nazarathpettai Nemam Nemilichery Nesapakkam Nerkundram Nolambur Noombal Oragadam Padi Pakkam Pallipattu Pandeswaram Pandur Paraniputhur Parivakkam Paruthipattu Pattabiram Pattaravakkam Perambakkam Periyapanicheri Perumalpattu Poonamallee Poondi Poonthandalam Porur Pudhur Putlur Ramapuram Ramavaram Sekkadu Seneerkuppam Sevvapet Shenoy Nagar Sorancheri Sriperumbudur Sunguvarchatram Surapet Tamaraipakkam Thandalam Thandurai Thathankuppam Thirumangalam Thirumazhisai Thirumullaivoyal Thiruninravur Tiruvallur Tiruverkadu Valasaravakkam Vanagaram Veerapuram Vellanur Vellavedu Velappanchavadi Vengathur Venkatapuram Veppampattu Vilinjiyambakkam Virugambakkam Central Alandur Alwarpet Broadway Burma Bazaar Chennai Central Chepauk Chetput Chintadripet Choolai Egmore Foreshore Estate George Town Gopalapuram Greenways Road Kilpauk Kodambakkam Kosapet Kothawal Chavadi Kotturpuram Mandavelli Mannadi Mambalam Moolakothalam MRC Nagar Mylapore Nandanam Nochikuppam Nungambakkam Otteri Panagal Park Park Town Parry's Corner Pattalam Periamet Pondy Bazaar Pudupet Pulianthope Purasawalkam Quibble Island R A Puram Royapettah Saidapet Saligramam Santhome T Nagar Teynampet The Island Triplicane Trustpuram Vadapalani Vepery West Mambalam South Adambakkam Adyar Agaramthen Alandur Anakaputhur Besant Nagar Chitlapakkam Chromepet Chengalpattu Egattur Ekkaduthangal Erumaiyur Gowrivakkam Guduvancheri Guindy Guindy TVK Estate Devaneri Hasthinapuram Illalur Injambakkam Irumbuliyur Jafferkhanpet Jaladampet Kanathur Kandanchavadi Kandigai Kannivakkam Karanai Karapakkam Karumbakkam Kattankulathur Kazhipattur Kizhkalvoy Keelkattalai Kelambakkam Kottivakkam Kovalam Kovilambakkam Kovilanchery Madambakkam Madhuvankarai Madambakkam Madipakkam Mamallapuram Mambakkam Manimangalam Mannivakkam Maraimalai Nagar Medavakkam Meenambakkam Melkalvoy MEPZ Mettukuppam Mudichur Muttukadu Nandivaram Nanganallur Nanmangalam Navalur Neelankarai Nellikuppam Noothancheri Okkiyam Okkiyampet Oragadam Ottiambakkam Padappai Palavakkam Palavanthangal Pallavaram Pallikaranai Pammal Panaiyur Paranur Pattipulam Payanur Pazhanthandalam Peerkankaranai Perumbakkam Perumathunallur Perungalathur Perungudi Perunthandalam Ponmar Polichalur Potheri Pudupakkam Puzhuthivakkam Rajakilpakkam Rathinamangalam Selaiyur Sembakkam Semmencherry Sholinganallur Singaperumalkoil Siruseri Sithalapakkam Somangalam St. Thomas Mount Tambaram Tambaram Sanatorium Thaiyur Tharamani Tharapakkam Thirumudivakkam Thiruneermalai Thiruporur Thiruvanmiyur Thiruvidandhai Thuraipakkam Tirusulam Ullagaram Urapakkam Uthandi Vadanemili Vandalur Vanuvampet Velachery Vengaivasal Vettuvankeni Category . India portal . WikiProject vteChennaiHistoryEarly history (pre-1500) Sangam period Thomas the Apostle Pallava Dynasty Chola Dynasty Vijayanagar Empire Colonial period (1500–1900) São Tomé de Meliapore Raja of Chandragiri Agency of Fort St George 1721 Madras cyclone Carnatic Wars (Madras Adyar Chingleput) Anglo-Mysore Wars Governors Modern period (1900–present) Arbuthnot Bank Crash Besant v. Narayaniah Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden de La Haye scandal 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike Neil Statue Satyagraha 1928 South Indian Railway Strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike 1943 Chennai floods Madras Manade Anti-Hindi agitations R. S. S. Chennai bombing 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests 2015 South India floods Writers and historians S. Muthiah Randor Guy S. Theodore Baskaran V. Sriram A. R. Venkatachalapathy Geography and wildlifeRegions Chennai Metropolitan Area Central Chennai North Chennai South Chennai Waterways Adyar River Buckingham Canal Coovum River Kosasthalaiyar River Otteri Nullah Lakes Adambakkam Lake Ambattur Lake Ayanambakkam Lake Chembarambakkam Lake Chetput Lake Chitlapakkam Lake Cholavaram aeri ICF Lake Korattur Aeri Long Tank Madambakkam Lake Madhavaram Lake Maduranthakam Lake Mangal Lake Manali Lake Pallavaram Lake Paruthipattu Lake Perungudi Lake Porur Lake Pulhal Lake Porur Lake Red Hills Lake Retteri Thervoy Kandigai reservoir Tiruninravur Lake Velachery Lake Veeranam Vilinjiyambakkam Lake Villivakkam lake Islands Kattupalli Island Quibble Island The Island Zoological parks Arignar Anna Zoological Park Chennai Snake Park Guindy National Park Madras Crocodile Bank Reserve Forests Nanmangalam Reserve Forest Vandalur Reserve Forest Marshlands Adyar Creek Ennore Creek Pallikaranai Wetland Heritage monuments Amir Mahal Bharat Insurance Building Brodie Castle Chennai Central Prison Chepauk Palace LIC Building Lighthouse Police headquarters Port Trust Building Rajaji Hall Ripon Building Royapuram railway station University of Madras Senate House Southern Railway headquarters Valluvar Kottam Victoria Public Hall Anna Nagar twin arches Statues Marina Beach Statues Thomas Munro Triumph of Labour Memorials Anna Memorial Gandhi Mandapam M.G.R. and Amma Memorial Madras War Cemetery Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Victory War Memorial Vivekanandar Illam Administration and politicsDistricts Chennai District Tiruvallur District Kanchipuram District Vellore District TaluksChennai District Aminjikarai Ayanavaram Egmore Guindy Mambalam Mylapore Perambur Purasaiwalkam Tondiarpet Velachery Tiruvallur district Tiruvottiyur Madhavaram Ambattur Avadi Maduravoyal Ponneri Poonamallee Tiruvallur Gummidipoondi Uthukottai Tiruttani Pallipattu Kanchipuram district Alandur Sholinganallur Pallavaram Tambaram Chengalpattu Thiruporur Tirukalukundram Sriperumbudur Walajabad Kanchipuram Uthiramerur Madurantakam Cheyyur Vellore District Arakkonam ConstituenciesParliamentary Chennai Central Chennai North Chennai South Sriperumbudur Thiruvallur Assembly Alandur Ambattur Anna Nagar Avadi Chengalpattu Chepauk Egmore Harbour Kolathur Madhavaram Maduravoyal Mylapore Pallavaram Perambur Ponneri Poonamallee RK Nagar Royapuram Saidapet Sholinganallur Sriperumbudur T.Nagar Tambaram Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Thiruvottiyur Thousand Lights Tiruvallur Villivakkam Virugambakkam Velachery Nodal agencies Greater Chennai Corporation Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board Chennai Police Commissionerate General Post Office Greater Chennai Police Madras High Court Sheriff Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services EconomyBusiness districts Burma Bazaar Kothawal Chavadi Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex Panagal Park Parry's Corner Pondy Bazaar Purasawalkam Ranganathan Street Ritchie Street Velachery Washermanpet SEZ SEZ Corridor MEPZ Tidel Park World Trade Center Companies and institutions Aavin Ashok Leyland Basin Bridge Gas Blue Dart Aviation Chettinad Group Chennai Trade Centre EID Parry Ennore Thermal GMR Vasavi Heavy Vehicles Factory Higginbotham's Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Integral Coach Factory Madras Atomic Power Station Madras Rubber Factory Madras Stock Exchange Murugappa Group North Chennai Thermal Reserve Bank of India Royal Enfield SPIC Sun Group The Hindu The New Indian Express TI Cycles of India TVS Motors Vallur Thermal World Bank office Industry Automotive Electronics Retail Software Culture and recreationGeneral Architecture of Chennai Broadcasting in Chennai Kollywood Madrassi Madras Bashai Madras School Tourism in Chennai Beaches Covelong Elliot's Beach Golden Beach Marina Beach Parks Anna Nagar Tower Park Dr. Annie Besant Park May Day Park Natesan Park Panagal Park People's Park Semmoli Poonga Secretariat Park Tholkappia Poonga Cinemas Cinépolis INOX PVR Cinemas Mayajaal Multiplex Shanti Theatre Periodic events Chennai Book Fair Chennai International Film Festival Chennai Sangamam Lit for Life Madras Day Madras Music Season Saarang Techofes Theme parks MGM Dizzee World Queens Land VGP Universal Kingdom Dash N Splash Kishkinta Mayajaal Shopping malls Abhirami Mega Mall Alsa Mall Ampa Skywalk Chandra Mall Chennai Citi Centre Coromandel Plaza Express Avenue Gold Souk Grande Mall Phoenix Market City Ramee Mall Spectrum Mall Spencer Plaza Forum Vijaya Mall Clubs Gymkhana Club Madras Boat Club Royal Madras Yacht Club ReligionTemples Adikesava Perumal Temple Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple Anjaneya Temple, Nanganallur Ayyappan Temple Ashtalakshmi Kovil Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple Dandeeswarar Temple Devi Karumariamman Temple Ekambareswarar Temple ISKCON Temple Chennai Kalikambal Temple Kamakshi Amman Temple Kapaleeswarar Temple Kundrathur Murugan Temple Kalikambal Temple Madhya Kailash Marundeeswarar Temple Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple Parthasarathy Temple Prathyangira Devi Temple Ravishwarar Temple Shirdi Sai Baba Temple Vadapalani Andavar Temple Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple Churches Armenian Church Church of Our Lady of Light St. Andrew's Kirk St. George's Cathedral St. Patrick's Cathedral Santhome Basilica St. Mary's Church Others Mahabodhi Centre Thousand Lights Mosque TransportAir Chennai International Airport Sea Chennai Port Ennore Port Kattupalli Shipyard Royapuram fishing harbour RailRailways Chennai Metro Chennai Metrolite Chennai MRTS Chennai Suburban Railway Southern Railway Stations Chennai Central Chennai Egmore Tambaram Others RoadRoads andexpressways Anna Salai Cenotaph Road Chennai Bypass Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway China Bazaar Road East Coast Road Inner Ring Road Outer Ring Road Poonamallee High Road Rajiv Gandhi Salai Sardar Patel Road Grade separatorsand flyovers Anna Flyover Chennai Airport Flyover Chrompet Flyover Irumbuliyur Junction Kathipara Junction Koyambedu Junction Madhavaram Junction Maduravoyal Junction Moolakadai Junction Padi Junction Others Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus Kilambakkam bus terminus Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus Metropolitan Transport Corporation State Express Transport Corporation SportVenues Guindy Race Course Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium M. A. Chidambaram Stadium Madras Motor Race Track Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium MRF Pace Foundation Mudaliarkuppam boat house Muttukadu boat house Rajarathinam Stadium SDAT Tennis Stadium TeamsBadminton Chennai Superstarz Cricket Chennai Super Kings Chennai Superstars Chepauk Super Gillies Field hockey Chennai Cheetahs Chennai Veerans Football Chennai City F.C. Chennaiyin FC Kabaddi Tamil Thalaivas Tennis V Chennai Warriors Table tennis Chennai Lions Volleyball Chennai Spartans Chennai Spikers Chennai Blitz Others Chennai Open M. J. Gopalan Trophy Madras Presidency Matches InstitutionsEducation Alliance Française de Madras Anna Centenary Library Birla Planetarium Cholamandal Artists' Village Connemara Public Library DakshinaChitra Government Museum Tamil Nadu Police Museum Kalakshetra KM Music Conservatory Madras Music Academy Schools in Chennai Universities Anna University University of Madras Dr MGR Medical University Dr Ambedkar Law University Indian Maritime University Veterinary and Animal Sciences University VIT University Chennai SRM Institute of Science and Technology B S Abdur Rahman University Tamil Nadu Open University Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Vels University Hindustan University Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras College of Engineering, Guindy Madras Institute of Technology Alagappa College of Technology Medical Madras Medical College Stanley Medical College Kilpauk Medical College Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute National Institute of Siddha Arts and science Loyola Madras Christian College Presidency College Queen Mary's (Women) Vivekananda Pachaiyappa's College Stella Mary's (Women) DG Vaishnav MOP Vaishnav (Women) Women's Christian College Research Central Leather Research Institute National Institute of Ocean Technology Institute of Mathematical Sciences Chennai Mathematical Institute Regional Meteorological Centre Structural Engineering Research Centre Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (India) Diplomaticmissions American Consulate British Deputy High Commission Malaysian Consulate Russian Consulate German Consulate Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission Royal Thai Consulate South Korean Consulate Hospitals Government General Hospital Government Multi Super-speciality Hospital Royapettah Hospital Stanley Hospital Kilpauk Medical College Hospital Perambur railway hospital Apollo Hospitals Egmore Eye Hospital Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital Sankara Nethralaya Madras Medical Mission Voluntary Health Services MIOT Hospital Tambaram TB Sanatorium Government Dental Hospital Hindu Mission Hospital Fortis Malar Hospital Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital Sundaram Medical Foundation Hotels Taj Coromandel The Park Le Royal Meridien Hyatt Regency Chola Sheraton Taj Mount Road The Leela Kempinski ITC Grand Chola Hilton Chennai Taj Connemara Fisherman's Cove Trident Hilton Park Sheraton & Towers Radisson GRT Accord Metropolitan JW Marriott Park Hyatt Radisson Blu City Centre Raintree Hotel St Mary's Road The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai Savera Hotel Residency Towers Westin Chennai Kohinoor Asiana LocalitiesNorth Aamullaivoyal Aathur Agaram Alamathi Andarkuppam Angadu Anuppampattu Arambakkam Arani Ariyalur Arumandhai Assisi Nagar, Chennai Athipattu Athipattu New Town Athivakkam Attanthangal Avurikollaimedu Ayanavaram Azhinjivakkam Bandikavanoor Basin Bridge Chinnasekkadu Chettimedu Edapalayam Edayanchavadi Ennore Elandanur Elanthancherry Elavur Ernavoor Erukkancherry Gnayiru Gounderpalayam Grant Lyon Gummidipoondi Janapanchatram Jawahar Nagar Kadapakkam Kaladipet Kalakkral Kalpalayam Kanniammanpettai Kannigaipair Karanodai Kathirvedu Kathivakkam Katupalli Kavangarai Kavaraipettai Kasimedu Kattur KK Thazhai Kaviarasu Kannadhasan Nagar Kodipallam Kodungaiyur Kolathur Kondithope Korukkupet Kosappur Kottai Karai Kumaran Nagar Lakshmipuram Madhavaram Madhavaram Milk Colony Madharpakkam Madiyur Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar Manali Manali New Town Manjambakkam Mathur Mettu Surapedu Mettu Thandalam Minjur Moolachatiram Moolakadai Muthialpet Nallur Nandiambakkam Napalayam Naravarikuppam New Erumai Vetti Palayam Old Erumai Vetti Palayam Orakadu Padianallur Pallipattu Panchetti Payasambakkam Pazhaverkadu Perambur Peravallur Periapalayam Periyamullavoyal Periyar Nagar Periyasekkadu Perungavur Ponneri Ponniammanmedu Pothur Puthubakkam Puduvoyal Pulli Lyon Puthagaram Puzhal Red Hills Retteri Royapuram Sadayankuppam Sathangadu Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Tiruvottiyur) Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Vyasarpadi) Seemavaram Selavayal Sembilivaram Sembium Sembiyamanali Sholavaram Siruvapuri Sirunium Sowcarpet Sothuperumbedu Surapet Thadaperumbakkam Thatchoor Thathaimanji Theerthakariampattu Theeyampakkam Thervoy Kandigai Thirunilai Thiruvellavoyal Thiru Vi Ka Nagar Tiruvottiyur Tollgate Tondiarpet Uthukottai Vadagarai Vadamadurai Vadaperumbakkam Vaikkadu Vallalar Nagar Vallur Vannipakkam Vazhuthigaimedu Vellivoyalchavadi Vengal Vichoor Vijayanallur Vilakupattu Vilangadupakkam Villivakkam Vinayagapuram VOC Nagar Voyalur Vyasarpadi Washermanpet Wimco Nagar West Adayalampattu Alwarthirunagar Ambattur Aminjikarai Athipet Andankuppam Anna Nagar Anna Nagar West Annanur Arakkambakkam Aranvoyal Ashok Nagar Arakkonam Arumbakkam Avadi Ayanambakkam Ayapakkam Ayathur Beemanthangal Chembarambakkam Choolaimedu Egattur Gerugambakkam Govardhanagiri ICF Colony Irungattukottai Iyyapanthangal K. K. Nagar Kadambathur Kadavur Kakkalur Kakkalur Industrial Estate Kallikuppam Karambakkam Karayanchavadi Kattupakkam Kilkondaiyur Koduvalli Koladi Kolapakkam Konnur Korattur Kovur Koyambedu Kumananchavadi Kundrathur Kuthambakkam Maduravoyal Malayambakkam Manapakkam Manavala Nagar Melkondaiyur Mettu Kandigai MGR Nagar Mogappair Morai Moulivakkam Mugalivakkam Muthapudupet Nandambakkam Nandambakkam Narasingapuram Nazarathpettai Nemam Nemilichery Nesapakkam Nerkundram Nolambur Noombal Oragadam Padi Pakkam Pandeswaram Pandur Paraniputhur Parivakkam Paruthipattu Pattabiram Pattaravakkam Perambakkam Periyapanicheri Perumalpattu Poochi Athipedu Poonamallee Poondi Poonthandalam Porur Pudhur Putlur Ramapuram Ramavaram Sekkadu Seneerkuppam Sevvapet Shenoy Nagar Sorancheri Sriperumbudur Sunguvarchatram Surapet Tamaraipakkam Thandalam Thandurai Thathankuppam Thirumangalam Thirumazhisai Thirumullaivoyal Thiruninravur Tiruvallur Tiruverkadu Valasaravakkam Vanagaram Veerapuram Vellanur Vellavedu Velappanchavadi Vengathur Venkatapuram Veppampattu Vilinjiyambakkam Virugambakkam Central Alwarpet Broadway Burma Bazaar Chennai Central Chepauk Chetput Chintadripet Choolai Egmore Foreshore Estate George Town Gopalapuram Greenways Road Kilpauk Kodambakkam Kosapet Kothawal Chavadi Kotturpuram Mandavelli Mannady Mambalam MRC Nagar Mylapore Nandanam Nochikuppam Nungambakkam Otteri Panagal Park Park Town Parry's Corner Pattalam Periamet Pondy Bazaar Pudupet Pulianthope Purasawalkam Quibble Island Raja Annamalai Puram Royapettah Saidapet Saligramam Santhome T Nagar Teynampet The Island Triplicane Trustpuram Vadapalani Vepery West Mambalam South Adambakkam Adyar Agaramthen Alandur Anakaputhur Besant Nagar Chitlapakkam Chromepet Chengalpattu Egattur Ekkaduthangal Erumaiyur Gowrivakkam Guduvancheri Guindy Guindy TVK Estate Devaneri Hasthinapuram Illalur Injambakkam Irumbuliyur Jafferkhanpet Jaladampet Kanathur Kandanchavadi Kannivakkam Karanai Karapakkam Karumbakkam Kattankulathur Kazhipattur Kizhkalvoy Keelkattalai Kelambakkam Kottivakkam Kovalam Kovilambakkam Kovilanchery Madambakkam Madhuvankarai Madipakkam Mamallapuram Manimangalam Mannivakkam Maraimalai Nagar Medavakkam Meenambakkam Melkalvoy MEPZ Mettukuppam Mudichur Muttukadu Nandivaram Nanganallur Nanmangalam Navalur Neelankarai Nellikuppam Noothancheri Okkiyam Okkiyampet Oragadam Ottiambakkam Padappai Palavakkam Palavanthangal Pallavaram Pallikaranai Pammal Panaiyur Paranur Pattipulam Payanur Pazhanthandalam Peerkankaranai Perumbakkam Perumathunallur Perungalathur Perungudi Perunthandalam Ponmar Polichalur Potheri Pudupakkam Puzhuthivakkam Rajakilpakkam Rathinamangalam Selaiyur Sembakkam Semmencherry Sholinganallur Singaperumalkoil Siruseri Sithalapakkam Somangalam St. Thomas Mount Tambaram Tambaram Sanatorium Thaiyur Tharamani Tharapakkam Thirumudivakkam Thiruneermalai Thiruporur Thiruvanmiyur Thiruvidandhai Thuraipakkam Tirusulam Ullagaram Urapakkam Uthandi Vadanemili Vandalur Vanuvampet Velachery Vengaivasal Vettuvankeni Category India portal WikiProject vteChennai districtCity Chennai Country India State Tamil Nadu Region Tondai Nadu Revenue divisions Ambattur Guindy Tondiarpet Taluks Alandur Ambattur Aminjikarai Ayanavaram Egmore Guindy Madhavaram Maduravoyal Mambalam Mylapore Perambur Purasaiwalkam Sholinganallur Tondiarpet Tiruvottiyur Velachery Governing body Greater Chennai Corporation History Pallavas Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Pandyan dynasty Vijayanagar Empire Carnatic Kingdom Places of interest Anjaneya Temple Anna Nagar Tower Park Armenian Church Guindy Snake Park Chetput Aeri Park Dr. Annie Besant Park Edward Elliot's Beach Ennore Beach Gandhi Mandapam V.G.P Golden Beach Government Museum Guindy National Park ISKCON Temple Kalikambal Temple Kalyana Varadharaja Perumal Temple (Thiruvottiyur) Kapaleeshwarar Temple Madhavaram Botanical Garden Marina Beach Marundeeswarar Temple Mathur MMDA Park May Day Park Nageshwara Rao Park Natesan Park Nehru Park Panagal Park Parthasarathy Temple People's Park Perambur Flyover Park Periamet Mosque Ravishwarar Temple San Thome Basilica Secretariat Park Semmozhi Poonga St. George's Cathedral St. Thomas Mount Thiru Vi Ka Park Tholkappia Poonga Thousand Lights Mosque Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur Tiruvottiyur Beach Triplicane Big Mosque Vadapalani Andavar Temple Valluvar Kottam Vivekanandar Illam Universities Anna University Sri Ramachandra University Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University Tamil Nadu Open University Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University University of Madras

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazhaya_Vannarapettai_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Parrys Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrys_Corner"},{"link_name":"Royapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royapuram"}],"text":"\"Pazhaya Vannarapettai\" redirects here. For a film with same name, see Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film).Neighbourhood in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaVannarapettai (transl. Washermenpet) is a northern neighbourhood of Chennai, India. It is also known as Pazhaya Vannarapettai (transl. Old Washermenpet), sometimes shortened as Vannai. It is located north of Parrys Corner and adjacent to Royapuram. Washermanpet is famous for its jewelry shops and matchbox industries, many of which are centered on two main arterial roads.","title":"Vannarapettai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dhobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhobi"},{"link_name":"ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)"},{"link_name":"Chetpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetput_(Chennai)"},{"link_name":"Saidapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidapet"},{"link_name":"Mylapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The name comes from the fact that it used to be the washermen's enclave in Chennai, where many of the city's dhobi ghats used to be located. Prior to the development of T.Nagar and Purasawalkam, Washermenpet acted as the textile business [1] hub of Chennai.Washermenpet is one of the several Dhobikhanas in Chennai since colonial times with others being Adayar, Chetpet, Saidapet and Mylapore.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are many historical educational establishments present in this locality.","title":"Colleges and schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Old Washermanpet is surrounded by various private schools, government-run schools as well as government-aided schools to provide nursery to secondary education.","title":"Colleges and schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Theagaraya College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Theagaraya_College"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Sir Theagaraya College is a government-aided college that is affiliated with the University of Madras, offering courses in the arts as well as sciences. It is one of the oldest colleges in Chennai.","title":"Colleges and schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Medical_College"}],"text":"Stanley Hospital and RSRM Hospital are two major hospitals in Washermanpet while CSI Rainy is located in Gollavar Agraharam Road.","title":"Hospitals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washermanpet_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chennai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Metro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Washermanpet has a bus terminus and a railway station. Washermanpet Metro Station serves as the northern terminus of the Blue Line of the Chennai Metro rail network and another metro station is expected to be located underground, near Sir Theagaraya College in Old Washermanpet.[3]","title":"Rail and road connectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dravidan Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"C. N. Annadurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Annadurai"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"}],"text":"Anna Park is used by the residents for morning walks and recreational activities. Robinson Ground and Sir Theyagaraya Ground are frequented by children for sport activities. These public areas were often used by the Dravidan Federation during its nascent stages and witnessed several speeches given by orators such as C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi.","title":"Parks and play ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mint Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_Street,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The famous Mint Street, also known as \"Thanga Salai\" (Tamil: தங்க சாலை) has several landmarks, such as R Square, and Maharani Theatre. The famous Periyapalayam Mariamman Temple is also located at the start of T.H. Road and Sri Kothandaramar Temple on Perambalu Street.[4]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royapuram"},{"link_name":"Korukkupet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korukkupet"},{"link_name":"Tondiarpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondiarpet"},{"link_name":"Kodungaiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungaiyur"},{"link_name":"Sowcarpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowcarpet"}],"text":"Broadway, Parrys, Royapuram, Korukkupet, Tondiarpet, Kodungaiyur, Sowcarpet are located adjacent to this locality.","title":"Adjacent areas"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Srikanth, R. (19 July 2015). \"Still a favourite with north Chennai residents\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/still-a-favourite-with-north-chennai-residents/article7439391.ece","url_text":"\"Still a favourite with north Chennai residents\""}]},{"reference":"Peter, Petlee (3 April 2011). \"A peep into the world of dhobikanas\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/A-peep-into-the-world-of-dhobikanas/article14668778.ece","url_text":"\"A peep into the world of dhobikanas\""}]},{"reference":"Sekar, Sunitha (30 October 2014). \"Chennai Metro adds a station to phase-1 extension\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/chennai-metro-adds-a-station-to-phase1-extension/article6545625.ece","url_text":"\"Chennai Metro adds a station to phase-1 extension\""}]},{"reference":"Ramakrishnan, Deepa H.; Srikanth, R. (25 December 2013). \"Music and its lovers in the north\". The Hindu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/music-and-its-lovers-in-the-north/article5499618.ece","url_text":"\"Music and its lovers in the north\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaDefender

MediaDefender

["1 Miivi.com","2 Leaked information","2.1 Leaked e-mails","2.2 Leaked phone conversation","2.3 Leaked source code","3 Revision3 controversy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Cybercrime MediaDefender, Inc. (now Peer Media Technologies) was a company that fought copyright infringement that offered services designed to prevent alleged copyright infringement using peer-to-peer distribution. They used unusual tactics such as flooding peer-to-peer networks with decoy files that tie up users' computers and bandwidth. MediaDefender was based in Los Angeles, California in the United States. As of March 2007, the company had approximately 60 employees and used 2,000 servers hosted in California with contracts for 9 Gbit/s of bandwidth. These types of organizations are being hired to attempt to stymie peer-to-peer (P2P) traders through a variety of methods including posting fake files online and recording individuals who contribute copyrighted material, but also marketing to individuals using P2P networks. Clients include Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Virgin Records, HBO, Paramount Pictures, and BMG. On August 1, 2005, the digital media entertainment company ARTISTdirect announced that it had acquired MediaDefender for $42.5 million in cash. In May 2008, MediaDefender performed a distributed-denial-of-service attack on Revision3, despite the fact that they were not hosting unauthorized materials. Jim Louderback, Revision3's CEO, charged that these attacks violated the Economic Espionage Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. As of May 2008, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was investigating the incident. In August 2009, ARTISTdirect restructured MediaDefender and MediaSentry, creating Peer Media Technologies. Miivi.com In February 2007, MediaDefender launched a video sharing site called Miivi.com. On July 4, 2007, file-sharing news site TorrentFreak alleged that Miivi.com was created to trap uploaders of copyrighted content. The site's origins were discovered by a blogger who looked up Miivi.com domain registration information. After the allegation was re-posted throughout the blogosphere, Miivi.com was shut down on July 4, 2007. In an interview with Ars Technica, chief executive Randy Saaf stated that "MediaDefender was working on an internal project that involved video and didn't realize that people would be trying to go to it and so we didn't password-protect the site". MediaDefender blamed file-sharing groups such as The Pirate Bay for starting the story. Following MediaDefender's subsequent email leak, TorrentFreak alleged that MediaDefender's statement was revealed to be a deliberate falsehood. Saaf denied that MiiVi was "a devious product" and that the company aimed to entrap users, stating only that it was part of MediaDefender's "trade secrets." The MPAA denied any involvement with MediaDefender. On September 14, 2007, internal emails from MediaDefender were leaked on to BitTorrent file sharing networks, which contradicted MediaDefender's claims of MiiVi being an "internal test site," revealing additional detailed information about the website and that the site was closed when the connection between it and MediaDefender became public knowledge. It was scheduled to be re-launched as www.viide.com, but has not yet been opened up to the public. Leaked information Beginning on September 14, 2007, MediaDefender experienced a security breach caused by a group of hackers led by high school student "Ethan". This group called themselves MediaDefender-Defenders. According to an SEC filing, this ultimately cost parent company ARTISTdirect at least $825,000. The breach included emails, a phone conversation, and a number of internal anti-infringement tools, including some source code. Leaked e-mails On September 14, 2007, 6,621 of the company's internal e-mails were leaked, containing information contradicting previous statements and details of strategies intended to deceive copyright infringers. The emails link MediaDefender to projects that management previously denied involvement in. The Associated Press and other media outlets suggest that the leak may confirm speculation that MiiVi.com was an anti-copyright infringement "honeypot" site. One e-mail suggests using the MiiVi client program to turn users' PCs into drones for MediaDefender's eMule spoofing activities. The leaked e-mails discuss responses to unexpected and negative press, and expose upcoming projects, problems in and around the office, Domino's pizza orders, and other personal information about employees. Beyond strategic information, the leak also exposed login information for FTP and MySQL servers, making available a large library of MP3 files likely including artists represented by MediaDefender's clients. The emails also revealed that MediaDefender probably was negotiating with the New York Attorney General's office to allow them access to information about users accessing pornographic material. As of September 15, 2007, there had been no official response from the company. However, evidence exists that MediaDefender had been employing both legal and illegal actions to remove copies of the leaked emails from their respective hosting sites. In addition to the usual cease-and-desist letters from their legal department, IP addresses that are owned by MediaDefender were found to have been used in denial-of-service attacks against sites hosting the leaked emails. The e-mails also revealed direction by MediaDefender founder Randy Saaf to have developer Ben Ebert attempt to eliminate the information about MiiVi from MediaDefender's English Wikipedia entry. Ebert responds in an email on the same day saying, "I will attempt to get all References to miivi removed from wiki. I should easily be able to get It contested. We'll see if I can get rid of it." Leaked phone conversation On September 16, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released a 25-minute excerpt of a phone conversation between the New York Attorney General's office and MediaDefender as a torrent on The Pirate Bay. MediaDefender-Defenders claims in information released with the phone conversation that they have infiltrated the "internals" of the company. Leaked source code On September 20, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released the source code of TrapperKeeper, MediaDefender's decoy systems on The Pirate Bay. A large chunk of MediaDefender's software was available by Bittorrent. Revision3 controversy Revision3 is an Internet television network which distributes video content legally through various means, including the BitTorrent protocol. During the Memorial Day weekend in 2008, Revision3 came under a Denial of Service attack originating from MediaDefender IP addresses. The attack left the company's service inaccessible until mid-Tuesday the following week. Revision3 CEO Jim Louderback accused MediaDefender of injecting its decoy files into Revision3's BitTorrent service through a vulnerability, then automatically perpetrating the attack after Revision3 increased security. Randy Saaf defended MediaDefender's actions by stating "Our systems were targeting a tracker not even knowing it was Revision3's tracker", adding that the denial-of-service attack resulted when "Revision3 changed some configurations" to their BitTorrent tracker. See also Copyright social conflict Cyberterrorism BayTSP Streisand effect Torrent poisoning References ^ "Showdown Looms over Pirated-Media Directory". Wall Street Journal. 11 January 2008. ^ Holahan, Catherine (March 5, 2007). "Advertising to the File-Sharing Crowd" BusinessWeek. Retrieved on September 16, 2007. ^ a b Anderson, Nate (2007-03-19). "Peer-to-peer poisoners: A tour of MediaDefender". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 September 2007. ^ Angwin, Julia; McBride, Sarah; Smith, Ethan (18 October 2006). "Record Labels Turn Piracy Into a Marketing Opportunity". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 September 2007. ^ Paul, Ryan (30 May 2008). "Revision3 CEO: Blackout caused by MediaDefender attack". arstechnica.com. Retrieved 2008-05-30. ^ a b Van der Sar, Ernesto (4 July 2007). "Anti-Piracy Gang Launches their own Video Download Site to Trap People". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 17 September 2007. ^ "MPAA Dummy Site Snares Pirates" Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine DigitalTrends.com ^ "Domain Registration Information" ^ "Miivi.com goes down" ^ a b c Cheng, Jacqui (2007-07-06). "MediaDefender denies entrapment accusations with fake torrent site". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 September 2007. ^ McBride, Sarah (September 17, 2007). "Antipiracy group suffers email leak". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on September 16, 2007. ^ a b Van der Sar, Ernesto (15 September 2007). "The Biggest Ever BitTorrent Leak: MediaDefender Internal Emails Go Public * TorrentFreak". Retrieved 16 September 2007. ^ Media Defenders Profile - National Business News - Print - Portfolio.com ^ ARTISTDIRECT INC (Form: 10QSB, Received: 11/14/2007 16:07:22) Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Veiga, Alex (September 18, 2007). "Hackers leak anti-piracy firm's e-mails". Associated Press. Retrieved on September 19, 2007. ^ Carr, Jim (September 18, 2007). "Stolen emails reveal anti-copyright infringement company's 'honeypot' strategy Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine". SC Magazine US. Retrieved on September 19, 2007. ^ a b Leaked Media Defender e-mails reveal secret government project ^ P2P sites ridicule MediaDefender takedown notices in wake of e-mail leak arstechnica.com ^ Re: MiiVi got Dugg Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ Van der Sar, Ernesto (16 September 2007). "MediaDefender Phone Call and Gnutella Tracking Database Leaked". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ Van der Sar, Ernesto (20 September 2007). "MediaDefender Anti-Piracy Tools Leaked". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ "MediaDefender source code leaked to wibble". 2007-09-25. Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ Inside the Attack that Crippled Revision3 Archived 2013-07-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ Anti-piracy misfire blamed for crash of popular online TV network ^ "MediaDefender Defends Revision3 SYN Attack". Wired. 2008-05-31. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. External links MediaDefender's Official Website Net2EZ owned by Media Defender "Leaked Media Defender e-mails reveal secret government project" - Arstechnica "MPAA Caught Uploading Fake Torrents" — TorrentFreak (IP addresses of fake torrents traced back to MediaDefender) "Anti-Piracy Gang Launches their own Video Download Site to Trap People" — TorrentFreak (The domain registration of a fake video upload/download service called miivi has been traced to MediaDefender.) Torrent Freak article about the 9/14/2007 Media Defender internal email leak P2P sites ridicule MediaDefender takedown notices in wake of e-mail leak Post of a list of leaked Programs. Torrentfreak's article on Media defender problems

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peer Media Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_Media_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnica3-18-2007-3"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Gbit/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbit/s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnica3-18-2007-3"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ARTISTdirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTISTdirect"},{"link_name":"distributed-denial-of-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"Revision3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision3"},{"link_name":"Economic Espionage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Espionage_Act"},{"link_name":"Computer Fraud and Abuse Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ARTISTdirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTISTdirect"},{"link_name":"MediaSentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaSentry"},{"link_name":"Peer Media Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_Media_Technologies"}],"text":"MediaDefender, Inc. (now Peer Media Technologies) was a company that fought copyright infringement[1] that offered services designed to prevent alleged copyright infringement using peer-to-peer distribution. They used unusual tactics such as flooding peer-to-peer networks with decoy files that tie up users' computers and bandwidth.[2] MediaDefender was based in Los Angeles, California in the United States. As of March 2007, the company had approximately 60 employees[3] and used 2,000 servers hosted in California with contracts for 9 Gbit/s of bandwidth.[3]These types of organizations are being hired to attempt to stymie peer-to-peer (P2P) traders through a variety of methods including posting fake files online and recording individuals who contribute copyrighted material, but also marketing to individuals using P2P networks.[4] Clients include Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Virgin Records, HBO, Paramount Pictures, and BMG[citation needed]. On August 1, 2005, the digital media entertainment company ARTISTdirect announced that it had acquired MediaDefender for $42.5 million in cash.In May 2008, MediaDefender performed a distributed-denial-of-service attack on Revision3, despite the fact that they were not hosting unauthorized materials. Jim Louderback, Revision3's CEO, charged that these attacks violated the Economic Espionage Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. As of May 2008, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was investigating the incident.[5]In August 2009, ARTISTdirect restructured MediaDefender and MediaSentry, creating Peer Media Technologies.","title":"MediaDefender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TorrentFreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TorrentFreak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorrentFreak-Anti-PiracyGang-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"blogger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"domain registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_registration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"blogosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ars Technica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica"},{"link_name":"Randy Saaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Saaf"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnicaJuly6-10"},{"link_name":"The Pirate Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnicaJuly6-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorrentFreak-TheBiggestEver-12"},{"link_name":"MPAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPAA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnicaJuly6-10"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorrentFreak-Anti-PiracyGang-6"}],"text":"In February 2007, MediaDefender launched a video sharing site called Miivi.com. On July 4, 2007, file-sharing news site TorrentFreak alleged that Miivi.com was created to trap uploaders of copyrighted content.[6][7] The site's origins were discovered by a blogger who looked up Miivi.com domain registration information.[8][citation needed]After the allegation was re-posted throughout the blogosphere, Miivi.com was shut down on July 4, 2007.[9] In an interview with Ars Technica, chief executive Randy Saaf stated that \"MediaDefender was working on an internal project that involved video and didn't realize that people would be trying to go to it and so we didn't password-protect the site\".[10] MediaDefender blamed file-sharing groups such as The Pirate Bay for starting the story.[10] Following MediaDefender's subsequent email leak, TorrentFreak alleged that MediaDefender's statement was revealed to be a deliberate falsehood. Saaf denied that MiiVi was \"a devious product\" and that the company aimed to entrap users, stating only that it was part of MediaDefender's \"trade secrets.\"[11][12]The MPAA denied any involvement with MediaDefender.[10] On September 14, 2007, internal emails from MediaDefender were leaked on to BitTorrent file sharing networks, which contradicted MediaDefender's claims of MiiVi being an \"internal test site,\" revealing additional detailed information about the website and that the site was closed when the connection between it and MediaDefender became public knowledge. It was scheduled to be re-launched as www.viide.com, but has not yet been opened up to the public.[6]","title":"Miivi.com"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ARTISTdirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTISTdirect"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Beginning on September 14, 2007, MediaDefender experienced a security breach caused by a group of hackers led by high school student \"Ethan\". This group called themselves MediaDefender-Defenders.[13] According to an SEC filing, this ultimately cost parent company ARTISTdirect at least $825,000.[14] The breach included emails, a phone conversation, and a number of internal anti-infringement tools, including some source code.","title":"Leaked information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"e-mails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"honeypot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AssociatedPress9-18-2007-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCMagazine-16"},{"link_name":"MiiVi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiiVi"},{"link_name":"eMule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMule"},{"link_name":"Domino's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s"},{"link_name":"FTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP"},{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnicaSep16-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorrentFreak-TheBiggestEver-12"},{"link_name":"cease-and-desist letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease_and_desist"},{"link_name":"denial-of-service attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Randy Saaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Saaf"},{"link_name":"English Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsTechnicaSep16-17"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MediaDefenderEmail-19"}],"sub_title":"Leaked e-mails","text":"On September 14, 2007, 6,621 of the company's internal e-mails were leaked, containing information contradicting previous statements and details of strategies intended to deceive copyright infringers. The emails link MediaDefender to projects that management previously denied involvement in. The Associated Press and other media outlets suggest that the leak may confirm speculation that MiiVi.com was an anti-copyright infringement \"honeypot\" site.[15][16] One e-mail suggests using the MiiVi client program to turn users' PCs into drones for MediaDefender's eMule spoofing activities. The leaked e-mails discuss responses to unexpected and negative press, and expose upcoming projects, problems in and around the office, Domino's pizza orders, and other personal information about employees. Beyond strategic information, the leak also exposed login information for FTP and MySQL servers, making available a large library of MP3 files likely including artists represented by MediaDefender's clients. The emails also revealed that MediaDefender probably was negotiating with the New York Attorney General's office to allow them access to information about users accessing pornographic material.[17] As of September 15, 2007, there had been no official response from the company.[12] However, evidence exists that MediaDefender had been employing both legal and illegal actions to remove copies of the leaked emails from their respective hosting sites. In addition to the usual cease-and-desist letters from their legal department, IP addresses that are owned by MediaDefender were found to have been used in denial-of-service attacks against sites hosting the leaked emails.[18]The e-mails also revealed direction by MediaDefender founder Randy Saaf to have developer Ben Ebert attempt to eliminate the information about MiiVi from MediaDefender's English Wikipedia entry.[17] Ebert responds in an email on the same day saying, \"I will attempt to get all References [sic] to miivi removed from wiki. I should easily be able to get It contested. We'll see if I can get rid of it.\"[19]","title":"Leaked information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Attorney General's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"torrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Leaked phone conversation","text":"On September 16, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released a 25-minute excerpt of a phone conversation between the New York Attorney General's office and MediaDefender as a torrent on The Pirate Bay. MediaDefender-Defenders claims in information released with the phone conversation that they have infiltrated the \"internals\" of the company.[20]","title":"Leaked information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Leaked source code","text":"On September 20, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released the source code of TrapperKeeper, MediaDefender's decoy systems on The Pirate Bay.[21] A large chunk of MediaDefender's software was available by Bittorrent.[22]","title":"Leaked information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revision3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision3"},{"link_name":"Internet television network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_television"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Denial of Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_Service"},{"link_name":"Jim Louderback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Louderback"},{"link_name":"decoy files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoofing_(anti-piracy_measure)"},{"link_name":"vulnerability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_tracker"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Revision3 is an Internet television network which distributes video content legally through various means, including the BitTorrent protocol. During the Memorial Day weekend in 2008, Revision3 came under a Denial of Service attack originating from MediaDefender IP addresses. The attack left the company's service inaccessible until mid-Tuesday the following week. Revision3 CEO Jim Louderback accused MediaDefender of injecting its decoy files into Revision3's BitTorrent service through a vulnerability, then automatically perpetrating the attack after Revision3 increased security.[23][24]Randy Saaf defended MediaDefender's actions by stating \"Our systems were targeting a tracker not even knowing it was Revision3's tracker\", adding that the denial-of-service attack resulted when \"Revision3 changed some configurations\" to their BitTorrent tracker.[25]","title":"Revision3 controversy"}]

[]

[{"title":"Copyright social conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_social_conflict"},{"title":"Cyberterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberterrorism"},{"title":"BayTSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BayTSP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Streisand effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streisand_effect"},{"title":"Torrent poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrent_poisoning"}]

[{"reference":"\"Showdown Looms over Pirated-Media Directory\". Wall Street Journal. 11 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120001282486582581","url_text":"\"Showdown Looms over Pirated-Media Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Nate (2007-03-19). \"Peer-to-peer poisoners: A tour of MediaDefender\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/03/mediadefender/","url_text":"\"Peer-to-peer poisoners: A tour of MediaDefender\""}]},{"reference":"Angwin, Julia; McBride, Sarah; Smith, Ethan (18 October 2006). \"Record Labels Turn Piracy Into a Marketing Opportunity\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116113611429796022","url_text":"\"Record Labels Turn Piracy Into a Marketing Opportunity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Ryan (30 May 2008). \"Revision3 CEO: Blackout caused by MediaDefender attack\". arstechnica.com. Retrieved 2008-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080529-revision3-ceo-blackout-caused-by-mediadefender-attack.html","url_text":"\"Revision3 CEO: Blackout caused by MediaDefender attack\""}]},{"reference":"Van der Sar, Ernesto (4 July 2007). \"Anti-Piracy Gang Launches their own Video Download Site to Trap People\". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 17 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/anti-piracy-gang-launches-their-own-video-download-site-to-trap-people/","url_text":"\"Anti-Piracy Gang Launches their own Video Download Site to Trap People\""}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Jacqui (2007-07-06). \"MediaDefender denies entrapment accusations with fake torrent site\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/07/mediadefender-denies-entrapment-accusations-with-fake-torrent-site/","url_text":"\"MediaDefender denies entrapment accusations with fake torrent site\""}]},{"reference":"Van der Sar, Ernesto (15 September 2007). \"The Biggest Ever BitTorrent Leak: MediaDefender Internal Emails Go Public * TorrentFreak\". Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-emails-leaked-070915/","url_text":"\"The Biggest Ever BitTorrent Leak: MediaDefender Internal Emails Go Public * TorrentFreak\""}]},{"reference":"Van der Sar, Ernesto (16 September 2007). \"MediaDefender Phone Call and Gnutella Tracking Database Leaked\". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/more-mediadefender-leaks-070916/","url_text":"\"MediaDefender Phone Call and Gnutella Tracking Database Leaked\""}]},{"reference":"Van der Sar, Ernesto (20 September 2007). \"MediaDefender Anti-Piracy Tools Leaked\". TorrentFreak. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-anti-piracy-tools-leaked-070920/","url_text":"\"MediaDefender Anti-Piracy Tools Leaked\""}]},{"reference":"\"MediaDefender source code leaked to wibble\". 2007-09-25. Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925051250/http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=42516","url_text":"\"MediaDefender source code leaked to wibble\""},{"url":"http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=42516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MediaDefender Defends Revision3 SYN Attack\". Wired. 2008-05-31. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2008/05/mediadefender-d","url_text":"\"MediaDefender Defends Revision3 SYN Attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327230304/https://www.wired.com/2008/05/mediadefender-d/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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National Business News - Print - Portfolio.com"},{"Link":"http://www.irconnect.com/mc/irc/secfilings.mc?cmd=disp&id=5543752&type=HTML","external_links_name":"ARTISTDIRECT INC (Form: 10QSB, Received: 11/14/2007 16:07:22)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123102516/http://www.irconnect.com/mc/irc/secfilings.mc?cmd=disp&id=5543752&type=HTML","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/computersecurity/hacking/2007-09-18-mediadefender-leak_N.htm?csp=34","external_links_name":"Hackers leak anti-piracy firm's e-mails"},{"Link":"http://www.scmagazineus.com/Stolen-emails-reveal-anti-piracy-companys-honeypot-strategy/article/35701/","external_links_name":"Stolen emails reveal anti-copyright infringement company's 'honeypot' strategy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016195004/http://www.scmagazineus.com/Stolen-emails-reveal-anti-piracy-companys-honeypot-strategy/article/35701/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070916-leaked-media-defender-e-mails-reveal-secret-government-project.html","external_links_name":"Leaked Media Defender e-mails reveal secret government project"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070919-p2p-sites-ridicule-mediadefender-takedown-notices-in-wake-of-e-mail-leak.html","external_links_name":"P2P sites ridicule MediaDefender takedown notices in wake of e-mail leak"},{"Link":"http://www.mediadefender-defenders.com/msg03754.html","external_links_name":"Re: MiiVi got Dugg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016200639/http://mediadefender-defenders.com/msg03754.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://torrentfreak.com/more-mediadefender-leaks-070916/","external_links_name":"\"MediaDefender Phone Call and Gnutella Tracking Database Leaked\""},{"Link":"https://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-anti-piracy-tools-leaked-070920/","external_links_name":"\"MediaDefender Anti-Piracy Tools Leaked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925051250/http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=42516","external_links_name":"\"MediaDefender source code leaked to wibble\""},{"Link":"http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=42516","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://revision3.com/blog/2008/05/29/inside-the-attack-that-crippled-revision3","external_links_name":"Inside the Attack that Crippled Revision3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721014755/http://revision3.com/blog/2008/05/29/inside-the-attack-that-crippled-revision3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/technology/la-fi-outage30-2008may30,0,4328786.story","external_links_name":"Anti-piracy misfire blamed for crash of popular online TV network"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2008/05/mediadefender-d","external_links_name":"\"MediaDefender Defends Revision3 SYN Attack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327230304/https://www.wired.com/2008/05/mediadefender-d/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mediadefender.com/","external_links_name":"MediaDefender's Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r19629941-Net2EZ-owned-by-MediaDefender","external_links_name":"Net2EZ owned by Media Defender"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070916-leaked-media-defender-e-mails-reveal-secret-government-project.html","external_links_name":"\"Leaked Media Defender e-mails reveal secret government project\""},{"Link":"http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-caught-uploading-fake-torrents/","external_links_name":"\"MPAA Caught Uploading Fake Torrents\""},{"Link":"http://torrentfreak.com/anti-piracy-gang-launches-their-own-video-download-site-to-trap-people/","external_links_name":"\"Anti-Piracy Gang Launches their own Video Download Site to Trap People\""},{"Link":"http://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-emails-leaked-070915/","external_links_name":"Torrent Freak article about the 9/14/2007 Media Defender internal email leak"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070919-p2p-sites-ridicule-mediadefender-takedown-notices-in-wake-of-e-mail-leak.html","external_links_name":"P2P sites ridicule MediaDefender takedown notices in wake of e-mail leak"},{"Link":"http://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-anti-piracy-tools-leaked-070920/","external_links_name":"Post of a list of leaked Programs."},{"Link":"http://torrentfreak.com/mediadefender-parent-company-facing-liquidation-080226/","external_links_name":"Torrentfreak's article on Media defender problems"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnegative-definite_matrix

Definite matrix

["1 Ramifications","2 Definitions","2.1 Definitions for real matrices","2.2 Definitions for complex matrices","2.3 Consistency between real and complex definitions","2.4 Notation","3 Examples","4 Eigenvalues","5 Decomposition","5.1 Uniqueness up to unitary transformations","5.2 Square root","5.3 Cholesky decomposition","6 Other characterizations","7 Quadratic forms","8 Simultaneous diagonalization","9 Properties","9.1 Induced partial ordering","9.2 Inverse of positive definite matrix","9.3 Scaling","9.4 Addition","9.5 Multiplication","9.6 Trace","9.7 Hadamard product","9.8 Kronecker product","9.9 Frobenius product","9.10 Convexity","9.11 Relation with cosine","9.12 Further properties","9.13 Block matrices and submatrices","9.14 Local extrema","9.15 Covariance","10 Extension for non-Hermitian square matrices","11 Applications","11.1 Heat conductivity matrix","12 See also","13 References","14 Sources","15 External links"]

Property of a mathematical matrix Not to be confused with Positive matrix and Totally positive matrix. In mathematics, a symmetric matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } with real entries is positive-definite if the real number   x ⊤ M x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} \ } is positive for every nonzero real column vector   x   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ ,} where   x ⊤   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }\ } is the row vector transpose of   x   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ~.} More generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number   z ∗ M z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\mathbf {z} \ } is positive for every nonzero complex column vector   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} where   z ∗   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}\ } denotes the conjugate transpose of   z   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ~.} Positive semi-definite matrices are defined similarly, except that the scalars   x ⊤ M x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} \ } and   z ∗ M z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\mathbf {z} \ } are required to be positive or zero (that is, not negative). Negative-definite and negative semi-definite matrices are defined analogously. A matrix that is not positive semi-definite and not negative semi-definite is sometimes called indefinite. Ramifications It follows from the above definitions that a matrix is positive-definite if and only if it is the matrix of a positive-definite quadratic form or Hermitian form. In other words, a matrix is positive-definite if and only if it defines an inner product. Positive-definite and positive-semidefinite matrices can be characterized in many ways, which may explain the importance of the concept in various parts of mathematics. A matrix M is positive-definite if and only if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions.   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is congruent with a diagonal matrix with positive real entries.   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is symmetric or Hermitian, and all its eigenvalues are real and positive.   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is symmetric or Hermitian, and all its leading principal minors are positive. There exists an invertible matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } with conjugate transpose   B ∗   {\displaystyle \ B^{*}\ } such that   M = B ∗ B   . {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B~.} A matrix is positive semi-definite if it satisfies similar equivalent conditions where "positive" is replaced by "nonnegative", "invertible matrix" is replaced by "matrix", and the word "leading" is removed. Positive-definite and positive-semidefinite real matrices are at the basis of convex optimization, since, given a function of several real variables that is twice differentiable, then if its Hessian matrix (matrix of its second partial derivatives) is positive-definite at a point   p   , {\displaystyle \ p\ ,} then the function is convex near p, and, conversely, if the function is convex near   p   , {\displaystyle \ p\ ,} then the Hessian matrix is positive-semidefinite at   p   . {\displaystyle \ p~.} The set of positive definite matrices is an open convex cone, while the set of positive semi-definite matrices is a closed convex cone. Some authors use more general definitions of definiteness, including some non-symmetric real matrices, or non-Hermitian complex ones. Definitions In the following definitions,   x ⊤   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }\ } is the transpose of   x   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ ,}   z ∗   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}\ } is the conjugate transpose of   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} and   0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {0} \ } denotes the n dimensional zero-vector. Definitions for real matrices An n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} symmetric real matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be positive-definite if   x ⊤ M   x > 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} >0\ } for all non-zero   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } in   R n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  positive-definite ⟺ x ⊤ M   x > 0  for all  x ∈ R n ∖ { 0 }   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ positive-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} >0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus \{\mathbf {0} \}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } symmetric real matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be positive-semidefinite or non-negative-definite if   x ⊤ M   x ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} \geq 0\ } for all   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } in   R n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  positive semi-definite ⟺ x ⊤ M   x ≥ 0  for all  x ∈ R n   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ positive semi-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} \geq 0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } symmetric real matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be negative-definite if   x ⊤ M   x < 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} <0\ } for all non-zero   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } in   R n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  negative-definite ⟺ x ⊤ M   x < 0  for all  x ∈ R n ∖ { 0 }   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ negative-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} <0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus \{\mathbf {0} \}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } symmetric real matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be negative-semidefinite or non-positive-definite if   x ⊤ M   x ≤ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} \leq 0\ } for all   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } in   R n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{n}~.} Formally, M  negative semi-definite ⟺ x ⊤ M   x ≤ 0  for all  x ∈ R n {\displaystyle M{\text{ negative semi-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} \leq 0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} An n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} symmetric real matrix which is neither positive semidefinite nor negative semidefinite is called indefinite. Definitions for complex matrices The following definitions all involve the term   z ∗ M   z   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} ~.} Notice that this is always a real number for any Hermitian square matrix   M   . {\displaystyle \ M~.} An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian complex matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be positive-definite if   z ∗ M   z > 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} >0\ } for all non-zero   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } in   C n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  positive-definite ⟺ z ∗ M   z > 0  for all  z ∈ C n ∖ { 0 }   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ positive-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} >0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {z} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}\setminus \{\mathbf {0} \}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian complex matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be positive semi-definite or non-negative-definite if   z ∗ M   z ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} \geq 0\ } for all   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } in   C n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  positive semi-definite ⟺ z ∗ M   z ≥ 0  for all  z ∈ C n   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ positive semi-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} \geq 0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {z} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian complex matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be negative-definite if   z ∗ M   z < 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} <0\ } for all non-zero   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } in   C n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  negative-definite ⟺ z ∗ M   z < 0  for all  z ∈ C n ∖ { 0 }   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ negative-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} <0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {z} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}\setminus \{\mathbf {0} \}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian complex matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is said to be negative semi-definite or non-positive-definite if   z ∗ M   z ≤ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} \leq 0\ } for all   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } in   C n   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}~.} Formally,   M  negative semi-definite ⟺ z ∗ M   z ≤ 0  for all  z ∈ C n   {\displaystyle \ M{\text{ negative semi-definite}}\quad \iff \quad \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} \leq 0{\text{ for all }}\mathbf {z} \in \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } An   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian complex matrix which is neither positive semidefinite nor negative semidefinite is called indefinite. Consistency between real and complex definitions Since every real matrix is also a complex matrix, the definitions of "definiteness" for the two classes must agree. For complex matrices, the most common definition says that   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive-definite if and only if   z ∗ M   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} \ } is real and positive for every non-zero complex column vectors z   . {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ~.} This condition implies that M {\displaystyle M} is Hermitian (i.e. its transpose is equal to its conjugate), since z ∗ M   z {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} } being real, it equals its conjugate transpose   z ∗   M ∗   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}\ M^{*}\ \mathbf {z} \ } for every   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} which implies   M = M ∗   . {\displaystyle \ M=M^{*}~.} By this definition, a positive-definite real matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is Hermitian, hence symmetric; and   z ⊤ M   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {z} \ } is positive for all non-zero real column vectors   z   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ~.} However the last condition alone is not sufficient for   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } to be positive-definite. For example, if   M = [   1     1   − 1     1   ] , {\displaystyle \ M={\begin{bmatrix}~1~&~1~\\-1~&~1~\end{bmatrix}},} then for any real vector   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } with entries   a   {\displaystyle \ a\ } and   b   {\displaystyle \ b\ } we have   z ⊤ M   z = ( a + b ) a + ( − a + b ) b = a 2 + b 2   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {z} =\left(a+b\right)a+\left(-a+b\right)b=a^{2}+b^{2}\ ,} which is always positive if   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } is not zero. However, if   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } is the complex vector with entries 1 and   i   , {\displaystyle \ i\ ,} one gets z ∗ M   z = [   1   − i   ]   M   [   1     i   ] = [   1 + i     1 − i   ]   [   1     i   ] = 2 + 2 i   . {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {z} ={\begin{bmatrix}~1~&-i~\end{bmatrix}}\ M\ {\begin{bmatrix}~1~\\~i~\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}~1+i~&~1-i~\end{bmatrix}}\ {\begin{bmatrix}~1~\\~i~\end{bmatrix}}=2+2i~.} which is not real. Therefore,   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is not positive-definite. On the other hand, for a symmetric real matrix   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,} the condition "   z ⊤ M   z > 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {z} >0\ } for all nonzero real vectors   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } does imply that   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive-definite in the complex sense. Notation If a Hermitian matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semi-definite, one sometimes writes   M ⪰ 0   {\displaystyle \ M\succeq 0\ } and if   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive-definite one writes   M ≻ 0   . {\displaystyle \ M\succ 0~.} To denote that   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is negative semi-definite one writes   M ⪯ 0   {\displaystyle \ M\preceq 0\ } and to denote that   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is negative-definite one writes   M ≺ 0   . {\displaystyle \ M\prec 0~.} The notion comes from functional analysis where positive semidefinite matrices define positive operators. If two matrices   A   {\displaystyle \ A\ } and   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } satisfy   B − A ⪰ 0   , {\displaystyle \ B-A\succeq 0\ ,} we can define a non-strict partial order   B ⪰ A   {\displaystyle \ B\succeq A\ } that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive; It is not a total order, however, as   B − A   , {\displaystyle \ B-A\ ,} in general, may be indefinite. A common alternative notation is   M ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M\geq 0\ ,}   M > 0   , {\displaystyle \ M>0\ ,}   M ≤ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M\leq 0\ ,} and   M < 0   {\displaystyle \ M<0\ } for positive semi-definite and positive-definite, negative semi-definite and negative-definite matrices, respectively. This may be confusing, as sometimes nonnegative matrices (respectively, nonpositive matrices) are also denoted in this way. Examples The identity matrix I = [ 1 0 0 1 ] {\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}} is positive-definite (and as such also positive semi-definite). It is a real symmetric matrix, and, for any non-zero column vector z with real entries a and b, one has z ⊤ I z = [ a b ] [ 1 0 0 1 ] [ a b ] = a 2 + b 2 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ^{\top }I\mathbf {z} ={\begin{bmatrix}a&b\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\end{bmatrix}}=a^{2}+b^{2}.} Seen as a complex matrix, for any non-zero column vector z with complex entries a and b one has z ∗ I z = [ a ¯ b ¯ ] [ 1 0 0 1 ] [ a b ] = a ¯ a + b ¯ b = | a | 2 + | b | 2 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} ^{*}I\mathbf {z} ={\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {a}}&{\overline {b}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\end{bmatrix}}={\overline {a}}a+{\overline {b}}b=|a|^{2}+|b|^{2}.} Either way, the result is positive since z {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} } is not the zero vector (that is, at least one of a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} is not zero).The real symmetric matrix M = [ 2 − 1 0 − 1 2 − 1 0 − 1 2 ] {\displaystyle M={\begin{bmatrix}2&-1&0\\-1&2&-1\\0&-1&2\end{bmatrix}}} is positive-definite since for any non-zero column vector z with entries a, b and c, we have z ⊤ M z = ( z ⊤ M ) z = [ ( 2 a − b ) ( − a + 2 b − c ) ( − b + 2 c ) ] [ a b c ] = ( 2 a − b ) a + ( − a + 2 b − c ) b + ( − b + 2 c ) c = 2 a 2 − b a − a b + 2 b 2 − c b − b c + 2 c 2 = 2 a 2 − 2 a b + 2 b 2 − 2 b c + 2 c 2 = a 2 + a 2 − 2 a b + b 2 + b 2 − 2 b c + c 2 + c 2 = a 2 + ( a − b ) 2 + ( b − c ) 2 + c 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {z} ^{\top }M\mathbf {z} =\left(\mathbf {z} ^{\top }M\right)\mathbf {z} &={\begin{bmatrix}(2a-b)&(-a+2b-c)&(-b+2c)\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\\c\end{bmatrix}}\\&=(2a-b)a+(-a+2b-c)b+(-b+2c)c\\&=2a^{2}-ba-ab+2b^{2}-cb-bc+2c^{2}\\&=2a^{2}-2ab+2b^{2}-2bc+2c^{2}\\&=a^{2}+a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}+b^{2}-2bc+c^{2}+c^{2}\\&=a^{2}+(a-b)^{2}+(b-c)^{2}+c^{2}\end{aligned}}} This result is a sum of squares, and therefore non-negative; and is zero only if   a = b = c = 0   , {\displaystyle \ a=b=c=0\ ,} that is, when   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } is the zero vector.For any real invertible matrix   A   , {\displaystyle \ A\ ,} the product   A ⊤ A   {\displaystyle \ A^{\top }A\ } is a positive definite matrix (if the means of the columns of A are 0, then this is also called the covariance matrix). A simple proof is that for any non-zero vector   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} the condition   z ⊤ A ⊤ A z = ( A z ) ⊤ ( A z ) = ‖ A z ‖ 2 > 0   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{\top }A^{\top }A\mathbf {z} =(A\mathbf {z} )^{\top }(A\mathbf {z} )=\|A\mathbf {z} \|^{2}>0\ ,} since the invertibility of matrix A {\displaystyle A} means that A z ≠ 0   . {\displaystyle A\mathbf {z} \neq 0~.} The example M {\displaystyle M} above shows that a matrix in which some elements are negative may still be positive definite. Conversely, a matrix whose entries are all positive is not necessarily positive definite, as for example   N = [ 1 2 2 1 ]   , {\displaystyle \ N={\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&1\end{bmatrix}}\ ,} for which [ − 1 1 ] N [ − 1 1 ] ⊤ = − 2 < 0   . {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-1&1\end{bmatrix}}N{\begin{bmatrix}-1&1\end{bmatrix}}^{\top }=-2<0~.} Eigenvalues Let M {\displaystyle M} be an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} Hermitian matrix (this includes real symmetric matrices). All eigenvalues of M {\displaystyle M} are real, and their sign characterize its definiteness: M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are positive. M {\displaystyle M} is positive semi-definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are non-negative. M {\displaystyle M} is negative definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are negative M {\displaystyle M} is negative semi-definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are non-positive. M {\displaystyle M} is indefinite if and only if it has both positive and negative eigenvalues. Let   P D P − 1   {\displaystyle \ PDP^{-1}\ } be an eigendecomposition of   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,} where   P   {\displaystyle \ P\ } is a unitary complex matrix whose columns comprise an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,} and   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } is a real diagonal matrix whose main diagonal contains the corresponding eigenvalues. The matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } may be regarded as a diagonal matrix   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } that has been re-expressed in coordinates of the (eigenvectors) basis   P   . {\displaystyle \ P~.} Put differently, applying M {\displaystyle M} to some vector   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} giving   M z   , {\displaystyle \ M\mathbf {z} \ ,} is the same as changing the basis to the eigenvector coordinate system using   P − 1   , {\displaystyle \ P^{-1}\ ,} giving   P − 1 z   , {\displaystyle \ P^{-1}\mathbf {z} \ ,} applying the stretching transformation   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } to the result, giving   D P − 1 z   , {\displaystyle \ DP^{-1}\mathbf {z} \ ,} and then changing the basis back using   P   , {\displaystyle \ P\ ,} giving   P D P − 1 z   . {\displaystyle \ PDP^{-1}\mathbf {z} ~.} With this in mind, the one-to-one change of variable   y = P z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} =P\mathbf {z} \ } shows that   z ∗ M z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\mathbf {z} \ } is real and positive for any complex vector   z   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ } if and only if   y ∗ D y   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} ^{*}D\mathbf {y} \ } is real and positive for any   y   ; {\displaystyle \ y\ ;} in other words, if   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } is positive definite. For a diagonal matrix, this is true only if each element of the main diagonal – that is, every eigenvalue of   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } – is positive. Since the spectral theorem guarantees all eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix to be real, the positivity of eigenvalues can be checked using Descartes' rule of alternating signs when the characteristic polynomial of a real, symmetric matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is available. Decomposition See also: Gram matrix Let   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } be an   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian matrix.   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite if and only if it can be decomposed as a product   M = B ∗ B   {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B\ } of a matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } with its conjugate transpose. When   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is real,   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } can be real as well and the decomposition can be written as   M = B ⊤ B   . {\displaystyle \ M=B^{\top }B~.} M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite if and only if such a decomposition exists with   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } invertible. More generally,   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite with rank   k   {\displaystyle \ k\ } if and only if a decomposition exists with a   k × n   {\displaystyle \ k\times n\ } matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } of full row rank (i.e. of rank   k   {\displaystyle \ k\ } ). Moreover, for any decomposition   M = B ∗ B   , {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B\ ,}   rank ⁡ ( M ) = rank ⁡ ( B )   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {rank} (M)=\operatorname {rank} (B)~.} Proof If   M = B ∗ B   , {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B\ ,} then   x ∗ M x = ( x ∗ B ∗ ) ( B x ) = ‖ B x ‖ 2 ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ x^{*}Mx=(x^{*}B^{*})(Bx)=\|Bx\|^{2}\geq 0\ ,} so   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite. If moreover B {\displaystyle B} is invertible then the inequality is strict for   x ≠ 0   , {\displaystyle \ x\neq 0\ ,} so M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite. If B {\displaystyle B} is k × n {\displaystyle k\times n} of rank   k   , {\displaystyle \ k\ ,} then   rank ⁡ ( M ) = rank ⁡ ( B ∗ ) = k   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {rank} (M)=\operatorname {rank} (B^{*})=k~.} In the other direction, suppose   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite. Since   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is Hermitian, it has an eigendecomposition   M = Q − 1 D Q   {\displaystyle \ M=Q^{-1}DQ\ } where   Q   {\displaystyle \ Q\ } is unitary and   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } is a diagonal matrix whose entries are the eigenvalues of   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } Since   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite, the eigenvalues are non-negative real numbers, so one can define   D 1 2   {\displaystyle \ D^{\frac {1}{2}}\ } as the diagonal matrix whose entries are non-negative square roots of eigenvalues. Then   M = Q − 1 D Q = Q ∗ D Q = Q ∗ D 1 2 D 1 2 Q = Q ∗ D 1 2 ∗ D 1 2 Q = B ∗ B   {\displaystyle \ M=Q^{-1}DQ=Q^{*}DQ=Q^{*}D^{\frac {1}{2}}D^{\frac {1}{2}}Q=Q^{*}D^{{\frac {1}{2}}*}D^{\frac {1}{2}}Q=B^{*}B\ } for   B = D 1 2 Q   . {\displaystyle \ B=D^{\frac {1}{2}}Q~.} If moreover M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite, then the eigenvalues are (strictly) positive, so   D 1 2   {\displaystyle \ D^{\frac {1}{2}}\ } is invertible, and hence   B = D 1 2 Q   {\displaystyle \ B=D^{\frac {1}{2}}Q\ } is invertible as well. If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } has rank   k   , {\displaystyle \ k\ ,} then it has exactly k {\displaystyle k} positive eigenvalues and the others are zero, hence in   B = D 1 2 Q   {\displaystyle \ B=D^{\frac {1}{2}}Q\ } all but k {\displaystyle k} rows are all zeroed. Cutting the zero rows gives a   k × n   {\displaystyle \ k\times n\ } matrix   B ′   {\displaystyle \ B'\ } such that   B ′ ∗ B ′ = B ∗ B = M   . {\displaystyle \ B'^{*}B'=B^{*}B=M~.} The columns   b 1 , … , b n   {\displaystyle \ b_{1},\dots ,b_{n}\ } of   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } can be seen as vectors in the complex or real vector space   R k   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{k}\ ,} respectively. Then the entries of M {\displaystyle M} are inner products (that is dot products, in the real case) of these vectors   M i j = ⟨ b i , b j ⟩   . {\displaystyle \ M_{ij}=\langle b_{i},b_{j}\rangle ~.} In other words, a Hermitian matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite if and only if it is the Gram matrix of some vectors   b 1 , … , b n   . {\displaystyle \ b_{1},\dots ,b_{n}~.} It is positive definite if and only if it is the Gram matrix of some linearly independent vectors. In general, the rank of the Gram matrix of vectors   b 1 , … , b n   {\displaystyle \ b_{1},\dots ,b_{n}\ } equals the dimension of the space spanned by these vectors. Uniqueness up to unitary transformations The decomposition is not unique: if   M = B ∗ B   {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B\ } for some   k × n   {\displaystyle \ k\times n\ } matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } and if   Q   {\displaystyle \ Q\ } is any unitary k × k {\displaystyle k\times k} matrix (meaning   Q ∗ Q = Q Q ∗ = I   {\displaystyle \ Q^{*}Q=QQ^{*}=I\ } ), then   M = B ∗ B = B ∗ Q ∗ Q B = A ∗   {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B=B^{*}Q^{*}QB=A^{*}\ } for   A = Q B   . {\displaystyle \ A=QB~.} However, this is the only way in which two decompositions can differ: The decomposition is unique up to unitary transformations. More formally, if   A   {\displaystyle \ A\ } is a   k × n   {\displaystyle \ k\times n\ } matrix and   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } is a   ℓ × n   {\displaystyle \ \ell \times n\ } matrix such that   A ∗ A = B ∗ B   , {\displaystyle \ A^{*}A=B^{*}B\ ,} then there is a   ℓ × k   {\displaystyle \ \ell \times k\ } matrix Q {\displaystyle Q} with orthonormal columns (meaning   Q ∗ Q = I k × k   {\displaystyle \ Q^{*}Q=I_{k\times k}\ } ) such that   B = Q A   . {\displaystyle \ B=QA~.} When ℓ = k {\displaystyle \ell =k} this means Q {\displaystyle Q} is unitary. This statement has an intuitive geometric interpretation in the real case: let the columns of A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} be the vectors a 1 , … , a n {\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}} and   b 1 , … , b n   {\displaystyle \ b_{1},\dots ,b_{n}\ } in   R k   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{k}~.} A real unitary matrix is an orthogonal matrix, which describes a rigid transformation (an isometry of Euclidean space R k {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{k}} ) preserving the 0 point (i.e. rotations and reflections, without translations). Therefore, the dot products a i ⋅ a j {\displaystyle a_{i}\cdot a_{j}} and b i ⋅ b j {\displaystyle b_{i}\cdot b_{j}} are equal if and only if some rigid transformation of R k {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{k}} transforms the vectors a 1 , … , a n {\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}} to b 1 , … , b n {\displaystyle b_{1},\dots ,b_{n}} (and 0 to 0). Square root Main article: Square root of a matrix A Hermitian matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite if and only if there is a positive semidefinite matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } (in particular   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } is Hermitian, so   B ∗ = B   {\displaystyle \ B^{*}=B\ } ) satisfying   M = B B   . {\displaystyle \ M=BB~.} This matrix   B   {\displaystyle \ B\ } is unique, is called the non-negative square root of   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,} and is denoted with   B = M 1 2   . {\displaystyle \ B=M^{\frac {1}{2}}~.} When M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite, so is   M 1 2   , {\displaystyle \ M^{\frac {1}{2}}\ ,} hence it is also called the positive square root of   M   . {\displaystyle \ M~.} The non-negative square root should not be confused with other decompositions   M = B ∗ B   . {\displaystyle \ M=B^{*}B~.} Some authors use the name square root and M 1 2 {\displaystyle M^{\frac {1}{2}}} for any such decomposition, or specifically for the Cholesky decomposition, or any decomposition of the form   M = B B   ; {\displaystyle \ M=BB\ ;} others only use it for the non-negative square root. If   M > N > 0   {\displaystyle \ M>N>0\ } then   M 1 2 > N 1 2 > 0   . {\displaystyle \ M^{\frac {1}{2}}>N^{\frac {1}{2}}>0~.} Cholesky decomposition A Hermitian positive semidefinite matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } can be written as   M = L L ∗   , {\displaystyle \ M=LL^{*}\ ,} where   L   {\displaystyle \ L\ } is lower triangular with non-negative diagonal (equivalently M = B ∗ B {\displaystyle M=B^{*}B} where   B = L ∗   {\displaystyle \ B=L^{*}\ } is upper triangular); this is the Cholesky decomposition. If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite, then the diagonal of   L   {\displaystyle \ L\ } is positive and the Cholesky decomposition is unique. Conversely if   L   {\displaystyle \ L\ } is lower triangular with nonnegative diagonal then   L L ∗   {\displaystyle \ LL^{*}\ } is positive semidefinite. The Cholesky decomposition is especially useful for efficient numerical calculations. A closely related decomposition is the LDL decomposition,   M = L D L ∗   , {\displaystyle \ M=LDL^{*}\ ,} where D {\displaystyle D} is diagonal and   L   {\displaystyle \ L\ } is lower unitriangular. Other characterizations Let   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } be an   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } real symmetric matrix, and let   B 1 ( M ) ≡ { x ∈ R n : x ⊤ M   x ≤ 1 }   {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(M)\equiv \{\mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}:\mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {x} \leq 1\}\ } be the "unit ball" defined by   M   . {\displaystyle \ M~.} Then we have the following   B 1 ( v   v ⊤ ) {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(\mathbf {v} \ \mathbf {v} ^{\top })} is a solid slab sandwiched between   ± { w : ⟨ w , v ⟩ = 1 }   . {\displaystyle \ \pm \{\mathbf {w} :\langle \mathbf {w} ,\mathbf {v} \rangle =1\}~.}   M ⪰ 0   {\displaystyle \ M\succeq 0\ } if and only if   B 1 ( M )   {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(M)\ } is an ellipsoid, or an ellipsoidal cylinder.   M ≻ 0   {\displaystyle \ M\succ 0\ } if and only if   B 1 ( M )   {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(M)\ } is bounded, that is, it is an ellipsoid. If   N ≻ 0   , {\displaystyle \ N\succ 0\ ,} then   M ⪰ N   {\displaystyle \ M\succeq N\ } if and only if   B 1 ( M ) ⊆ B 1 ( N )   ; {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(M)\subseteq B_{1}(N)\ ;}   M ≻ N   {\displaystyle \ M\succ N\ } if and only if   B 1 ( M ) ⊆ int (   B 1 ( N )   )   . {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(M)\subseteq \operatorname {int} \!{\bigl (}\ B_{1}(N)\ {\bigr )}~.} If   N ≻ 0   , {\displaystyle \ N\succ 0\ ,} then   M ⪰ v   v ⊤   v ⊤ N   v     {\displaystyle \ M\succeq {\frac {\mathbf {v} \ \mathbf {v} ^{\top }}{\ \mathbf {v} ^{\top }N\ \mathbf {v} \ }}\ } for all v ≠ 0 {\displaystyle v\neq 0} if and only if   B 1 ( M ) ⊂ ⋂ v ⊤ N   v = 1 B 1 ( v v ⊤ )   . {\textstyle \ B_{1}(M)\subset \bigcap _{\mathbf {v} ^{\top }N\ \mathbf {v} =1}B_{1}(\mathbf {v} \mathbf {v} ^{\top })~.} So, since the polar dual of an ellipsoid is also an ellipsoid with the same principal axes, with inverse lengths, we have   B 1 ( N − 1 ) = ⋂ v ⊤ N   v = 1 B 1 ( v   v ⊤ ) = ⋂ v ⊤ N   v = 1 { w : | ⟨ w , v ⟩ | ≤ 1 }   . {\displaystyle \ B_{1}(N^{-1})=\bigcap _{\mathbf {v} ^{\top }N\ \mathbf {v} =1}B_{1}(\mathbf {v} \ \mathbf {v} ^{\top })=\bigcap _{\mathbf {v} ^{\top }N\ \mathbf {v} =1}\{\mathbf {w} :|\langle \mathbf {w} ,\mathbf {v} \rangle |\leq 1\}~.} That is, if   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } is positive-definite, then   M ⪰ v v ⊤   v ⊤ N   v     {\displaystyle \ M\succeq {\frac {\mathbf {v} \mathbf {v} ^{\top }}{\ \mathbf {v} ^{\top }N\ \mathbf {v} \ }}\ } for all   v ≠ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {v} \neq \mathbf {0} \ } if and only if   M ⪰ N − 1   . {\displaystyle \ M\succeq N^{-1}~.} Let M {\displaystyle M} be an   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } Hermitian matrix. The following properties are equivalent to   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } being positive definite: The associated sesquilinear form is an inner product The sesquilinear form defined by M {\displaystyle M} is the function   ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩   {\displaystyle \ \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle \ } from   C n × C n   {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}\times \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } to   C n   {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } such that   ⟨ x , y ⟩ ≡ y ∗ M   x   {\displaystyle \ \langle \mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} \rangle \equiv \mathbf {y} ^{*}M\ \mathbf {x} \ } for all   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } and   y   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} \ } in   C n   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ ,} where   y ∗   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} ^{*}\ } is the conjugate transpose of   y   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} ~.} For any complex matrix   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,} this form is linear in x {\displaystyle x} and semilinear in   y   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} ~.} Therefore, the form is an inner product on   C n   {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } if and only if   ⟨ z , z ⟩   {\displaystyle \ \langle \mathbf {z} ,\mathbf {z} \rangle \ } is real and positive for all nonzero   z   ; {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ;} that is if and only if   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite. (In fact, every inner product on   C n   {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {C} ^{n}\ } arises in this fashion from a Hermitian positive definite matrix.) Its leading principal minors are all positive The kth leading principal minor of a matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is the determinant of its upper-left   k × k   {\displaystyle \ k\times k\ } sub-matrix. It turns out that a matrix is positive definite if and only if all these determinants are positive. This condition is known as Sylvester's criterion, and provides an efficient test of positive definiteness of a symmetric real matrix. Namely, the matrix is reduced to an upper triangular matrix by using elementary row operations, as in the first part of the Gaussian elimination method, taking care to preserve the sign of its determinant during pivoting process. Since the kth leading principal minor of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal elements up to row   k   , {\displaystyle \ k\ ,} Sylvester's criterion is equivalent to checking whether its diagonal elements are all positive. This condition can be checked each time a new row   k   {\displaystyle \ k\ } of the triangular matrix is obtained. A positive semidefinite matrix is positive definite if and only if it is invertible. A matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is negative (semi)definite if and only if   − M   {\displaystyle \ -M\ } is positive (semi)definite. Quadratic forms Main article: Definite quadratic form The (purely) quadratic form associated with a real   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is the function   Q : R n → R   {\displaystyle \ Q:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} \ } such that   Q ( x ) = x ⊤ M x   {\displaystyle \ Q(\mathbf {x} )=\mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} \ } for all   x   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ~.}   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } can be assumed symmetric by replacing it with   1 2 ( M + M ⊤ )   , {\displaystyle \ {\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(M+M^{\top }\right)\ ,} since any asymetric part will be zeroed-out in the double-sided product. A symmetric matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite if and only if its quadratic form is a strictly convex function. More generally, any quadratic function from   R n   {\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{n}\ } to R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } can be written as   x ⊤ M x + b ⊤ x + c   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} +\mathbf {b} ^{\top }\mathbf {x} +c\ } where   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is a symmetric   n × n   {\displaystyle \ n\times n\ } matrix,   b   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {b} \ } is a real n vector, and   c   {\displaystyle \ c\ } a real constant. In the   n = 1   {\displaystyle \ n=1\ } case, this is a parabola, and just like in the   n = 1   {\displaystyle \ n=1\ } case, we have Theorem: This quadratic function is strictly convex, and hence has a unique finite global minimum, if and only if   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite. Proof: If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite, then the function is strictly convex. Its gradient is zero at the unique point of   M − 1 b   , {\displaystyle \ M^{-1}\mathbf {b} \ ,} which must be the global minimum since the function is strictly convex. If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is not positive definite, then there exists some vector   v   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {v} \ } such that   v ⊤ M v ≤ 0   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {v} ^{\top }M\mathbf {v} \leq 0\ ,} so the function   f ( t ) ≡ ( t v ) ⊤ M ( t v ) + b ⊤ ( t v ) + c   {\displaystyle \ f(t)\equiv (t\mathbf {v} )^{\top }M(t\mathbf {v} )+b^{\top }(t\mathbf {v} )+c\ } is a line or a downward parabola, thus not strictly convex and not having a global minimum. For this reason, positive definite matrices play an important role in optimization problems. Simultaneous diagonalization One symmetric matrix and another matrix that is both symmetric and positive definite can be simultaneously diagonalized. This is so although simultaneous diagonalization is not necessarily performed with a similarity transformation. This result does not extend to the case of three or more matrices. In this section we write for the real case. Extension to the complex case is immediate. Let   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } be a symmetric and   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } a symmetric and positive definite matrix. Write the generalized eigenvalue equation as   ( M − λ N ) x = 0   {\displaystyle \ \left(M-\lambda N\right)\mathbf {x} =0\ } where we impose that   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } be normalized, i.e.   x ⊤ N x = 1   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }N\mathbf {x} =1~.} Now we use Cholesky decomposition to write the inverse of   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } as   Q ⊤ Q   . {\displaystyle \ Q^{\top }Q~.} Multiplying by   Q   {\displaystyle \ Q\ } and letting   x = Q ⊤ y   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} =Q^{\top }\mathbf {y} \ ,} we get   Q ( M − λ N ) Q ⊤ y = 0   , {\displaystyle \ Q\left(M-\lambda N\right)Q^{\top }\mathbf {y} =0\ ,} which can be rewritten as   ( Q M Q ⊤ ) y = λ y   {\displaystyle \ \left(QMQ^{\top }\right)\mathbf {y} =\lambda \mathbf {y} \ } where y ⊤ y = 1   . {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} ^{\top }\mathbf {y} =1~.} Manipulation now yields M X = N X Λ {\displaystyle MX=NX\Lambda } where X {\displaystyle X} is a matrix having as columns the generalized eigenvectors and Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } is a diagonal matrix of the generalized eigenvalues. Now premultiplication with X ⊤ {\displaystyle X^{\top }} gives the final result:   X ⊤ M X = Λ   {\displaystyle \ X^{\top }MX=\Lambda \ } and   X ⊤ N X = I   , {\displaystyle \ X^{\top }NX=I\ ,} but note that this is no longer an orthogonal diagonalization with respect to the inner product where   y ⊤ y = 1   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {y} ^{\top }\mathbf {y} =1~.} In fact, we diagonalized   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } with respect to the inner product induced by   N   . {\displaystyle \ N~.} Note that this result does not contradict what is said on simultaneous diagonalization in the article Diagonalizable matrix, which refers to simultaneous diagonalization by a similarity transformation. Our result here is more akin to a simultaneous diagonalization of two quadratic forms, and is useful for optimization of one form under conditions on the other. Properties Induced partial ordering For arbitrary square matrices   M   , {\displaystyle \ M\ ,}   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } we write   M ≥ N   {\displaystyle \ M\geq N\ } if   M − N ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ M-N\geq 0\ } i.e.,   M − N   {\displaystyle \ M-N\ } is positive semi-definite. This defines a partial ordering on the set of all square matrices. One can similarly define a strict partial ordering   M > N   . {\displaystyle \ M>N~.} The ordering is called the Loewner order. Inverse of positive definite matrix Every positive definite matrix is invertible and its inverse is also positive definite. If   M ≥ N > 0   {\displaystyle \ M\geq N>0\ } then   N − 1 ≥ M − 1 > 0   . {\displaystyle \ N^{-1}\geq M^{-1}>0~.} Moreover, by the min-max theorem, the kth largest eigenvalue of   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is greater than or equal to the kth largest eigenvalue of   N   . {\displaystyle \ N~.} Scaling If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite and   r > 0   {\displaystyle \ r>0\ } is a real number, then   r M   {\displaystyle \ rM\ } is positive definite. Addition If M {\displaystyle M} and N {\displaystyle N} are positive-definite, then the sum M + N {\displaystyle M+N} is also positive-definite. If M {\displaystyle M} and N {\displaystyle N} are positive-semidefinite, then the sum M + N {\displaystyle M+N} is also positive-semidefinite. If M {\displaystyle M} is positive-definite and N {\displaystyle N} is positive-semidefinite, then the sum M + N {\displaystyle M+N} is also positive-definite. Multiplication If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } and   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } are positive definite, then the products   M N M   {\displaystyle \ MNM\ } and N M N {\displaystyle NMN} are also positive definite. If   M N = N M   , {\displaystyle \ MN=NM\ ,} then   M N   {\displaystyle \ MN\ } is also positive definite. If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive semidefinite, then   A ∗ M A   {\displaystyle \ A^{*}MA\ } is positive semidefinite for any (possibly rectangular) matrix   A   . {\displaystyle \ A~.} If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is positive definite and A {\displaystyle A} has full column rank, then   A ∗ M A   {\displaystyle \ A^{*}MA\ } is positive definite. Trace The diagonal entries   m i i   {\displaystyle \ m_{ii}\ } of a positive-semidefinite matrix are real and non-negative. As a consequence the trace,   tr ⁡ ( M ) ≥ 0   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {tr} (M)\geq 0~.} Furthermore, since every principal sub-matrix (in particular, 2-by-2) is positive semidefinite,   | m i j | ≤ m i i m j j ∀ i , j   {\displaystyle \ \left|m_{ij}\right|\leq {\sqrt {m_{ii}m_{jj}}}\quad \forall i,j\ } and thus, when   n ≥ 1   , {\displaystyle \ n\geq 1\ ,} max i , j | m i j | ≤ max i m i i {\displaystyle \max _{i,j}\left|m_{ij}\right|\leq \max _{i}m_{ii}} An n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} Hermitian matrix M {\displaystyle M} is positive definite if it satisfies the following trace inequalities:   tr ⁡ ( M ) > 0 a n d ( tr ⁡ ( M ) ) 2 tr ⁡ ( M 2 ) > n − 1   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {tr} (M)>0\quad \mathrm {and} \quad {\frac {(\operatorname {tr} (M))^{2}}{\operatorname {tr} (M^{2})}}>n-1~.} Another important result is that for any   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } and N {\displaystyle N} positive-semidefinite matrices,   tr ⁡ ( M N ) ≥ 0   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {tr} (MN)\geq 0~.} This follows by writing   tr ⁡ ( M N ) = tr ⁡ ( M 1 2 N M 1 2 )   . {\displaystyle \ \operatorname {tr} (MN)=\operatorname {tr} (M^{\frac {1}{2}}NM^{\frac {1}{2}})~.} The matrix M 1 2 N M 1 2 {\displaystyle M^{\frac {1}{2}}NM^{\frac {1}{2}}} is positive-semidefinite and thus has non-negative eigenvalues, whose sum, the trace, is therefore also non-negative. Hadamard product If   M , N ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M,N\geq 0\ ,} although   M N   {\displaystyle \ MN\ } is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Hadamard product is,   M ∘ N ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ M\circ N\geq 0\ } (this result is often called the Schur product theorem). Regarding the Hadamard product of two positive semidefinite matrices   M = ( m i j ) ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M=(m_{ij})\geq 0\ ,}   N ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ N\geq 0\ ,} there are two notable inequalities: Oppenheim's inequality:   det ( M ∘ N ) ≥ det ( N ) ∏ i m i i   . {\displaystyle \ \det(M\circ N)\geq \det(N)\prod \nolimits _{i}m_{ii}~.}   det ( M ∘ N ) ≥ det ( M ) det ( N )   . {\displaystyle \ \det(M\circ N)\geq \det(M)\det(N)~.} Kronecker product If   M , N ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M,N\geq 0\ ,} although   M N   {\displaystyle \ MN\ } is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Kronecker product M ⊗ N ≥ 0   . {\displaystyle M\otimes N\geq 0~.} Frobenius product If   M , N ≥ 0   , {\displaystyle \ M,N\geq 0\ ,} although   M N   {\displaystyle \ MN\ } is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Frobenius inner product   M : N ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ M:N\geq 0\ } (Lancaster–Tismenetsky, The Theory of Matrices, p. 218). Convexity The set of positive semidefinite symmetric matrices is convex. That is, if   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } and   N   {\displaystyle \ N\ } are positive semidefinite, then for any   α   {\displaystyle \ \alpha \ } between 0 and 1,   α M + ( 1 − α ) N   {\displaystyle \ \alpha M+\left(1-\alpha \right)N\ } is also positive semidefinite. For any vector   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } :   x ⊤ ( α M + ( 1 − α ) N ) x = α x ⊤ M x + ( 1 − α ) x ⊤ N x ≥ 0   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }\left(\alpha M+\left(1-\alpha \right)N\right)\mathbf {x} =\alpha \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} +(1-\alpha )\mathbf {x} ^{\top }N\mathbf {x} \geq 0~.} This property guarantees that semidefinite programming problems converge to a globally optimal solution. Relation with cosine The positive-definiteness of a matrix A {\displaystyle A} expresses that the angle   θ   {\displaystyle \ \theta \ } between any vector   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } and its image   A x   {\displaystyle \ A\mathbf {x} \ } is always   − π / 2 < θ < + π / 2   : {\displaystyle \ -\pi /2<\theta <+\pi /2\ :}   cos ⁡ θ = x ⊤ A x ‖ x ‖ ‖ A x ‖ = ⟨ x , A x ⟩ ‖ x ‖ ‖ A x ‖ , θ = θ ( x , A x ) ≡ ( x , A x ) ^ ≡   {\displaystyle \ \cos \theta ={\frac {\mathbf {x} ^{\top }A\mathbf {x} }{\lVert \mathbf {x} \rVert \lVert A\mathbf {x} \rVert }}={\frac {\langle \mathbf {x} ,A\mathbf {x} \rangle }{\lVert \mathbf {x} \rVert \lVert A\mathbf {x} \rVert }},\theta =\theta (\mathbf {x} ,A\mathbf {x} )\equiv {\widehat {\left(\mathbf {x} ,A\mathbf {x} \right)}}\equiv \ } the angle between   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } and   A x   . {\displaystyle \ A\mathbf {x} ~.} Further properties If M {\displaystyle M} is a symmetric Toeplitz matrix, i.e. the entries m i j {\displaystyle m_{ij}} are given as a function of their absolute index differences:   m i j = h ( | i − j | )   , {\displaystyle \ m_{ij}=h(|i-j|)\ ,} and the strict inequality ∑ j ≠ 0 | h ( j ) | < h ( 0 ) {\textstyle \sum _{j\neq 0}\left|h(j)\right|<h(0)} holds, then M {\displaystyle M} is strictly positive definite. Let M > 0 {\displaystyle M>0} and N {\displaystyle N} Hermitian. If M N + N M ≥ 0 {\displaystyle MN+NM\geq 0} (resp., M N + N M > 0 {\displaystyle MN+NM>0} ) then N ≥ 0 {\displaystyle N\geq 0} (resp., N > 0 {\displaystyle N>0} ). If   M > 0   {\displaystyle \ M>0\ } is real, then there is a   δ > 0   {\displaystyle \ \delta >0\ } such that   M > δ I   , {\displaystyle \ M>\delta I\ ,} where   I   {\displaystyle \ I\ } is the identity matrix. If M k {\displaystyle M_{k}} denotes the leading   k × k   {\displaystyle \ k\times k\ } minor,   det ( M k ) / det ( M k − 1 )   {\displaystyle \ \det \left(M_{k}\right)/\det \left(M_{k-1}\right)\ } is the kth pivot during LU decomposition. A matrix is negative definite if its kth order leading principal minor is negative when   k   {\displaystyle \ k\ } is odd, and positive when   k   {\displaystyle \ k\ } is even. If   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is a real positive definite matrix, then there exists a positive real number   m   {\displaystyle \ m\ } such that for every vector   v   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {v} \ ,}   v ⊤ M   v ≥ m   ‖ v ‖ 2   2   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {v} ^{\top }M\ \mathbf {v} \geq m\ \|\mathbf {v} \|_{2}^{\ \!2}~.} A Hermitian matrix is positive semidefinite if and only if all of its principal minors are nonnegative. It is however not enough to consider the leading principal minors only, as is checked on the diagonal matrix with entries 0 and −1 . Block matrices and submatrices A positive   2 n × 2 n   {\displaystyle \ 2n\times 2n\ } matrix may also be defined by blocks:   M = [ A B C D ]   {\displaystyle \ M={\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}}\ } where each block is   n × n   , {\displaystyle \ n\times n~,} By applying the positivity condition, it immediately follows that   A   {\displaystyle \ A\ } and   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } are hermitian, and   C = B ∗   . {\displaystyle \ C=B^{*}~.} We have that   z ∗ M z ≥ 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\mathbf {z} \geq 0\ } for all complex   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} and in particular for   z = [ v , 0 ] ⊤   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} =^{\top }~.} Then   [ v ∗ 0 ] [ A B B ∗ D ] [ v 0 ] = v ∗ A v ≥ 0   . {\displaystyle \ {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {v} ^{*}&0\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\B^{*}&D\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {v} \\0\end{bmatrix}}=\mathbf {v} ^{*}A\mathbf {v} \geq 0~.} A similar argument can be applied to   D   , {\displaystyle \ D\ ,} and thus we conclude that both   A   {\displaystyle \ A\ } and   D   {\displaystyle \ D\ } must be positive definite. The argument can be extended to show that any principal submatrix of   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } is itself positive definite. Converse results can be proved with stronger conditions on the blocks, for instance, using the Schur complement. Local extrema A general quadratic form f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} )} on n {\displaystyle n} real variables x 1 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}} can always be written as x ⊤ M x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} } where x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } is the column vector with those variables, and M {\displaystyle M} is a symmetric real matrix. Therefore, the matrix being positive definite means that f {\displaystyle f} has a unique minimum (zero) when x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } is zero, and is strictly positive for any other   x   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ~.} More generally, a twice-differentiable real function f {\displaystyle f} on n {\displaystyle n} real variables has local minimum at arguments x 1 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}} if its gradient is zero and its Hessian (the matrix of all second derivatives) is positive semi-definite at that point. Similar statements can be made for negative definite and semi-definite matrices. Covariance In statistics, the covariance matrix of a multivariate probability distribution is always positive semi-definite; and it is positive definite unless one variable is an exact linear function of the others. Conversely, every positive semi-definite matrix is the covariance matrix of some multivariate distribution. Extension for non-Hermitian square matrices The definition of positive definite can be generalized by designating any complex matrix   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } (e.g. real non-symmetric) as positive definite if   R e {   z ∗ M z } > 0   {\displaystyle \ {\mathcal {R_{e}}}\left\{\ \mathbf {z} ^{*}M\mathbf {z} \right\}>0\ } for all non-zero complex vectors   z   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {z} \ ,} where   R e {   c   }   {\displaystyle \ {\mathcal {R_{e}}}\{\ c\ \}\ } denotes the real part of a complex number   c   . {\displaystyle \ c~.} Only the Hermitian part   1 2 ( M + M ∗ )   {\textstyle \ {\frac {1}{2}}\left(M+M^{*}\right)\ } determines whether the matrix is positive definite, and is assessed in the narrower sense above. Similarly, if   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } and   M   {\displaystyle \ M\ } are real, we have   x ⊤ M x > 0   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} >0\ } for all real nonzero vectors   x   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {x} \ } if and only if the symmetric part   1 2 ( M + M ⊤ )   {\textstyle \ {\frac {1}{2}}\left(M+M^{\top }\right)\ } is positive definite in the narrower sense. It is immediately clear that   x ⊤ M x = ∑ i j x i M i j x j   {\textstyle \ \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} =\sum _{ij}x_{i}M_{ij}x_{j}\ } is insensitive to transposition of   M   . {\displaystyle \ M~.} Consequently, a non-symmetric real matrix with only positive eigenvalues does not need to be positive definite. For example, the matrix M = [ 4 9 1 4 ] {\displaystyle M=\left} has positive eigenvalues yet is not positive definite; in particular a negative value of x ⊤ M x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{\top }M\mathbf {x} } is obtained with the choice x = [ − 1 1 ] {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\left} (which is the eigenvector associated with the negative eigenvalue of the symmetric part of M {\displaystyle M} ). In summary, the distinguishing feature between the real and complex case is that, a bounded positive operator on a complex Hilbert space is necessarily Hermitian, or self adjoint. The general claim can be argued using the polarization identity. That is no longer true in the real case. Applications Heat conductivity matrix Fourier's law of heat conduction, giving heat flux   q   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {q} \ } in terms of the temperature gradient   g = ∇ T   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {g} =\nabla T\ } is written for anisotropic media as   q = − K g   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {q} =-K\mathbf {g} \ ,} in which   K   {\displaystyle \ K\ } is the symmetric thermal conductivity matrix. The negative is inserted in Fourier's law to reflect the expectation that heat will always flow from hot to cold. In other words, since the temperature gradient   g   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {g} \ } always points from cold to hot, the heat flux   q   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {q} \ } is expected to have a negative inner product with   g   {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {g} \ } so that   q ⊤ g < 0   . {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {q} ^{\top }\mathbf {g} <0~.} Substituting Fourier's law then gives this expectation as   g ⊤ K g > 0   , {\displaystyle \ \mathbf {g} ^{\top }K\mathbf {g} >0\ ,} implying that the conductivity matrix should be positive definite. See also Covariance matrix M-matrix Positive-definite function Positive-definite kernel Schur complement Sylvester's criterion Numerical range References ^ van den Bos, Adriaan (March 2007). "Appendix C: Positive semidefinite and positive definite matrices". Parameter Estimation for Scientists and Engineers (.pdf) (online ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 259–263. doi:10.1002/9780470173862. ISBN 978-047-017386-2. Print ed. ISBN 9780470147818 ^ Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (8 March 2004). Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804441. ISBN 978-0-521-83378-3. ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 440, Theorem 7.2.7 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 441, Theorem 7.2.10 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 452, Theorem 7.3.11 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 439, Theorem 7.2.6 with k = 2 {\displaystyle k=2} ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 431, Corollary 7.1.7 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 485, Theorem 7.6.1 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 438, Theorem 7.2.1 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 495, Corollary 7.7.4(a) ^ a b Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 430, Observation 7.1.3 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 431, Observation 7.1.8 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 430 ^ Wolkowicz, Henry; Styan, George P.H. (1980). "Bounds for Eigenvalues using Traces". Linear Algebra and its Applications (29). Elsevier: 471–506. ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 479, Theorem 7.5.3 ^ Horn & Johnson (2013), p. 509, Theorem 7.8.16 ^ Styan, G.P. (1973). "Hadamard products and multivariate statistical analysis". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 6: 217–240., Corollary 3.6, p. 227 ^ Bhatia, Rajendra (2007). Positive Definite Matrices. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-691-12918-1. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Positive definite matrix". MathWorld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 26 July 2012. Sources Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (2013). Matrix Analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54823-6. Bhatia, Rajendra (2007). Positive Definite Matrices. Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics. ISBN 978-0-691-12918-1. Bernstein, B.; Toupin, R.A. (1962). "Some properties of the Hessian matrix of a strictly convex function". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 210: 67–72. doi:10.1515/crll.1962.210.65. External links "Positive-definite form", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 "Positive definite matrix". Wolfram MathWorld. Wolfram Research. vteMatrix classesExplicitly constrained entries Alternant Anti-diagonal Anti-Hermitian Anti-symmetric Arrowhead Band Bidiagonal Bisymmetric Block-diagonal Block Block tridiagonal Boolean Cauchy Centrosymmetric Conference Complex Hadamard Copositive Diagonally dominant Diagonal Discrete Fourier Transform Elementary Equivalent Frobenius Generalized permutation Hadamard Hankel Hermitian Hessenberg Hollow Integer Logical Matrix unit Metzler Moore Nonnegative Pentadiagonal Permutation Persymmetric Polynomial Quaternionic Signature Skew-Hermitian Skew-symmetric Skyline Sparse Sylvester Symmetric Toeplitz Triangular Tridiagonal Vandermonde Walsh Z Constant Exchange Hilbert Identity Lehmer Of ones Pascal Pauli Redheffer Shift Zero Conditions on eigenvalues or eigenvectors Companion Convergent Defective Definite Diagonalizable Hurwitz Positive-definite Stieltjes Satisfying conditions on products or inverses Congruent Idempotent or Projection Invertible Involutory Nilpotent Normal Orthogonal Unimodular Unipotent Unitary Totally unimodular Weighing With specific applications Adjugate Alternating sign Augmented Bézout Carleman Cartan Circulant Cofactor Commutation Confusion Coxeter Distance Duplication and elimination Euclidean distance Fundamental (linear differential equation) Generator Gram Hessian Householder Jacobian Moment Payoff Pick Random Rotation Seifert Shear Similarity Symplectic Totally positive Transformation Used in statistics Centering Correlation Covariance Design Doubly stochastic Fisher information Hat Precision Stochastic Transition Used in graph theory Adjacency Biadjacency Degree Edmonds Incidence Laplacian Seidel adjacency Tutte Used in science and engineering Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa Density Fundamental (computer vision) Fuzzy associative Gamma Gell-Mann Hamiltonian Irregular Overlap S State transition Substitution Z (chemistry) Related terms Jordan normal form Linear independence Matrix exponential Matrix representation of conic sections Perfect matrix Pseudoinverse Row echelon form Wronskian Mathematics portal List of matrices Category:Matrices

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Positive matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_matrix"},{"link_name":"Totally positive matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_positive_matrix"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"column vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_vector"},{"link_name":"row vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_vector"},{"link_name":"transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"complex matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_matrix"},{"link_name":"conjugate transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_transpose"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Positive matrix and Totally positive matrix.In mathematics, a symmetric matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n with real entries is positive-definite if the real number \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n is positive for every nonzero real column vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }\\ }\n \n is the row vector transpose of \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ~.}\n \n[1]\nMore generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is positive for every nonzero complex column vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}\\ }\n \n denotes the conjugate transpose of \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ~.}Positive semi-definite matrices are defined similarly, except that the scalars \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n are required to be positive or zero (that is, not negative). Negative-definite and negative semi-definite matrices are defined analogously. A matrix that is not positive semi-definite and not negative semi-definite is sometimes called indefinite.","title":"Definite matrix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"if and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"positive-definite quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite_quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"Hermitian form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_form"},{"link_name":"inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product"},{"link_name":"congruent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruent_matrices"},{"link_name":"diagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"principal minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_minor"},{"link_name":"invertible matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"convex optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_optimization"},{"link_name":"function of several real variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_of_several_real_variables"},{"link_name":"differentiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function"},{"link_name":"Hessian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix"},{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_function"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_set"},{"link_name":"convex cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_cone"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"It follows from the above definitions that a matrix is positive-definite if and only if it is the matrix of a positive-definite quadratic form or Hermitian form. In other words, a matrix is positive-definite if and only if it defines an inner product.Positive-definite and positive-semidefinite matrices can be characterized in many ways, which may explain the importance of the concept in various parts of mathematics. A matrix M is positive-definite if and only if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions.M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is congruent with a diagonal matrix with positive real entries.\n\n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is symmetric or Hermitian, and all its eigenvalues are real and positive.\n\n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is symmetric or Hermitian, and all its leading principal minors are positive.\nThere exists an invertible matrix \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n with conjugate transpose \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B^{*}\\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B~.}A matrix is positive semi-definite if it satisfies similar equivalent conditions where \"positive\" is replaced by \"nonnegative\", \"invertible matrix\" is replaced by \"matrix\", and the word \"leading\" is removed.Positive-definite and positive-semidefinite real matrices are at the basis of convex optimization, since, given a function of several real variables that is twice differentiable, then if its Hessian matrix (matrix of its second partial derivatives) is positive-definite at a point \n \n \n \n  \n p\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p\\ ,}\n \n then the function is convex near p, and, conversely, if the function is convex near \n \n \n \n  \n p\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p\\ ,}\n \n then the Hessian matrix is positive-semidefinite at \n \n \n \n  \n p\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p~.}The set of positive definite matrices is an open convex cone, while the set of positive semi-definite matrices is a closed convex cone.[2]Some authors use more general definitions of definiteness, including some non-symmetric real matrices, or non-Hermitian complex ones.","title":"Ramifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conjugate transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_transpose"}],"text":"In the following definitions, \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }\\ }\n \n is the transpose of \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}\\ }\n \n is the conjugate transpose of \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n 0\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {0} \\ }\n \n denotes the n dimensional zero-vector.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Definitions for real matrices","text":"An \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n symmetric real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be positive-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} >0\\ }\n \n for all non-zero \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  positive-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n >\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ∖\n {\n \n 0\n \n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ positive-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} >0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\setminus \\{\\mathbf {0} \\}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n symmetric real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be positive-semidefinite or non-negative-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\geq 0\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  positive semi-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n ≥\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ positive semi-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\geq 0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n symmetric real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be negative-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n <\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} <0\\ }\n \n for all non-zero \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  negative-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n <\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n ∖\n {\n \n 0\n \n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ negative-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} <0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\setminus \\{\\mathbf {0} \\}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n symmetric real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be negative-semidefinite or non-positive-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n ≤\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\leq 0\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  negative semi-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n ≤\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M{\\text{ negative semi-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\leq 0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}An \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n symmetric real matrix which is neither positive semidefinite nor negative semidefinite is called indefinite.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Definitions for complex matrices","text":"The following definitions all involve the term \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} ~.}\n \n Notice that this is always a real number for any Hermitian square matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M~.}An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be positive-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} >0\\ }\n \n for all non-zero \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  positive-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n >\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n z\n \n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n ∖\n {\n \n 0\n \n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ positive-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} >0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {z} \\in \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\setminus \\{\\mathbf {0} \\}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be positive semi-definite or non-negative-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\geq 0\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  positive semi-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n ≥\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n z\n \n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ positive semi-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\geq 0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {z} \\in \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be negative-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n <\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} <0\\ }\n \n for all non-zero \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  negative-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n <\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n z\n \n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n ∖\n {\n \n 0\n \n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ negative-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} <0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {z} \\in \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\setminus \\{\\mathbf {0} \\}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is said to be negative semi-definite or non-positive-definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n ≤\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\leq 0\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}~.}\n \n Formally,M\n \n  negative semi-definite\n \n \n \n ⟺\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n ≤\n 0\n \n  for all \n \n \n z\n \n ∈\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M{\\text{ negative semi-definite}}\\quad \\iff \\quad \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\leq 0{\\text{ for all }}\\mathbf {z} \\in \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }An \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian complex matrix which is neither positive semidefinite nor negative semidefinite is called indefinite.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consistency between real and complex definitions","text":"Since every real matrix is also a complex matrix, the definitions of \"definiteness\" for the two classes must agree.For complex matrices, the most common definition says that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive-definite if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is real and positive for every non-zero complex column vectors \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} ~.}\n \n This condition implies that \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is Hermitian (i.e. its transpose is equal to its conjugate), since \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} }\n \n being real, it equals its conjugate transpose \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n M\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}\\ M^{*}\\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n for every \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n which implies \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n M\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=M^{*}~.}By this definition, a positive-definite real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is Hermitian, hence symmetric; and \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is positive for all non-zero real column vectors \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ~.}\n \n However the last condition alone is not sufficient for \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n to be positive-definite. For example, ifM\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n  \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M={\\begin{bmatrix}~1~&~1~\\\\-1~&~1~\\end{bmatrix}},}then for any real vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n with entries \n \n \n \n  \n a\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ a\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n b\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ b\\ }\n \n we have \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n =\n \n (\n \n a\n +\n b\n \n )\n \n a\n +\n \n (\n \n −\n a\n +\n b\n \n )\n \n b\n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {z} =\\left(a+b\\right)a+\\left(-a+b\\right)b=a^{2}+b^{2}\\ ,}\n \n which is always positive if \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is not zero. However, if \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is the complex vector with entries 1 and \n \n \n \n  \n i\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ i\\ ,}\n \n one getsz\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n −\n i\n  \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n \n \n  \n i\n  \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n  \n 1\n +\n i\n  \n \n \n  \n 1\n −\n i\n  \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n  \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n  \n 1\n  \n \n \n \n \n  \n i\n  \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n 2\n +\n 2\n i\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {z} ={\\begin{bmatrix}~1~&-i~\\end{bmatrix}}\\ M\\ {\\begin{bmatrix}~1~\\\\~i~\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}~1+i~&~1-i~\\end{bmatrix}}\\ {\\begin{bmatrix}~1~\\\\~i~\\end{bmatrix}}=2+2i~.}which is not real. Therefore, \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is not positive-definite.On the other hand, for a symmetric real matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n the condition \"\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n z\n \n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {z} >0\\ }\n \n for all nonzero real vectors \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n does imply that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive-definite in the complex sense.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"positive operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_operator"},{"link_name":"non-strict partial order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set#Non-strict_partial_order"},{"link_name":"reflexive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_relation"},{"link_name":"antisymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisymmetric_relation"},{"link_name":"transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_relation"},{"link_name":"total order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order"},{"link_name":"nonnegative matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnegative_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Notation","text":"If a Hermitian matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semi-definite, one sometimes writes \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq 0\\ }\n \n and if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive-definite one writes \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≻\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succ 0~.}\n \n To denote that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is negative semi-definite one writes \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪯\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\preceq 0\\ }\n \n and to denote that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is negative-definite one writes \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≺\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\prec 0~.}The notion comes from functional analysis where positive semidefinite matrices define positive operators. If two matrices \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n satisfy \n \n \n \n  \n B\n −\n A\n ⪰\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B-A\\succeq 0\\ ,}\n \n we can define a non-strict partial order \n \n \n \n  \n B\n ⪰\n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\succeq A\\ }\n \n that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive; It is not a total order, however, as \n \n \n \n  \n B\n −\n A\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B-A\\ ,}\n \n in general, may be indefinite.A common alternative notation is \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n M\n >\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M>0\\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≤\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\leq 0\\ ,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n M\n <\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M<0\\ }\n \n for positive semi-definite and positive-definite, negative semi-definite and negative-definite matrices, respectively. This may be confusing, as sometimes nonnegative matrices (respectively, nonpositive matrices) are also denoted in this way.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"},{"link_name":"invertible matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"covariance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix"}],"text":"The identity matrix \n \n \n \n I\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\\\0&1\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n is positive-definite (and as such also positive semi-definite). It is a real symmetric matrix, and, for any non-zero column vector z with real entries a and b, one has\n\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n I\n \n z\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }I\\mathbf {z} ={\\begin{bmatrix}a&b\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\\\0&1\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\end{bmatrix}}=a^{2}+b^{2}.}\n \n\nSeen as a complex matrix, for any non-zero column vector z with complex entries a and b one has\n\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n I\n \n z\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n a\n ¯\n \n \n a\n +\n \n \n b\n ¯\n \n \n b\n =\n \n |\n \n a\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n |\n \n b\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} ^{*}I\\mathbf {z} ={\\begin{bmatrix}{\\overline {a}}&{\\overline {b}}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\\\0&1\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\end{bmatrix}}={\\overline {a}}a+{\\overline {b}}b=|a|^{2}+|b|^{2}.}\n \n\n\nEither way, the result is positive since \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {z} }\n \n is not the zero vector (that is, at least one of \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n is not zero).The real symmetric matrix\n\n \n \n \n M\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M={\\begin{bmatrix}2&-1&0\\\\-1&2&-1\\\\0&-1&2\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n\nis positive-definite since for any non-zero column vector z with entries a, b and c, we have\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n )\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n (\n 2\n a\n −\n b\n )\n \n \n (\n −\n a\n +\n 2\n b\n −\n c\n )\n \n \n (\n −\n b\n +\n 2\n c\n )\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n 2\n a\n −\n b\n )\n a\n +\n (\n −\n a\n +\n 2\n b\n −\n c\n )\n b\n +\n (\n −\n b\n +\n 2\n c\n )\n c\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 2\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n b\n a\n −\n a\n b\n +\n 2\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n c\n b\n −\n b\n c\n +\n 2\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 2\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n a\n b\n +\n 2\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n b\n c\n +\n 2\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n a\n b\n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n b\n c\n +\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n (\n a\n −\n b\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n (\n b\n −\n c\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {z} =\\left(\\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }M\\right)\\mathbf {z} &={\\begin{bmatrix}(2a-b)&(-a+2b-c)&(-b+2c)\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a\\\\b\\\\c\\end{bmatrix}}\\\\&=(2a-b)a+(-a+2b-c)b+(-b+2c)c\\\\&=2a^{2}-ba-ab+2b^{2}-cb-bc+2c^{2}\\\\&=2a^{2}-2ab+2b^{2}-2bc+2c^{2}\\\\&=a^{2}+a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}+b^{2}-2bc+c^{2}+c^{2}\\\\&=a^{2}+(a-b)^{2}+(b-c)^{2}+c^{2}\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\n\nThis result is a sum of squares, and therefore non-negative; and is zero only if \n \n \n \n  \n a\n =\n b\n =\n c\n =\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ a=b=c=0\\ ,}\n \n that is, when \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is the zero vector.For any real invertible matrix \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\ ,}\n \n the product \n \n \n \n  \n \n A\n \n ⊤\n \n \n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A^{\\top }A\\ }\n \n is a positive definite matrix (if the means of the columns of A are 0, then this is also called the covariance matrix). A simple proof is that for any non-zero vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n the condition \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n A\n \n ⊤\n \n \n A\n \n z\n \n =\n (\n A\n \n z\n \n \n )\n \n ⊤\n \n \n (\n A\n \n z\n \n )\n =\n ‖\n A\n \n z\n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n >\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{\\top }A^{\\top }A\\mathbf {z} =(A\\mathbf {z} )^{\\top }(A\\mathbf {z} )=\\|A\\mathbf {z} \\|^{2}>0\\ ,}\n \n since the invertibility of matrix \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n means that \n \n \n \n A\n \n z\n \n ≠\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbf {z} \\neq 0~.}\n \nThe example \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n above shows that a matrix in which some elements are negative may still be positive definite. Conversely, a matrix whose entries are all positive is not necessarily positive definite, as for example\n\n \n \n \n  \n N\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N={\\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\\\2&1\\end{bmatrix}}\\ ,}\n \n\nfor which \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n =\n −\n 2\n <\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}-1&1\\end{bmatrix}}N{\\begin{bmatrix}-1&1\\end{bmatrix}}^{\\top }=-2<0~.}","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"symmetric matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_matrices"},{"link_name":"eigendecomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix"},{"link_name":"unitary complex matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrix"},{"link_name":"orthonormal basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis"},{"link_name":"eigenvectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector"},{"link_name":"diagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"main diagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_diagonal"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"changing the basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_basis"},{"link_name":"stretching transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix"},{"link_name":"spectral theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_theorem"},{"link_name":"Descartes' rule of alternating signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%27_rule_of_signs"},{"link_name":"characteristic polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n be an \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n Hermitian matrix (this includes real symmetric matrices). All eigenvalues of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n are real, and their sign characterize its definiteness:M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are positive.\n\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive semi-definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are non-negative.\n\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is negative definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are negative\n\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is negative semi-definite if and only if all of its eigenvalues are non-positive.\n\n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is indefinite if and only if it has both positive and negative eigenvalues.Let \n \n \n \n  \n P\n D\n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ PDP^{-1}\\ }\n \n be an eigendecomposition of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n P\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P\\ }\n \n is a unitary complex matrix whose columns comprise an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n is a real diagonal matrix whose main diagonal contains the corresponding eigenvalues. The matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n may be regarded as a diagonal matrix \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n that has been re-expressed in coordinates of the (eigenvectors) basis \n \n \n \n  \n P\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P~.}\n \n Put differently, applying \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n to some vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n giving \n \n \n \n  \n M\n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n is the same as changing the basis to the eigenvector coordinate system using \n \n \n \n  \n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P^{-1}\\ ,}\n \n giving \n \n \n \n  \n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P^{-1}\\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n applying the stretching transformation \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n to the result, giving \n \n \n \n  \n D\n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ DP^{-1}\\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n and then changing the basis back using \n \n \n \n  \n P\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ P\\ ,}\n \n giving \n \n \n \n  \n P\n D\n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n z\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ PDP^{-1}\\mathbf {z} ~.}With this in mind, the one-to-one change of variable \n \n \n \n  \n \n y\n \n =\n P\n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} =P\\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n shows that \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n is real and positive for any complex vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n y\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n D\n \n y\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} ^{*}D\\mathbf {y} \\ }\n \n is real and positive for any \n \n \n \n  \n y\n  \n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ y\\ ;}\n \n in other words, if \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n is positive definite. For a diagonal matrix, this is true only if each element of the main diagonal – that is, every eigenvalue of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n – is positive. Since the spectral theorem guarantees all eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix to be real, the positivity of eigenvalues can be checked using Descartes' rule of alternating signs when the characteristic polynomial of a real, symmetric matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is available.","title":"Eigenvalues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gram matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_matrix"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"invertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"eigendecomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix#Decomposition_for_special_matrices"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrix"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_vector_space"},{"link_name":"real vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_vector_space"},{"link_name":"inner products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product"},{"link_name":"dot products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Gram matrixLet \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n be an \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian matrix.\n\n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite if and only if it can be decomposed as a productM\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B\\ }B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }conjugate transposeWhen \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is real, \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n can be real as well and the decomposition can be written asM\n =\n \n B\n \n ⊤\n \n \n B\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{\\top }B~.}M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite if and only if such a decomposition exists with \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n invertible.\nMore generally, \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite with rank \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ }\n \n if and only if a decomposition exists with a \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n of full row rank (i.e. of rank \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ }\n \n).\nMoreover, for any decomposition \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B\\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n rank\n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n =\n rank\n ⁡\n (\n B\n )\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {rank} (M)=\\operatorname {rank} (B)~.}\n \n[3]Proof\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B\\ ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n x\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n (\n B\n x\n )\n =\n ‖\n B\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ x^{*}Mx=(x^{*}B^{*})(Bx)=\\|Bx\\|^{2}\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite.\nIf moreover \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is invertible then the inequality is strict for \n \n \n \n  \n x\n ≠\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ x\\neq 0\\ ,}\n \n so \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite.\nIf \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times n}\n \n of rank \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n rank\n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n =\n rank\n ⁡\n (\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n =\n k\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {rank} (M)=\\operatorname {rank} (B^{*})=k~.}\n \n\nIn the other direction, suppose \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite.\nSince \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is Hermitian, it has an eigendecomposition \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n Q\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n D\n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=Q^{-1}DQ\\ }\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q\\ }\n \n is unitary and \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n is a diagonal matrix whose entries are the eigenvalues of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n\nSince \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite, the eigenvalues are non-negative real numbers, so one can define \n \n \n \n  \n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ }\n \n as the diagonal matrix whose entries are non-negative square roots of eigenvalues.\nThen \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n Q\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n D\n Q\n =\n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n D\n Q\n =\n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n Q\n =\n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n Q\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=Q^{-1}DQ=Q^{*}DQ=Q^{*}D^{\\frac {1}{2}}D^{\\frac {1}{2}}Q=Q^{*}D^{{\\frac {1}{2}}*}D^{\\frac {1}{2}}Q=B^{*}B\\ }\n \n for \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n Q\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=D^{\\frac {1}{2}}Q~.}\n \n\nIf moreover \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite, then the eigenvalues are (strictly) positive, so \n \n \n \n  \n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ }\n \n is invertible, and hence \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=D^{\\frac {1}{2}}Q\\ }\n \n is invertible as well.\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n has rank \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ ,}\n \n then it has exactly \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n positive eigenvalues and the others are zero, hence in \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n \n D\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=D^{\\frac {1}{2}}Q\\ }\n \n all but \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n rows are all zeroed.\nCutting the zero rows gives a \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n ′\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B'\\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n ′\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n B\n ′\n \n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n =\n M\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B'^{*}B'=B^{*}B=M~.}The columns \n \n \n \n  \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n}\\ }\n \n of \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n can be seen as vectors in the complex or real vector space \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{k}\\ ,}\n \n respectively.\nThen the entries of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n are inner products (that is dot products, in the real case) of these vectorsM\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n j\n \n \n ⟩\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M_{ij}=\\langle b_{i},b_{j}\\rangle ~.}M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }Gram matrixb\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n}~.}linearly independentb\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n}\\ }spanned[4]","title":"Decomposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrix"},{"link_name":"unitary transformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_transformation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrix"},{"link_name":"orthogonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"rigid transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_transformation"},{"link_name":"rotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix"},{"link_name":"reflections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Uniqueness up to unitary transformations","text":"The decomposition is not unique: \nif \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B\\ }\n \n for some \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n and if \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q\\ }\n \n is any unitary \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times k}\n \n matrix (meaning \n \n \n \n  \n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n Q\n =\n Q\n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n I\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q^{*}Q=QQ^{*}=I\\ }\n \n),\nthen \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n Q\n B\n =\n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B=B^{*}Q^{*}QB=A^{*}\\ }\n \n for \n \n \n \n  \n A\n =\n Q\n B\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A=QB~.}However, this is the only way in which two decompositions can differ: The decomposition is unique up to unitary transformations.\nMore formally, if \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\ }\n \n is a \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix and \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n is a \n \n \n \n  \n ℓ\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\ell \\times n\\ }\n \n matrix such that \n \n \n \n  \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n A\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A^{*}A=B^{*}B\\ ,}\n \n\nthen there is a \n \n \n \n  \n ℓ\n ×\n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\ell \\times k\\ }\n \n matrix \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n with orthonormal columns (meaning \n \n \n \n  \n \n Q\n \n ∗\n \n \n Q\n =\n \n I\n \n k\n ×\n k\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q^{*}Q=I_{k\\times k}\\ }\n \n) such that \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n Q\n A\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=QA~.}\n \n[5]\nWhen \n \n \n \n ℓ\n =\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell =k}\n \n this means \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n is unitary.This statement has an intuitive geometric interpretation in the real case:\nlet the columns of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n be the vectors \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n}\\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{k}~.}\n \n\nA real unitary matrix is an orthogonal matrix, which describes a rigid transformation (an isometry of Euclidean space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{k}}\n \n) preserving the 0 point (i.e. rotations and reflections, without translations). \nTherefore, the dot products \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n ⋅\n \n a\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}\\cdot a_{j}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n i\n \n \n ⋅\n \n b\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{i}\\cdot b_{j}}\n \n are equal if and only if some rigid transformation of \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{k}}\n \n transforms the vectors \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{1},\\dots ,b_{n}}\n \n (and 0 to 0).","title":"Decomposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"square root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_a_matrix"},{"link_name":"Cholesky decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition"}],"sub_title":"Square root","text":"A Hermitian matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite if and only if there is a positive semidefinite matrix \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n (in particular \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n is Hermitian, so \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B^{*}=B\\ }\n \n) satisfying \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n B\n B\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=BB~.}\n \n This matrix \n \n \n \n  \n B\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B\\ }\n \n is unique,[6] is called the non-negative square root of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n and is denoted with \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=M^{\\frac {1}{2}}~.}\n \n\nWhen \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite, so is \n \n \n \n  \n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M^{\\frac {1}{2}}\\ ,}\n \n hence it is also called the positive square root of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M~.}The non-negative square root should not be confused with other decompositions \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=B^{*}B~.}\n \n\nSome authors use the name square root and \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M^{\\frac {1}{2}}}\n \n for any such decomposition, or specifically for the Cholesky decomposition,\nor any decomposition of the form \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n B\n B\n  \n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=BB\\ ;}\n \n\nothers only use it for the non-negative square root.If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n >\n N\n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M>N>0\\ }\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n >\n \n N\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n >\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M^{\\frac {1}{2}}>N^{\\frac {1}{2}}>0~.}","title":"Decomposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cholesky decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition"},{"link_name":"LDL decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition#LDL_decomposition"},{"link_name":"lower unitriangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_matrix#Unitriangular_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Cholesky decomposition","text":"A Hermitian positive semidefinite matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n can be written as \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n L\n \n L\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=LL^{*}\\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n L\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ L\\ }\n \n is lower triangular with non-negative diagonal (equivalently \n \n \n \n M\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=B^{*}B}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n B\n =\n \n L\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B=L^{*}\\ }\n \n is upper triangular); this is the Cholesky decomposition.\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite, then the diagonal of \n \n \n \n  \n L\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ L\\ }\n \n is positive and the Cholesky decomposition is unique. Conversely if \n \n \n \n  \n L\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ L\\ }\n \n is lower triangular with nonnegative diagonal then \n \n \n \n  \n L\n \n L\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ LL^{*}\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite. \nThe Cholesky decomposition is especially useful for efficient numerical calculations.\nA closely related decomposition is the LDL decomposition, \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n L\n D\n \n L\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=LDL^{*}\\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n is diagonal and \n \n \n \n  \n L\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ L\\ }\n \n is lower unitriangular.","title":"Decomposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real symmetric matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"sesquilinear form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquilinear_form"},{"link_name":"inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product"},{"link_name":"leading principal minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"},{"link_name":"Sylvester's criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s_criterion"},{"link_name":"upper triangular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_triangular_matrix"},{"link_name":"elementary row operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_row_operations"},{"link_name":"Gaussian elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination"},{"link_name":"pivoting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_element"},{"link_name":"invertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n be an \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n real symmetric matrix, and let \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ≡\n {\n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n :\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n ≤\n 1\n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\equiv \\{\\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{n}:\\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\leq 1\\}\\ }\n \n be the \"unit ball\" defined by \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M~.}\n \n Then we have the followingB\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(\\mathbf {v} \\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top })}\n \n is a solid slab sandwiched between \n \n \n \n  \n ±\n {\n \n w\n \n :\n ⟨\n \n w\n \n ,\n \n v\n \n ⟩\n =\n 1\n }\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\pm \\{\\mathbf {w} :\\langle \\mathbf {w} ,\\mathbf {v} \\rangle =1\\}~.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq 0\\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\ }\n \n is an ellipsoid, or an ellipsoidal cylinder.\n\n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≻\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succ 0\\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\ }\n \n is bounded, that is, it is an ellipsoid.\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n N\n ≻\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\succ 0\\ ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq N\\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ⊆\n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n  \n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\subseteq B_{1}(N)\\ ;}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≻\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succ N\\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ⊆\n int\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n  \n \n \n )\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\subseteq \\operatorname {int} \\!{\\bigl (}\\ B_{1}(N)\\ {\\bigr )}~.}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n N\n ≻\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\succ 0\\ ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n  \n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq {\\frac {\\mathbf {v} \\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }}{\\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }N\\ \\mathbf {v} \\ }}\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n v\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v\\neq 0}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ⊂\n \n ⋂\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n  \n \n v\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n )\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\ B_{1}(M)\\subset \\bigcap _{\\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }N\\ \\mathbf {v} =1}B_{1}(\\mathbf {v} \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top })~.}\n \n So, since the polar dual of an ellipsoid is also an ellipsoid with the same principal axes, with inverse lengths, we have \n \n \n \n  \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n N\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ⋂\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n  \n \n v\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ⋂\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n  \n \n v\n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\n \n w\n \n :\n \n |\n \n ⟨\n \n w\n \n ,\n \n v\n \n ⟩\n \n |\n \n ≤\n 1\n }\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ B_{1}(N^{-1})=\\bigcap _{\\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }N\\ \\mathbf {v} =1}B_{1}(\\mathbf {v} \\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top })=\\bigcap _{\\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }N\\ \\mathbf {v} =1}\\{\\mathbf {w} :|\\langle \\mathbf {w} ,\\mathbf {v} \\rangle |\\leq 1\\}~.}\n \n That is, if \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n is positive-definite, then \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n  \n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq {\\frac {\\mathbf {v} \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }}{\\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }N\\ \\mathbf {v} \\ }}\\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n v\n \n ≠\n \n 0\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {v} \\neq \\mathbf {0} \\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ⪰\n \n N\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\succeq N^{-1}~.}Let \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n be an \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n Hermitian matrix. The following properties are equivalent to \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n being positive definite:The associated sesquilinear form is an inner product\nThe sesquilinear form defined by \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is the function \n \n \n \n  \n ⟨\n ⋅\n ,\n ⋅\n ⟩\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle \\ }\n \n from \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n ×\n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\times \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }\n \n to \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n ⟨\n \n x\n \n ,\n \n y\n \n ⟩\n ≡\n \n \n y\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\langle \\mathbf {x} ,\\mathbf {y} \\rangle \\equiv \\mathbf {y} ^{*}M\\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n y\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} \\ }\n \n in \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n y\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} ^{*}\\ }\n \n is the conjugate transpose of \n \n \n \n  \n \n y\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} ~.}\n \n For any complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n this form is linear in \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and semilinear in \n \n \n \n  \n \n y\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} ~.}\n \n Therefore, the form is an inner product on \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n ⟨\n \n z\n \n ,\n \n z\n \n ⟩\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\langle \\mathbf {z} ,\\mathbf {z} \\rangle \\ }\n \n is real and positive for all nonzero \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ;}\n \n that is if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite. (In fact, every inner product on \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n C\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {C} ^{n}\\ }\n \n arises in this fashion from a Hermitian positive definite matrix.)\nIts leading principal minors are all positive\nThe kth leading principal minor of a matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is the determinant of its upper-left \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times k\\ }\n \n sub-matrix. It turns out that a matrix is positive definite if and only if all these determinants are positive. This condition is known as Sylvester's criterion, and provides an efficient test of positive definiteness of a symmetric real matrix. Namely, the matrix is reduced to an upper triangular matrix by using elementary row operations, as in the first part of the Gaussian elimination method, taking care to preserve the sign of its determinant during pivoting process. Since the kth leading principal minor of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal elements up to row \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ ,}\n \n Sylvester's criterion is equivalent to checking whether its diagonal elements are all positive. This condition can be checked each time a new row \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ }\n \n of the triangular matrix is obtained.A positive semidefinite matrix is positive definite if and only if it is invertible.[7]\nA matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is negative (semi)definite if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n −\n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ -M\\ }\n \n is positive (semi)definite.","title":"Other characterizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"strictly convex function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_convex_function"},{"link_name":"quadratic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_function"},{"link_name":"optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)"}],"text":"The (purely) quadratic form associated with a real \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is the function \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n :\n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n R\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q:\\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\to \\mathbb {R} \\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n (\n \n x\n \n )\n =\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q(\\mathbf {x} )=\\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n for all \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ~.}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n can be assumed symmetric by replacing it with \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n +\n \n M\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n )\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ {\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\left(M+M^{\\top }\\right)\\ ,}\n \n since any asymetric part will be zeroed-out in the double-sided product.A symmetric matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite if and only if its quadratic form is a strictly convex function.More generally, any quadratic function from \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbb {R} ^{n}\\ }\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n can be written as \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n +\n \n \n b\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n x\n \n +\n c\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} +\\mathbf {b} ^{\\top }\\mathbf {x} +c\\ }\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is a symmetric \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n\\ }\n \n matrix, \n \n \n \n  \n \n b\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {b} \\ }\n \n is a real n vector, and \n \n \n \n  \n c\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ c\\ }\n \n a real constant. In the \n \n \n \n  \n n\n =\n 1\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n=1\\ }\n \n case, this is a parabola, and just like in the \n \n \n \n  \n n\n =\n 1\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n=1\\ }\n \n case, we haveTheorem: This quadratic function is strictly convex, and hence has a unique finite global minimum, if and only if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite.Proof: If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite, then the function is strictly convex. Its gradient is zero at the unique point of \n \n \n \n  \n \n M\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n b\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M^{-1}\\mathbf {b} \\ ,}\n \n which must be the global minimum since the function is strictly convex. If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is not positive definite, then there exists some vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n v\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {v} \\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n v\n \n ≤\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {v} \\leq 0\\ ,}\n \n so the function \n \n \n \n  \n f\n (\n t\n )\n ≡\n (\n t\n \n v\n \n \n )\n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n (\n t\n \n v\n \n )\n +\n \n b\n \n ⊤\n \n \n (\n t\n \n v\n \n )\n +\n c\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ f(t)\\equiv (t\\mathbf {v} )^{\\top }M(t\\mathbf {v} )+b^{\\top }(t\\mathbf {v} )+c\\ }\n \n is a line or a downward parabola, thus not strictly convex and not having a global minimum.For this reason, positive definite matrices play an important role in optimization problems.","title":"Quadratic forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simultaneously diagonalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix#Simultaneous_diagonalization"},{"link_name":"similarity transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_similarity"},{"link_name":"Cholesky decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diagonalizable matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonalizable_matrix#Simultaneous_diagonalization"}],"text":"One symmetric matrix and another matrix that is both symmetric and positive definite can be simultaneously diagonalized. This is so although simultaneous diagonalization is not necessarily performed with a similarity transformation. This result does not extend to the case of three or more matrices. In this section we write for the real case. Extension to the complex case is immediate.Let \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n be a symmetric and \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n a symmetric and positive definite matrix. Write the generalized eigenvalue equation as \n \n \n \n  \n \n (\n \n M\n −\n λ\n N\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n =\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\left(M-\\lambda N\\right)\\mathbf {x} =0\\ }\n \n where we impose that \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n be normalized, i.e. \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n \n x\n \n =\n 1\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }N\\mathbf {x} =1~.}\n \n Now we use Cholesky decomposition to write the inverse of \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n as \n \n \n \n  \n \n Q\n \n ⊤\n \n \n Q\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q^{\\top }Q~.}\n \n Multiplying by \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q\\ }\n \n and letting \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n =\n \n Q\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n y\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} =Q^{\\top }\\mathbf {y} \\ ,}\n \n we get \n \n \n \n  \n Q\n \n (\n \n M\n −\n λ\n N\n \n )\n \n \n Q\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n y\n \n =\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Q\\left(M-\\lambda N\\right)Q^{\\top }\\mathbf {y} =0\\ ,}\n \n which can be rewritten as \n \n \n \n  \n \n (\n \n Q\n M\n \n Q\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n y\n \n =\n λ\n \n y\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\left(QMQ^{\\top }\\right)\\mathbf {y} =\\lambda \\mathbf {y} \\ }\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n y\n \n =\n 1\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} ^{\\top }\\mathbf {y} =1~.}\n \n Manipulation now yields \n \n \n \n M\n X\n =\n N\n X\n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MX=NX\\Lambda }\n \n where \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is a matrix having as columns the generalized eigenvectors and \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \n is a diagonal matrix of the generalized eigenvalues. Now premultiplication with \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X^{\\top }}\n \n gives the final result: \n \n \n \n  \n \n X\n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n X\n =\n Λ\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ X^{\\top }MX=\\Lambda \\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n \n X\n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n X\n =\n I\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ X^{\\top }NX=I\\ ,}\n \n but note that this is no longer an orthogonal diagonalization with respect to the inner product where \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n y\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n y\n \n =\n 1\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {y} ^{\\top }\\mathbf {y} =1~.}\n \n In fact, we diagonalized \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n with respect to the inner product induced by \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N~.}\n \n[8]Note that this result does not contradict what is said on simultaneous diagonalization in the article Diagonalizable matrix, which refers to simultaneous diagonalization by a similarity transformation. Our result here is more akin to a simultaneous diagonalization of two quadratic forms, and is useful for optimization of one form under conditions on the other.","title":"Simultaneous diagonalization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partial ordering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partially_ordered_set"},{"link_name":"Loewner order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewner_order"}],"sub_title":"Induced partial ordering","text":"For arbitrary square matrices \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n we write \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≥\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\geq N\\ }\n \n if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n −\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M-N\\geq 0\\ }\n \n i.e., \n \n \n \n  \n M\n −\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M-N\\ }\n \n is positive semi-definite. This defines a partial ordering on the set of all square matrices. One can similarly define a strict partial ordering \n \n \n \n  \n M\n >\n N\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M>N~.}\n \n The ordering is called the Loewner order.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_matrix"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"min-max theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-max_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Inverse of positive definite matrix","text":"Every positive definite matrix is invertible and its inverse is also positive definite.[9] If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ≥\n N\n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\geq N>0\\ }\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n \n N\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ≥\n \n M\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n >\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N^{-1}\\geq M^{-1}>0~.}\n \n[10] Moreover, by the min-max theorem, the kth largest eigenvalue of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is greater than or equal to the kth largest eigenvalue of \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N~.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HJobs713-11"}],"sub_title":"Scaling","text":"If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite and \n \n \n \n  \n r\n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ r>0\\ }\n \n is a real number, then \n \n \n \n  \n r\n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ rM\\ }\n \n is positive definite.[11]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HJobs713-11"}],"sub_title":"Addition","text":"If \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n are positive-definite, then the sum \n \n \n \n M\n +\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M+N}\n \n is also positive-definite.[11]\nIf \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n are positive-semidefinite, then the sum \n \n \n \n M\n +\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M+N}\n \n is also positive-semidefinite.\nIf \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive-definite and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is positive-semidefinite, then the sum \n \n \n \n M\n +\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M+N}\n \n is also positive-definite.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Multiplication","text":"If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n are positive definite, then the products \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MNM\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n M\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle NMN}\n \n are also positive definite. If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n =\n N\n M\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MN=NM\\ ,}\n \n then \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MN\\ }\n \n is also positive definite.\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite, then \n \n \n \n  \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A^{*}MA\\ }\n \n is positive semidefinite for any (possibly rectangular) matrix \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A~.}\n \n If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is positive definite and \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n has full column rank, then \n \n \n \n  \n \n A\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A^{*}MA\\ }\n \n is positive definite.[12]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Trace","text":"The diagonal entries \n \n \n \n  \n \n m\n \n i\n i\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ m_{ii}\\ }\n \n of a positive-semidefinite matrix are real and non-negative. As a consequence the trace, \n \n \n \n  \n tr\n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n ≥\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {tr} (M)\\geq 0~.}\n \n Furthermore,[13] since every principal sub-matrix (in particular, 2-by-2) is positive semidefinite,|\n \n m\n \n i\n j\n \n \n |\n \n ≤\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n j\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ∀\n i\n ,\n j\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\left|m_{ij}\\right|\\leq {\\sqrt {m_{ii}m_{jj}}}\\quad \\forall i,j\\ }and thus, when \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ≥\n 1\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\geq 1\\ ,}max\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n |\n \n m\n \n i\n j\n \n \n |\n \n ≤\n \n max\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\max _{i,j}\\left|m_{ij}\\right|\\leq \\max _{i}m_{ii}}An \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n Hermitian matrix \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is positive definite if it satisfies the following trace inequalities:[14]tr\n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n >\n 0\n \n \n a\n n\n d\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n tr\n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n tr\n ⁡\n (\n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n >\n n\n −\n 1\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {tr} (M)>0\\quad \\mathrm {and} \\quad {\\frac {(\\operatorname {tr} (M))^{2}}{\\operatorname {tr} (M^{2})}}>n-1~.}Another important result is that for any \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n positive-semidefinite matrices, \n \n \n \n  \n tr\n ⁡\n (\n M\n N\n )\n ≥\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {tr} (MN)\\geq 0~.}\n \n This follows by writing \n \n \n \n  \n tr\n ⁡\n (\n M\n N\n )\n =\n tr\n ⁡\n (\n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n N\n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n )\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\operatorname {tr} (MN)=\\operatorname {tr} (M^{\\frac {1}{2}}NM^{\\frac {1}{2}})~.}\n \n The matrix \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n N\n \n M\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M^{\\frac {1}{2}}NM^{\\frac {1}{2}}}\n \n is positive-semidefinite and thus has non-negative eigenvalues, whose sum, the trace, is therefore also non-negative.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadamard product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_product_(matrices)"},{"link_name":"Schur product theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_product_theorem"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-styan1973-17"}],"sub_title":"Hadamard product","text":"If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ,\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M,N\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n although \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MN\\ }\n \n is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Hadamard product is, \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ∘\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\circ N\\geq 0\\ }\n \n (this result is often called the Schur product theorem).[15]Regarding the Hadamard product of two positive semidefinite matrices \n \n \n \n  \n M\n =\n (\n \n m\n \n i\n j\n \n \n )\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M=(m_{ij})\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n there are two notable inequalities:Oppenheim's inequality: \n \n \n \n  \n det\n (\n M\n ∘\n N\n )\n ≥\n det\n (\n N\n )\n \n ∏\n \n i\n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n i\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\det(M\\circ N)\\geq \\det(N)\\prod \\nolimits _{i}m_{ii}~.}\n \n[16]\n\n \n \n \n  \n det\n (\n M\n ∘\n N\n )\n ≥\n det\n (\n M\n )\n det\n (\n N\n )\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\det(M\\circ N)\\geq \\det(M)\\det(N)~.}\n \n[17]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kronecker product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker_product"}],"sub_title":"Kronecker product","text":"If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ,\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M,N\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n although \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MN\\ }\n \n is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Kronecker product \n \n \n \n M\n ⊗\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M\\otimes N\\geq 0~.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frobenius inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_inner_product"}],"sub_title":"Frobenius product","text":"If \n \n \n \n  \n M\n ,\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M,N\\geq 0\\ ,}\n \n although \n \n \n \n  \n M\n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ MN\\ }\n \n is not necessary positive semidefinite, the Frobenius inner product \n \n \n \n  \n M\n :\n N\n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M:N\\geq 0\\ }\n \n (Lancaster–Tismenetsky, The Theory of Matrices, p. 218).","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_set"},{"link_name":"semidefinite programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidefinite_programming"}],"sub_title":"Convexity","text":"The set of positive semidefinite symmetric matrices is convex. That is, if \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ N\\ }\n \n are positive semidefinite, then for any \n \n \n \n  \n α\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\alpha \\ }\n \n between 0 and 1, \n \n \n \n  \n α\n M\n +\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n N\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\alpha M+\\left(1-\\alpha \\right)N\\ }\n \n is also positive semidefinite. For any vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n:x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n (\n \n α\n M\n +\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n α\n \n )\n \n N\n \n )\n \n \n x\n \n =\n α\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n +\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n )\n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n N\n \n x\n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }\\left(\\alpha M+\\left(1-\\alpha \\right)N\\right)\\mathbf {x} =\\alpha \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} +(1-\\alpha )\\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }N\\mathbf {x} \\geq 0~.}This property guarantees that semidefinite programming problems converge to a globally optimal solution.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Relation with cosine","text":"The positive-definiteness of a matrix \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n expresses that the angle \n \n \n \n  \n θ\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\theta \\ }\n \n between any vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n and its image \n \n \n \n  \n A\n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n is always \n \n \n \n  \n −\n π\n \n /\n \n 2\n <\n θ\n <\n +\n π\n \n /\n \n 2\n  \n :\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ -\\pi /2<\\theta <+\\pi /2\\ :}cos\n ⁡\n θ\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n A\n \n x\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n x\n \n ‖\n ‖\n A\n \n x\n \n ‖\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n x\n \n ,\n A\n \n x\n \n ⟩\n \n \n ‖\n \n x\n \n ‖\n ‖\n A\n \n x\n \n ‖\n \n \n \n ,\n θ\n =\n θ\n (\n \n x\n \n ,\n A\n \n x\n \n )\n ≡\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n x\n \n ,\n A\n \n x\n \n \n )\n \n ^\n \n \n \n ≡\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\cos \\theta ={\\frac {\\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }A\\mathbf {x} }{\\lVert \\mathbf {x} \\rVert \\lVert A\\mathbf {x} \\rVert }}={\\frac {\\langle \\mathbf {x} ,A\\mathbf {x} \\rangle }{\\lVert \\mathbf {x} \\rVert \\lVert A\\mathbf {x} \\rVert }},\\theta =\\theta (\\mathbf {x} ,A\\mathbf {x} )\\equiv {\\widehat {\\left(\\mathbf {x} ,A\\mathbf {x} \\right)}}\\equiv \\ }x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }A\n \n x\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\mathbf {x} ~.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toeplitz matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"},{"link_name":"LU decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU_decomposition"},{"link_name":"principal minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_minor"}],"sub_title":"Further properties","text":"If \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a symmetric Toeplitz matrix, i.e. the entries \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{ij}}\n \n are given as a function of their absolute index differences: \n \n \n \n  \n \n m\n \n i\n j\n \n \n =\n h\n (\n \n |\n \n i\n −\n j\n \n |\n \n )\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ m_{ij}=h(|i-j|)\\ ,}\n \n and the strict inequality \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n \n |\n \n h\n (\n j\n )\n \n |\n \n <\n h\n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sum _{j\\neq 0}\\left|h(j)\\right|<h(0)}\n \n holds, then \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is strictly positive definite.\nLet \n \n \n \n M\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M>0}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n Hermitian. If \n \n \n \n M\n N\n +\n N\n M\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MN+NM\\geq 0}\n \n (resp., \n \n \n \n M\n N\n +\n N\n M\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle MN+NM>0}\n \n) then \n \n \n \n N\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\geq 0}\n \n (resp., \n \n \n \n N\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N>0}\n \n).[18]\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M>0\\ }\n \n is real, then there is a \n \n \n \n  \n δ\n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\delta >0\\ }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n  \n M\n >\n δ\n I\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M>\\delta I\\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n I\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ I\\ }\n \n is the identity matrix.\nIf \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M_{k}}\n \n denotes the leading \n \n \n \n  \n k\n ×\n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\times k\\ }\n \n minor, \n \n \n \n  \n det\n \n (\n \n M\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n /\n \n det\n \n (\n \n M\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\det \\left(M_{k}\\right)/\\det \\left(M_{k-1}\\right)\\ }\n \n is the kth pivot during LU decomposition.\nA matrix is negative definite if its kth order leading principal minor is negative when \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ }\n \n is odd, and positive when \n \n \n \n  \n k\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ k\\ }\n \n is even.\nIf \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is a real positive definite matrix, then there exists a positive real number \n \n \n \n  \n m\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ m\\ }\n \n such that for every vector \n \n \n \n  \n \n v\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {v} \\ ,}\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n v\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n  \n \n v\n \n ≥\n m\n  \n ‖\n \n v\n \n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n \n 2\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {v} ^{\\top }M\\ \\mathbf {v} \\geq m\\ \\|\\mathbf {v} \\|_{2}^{\\ \\!2}~.}\n \n\nA Hermitian matrix is positive semidefinite if and only if all of its principal minors are nonnegative. It is however not enough to consider the leading principal minors only, as is checked on the diagonal matrix with entries 0 and −1 .","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_matrix"},{"link_name":"principal submatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)#Submatrix"},{"link_name":"Schur complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_complement#Conditions_for_positive_definiteness_and_semi-definiteness"}],"sub_title":"Block matrices and submatrices","text":"A positive \n \n \n \n  \n 2\n n\n ×\n 2\n n\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ 2n\\times 2n\\ }\n \n matrix may also be defined by blocks:M\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n D\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M={\\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\\\C&D\\end{bmatrix}}\\ }where each block is \n \n \n \n  \n n\n ×\n n\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ n\\times n~,}\n \n By applying the positivity condition, it immediately follows that \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n are hermitian, and \n \n \n \n  \n C\n =\n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ C=B^{*}~.}We have that \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\mathbf {z} \\geq 0\\ }\n \n for all complex \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n and in particular for \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n =\n [\n \n v\n \n ,\n 0\n \n ]\n \n ⊤\n \n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} =[\\mathbf {v} ,0]^{\\top }~.}\n \n Then[\n \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n v\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n A\n \n v\n \n ≥\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ {\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {v} ^{*}&0\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\\\B^{*}&D\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {v} \\\\0\\end{bmatrix}}=\\mathbf {v} ^{*}A\\mathbf {v} \\geq 0~.}A similar argument can be applied to \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ ,}\n \n and thus we conclude that both \n \n \n \n  \n A\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ A\\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n D\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ D\\ }\n \n must be positive definite. The argument can be extended to show that any principal submatrix of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n is itself positive definite.Converse results can be proved with stronger conditions on the blocks, for instance, using the Schur complement.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadratic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"Hessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Local extrema","text":"A general quadratic form \n \n \n \n f\n (\n \n x\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(\\mathbf {x} )}\n \n on \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n real variables \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}}\n \n can always be written as \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} }\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} }\n \n is the column vector with those variables, and \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n is a symmetric real matrix. Therefore, the matrix being positive definite means that \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n has a unique minimum (zero) when \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} }\n \n is zero, and is strictly positive for any other \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ~.}More generally, a twice-differentiable real function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n on \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n real variables has local minimum at arguments \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}}\n \n if its gradient is zero and its Hessian (the matrix of all second derivatives) is positive semi-definite at that point. Similar statements can be made for negative definite and semi-definite matrices.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"covariance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix"},{"link_name":"multivariate probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_probability_distribution"}],"sub_title":"Covariance","text":"In statistics, the covariance matrix of a multivariate probability distribution is always positive semi-definite; and it is positive definite unless one variable is an exact linear function of the others. Conversely, every positive semi-definite matrix is the covariance matrix of some multivariate distribution.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complex number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathw-19"},{"link_name":"bounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_operator"},{"link_name":"polarization identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_identity"}],"text":"The definition of positive definite can be generalized by designating any complex matrix \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n (e.g. real non-symmetric) as positive definite if \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n R\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n  \n \n \n z\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n \n z\n \n \n }\n \n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ {\\mathcal {R_{e}}}\\left\\{\\ \\mathbf {z} ^{*}M\\mathbf {z} \\right\\}>0\\ }\n \n for all non-zero complex vectors \n \n \n \n  \n \n z\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {z} \\ ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n R\n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\n  \n c\n  \n }\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ {\\mathcal {R_{e}}}\\{\\ c\\ \\}\\ }\n \n denotes the real part of a complex number \n \n \n \n  \n c\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ c~.}\n \n[19] Only the Hermitian part \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n +\n \n M\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n )\n \n  \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\ {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(M+M^{*}\\right)\\ }\n \n determines whether the matrix is positive definite, and is assessed in the narrower sense above. Similarly, if \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n and \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M\\ }\n \n are real, we have \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n >\n 0\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} >0\\ }\n \n for all real nonzero vectors \n \n \n \n  \n \n x\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {x} \\ }\n \n if and only if the symmetric part \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n +\n \n M\n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n )\n \n  \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\ {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(M+M^{\\top }\\right)\\ }\n \n is positive definite in the narrower sense. It is immediately clear that \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n M\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n  \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\ \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} =\\sum _{ij}x_{i}M_{ij}x_{j}\\ }\n \nis insensitive to transposition of \n \n \n \n  \n M\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ M~.}Consequently, a non-symmetric real matrix with only positive eigenvalues does not need to be positive definite. For example, the matrix \n \n \n \n M\n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}4&9\\\\1&4\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right]}\n \n has positive eigenvalues yet is not positive definite; in particular a negative value of \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n M\n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} ^{\\top }M\\mathbf {x} }\n \n is obtained with the choice \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} =\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}-1\\\\1\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right]}\n \n (which is the eigenvector associated with the negative eigenvalue of the symmetric part of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n).In summary, the distinguishing feature between the real and complex case is that, a bounded positive operator on a complex Hilbert space is necessarily Hermitian, or self adjoint. The general claim can be argued using the polarization identity. That is no longer true in the real case.","title":"Extension for non-Hermitian square matrices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermal conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"}],"sub_title":"Heat conductivity matrix","text":"Fourier's law of heat conduction, giving heat flux \n \n \n \n  \n \n q\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {q} \\ }\n \n in terms of the temperature gradient \n \n \n \n  \n \n g\n \n =\n ∇\n T\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {g} =\\nabla T\\ }\n \n is written for anisotropic media as \n \n \n \n  \n \n q\n \n =\n −\n K\n \n g\n \n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {q} =-K\\mathbf {g} \\ ,}\n \n in which \n \n \n \n  \n K\n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ K\\ }\n \n is the symmetric thermal conductivity matrix. The negative is inserted in Fourier's law to reflect the expectation that heat will always flow from hot to cold. In other words, since the temperature gradient \n \n \n \n  \n \n g\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {g} \\ }\n \n always points from cold to hot, the heat flux \n \n \n \n  \n \n q\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {q} \\ }\n \n is expected to have a negative inner product with \n \n \n \n  \n \n g\n \n  \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {g} \\ }\n \n so that \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n q\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n \n g\n \n <\n 0\n  \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {q} ^{\\top }\\mathbf {g} <0~.}\n \n Substituting Fourier's law then gives this expectation as \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n g\n \n \n ⊤\n \n \n K\n \n g\n \n >\n 0\n  \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ \\mathbf {g} ^{\\top }K\\mathbf {g} >0\\ ,}\n \n implying that the conductivity matrix should be positive definite.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-54823-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54823-6"},{"link_name":"Bhatia, Rajendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-12918-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12918-1"},{"link_name":"Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_die_reine_und_angewandte_Mathematik"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/crll.1962.210.65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2Fcrll.1962.210.65"}],"text":"Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (2013). Matrix Analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54823-6.\nBhatia, Rajendra (2007). Positive Definite Matrices. Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics. ISBN 978-0-691-12918-1.\nBernstein, B.; Toupin, R.A. (1962). \"Some properties of the Hessian matrix of a strictly convex function\". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 210: 67–72. doi:10.1515/crll.1962.210.65.","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[{"title":"Covariance matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_matrix"},{"title":"M-matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-matrix"},{"title":"Positive-definite function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite_function"},{"title":"Positive-definite kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite_kernel"},{"title":"Schur complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_complement"},{"title":"Sylvester's criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s_criterion"},{"title":"Numerical range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_range"}]

[{"reference":"van den Bos, Adriaan (March 2007). \"Appendix C: Positive semidefinite and positive definite matrices\". Parameter Estimation for Scientists and Engineers (.pdf) (online ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 259–263. doi:10.1002/9780470173862. ISBN 978-047-017386-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doi.org/10.1002/9780470173862.app3","url_text":"\"Appendix C: Positive semidefinite and positive definite matrices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470173862","url_text":"10.1002/9780470173862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-047-017386-2","url_text":"978-047-017386-2"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Stephen; Vandenberghe, Lieven (8 March 2004). Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804441. ISBN 978-0-521-83378-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511804441","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511804441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83378-3","url_text":"978-0-521-83378-3"}]},{"reference":"Wolkowicz, Henry; Styan, George P.H. (1980). \"Bounds for Eigenvalues using Traces\". Linear Algebra and its Applications (29). Elsevier: 471–506.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Styan, G.P. (1973). \"Hadamard products and multivariate statistical analysis\". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 6: 217–240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra_and_Its_Applications","url_text":"Linear Algebra and Its Applications"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, Rajendra (2007). Positive Definite Matrices. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-691-12918-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12918-1","url_text":"978-0-691-12918-1"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Positive definite matrix\". MathWorld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved 26 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PositiveDefiniteMatrix.html","url_text":"\"Positive definite matrix\""}]},{"reference":"Horn, Roger A.; Johnson, Charles R. (2013). Matrix Analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54823-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54823-6","url_text":"978-0-521-54823-6"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, Rajendra (2007). Positive Definite Matrices. Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics. ISBN 978-0-691-12918-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Bhatia","url_text":"Bhatia, Rajendra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12918-1","url_text":"978-0-691-12918-1"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, B.; Toupin, R.A. (1962). \"Some properties of the Hessian matrix of a strictly convex function\". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 210: 67–72. doi:10.1515/crll.1962.210.65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_die_reine_und_angewandte_Mathematik","url_text":"Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcrll.1962.210.65","url_text":"10.1515/crll.1962.210.65"}]},{"reference":"\"Positive-definite form\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Positive-definite_form","url_text":"\"Positive-definite form\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Positive definite matrix\". Wolfram MathWorld. Wolfram Research.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PositiveDefiniteMatrix.html","url_text":"\"Positive definite matrix\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivercourt_Methodist_Church

Rivercourt Methodist Church

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°29′34″N 0°14′10″W / 51.49277°N 0.23609°W / 51.49277; -0.23609 ChurchRivercourt Methodist ChurchDenominationMethodismWebsiteOfficial websiteArchitectureArchitect(s)Charles BellCompleted1875 Rivercourt Methodist Church is a church in King Street, Hammersmith, London. It was built in 1875 by the architect Charles Bell. References ^ Bridget Cherry; Nikolaus Pevsner (1 March 1991). London 3: North West. Yale University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-300-09652-1. Retrieved 27 March 2016. External links Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rivercourt Methodist Church. vteChurches in Hammersmith & Fulhamancient parishchurches(pre-1800) All Saints, Fulham St Paul, Hammersmith Anglicandaughterchurches St Andrew, Fulham St Clement, Fulham St Dionis, Parsons Green St Etheldreda, Fulham St John, Fulham St Katherine, Westway St Luke, Shepherd's Bush St Mary, West Kensington St Matthew, Fulham St Michael and St George, White City St Peter, Hammersmith St Simon, Shepherd's Bush St Stephen, Shepherd's Bush otherdenominations Fulham Baptist Church Fulham Methodist Church Holy Trinity, Brook Green Our Lady Of Perpetual Help, Fulham Ravenscourt Baptist Church Rivercourt Methodist Church St Andrew Bobola, Shepherd's Bush St Nicholas Cathedral, Shepherd's Bush St Thomas of Canterbury, Fulham 51°29′34″N 0°14′10″W / 51.49277°N 0.23609°W / 51.49277; -0.23609

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Street,_Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Charles Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bell_(British_architect)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CherryPevsner1991-1"}],"text":"ChurchRivercourt Methodist Church is a church in King Street, Hammersmith, London.It was built in 1875 by the architect Charles Bell.[1]","title":"Rivercourt Methodist Church"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Bridget Cherry; Nikolaus Pevsner (1 March 1991). London 3: North West. Yale University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-300-09652-1. Retrieved 27 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AuvCfuvUy-0C&pg=PA56","url_text":"London 3: North West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09652-1","url_text":"978-0-300-09652-1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthBay_Pavilion

SouthBay Pavilion

["1 History","2 Transit access","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 33°50′38″N 118°15′40″W / 33.84388°N 118.26109°W / 33.84388; -118.26109Shopping mall in Carson, California, U.S. SouthBay PavilionLocationCarson, California, U.S.Coordinates33°50′38″N 118°15′40″W / 33.84388°N 118.26109°W / 33.84388; -118.26109Address20700 Avalon BoulevardOpening date1973DeveloperColdwell BankerManagementGerrity GroupOwnerGerrity GroupNo. of stores and services83No. of anchor tenants5Total retail floor area1,017,047 sq ft (94,486.8 m2)No. of floors1 (2 in JCPenney, 3 in IKEA) SouthBay Pavilion, formerly Carson Mall, is a partially enclosed shopping mall in Carson, California. Opened in 1973, it features as its anchor retailers Burlington, IKEA, JCPenney, Ross Dress For Less, and Target. SouthBay Pavilion has been recognized by and award from the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) for its innovative marketing and event programs focused on community service and social responsibility. History The mall development was announced in 1972 with participation by JCPenney, Sears, The Broadway and J. J. Newberry dime stores. By 1985, Toys "R" Us was added. It was the first Toys "R" Us to be located in a shopping mall. The mall was sold to Macerich in 1987, and to MacDonald Group only five months later. Although it was renovated in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the addition of public restrooms, Big 5 Sporting Goods, and a food court, it continued to have low traffic and vacancies. The Broadway closed its store in 1991. That same year, Carson city council approved a financing package that would allow IKEA to move into the space being vacated by The Broadway. Also, the mall was renamed Southbay Pavilion. Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre was added in 1983. Toys "R" Us closed its store in 2002. Circuit City has no plan to open this door in the formerly occupied by Toys "R" Us in 2003. Target instead replaced Toys "R" Us. In May 2003, the mall was sold to Hopkins Real Estate of Newport Beach. Renovation plans began on the mall, including demolition of the IKEA/Toys "R" Us wing for a Target store, which opened in 2005. 24 Hour Fitness also opened on an outparcel. Other additions included Old Navy and a relocation of Big 5. Vintage Real Estate purchased the mall in 2009. In 2005, Chuck E. Cheese's made a remodel. In May 2013, it was confirmed that Cinemark would be opening a movie theater within the mall. As a result, Old Navy was relocated. Chuck E. Cheese's would close on January 5, 2014 and moved over to the former Old Navy store on January 16, 2014 with a new look. In May 2015, the state-of-the-art 13 screens Cinemark Theatres officially opened its doors at SouthBay Pavilion. Following this great achievement, Kay Jewelers opened its doors in 2015 and Sephora (inside JCPenney) opened in May 2016. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at SouthBay Pavilion, into Seritage Growth Properties. In June 2016, a press release was published by KTGY Architecture + Planning unveiling the further expansion for SouthBay Pavilion with Forever 21's F21RED which opened in early 2017. Sears closed in July 2017. Portions of the building became Ross Dress for Less and Burlington, while the former auto center became Chipotle Mexican Grill, Smashburger, Jersey Mike's and Norms. Payless Shoesource closed in early 2019. In Summer 2019, Burlington and Ross Dress For Less opened up their locations. Transit access The Mall is accessible by LACMTA Metro Local Lines 205, 246, & Long Beach Transit Lines 1, 2. References ^ "No title". Western Construction: 16. 1973. ^ "Leasing information". SouthBay Pavilion. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ Green, Terence M. (15 October 1972). "Carson mall project to be launched". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Carson Mall". Los Angeles Times. 25 October 1985. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Carson Mall sold for second time". Los Angeles Times. 8 October 1987. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ Millican, Anthony (27 December 1990). "YOU ARE HERE New Merchants Replace Those Who Lost Hope". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Carson Mall's Broadway to close". Press-Telegram. 26 June 1991. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ Millican, Anthony (19 December 1991). "Carson Woos and Wins Ikea With $13.5-Million Deal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ Vincent, Roger (5 May 2003). "SouthBay Pavilion Sold to Hopkins for $34.4 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Carson Mall sold, to open up". Press-Telegram. 3 May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "BRIEFCASE: CHILI'S, WAMU AT SOUTHBAY". Press-Telegram. 21 June 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ Vincent, Roger (9 July 2009). "Fred Sands adds SouthBay Pavilion to growing portfolio". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Cinemark to build 14-screen movie theater at Carson mall". Los Angeles Times. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "New 13-screen Cinemark theater with XD technology opens in Carson". 27 May 2015. ^ "At Southbay Pavilion | Seritage". External links SouthBay Pavilion vteCarson, CaliforniaInfrastructureTransportation Carson Circuit Transit System EducationPrimary and secondary schools Los Angeles Unified School District Carson High School Compton Unified School District Long Beach Unified School District^ California Academy of Mathematics and Science Other education California State University, Dominguez Hills County of Los Angeles Public Library OtherLandmarks Dignity Health Sports Park SouthBay Pavilion This list is incomplete.^ operates a school in Carson, but has no territory in Carson vteShopping malls in CaliforniaNorthern CaliforniaAlameda Bay Street Emeryville Bayfair Center Eastmont Town Center Fremont Hub NewPark Mall Oakland City Center Pacific Commons Rockridge Market Hall Southland Mall Stoneridge Shopping Center Union Landing Shopping Center Contra Costa Abella Center Broadway Plaza El Cerrito Plaza Hilltop Horizon Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Pacific East Mall Somersville Towne Center Sunvalley Shopping Center Willows Shopping Center Fresno Fashion Fair River Park Marin Northgate Mall Town Center at Corte Madera Village at Corte Madera Monterey Carmel Plaza Del Monte Center Northridge Mall Sacramento Arden Fair Country Club Centre Downtown Commons Florin Towne Centre Sunrise Mall Town & Country Village San Francisco Emporium Centre San Francisco Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Union Street Stores San Mateo Bridgepointe Shopping Center Hillsdale Shopping Center Serramonte Center Shops at Tanforan Westlake Shopping Center San Joaquin Sherwood Place Weberstown Mall West Valley Mall Santa Clara Eastridge Great Mall of the Bay Area Mayfield Mall Pruneyard Shopping Center San Antonio Shopping Center Santana Row Stanford Shopping Center Sunnyvale Town Center Vallco Shopping Mall Westfield Oakridge Westfield Valley Fair Westgate Center Sonoma Coddingtown Mall Montgomery Village Santa Rosa Plaza Elsewhere Bayshore Mall Capitola Mall Chico Marketplace Solano Town Center Vintage Faire Mall Visalia Mall Westfield Galleria at Roseville Yuba Sutter Marketplace Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesL.A. Central Area ARCO Plaza* Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Beverly Connection The Bloc Los Angeles Broadway & 87th Street* Crossroads of the World Eagle Rock Plaza El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Japanese Village Plaza Los Angeles Mall Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico Ovation Hollywood Town & Country Market* Weller Court West Hollywood Gateway Westside Airport Marina Hotel* Brentwood Country Mart Edgemar Malibu Country Mart Palisades Village Platform, Culver City Promenade at Howard Hughes Center Santa Monica Place Third Street Promenade Westfield Century City Westfield Culver City San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Fashion Center Glendale Galleria NoHo West Northridge Fashion Center Panorama Mall Promenade (Woodland Hills)* Sherman Oaks Galleria* Universal CityWalk Valley Plaza* Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Topanga San Gabriel Valley Eastland Center El Monte Shopping Center* El Rancho Santa Anita Indian Hill Mall* Paseo Colorado Plaza West Covina Pomona Mall* Puente Hills Mall Shops at Santa Anita South Bay Del Amo Fashion Center Fisherman's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Old Towne Mall* Peninsula Center Promenade on the Peninsula South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Southeast L.A. Co. Los Cerritos Center Cerritos Towne Center Citadel Outlets Lakewood Center La Mirada Mall* Plaza México Promenade at Downey Quad at Whittier Santa Fe Springs Mall* Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center* Shops at Montebello Stonewood Center Uptown Whittier Whittier Downs* Whittwood Town Center* Long Beach Long Beach Plaza Long Beach Towne Center Los Altos Center Marina Pacifica Mall Northern L.A. Co. Antelope Valley Mall Valencia Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Anaheim Town Square Anaheim Towne Center Asian Garden Mall Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Honer Plaza* Irvine Spectrum La Habra Fashion Square* Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Orange County Plaza* Orangefair Mall* Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Hemet Valley Mall Indio Fashion Mall* Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside Moreno Valley Mall La Plaza (Palm Springs) Promenade In Temecula Riverside Plaza Shops at Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Citrus Village Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center College Grove Escondido Village* Fashion Valley Grossmont Center Horton Plaza La Jolla Village Square Las Americas Premium Outlets Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished) Mission Valley North County Mall One Paseo Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Shoppes at Carlsbad South Bay Plaza Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Santa Barbara La Cumbre Plaza Paseo Nuevo Santa Maria Town Center Ventura Collection at RiverPark Esplanade The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield See also: History of retail in Southern California –  History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name

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SouthBay Pavilion has been recognized by and award from the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) for its innovative marketing and event programs focused on community service and social responsibility.","title":"SouthBay Pavilion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"},{"link_name":"J. J. Newberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Newberry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Toys \"R\" Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Macerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macerich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Big 5 Sporting Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_5_Sporting_Goods"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Circuit City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_City"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"24 Hour Fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hour_Fitness"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Old Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vintage Real Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Real_Estate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chuck E. Cheese's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese%27s"},{"link_name":"Cinemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemark"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sears Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"KTGY Architecture + Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ktgy.com/work/southbay-pavilion/"},{"link_name":"Forever 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_21"},{"link_name":"Ross Dress for Less","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Stores"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Chipotle Mexican Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle_Mexican_Grill"},{"link_name":"Smashburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashburger"},{"link_name":"Jersey Mike's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Mike%27s"},{"link_name":"Norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norms_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"Payless Shoesource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payless_Shoesource"}],"text":"The mall development was announced in 1972 with participation by JCPenney, Sears, The Broadway and J. J. Newberry dime stores.[3] By 1985, Toys \"R\" Us was added. It was the first Toys \"R\" Us to be located in a shopping mall.[4] The mall was sold to Macerich in 1987, and to MacDonald Group only five months later.[5] Although it was renovated in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the addition of public restrooms, Big 5 Sporting Goods, and a food court, it continued to have low traffic and vacancies.[6]The Broadway closed its store in 1991.[7] That same year, Carson city council approved a financing package that would allow IKEA to move into the space being vacated by The Broadway. Also, the mall was renamed Southbay Pavilion.[8]Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre was added in 1983. Toys \"R\" Us closed its store in 2002. Circuit City has no plan to open this door in the formerly occupied by Toys \"R\" Us in 2003. Target instead replaced Toys \"R\" Us.In May 2003, the mall was sold to Hopkins Real Estate of Newport Beach.[9] Renovation plans began on the mall, including demolition of the IKEA/Toys \"R\" Us wing for a Target store,[10] which opened in 2005. 24 Hour Fitness also opened on an outparcel.[11] Other additions included Old Navy and a relocation of Big 5. Vintage Real Estate purchased the mall in 2009.[12]In 2005, Chuck E. Cheese's made a remodel.In May 2013, it was confirmed that Cinemark would be opening a movie theater within the mall. As a result, Old Navy was relocated.[13] Chuck E. Cheese's would close on January 5, 2014 and moved over to the former Old Navy store on January 16, 2014 with a new look.In May 2015, the state-of-the-art 13 screens Cinemark Theatres officially opened its doors at SouthBay Pavilion.[14] Following this great achievement, Kay Jewelers opened its doors in 2015 and Sephora (inside JCPenney) opened in May 2016.In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at SouthBay Pavilion, into Seritage Growth Properties.[15]In June 2016, a press release was published by KTGY Architecture + Planning unveiling the further expansion for SouthBay Pavilion with Forever 21's F21RED which opened in early 2017.Sears closed in July 2017. Portions of the building became Ross Dress for Less and Burlington, while the former auto center became Chipotle Mexican Grill, Smashburger, Jersey Mike's and Norms.Payless Shoesource closed in early 2019.In Summer 2019, Burlington and Ross Dress For Less opened up their locations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LACMTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Metro Local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Local"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Transit"}],"text":"The Mall is accessible by LACMTA Metro Local Lines 205, 246, & Long Beach Transit Lines 1, 2.","title":"Transit access"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"No title\". Western Construction: 16. 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wM5EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22carson+mall%22+%221973%22","url_text":"\"No title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leasing information\". SouthBay Pavilion. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southbaypavilion.com/info/leasing","url_text":"\"Leasing information\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Terence M. (15 October 1972). \"Carson mall project to be launched\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157138533.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct%2015,%201972&author=&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&edition=&startpage=&desc=CARSON%20MALL%20PROJECT%20TO%20BE%20LAUNCHED","url_text":"\"Carson mall project to be launched\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Carson Mall\". Los Angeles Times. 25 October 1985. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/154451744.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Oct%2025,%201985&author=&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&edition=&startpage=&desc=Carson%20Mall","url_text":"\"Carson Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carson Mall sold for second time\". Los Angeles Times. 8 October 1987. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-08/news/cb-12809_1_macerich","url_text":"\"Carson Mall sold for second time\""}]},{"reference":"Millican, Anthony (27 December 1990). \"YOU ARE HERE New Merchants Replace Those Who Lost Hope\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/281216256.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec%2027,%201990&author=ANTHONY%20MILLICAN&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times%20%28pre-1997%20Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=YOU%20ARE%20HERE%20New%20Merchants%20Replace%20Those%20Who%20Lost%20Hope","url_text":"\"YOU ARE HERE New Merchants Replace Those Who Lost Hope\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carson Mall's Broadway to close\". Press-Telegram. 26 June 1991. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE8D244ED064EB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Carson Mall's Broadway to close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-Telegram","url_text":"Press-Telegram"}]},{"reference":"Millican, Anthony (19 December 1991). \"Carson Woos and Wins Ikea With $13.5-Million Deal\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-12-19/local/me-743_1_carson-mall","url_text":"\"Carson Woos and Wins Ikea With $13.5-Million Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Roger (5 May 2003). \"SouthBay Pavilion Sold to Hopkins for $34.4 Million\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/05/business/fi-mall5","url_text":"\"SouthBay Pavilion Sold to Hopkins for $34.4 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carson Mall sold, to open up\". Press-Telegram. 3 May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FADE0AF45E217EF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Carson Mall sold, to open up\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRIEFCASE: CHILI'S, WAMU AT SOUTHBAY\". Press-Telegram. 21 June 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10AE4CBBD29259EC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"BRIEFCASE: CHILI'S, WAMU AT SOUTHBAY\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Roger (9 July 2009). \"Fred Sands adds SouthBay Pavilion to growing portfolio\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/09/business/fi-sands9","url_text":"\"Fred Sands adds SouthBay Pavilion to growing portfolio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cinemark to build 14-screen movie theater at Carson mall\". Los Angeles Times. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/16/business/la-fi-ct-cinemark-carson-20130516","url_text":"\"Cinemark to build 14-screen movie theater at Carson mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"New 13-screen Cinemark theater with XD technology opens in Carson\". 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2015/05/27/new-13-screen-cinemark-theater-with-xd-technology-opens-in-carson/","url_text":"\"New 13-screen Cinemark theater with XD technology opens in Carson\""}]},{"reference":"\"At Southbay Pavilion | Seritage\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seritage.com/retail/property/20700-s-avalon-blvd/3312448/landing","url_text":"\"At Southbay Pavilion | Seritage\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SouthBay_Pavilion&params=33.84388_N_118.26109_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"33°50′38″N 118°15′40″W / 33.84388°N 118.26109°W / 33.84388; -118.26109"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SouthBay_Pavilion&params=33.84388_N_118.26109_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"33°50′38″N 118°15′40″W / 33.84388°N 118.26109°W / 33.84388; -118.26109"},{"Link":"https://ktgy.com/work/southbay-pavilion/","external_links_name":"KTGY Architecture + Planning"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wM5EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22carson+mall%22+%221973%22","external_links_name":"\"No title\""},{"Link":"http://www.southbaypavilion.com/info/leasing","external_links_name":"\"Leasing information\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157138533.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct%2015,%201972&author=&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&edition=&startpage=&desc=CARSON%20MALL%20PROJECT%20TO%20BE%20LAUNCHED","external_links_name":"\"Carson mall project to be launched\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/154451744.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Oct%2025,%201985&author=&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times&edition=&startpage=&desc=Carson%20Mall","external_links_name":"\"Carson Mall\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-08/news/cb-12809_1_macerich","external_links_name":"\"Carson Mall sold for second time\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/281216256.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec%2027,%201990&author=ANTHONY%20MILLICAN&pub=Los%20Angeles%20Times%20%28pre-1997%20Fulltext%29&edition=&startpage=&desc=YOU%20ARE%20HERE%20New%20Merchants%20Replace%20Those%20Who%20Lost%20Hope","external_links_name":"\"YOU ARE HERE New Merchants Replace Those Who Lost Hope\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE8D244ED064EB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Carson Mall's Broadway to close\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-12-19/local/me-743_1_carson-mall","external_links_name":"\"Carson Woos and Wins Ikea With $13.5-Million Deal\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/05/business/fi-mall5","external_links_name":"\"SouthBay Pavilion Sold to Hopkins for $34.4 Million\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FADE0AF45E217EF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Carson Mall sold, to open up\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10AE4CBBD29259EC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"BRIEFCASE: CHILI'S, WAMU AT SOUTHBAY\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/09/business/fi-sands9","external_links_name":"\"Fred Sands adds SouthBay Pavilion to growing portfolio\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/16/business/la-fi-ct-cinemark-carson-20130516","external_links_name":"\"Cinemark to build 14-screen movie theater at Carson mall\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailybreeze.com/2015/05/27/new-13-screen-cinemark-theater-with-xd-technology-opens-in-carson/","external_links_name":"\"New 13-screen Cinemark theater with XD technology opens in Carson\""},{"Link":"http://www.seritage.com/retail/property/20700-s-avalon-blvd/3312448/landing","external_links_name":"\"At Southbay Pavilion | Seritage\""},{"Link":"http://www.southbaypavilion.com/","external_links_name":"SouthBay Pavilion"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_115

British Rail Class 115

["1 Construction and service","2 Accidents and incidents","3 Technical details","4 Preservation","5 References"]

British Rail Class 115A Class 115 at Marylebone in April 1981.In service1960–1998ManufacturerBR DerbyFamily nameFirst generationReplacedSteam locomotives and carriagesNumber built41 four-car setsNumber preserved15 cars 9 (DMBS) 4 (TCL) 2 (TS)SuccessorClass 165FormationDMBS–TCL–TS–DMBSCapacityDMBS: 78 Second;TCL 30 First, 40 Second;TS: 106 Second;4-car total: 30 First, 302 SecondOperatorsBritish RailLines servedChiltern Main Line, London to Aylesbury LineSpecificationsCar length63 ft 6 in (19.35 m)Width9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)Maximum speed70 mph (110 km/h)Weight135 long tons (137 t; 151 short tons) trainsetPrime mover(s)Two 230 hp (172 kW) BUT (Leyland Albion) per DMBSPower output920 hp (686 kW) per setAuxiliariesAlbionSafety system(s)AWS, TripcockMultiple working■ Blue SquareTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) The British Rail Class 115 diesel multiple units were 41 high-density sets which operated the outer-suburban services from Marylebone usually to destinations such as High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Banbury which are on the Chiltern Main Line and Great Central Main Line (now the London to Aylesbury Line). Sometimes, these sets used to operate 8- or 12-car-long expresses to Nottingham Victoria in the final years of the GCML. Coincidentally, Class 115 units operated services under Table 115 in the British Rail timetable. Construction and service Based on the basic Derby high density design, the sets are similar to Class 127 but were internally superior as the class had larger windows, better furnishings, lighting and wall surfaces. Six sets were also built for the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) line between Liverpool and Manchester, where in 1960 they replaced steam haulage on the limited stop services via Warrington. These units lasted on the CLC until the mid-1980s when the principal services on that line became locomotive-hauled once again using Class 31 diesels. The CLC units were then transferred to join the identical ones at Marylebone. Class 115 units also worked from Tyseley in the later years. The Marylebone sets, which were later transferred to Bletchley but remained on Chiltern Line duties (and finally to Old Oak Common), were declared surplus after the introduction of Class 165s, from 1991 onwards. While at Bletchley and Old Oak Common depots the class found use on the Gospel Oak to Barking line, units being formed as power twins. They were, in turn, replaced on this line by Class 117 power twins, displaced from Paddington suburban duties. The final class 115 working out of Marylebone was on 29 July 1992. The Tyseley vehicles survived a bit longer, until February 1994. Some of the class briefly found their way on to the Redhill to Tonbridge Line to replace ageing DEMU sets. The line was electrified in 1993, in order to allow a diversionary route for the Eurostar, and the class 115s were replaced initially with Class 411 EMUs, then ex-Merseyrail Class 508 EMUs in 1998 (after privatisation). Table of orders and numbers Lot No. Type Diagram Qty Fleet numbers Notes 30530 Driving Motor Brake Second (DMBS) 598 30 51651–51680 30531 Trailer Open Second (TS) 590 15 59649–59663 30532 Trailer Composite with lavatory (TCL) 599 15 59664–59678 30595 Driving Motor Brake Second (DMBS) 598 12 51849–51860 30596 Trailer Open Second (TS) 590 6 59713–59718 30597 Trailer Composite with lavatory (TCL) 599 6 59719–59724 30598 Driving Motor Brake Second (DMBS) 598 40 51861–51900 30599 Trailer Open Second (TS) 590 20 59725–59744 30600 Trailer Composite with lavatory (TCL) 599 20 59745–59764 Accidents and incidents Main article: Seer Green rail crash On 11 December 1981, two four-car Class 115 units were involved in a collision between Gerrards Cross and Seer Green. The driver of an empty stock train, traveling from Marylebone to Princes Risborough, had stopped in the cutting between Gerrards Cross and Seer Green, to clear tree branches that were overhanging and had fallen onto the track, due to very heavy snow fall. Behind the empty stock train, a passenger train travelling from Marylebone to Banbury, was, incorrectly, authorised to pass a signal at danger at Gerrards Cross, entering the same section of track and partially telescoped the stationary train. Four people were killed, including the driver of the passenger train, and five others were seriously injured. Technical details A Class 115 at Aylesbury in 1984. Builder: BR Derby Introduced: 1960 Coupling Code: Blue Square Body: 63 ft 6 in (19.35 m) × 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) Engines: BUT (Leyland Albion) of 230 hp (172 kW) (2 per DMBS) Transmission: Standard mechanical Weight: DMBS 38 long tons (39 t; 43 short tons); TCL 30 long tons (30 t; 34 short tons); TS 29 long tons (29 t; 32 short tons) Preservation A set preserved on the West Somerset Railway 15 vehicles are preserved. DMBS 51677 was scrapped in early 2017. Set number Vehicle numbers Livery Location Notes DMBS TCL DMBS - 51655 - - BR Green Private Site Static Display - 51669 - - BR Green Midland Railway - Butterley Stored - 51849 - - BR Green Midland Railway - Butterley Stored - 51859 59678 51880 BR Green West Somerset Railway Operational - 51886 59761 51899 BR Green Buckinghamshire Railway Centre Stored - 51887 - - Blood and Custard West Somerset Railway Under Restoration - - 59659(TS) - BR Green Midland Railway - Butterley Stored - - 59664 - BR Green Midsomer Norton railway station Under Restoration - - 59719 - BR Green Dartmouth Steam Railway Operational - - 59740(TS) - BR lined maroon South Devon Railway Static - in use as Station Buffet at Staverton - 51663 - - West Somerset Railway Underframe only spare parts References ^ "BR 51677 Class 115 DMU: Driving Motor Brake Second(scrapped) built 1960". Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Rail Class 115. The Railcar Association Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding vteDiesel and alternative fuel multiple units of Great BritainPre-TOPS British United Traction Derby Lightweight Metro-Cammell Lightweight Railbus GWR railcars LMS railcars Pacerailer First generation 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 Second generation 140 141 142 143 144 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 165 166 950 Post-privatisation 139 168 170 171 172 175 180 (II) 185 195 196 197 Diesel-electric 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 210 220 221 222 230 231 251 252 253 254 255 Alternative fuel 600 614 Bi-mode 755 756 768 769 799 800 802 805 810 First generation(original TOPS) 140 141 142 143 144 145 147 148 149 150 160 161 162 163 164 166 167 168 169 171 172 173 175 176 177 178 179 180 182 183 185 186 188 189 190 Diesel-electric(original TOPS) 201 /1 /2 /3 202 /1 /2 /3 203 211 /1 /2 /3 212 221 /1 /2 /3 222 /1 /2 223 /1 /2 /3 224 225 251 261 Southern Regiondesignations 2H 3D 3H 3R 3T 4L 6B 6L 6S Design families Mark 3-derived A-Train Civity Coradia D-Train Desiro FLIRT HST Networker Pacer PPM Sprinter Turbostar Voyager British railcars and diesel multiple units Diesel locomotives Electric locomotives Miscellaneous locomotives Diesel multiple units Electric multiple units Departmental multiple units Rolling stock of Network SouthEast

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diesel multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_station"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Great Central Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"London to Aylesbury Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_to_Aylesbury_Line"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Victoria"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"}],"text":"The British Rail Class 115 diesel multiple units were 41 high-density sets which operated the outer-suburban services from Marylebone usually to destinations such as High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Banbury which are on the Chiltern Main Line and Great Central Main Line (now the London to Aylesbury Line). Sometimes, these sets used to operate 8- or 12-car-long expresses to Nottingham Victoria in the final years of the GCML. Coincidentally, Class 115 units operated services under Table 115 in the British Rail timetable.","title":"British Rail Class 115"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_127"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Lines Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Lines_Committee"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Tyseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyseley"},{"link_name":"Bletchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley"},{"link_name":"Chiltern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Hills"},{"link_name":"Class 165s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_class_165"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak to Barking line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line"},{"link_name":"Class 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_117"},{"link_name":"Redhill to Tonbridge Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhill_to_Tonbridge_Line"},{"link_name":"DEMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_206"},{"link_name":"Eurostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar"},{"link_name":"Class 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_411"},{"link_name":"Class 508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_508"}],"text":"Based on the basic Derby high density design, the sets are similar to Class 127 but were internally superior as the class had larger windows, better furnishings, lighting and wall surfaces.Six sets were also built for the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) line between Liverpool and Manchester, where in 1960 they replaced steam haulage on the limited stop services via Warrington. These units lasted on the CLC until the mid-1980s when the principal services on that line became locomotive-hauled once again using Class 31 diesels. The CLC units were then transferred to join the identical ones at Marylebone.Class 115 units also worked from Tyseley in the later years.The Marylebone sets, which were later transferred to Bletchley but remained on Chiltern Line duties (and finally to Old Oak Common), were declared surplus after the introduction of Class 165s, from 1991 onwards. While at Bletchley and Old Oak Common depots the class found use on the Gospel Oak to Barking line, units being formed as power twins. They were, in turn, replaced on this line by Class 117 power twins, displaced from Paddington suburban duties.The final class 115 working out of Marylebone was on 29 July 1992. The Tyseley vehicles survived a bit longer, until February 1994.Some of the class briefly found their way on to the Redhill to Tonbridge Line to replace ageing DEMU sets. The line was electrified in 1993, in order to allow a diversionary route for the Eurostar, and the class 115s were replaced initially with Class 411 EMUs, then ex-Merseyrail Class 508 EMUs in 1998 (after privatisation).","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerrards Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrards_Cross"},{"link_name":"Seer Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seer_Green"},{"link_name":"Princes Risborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Risborough"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"pass a signal at danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_passed_at_danger"}],"text":"On 11 December 1981, two four-car Class 115 units were involved in a collision between Gerrards Cross and Seer Green. The driver of an empty stock train, traveling from Marylebone to Princes Risborough, had stopped in the cutting between Gerrards Cross and Seer Green, to clear tree branches that were overhanging and had fallen onto the track, due to very heavy snow fall. Behind the empty stock train, a passenger train travelling from Marylebone to Banbury, was, incorrectly, authorised to pass a signal at danger at Gerrards Cross, entering the same section of track and partially telescoped the stationary train. Four people were killed, including the driver of the passenger train, and five others were seriously injured.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18.09.84_Aylesbury_Class_115_(6847433421).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"BR Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Litchurch_Lane_Works"},{"link_name":"Standard mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)"}],"text":"A Class 115 at Aylesbury in 1984.Builder: BR Derby\nIntroduced: 1960\nCoupling Code: Blue Square\nBody: 63 ft 6 in (19.35 m) × 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)\nEngines: BUT (Leyland Albion) of 230 hp (172 kW) (2 per DMBS)\nTransmission: Standard mechanical\nWeight: DMBS 38 long tons (39 t; 43 short tons); TCL 30 long tons (30 t; 34 short tons); TS 29 long tons (29 t; 32 short tons)","title":"Technical details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishops_Lydeard_51880.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A set preserved on the West Somerset Railway15 vehicles are preserved. DMBS 51677 was scrapped in early 2017.[1]","title":"Preservation"}]

[{"image_text":"A Class 115 at Aylesbury in 1984.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/18.09.84_Aylesbury_Class_115_%286847433421%29.jpg/220px-18.09.84_Aylesbury_Class_115_%286847433421%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A set preserved on the West Somerset Railway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bishops_Lydeard_51880.jpg/220px-Bishops_Lydeard_51880.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"BR 51677 Class 115 DMU: Driving Motor Brake Second(scrapped) built 1960\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.rhrp.org.uk/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=3013","url_text":"\"BR 51677 Class 115 DMU: Driving Motor Brake Second(scrapped) built 1960\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.cs.rhrp.org.uk/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=3013","external_links_name":"\"BR 51677 Class 115 DMU: Driving Motor Brake Second(scrapped) built 1960\""},{"Link":"http://www.railcar.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Railcar Association"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoglein

Desmoglein

["1 Pathology","2 References","3 External links"]

Family of proteins DesmogleinIdentifiersSymbolDSGInterProIPR009123Membranome243 The desmogleins are a family of desmosomal cadherins consisting of proteins DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, and DSG4. They play a role in the formation of desmosomes that join cells to one another. Pathology Desmogleins are targeted in the autoimmune disease pemphigus. Desmoglein proteins are a type of cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein that binds with other cadherins to form junctions known as desmosomes between cells. These desmoglein proteins thus hold cells together, but, when the body starts producing antibodies against desmoglein, these junctions break down, and this results in subsequent blister or vesicle formation. References ^ Kline, Crystal F.; Mohler, Peter J. (2013-01-01), Bennett, Vann (ed.), "Chapter Four - Evolving Form to Fit Function: Cardiomyocyte Intercalated Disc and Transverse-Tubule Membranes", Current Topics in Membranes, Functional Organization of Vertebrate Plasma Membrane, 72, Academic Press: 121–158, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00004-0, PMID 24210429, retrieved 2020-10-23 ^ Waschke J, Bruggeman P, Baumgartner W, Zillikens D, Drenckhahn D (November 2005). "Pemphigus foliaceus IgG causes dissociation of desmoglein 1–containing junctions without blocking desmoglein 1 transinteraction". J. Clin. Invest. 115 (11): 3157–65. doi:10.1172/JCI23475. PMC 1242188. PMID 16211092. ^ Kljuic A, Bazzi H, Sundberg JP, et al. (April 2003). "Desmoglein 4 in hair follicle differentiation and epidermal adhesion: evidence from inherited hypotrichosis and acquired pemphigus vulgaris". Cell. 113 (2): 249–60. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00273-3. PMID 12705872. ^ Müller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, et al. (May 2009). "Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 34 (8): 898–903. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03241.x. PMID 19456767. S2CID 774308. ^ A Clinician's Guide to Pemphigus Vulgarishttp://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319677583 ^ Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012 External links Histology image: 20502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University Desmogleins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vteMembrane proteins: cell adhesion moleculesCalcium-independentIgSF CAM N-CAM (Myelin protein zero) ICAM (1, 5) VCAM-1 PE-CAM L1 family L1-CAM NRCAM NFASC CHL1 Nectin PVRL1 PVRL2 PVRL3 CADM1 CADM3 CD155 Integrins LFA-1 (CD11a+CD18) Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CD11c+CD18) Macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b+CD18) VLA-4 (CD49d+CD29) Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (ITGA2B+ITGB3) Calcium-dependentCadherinsClassical CDH1 CDH2 CDH3 Desmosomal Desmoglein (DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4) Desmocollin (DSC1, DSC2, DSC3) Protocadherin PCDH1 PCDH15 PCDH19 Unconventional/ungrouped T-cadherin CDH4 CDH5 CDH6 CDH8 CDH11 CDH12 CDH15 CDH16 CDH17 CDH9 CDH10 Selectins E-selectin L-selectin P-selectin Other Lymphocyte homing receptor: CD44 L-selectin integrin (VLA-4, LFA-1) Carcinoembryonic antigen CD24 CD44 CD146 EpCAM vteProteins of epitheliumLateral/cell–cell Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton: Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins: Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal/cell–matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia/Kinocilium Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC) This membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondakovia_longimana

Moroteuthopsis longimana

["1 Description","2 Type material","3 Distribution","4 Ecology","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]

Species of squid Moroteuthopsis longimana Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Order: Oegopsida Family: Onychoteuthidae Genus: Moroteuthopsis Species: M. longimana Binomial name Moroteuthopsis longimanaFilippova, 1972 Moroteuthopsis longimana, also known as the giant warty squid or longarm octopus squid, is a large species of hooked squid. It attains a mantle length of at least 85 cm and probably over 1.15 m. The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in Antarctica in 2000. Description M. longimana is a large squid, the adults can grow to a mantle length of 740 mm, which is characterised by the presence of 33 hooks and marginal suckers throughout the tentacular club during subadult years. The gladius of this species is not visible beneath the skin in the dorsal midline. M. longimana possesses three nuchal folds. Type material The type material of this species, consisting of three specimens caught at the surface and a depth of 50 m, was collected just north of the South Orkney Islands and is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University. Distribution M. longimana occurs in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the Southern Ocean. Its range may be circumpolar with an Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution, stretching as far north as South Georgia and the Tasman Sea. Ecology This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, mainly sharks (sleeper sharks and porbeagles, accounting for 21% and 19% of the cephalopod biomass consumed by each shark, respectively), albatrosses, sperm whales and penguins. Several prey have been identified for the diet of M. longimana, with krill as the main source of food. However, indirect methods have pointed for other high trophic level prey as other crustaceans and lanternfish. See also Cephalopod size References ^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). "Kondakovia longimana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163403A1005247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ Bouchet P (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ a b O'Shea, S. 2005. Kondakovia longimana. In: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online. ^ Carrington, D. (3 July 2000). "Big squid breaks record". BBC News. ^ Vecchione, M., R.E. Young & K. Tsuchiya 2003. Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972. Tree of Life web project. ^ Filippova, J. A. (1972). "New data on the squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)". Malacologia. 11: 391–406. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Guerreiro, Miguel; Phillips, Richard A.; Cherel, Yves; Ceia, Filipe R.; Alvito, Pedro; Rosa, Rui; Xavier, José C. (2015). "Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 530: 119–134. doi:10.3354/meps11266. ^ Xavier, J. C.; Rodhouse, P. G.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (1999). "A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Science. 11 (1): 61–62. doi:10.1017/S0954102099000097. S2CID 140591721. ^ Kubodera, T.; Piatkowski, U.; Okutani, T.; Clarke, M.R. (1998). "Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 586: 277–291. ^ Cherel, Yves; Duhamel, Guy (2004). "Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 51 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009. ^ Nemoto, T.; Okiyama, M.; Iwasaki, N.; Kikuchi, T. (1988). "Squid as predators on krill (Euphausia superba) and prey for sperm whales in the Southern Ocean". In Sahrhage, D. (ed.). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 292–296. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25. ISBN 978-3-642-73726-8. Further reading Jarre, A.; Clarke, M. R.; Pauly, D. (1991). "Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 48 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195. Lu, C.C.; Williams, R. (1994). "Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 231–234. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000350. S2CID 130956635. "CephBase: Moroteuthopsis longimana". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17. Taxon identifiersKondakovia longimana Wikidata: Q2152571 Wikispecies: Kondakovia longimana ADW: Kondakovia_longimana AFD: Moroteuthopsis_longimana BOLD: 772842 CoL: 7RSHF EoL: 590660 GBIF: 2290132 iNaturalist: 432458 IRMNG: 11305400 ITIS: 556126 IUCN: 163403 NCBI: 2306960 Open Tree of Life: 2868565 SeaLifeBase: 57307 WoRMS: 325308

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It attains a mantle length of at least 85 cm and probably over 1.15 m.[3] The largest complete specimen of this species, measuring 2.3 m in total length, was found in Antarctica in 2000.[4]","title":"Moroteuthopsis longimana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)"},{"link_name":"nuchal folds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_crest_(cephalopod)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"M. longimana is a large squid, the adults can grow to a mantle length of 740 mm, which is characterised by the presence of 33 hooks and marginal suckers throughout the tentacular club during subadult years. The gladius of this species is not visible beneath the skin in the dorsal midline. M. longimana possesses three nuchal folds.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"type material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_material"},{"link_name":"South Orkney Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The type material of this species, consisting of three specimens caught at the surface and a depth of 50 m, was collected just north of the South Orkney Islands[6] and is deposited at the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University.[7]","title":"Type material"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epipelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipelagic"},{"link_name":"mesopelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-8"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_Island"},{"link_name":"Tasman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"M. longimana occurs in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the Southern Ocean. Its range may be circumpolar with an Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution,[8] stretching as far north as South Georgia and the Tasman Sea.[9][10]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"sleeper sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_shark"},{"link_name":"porbeagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbeagle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"albatrosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross"},{"link_name":"sperm whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"krill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"lanternfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanternfish"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, mainly sharks (sleeper sharks and porbeagles, accounting for 21% and 19% of the cephalopod biomass consumed by each shark, respectively[11]), albatrosses, sperm whales and penguins.Several prey have been identified for the diet of M. longimana, with krill as the main source of food. However, indirect methods have pointed for other high trophic level prey as other crustaceans and lanternfish.[8][12]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F48.2.195"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F48.2.195"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0954102094000350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102094000350"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"130956635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130956635"},{"link_name":"\"CephBase: Moroteuthopsis longimana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050817053958/http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/spdb/speciesc.cfm?CephID=311"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cephbase.utmb.edu/spdb/speciesc.cfm?CephID=311"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q2152571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2152571"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Kondakovia longimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kondakovia_longimana"},{"link_name":"ADW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web"},{"link_name":"Kondakovia_longimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//animaldiversity.org/accounts/Kondakovia_longimana/"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Moroteuthopsis_longimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Moroteuthopsis_longimana"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"772842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=772842"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"7RSHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7RSHF"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"590660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/590660"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2290132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2290132"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"432458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/432458"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"11305400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11305400"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"556126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=556126"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"163403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/163403"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"2306960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2306960"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"2868565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2868565"},{"link_name":"SeaLifeBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaLifeBase"},{"link_name":"57307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=57307"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"325308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=325308"}],"text":"Jarre, A.; Clarke, M. R.; Pauly, D. (1991). \"Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)\". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 48 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195.\nLu, C.C.; Williams, R. (1994). \"Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean\". Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 231–234. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000350. S2CID 130956635.\"CephBase: Moroteuthopsis longimana\". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.Taxon identifiersKondakovia longimana\nWikidata: Q2152571\nWikispecies: Kondakovia longimana\nADW: Kondakovia_longimana\nAFD: Moroteuthopsis_longimana\nBOLD: 772842\nCoL: 7RSHF\nEoL: 590660\nGBIF: 2290132\niNaturalist: 432458\nIRMNG: 11305400\nITIS: 556126\nIUCN: 163403\nNCBI: 2306960\nOpen Tree of Life: 2868565\nSeaLifeBase: 57307\nWoRMS: 325308","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Cephalopod size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_size"}]

[{"reference":"Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). \"Kondakovia longimana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163403A1005247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Allcock","url_text":"Allcock, L."},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163403/1005247","url_text":"\"Kondakovia longimana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163403A1005247.en"}]},{"reference":"Bouchet P (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). \"Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972\". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=325308","url_text":"\"Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Carrington, D. (3 July 2000). \"Big squid breaks record\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/813394.stm","url_text":"\"Big squid breaks record\""}]},{"reference":"Filippova, J. A. (1972). \"New data on the squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)\". Malacologia. 11: 391–406.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9206#/summary","url_text":"\"New data on the squids (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) from the Scotia Sea (Antarctic)\""}]},{"reference":"Guerreiro, Miguel; Phillips, Richard A.; Cherel, Yves; Ceia, Filipe R.; Alvito, Pedro; Rosa, Rui; Xavier, José C. (2015). \"Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses\". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 530: 119–134. doi:10.3354/meps11266.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps11266","url_text":"\"Habitat and trophic ecology of Southern Ocean cephalopods from stable isotope analyses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps11266","url_text":"10.3354/meps11266"}]},{"reference":"Xavier, J. C.; Rodhouse, P. G.; Trathan, P. N.; Wood, A. G. (1999). \"A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean\". Antarctic Science. 11 (1): 61–62. doi:10.1017/S0954102099000097. S2CID 140591721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102099000097","url_text":"10.1017/S0954102099000097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140591721","url_text":"140591721"}]},{"reference":"Kubodera, T.; Piatkowski, U.; Okutani, T.; Clarke, M.R. (1998). \"Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)\" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 586: 277–291.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.uni-kiel.de/1779/1/Kubodera_etal_SmithsonContrZool586.pdf","url_text":"\"Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)\""}]},{"reference":"Cherel, Yves; Duhamel, Guy (2004). \"Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters\". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 51 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr.2003.09.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.009"}]},{"reference":"Nemoto, T.; Okiyama, M.; Iwasaki, N.; Kikuchi, T. (1988). \"Squid as predators on krill (Euphausia superba) and prey for sperm whales in the Southern Ocean\". In Sahrhage, D. (ed.). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 292–296. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25. ISBN 978-3-642-73726-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-73724-4_25","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73726-8","url_text":"978-3-642-73726-8"}]},{"reference":"Jarre, A.; Clarke, M. R.; Pauly, D. (1991). \"Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)\". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 48 (2): 195–200. doi:10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F48.2.195","url_text":"\"Re-examination of growth estimates in oceanic squids: the case of Kondakovia longimana (Onychoteuthidae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F48.2.195","url_text":"10.1093/icesjms/48.2.195"}]},{"reference":"Lu, C.C.; Williams, R. (1994). \"Kondakovia longimana Filippova, 1972 (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean\". Antarctic Science. 6 (2): 231–234. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000350. S2CID 130956635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102094000350","url_text":"10.1017/S0954102094000350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130956635","url_text":"130956635"}]},{"reference":"\"CephBase: Moroteuthopsis longimana\". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050817053958/http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/spdb/speciesc.cfm?CephID=311","url_text":"\"CephBase: Moroteuthopsis longimana\""},{"url":"http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/spdb/speciesc.cfm?CephID=311","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenzano

Desenzano del Garda

["1 History","2 Notable residents","3 Main sights","4 Tourism","5 Transport","6 World Heritage Site","7 Municipal government","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°28′N 10°32′E / 45.467°N 10.533°E / 45.467; 10.533Comune in Lombardy, ItalyDesenzano del Garda Dezensà (Lombard)ComuneComune di Desenzano del GardaDesenzano HarbourLocation of Desenzano del Garda Desenzano del GardaLocation of Desenzano del Garda in ItalyShow map of ItalyDesenzano del GardaDesenzano del Garda (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°28′N 10°32′E / 45.467°N 10.533°E / 45.467; 10.533CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceBrescia (BS)FrazioniRivoltella, Vaccarolo, San Martino della BattagliaGovernment • MayorGuido Malinverno (FI)Area • Total60.10 km2 (23.20 sq mi)Elevation96 m (315 ft)Population (2017) • Total28,856 • Density480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)DemonymDesenzanesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code25015Dialing code030WebsiteOfficial website Desenzano del Garda (Brescian: Dezensà) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy, on the southwestern shore of Lake Garda. It borders the communes of Castiglione delle Stiviere, Lonato, Padenghe sul Garda and Sirmione. History The area was settled in the Bronze Age and sometime in the first century BCE, the area around lake Garda, including what is now Desenzano del Garda, became a favourite vacation spot for the Veronese élite, Verona being one of the largest Roman cities in northeastern Italy. The toponym Desenzano is supposed to derive from the Latin name of persona Decentius, the alleged owner of the fourth-century Roman farm and villa of which the excavations can be visited. There is also an etymology of popular origin: since the village stretches along the hilly slope, the toponym is connected with the word 'descent'. The Villa Romana is one of the most important Roman villas in the north of Italy, covering an area of 11,000 square metres. Built in the first century BCE it was occupied through to the fifth century. Discovered in the 1920’s it is believed that the final stage was built by Flavius Magnus Decentius, brother of Emperor Magnentius. The Castello was built around 1000 CE to protect the populace from raids by bandits and incursions by Hungarians. The fortifications follow the old Roman ‘castrum’ layout and was enlarged in 15th century. When the Venetians controlled this part of Italy they rebuilt the Old Port in 1454 to make Desenzano a commercial hub for the wider area with such localities as Brescia, Mantova and Verona. The baroque cathedral, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, was designed by Giulio Todeschini and built on the remains of the parish church between 1586 and 1611. On 24 June 1859, four divisions of Sardinian infantry fought a gruesome battle with elements of the Austrian Eighth corps, under Feldzeugmeister Ludwig von Benedek, in an engagement encompassing Madonna della Scoperta, Pozzolengo, and San Martino (as Desenzano del Garda was known). This action was part of the greater battle centered on Solferino, during the Second Italian War of Independence, and was a vital step in achieving Italian unification – unification that was gained only eleven years later. During the Third Italian War of Independence, Desenzano was bombarded by the Austrian navy. Notable residents The Italian poet and librettist Angelo Anelli, who collaborated with Rossini in revising L'italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers) from an earlier text by Luigi Mosca, and whose libretto for Ser Marcantonio by Stefano Pavesi became the basis for Donizetti’s Don Pasquale, was born in Desenzano del Garda in 1761. Olympic gold medalist, sprinter Marcell Jacobs grew up in Desenzano del Garda. Italian cyclist Sonny Colbrelli and Italian volleyball player Alessandro Michieletto were also born in the town. Main sights The Cathedral of St Mary Magdalene The House of St Angela Merici The Tower of St Martin (Torre di San Martino) The Museum of Archaeology (Museo Civico Archeologico) Old Port (Porto Vecchio) Roman Villa Densenzano (La Villa Romana) The Castle (Castello di Densenzano) Tourism The city is a holiday destination in Southern Europe. It attracts tourists from the immediate area owing to its views of the Alps from the southern shore of Lake Garda, its three large beaches (Desenzanino Beach, Spiagga d'Oro, and Porto Rivoltella Beach), and its 27 major hotels. Desenzano is the heart of nightlife on the southern shore of Lake Garda, with several discos and pubs. In the summer, its main squares, Piazza Malvezzi and Piazza Matteotti, are crowded with people. At the center of the city are a series of interconnected piazze that house open-air cafés, shops, gelaterie (ice-cream parlours), and bars. Transport The city has a main port near the Piazza Giacomo Matteotti, from where several ferries operate. On the south-western outskirts of the city is a large railway station, the Desenzano del Garda-Sirmione railway station (Stazione Ferroviaria), which connects the city to the European railway system. Desenzano also has its own exit from the A4 motorway, the main road between Milan and Venice. World Heritage Site It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements, which are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. Municipal government Desenzano is headed by a mayor (sindaco) assisted by a legislative body, the consiglio comunale, and an executive body, the giunta comunale. Since 1994 the mayor and members of the consiglio comunale are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1994 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The giunta comunale is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called assessori. The offices of the comune are housed in a building usually called the municipio or palazzo comunale. Since 1994 the mayor of Desenzano is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Guido Malinverno (FI), elected on 26 June 2017. Mayor Term start Term end Party Massimo Rocca 28 June 1994 7 June 1998 PDS Felice Anelli 7 June 1998 9 June 2002 FI Fiorenzo Pienazza 9 June 2002 10 June 2007 DS Felice Anelli 10 June 2007 21 May 2012 FI Rosa Leso 21 May 2012 26 June 2017 PD Guido Malinverno 26 June 2017 incumbent FI Gallery Countryside around Desenzano San Martino Tower Sirmione peninsula and lake Garda seen from Desenzano Castle in Desenzano The lighthouse near the harbor Desenzano harbor Street in the old city centre See also Rocca di Manerba del Garda References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ ISTAT Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Region of Lombardia, Villa Romana, Densenzano". ^ "Densenzano del Garda". ^ "Azienda Agricola e Frantoio Montecroce, History". ^ "Second War of Italian Independence, 1859–61". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 4 October 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Desenzano del Garda. Densenzano tourism website vteLake Garda (Lago di Garda, Benaco) Italy Lombardy (Province of Brescia) Veneto (Province of Verona) Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (Province of Verona) Settlements Bardolino Brenzone Castelnuovo del Garda Desenzano del Garda Garda Gardone Riviera Gargnano Lazise Limone sul Garda Malcesine Manerba del Garda Moniga del Garda Nago-Torbole Padenghe sul Garda Peschiera del Garda Riva del Garda Salò San Felice del Benaco Sirmione Tignale Torri del Benaco Toscolano-Maderno Tremosine Islands Isola del Garda Isola dell'Olivo Isola San Biagio Isola di Sogno Isola di Trimelone Rivers Mincio Sarca Wines Bardolino People Catullus Gabriele D'Annunzio vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Brescia Acquafredda Adro Agnosine Alfianello Anfo Angolo Terme Artogne Azzano Mella Bagnolo Mella Bagolino Barbariga Barghe Bassano Bresciano Bedizzole Berlingo Berzo Demo Berzo Inferiore Bienno Bione Borgo San Giacomo Borgosatollo Borno Botticino Bovegno Bovezzo Brandico Braone Breno Brescia Brione Caino Calcinato Calvagese della Riviera Calvisano Capo di Ponte Capovalle Capriano del Colle Capriolo Carpenedolo Castegnato Castel Mella Castelcovati Castenedolo Casto Castrezzato Cazzago San Martino Cedegolo Cellatica Cerveno Ceto Cevo Chiari Cigole Cimbergo Cividate Camuno Coccaglio Collebeato Collio Cologne Comezzano-Cizzago Concesio Corte Franca Corteno Golgi Corzano Darfo Boario Terme Dello Desenzano del Garda Edolo Erbusco Esine Fiesse Flero Gambara Gardone Riviera Gardone Val Trompia Gargnano Gavardo Ghedi Gianico Gottolengo Gussago Idro Incudine Irma Iseo Isorella Lavenone Leno Limone sul Garda Lodrino Lograto Lonato del Garda Longhena Losine Lozio Lumezzane Maclodio Magasa Mairano Malegno Malonno Manerba del Garda Manerbio Marcheno Marmentino Marone Mazzano Milzano Moniga del Garda Monno Monte Isola Monticelli Brusati Montichiari Montirone Mura Muscoline Nave Niardo Nuvolento Nuvolera Odolo Offlaga Ome Ono San Pietro Orzinuovi Orzivecchi Ospitaletto Ossimo Padenghe sul Garda Paderno Franciacorta Paisco Loveno Paitone Palazzolo sull'Oglio Paratico Paspardo Passirano Pavone del Mella Pertica Alta Pertica Bassa Pezzaze Pian Camuno Piancogno Pisogne Polaveno Polpenazze del Garda Pompiano Poncarale Ponte di Legno Pontevico Pontoglio Pozzolengo Pralboino Preseglie Prestine Prevalle Provaglio Val Sabbia Provaglio d'Iseo Puegnago del Garda Quinzano d'Oglio Remedello Rezzato Roccafranca Rodengo-Saiano Roncadelle Rovato Roè Volciano Rudiano Sabbio Chiese Sale Marasino Salò San Felice del Benaco San Gervasio Bresciano San Paolo San Zeno Naviglio Sarezzo Saviore dell'Adamello Sellero Seniga Serle Sirmione Soiano del Lago Sonico Sulzano Tavernole sul Mella Temù Tignale Torbole Casaglia Toscolano-Maderno Travagliato Tremosine Trenzano Treviso Bresciano Urago d'Oglio Vallio Terme Valvestino Verolanuova Verolavecchia Vestone Vezza d'Oglio Villa Carcina Villachiara Villanuova sul Clisi Vione Visano Vobarno Zone Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic MusicBrainz area

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brescian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescian"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"province of Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brescia"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lake Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Garda"},{"link_name":"Castiglione delle Stiviere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione_delle_Stiviere"},{"link_name":"Lonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonato"},{"link_name":"Padenghe sul Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padenghe_sul_Garda"},{"link_name":"Sirmione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmione"}],"text":"Comune in Lombardy, ItalyDesenzano del Garda (Brescian: Dezensà) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy, on the southwestern shore of Lake Garda. It borders the communes of Castiglione delle Stiviere, Lonato, Padenghe sul Garda and Sirmione.","title":"Desenzano del Garda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"lake Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Garda"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Magnentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnentius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"fought a gruesome battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Martino"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Feldzeugmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldzeugmeister"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Benedek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Benedek"},{"link_name":"Pozzolengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolengo"},{"link_name":"greater battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino"},{"link_name":"Solferino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solferino"},{"link_name":"Second Italian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Italian unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"bombarded by the Austrian navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Operations_on_Lake_Garda,_1866"}],"text":"The area was settled in the Bronze Age and sometime in the first century BCE, the area around lake Garda, including what is now Desenzano del Garda, became a favourite vacation spot for the Veronese élite, Verona being one of the largest Roman cities in northeastern Italy.The toponym Desenzano is supposed to derive from the Latin name of persona Decentius, the alleged owner of the fourth-century Roman farm and villa of which the excavations can be visited. There is also an etymology of popular origin: since the village stretches along the hilly slope, the toponym is connected with the word 'descent'.The Villa Romana is one of the most important Roman villas in the north of Italy, covering an area of 11,000 square metres. Built in the first century BCE it was occupied through to the fifth century. Discovered in the 1920’s it is believed that the final stage was built by Flavius Magnus Decentius, brother of Emperor Magnentius.[3]The Castello was built around 1000 CE to protect the populace from raids by bandits and incursions by Hungarians. The fortifications follow the old Roman ‘castrum’ layout and was enlarged in 15th century.[4]When the Venetians controlled this part of Italy they rebuilt the Old Port in 1454 to make Desenzano a commercial hub for the wider area with such localities as Brescia, Mantova and Verona.[5]The baroque cathedral, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, was designed by Giulio Todeschini and built on the remains of the parish church between 1586 and 1611.On 24 June 1859, four divisions of Sardinian infantry fought a gruesome battle with elements of the Austrian Eighth corps, under Feldzeugmeister Ludwig von Benedek, in an engagement encompassing Madonna della Scoperta, Pozzolengo, and San Martino (as Desenzano del Garda was known). This action was part of the greater battle centered on Solferino, during the Second Italian War of Independence, and was a vital step in achieving Italian unification – unification that was gained only eleven years later.[6] During the Third Italian War of Independence, Desenzano was bombarded by the Austrian navy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelo Anelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Anelli"},{"link_name":"Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini"},{"link_name":"L'italiana in Algeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri"},{"link_name":"Luigi Mosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Mosca"},{"link_name":"Stefano Pavesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Pavesi"},{"link_name":"Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Don Pasquale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Pasquale"},{"link_name":"Marcell Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcell_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Sonny Colbrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Colbrelli"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Michieletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Michieletto"}],"text":"The Italian poet and librettist Angelo Anelli, who collaborated with Rossini in revising L'italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers) from an earlier text by Luigi Mosca, and whose libretto for Ser Marcantonio by Stefano Pavesi became the basis for Donizetti’s Don Pasquale, was born in Desenzano del Garda in 1761.Olympic gold medalist, sprinter Marcell Jacobs grew up in Desenzano del Garda. Italian cyclist Sonny Colbrelli and Italian volleyball player Alessandro Michieletto were also born in the town.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Cathedral of St Mary Magdalene\nThe House of St Angela Merici\nThe Tower of St Martin (Torre di San Martino)\nThe Museum of Archaeology (Museo Civico Archeologico)\nOld Port (Porto Vecchio)\nRoman Villa Densenzano (La Villa Romana)\nThe Castle (Castello di Densenzano)","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The city is a holiday destination in Southern Europe. It attracts tourists from the immediate area owing to its views of the Alps from the southern shore of Lake Garda, its three large beaches (Desenzanino Beach, Spiagga d'Oro, and Porto Rivoltella Beach), and its 27 major hotels.[citation needed]Desenzano is the heart of nightlife on the southern shore of Lake Garda, with several discos and pubs.[citation needed] In the summer, its main squares, Piazza Malvezzi and Piazza Matteotti, are crowded with people.[citation needed]At the center of the city are a series of interconnected piazze that house open-air cafés, shops, gelaterie (ice-cream parlours), and bars.[citation needed]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giacomo Matteotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Desenzano del Garda-Sirmione railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenzano_del_Garda-Sirmione_railway_station"}],"text":"The city has a main port near the Piazza Giacomo Matteotti, from where several ferries operate. On the south-western outskirts of the city is a large railway station, the Desenzano del Garda-Sirmione railway station (Stazione Ferroviaria), which connects the city to the European railway system. Desenzano also has its own exit from the A4 motorway, the main road between Milan and Venice.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pile-dwelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-7"}],"text":"It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements, which are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7]","title":"World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#Italy"},{"link_name":"assessori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessor_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)"}],"text":"Desenzano is headed by a mayor (sindaco) assisted by a legislative body, the consiglio comunale, and an executive body, the giunta comunale. Since 1994 the mayor and members of the consiglio comunale are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1994 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The giunta comunale is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called assessori. The offices of the comune are housed in a building usually called the municipio or palazzo comunale.Since 1994 the mayor of Desenzano is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Guido Malinverno (FI), elected on 26 June 2017.","title":"Municipal government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Martino_della_Battaglia_-_Aussicht_Solferino.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_San_Martino_della_Battaglia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Martino_della_Battaglia_-_Aussicht_Gardasee_2_Sirmione.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sirmione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirmione"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desenzano_Castello.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desenzano_del_Garda_-_Il_faro.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25015_Desenzano_del_Garda,_Province_of_Brescia,_Italy_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desenzano_del_Garda,_the_Piazza_Giuseppe_Malvezzi.jpg"}],"text":"Countryside around Desenzano\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSan Martino Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSirmione peninsula and lake Garda seen from Desenzano\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle in Desenzano\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe lighthouse near the harbor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDesenzano harbor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet in the old city centre","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"title":"Rocca di Manerba del Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_di_Manerba_del_Garda"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States

List of hot springs in the United States

["1 Alaska","2 Arizona","3 Arkansas","4 California","5 Colorado","6 Florida","7 Georgia","8 Hawaii","9 Idaho","10 Illinois","11 Indiana","12 Massachusetts","13 Montana","14 Nevada","15 New Mexico","16 New York","17 North Carolina","18 Oregon","19 South Dakota","20 Texas","21 Utah","22 Virginia","23 Washington","24 West Virginia","25 Wyoming","26 See also","27 References","28 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of hot springs in the United States" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hot springs in the United States This is a dynamic list of hot springs in the United States. The Western states in particular are known for their thermal springs: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; but there are interesting hot springs in other states throughout the country. Indigenous peoples' use of thermal springs can be traced back 10,000 years, per archaeological evidence of human use and settlement by Paleo-Indians. These geothermal resources provided warmth, healing mineral water, and cleansing. Hot springs are considered sacred by several Indigenous cultures, and along with sweat lodges have been used for ceremonial purposes. Since ancient times, humans have used hot springs, public baths and thermal medicine for therapeutic effects. Bathing in hot, mineral water is an ancient ritual. The Latin phrase sanitas per aquam means "health through water", involving the treatment of disease and various ailments by balneotherapy in natural hot springs. Many hot springs are natural rock soaking pools that are only accessible on foot or horseback, while others are developed into resort spas. Alaska Kanuti Hot Springs Area of Critical Environmental Concern, Alaska Akutan Hot Springs Baranof Warm Springs (thermal mineral springs) Chena Hot Springs Chief Shakes Hot Springs Circle Hot Springs Hutlinana Hot Springs Kanuti Hot Springs Manley Hot Springs Tolovana Hot Springs Arizona Pumpkin Spring, Grand Canyon Arizona (Ringbolt) Hot Springs Buckhorn Hot Mineral Wells and Buckhorn Baths Castle Hot Springs Gold Strike Hot Springs Hot Well Dunes Indian Hot Springs Pumpkin Spring Roper Lake State Park Hot Spring Sheep Bridge Hot Spring Tonopah Verde Hot Springs Arkansas Arkansas hot springs, steam from spring Hot Springs California Mammoth Hot Creek Pools Geothermal areas in Lassen area Aquamarine water pool at Bumpass Hell Avila Hot Springs, previously known as Ontario Hot Springs Beverly Hot Springs Big Bend Hot Springs Big Caliente Hot Springs (Los Padres National Forest) Bumpass Hell Creek (Lassen National Park) Calistoga Calistoga Spa Hot Springs Campbell Hot Springs Casa Diablo Hot Springs Coso Hot Springs (Inyo County) Crabtree Hot Springs Deep Creek Hot Springs Delonegha Hot Springs Democrat Hot Springs Desert Hot Springs (Riverside County) Dirty Socks Hot Spring Encino Hot Springs Franklin Hot Springs (San Luis Obispo County) Gaviota Hot Springs Gilman Hot Springs Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs Grover Hot Springs Harbin Hot Springs (Lake County) Hot Creek Jordan Hot Springs (Sequoia National Forest) Keough Hot Springs Long Valley Caldera Matilija Hot Springs Mercey Hot Springs Miracle Hot Springs Mono Hot Springs Montecito Hot Springs Murrieta Hot Springs Paso Robles Hot Springs Palm Springs Remington Hot Springs Saline Valley Hot Springs San Juan Hot Springs Scovern Hot Springs Sespe Hot Springs Slates Hot Springs Tassajara Hot Springs Tecopa Hot Springs Travertine Hot Springs Warner Springs White Point Hot Springs White Sulphur Springs (Napa County) Wilbur Hot Springs Willett Hot Springs Colorado Main article: List of hot springs in Colorado The Mother Spring, Pagosa Hot Springs, Colorado Pagosa Hot Spring, Colorado Conundrum Hot Springs Dunton Hot Springs Glenwood Springs Hot Sulphur Springs Idaho Springs Nathrop Orvis Hot Springs Ouray Pagosa hot springs Penny Hot Springs Radium Hot Springs Salida Santa Maria warm spring Steamboat Springs Wiesbaden Hot Springs Florida Warm Mineral Springs, Florida Georgia Radium Hot Springs, Georgia Warm Springs, Georgia Hawaii Ahalanui Hot Pond Kapoho Warm Springs Tide Pools, some on private property Pohoiki Warm Spring, one of several warm springs, part of the Isaac Hale Park warm springs system Idaho Hot spring near Garden Valley Idaho Boat Box Hot Spring Burgdorf Hot Springs Frenchman's Hot Springs Goldbug Hot Springs Gold Fork Hot Springs Green Canyon Hot Springs Heise Hot Springs, Ririe Hopkins Hot Springs, also known as Maple Grove hot springs, Thatcher, Idaho Kirkham Hot Springs Lava Hot Springs Pine Flat Hot Springs Silver Creek Hot Spring Stanley Hot Springs Sunflower Hot Springs Illinois Little Hot Springs of Illinois Indiana West Baden Springs Indiana 1906 West Baden Springs Massachusetts Sand Spring (75 °F / 24 °C) Montana Alhambra Hot Springs Barkels Hot Springs Big Hole Hot Springs Boulder Hot Springs Broadwater Hot Springs Camas Hot Springs Chico Hot Springs Corwin Hot Springs Elkhorn Hot Springs Gregson Hot Springs Hunters Hot Springs Lolo Hot Springs Medicine Rock Hot Springs Norris Hot Springs Pipestone Hot Springs Potosi Hot Springs Pullers Hot Springs Sleeping Buffalo Hot Springs Sleeping Child Hot Springs White Sulphur Hot Springs Wild Horse Hot Springs Zeigler Hot Springs Nevada Hot spring in Gerlach, Nevada Diana's Punchbowl, Nevada View across the Elko Hot Hole Fly geyser Ash Springs, N 37 27.810 W 115 11.547 (95 °F) Bartine Hot Springs (105 °F) Bathtub Spring (Soldier Meadows) Bog Hot Springs (105 °F) Bowers Mansion Hot Springs (116 °F) Carson Hot Springs (95°–110 °F) Chukar Gulch (Soldier Meadows) (104 °F) Crescent View Hot Springs (185 °F) Crystal Springs hot springs, Crystal Springs, Nevada ghost town (81 °F-90 °F) Diana's Punchbowl (183°) Dry Suzie (Hot Sulphur) Hot Springs (145 °F) Duckwater Pond (90 °F) Dyke Hot Spring (150 °F) Elko Hot Hole Fish Lake Valley Hot Well (120 °F) Fly Geyser Hot Creek Springs and Marsh Area (85 °F) Hyder Hot Springs (95°–150 °F) Jersey Valley Hot Springs (120 °F) McFarlane Hot Springs (140°–170 °F) New Wagner Warm Spring (87 °F) Panaca Warm Springs (78°–86 °F) Paradise Valley Hot Springs Pinto Hot Springs (East) (109 °F) Pott's Ranch Hot Spring (113 °F) Reese River Hot Springs (Valley of the Moon) (105 °F) Rogers Warm Spring Ruby Valley (106°–122 °F) Smith Creek (Rainbow) Hot Springs (197°) Soldier Meadows hot spring system Soldier Meadows Hot Creek (106°–112 °F) Soldier Meadows Warm Pond (85 °F) Spencer Hot Springs (101°) Steamboat Hot Well (204 °F) Trego Hot Springs (185 °F) Twelve Mile Hot Springs Virgin Valley Hot Springs Walker Warm Springs (110°–120°) New Mexico Spence hot spring McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs, NM, USA Black Rock Hot Springs Faywood Hot Springs Giggling Springs, Jemez Springs, New Mexico Gila Hot Springs Jemez Springs Bath House, Jemez Springs, New Mexico Jordan Hot Springs (New Mexico) (Gila National Forest) Manby Hot Springs, also known as Stagecoach Hot Springs, near Taos McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Melanie Hot Springs, near Silver City Middle Fork Hot Springs, also known as Littlefork Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) Montezuma Hot Springs, Montezuma, near Las Vegas, New Mexico Ojo Caliente Hot Springs Radium Hot Springs San Antonio Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Soda Dam Hot Spring Spence Hot Springs, Jemez Springs Truth or Consequences Hot Springs Turkey Creek Hot Springs (Gila National Forest) New York Orenda Spring Tufa Deposits, Saratoga Springs, New York Lebanon Springs Saratoga Springs North Carolina Hot Springs Oregon Alvord Hot Springs Bath House on Mansfield property, Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) Alvord Hot Springs Antelope Hot Springs Bagby Hot Springs Belknap Hot Springs Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs) Deer Creek Hot Springs Hot Lake Springs Hunters Hot Springs McCredie Hot Springs Mickey Hot Springs Summer Lake Hot Springs Terwilliger Hot Springs, also known as Cougar Hot Springs Umpqua Hot Springs South Dakota Hot Springs Texas Chinati Hot Springs, also known as Ruidosa Hot Springs and Kingston Hot Springs Hot Springs (Big Bend National Park) Hot Wells (San Antonio, Texas) Utah Fifth Water Hot Springs Baker Hot Springs, also known as Crater Spring and Abraham Hot Springs Blue Lake, Wendover Crystal Hot Springs, Honeyville Fifth Water Hot Springs, Three Forks Trailhead, Diamond Fork Canyon, Uinta National Forest Homestead, Midway Meadow Hot Springs Mystic Hot Springs, also known as Monroe Hot Springs and Cooper Hot Springs Pa Tempe Hot Springs, La Verkin Saratoga Springs Stinking Hot Springs Veyo Pool, Veyo Virginia Hot Springs Warm Springs Washington Gamma Hot Springs  Goldmyer Hot Springs  Hot Springs, Washington Olympic Hot Springs Scenic Hot Springs Sol Duc Hot Springs West Virginia Berkeley Springs State Park Wyoming Grand Prismatic Spring 2013, Yellowstone National Park Black Sand Basin Orange Spring Mound at Mammoth Hot Springs Black Sand Basin Hot Springs Boiling River (Yellowstone National Park) Ferris Fork Hot Springs Grand Prismatic Spring (Yellowstone National Park) Granite Falls Hot Springs Hot Springs State Park, Thermopolis Huckleberry Hot Springs Mammoth Hot Springs Saratoga Washburn Hot Springs (Yellowstone NP) See also List of hot springs of the world List of artesian wells in the United States References ^ "A History of Geothermal Energy in America". U.S. Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Retrieved 30 October 2020. ^ a b c Bro, Lindsey (2022). Thermal: Healing with Heat - Saunas, Hot Springs & Baths. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-7972-1857-1. ^ Melillo, L. (1995). "Thermalism in the ancient world". Med Secoli. 7 (3): 461–483. PMID 11623481. Retrieved 15 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Berry, George W.; Ikelman, Joy A.; Grim, Paul J. (1980). Thermal Springs List for the United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 21. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ "Chief Shakes Hot Springs Site". USDA. National Forest Service. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ a b c d e Gersh-Young, Marjorie (2010). Hot Springs and Hot Pools of the Southwest. Santa Cruz, California: Aqua Thermal. ISBN 978-1-890880-09-5. ^ Charnofsky, Kim (1989). California Mineral and Hot Springs Historical and Geographical Considerations in Their Perception, Location, and Development. Berkeley: University of California. p. 63. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ Young, Stanley (2003). Beautiful Spas and Hot Springs of California. Chronicle Books. pp. 82, 143. ISBN 9780811838191. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bischoff, Matt C. (2018). Touring California and Nevada Hot Springs. Touring Hot Springs. FalconGuides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2912-9. ^ "White Sulphur Springs". NoeHill Travels in California: Napa County Points of Interest. ^ Sloss, Lauren (2022). "Where to Take the Waters: A U.S. Hot Springs Guide". The New York Times. ^ "Orvis Hot Springs". Colorado.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ "Radium Springs Gardens". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2024-05-01. ^ "Radium Springs: Radioactive Natural Wonder in Albany". GAFollowers. 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-01. ^ a b Rose, Karen. "Visit Hawaii Island's Hot Ponds". Hawaii.org. Retrieved 22 October 2021. ^ Pohoiki Bay Navigation Improvements Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1978. pp. 2-1–2-8. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ a b c Erickson, Courtnie (2021-12-16). "Relax And Unwind At These Year-Round Hot Springs In Idaho". OnlyInYourState. Retrieved 2024-03-30. ^ Nelson, Rett (2021-05-26). "Biz Buzz: Major renovations underway at Heise Hot Springs". East Idaho News. Retrieved 2024-05-01. ^ "Maple Grove Hot Springs - Southern Idaho". Hot Springs Locator. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ "Visit Pine Flats Hot Spring, A Unique Waterfall Hot Spring In Idaho". www.onlyinyourstate.com. Retrieved 2024-03-30. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stout, Tom (1921). Montana, Its Story and Biography: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Montana and Three Decades of Statehood, Under the Editorial Supervision of Tom Stout ... American Historical Society. p. 885. ^ "A Beauty Spot, Alhambra Hot Springs, Montana". Montana History Portal. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ "A Cabin. Alhambra Hot Springs, Montana". Montana History Portal. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ a b c d "Mineral Springs Found in Many Parts of State". The Billings Gazette. 1933-07-30. p. 15. Retrieved 2024-01-27. ^ a b c d Inbody, Kristen (22 February 2018). "Montana hot springs are cool now, but they were awesome in 1910". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ Sanders, Helen Fitzgerald (1913). History of Montana, Volume 2. Chicago, New York: Montana History Portal/Lewis Pub. Co. p. 1207. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ Inbody, Kristen (14 February 2015). "Go Buff: Sleeping Buffalo back in business". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 1 May 2024. ^ Chiasson, Andrew (January 2013). "The Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Geothermal Use in Montana" (PDF). GHC Bulletin. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ Lund, John W. "Historical Impacts of Geothermal Resources on the People of North America" (PDF). Geo-Heat Center Bulletin Vol 16, No. 4. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ "Bog Hot Valley" (PDF). University of Nevada, Reno. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ "IN HOT WATER: FOR THE LOVE OF NEW MEXICO HOT SPRINGS AND MINERAL BATHS". santafe.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ^ "Santa Fe Hot Springs and Where to Soak in New Mexico". Santafe.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ National Park Service. "Hot Springs/Geothermal Features". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-11. ^ Walton, John K. (2014). Mineral Springs Resorts in Global Perspective Spa Histories. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–184. ISBN 9781134920037. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6. ^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6. ^ Ausley, Christina (October 20, 2020). "Going geothermal: 5 Seattle-area hot springs to soak in this fall". The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. ^ "Berkeley Springs State Park". Berkeleyspringssp.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25. ^ a b c d Mayhew, Bradley. Lonely Planet Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks (6th ed.). ^ "Granite Hot Springs Pool, Bridgerton-Teton National Forest". U.S. Forest Service. External links "Thermal Springs in the U.S." NOAA. Retrieved 30 November 2019. "USA Hot Springs". acme.com.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"thermal springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_springs"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDOEE-1"},{"link_name":"sweat lodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_lodge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melillo-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermal-2"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list of hot springs in the United States. The Western states in particular are known for their thermal springs: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming; but there are interesting hot springs in other states throughout the country. Indigenous peoples' use of thermal springs can be traced back 10,000 years, per archaeological evidence of human use and settlement by Paleo-Indians. These geothermal resources provided warmth, healing mineral water, and cleansing.[1] Hot springs are considered sacred by several Indigenous cultures, and along with sweat lodges have been used for ceremonial purposes.[2] Since ancient times, humans have used hot springs, public baths and thermal medicine for therapeutic effects.[3] Bathing in hot, mineral water is an ancient ritual. The Latin phrase sanitas per aquam means \"health through water\", involving the treatment of disease and various ailments by balneotherapy in natural hot springs.[2]Many hot springs are natural rock soaking pools that are only accessible on foot or horseback, while others are developed into resort spas.","title":"List of hot springs in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanuti_Hot_Springs_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern,_Alaska_(15050132904).jpg"},{"link_name":"Akutan Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akutan_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Baranof Warm Springs (thermal mineral springs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranof_Warm_Springs_(thermal_mineral_springs)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Chena Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chena_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Chief Shakes Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Shakes_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSHSS-5"},{"link_name":"Circle Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Hutlinana Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutlinana_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Kanuti Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuti_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Manley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manley_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Tolovana Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolovana_Hot_Springs"}],"text":"Kanuti Hot Springs Area of Critical Environmental Concern, AlaskaAkutan Hot Springs\nBaranof Warm Springs (thermal mineral springs)[4]\nChena Hot Springs[4]\nChief Shakes Hot Springs[5]\nCircle Hot Springs[4]\nHutlinana Hot Springs\nKanuti Hot Springs\nManley Hot Springs\nTolovana Hot Springs","title":"Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pumpkin_Spring,_Grand_Canyon_(42648560545).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arizona (Ringbolt) Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_(Ringbolt)_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-6"},{"link_name":"Buckhorn Hot Mineral Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn_Hot_Mineral_Wells"},{"link_name":"Buckhorn Baths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn_Baths_Motel"},{"link_name":"Castle Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Gold Strike Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Strike_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Hot Well Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Well_Dunes"},{"link_name":"Indian Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Pumpkin Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_Spring"},{"link_name":"Roper Lake State Park Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Lake_State_Park_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Sheep Bridge Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_Bridge_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Tonopah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonopah,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Verde Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verde_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Pumpkin Spring, Grand CanyonArizona (Ringbolt) Hot Springs[6]\nBuckhorn Hot Mineral Wells and Buckhorn Baths\nCastle Hot Springs\nGold Strike Hot Springs\nHot Well Dunes\nIndian Hot Springs\nPumpkin Spring\nRoper Lake State Park Hot Spring\nSheep Bridge Hot Spring\nTonopah\nVerde Hot Springs[4]","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gfp-arkansas-hot-springs-steam-from-spring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Arkansas hot springs, steam from springHot Springs[4]","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mammoth_Hot_Creek_Pools.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geothermal_areas_in_Lassen_area.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquamarine_water_pool_at_Bumpass_Hell-8882.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avila Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avila_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Avila_hot_springs-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSHS-8"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Big Bend Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend,_California#Natural_attractions"},{"link_name":"Big Caliente Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Caliente_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Los Padres National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Bumpass Hell Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_areas_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lassen National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassen_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Calistoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calistoga,_California"},{"link_name":"Calistoga Spa Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calistoga_Spa_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Campbell Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Hot_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Casa Diablo Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Diablo_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Coso Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coso_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Inyo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyo_County"},{"link_name":"Crabtree Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabtree_Hot_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Deep Creek Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Creek_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Delonegha Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delonegha_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Democrat Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Desert Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Hot_Springs_(thermal_mineral_springs)"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County"},{"link_name":"Dirty Socks Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Socks_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Encino Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Franklin Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Gaviota Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaviota_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Gilman Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilman_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy_Yamato_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Grover Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Hot_Springs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Harbin Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Hot Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Creek_(Mono_County)"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Sequoia National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Keough Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keough_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Long Valley Caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Valley_Caldera"},{"link_name":"Matilija Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilija_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Mercey Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercey_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Miracle Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Mono Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Montecito Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecito_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Murrieta Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrieta_Hot_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Paso Robles Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_Robles_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Remington Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Saline Valley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_Valley_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"San Juan Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Scovern Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scovern_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Sespe Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sespe_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Slates Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slates_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Tassajara Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassajara_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Tecopa Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecopa_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Travertine Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-6"},{"link_name":"Warner Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"White Point Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Point_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"White Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs_(California)"},{"link_name":"Napa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_Sulfur_Springs-10"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Willett Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willett_Hot_Springs"}],"text":"Mammoth Hot Creek PoolsGeothermal areas in Lassen areaAquamarine water pool at Bumpass HellAvila Hot Springs, previously known as Ontario Hot Springs[7][8]\nBeverly Hot Springs\nBig Bend Hot Springs\nBig Caliente Hot Springs (Los Padres National Forest)\nBumpass Hell Creek (Lassen National Park)\nCalistoga\nCalistoga Spa Hot Springs\nCampbell Hot Springs\nCasa Diablo Hot Springs\nCoso Hot Springs (Inyo County)\nCrabtree Hot Springs\nDeep Creek Hot Springs\nDelonegha Hot Springs\nDemocrat Hot Springs\nDesert Hot Springs (Riverside County)\nDirty Socks Hot Spring\nEncino Hot Springs\nFranklin Hot Springs (San Luis Obispo County)[9]\nGaviota Hot Springs\nGilman Hot Springs\nGilroy Yamato Hot Springs\nGrover Hot Springs\nHarbin Hot Springs (Lake County)\nHot Creek\nJordan Hot Springs (Sequoia National Forest)\nKeough Hot Springs\nLong Valley Caldera\nMatilija Hot Springs\nMercey Hot Springs\nMiracle Hot Springs\nMono Hot Springs\nMontecito Hot Springs\nMurrieta Hot Springs\nPaso Robles Hot Springs\nPalm Springs\nRemington Hot Springs\nSaline Valley Hot Springs\nSan Juan Hot Springs\nScovern Hot Springs\nSespe Hot Springs\nSlates Hot Springs\nTassajara Hot Springs[4]\nTecopa Hot Springs\nTravertine Hot Springs[6]\nWarner Springs[4]\nWhite Point Hot Springs\nWhite Sulphur Springs (Napa County)[10]\nWilbur Hot Springs\nWillett Hot Springs","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs,_Colorado.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pagosa_Hot_Spring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Conundrum Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conundrum_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Dunton Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunton_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Hot Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Sulphur_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Idaho Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Nathrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathrop"},{"link_name":"Orvis Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orvis_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-12"},{"link_name":"Ouray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouray,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pagosa hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_hot_springs"},{"link_name":"Penny Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Radium Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Hot_Springs_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Salida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salida,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria warm spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_Ranch#Santa_Maria_warm_spring"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Hot_Springs"}],"text":"The Mother Spring, Pagosa Hot Springs, ColoradoPagosa Hot Spring, ColoradoConundrum Hot Springs\nDunton Hot Springs[11]\nGlenwood Springs\nHot Sulphur Springs\nIdaho Springs\nNathrop\nOrvis Hot Springs[12]\nOuray\nPagosa hot springs\nPenny Hot Springs\nRadium Hot Springs\nSalida\nSanta Maria warm spring\nSteamboat Springs\nWiesbaden Hot Springs","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warm Mineral Springs, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs,_Florida"}],"text":"Warm Mineral Springs, Florida","title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radium Hot Springs, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radium_Hot_Springs,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia"}],"text":"Radium Hot Springs, Georgia[13][14]\nWarm Springs, Georgia","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahalanui Hot Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahalanui_Hot_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HO-15"},{"link_name":"Kapoho Warm Springs Tide Pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapoho_Warm_Springs_Tide_Pools&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HO-15"},{"link_name":"Pohoiki Warm Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pohoiki_Warm_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USACoE-16"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hale Park warm springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Hale_Park_warm_springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Ahalanui Hot Pond[15]\nKapoho Warm Springs Tide Pools, some on private property[15]\nPohoiki Warm Spring,[16] one of several warm springs, part of the Isaac Hale Park warm springs system[4]","title":"Hawaii"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotspring_near_Garden_Valley_Idaho.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boat Box Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_Box_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Burgdorf Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burgdorf_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"Frenchman's Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchman%27s_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Goldbug Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbug_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Gold Fork Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Fork_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"Green Canyon Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Canyon_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Heise Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heise_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ririe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ririe,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hopkins Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Thatcher, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSL-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thermal-2"},{"link_name":"Kirkham Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirkham_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"Lava Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_Hot_Springs_(thermal_mineral_springs)"},{"link_name":"Pine Flat Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Flat_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Silver Creek Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Creek_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Stanley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Sunflower Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_Hot_Springs"}],"text":"Hot spring near Garden Valley IdahoBoat Box Hot Spring\nBurgdorf Hot Springs[17]\nFrenchman's Hot Springs\nGoldbug Hot Springs\nGold Fork Hot Springs[17]\nGreen Canyon Hot Springs[4]\nHeise Hot Springs, Ririe[18]\nHopkins Hot Springs, also known as Maple Grove hot springs, Thatcher, Idaho[19][2]\nKirkham Hot Springs[17]\nLava Hot Springs\nPine Flat Hot Springs[20]\nSilver Creek Hot Spring\nStanley Hot Springs[4]\nSunflower Hot Springs","title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Hot Springs of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okawville,_Illinois"}],"text":"Little Hot Springs of Illinois","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Baden_Springs_Indiana_1906.png"},{"link_name":"West Baden Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baden_Springs"}],"text":"West Baden Springs Indiana 1906West Baden Springs","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sand Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_Spring,_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Sand Spring[4] (75 °F / 24 °C)","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alhambra Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhambra_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHP1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHP2-23"},{"link_name":"Barkels Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barkels_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Big Hole Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Hole_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Boulder Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boulder_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFT-25"},{"link_name":"Broadwater Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadwater_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFT-25"},{"link_name":"Camas Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Chico Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Corwin Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corwin_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFT-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH-26"},{"link_name":"Elkhorn Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elkhorn_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Gregson Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregson_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Hunters Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunters_Hot_Springs_(Montana)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFT-25"},{"link_name":"Lolo Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolo_Hot_Springs,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Medicine Rock Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_Rock_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Norris Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Pipestone Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipestone_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-24"},{"link_name":"Potosi Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potosi_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Pullers Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pullers_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Buffalo Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleeping_Buffalo_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GFT2015-27"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Child Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleeping_Child_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHC-montana_bulletin-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lund-Hist_Impacts-29"},{"link_name":"White Sulphur Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Sulphur_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Wild Horse Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Zeigler Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeigler_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"}],"text":"Alhambra Hot Springs[21][22][23]\nBarkels Hot Springs[21]\nBig Hole Hot Springs[24]\nBoulder Hot Springs[25]\nBroadwater Hot Springs[25]\nCamas Hot Springs[24]\nChico Hot Springs[4]\nCorwin Hot Springs[25][26]\nElkhorn Hot Springs[21]\nGregson Hot Springs\nHunters Hot Springs[25]\nLolo Hot Springs[24]\nMedicine Rock Hot Springs[21]\nNorris Hot Springs[21]\nPipestone Hot Springs[24]\nPotosi Hot Springs[21]\nPullers Hot Springs[21]\nSleeping Buffalo Hot Springs[27]\nSleeping Child Hot Springs[28][29]\nWhite Sulphur Hot Springs[21]\nWild Horse Hot Springs\nZeigler Hot Springs[21]","title":"Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hot_spring_in_Gerlach,_Nevada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hot spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boiling_Spring_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dianas_Punchbowl_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014-06-04_12_18_32_View_across_the_Elko_Hot_Hole.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fly_geyser.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ash Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Springs,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Bartine Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartine_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Bathtub Spring (Soldier Meadows)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Meadows_hot_spring_system"},{"link_name":"Bog Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBMG-30"},{"link_name":"Bowers Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowers_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Carson Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Chukar Gulch (Soldier Meadows)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Meadows_hot_spring_system"},{"link_name":"Crescent View Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crescent_View_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Crystal Springs hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Springs_hot_springs"},{"link_name":"Crystal Springs, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Springs,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Diana's Punchbowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%27s_Punchbowl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-6"},{"link_name":"Dry Suzie (Hot Sulphur) Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_Suzie_(Hot_Sulphur)_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Duckwater Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duckwater_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dyke Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyke_Hot_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Elko Hot Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elko_Hot_Hole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Fish Lake Valley Hot Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_Lake_Valley_Hot_Well&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Fly Geyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Geyser"},{"link_name":"Hot Creek Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Creek_Range"},{"link_name":"Hyder Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyder_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Jersey Valley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Valley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"McFarlane Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McFarlane_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New Wagner Warm Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Wagner_Warm_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Panaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaca,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradise_Valley_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Pinto Hot Springs (East)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinto_Hot_Springs_(East)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pott's Ranch Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pott%27s_Ranch_Hot_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Reese River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_River"},{"link_name":"Rogers Warm Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Warm_Spring"},{"link_name":"Ruby Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Valley,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Smith Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Creek_(Lander_County,_Nevada)"},{"link_name":"(Rainbow) Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Rainbow)_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soldier Meadows hot spring system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Meadows_hot_spring_system"},{"link_name":"Soldier Meadows Hot Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Meadows_hot_spring_system"},{"link_name":"Soldier Meadows Warm Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Meadows_hot_spring_system"},{"link_name":"Spencer Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spencer_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Hot Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steamboat_Hot_Well&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Trego Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trego_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Twelve Mile Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Mile_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Virgin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Walker Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walker_Warm_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hot spring in Gerlach, NevadaDiana's Punchbowl, NevadaView across the Elko Hot HoleFly geyserAsh Springs, N 37 27.810 W 115 11.547 (95 °F)\nBartine Hot Springs (105 °F)\nBathtub Spring (Soldier Meadows)\nBog Hot Springs (105 °F)[30]\nBowers Mansion Hot Springs (116 °F)\nCarson Hot Springs (95°–110 °F)\nChukar Gulch (Soldier Meadows) (104 °F)\nCrescent View Hot Springs (185 °F)[9]\nCrystal Springs hot springs, Crystal Springs, Nevada ghost town (81 °F-90 °F)\nDiana's Punchbowl[6] (183°)\nDry Suzie (Hot Sulphur) Hot Springs (145 °F)[9]\nDuckwater Pond (90 °F)[citation needed]\nDyke Hot Spring (150 °F)[9]\nElko Hot Hole[9]\nFish Lake Valley Hot Well (120 °F)[9]\nFly Geyser\nHot Creek Springs and Marsh Area (85 °F)\nHyder Hot Springs (95°–150 °F)[9]\nJersey Valley Hot Springs (120 °F)[9]\nMcFarlane Hot Springs (140°–170 °F)[citation needed]\nNew Wagner Warm Spring (87 °F)[citation needed]\nPanaca Warm Springs (78°–86 °F)\nParadise Valley Hot Springs[9]\nPinto Hot Springs (East) (109 °F)[citation needed]\nPott's Ranch Hot Spring (113 °F)[9]\nReese River Hot Springs (Valley of the Moon) (105 °F)\nRogers Warm Spring\nRuby Valley (106°–122 °F)\nSmith Creek (Rainbow) Hot Springs (197°)\nSoldier Meadows hot spring system\nSoldier Meadows Hot Creek (106°–112 °F)\nSoldier Meadows Warm Pond (85 °F)\nSpencer Hot Springs[4] (101°)\nSteamboat Hot Well (204 °F)[9]\nTrego Hot Springs (185 °F)\nTwelve Mile Hot Springs[9]\nVirgin Valley Hot Springs\nWalker Warm Springs (110°–120°)[citation needed]","title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spence_hot_spring.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McCauley_Hot_Springs,_Jemez_Springs,_NM,_USA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Rock Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Faywood Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faywood_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexMex_Hot_Water-31"},{"link_name":"Giggling Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giggling_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gila Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs Bath House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemez_Springs_Bath_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Springs"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF.com-32"},{"link_name":"Jordan Hot Springs (New Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Hot_Springs_(New_Mexico)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gila National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-33"},{"link_name":"Manby Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manby_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Taos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"McCauley Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCauley_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Melanie Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanie_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_City,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Middle Fork Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Fork_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gila National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Montezuma Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ojo Caliente Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_Caliente_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Radium Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Soda Dam Hot Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Dam_Hot_Spring"},{"link_name":"Spence Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spence_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Jemez Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemez_Springs,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Truth or Consequences Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Turkey Creek Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkey_Creek_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gila National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_National_Forest"}],"text":"Spence hot springMcCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs, NM, USABlack Rock Hot Springs\nFaywood Hot Springs[31]\nGiggling Springs, Jemez Springs, New Mexico\nGila Hot Springs\nJemez Springs Bath House, Jemez Springs, New Mexico[32]\nJordan Hot Springs (New Mexico) (Gila National Forest)[33]\nManby Hot Springs, also known as Stagecoach Hot Springs, near Taos\nMcCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs\nMelanie Hot Springs, near Silver City\nMiddle Fork Hot Springs, also known as Littlefork Hot Springs (Gila National Forest)\nMontezuma Hot Springs, Montezuma, near Las Vegas, New Mexico\nOjo Caliente Hot Springs\nRadium Hot Springs[4]\nSan Antonio Hot Springs, Jemez Springs\nSoda Dam Hot Spring\nSpence Hot Springs, Jemez Springs\nTruth or Consequences Hot Springs[4]\nTurkey Creek Hot Springs (Gila National Forest)","title":"New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orenda_Spring_Tufa_Deposits_-_Saratoga_Springs,_New_York_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lebanon Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lebanon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton_-_Saratoga-34"}],"text":"Orenda Spring Tufa Deposits, Saratoga Springs, New YorkLebanon Springs[4]\nSaratoga Springs[34]","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Hot Springs","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvord_Hot_Springs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bath_House_on_Mansfield_property.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alvord Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvord_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Antelope Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Bagby Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagby_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Belknap Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belknap_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitenbush_Hot_Springs_(thermal_mineral_springs)"},{"link_name":"Deer Creek Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Creek_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Hot Lake Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Lake,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Hunters Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"McCredie Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCredie_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Summer Lake Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Lake_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Terwilliger Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terwilliger_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Umpqua Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-6"}],"text":"Alvord Hot SpringsBath House on Mansfield property, Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs)Alvord Hot Springs[4]\nAntelope Hot Springs\nBagby Hot Springs\nBelknap Hot Springs\nBreitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs)\nDeer Creek Hot Springs\nHot Lake Springs\nHunters Hot Springs\nMcCredie Hot Springs\nMickey Hot Springs\nSummer Lake Hot Springs\nTerwilliger Hot Springs, also known as Cougar Hot Springs\nUmpqua Hot Springs[6]","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Hot Springs[4]","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinati Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinati_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_(Big_Bend_National_Park)"},{"link_name":"Big Bend National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hot Wells (San Antonio, Texas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Wells_(San_Antonio,_Texas)"}],"text":"Chinati Hot Springs, also known as Ruidosa Hot Springs[4] and Kingston Hot Springs\nHot Springs (Big Bend National Park)\nHot Wells (San Antonio, Texas)","title":"Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5th_Water_Hotsprings_dyeclan.com_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baker Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Blue Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lake_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"Wendover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendover,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Crystal Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honeyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyville,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Fifth Water Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Water_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uinta National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uinta_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_caldera"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Meadow Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Mystic Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hot_Springs_and_Hot_Pools-6"},{"link_name":"Monroe Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Cooper Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Pa Tempe Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pa_Tempe_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Verkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Verkin"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Stinking Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinking_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Veyo Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veyo_Pool&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veyo,_Utah"}],"text":"Fifth Water Hot SpringsBaker Hot Springs, also known as Crater Spring and Abraham Hot Springs\nBlue Lake, Wendover\nCrystal Hot Springs, Honeyville\nFifth Water Hot Springs, Three Forks Trailhead, Diamond Fork Canyon, Uinta National Forest\nHomestead, Midway\nMeadow Hot Springs\nMystic Hot Springs,[6] also known as Monroe Hot Springs and Cooper Hot Springs\nPa Tempe Hot Springs, La Verkin\nSaratoga Springs\nStinking Hot Springs\nVeyo Pool, Veyo","title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Virginia"}],"text":"Hot Springs[4]\nWarm Springs","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gamma Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ceb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors33-35"},{"link_name":"Goldmyer Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldmyer_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ceb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmyer_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-majors90-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ausley-37"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Olympic Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Scenic Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Sol Duc Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Duc_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Gamma Hot Springs [ceb][35]\nGoldmyer Hot Springs [ceb][36][37]\nHot Springs, Washington\nOlympic Hot Springs\nScenic Hot Springs\nSol Duc Hot Springs[4]","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkeley Springs State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Springs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"}],"text":"Berkeley Springs State Park[38][4]","title":"West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Prismatic_Spring_2013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Sand_Basin_(2817356204).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_Spring_Mound_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Sand Basin Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sand_Basin_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"Boiling River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ferris Fork Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferris_Fork_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"},{"link_name":"Grand Prismatic Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Granite Falls Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granite_Falls_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Thermopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopolis,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Huckleberry Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huckleberry_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Hot_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-4"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Washburn Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washburn_Hot_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-39"}],"text":"Grand Prismatic Spring 2013, Yellowstone National ParkBlack Sand BasinOrange Spring Mound at Mammoth Hot SpringsBlack Sand Basin Hot Springs\nBoiling River (Yellowstone National Park)\nFerris Fork Hot Springs[39]\nGrand Prismatic Spring (Yellowstone National Park)\nGranite Falls Hot Springs[39][40]\nHot Springs State Park, Thermopolis\nHuckleberry Hot Springs[39]\nMammoth Hot Springs[4]\nSaratoga\nWashburn Hot Springs (Yellowstone NP)[39]","title":"Wyoming"}]

[{"image_text":"Kanuti Hot Springs Area of Critical Environmental Concern, Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kanuti_Hot_Springs_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern%2C_Alaska_%2815050132904%29.jpg/220px-Kanuti_Hot_Springs_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern%2C_Alaska_%2815050132904%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pumpkin Spring, Grand Canyon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pumpkin_Spring%2C_Grand_Canyon_%2842648560545%29.jpg/220px-Pumpkin_Spring%2C_Grand_Canyon_%2842648560545%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arkansas hot springs, steam from spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gfp-arkansas-hot-springs-steam-from-spring.jpg/220px-Gfp-arkansas-hot-springs-steam-from-spring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mammoth Hot Creek Pools","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mammoth_Hot_Creek_Pools.jpg/220px-Mammoth_Hot_Creek_Pools.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geothermal areas in Lassen area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Geothermal_areas_in_Lassen_area.gif/220px-Geothermal_areas_in_Lassen_area.gif"},{"image_text":"Aquamarine water pool at Bumpass Hell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Aquamarine_water_pool_at_Bumpass_Hell-8882.jpg/220px-Aquamarine_water_pool_at_Bumpass_Hell-8882.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mother Spring, Pagosa Hot Springs, Colorado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg/220px-The_Mother_Spring_-_Pagosa_Hot_Springs%2C_Colorado.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pagosa Hot Spring, Colorado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pagosa_Hot_Spring.jpg/220px-Pagosa_Hot_Spring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hot spring near Garden Valley Idaho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hotspring_near_Garden_Valley_Idaho.jpg/220px-Hotspring_near_Garden_Valley_Idaho.jpg"},{"image_text":"West Baden Springs Indiana 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/West_Baden_Springs_Indiana_1906.png/220px-West_Baden_Springs_Indiana_1906.png"},{"image_text":"Hot spring in Gerlach, Nevada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hot_spring_in_Gerlach%2C_Nevada.jpg/220px-Hot_spring_in_Gerlach%2C_Nevada.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diana's Punchbowl, Nevada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dianas_Punchbowl_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Dianas_Punchbowl_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"View across the Elko Hot Hole","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2014-06-04_12_18_32_View_across_the_Elko_Hot_Hole.JPG/220px-2014-06-04_12_18_32_View_across_the_Elko_Hot_Hole.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fly geyser","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fly_geyser.jpg/220px-Fly_geyser.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spence hot spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Spence_hot_spring.jpg/220px-Spence_hot_spring.jpg"},{"image_text":"McCauley Hot Springs, Jemez Springs, NM, USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/McCauley_Hot_Springs%2C_Jemez_Springs%2C_NM%2C_USA.jpg/220px-McCauley_Hot_Springs%2C_Jemez_Springs%2C_NM%2C_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orenda Spring Tufa Deposits, Saratoga Springs, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Orenda_Spring_Tufa_Deposits_-_Saratoga_Springs%2C_New_York_11.jpg/220px-Orenda_Spring_Tufa_Deposits_-_Saratoga_Springs%2C_New_York_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alvord Hot Springs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alvord_Hot_Springs.jpg/220px-Alvord_Hot_Springs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bath House on Mansfield property, Breitenbush Hot Springs (thermal mineral springs)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bath_House_on_Mansfield_property.jpg/220px-Bath_House_on_Mansfield_property.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fifth Water Hot Springs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/5th_Water_Hotsprings_dyeclan.com_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-5th_Water_Hotsprings_dyeclan.com_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Prismatic Spring 2013, Yellowstone National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Grand_Prismatic_Spring_2013.jpg/220px-Grand_Prismatic_Spring_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Black Sand Basin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Black_Sand_Basin_%282817356204%29.jpg/220px-Black_Sand_Basin_%282817356204%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orange Spring Mound at Mammoth Hot Springs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orange_Spring_Mound_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg/220px-Orange_Spring_Mound_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of hot springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hot_springs"},{"title":"List of artesian wells in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artesian_wells_in_the_United_States"}]

[{"reference":"\"A History of Geothermal Energy in America\". U.S. Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/history-geothermal-energy-america","url_text":"\"A History of Geothermal Energy in America\""}]},{"reference":"Bro, Lindsey (2022). Thermal: Healing with Heat - Saunas, Hot Springs & Baths. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-7972-1857-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7972-1857-1","url_text":"978-1-7972-1857-1"}]},{"reference":"Melillo, L. (1995). \"Thermalism in the ancient world\". Med Secoli. 7 (3): 461–483. PMID 11623481. Retrieved 15 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623482/","url_text":"\"Thermalism in the ancient world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11623481","url_text":"11623481"}]},{"reference":"Berry, George W.; Ikelman, Joy A.; Grim, Paul J. (1980). Thermal Springs List for the United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 21. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Thermal_Springs_List_for_the_United_Stat/bRQIAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Thermal Springs List for the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Shakes Hot Springs Site\". USDA. National Forest Service. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/tongass/recarea/?recid=79159","url_text":"\"Chief Shakes Hot Springs Site\""}]},{"reference":"Gersh-Young, Marjorie (2010). Hot Springs and Hot Pools of the Southwest. Santa Cruz, California: Aqua Thermal. ISBN 978-1-890880-09-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890880-09-5","url_text":"978-1-890880-09-5"}]},{"reference":"Charnofsky, Kim (1989). California Mineral and Hot Springs Historical and Geographical Considerations in Their Perception, Location, and Development. Berkeley: University of California. p. 63. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/California_Mineral_and_Hot_Springs/x59HAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22Avila%20Hot%20Springs%22","url_text":"California Mineral and Hot Springs Historical and Geographical Considerations in Their Perception, Location, and Development"}]},{"reference":"Young, Stanley (2003). Beautiful Spas and Hot Springs of California. Chronicle Books. pp. 82, 143. ISBN 9780811838191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811838191","url_text":"9780811838191"}]},{"reference":"Bischoff, Matt C. (2018). Touring California and Nevada Hot Springs. Touring Hot Springs. FalconGuides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2912-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-2912-9","url_text":"978-1-4930-2912-9"}]},{"reference":"\"White Sulphur Springs\". NoeHill Travels in California: Napa County Points of Interest.","urls":[{"url":"https://noehill.com/napa/poi_white_sulphur_springs.asp","url_text":"\"White Sulphur Springs\""}]},{"reference":"Sloss, Lauren (2022). \"Where to Take the Waters: A U.S. Hot Springs Guide\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/30/travel/hot-springs.html?unlocked_article_code=1.YE0.yiSk.07xUTRz2xdE6&smid=url-share","url_text":"\"Where to Take the Waters: A U.S. Hot Springs Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orvis Hot Springs\". Colorado.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colorado.com/ridgway/scenic-attractions/hot-springs/orvis-hot-springs","url_text":"\"Orvis Hot Springs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radium Springs Gardens\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/radium-springs-gardens","url_text":"\"Radium Springs Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radium Springs: Radioactive Natural Wonder in Albany\". GAFollowers. 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gafollowers.com/radium-springs-albany-ga/","url_text":"\"Radium Springs: Radioactive Natural Wonder in Albany\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Karen. \"Visit Hawaii Island's Hot Ponds\". Hawaii.org. Retrieved 22 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaii.com/big-island/attractions/hot-ponds","url_text":"\"Visit Hawaii Island's Hot Ponds\""}]},{"reference":"Pohoiki Bay Navigation Improvements Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1978. pp. 2-1–2-8. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pohoiki_Bay_Navigation_Improvements/ByQ0AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Pohoiki Bay Navigation Improvements Environmental Impact Statement"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Courtnie (2021-12-16). \"Relax And Unwind At These Year-Round Hot Springs In Idaho\". OnlyInYourState. Retrieved 2024-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/idaho/year-round-hot-springs-id/","url_text":"\"Relax And Unwind At These Year-Round Hot Springs In Idaho\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Rett (2021-05-26). \"Biz Buzz: Major renovations underway at Heise Hot Springs\". East Idaho News. Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastidahonews.com/2021/05/biz-buzz-major-renovations-underway-at-heise-hot-springs/","url_text":"\"Biz Buzz: Major renovations underway at Heise Hot Springs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maple Grove Hot Springs - Southern Idaho\". Hot Springs Locator. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hotspringslocator.com/maple-grove-hot-springs","url_text":"\"Maple Grove Hot Springs - Southern Idaho\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit Pine Flats Hot Spring, A Unique Waterfall Hot Spring In Idaho\". www.onlyinyourstate.com. Retrieved 2024-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/idaho/unique-waterfall-hot-spring-id/amp/","url_text":"\"Visit Pine Flats Hot Spring, A Unique Waterfall Hot Spring In Idaho\""}]},{"reference":"Stout, Tom (1921). Montana, Its Story and Biography: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Montana and Three Decades of Statehood, Under the Editorial Supervision of Tom Stout ... 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Alhambra Hot Springs, Montana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mineral Springs Found in Many Parts of State\". The Billings Gazette. 1933-07-30. p. 15. Retrieved 2024-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-billings-gazette-hot-springs-in-mont/124588693/","url_text":"\"Mineral Springs Found in Many Parts of State\""}]},{"reference":"Inbody, Kristen (22 February 2018). \"Montana hot springs are cool now, but they were awesome in 1910\". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/life/my-montana/2018/02/22/montana-hot-springs-cool-now-but-they-were-awesome-1910/361614002/","url_text":"\"Montana hot springs are cool now, but they were awesome in 1910\""}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Helen Fitzgerald (1913). History of Montana, Volume 2. Chicago, New York: Montana History Portal/Lewis Pub. Co. p. 1207. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtmemory.org/nodes/view/5084?keywords=%26quot%3Bwild+horse+hot+sorings%26quot%3B&type=all&highlights=eyIwIjoiXCJ3aWxkIiwiMSI6ImhvcnNlIiwiMyI6IndpbGQiLCIxNCI6ImhvdCJ9&lsk=5daa629c9cc6b94b93896ac79adb9efb","url_text":"History of Montana, Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Inbody, Kristen (14 February 2015). \"Go Buff: Sleeping Buffalo back in business\". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/life/my-montana/2015/02/15/go-buff-sleeping-buffalo-back-business/23447525/","url_text":"\"Go Buff: Sleeping Buffalo back in business\""}]},{"reference":"Chiasson, Andrew (January 2013). \"The Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Geothermal Use in Montana\" (PDF). GHC Bulletin. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregontechsfstatic.azureedge.net/sitefinity-production/docs/default-source/geoheat-center-documents/quarterly-bulletin/vol-31/art2.pdf?sfvrsn=12d18d60_4","url_text":"\"The Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Geothermal Use in Montana\""}]},{"reference":"Lund, John W. \"Historical Impacts of Geothermal Resources on the People of North America\" (PDF). Geo-Heat Center Bulletin Vol 16, No. 4. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregontechsfstatic.azureedge.net/sitefinity-production/docs/default-source/geoheat-center-documents/quarterly-bulletin/vol-16/art2.pdf?sfvrsn=4b3f8d60_4","url_text":"\"Historical Impacts of Geothermal Resources on the People of North America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bog Hot Valley\" (PDF). University of Nevada, Reno. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.nbmg.unr.edu/Public/Geothermal/SiteDescriptions/BogHotValley.pdf","url_text":"\"Bog Hot Valley\""}]},{"reference":"\"IN HOT WATER: FOR THE LOVE OF NEW MEXICO HOT SPRINGS AND MINERAL BATHS\". santafe.com. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://santafe.com/article/in-hot-water-for-the-love-of-new-mexico-hot-springs-and-mineral-baths","url_text":"\"IN HOT WATER: FOR THE LOVE OF NEW MEXICO HOT SPRINGS AND MINERAL BATHS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Fe Hot Springs and Where to Soak in New Mexico\". Santafe.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://santafe.com/new-mexico-hot-springs-and-mineral-baths/","url_text":"\"Santa Fe Hot Springs and Where to Soak in New Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"National Park Service. \"Hot Springs/Geothermal Features\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/hot-springs.htm","url_text":"\"Hot Springs/Geothermal Features\""}]},{"reference":"Walton, John K. (2014). Mineral Springs Resorts in Global Perspective Spa Histories. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–184. ISBN 9781134920037. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S6XsCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mineral Springs Resorts in Global Perspective Spa Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134920037","url_text":"9781134920037"}]},{"reference":"Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Exploring Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918664-00-6","url_text":"978-0-918664-00-6"}]},{"reference":"Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Exploring Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918664-00-6","url_text":"978-0-918664-00-6"}]},{"reference":"Ausley, Christina (October 20, 2020). \"Going geothermal: 5 Seattle-area hot springs to soak in this fall\". The Seattle Post-Intelligencer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/travel/slideshow/seattle-area-hot-springs-to-soak-in-this-fall-196053.php","url_text":"\"Going geothermal: 5 Seattle-area hot springs to soak in this fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"The Seattle Post-Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"\"Berkeley Springs State Park\". Berkeleyspringssp.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkeleyspringssp.com/","url_text":"\"Berkeley Springs State Park\""}]},{"reference":"Mayhew, Bradley. Lonely Planet Yellowstone & Grand Teton National Parks (6th ed.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Granite Hot Springs Pool, Bridgerton-Teton National Forest\". U.S. Forest Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/btnf/recarea/?recid=71639","url_text":"\"Granite Hot Springs Pool, Bridgerton-Teton National Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thermal Springs in the U.S.\" NOAA. Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/hot_springs/","url_text":"\"Thermal Springs in the U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Hot Springs\". acme.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://acme.com/jef/hotsprings/","url_text":"\"USA Hot Springs\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)

Burial vault (tomb)

["1 History and description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References and external links"]

Underground container for burial Not to be confused with Burial vault (enclosure). Tomb of the French King Charles X, and his son Louis, in the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevici, Nova Gorica, Slovenia. A burial vault is a structural stone or brick-lined underground tomb or 'burial chamber' for the interment of a single body or multiple bodies underground. The main difference between entombment in a subterranean vault and a traditional in-ground burial is that the coffin is not placed directly in the earth, but is placed in a burial chamber specially built for this purpose. A burial vault refers to an underground chamber, in contrast to an above-ground, freestanding mausoleum. These underground burial tombs were originally and are still often vaulted and usually have stone slab entrances. They are often privately owned and used for specific family or other groups, but usually stand beneath a public religious building, such as a church, or in a churchyard or cemetery. A crypt may be used as a burial vault and a freestanding mausoleum may contain a burial vault beneath the ground. History and description After the Christianization of Europe, in most areas ruled by the Holy Roman Empire, vault entombments initially mostly took place inside church crypts under the influence of Catholic Church. Since the Middle Ages, this form of burial was essentially reserved for the privileged members of society, including monarchs, high-ranking clergy, nobility and other notable individuals. Ornately carved and elaborately designed sarcophagi were often used for the dead from higher social classes which took place in church and cathedral crypts beneath the floor. In this sense, a crypt entombment inside a vault enabled the “intact storage” of the body of the deceased until the Last Judgment. The last resting places of European monarchs were mostly designed as vaults. Commoners were usually buried in the ground, sometimes in mass graves. Due to pestilences such as plague outbreaks along with population growth and increasing mortality rates, some precautionary measures had to be taken against intramural burials and entombments in the vaults beneath places of public worship which was deemed to be unsanitary. At the end of the 18th century, a gradual change took place in the continental Europe as a result of the Enlightenment and modern ideas about hygiene, stemming from the miasma theory. In-ground burials outside the walls or boundaries of cities started to replace crypt entombments in the vaults. In 1784, under Emperor Joseph II, a ban on burials inside churches was introduced, with the exception of bishops who were permitted to be entombed in the church crypts. And a similar decree was promulgated by Napoleon in 1804, under the Edict of Saint-Cloud. Instead, the tombs were moved to the cemeteries and became the subject of regulation by cemetery management and civil authorities. This decision led to construction of private burial vaults in cemeteries and on private property, both by Catholics and Protestants alike. Although ecclesiastical burial of the Catholic high-ranking clergy within the church vaults was always a norm from the beginning, the vault entombment has proved to be very popular among the Protestant nobility and gentry of Nordic countries, along with predominantly Protestant areas of Germany. The popularity of vault entombment as a burial method among Protestant laity of upper classes might be explained by Martin Luther's view on the 'State of the Dead' and the Resurrection of the Dead which is attributed to his translation and interpretation of the Biblical verses in Job 19: 25–27 regarding bodily resurrection in flesh; therefore the burial practises of Lutheran-dominated regions were heavily influenced by the notion of a 'well-preserved corpse' in dry, vented vaults. Aside from the religious concerns, the economic and political rise of the bourgeoisie at the beginning of the 19th century and the associated desire for representation contributed to the fact that burial chambers and mausoleums as status symbol, continued to be built as a monumental form of artistic value. In most cemeteries, the planning and construction of an underground crypt as well as a freestanding mausoleum was subjected to approval and it was possible after examining the submitted construction drawings, and access via stairs was usually permitted if the grave vault was of sufficient size. Although it always had to be enclosed, the relatives were still able to get close to the coffin to pray and pay their respects. Over the course of the 19th century, the free placement of coffins in the crypt vaults was increasingly prohibited, and the coffins had to be sealed in wall niches or locked chambers within the actual crypt, and coffins had to be constructed of metal, or zinc-lined wooden coffins and sealed stone sarcophagi to be used, in order to prevent the bodily effluvia and unhealthy vapors of decomposition from escaping. In addition to private burial vaults, many cemeteries had built public receiving vaults for the temporary storage of corpses for a fee that were only to be interred at a later date. Gallery A brick-lined burial vault containing two sealed zinc coffins in Vienna Central Cemetery. Subterranean burial vault of Baron van Ittersum in Zwolle, Netherlands. Entrance to the ducal burial vault in the Church of St. Petri in Wolgast, Germany. A row of children coffins in the burial vault of Bad Homburg Castle, Germany. Elaborate zinc coffins in the ducal burial vault of St. Mary's Lutheran Church in Wolfenbüttel, Germany. Coffins in the vault beneath Björklinge Parish Church in Uppsala, Sweden. Coffins resting at the burial vault of Barner family on the churchyard of Bülow in Germany. Ornately decorated coffins of Duke Friedrich of Württemberg-Neuenstadt and his wife Duchess Clara Augusta of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in the burial vault of St. Nicholas Church in Neuenstadt am Kocher, Germany. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burial vaults. Crypt Mausoleum References and external links ^ "The difference between vault and mausoleum". Retrieved 2023-10-11. ^ "Archaeology and Burial Vaults" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-11. ^ "History of entombment within churches". Retrieved 2023-10-11. ^ "Der Spiegel – Tales from the crypt: The mystery of German aristocratic mummies". Retrieved 2023-10-11. ^ "A gentle, calm and happy Resurrection– Theological and Folk-religious Backgrounds of Crypt Burials". Retrieved 2023-10-12. vteMan-made and man-related subterraneaNatural features Cave Cenote Grotto Sinkhole Civilian features Basement Burial vault (tomb) Borehole Catacombs Dungeon Dugout (shelter) Dry well Earth shelter Erdstall Fogou Hypogeum Manhole Rapid transit Rock-cut tomb Root cellar Tunnel Utility vault Underground city Well Wine cave Secret passage Semi-basement Stepwell Storm cellar Smuggling tunnel Ventilation shaft Military features Air raid shelter Bunker Blast shelter Casemate Fallout shelter Missile launch facility (silo) Scallywag bunker Underground base Underground hangar Spider hole Mining, quarrying, andunderground construction Rock-cut architecture Subsurface utility engineering Tunnel construction Underground mine ventilation Underground mining (hard rock) Underground mining (soft rock) Related topics Cave dweller Caves of Maastricht Civil defense Coober Pedy Houston tunnel system Kőbánya cellar system Tunnel warfare Tunnel network Trench warfare Underground living Underground City (Beijing) Underground City, Montreal Mine exploration Mines of Paris Mole people Naples underground geothermal zone Sapping Subterranean London Subterranean Toledo Subterranean warfare Subterranean fiction Earth shelters US Bill Gates' house Forestiere Underground Gardens Underground House Colorado Underground House Las Vegas Underground World Home Earth shelters UK Underhill, Holme Hockerton Housing Project Malator Earth shelters Australia Coober Pedy Lightning Ridge Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burial vault (enclosure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_vault_(enclosure)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Nova Gorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gorica"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"},{"link_name":"churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Burial vault (enclosure).Tomb of the French King Charles X, and his son Louis, in the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevici, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.A burial vault is a structural stone or brick-lined underground tomb or 'burial chamber' for the interment of a single body or multiple bodies underground. The main difference between entombment in a subterranean vault and a traditional in-ground burial is that the coffin is not placed directly in the earth, but is placed in a burial chamber specially built for this purpose. A burial vault refers to an underground chamber, in contrast to an above-ground, freestanding mausoleum.[1] These underground burial tombs were originally and are still often vaulted and usually have stone slab entrances. They are often privately owned and used for specific family or other groups, but usually stand beneath a public religious building, such as a church, or in a churchyard or cemetery. A crypt may be used as a burial vault and a freestanding mausoleum may contain a burial vault beneath the ground. [2]","title":"Burial vault (tomb)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Last Judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_field"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"intramural burials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramural_burial"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"miasma theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory"},{"link_name":"Emperor Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"'State of the Dead'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mortalism"},{"link_name":"Resurrection of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_resurrection"},{"link_name":"Biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_decomposition"},{"link_name":"receiving vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiving_vault"}],"text":"After the Christianization of Europe, in most areas ruled by the Holy Roman Empire, vault entombments initially mostly took place inside church crypts under the influence of Catholic Church. Since the Middle Ages, this form of burial was essentially reserved for the privileged members of society, including monarchs, high-ranking clergy, nobility and other notable individuals. [3]\nOrnately carved and elaborately designed sarcophagi were often used for the dead from higher social classes which took place in church and cathedral crypts beneath the floor. In this sense, a crypt entombment inside a vault enabled the “intact storage” of the body of the deceased until the Last Judgment.The last resting places of European monarchs were mostly designed as vaults. Commoners were usually buried in the ground, sometimes in mass graves. Due to pestilences such as plague outbreaks along with population growth and increasing mortality rates, some precautionary measures had to be taken against intramural burials and entombments in the vaults beneath places of public worship which was deemed to be unsanitary. At the end of the 18th century, a gradual change took place in the continental Europe as a result of the Enlightenment and modern ideas about hygiene, stemming from the miasma theory. In-ground burials outside the walls or boundaries of cities started to replace crypt entombments in the vaults. In 1784, under Emperor Joseph II, a ban on burials inside churches was introduced, with the exception of bishops who were permitted to be entombed in the church crypts. And a similar decree was promulgated by Napoleon in 1804, under the Edict of Saint-Cloud. Instead, the tombs were moved to the cemeteries and became the subject of regulation by cemetery management and civil authorities. This decision led to construction of private burial vaults in cemeteries and on private property, both by Catholics and Protestants alike.Although ecclesiastical burial of the Catholic high-ranking clergy within the church vaults was always a norm from the beginning, the vault entombment has proved to be very popular among the Protestant nobility and gentry of Nordic countries, along with predominantly Protestant areas of Germany. [4] The popularity of vault entombment as a burial method among Protestant laity of upper classes might be explained by Martin Luther's view on the 'State of the Dead' and the Resurrection of the Dead which is attributed to his translation and interpretation of the Biblical verses in Job 19: 25–27 regarding bodily resurrection in flesh; therefore the burial practises of Lutheran-dominated regions were heavily influenced by the notion of a 'well-preserved corpse' in dry, vented vaults.[5] Aside from the religious concerns, the economic and political rise of the bourgeoisie at the beginning of the 19th century and the associated desire for representation contributed to the fact that burial chambers and mausoleums as status symbol, continued to be built as a monumental form of artistic value.In most cemeteries, the planning and construction of an underground crypt as well as a freestanding mausoleum was subjected to approval and it was possible after examining the submitted construction drawings, and access via stairs was usually permitted if the grave vault was of sufficient size. Although it always had to be enclosed, the relatives were still able to get close to the coffin to pray and pay their respects. Over the course of the 19th century, the free placement of coffins in the crypt vaults was increasingly prohibited, and the coffins had to be sealed in wall niches or locked chambers within the actual crypt, and coffins had to be constructed of metal, or zinc-lined wooden coffins and sealed stone sarcophagi to be used, in order to prevent the bodily effluvia and unhealthy vapors of decomposition from escaping.In addition to private burial vaults, many cemeteries had built public receiving vaults for the temporary storage of corpses for a fee that were only to be interred at a later date.","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrian-Werburg_burial_vault_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vienna Central Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwolle_Begraafplaats_Meppelerstraatweg_Grafkelder_Baron_van_Ittersum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zwolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwolle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolgast-Kirche-Gruft-130820-087.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolgast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Homburg_vor_der_H%C3%B6he,_Schloss,_Gruft,_Kindergr%C3%A4ber.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bad Homburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Homburg_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_Hauptkirche_BMV_F%C3%BCrstengruft_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Lutheran Church in Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienkirche,_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%A4tuna_grave_vault_Bj%C3%B6rklinge_church_Uppsala_Sweden_001.JPG"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BClow_Kirche_Gruft_2012-06-01_263.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClow,_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neuenstadt-gruft-friedr-cla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neuenstadt am Kocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenstadt_am_Kocher"}],"text":"A brick-lined burial vault containing two sealed zinc coffins in Vienna Central Cemetery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSubterranean burial vault of Baron van Ittersum in Zwolle, Netherlands.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to the ducal burial vault in the Church of St. Petri in Wolgast, Germany.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA row of children coffins in the burial vault of Bad Homburg Castle, Germany.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElaborate zinc coffins in the ducal burial vault of St. Mary's Lutheran Church in Wolfenbüttel, Germany.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoffins in the vault beneath Björklinge Parish Church in Uppsala, Sweden.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoffins resting at the burial vault of Barner family on the churchyard of Bülow in Germany.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnately decorated coffins of Duke Friedrich of Württemberg-Neuenstadt and his wife Duchess Clara Augusta of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in the burial vault of St. Nicholas Church in Neuenstadt am Kocher, Germany.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The difference between vault and mausoleum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//grammarist.com/usage/sepulcher-crypt-catacomb-or-mausoleum/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Archaeology and Burial Vaults\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apabe.archaeologyuk.org/pdf/ADCA_Guidance_Note2.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"History of entombment within churches\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.buildingconservation.com/articles/church-memorials/church-memorials.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Der Spiegel – Tales from the crypt: The mystery of German aristocratic mummies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spiegel.de/international/germany/tales-from-the-crypt-the-mystery-of-germany-s-aristocratic-mummies-a-701198.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"A gentle, calm and happy Resurrection– Theological and Folk-religious Backgrounds of Crypt Burials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/350389966_a_Gentle_Calm_and_Happy_Resurrection_-_Theological_and_Folk-religious_Backgrounds_of_Crypt_Burials"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_Subterranea"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Man-made_and_man-related_Subterranea"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_Subterranea"},{"link_name":"subterranea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave"},{"link_name":"Cenote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote"},{"link_name":"Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotto"},{"link_name":"Sinkhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole"},{"link_name":"Basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"Burial vault (tomb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Borehole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole"},{"link_name":"Catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs"},{"link_name":"Dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon"},{"link_name":"Dugout (shelter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)"},{"link_name":"Dry well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_well"},{"link_name":"Earth shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_shelter"},{"link_name":"Erdstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdstall"},{"link_name":"Fogou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogou"},{"link_name":"Hypogeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeum"},{"link_name":"Manhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhole"},{"link_name":"Rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Rock-cut tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb"},{"link_name":"Root cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar"},{"link_name":"Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Utility vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_vault"},{"link_name":"Underground city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_city"},{"link_name":"Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well"},{"link_name":"Wine cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cave"},{"link_name":"Secret passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_passage"},{"link_name":"Semi-basement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-basement"},{"link_name":"Stepwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwell"},{"link_name":"Storm cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_cellar"},{"link_name":"Smuggling tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Ventilation shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_shaft"},{"link_name":"Air raid shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"Bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"},{"link_name":"Blast shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_shelter"},{"link_name":"Casemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"Fallout shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_shelter"},{"link_name":"Missile launch facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_launch_facility"},{"link_name":"Scallywag bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallywag_bunker"},{"link_name":"Underground base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_base"},{"link_name":"Underground hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_hangar"},{"link_name":"Spider hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_hole"},{"link_name":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"quarrying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarrying"},{"link_name":"underground construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_construction"},{"link_name":"Rock-cut architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture"},{"link_name":"Subsurface utility engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering"},{"link_name":"Tunnel construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_construction"},{"link_name":"Underground mine ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation"},{"link_name":"Underground mining (hard rock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)"},{"link_name":"Underground mining (soft rock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)"},{"link_name":"Cave dweller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_dweller"},{"link_name":"Caves of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Civil defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense"},{"link_name":"Coober Pedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coober_Pedy"},{"link_name":"Houston tunnel system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system"},{"link_name":"Kőbánya cellar system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system"},{"link_name":"Tunnel warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare"},{"link_name":"Tunnel network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_network"},{"link_name":"Trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Underground living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_living"},{"link_name":"Underground City (Beijing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)"},{"link_name":"Underground City, Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Mine exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_exploration"},{"link_name":"Mines of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Mole people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_people"},{"link_name":"Naples underground geothermal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone"},{"link_name":"Sapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapping"},{"link_name":"Subterranean London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_London"},{"link_name":"Subterranean Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Subterranean warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_warfare"},{"link_name":"Subterranean fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_fiction"},{"link_name":"Bill Gates' house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house"},{"link_name":"Forestiere Underground Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Underground House Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Underground House Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Underground World Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_World_Home"},{"link_name":"Underhill, Holme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underhill,_Holme"},{"link_name":"Hockerton Housing Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project"},{"link_name":"Malator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malator"},{"link_name":"Coober Pedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coober_Pedy"},{"link_name":"Lightning Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1578744#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4274860-4"}],"text":"^ \"The difference between vault and mausoleum\". Retrieved 2023-10-11.\n\n^ \"Archaeology and Burial Vaults\" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-11.\n\n^ \"History of entombment within churches\". Retrieved 2023-10-11.\n\n^ \"Der Spiegel – Tales from the crypt: The mystery of German aristocratic mummies\". Retrieved 2023-10-11.\n\n^ \"A gentle, calm and happy Resurrection– Theological and Folk-religious Backgrounds of Crypt Burials\". Retrieved 2023-10-12.vteMan-made and man-related subterraneaNatural features\nCave\nCenote\nGrotto\nSinkhole\nCivilian features\nBasement\nBurial vault (tomb)\nBorehole\nCatacombs\nDungeon\nDugout (shelter)\nDry well\nEarth shelter\nErdstall\nFogou\nHypogeum\nManhole\nRapid transit\nRock-cut tomb\nRoot cellar\nTunnel\nUtility vault\nUnderground city\nWell\nWine cave\nSecret passage\nSemi-basement\nStepwell\nStorm cellar\nSmuggling tunnel\nVentilation shaft\nMilitary features\nAir raid shelter\nBunker\nBlast shelter\nCasemate\nFallout shelter\nMissile launch facility (silo)\nScallywag bunker\nUnderground base\nUnderground hangar\nSpider hole\nMining, quarrying, andunderground construction\nRock-cut architecture\nSubsurface utility engineering\nTunnel construction\nUnderground mine ventilation\nUnderground mining (hard rock)\nUnderground mining (soft rock)\nRelated topics\nCave dweller\nCaves of Maastricht\nCivil defense\nCoober Pedy\nHouston tunnel system\nKőbánya cellar system\nTunnel warfare\nTunnel network\nTrench warfare\nUnderground living\nUnderground City (Beijing)\nUnderground City, Montreal\nMine exploration\nMines of Paris\nMole people\nNaples underground geothermal zone\nSapping\nSubterranean London\nSubterranean Toledo\nSubterranean warfare\nSubterranean fiction\nEarth shelters US\nBill Gates' house\nForestiere Underground Gardens\nUnderground House Colorado\nUnderground House Las Vegas\nUnderground World Home\nEarth shelters UK\nUnderhill, Holme\nHockerton Housing Project\nMalator\nEarth shelters Australia\nCoober Pedy\nLightning RidgeAuthority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"References and external links"}]

[{"image_text":"Tomb of the French King Charles X, and his son Louis, in the Franciscan monastery Kostanjevici, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg/220px-Bourbonska_grobnica_NG6.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Burial vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burial_vaults"},{"title":"Crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"title":"Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styra

Styra

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 38°08′44″N 24°15′39″E / 38.1455°N 24.2607°E / 38.1455; 24.2607Town in ancient Euboea, Greece For the modern town, see Styra, Greece. Styra (Ancient Greek: τὰ Στύρα) was a town of ancient Euboea, on the west coast, north of Carystus, and nearly opposite the promontory of Cynosura in Attica. The town stood near the shore in the inner part of the bay, in the middle of which is the island Aegileia, now called Stouronisi. Styra is mentioned by Homer along with Carystus in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad. Its inhabitants were originally Dryopians, though they denied this origin, and claimed to be descended from the deme of Steiria in Attica. In the First Persian War (490 BCE) the Persians landed at Aegileia, which belonged to Styra, the prisoners whom they had taken at Eretria. In the Second Persian War (480-479 BCE) the Styrians fought at the battles of Artemisium, Salamis, and Plataeae. They sent two ships to the naval engagements, and at Plataeae they and the Eretrians amounted together to 600 men. They afterwards became the subjects of Athens, and paid a yearly tribute of 1200 drachmae. The Athenian fleet was stationed here in 356 BCE. Strabo relates that the town was destroyed in the "Maliac War" by the Athenian Phaedrus, and its territory given to the Eretrians; but as the Maliac War is not mentioned elsewhere, we ought probably to substitute Lamian War for it. Its site is located within the borders of the modern Styra, Greece. References ^ Homer. Iliad. Vol. 2.539. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 8.46. ^ Pausanias (1918). "34.11". Description of Greece. Vol. 4. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library. ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. x. p.446. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 6.107. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 8.1, 8, 46, 9.28. ^ Pausanias (1918). "23.2". Description of Greece. Vol. 5. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library. ^ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 7.57. ^ Demosthenes c. Mid. p. 568. ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. x. p. 446. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition. ^  Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Styra". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. ^ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 55, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Styra". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. Authority control databases: Geographic Pleiades 38°08′44″N 24°15′39″E / 38.1455°N 24.2607°E / 38.1455; 24.2607 This article about a location in ancient Euboea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_S._Alschuler

Alfred S. Alschuler

["1 Biography","2 Notable works","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]

American architect (1876 - 1940) in Chicago Alfred Samuel Alschuler (November 2, 1876 – June 11, 1940) was a Chicago architect. Biography This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alfred S. Alschuler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alschuler was born in Chicago and was educated in the public school system. He graduated with a Master in Science from the Armour Institute of Technology in 1899 and spent a year studying architecture at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1900, he began his career as a draftsman for famed architect Dankmar Adler. Alschuler studied under Adler for five years before joining the firm of Samuel Treat for two years. Alschuler opened his own office in 1907. Also in 1907, he married Rose Haas; they had five children. His designs included warehouses, department stores, industrial buildings, synagogues, and offices. Alschuler's legacy lives on in the form of historically significant buildings such as the London Guaranty & Accident Building (1922–23) at the intersection of N. Michigan Avenue and Wacker Drive. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange Building (1927), another of Alschuler's acclaimed commercial buildings, suffered a less fortunate fate; The Merc was demolished in 2003, despite a spirited set of protests organized by local preservation groups. The silver lining of The Merc's demolition was the creation of a new Chicago law which provides the Landmarks Commission a 90-day period to review and potentially save historically significant buildings. Other significant industrial and commercial works by Alschuler include the Bull Dog and Whistle Restaurant, Brach's Candy Factory, the Florsheim Shoe Factory, the Garment Center Building, and the Benson-Rixon Department Store. Alschuler was also an accomplished designer of Jewish synagogues in the Chicago area, including the current K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple, Agudath Achim Bikur Cholim Synagogue, B'nai Sholom, Anshe Emet Synagogue, Am Shalom in Glencoe, and Am Echod in Waukegan. A member of the American Institute of Architects, Alfred S. Alschuler died on June 11, 1940, near age 64, in Chicago. His son John also trained as an architect, as did Alfred S. Alschuler Jr.. Several of Alschuler's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Notable works The following is a partial list of known works by Alfred S. Alschuler: Maurice L. Rothschild Building (now part of John Marshall Law School (Chicago)), 300-306 S. State St. (built in three phases, 1906, 1910 and 1928) Anshe Emet Synagogue, 3760 N. Pine Grove Avenue, Chicago (1910) Shops Building, 21 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago (1912) John R. Thompson Building, 350 N. Clark St., Chicago (1912) Chicago Sinai Temple (now Mt. Pisgah M.B. Church), 4622 S. Martin Luther King Dr., Chicago (1912) Donohue Building Annex, 727 S. Dearborn St., Chicago (1913) Thomas Flyer Garage and Service Building, 2255 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1916 addition) Goldblatt Bros. Department Store, aka Larkin Store Building, 4700 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, Illinois (1914) NRHP listed John Sexton & Co. aka Sexton Foods Building, Illinois & Orleans Chicago, Illinois (1916/1928) Pelouze Building, 230 E. Ohio St., Chicago (1917) Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library, 115 S. Pulaski Rd., Chicago, Illinois (1919) NRHP listed Torco Building (upper 7 floors only), 624 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1922) Atwell Building (then Atwell Printing & Binding Company & Rotary International; 1950s, Pentron Corporation & Revere Camera Company; 1960s, 3M; 2001-present, Prairie Avenue Lofts), 221 E Cullerton St., Chicago (1922) London Guaranty & Accident Building, Chicago (1923) Hartman Building, 30 E. Adams St., Chicago (1933) Furniture Exhibition Building, aka American Furniture Mart, 680 N. Lake Shore Dr. (eastern wing, 1923; western wing and tower, 1926) K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple, 1100 E. Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago (1924) Century Building, 808 N. Old World Third St, 230 W. Wells St, Milwaukee (1925) 33 East Congress Building, aka Congress-Wabash Building, Chicago (1925–26) Michigan and Lake Building, 180 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1926) Florsheim Shoe Company Factory, 3963 W. Belmont Ave., Chicago (1926) Hart, Schaffner and Marx Building, 728 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago (1926) Igoe Building, 600 W. Van Buren St., Chicago (1926? addition built 1928 at 328 S. Jefferson St.) Chicago Mercantile Exchange Building, Chicago (1927) Hudson Motor Co. Building, 2228 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1928) Marmon-Chicago Showroom, 2230 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1928) Finchley Co. Men's Store Building, aka O'Malley Place, 23 E. Jackson Blvd. (1928) Harrison Hotel and Garage, 601 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago (1930) Benson & Rixon Building, 230 S. State St., Chicago (1937) Henry W. Austin Branch, Chicago Public Library, 5615 W. Race Ave., Chicago Lerman Building, 3045 N. Lincoln Ave., Chicago Richard Churchill House, 1214 Green Bay Rd., Highland Park, Illinois, NRHP-listed Park View Manor Apartments, 6834 S. South Shore Dr., Chicago Notes ^ a b "Alfred S. Alschuler" (history), archINFORM, 2006-10-12, Eng.archINFORM.net webpage: archINFORM-ASA. ^ Bornstein, Sandra K. "Rose Haas Alschuler". Jewish Women's Archives. Retrieved 7 January 2017. ^ a b c d "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "The Buildings of Alfred S. Alschuler". CommunityWalk. 2014. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2014. ^ "John R. Thompson Building". Chicago Architecture Info. 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014. ^ "Streeterville Building, 68, To Be Reborn". Chicago Tribune. February 10, 1985. Retrieved August 30, 2014. ^ "NEW BUILDING PURCHASED BY REVERE CAMERA" (Document). ChicagoTribune. 1952. ProQuest 178501478. ^ "Hartman Building". Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014. ^ "Century Building". Wisconsin Historical Society. January 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-10. ^ "230 South State Street, Chicago, IL", General Services Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ Highland Park MRA References Alfred S. Alschuler, profile from Columbia College, Chicago. External links "Alfred S. Alschuler", list of Chicago buildings designed by Alschuler. Images of Alschuler buildings, University of Minnesota digital library. (search on "Alschuler") Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Artists Musée d'Orsay ULAN Other SNAC

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Michigan Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_Mile"},{"link_name":"Wacker Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_Drive"},{"link_name":"Chicago Mercantile Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Landmarks Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Brach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brach%27s"},{"link_name":"Benson-Rixon Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_%26_Rixon_Building"},{"link_name":"K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.M._Isaiah_Israel_Temple"},{"link_name":"Anshe Emet Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshe_Emet_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlfredAI-1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"text":"Alschuler was born in Chicago and was educated in the public school system. He graduated with a Master in Science from the Armour Institute of Technology in 1899 and spent a year studying architecture at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1900, he began his career as a draftsman for famed architect Dankmar Adler. Alschuler studied under Adler for five years before joining the firm of Samuel Treat for two years. Alschuler opened his own office in 1907. Also in 1907, he married Rose Haas; they had five children.[2]His designs included warehouses, department stores, industrial buildings, synagogues, and offices. Alschuler's legacy lives on in the form of historically significant buildings such as the London Guaranty & Accident Building (1922–23) at the intersection of N. Michigan Avenue and Wacker Drive.The Chicago Mercantile Exchange Building (1927), another of Alschuler's acclaimed commercial buildings, suffered a less fortunate fate; The Merc was demolished in 2003, despite a spirited set of protests organized by local preservation groups. The silver lining of The Merc's demolition was the creation of a new Chicago law which provides the Landmarks Commission a 90-day period to review and potentially save historically significant buildings. Other significant industrial and commercial works by Alschuler include the Bull Dog and Whistle Restaurant, Brach's Candy Factory, the Florsheim Shoe Factory, the Garment Center Building, and the Benson-Rixon Department Store.Alschuler was also an accomplished designer of Jewish synagogues in the Chicago area, including the current K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple, Agudath Achim Bikur Cholim Synagogue, B'nai Sholom, Anshe Emet Synagogue, Am Shalom in Glencoe, and Am Echod in Waukegan.A member of the American Institute of Architects, Alfred S. Alschuler died on June 11, 1940, near age 64, in Chicago.[1] His son John also trained as an architect, as did Alfred S. Alschuler Jr.. Several of Alschuler's works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"John Marshall Law School (Chicago)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Law_School_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"Anshe Emet Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshe_Emet_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"Goldblatt Bros. Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldblatt_Bros._Department_Store"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"John Sexton & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexton_Foods"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Legler_Regional_Branch_of_the_Chicago_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Rotary International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International"},{"link_name":"Revere Camera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revere_Camera_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTribune-7"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"London Guaranty & Accident Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Guarantee_Building"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.M._Isaiah_Israel_Temple"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Mercantile Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"Benson & Rixon Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_%26_Rixon_Building"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Churchill House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Churchill_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommWalk-4"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of known works by Alfred S. Alschuler:[4]Maurice L. Rothschild Building (now part of John Marshall Law School (Chicago)), 300-306 S. State St. (built in three phases, 1906, 1910 and 1928)[4]\nAnshe Emet Synagogue, 3760 N. Pine Grove Avenue, Chicago (1910)\nShops Building, 21 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago (1912)[4]\nJohn R. Thompson Building, 350 N. Clark St., Chicago (1912)[5]\nChicago Sinai Temple (now Mt. Pisgah M.B. Church), 4622 S. Martin Luther King Dr., Chicago (1912[4])\nDonohue Building Annex, 727 S. Dearborn St., Chicago (1913)[4]\nThomas Flyer Garage and Service Building, 2255 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1916 addition)[4]\nGoldblatt Bros. Department Store, aka Larkin Store Building, 4700 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, Illinois (1914) NRHP listed[3]\nJohn Sexton & Co. aka Sexton Foods Building, Illinois & Orleans Chicago, Illinois (1916/1928)[4]\nPelouze Building, 230 E. Ohio St., Chicago (1917)[6]\nHenry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library, 115 S. Pulaski Rd., Chicago, Illinois (1919) NRHP listed[3]\nTorco Building (upper 7 floors only), 624 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1922)\nAtwell Building (then Atwell Printing & Binding Company & Rotary International; 1950s, Pentron Corporation & Revere Camera Company;[7] 1960s, 3M; 2001-present, Prairie Avenue Lofts), 221 E Cullerton St., Chicago (1922)[4]\nLondon Guaranty & Accident Building, Chicago (1923)\nHartman Building, 30 E. Adams St., Chicago (1933)[8]\nFurniture Exhibition Building, aka American Furniture Mart, 680 N. Lake Shore Dr. (eastern wing, 1923; western wing and tower, 1926)[4]\nK.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple, 1100 E. Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago (1924)\nCentury Building, 808 N. Old World Third St, 230 W. Wells St, Milwaukee (1925)[9]\n33 East Congress Building, aka Congress-Wabash Building, Chicago (1925–26)[4]\nMichigan and Lake Building, 180 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1926)[4]\nFlorsheim Shoe Company Factory, 3963 W. Belmont Ave., Chicago (1926)[4]\nHart, Schaffner and Marx Building, 728 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago (1926)[4]\nIgoe Building, 600 W. Van Buren St., Chicago (1926? addition built 1928 at 328 S. Jefferson St.)[4]\nChicago Mercantile Exchange Building, Chicago (1927)\nHudson Motor Co. Building, 2228 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1928)[4]\nMarmon-Chicago Showroom, 2230 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago (1928)[4]\nFinchley Co. Men's Store Building, aka O'Malley Place, 23 E. Jackson Blvd. (1928)[4]\nHarrison Hotel and Garage, 601 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago (1930)[4]\nBenson & Rixon Building, 230 S. State St., Chicago (1937)[10]\nHenry W. Austin Branch, Chicago Public Library, 5615 W. Race Ave., Chicago[4]\nLerman Building, 3045 N. Lincoln Ave., Chicago[4]\nRichard Churchill House, 1214 Green Bay Rd., Highland Park, Illinois, NRHP-listed[3][11]\nPark View Manor Apartments, 6834 S. South Shore Dr., Chicago[4]","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AlfredAI_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AlfredAI_1-1"},{"link_name":"archINFORM-ASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eng.archinform.net/arch/5003.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Rose Haas Alschuler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/alschuler-rose-haas"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CommWalk_4-20"},{"link_name":"\"The Buildings of Alfred S. Alschuler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170205165911/http://www.communitywalk.com/the_buildings_of_alfred_s_alschuler/map/5716"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.communitywalk.com/the_buildings_of_alfred_s_alschuler/map/5716"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"John R. Thompson Building\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chicagoarchitecture.info/Building/5457/John-R-Thompson-Building.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Streeterville Building, 68, To Be Reborn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-02-10/business/8501080588_1_office-building-elevator-illinois-manufacturers-association"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_7-0"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"178501478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/178501478"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Hartman Building\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140903124555/http://www.emporis.com/building/hartmanbuilding-chicago-il-usa"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.emporis.com/building/hartmanbuilding-chicago-il-usa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Century Building\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI108660"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSA_10-0"},{"link_name":"230 South State Street, Chicago, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gsa.gov/historic-buildings/230-south-state-street-chicago-il"},{"link_name":"General Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Highland Park MRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000175_text"}],"text":"^ a b \n \"Alfred S. Alschuler\" (history),\n archINFORM, 2006-10-12, Eng.archINFORM.net webpage:\n archINFORM-ASA.\n\n^ Bornstein, Sandra K. \"Rose Haas Alschuler\". Jewish Women's Archives. Retrieved 7 January 2017.\n\n^ a b c d \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u \"The Buildings of Alfred S. Alschuler\". CommunityWalk. 2014. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2014.\n\n^ \"John R. Thompson Building\". Chicago Architecture Info. 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.\n\n^ \"Streeterville Building, 68, To Be Reborn\". Chicago Tribune. February 10, 1985. Retrieved August 30, 2014.\n\n^ \"NEW BUILDING PURCHASED BY REVERE CAMERA\" (Document). ChicagoTribune. 1952. ProQuest 178501478.\n\n^ \"Hartman Building\". Emporis. 2014. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.\n\n^ \"Century Building\". Wisconsin Historical Society. January 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-10.\n\n^ \"230 South State Street, Chicago, IL\", General Services Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2020.\n\n^ Highland Park MRA","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania

Trade unions in Albania

["1 References"]

History of trade unions in Albania Trade unions in AlbaniaNational organization(s)BSPSh, KSShPrimary legislationArticle 14, Constitution (1991)International Labour OrganizationAlbania is a member of the ILOConvention ratificationFreedom of Association3 June 1957Right to Organise3 June 1957 Trade unions in Albania have had an unstable existence in recent decades, mirroring the regional political turbulence in Albania. Since the 1991 defeat of the Albanian Party of Labour (APL), independent trade unions have asserted themselves, with two main national trade union centres; the United Independent Albanian Trade Unions (BSPSh) and the Confederation of Trade Unions (KSSh). References ^ "Article 14 ". Albania - Constitution. Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-05-18. ^ Albania withdrew from the ILO in 1967, but returned in 1991. ^ ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7. Organized labour portal vteAlbania articlesHistoryIllyrians Ardiaei Albanoi Amantes Amantini Balaites Bylliones Dassaretii Enchele Labeatae Parthini Taulantii Middle Ages(1190–1385) Principality of Arbanon Kingdom of Albania Despotate of Arta House of Kastrioti Ottoman period(1385–1912) Skanderbeg's rebellion League of Lezhë Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini Arbëni Council Islamization of Albania Albanian Pashaliks Massacre of the Albanian Beys Revolts of 1833–1839 Uprising of Dervish Cara Albanian National Awakening League of Prizren Congress of Manastir Revolt of 1910 Malissori uprising Taksim meeting Revolt of 1912 Kimza Government Independence(1912–present) Declaration of Independence Anthem Provisional Government of Albania Albania during the Balkan Wars Republic of Central Albania Principality of Albania (1914–25) World War I in Albania Autonomous Province of Korçë Italian protectorate Vlora War Republic of Mirdita Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Italian Fascist occupation German Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Albania Albanian resistance during World War II Communist Albania (1946–91) Orthography Congress (1972) Post-Communist Albania 1997 Civil Unrest NATO membership EU Accession See also Origins Timeline Archives GeographyLandscape Mountains Rivers Lakes Islands Environment Climate Biodiversity Habitat Protected areas PoliticsExecutive Government (agencies) Head of state (list) Prime Minister Foreign relations Political parties Treaties Visa policy JudiciaryVetting Institutions KPA IKP ONM KPK Constitution Corruption EURALIUS SPAK Prosecutor GeneralSubdivisions NUTS Counties Municipalities Cities and towns Communes Villages Maps Legislature Elections Assembly (speakers) Members Opposition Human rights Abortion Capital punishment Assassinations LGBT Ombudsman Security Military Police Organized crime Prisons Border crossings EconomyFinance Banking Lek (currency) Taxation Trade unions State Supreme Audit Retail Shopping centers Supermarkets Industry Agriculture Healthcare Companies EnergyOperators KESH OST OSHEE ERE Hydropower plants Wind farmsNatural resources Oil and gas Mining Infrastructure Highways Aviation Ports Railways Bridges Tunnels Highrises (structures) Telecommunications Posta Shqiptare Squatting TourismMonuments Archaeological sites Castles Mosques Tekkes Churches Lighthouses Adriatic Sea Coast Ionian Sea Coast (riviera) Beaches Images of AlbaniaSocietyPeople Demographics Census Tribes Noble families Diaspora Women CultureArt (galleries) Architecture Photography Museums Theatres Education Alphabet scripts Abetare Language Literature Research institutes Libraries Universities Publishers Proverbs Albanology Tradition Folk beliefs Besa Oda Secularism Religion Nevruz Sworn virgins Costumes Qeleshe Fustanella Xhubleta Brez Opinga Xhamadan Cuisine Gjellë Tavë kosi Kabuni Raki Beer Wine Cognac Skënderbeu SportsFootball National team Clubs Players Stadiums Other sports Weightlifting Athletics Cycling Basketball Volleyball Swimming Olympics Indoor arenas Entertainment Music Television Radio Cinema Symbols Heraldry Flag (list) Coat of arms (armorial) Epitaph of Gllavenica Sign language Orders, decorations and medals Passport .al Other Public holidays Smoking Copyright law OutlineIndexBibliography Category vteTrade unions in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard This Albania-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a European trade union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica_capacitor

Silver mica capacitor

["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Clamped mica capacitors","2.2 Silver mica capacitors","3 References"]

1000pF (1nF) silver mica capacitors Silver mica capacitors are high precision, stable and reliable capacitors. They are available in small values, and are mostly used at high frequencies and in cases where low losses (high Q) and low capacitor change over time is desired. History Mica has been used as a capacitor dielectric since the mid-19th century. William Dubilier invented a small mica capacitor in 1909 which was used in decoupling applications. They were put into large scale commercial production to meet military requirements in World War I. Mica is less prone to crack under mechanical shock than glass, a useful property for equipment subject to shellfire. Like glass, mica has a substantially higher permittivity than paper so capacitors can be made smaller. In 1920 Dubilier developed a capacitor consisting of a flaked sheet of mica coated on both sides with silver. He formed the Dubilier Condenser Company to manufacture them. Ceramic capacitors were also used in the 1920s due to a shortage of mica, but by the 1950s silver mica had become the capacitor of choice for small-value RF applications. This remained the case until the latter part of the 20th century when advances in ceramic capacitors led to the replacement of mica with ceramic in most applications. Types There are 2 distinct types of mica capacitor. Clamped mica capacitors Now obsolete, these were in use in the early 20th century. They consisted of sheets of mica and copper foil sandwiched together and clamped. These had even worse tolerance and stability than other clamped capacitors since the mica surface is not perfectly flat and smooth. References to mica capacitors from the 1920s often refer to this type. Silver mica capacitors Commonly known as silver mica capacitors, these rendered clamped mica capacitors obsolete. Instead of being clamped with foils these are assembled from sheets of mica coated on both sides with deposited metal. The assembly is dipped in epoxy. The advantages are: Greater stability, since there are no capacitive airgaps that can change dimension. Airtight enclosure removes the risk of oxidation or corrosion of plates or connections. Greater capacitance per volume, since there are no airgaps between plates and mica, the conducting surfaces can be thinner. No clamping mechanism is needed. They are sometimes informally referred to as mica capacitors. Any modern reference to mica capacitors can be assumed to mean these, unless pre-World War II equipment is being discussed. Even though these capacitors are extremely useful, silver mica capacitors are less commonly used today due to bulkiness and high cost. There is a high level of compositional variation in the raw material leading to higher costs in relation to inspection and sorting. They are getting closer to obsolescence as advances are made in ceramic and porcelain materials. Silver mica capacitors are still indispensable in some custom applications. Circuit designers still turn to mica capacitors for high-power applications such as RF transmitters and electric instruments and amplifiers because cheaper ceramic and porcelain capacitors can't withstand heat as well. Silver mica remains widely used in high-voltage applications, due to mica’s high breakdown voltage. Silver Mica capacitors are used at 100 V to 10 kV, ranging from a few pF up to a few nF, and the average temperature coefficient is around 50 ppm/°C. References ^ a b Noor Syuhada Zakuan, Woo Haw Jiunn, Tan Wimie, "Energy in a portable world", p. 100, ch. 4 in, Tan Winie, Abdul K. Arof, Sabu Thomas (eds), Polymer Electrolytes: Characterization Techniques and Energy Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2020 ISBN 3527342001. ^ G.W.A Drummer, Electronic Inventions and Discoveries, p. 89, CRC Press, 1997 ISBN 0750304936. ^ Henry W. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, p. 199, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 ISBN 1118210654. ^ "Mica Capacitor". capacitorguide.com.

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They are available in small values, and are mostly used at high frequencies and in cases where low losses (high Q) and low capacitor change over time is desired.","title":"Silver mica capacitor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dubilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dubilier"},{"link_name":"decoupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoupling_capacitor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zakuan100-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"permittivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dubilier Condenser Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubilier_Condenser_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zakuan100-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mica has been used as a capacitor dielectric since the mid-19th century. William Dubilier invented a small mica capacitor in 1909 which was used in decoupling applications.[1] They were put into large scale commercial production to meet military requirements in World War I. Mica is less prone to crack under mechanical shock than glass, a useful property for equipment subject to shellfire. Like glass, mica has a substantially higher permittivity than paper so capacitors can be made smaller.[2] In 1920 Dubilier developed a capacitor consisting of a flaked sheet of mica coated on both sides with silver. He formed the Dubilier Condenser Company to manufacture them. Ceramic capacitors were also used in the 1920s due to a shortage of mica, but by the 1950s silver mica had become the capacitor of choice for small-value RF applications.[1] This remained the case until the latter part of the 20th century when advances in ceramic capacitors led to the replacement of mica with ceramic in most applications.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are 2 distinct types of mica capacitor.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"clamped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_(tool)"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Silver_mica_capacitor#Dubious"}],"sub_title":"Clamped mica capacitors","text":"Now obsolete, these were in use in the early 20th century. They consisted of sheets of mica and copper foil sandwiched together and clamped. These had even worse tolerance and stability than other clamped capacitors since the mica surface is not perfectly flat and smooth. References to mica capacitors from the 1920s often refer to this type.[dubious – discuss]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_leaf"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"epoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"clamping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_(tool)"},{"link_name":"pF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picofarad"},{"link_name":"nF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofarad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Silver mica capacitors","text":"Commonly known as silver mica capacitors, these rendered clamped mica capacitors obsolete. Instead of being clamped with foils these are assembled from sheets of mica coated on both sides with deposited metal. The assembly is dipped in epoxy. The advantages are:Greater stability, since there are no capacitive airgaps that can change dimension.\nAirtight enclosure removes the risk of oxidation or corrosion of plates or connections.\nGreater capacitance per volume, since there are no airgaps between plates and mica, the conducting surfaces can be thinner.\nNo clamping mechanism is needed.They are sometimes informally referred to as mica capacitors. Any modern reference to mica capacitors can be assumed to mean these, unless pre-World War II equipment is being discussed. Even though these capacitors are extremely useful, silver mica capacitors are less commonly used today due to bulkiness and high cost. There is a high level of compositional variation in the raw material leading to higher costs in relation to inspection and sorting. They are getting closer to obsolescence as advances are made in ceramic and porcelain materials.Silver mica capacitors are still indispensable in some custom applications. Circuit designers still turn to mica capacitors for high-power applications such as RF transmitters and electric instruments and amplifiers because cheaper ceramic and porcelain capacitors can't withstand heat as well. Silver mica remains widely used in high-voltage applications, due to mica’s high breakdown voltage. Silver Mica capacitors are used at 100 V to 10 kV, ranging from a few pF up to a few nF, and the average temperature coefficient is around 50 ppm/°C.[4]","title":"Types"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Williams_Jr.

Spencer Williams Jr.

["1 Early career","2 Film directing","3 The Blood of Jesus","4 Amos 'n' Andy","5 Death and legacy","6 Career re-evaluation","7 Filmography","7.1 Actor","7.2 Director","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Watch"]

American actor and filmmaker (1893–1969) For the composer, see Spencer Williams. Spencer WilliamsSpencer Williams as "Andy".Born(1893-07-14)July 14, 1893Vidalia, Louisiana, U.S.DiedDecember 13, 1969(1969-12-13) (aged 76)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeLos Angeles National CemeterySection 209, row Z, space 3Occupation(s)Actor, filmmakerYears active1928–1962 Spencer Williams (July 14, 1893 – December 13, 1969) was an American actor and filmmaker. He portrayed Andy on TV's The Amos 'n' Andy Show and directed films including the 1941 race film The Blood of Jesus. Williams was a pioneering African-American film producer and director. Early career Williams (sometimes billed as Spencer Williams Jr.) was born in Vidalia, Louisiana. He moved to New York City as a teenager and secured work as call boy for the theatrical impresario Oscar Hammerstein. During this period, he received mentoring in comedy from the African-American vaudeville star Bert Williams. Williams studied at the University of Minnesota and served in the U.S. Army during and after World War I, rising to the rank of sergeant major, serving first as General Pershing's bugler in Mexico and, after promotion to sergeant major, as an intelligence officer in France. He arrived in Hollywood in 1923 and his involvement with films began by assisting with works by Octavus Roy Cohen. Williams snagged bit roles in motion pictures, including a part in the 1928 Buster Keaton film Steamboat Bill, Jr. He found steady work after arriving in California apart from a short period in 1926 where there were no roles for him; he then went to work as an immigration officer. In 1927, Williams was working for the First National Studio, going on location to Topaz, Arizona to shoot footage for a film called The River. In 1929, Williams was hired by producer Al Christie to create the dialogue for a series of two-reel comedy films with all-black casts. Williams gained the trust of Christie and was eventually appointed the responsibility to create The Melancholy Dame. This film is considered the first black talkie. The films, which played on racial stereotypes and used grammatically tortured dialogue, included The Framing of the Shrew, The Lady Fare, Melancholy Dame, (first Paramount all African-American cast "talkie"), Music Hath Charms, and Oft in the Silly Night. Williams wore many hats at Christie's; he was a sound technician, wrote many of the scripts and was assistant director for many of the films. He was also hired to cast African-Americans for Gloria Swanson's Queen Kelly (1928) and produced the talkie short film Hot Biskits, which he wrote and directed, in the same year. Williams also did some work for Columbia as the supervisor of their Africa Speaks recordings. Williams was also active in theater productions, taking a role in the all African-American version of Lulu Belle in 1929. Due to the pressures of the depression coupled with the lowering demand for black short films, Williams and Christie separated ways. Williams struggled for employment during the years of the Depression and would only occasionally be cast in small roles. Movies included a brief appearance in Warner Bros.’ gangster film The Public Enemy (1931) in which he was uncredited. By 1931, Williams and a partner had founded their own movie and newsreel company called the Lincoln Talking Pictures Company. The company was self-financed. Williams, who had experience in sound technology, built the equipment, including a sound truck, for his new venture. Film directing During the 1930s, Williams secured small roles in race films, a genre of low-budget, independently-produced films with all-black casts that were created solely for exhibition in racially segregated theaters. Williams also created two screenplays for race film production: the Western film Harlem Rides the Range and the horror-comedy Son of Ingagi, both released in 1939. After a three-year hiatus from show business during the Great Depression, Williams began finding work again. He was cast in Jed Buell’s Black westerns between the years of 1938 and 1940. He played character roles in such black westerns as Harlem on the Prairie (1937), Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938), The Bronze Buckaroo (1939), and Harlem Rides the Range (1939). Buell’s idea to hire Williams revolved around his ability to captivate the audience with his showmanship. Williams’ involvement in these films gave him a valuable learning experience in the black film genre. Although these films were considered to be crude films in their creation, Williams got the opportunity to start directing here and there even though his control was scarce. Alfred N. Sack, whose San Antonio, later Dallas, Texas based company Sack Amusement Enterprises produced and distributed race films, was impressed with Williams’ screenplay for Son of Ingagi and offered him the opportunity to write and direct a feature film. At that time, the only African American filmmaker was the self-financing writer/director/producer Oscar Micheaux. Besides being a film production company, Sack also had interests in movie theaters. He had more than one name for his ventures; they were also known as Sack Attractions and Harlemwood Studios. Sack produced films under all of his company's various names. With his own film projector, Williams began traveling in the southern US, showing his films to audiences there. During this time, he met William H. Kier, who was also traveling the same circuit showing films. The two formed a partnership and produced some motion pictures, training films for the Army Air Forces, as well as a film for the Catholic diocese of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Blood of Jesus Theatrical release poster for The Blood of Jesus (1941), Williams's directorial debut. Williams's resulting film, The Blood of Jesus (1941), was produced by his own company, Amegro, on a $5,000 budget using non-professional actors for his cast. It was the first film he directed and Williams also wrote the screenplay. A religious fantasy about the struggle for a dying’ Christian woman’s soul, the film was a major commercial success. Sack declared The Blood of Jesus was "possibly the most successful" race film ever made, and Williams was invited to direct additional films for Sack Amusement Enterprises. There were problems that the producers faced with the technical aspects of the film. Despite these issues, Williams used his expertise to help with the camera, special effects and symbolism. The themes that he used in the film helped the film receive praise. Religious themes, including Protestantism and Southern Baptist, helped underpin the narrative. Despite the success that The Blood of Jesus enjoyed, Williams's next film was considered an epic failure and seen by few. The attempt to create a wartime drama resulted in the film Marching On! (1943). Set with World War II as the backdrop, the film was badly made and was left in the shadow of the Army financed film The Negro Soldier (1944). Most of the narrative seen in Marching On was influenced by William’s own time in the army during World War I. Due to an uneven and uninteresting plot the film was seen as a dud and was unable to garner the social acknowledgment that Williams had hoped it would receive. Williams's next film, Go Down Death (1944), is considered to be on par with The Blood of Jesus as the best overall primitive film that Williams made. Just like that movie, Williams directed, wrote the screenplay, and acted in the film. He gained inspiration for the story of the screenplay from the fable of the same name, written by the poet James Weldon Johnson. The years after his most successful films and the years preceding his mainstream success with Amos 'n' Andy found Williams in another career rut. Rather than continuing to make film in his primitive format, he began to try to follow mainstream Hollywood conventions. Williams's attempts to conform in the film industry actually began to bog down his stories and his otherwise original films. In the next six years, Williams directed Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942), Marching On! (1943), Go Down Death (1944), Of One Blood (1944), Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946), The Girl in Room 20 (1946), Beale Street Mama (1947) and Juke Joint (1947). After working ten years in Dallas, Williams returned to Hollywood in 1950. Following the production of Juke Joint, Williams relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he joined Amos T. Hall in founding the American Business and Industrial College. Amos 'n' Andy Prior to his involvement with Amos 'n' Andy, Williams was immensely popular among the African-American audiences. U.S. radio comedians Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, who cast Williams as Andy, were able to claim that they were the ones who found Williams and gave him the chance to be seen in the limelight because he was virtually unknown amongst the white audience. In 1948, Gosden and Correll were planning to take their long-running comedy program Amos 'n Andy to television. The program focused on the misadventures of a group of African Americans in the Harlem section of New York City. Gosden and Correll were white, but played the black lead characters using racially stereotypical speech patterns. They had previously played the roles in blackface make-up for the 1930 film Check and Double Check, but the television version used an African American cast. Gosden and Correll conducted an extensive national talent search to cast the television version of Amos 'n Andy. News of the search reached Tulsa, where Williams was sought out by a local radio station that was aware of his previous work in race films. A Catholic priest, who was a radio listener and a friend, was the key to the whereabouts of Williams. He was working in Tulsa as the head of a vocational school for veterans when the casting call went out. Williams successfully auditioned for Gosden and Correll, and he was cast as Andrew H. Brown. Williams was joined in the cast by New York theater actor Alvin Childress, who was cast as Amos, and vaudeville comedian Tim Moore, who was cast as their friend George "Kingfish" Stevens. When Williams accepted the role of Andy, he returned to a familiar location; the CBS studios were built on the former site of the Christie Studios. Until Amos 'n' Andy, Williams had never worked in television. Amos 'n Andy was the first U.S. television program with an all-black cast, running for 78 episodes on CBS from 1951 to 1953. However, the program created considerable controversy, with the NAACP going to federal court to achieve an injunction to halt its premiere. In August 1953, after the program had recently left the air, there were plans to turn it into a vaudeville act with Williams, Moore and Childress reprising their television roles. It is not known if there were any performances. After the show completed its network run, CBS syndicated Amos 'n Andy to local U.S. television stations and sold the program to television networks in other countries. The program was eventually pulled from release in 1966, under pressure from civil rights groups that stated it offered a negatively distorted view of African American life. The show would not be seen on nationwide television again until 2012. While the show was still in production, Williams and Freeman Gosden clashed over the portrayal of Andy, with Gosden telling Williams he knew how Amos 'n' Andy were meant to talk. Gosden never visited the set again. Williams, along with television show cast members Tim Moore, Alvin Childress, and Lillian Randolph and her choir, began a US tour as "The TV Stars of Amos 'n' Andy" in 1956. CBS considered this a violation of their exclusivity rights for the show and its characters; the tour came to a premature end. Williams, Moore, Childress and Johnny Lee, performed a one-night show in Windsor, Ontario in 1957, apparently without any legal action being taken. Williams returned to work in stage productions. In 1958, he had a role in the Los Angeles production of Simply Heavenly; the play had a successful New York run. His last credited role was as a hospital orderly in the 1962 Italian horror production ''L'Orribile Segreto del Dottor Hitchcock. After his failed attempts to find success in the film industry once again, Williams decided to fully retire and began to live off of his pension that he was receiving from his time with the US Military. Death and legacy Williams died of a kidney ailment on December 13, 1969, at the Sawtelle Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his wife, Eula. At the time of his death, news coverage focused solely on his work as a television actor, since few white filmgoers knew of his race films. The New York Times obituary for Williams cited Amos 'n Andy but made no mention of his work as a film director. A World War I veteran, he is buried at Los Angeles National Cemetery. When friends and family from Vidalia, Louisiana were interviewed for a local newspaper article in 2001, he was remembered as a happy person, who was always singing or whistling and telling jokes. His younger cousins also recalled his generosity with them for "candy money"; just as he was seen on television as Andy, he always had his cigar. On March 31, 2010, the state of Louisiana voted to honor Williams and musician Will Haney, also from Vidalia, in a celebration on May 22 of that year. Career re-evaluation Despite his contribution as a pioneer in black American film of the 1930s and the 1940s, Williams was almost completely forgotten after his death. While even to this day his legacy doesn’t enjoy the same recognition and praise that other black film pioneers such as Oscar Micheaux, in his time, Williams was considered one of the few successful black Americans involved in the film industry during this period. Recognition for Williams’ work as a film director came years after his death, when film historians began to rediscover the race films. Some of Williams’ films were considered lost until they were located in a Tyler, Texas, warehouse in 1983. One film directed by Williams, his 1942 feature Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus, is still considered lost. There were seven films in total; they were originally shown at small gatherings throughout the South. Most film historians consider The Blood of Jesus to be Williams’ crowning achievement as a filmmaker. Dave Kehr of The New York Times called the film "magnificent" and Time magazine counted it among its "25 Most Important Films on Race." In 1991, The Blood of Jesus became the first race film to be added to the U.S. National Film Registry. Film critic Armond White named both The Blood of Jesus and Go Down Death as being "among the most spiritually adventurous movies ever made. They conveyed the moral crisis of the urban/country, blues/spiritual musical dichotomies through their documentary style and fable-like narratives." However, Williams’ films have also been the subject of criticism. Richard Corliss, writing in Time magazine, stated: "Aesthetically, much of Williams' work vacillates between inert and abysmal. The rural comedy of Juke Joint is logy, as if the heat had gotten to the movie; even the musical scenes, featuring North Texas jazzman Red Calhoun, move at the turtle tempo of Hollywood's favorite black of the period, Stepin Fetchit. And there were technical gaffes galore: in a late-night scene in Dirty Gertie, actress Francine Everett clicks on a bedside lamp and the screen actually darkens for a moment before full lights finally come up. Yet at least one Williams film, his debut Blood of Jesus (1941), has a naive grandeur to match its subject." It should also be realized that Williams often worked on a very meager budget. The Blood of Jesus was filmed for a cost of $5,000; most black films of that era had budgets of double and triple that amount. Williams began writing a book about his 55 years in show business in 1959. Filmography Williams is credited as both an actor and a director. Actor Tenderfeet (Short Film, 1928) The Melancholy Dame (Short Film, 1929) Music Hath Harms (Short Film, 1929) The Framing of the Shrew (Short Film, 1929) Oft in the Silly Night (Short Film, 1929) The Lady Fare (Short Film, 1929) Brown Gravy (Short Film, 1929) Fowl Play (Short Film, 1929) The Widow's Bite (Short Film, 1929) Georgia Rose (1930) Reno (1930) The Virginia Judge (1935) Coronado (1935) Harlem on the Prairie (1937) Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938) The Bronze Buckaroo (1939) Harlem Rides the Range (1939) Bad Boy (1939) Son of Ingagi (1940) Toppers Take a Bow (Short Film, 1941) The Blood of Jesus (1941) Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942) Of One Blood (1944) Go Down, Death! (1944) The Negro Sailor (1945) Beale Street Mama (1946) The Girl in Room 20 (1946) Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946) Juke Joint (1947) Rhapsody of Negro Life (Short Film, 1949) Amos 'n' Andy (TV Series, 78 Episodes, 1951-1955) Bourbon Street Beat (TV Series, 1 Episode, 1959) Director Hot Biskits (1931), a 10 minute comedy short he wrote, directed, and co-starred in The Blood of Jesus (1941) Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942) Marching On! (1943) Of One Blood (1944) Go Down, Death! (1944) Harlem Hotshots (Short Film, 1945) Beale Street Mama (1946) The Girl in Room 20 (1946) Jivin’ in Be-Bop (Documentary, 1946) Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946) Juke Joint (1947) Rhapsody of Negro Life (Short Films, 1949) References ^ Levette, Harry (9 August 1952). "Actor Says Andy Show Is Inspiring To Tan Players". The Afro American. Retrieved 20 September 2010. ^ a b c d "Spencer Williams". AfricanAmericans.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c "Spencer Williams". BlackPast.org. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2010. ^ a b Weisenfield, Judith, ed. (2007). Hollywood be Thy Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929–1949. University of California Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0520227743. ^ a b c "Spencer Williams: Just Call Him Andy". Baltimore Afro-American. 11 September 1954. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ a b c "The Bootleg Files: Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A." Film Threat. Retrieved 24 October 2008. ^ a b c "Amos 'n' Andy Look For Exit As They Plan New TV Show". Reading Eagle. 17 June 1951. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "Many Principals Are In Hollywood". The Afro American. 10 July 1926. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Movie Actors Return From Location". The Afro American. 21 January 1927. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ a b Bogle, Donald, ed. (2006). Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams: The Story of Black Hollywood. One World/Ballantine. p. 432. ISBN 0-345-45419-7. Retrieved 17 October 2010. ^ "Say Race Stars to Play in 'Lulu Belle'". The Afro-American. 21 December 1929. Retrieved 31 May 2011. ^ a b c d e Cripps, Thomas. "The Films of Spencer Williams." Black American Literature Forum 12.4 (1978): 128–34. St. Louis University. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. JSTOR 3041505. ^ Levette, Harry (23 May 1931). "Gossip of the Movie Lots". The Afro-American. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Levette, Harry (11 April 1931). "Gossip of the Movie Lots". The Afro-American. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Levette, Harry (28 March 1931). "Gossip of the Movie Lots". The Afro-American. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Spiritual Series: Shorts to Tell Song History". The Afro American. 23 March 1940. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Film Industry". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 14 June 2011. ^ a b Corliss, Richard (13 May 2002). "Black Cinema: Micheaux Must Go On". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. ^ a b "Black Filmmaking". Texas State Historical Association Online. Retrieved 14 June 2011. ^ "The Blood of Jesus". Turner Classic Movies Archives. ^ Giles, Mark. "The Blood of Jesus: Timeless Black Values." Black Camera 15.1 (2000): 6–7. Indiana University Press. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. JSTOR 27761551. ^ "A Riot Of Laughs!". Waycross Journal-Herald. 10 May 1947. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Spencer Williams Back to Hollywood". Washington Afro American. 24 January 1950. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ "Movie Reviews". The New York Times. 2023-02-21. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-22. ^ a b Andrews, Bart and Ahrgus Juilliard. "Holy Mackerel!: The Amos ‘n' Andy Show." New York: E.P Dutton, 1986. ^ "Radio's Veteran Comics Smash Hit on Television". Eugene Register-Guard. 14 April 1954. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ a b c d Clayton, Edward T. (October 1961). The Tragedy of Amos 'n' Andy. Ebony. Retrieved 27 September 2010. ^ Hawes, William, ed. (2001). Filmed Television Drama 1952–1958. McFarland. p. 304. ISBN 0-7864-1132-5. Retrieved 10 October 2010. ^ Quigg, Jack (10 June 1951). "Declare: 'TV not for us'". Youngstown Vindicator. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ "Amos And Andy Name Subs For Television Roles". St. Petersburg Times. 18 June 1951. Retrieved 11 October 2010. ^ a b Williams Dies: Was TV's Andy Of Amos 'n' Andy. Jet. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ a b "Amos 'n Andy Show". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. ^ "'Amos 'n' Andy' Set for Vaude". Baltimore Afro-American. 4 August 1953. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ Gardiner, John (25 June 1957). "The Theatre and its People". The Windsor Daily Star. Retrieved 12 March 2011. ^ Von Blon, Katherine (18 February 1958). "'Simply Heavenly' Joyous New Musical". LA Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ""Simply Heavenly," sung by Everdinne Wilson and Robert DeCoy, was most appealing. ... Spencer Williams was, of course, his own inimitable self, ... (pay-per-view) ^ Von Blon, Katherine (9 January 1959). "Little Theater Year Viewed In Retrospect". LA Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011. "Spencer Williams and Bob de Coy scored in the colored review Simply Heavenly at the Carmel Theater." (pay-per-view) ^ "Simply Heavenly". Guide to Musical Theatre. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ "L'Orribile Segreto del Dottor Hitchcock". AllMovie. ^ "TV Andy's Rites Today". The Bridgeport Telegram. 17 December 1969. p. 41. Retrieved 8 January 2017 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Spencer Williams Jr., Andy In 'Amos 'n' Andy TV Series". New York Times,(fee access required). 24 December 1969. ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. (2 volume set). McFarland. p. 813. ISBN 978-1-4766-2599-7. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ Bruce, Tracey (21 February 2001). "Williams leaves mark in TV and film". The Concordia Sentinel. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ Handsacker, Gene (29 July 1951). "Hollywood Sights and Sounds". Prescott Evening Courier. Retrieved 20 April 2011. ^ Hogan, Vershal (31 March 2010). "State to honor Ferriday's Haney". The Natchez Democrat. Retrieved 14 June 2011. ^ Moon, Spencer. Reel Black Talk. Greenwood, 1997. Print. ^ Duncan, Melba J. The Complete Idiot's Guide to African American History. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha, 2003. Print. ^ Early Black Film Collection Found In Texas Warehouse. Jet. 27 February 1984. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ Berry, Torriano, ed. (2001). The 50 Most Influential Black Films. ISBN 9780806521336. ^ Kehr, Dave (1 October 2004). "A Troubled Past, but Promise for the Future". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. ^ "The 25 Most Important Films on Race". Time Magazine. 2007. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. ^ Andrews, Robert M. (26 September 1991). "Library of Congress Adds 25 More Films to Classics Collection". Times Daily. Retrieved 20 May 2011. ^ "What Ice Cube Needs to Know". Africana.com. 13 February 2004. ^ Eagan, Daniel, ed. (2009). America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry. Continuum Publishing Group. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-8264-2977-3. Retrieved 14 June 2011. ^ New York Beat. Jet. 10 September 1959. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ "Star Gazing". Baltimore Afro-American. 15 September 1959. Retrieved 11 March 2011. ^ "Spencer Williams Filmography". Internet Movie Database. Amazon. Retrieved 2014-12-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spencer Williams (actor). Spencer Williams at IMDb Spencer Williams at AllMovie Spencer Williams at the TCM Movie Database Spencer Williams at Find a Grave Spencer Williams: Remembrances of an Early Black Film Pioneer 1996 video Watch Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy Video by Hulu Go Down, Death! Spencer Williams 1944 Film Free Download at Internet Archive The Blood of Jesus Spencer Williams 1941 Film Free Download at Internet Archive vteAmos 'n' AndyRadio cast Charles Correll Freeman Gosden James Baskett Elinor Harriot Johnny Lee Madaline Lee Lillian Randolph Ernestine Wade Barbara Jean Wong Television cast Tim Moore Nick Stewart Amanda Randolph Lillian Randolph Ernestine Wade Spencer Williams Jr. Alvin Childress Ruby Dandridge Dudley Dickerson Roy Glenn Jester Hairston Kim Hamilton Theresa Harris Johnny Lee Jeni Le Gon Sam McDaniel Bill Walker Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spencer Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Williams"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV"},{"link_name":"The Amos 'n' Andy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy#Television"},{"link_name":"race film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_film"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the composer, see Spencer Williams.Spencer Williams (July 14, 1893 – December 13, 1969) was an American actor and filmmaker. He portrayed Andy on TV's The Amos 'n' Andy Show and directed films including the 1941 race film The Blood of Jesus. Williams was a pioneering African-American film producer and director.[1]","title":"Spencer Williams Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vidalia, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidalia,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"call boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_boy_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_I"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Bert Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Past-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"sergeant major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_major_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"General Pershing's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTN-4"},{"link_name":"Octavus Roy Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavus_Roy_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-5"},{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Bill, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Bill,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Al Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Christie"},{"link_name":"two-reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold-7"},{"link_name":"The Melancholy Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_Dame"},{"link_name":"The Framing of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Framing_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"The Lady Fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_Fare"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Past-3"},{"link_name":"Music Hath Charms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hath_Charms"},{"link_name":"Oft in the Silly Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oft_in_the_Silly_Night"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"Gloria Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Swanson"},{"link_name":"Queen Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Hot Biskits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Biskits"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bright-10"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Africa Speaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Speaks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"The Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Enemy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Williams (sometimes billed as Spencer Williams Jr.) was born in Vidalia, Louisiana. He moved to New York City as a teenager and secured work as call boy for the theatrical impresario Oscar Hammerstein. During this period, he received mentoring in comedy from the African-American vaudeville star Bert Williams.[2]Williams studied at the University of Minnesota[3] and served in the U.S. Army during and after World War I, rising to the rank of sergeant major, serving first as General Pershing's bugler in Mexico and, after promotion to sergeant major, as an intelligence officer in France.[4]He arrived in Hollywood in 1923 and his involvement with films began by assisting with works by Octavus Roy Cohen.[5] Williams snagged bit roles in motion pictures, including a part in the 1928 Buster Keaton film Steamboat Bill, Jr.[6][7] He found steady work after arriving in California apart from a short period in 1926 where there were no roles for him; he then went to work as an immigration officer.[8] In 1927, Williams was working for the First National Studio, going on location to Topaz, Arizona to shoot footage for a film called The River.[9]In 1929, Williams was hired by producer Al Christie to create the dialogue for a series of two-reel comedy films with all-black casts.[7] Williams gained the trust of Christie and was eventually appointed the responsibility to create The Melancholy Dame. This film is considered the first black talkie. The films, which played on racial stereotypes and used grammatically tortured dialogue, included The Framing of the Shrew, The Lady Fare, Melancholy Dame, (first Paramount all African-American cast \"talkie\"),[3] Music Hath Charms, and Oft in the Silly Night.[2] Williams wore many hats at Christie's; he was a sound technician, wrote many of the scripts and was assistant director for many of the films. He was also hired to cast African-Americans for Gloria Swanson's Queen Kelly (1928) and produced the talkie short film Hot Biskits, which he wrote and directed, in the same year.[10] Williams also did some work for Columbia as the supervisor of their Africa Speaks recordings.[5] Williams was also active in theater productions, taking a role in the all African-American version of Lulu Belle in 1929.[11]Due to the pressures of the depression coupled with the lowering demand for black short films, Williams and Christie separated ways. Williams struggled for employment during the years of the Depression and would only occasionally be cast in small roles. Movies included a brief appearance in Warner Bros.’ gangster film The Public Enemy (1931) in which he was uncredited.[12]By 1931, Williams and a partner had founded their own movie and newsreel company called the Lincoln Talking Pictures Company. The company was self-financed.[13] Williams, who had experience in sound technology, built the equipment, including a sound truck, for his new venture.[14][15]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_film"},{"link_name":"Harlem Rides the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Rides_the_Range"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Son of Ingagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Ingagi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harlem on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_on_the_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Two-Gun Man from Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Gun_Man_from_Harlem"},{"link_name":"The Bronze Buckaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronze_Buckaroo"},{"link_name":"Harlem Rides the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Rides_the_Range"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred N. Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_N._Sack"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Oscar Micheaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sack1-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-5"}],"text":"During the 1930s, Williams secured small roles in race films, a genre of low-budget, independently-produced films with all-black casts that were created solely for exhibition in racially segregated theaters. Williams also created two screenplays for race film production: the Western film Harlem Rides the Range and the horror-comedy Son of Ingagi, both released in 1939.[6][16]After a three-year hiatus from show business during the Great Depression, Williams began finding work again. He was cast in Jed Buell’s Black westerns between the years of 1938 and 1940. He played character roles in such black westerns as Harlem on the Prairie (1937), Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938), The Bronze Buckaroo (1939), and Harlem Rides the Range (1939). Buell’s idea to hire Williams revolved around his ability to captivate the audience with his showmanship. Williams’ involvement in these films gave him a valuable learning experience in the black film genre. Although these films were considered to be crude films in their creation, Williams got the opportunity to start directing here and there even though his control was scarce.[12]Alfred N. Sack, whose San Antonio, later Dallas, Texas based company Sack Amusement Enterprises produced and distributed race films, was impressed with Williams’ screenplay for Son of Ingagi and offered him the opportunity to write and direct a feature film.[6][17] At that time, the only African American filmmaker was the self-financing writer/director/producer Oscar Micheaux.[18] Besides being a film production company, Sack also had interests in movie theaters. He had more than one name for his ventures; they were also known as Sack Attractions and Harlemwood Studios. Sack produced films under all of his company's various names.[19]With his own film projector, Williams began traveling in the southern US, showing his films to audiences there. During this time, he met William H. Kier, who was also traveling the same circuit showing films. The two formed a partnership and produced some motion pictures, training films for the Army Air Forces, as well as a film for the Catholic diocese of Tulsa, Oklahoma.[5]","title":"Film directing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Blood_of_Jesus_(1941_poster).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Past-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Marching On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_On!"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"The Negro Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Soldier"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-12"},{"link_name":"Go Down Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down_Death"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"James Weldon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-12"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Martin:_Servant_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Marching On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_On!"},{"link_name":"Go Down Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down_Death"},{"link_name":"Of One Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_One_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Gertie_from_Harlem_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"The Girl in Room 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_Room_20"},{"link_name":"Beale Street Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Street_Mama"},{"link_name":"Juke Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Joint_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HTN-4"}],"text":"Theatrical release poster for The Blood of Jesus (1941), Williams's directorial debut.Williams's resulting film, The Blood of Jesus (1941), was produced by his own company, Amegro, on a $5,000 budget using non-professional actors for his cast. It was the first film he directed and Williams also wrote the screenplay. A religious fantasy about the struggle for a dying’ Christian woman’s soul, the film was a major commercial success.[3] Sack declared The Blood of Jesus was \"possibly the most successful\" race film ever made,[20] and Williams was invited to direct additional films for Sack Amusement Enterprises.There were problems that the producers faced with the technical aspects of the film. Despite these issues, Williams used his expertise to help with the camera, special effects and symbolism. The themes that he used in the film helped the film receive praise. Religious themes, including Protestantism and Southern Baptist, helped underpin the narrative.[21]Despite the success that The Blood of Jesus enjoyed, Williams's next film was considered an epic failure and seen by few. The attempt to create a wartime drama resulted in the film Marching On! (1943). Set with World War II as the backdrop, the film was badly made and was left in the shadow of the Army financed film The Negro Soldier (1944). Most of the narrative seen in Marching On was influenced by William’s own time in the army during World War I. Due to an uneven and uninteresting plot the film was seen as a dud and was unable to garner the social acknowledgment that Williams had hoped it would receive.[12]Williams's next film, Go Down Death (1944), is considered to be on par with The Blood of Jesus as the best overall primitive film that Williams made. Just like that movie, Williams directed, wrote the screenplay, and acted in the film. He gained inspiration for the story of the screenplay from the fable of the same name, written by the poet James Weldon Johnson.[12]The years after his most successful films and the years preceding his mainstream success with Amos 'n' Andy found Williams in another career rut. Rather than continuing to make film in his primitive format, he began to try to follow mainstream Hollywood conventions. Williams's attempts to conform in the film industry actually began to bog down his stories and his otherwise original films.In the next six years, Williams directed Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942), Marching On! (1943), Go Down Death (1944), Of One Blood (1944), Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946), The Girl in Room 20 (1946), Beale Street Mama (1947) and Juke Joint (1947).[2][22] After working ten years in Dallas, Williams returned to Hollywood in 1950.[23]Following the production of Juke Joint, Williams relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he joined Amos T. Hall in founding the American Business and Industrial College.[4]","title":"The Blood of Jesus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Freeman Gosden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Gosden"},{"link_name":"Charles Correll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correll"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n_Andy"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"blackface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface"},{"link_name":"Check and Double Check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_and_Double_Check"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HM-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tragedy-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold-7"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Alvin Childress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Childress"},{"link_name":"Tim Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Moore_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HM-25"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Christie Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Studios"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bright-10"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jet-31"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-32"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tragedy-27"},{"link_name":"Lillian Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Randolph"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tragedy-27"},{"link_name":"Windsor, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"'L'Orribile Segreto del Dottor Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27L%27Orribile_Segreto_del_Dottor_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"US Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Military"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor.org-12"}],"text":"Prior to his involvement with Amos 'n' Andy, Williams was immensely popular among the African-American audiences. U.S. radio comedians Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, who cast Williams as Andy, were able to claim that they were the ones who found Williams and gave him the chance to be seen in the limelight because he was virtually unknown amongst the white audience.[24]In 1948, Gosden and Correll were planning to take their long-running comedy program Amos 'n Andy to television. The program focused on the misadventures of a group of African Americans in the Harlem section of New York City. Gosden and Correll were white, but played the black lead characters using racially stereotypical speech patterns. They had previously played the roles in blackface make-up for the 1930 film Check and Double Check, but the television version used an African American cast.[25]Gosden and Correll conducted an extensive national talent search to cast the television version of Amos 'n Andy. News of the search reached Tulsa, where Williams was sought out by a local radio station that was aware of his previous work in race films.[26][27] A Catholic priest, who was a radio listener and a friend, was the key to the whereabouts of Williams.[28] He was working in Tulsa as the head of a vocational school for veterans when the casting call went out.[7] Williams successfully auditioned for Gosden and Correll, and he was cast as Andrew H. Brown.[29] Williams was joined in the cast by New York theater actor Alvin Childress, who was cast as Amos, and vaudeville comedian Tim Moore, who was cast as their friend George \"Kingfish\" Stevens.[25][30] When Williams accepted the role of Andy, he returned to a familiar location; the CBS studios were built on the former site of the Christie Studios.[10] Until Amos 'n' Andy, Williams had never worked in television.[31]\t\t\nAmos 'n Andy was the first U.S. television program with an all-black cast, running for 78 episodes on CBS from 1951 to 1953.[32] However, the program created considerable controversy, with the NAACP going to federal court to achieve an injunction to halt its premiere. In August 1953, after the program had recently left the air, there were plans to turn it into a vaudeville act with Williams, Moore and Childress reprising their television roles. It is not known if there were any performances.[33] After the show completed its network run, CBS syndicated Amos 'n Andy to local U.S. television stations and sold the program to television networks in other countries. The program was eventually pulled from release in 1966, under pressure from civil rights groups that stated it offered a negatively distorted view of African American life. The show would not be seen on nationwide television again until 2012.[32]While the show was still in production, Williams and Freeman Gosden clashed over the portrayal of Andy, with Gosden telling Williams he knew how Amos 'n' Andy were meant to talk. Gosden never visited the set again.[27]Williams, along with television show cast members Tim Moore, Alvin Childress, and Lillian Randolph and her choir, began a US tour as \"The TV Stars of Amos 'n' Andy\" in 1956. CBS considered this a violation of their exclusivity rights for the show and its characters; the tour came to a premature end.[27] Williams, Moore, Childress and Johnny Lee, performed a one-night show in Windsor, Ontario in 1957, apparently without any legal action being taken.[34]Williams returned to work in stage productions. In 1958, he had a role in the Los Angeles production of Simply Heavenly; the play had a successful New York run.[35][36][37] His last credited role was as a hospital orderly in the 1962 Italian horror production ''L'Orribile Segreto del Dottor Hitchcock.[38]After his failed attempts to find success in the film industry once again, Williams decided to fully retire and began to live off of his pension that he was receiving from his time with the US Military.[12]","title":"Amos 'n' Andy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jet-31"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remembered-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Williams died of a kidney ailment on December 13, 1969, at the Sawtelle Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, California.[31] He was survived by his wife, Eula.[39] At the time of his death, news coverage focused solely on his work as a television actor, since few white filmgoers knew of his race films. The New York Times obituary for Williams cited Amos 'n Andy but made no mention of his work as a film director.[40] A World War I veteran, he is buried at Los Angeles National Cemetery.[41]When friends and family from Vidalia, Louisiana were interviewed for a local newspaper article in 2001, he was remembered as a happy person, who was always singing or whistling and telling jokes. His younger cousins also recalled his generosity with them for \"candy money\"; just as he was seen on television as Andy, he always had his cigar.[42][43] On March 31, 2010, the state of Louisiana voted to honor Williams and musician Will Haney, also from Vidalia, in a celebration on May 22 of that year.[44]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Oscar Micheaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sack1-19"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tragedy-27"},{"link_name":"Dave Kehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Kehr"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"National Film Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Registry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Armond White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armond_White"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Richard Corliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corliss"},{"link_name":"Stepin Fetchit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepin_Fetchit"},{"link_name":"Francine Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Everett"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM-18"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Despite his contribution as a pioneer in black American film of the 1930s and the 1940s, Williams was almost completely forgotten after his death.[45]\nWhile even to this day his legacy doesn’t enjoy the same recognition and praise that other black film pioneers such as Oscar Micheaux, in his time, Williams was considered one of the few successful black Americans involved in the film industry during this period.[46]\nRecognition for Williams’ work as a film director came years after his death, when film historians began to rediscover the race films. Some of Williams’ films were considered lost until they were located in a Tyler, Texas, warehouse in 1983.[19][47] One film directed by Williams, his 1942 feature Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus, is still considered lost.[48] There were seven films in total; they were originally shown at small gatherings throughout the South.[27]Most film historians consider The Blood of Jesus to be Williams’ crowning achievement as a filmmaker. Dave Kehr of The New York Times called the film \"magnificent\"[49] and Time magazine counted it among its \"25 Most Important Films on Race.\"[50] In 1991, The Blood of Jesus became the first race film to be added to the U.S. National Film Registry.[2][51]Film critic Armond White named both The Blood of Jesus and Go Down Death as being \"among the most spiritually adventurous movies ever made. They conveyed the moral crisis of the urban/country, blues/spiritual musical dichotomies through their documentary style and fable-like narratives.\"[52]However, Williams’ films have also been the subject of criticism. Richard Corliss, writing in Time magazine, stated: \"Aesthetically, much of Williams' work vacillates between inert and abysmal. The rural comedy of Juke Joint is logy, as if the heat had gotten to the movie; even the musical scenes, featuring North Texas jazzman Red Calhoun, move at the turtle tempo of Hollywood's favorite black of the period, Stepin Fetchit. And there were technical gaffes galore: in a late-night scene in Dirty Gertie, actress Francine Everett clicks on a bedside lamp and the screen actually darkens for a moment before full lights finally come up. Yet at least one Williams film, his debut Blood of Jesus (1941), has a naive grandeur to match its subject.\"[18] It should also be realized that Williams often worked on a very meager budget. The Blood of Jesus was filmed for a cost of $5,000; most black films of that era had budgets of double and triple that amount.[53]Williams began writing a book about his 55 years in show business in 1959.[54][55]","title":"Career re-evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Williams is credited as both an actor and a director.[56]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenderfeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenderfeet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Melancholy Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_Dame"},{"link_name":"Music Hath Harms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hath_Harms"},{"link_name":"The Framing of the Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Framing_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"Oft in the Silly Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oft_in_the_Silly_Night"},{"link_name":"The Lady Fare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_Fare"},{"link_name":"Brown Gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Gravy"},{"link_name":"The Widow's Bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Widow%27s_Bite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Rose"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno"},{"link_name":"The Virginia Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginia_Judge"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Harlem on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_on_the_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Two-Gun Man from Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Gun_Man_from_Harlem"},{"link_name":"The Bronze Buckaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronze_Buckaroo"},{"link_name":"Harlem Rides the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Rides_the_Range"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Son of Ingagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Ingagi"},{"link_name":"Toppers Take a Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toppers_Take_a_Bow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Martin:_Servant_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Of One Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_One_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Go Down, Death!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down,_Death!"},{"link_name":"The Negro Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Sailor"},{"link_name":"Beale Street Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Street_Mama"},{"link_name":"The Girl in Room 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_Room_20"},{"link_name":"Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Gertie_from_Harlem_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"Juke Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Joint_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rhapsody of Negro Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Negro_Life"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Street Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Street_Beat"}],"sub_title":"Actor","text":"Tenderfeet (Short Film, 1928)\nThe Melancholy Dame (Short Film, 1929)\nMusic Hath Harms (Short Film, 1929)\nThe Framing of the Shrew (Short Film, 1929)\nOft in the Silly Night (Short Film, 1929)\nThe Lady Fare (Short Film, 1929)\nBrown Gravy (Short Film, 1929)\nFowl Play (Short Film, 1929)\nThe Widow's Bite (Short Film, 1929)\nGeorgia Rose (1930)\nReno (1930)\nThe Virginia Judge (1935)\nCoronado (1935)\nHarlem on the Prairie (1937)\nTwo-Gun Man from Harlem (1938)\nThe Bronze Buckaroo (1939)\nHarlem Rides the Range (1939)\nBad Boy (1939)\nSon of Ingagi (1940)\nToppers Take a Bow (Short Film, 1941)\nThe Blood of Jesus (1941)\nBrother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942)\nOf One Blood (1944)\nGo Down, Death! (1944)\nThe Negro Sailor (1945)\nBeale Street Mama (1946)\nThe Girl in Room 20 (1946)\nDirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946)\nJuke Joint (1947)\nRhapsody of Negro Life (Short Film, 1949)\nAmos 'n' Andy (TV Series, 78 Episodes, 1951-1955)\nBourbon Street Beat (TV Series, 1 Episode, 1959)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Biskits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Biskits"},{"link_name":"The Blood of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Martin:_Servant_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Marching On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_On!"},{"link_name":"Of One Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_One_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Go Down, Death!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Down,_Death!"},{"link_name":"Harlem Hotshots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Hotshots"},{"link_name":"Beale Street Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Street_Mama"},{"link_name":"The Girl in Room 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_in_Room_20"},{"link_name":"Jivin’ in Be-Bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivin%E2%80%99_in_Be-Bop"},{"link_name":"Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Gertie_from_Harlem_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"Juke Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_Joint_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rhapsody of Negro Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Negro_Life"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"Hot Biskits (1931), a 10 minute comedy short he wrote, directed, and co-starred in\nThe Blood of Jesus (1941)\nBrother Martin: Servant of Jesus (1942)\nMarching On! (1943)\nOf One Blood (1944)\nGo Down, Death! (1944)\nHarlem Hotshots (Short Film, 1945)\nBeale Street Mama (1946)\nThe Girl in Room 20 (1946)\nJivin’ in Be-Bop (Documentary, 1946)\nDirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A. (1946)\nJuke Joint (1947)\nRhapsody of Negro Life (Short Films, 1949)","title":"Filmography"}]

[{"image_text":"Theatrical release poster for The Blood of Jesus (1941), Williams's directorial debut.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Blood_of_Jesus_%281941_poster%29.jpg/220px-The_Blood_of_Jesus_%281941_poster%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Levette, Harry (9 August 1952). \"Actor Says Andy Show Is Inspiring To Tan Players\". The Afro American. Retrieved 20 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=teklAAAAIBAJ&pg=3532,43351&dq=ernestine+wade&hl=en","url_text":"\"Actor Says Andy Show Is Inspiring To Tan Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer Williams\". AfricanAmericans.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090101085303/http://www.africanamericans.com/SpencerWilliams.htm","url_text":"\"Spencer Williams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer Williams\". BlackPast.org. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/williams-spencer-1893-1969","url_text":"\"Spencer Williams\""}]},{"reference":"Weisenfield, Judith, ed. (2007). Hollywood be Thy Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929–1949. University of California Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0520227743.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QNV9LeA4QGcC&q=%22Spencer+Williams%22+tulsa&pg=PA271","url_text":"Hollywood be Thy Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929–1949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520227743","url_text":"978-0520227743"}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer Williams: Just Call Him Andy\". Baltimore Afro-American. 11 September 1954. Retrieved 11 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-lVAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3248,665704&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en","url_text":"\"Spencer Williams: Just Call Him Andy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bootleg Files: Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.\" Film Threat. Retrieved 24 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=features&Id=2261","url_text":"\"The Bootleg Files: Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amos 'n' Andy Look For Exit As They Plan New TV Show\". Reading Eagle. 17 June 1951. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=128zAAAAIBAJ&pg=4147,289289&dq=tim+moore&hl=en","url_text":"\"Amos 'n' Andy Look For Exit As They Plan New TV Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Many Principals Are In Hollywood\". The Afro American. 10 July 1926. Retrieved 11 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vzQmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1783,231458&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en","url_text":"\"Many Principals Are In Hollywood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Actors Return From Location\". The Afro American. 21 January 1927. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jQmAAAAIBAJ&pg=5126,4030558&dq=spencer+williams&hl=en","url_text":"\"Movie Actors Return From Location\""}]},{"reference":"Bogle, Donald, ed. (2006). Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams: The Story of Black Hollywood. One World/Ballantine. p. 432. ISBN 0-345-45419-7. Retrieved 17 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BI-lsA0gWRYC&q=lillian+randolph&pg=PT236","url_text":"Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams: The Story of Black Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-45419-7","url_text":"0-345-45419-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Say Race Stars to Play in 'Lulu Belle'\". The Afro-American. 21 December 1929. 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(26 September 1991). \"Library of Congress Adds 25 More Films to Classics Collection\". Times Daily. Retrieved 20 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pEweAAAAIBAJ&pg=1308,3978561&dq=the+blood+of+jesus+film&hl=en","url_text":"\"Library of Congress Adds 25 More Films to Classics Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Ice Cube Needs to Know\". Africana.com. 13 February 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alternet.org/movies/17849/?page=2","url_text":"\"What Ice Cube Needs to Know\""}]},{"reference":"Eagan, Daniel, ed. (2009). America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry. Continuum Publishing Group. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-8264-2977-3. 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Spencer Williams 1944 Film Free Download at Internet Archive"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blood_of_jesus","external_links_name":"The Blood of Jesus Spencer Williams 1941 Film Free Download at Internet Archive"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/432174/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9476156","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRkhG8YrRGgHWfdRTrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1185652469","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99026362","external_links_name":"United States"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SproutCore

SproutCore

["1 Development","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]

Open-source JavaScript web framework SproutCoreA demo application of SproutCoreDeveloper(s)Strobe Inc., Sproutit, Apple Inc. and community.Initial release2010 (2010)Stable release1.11.0 / February 2, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-02-02) Repositorygithub.com/sproutcore/sproutcore Written inRuby/JavaScriptOperating systemCross-platformLicenseMIT LicenseWebsitewww.sproutcore.com Free and open-source software portal SproutCore is an open-source JavaScript web framework. Its goal is to allow developers to create web applications with advanced capabilities and a user experience comparable to that of desktop applications. When developing a SproutCore application, all code is written in JavaScript. A notable fork of SproutCore is Ember.js. Both projects are maintained separately and have taken different directions. Development SproutCore, initially created in 2007 by Sproutit as the basis for their Mailroom application, is available under the MIT License. Apple announced MobileMe at WWDC in 2008, noting that much of it was built using SproutCore. Apple has contributed greatly to the project as part of a Web 2.0 initiative. SproutCore was also used at iWork.com, the online extension of the iWork productivity software by Apple. The latest major stable SproutCore release is 1.8, released on March 7, 2012, with many bug fixes, several new features, and documentation updates. Release 1.6 was largely a bugfix release, building on the previous 1.5 release. SproutCore 1.5 contained significant updates to view layers, added a new CSS parser that builds off of SCSS, WAI-ARIA support, modular loading, and additional features. The previous major release, SproutCore 1.4, included touch support for mobile devices, released on September 20, 2010. In June 2010, the creator of SproutCore, Charles Jolley, left Apple to start Strobe Inc., which provides SproutCore support and continues development. In May 2011, the SproutCore team announced SproutCore 2.0, a rebuilt version of the framework designed to expose the MVC underpinnings without requiring developers to use the included widget set. The team also emphasized the importance of reducing file size to support developing applications for mobile devices. In July 2011, a new project, SproutCore UI, was announced. SproutCore UI is designed to provide common user interface elements for developers targeting mobile devices. In November 2011 Facebook acquired the Strobe team in a deal Facebook described as a talent acquisition. SproutCore 1.x codebase would continue releasing and was under active development by the core team and SproutCore community. Appnovation Technologies currently provides community support for SproutCore. Notes ^ Blog Post about SproutCore Sites ^ "Announcing SproutCore 1.8! – SproutCore". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. ^ Blog post about 1.4 release ^ Blog post about Strobe ^ "Announcing SproutCore 2.0 Developer Preview – SproutCore". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-28. ^ "SproutCore UI – An Introduction – SproutCore". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. ^ Blog post The Strobe Team is Moving to Facebook ^ "Facebook Picks Up Apple Alum's HTML5 Start-Up, Strobe". AllThingsD. Retrieved 2021-08-05. ^ Stated in SproutCore 1.8 release note, March 7, 2012. ^ "SproutCore Community Support | SproutCore Partner | Appnovation". www.appnovation.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. References "Apple adopting SproutCore for web applications". Macrumors. 2008-06-16. "Apple's open secret: SproutCore is Cocoa for the web". Appleinsider. 2008-06-16. "Want to try out Apple's MobileMe? Check out SproutCore". Techcrunch. 2008-06-09. "Cocoa for Windows+Flash killer=SproutCore". Roughly Drafted. 2008-06-14. External links Official website vteRich Internet ApplicationsBasic frameworks Adobe Flash Apache Flex Apache Pivot Cappuccino Curl Google Web Toolkit JavaFX Lively Kernel Moonlight Silverlight OpenLaszlo Qt Quick SproutCore XULRunner Site-specific browsers AIR Curl Fluid Gollum Google Chrome Gears Mozilla Prism WebCatalog Category List of frameworks vteWeb frameworks Comparison .NET ASP.NET Core AJAX Dynamic Data MVC Razor Web Forms Blazor DNN BFC MonoRail Umbraco WebSharper C++ CppCMS Drogon Wt ColdFusion ColdBox Platform Common Lisp CL-HTTP Haskell Servant Snap Yesod Java AppFuse Grails GWT ICEfaces JHipster JWt Mojarra Play Remote Application Platform Seam Sling Spring Stripes Struts Tapestry Vaadin Vert.x Wicket WaveMaker ZK JavaScript Angular/AngularJS Backbone.js Closure Dojo Toolkit Ember.js Express.js Ext JS jQuery Knockout.js Meteor MooTools Next.js Node.js OpenUI5 Prototype React Remix Sencha Touch SproutCore Svelte Vue.js Perl Catalyst Dancer Maypole Mojolicious WebGUI PHP CakePHP CodeIgniter Drupal eZ Publish Fat-Free Flow FuelPHP Grav Gyroscope Horde Joomla! Laminas Laravel li₃ Midgard MODX Phalcon PHP-Fusion PHP-Nuke Pop PHP PRADO ProcessWire Qcodo Silverstripe Symfony TYPO3 WordPress XOOPS Yii Python BlueBream CherryPy CubicWeb Django FastAPI Flask Grok Nevow Pyjs Pylons Pyramid Quixote TACTIC Tornado TurboGears web2py Zope 2 more... Ruby Merb Padrino Ruby on Rails Sinatra Rust Rocket Scala Lift Play Scalatra Smalltalk AIDA/Web Seaside Other languages Application Express (PL/SQL) Grails (Groovy) OpenACS (Tcl) Phoenix (Elixir) SproutCore (JavaScript-Ruby) Yaws (Erlang) vteECMAScriptDialects ActionScript Caja JavaScript engines asm.js JScript JScript .NET QtScript TypeScript WMLScript Engines(comparison) Carakan Futhark InScript JavaScriptCore JScript KJS Linear B QtScript Rhino SpiderMonkey TraceMonkey JägerMonkey Tamarin V8 ChakraCore Chakra JScript .NET Nashorn FrameworksClient-side Dojo Echo Ext JS Google Web Toolkit jQuery Lively Kernel midori MochiKit MooTools Prototype Pyjs qooxdoo SproutCore Spry Wakanda Framework Server-side Node.js Deno Bun Jaxer AppJet WakandaDB Multiple Cappuccino Libraries Backbone.js SWFObject Underscore.js People Brendan Eich Douglas Crockford John Resig Scott Isaacs Other DHTML Ecma International JSDoc JSGI JSHint JSLint JSON JSSS Sputnik SunSpider Asynchronous module definition CommonJS Lists JavaScript libraries Ajax frameworks Comparisons JavaScript frameworks server-side JavaScript vteSoftware in the Public InterestPeople Martin Michlmayr (President) Bdale Garbee Projects 0 A.D. Arch Linux Debian Drizzle Drupal FFmpeg Fluxbox freedesktop.org FreedomBox Gallery Project GNU TeXmacs GNUstep Jenkins LibreOffice MinGW Open and Free Technology Community Open Bioinformatics Foundation Open64 OpenEmbedded OpenVAS OpenWrt OpenZFS PostgreSQL Privoxy SproutCore X.Org Foundation YafaRay

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A notable fork of SproutCore is Ember.js. Both projects are maintained separately and have taken different directions.","title":"SproutCore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sproutit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sproutit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MIT License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"MobileMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MobileMe"},{"link_name":"WWDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDC"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"},{"link_name":"iWork.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWork.com"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"productivity software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_software"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SCSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sass_(stylesheet_language)"},{"link_name":"WAI-ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAI-ARIA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Appnovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appnovation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"SproutCore, initially created in 2007 by Sproutit as the basis for their Mailroom application, is available under the MIT License.Apple announced MobileMe at WWDC in 2008, noting that much of it was built using SproutCore. Apple has contributed greatly to the project as part of a Web 2.0 initiative. SproutCore was also used at iWork.com,[1] the online extension of the iWork productivity software by Apple.The latest major stable SproutCore release is 1.8, released on March 7, 2012,[2] with many bug fixes, several new features, and documentation updates. Release 1.6 was largely a bugfix release, building on the previous 1.5 release. SproutCore 1.5 contained significant updates to view layers, added a new CSS parser that builds off of SCSS, WAI-ARIA support, modular loading, and additional features. The previous major release, SproutCore 1.4, included touch support for mobile devices, released on September 20, 2010.[3]In June 2010, the creator of SproutCore, Charles Jolley, left Apple to start Strobe Inc., which provides SproutCore support and continues development.[4]In May 2011, the SproutCore team announced SproutCore 2.0, a rebuilt version of the framework designed to expose the MVC underpinnings without requiring developers to use the included widget set. The team also emphasized the importance of reducing file size to support developing applications for mobile devices.[5]In July 2011, a new project, SproutCore UI, was announced. SproutCore UI is designed to provide common user interface elements for developers targeting mobile devices.[6]In November 2011 Facebook acquired the Strobe team[7] in a deal Facebook described as a talent acquisition.[8]SproutCore 1.x codebase would continue releasing and was under active development by the core team and SproutCore community.[9]Appnovation Technologies currently provides community support[10] for SproutCore.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Blog Post about SproutCore Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.appnovation.com/top-8-best-looking-sproutcore-websites"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Announcing SproutCore 1.8! – SproutCore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120329194044/http://blog.sproutcore.com/announcing-sproutcore-1-8"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.sproutcore.com/announcing-sproutcore-1-8/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Blog post about 1.4 release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.sproutcore.com/2010/09/20/announcing-sproutcore-14.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Blog post about Strobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.sproutcore.com/post/756343010/the-next-revolution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Announcing SproutCore 2.0 Developer Preview – SproutCore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110528013634/http://blog.sproutcore.com/announcing-sproutcore-2-0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.sproutcore.com/announcing-sproutcore-2-0/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"SproutCore UI – An Introduction – SproutCore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110710011717/http://blog.sproutcore.com/sproutcore-ui-an-introduction/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.sproutcore.com/sproutcore-ui-an-introduction/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Blog post The Strobe Team is Moving to Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.strobecorp.com/?p=304"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Facebook Picks Up Apple Alum's HTML5 Start-Up, Strobe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//allthingsd.com/20111108/facebook-picks-up-apple-alums-html5-start-up-strobe/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"SproutCore Community Support | SproutCore Partner | Appnovation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131024032939/http://www.appnovation.com/partners/sproutcore"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.appnovation.com/partners/sproutcore"}],"text":"^ Blog Post about SproutCore Sites\n\n^ \"Announcing SproutCore 1.8! – SproutCore\". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. \n\n^ Blog post about 1.4 release\n\n^ Blog post about Strobe\n\n^ \"Announcing SproutCore 2.0 Developer Preview – SproutCore\". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-28. \n\n^ \"SproutCore UI – An Introduction – SproutCore\". blog.sproutcore.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. \n\n^ Blog post The Strobe Team is Moving to Facebook\n\n^ \"Facebook Picks Up Apple Alum's HTML5 Start-Up, Strobe\". AllThingsD. Retrieved 2021-08-05.\n\n^ Stated in SproutCore 1.8 release note, March 7, 2012.\n\n^ \"SproutCore Community Support | SproutCore Partner | Appnovation\". www.appnovation.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_to_the_Sky_(song)

Mirror to the Sky (song)

["1 Composition","2 Reception","3 Personnel","4 References"]

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Mirror to the Sky. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2023. 2023 song by Yes"Mirror to the Sky"Song by Yesfrom the album Mirror to the Sky Released19 May 2023Recorded2022StudioYes HQ, Curtis Schwartz StudioGenreProgressive rockLength13:54LabelSony MusicSongwriter(s)Jon DavisonSteve HoweProducer(s)Steve Howe "Mirror to the Sky" is a song by the British progressive rock band Yes, the track was first released on the bands 23rd studio album Mirror to the Sky, released in May 2023. It is a near-14-minute recording, described as "sweeping and cinematic". Composition "Mirror to the Sky" refers to tikkun olam and anima mundi in its lyrics. It also features orchestral passages composed by Paul K Joyce. The track's length has been described as a representation of Yes' return to their trademark progressive rock format. It has also been identified as the centerpiece to the Mirror to the Sky album. The song's arpeggios and multilayered vocals have been likened to material from the band's Tales from Topographic Oceans record. Reception It was described as a "prog epic" by music writer Howard Whitman. Writer David Pearson described the song as "atmospheric and sonically superb". Wesley Derbyshire noted that guitarist Steve Howe's use of delays and reverb was "extremely evident", and potentially designed for the Dolby Atmos and 5.1 Surround Sound release. Hugh Fielder of Classic Rock enjoyed the track, stating how guitarist Steve Howe has "clearly been energised and has grown in confidence", allowing the track to spread over 14 minutes after some "fine introductory guitar" and "skedaddling bass runs by Sherwood". Personnel Yes Jon Davison – co-lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitars Steve Howe – guitars , co-lead and backing vocals Geoff Downes – synthesizers, piano Billy Sherwood – bass guitar, vocals Jay Schellen – drums and percussion Additional musicians FAMES Studio Orchestra Oleg Kondratenko – conductor Paul K. Joyce - orchestral arrangements Production Steve Howe – producer Curtis Schwartz – engineering, mixing References ^ Album Review: Yes, ‘Mirror to the Sky’. Progarchy. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 11 December 0223. ^ YES launch ‘All Connected’; second single from ‘Mirror To The Sky’. Yes. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Yes - Mirror to the Sky Lyrics. Genius. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ Yes – Mirror To The Sky: "the best Yes album in more than 20 years". Louder. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ REVIEW: Yes – Mirror to the Sky. Tuonela Magazine. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Yes - Mirror to the Sky (Album review). Sonic Perspectives. 1 May 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. ^ Album Review: Yes – Mirror to the Sky. The Elite Extremophile. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Yes' 'Mirror to the Sky' album is the best yet of the Jon Davison-era. Goldmine. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ CD REVIEW – YES – MIRROR TO THE SKY. The Spirit of Progressive Rock. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Yes - Mirror to the Sky - Atmos / 5.1 Blu-ray immersive review. Hi-Res Edition. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. ^ Fielderpublished, Hugh (2023-05-19). "Yes: a strong start and a lacklustre finish on 23rd studio album Mirror To The Sky". louder. Retrieved 2023-12-17. vteYes Steve Howe Geoff Downes Billy Sherwood Jon Davison Jay Schellen Jon Anderson Chris Squire Peter Banks Bill Bruford Tony Kaye Rick Wakeman Alan White Patrick Moraz Trevor Horn Trevor Rabin Igor Khoroshev Benoît David Oliver Wakeman Studio albums Yes Time and a Word The Yes Album Fragile Close to the Edge Tales from Topographic Oceans Relayer Going for the One Tormato Drama 90125 Big Generator Union Talk Keys to Ascension Keys to Ascension 2 Open Your Eyes The Ladder Magnification Fly from Here Heaven & Earth The Quest Mirror to the Sky Mini albums From a Page Live albums Yessongs Yesshows 9012Live: The Solos Something's Coming: The BBC Recordings 1969–1970 House of Yes: Live from House of Blues Symphonic Live Greatest Hits Live Live at Montreux 2003 Songs from Tsongas Union Live In the Present – Live from Lyon Like It Is: Yes at the Bristol Hippodrome Progeny: Highlights from Seventy-Two Like It Is: Yes at the Mesa Arts Center Topographic Drama – Live Across America Yes 50 Live The Royal Affair Tour: Live from Las Vegas Compilation albums Yesterdays Classic Yes Yesstory Highlights: The Very Best of Yes Keystudio The Ultimate Yes: 35th Anniversary Collection Yes Remixes Yes, Friends and Relatives Yessingles Box sets Yesyears In a Word: Yes (1969–) The Word Is Live Essentially Yes High Vibration The Studio Albums 1969–1987 Progeny: Seven Shows from Seventy-Two The Steven Wilson Remixes Singles "Your Move" "Roundabout" "America" "And You and I" "Soon" "Wonderous Stories" "Don't Kill the Whale" "Into the Lens" "Owner of a Lonely Heart" "Leave It" "It Can Happen" "Love Will Find a Way" "Rhythm of Love" "Lift Me Up" "Saving My Heart" "Make It Easy" "The Calling" "Walls" "Open Your Eyes" "Lightning Strikes" "We Can Fly" Other songs "Yours Is No Disgrace" "Starship Trooper" "I've Seen All Good People" "South Side of the Sky" "Five Per Cent for Nothing" "Long Distance Runaround" "Heart of the Sunrise" "Close to the Edge" "Siberian Khatru" "The Gates of Delirium" "Run with the Fox" "Changes" "Cinema" "Our Song" "Hold On" "Big Generator" "Shoot High Aim Low" "The Solution" "Fly from Here" "Mirror to the Sky" Video releases Yessongs 9012Live Yesyears Greatest Video Hits Yes: Live – 1975 at Q.P.R. Live in Philadelphia Keys to Ascension Yesspeak Yes Acoustic: Guaranteed No Hiss Classic Artists: Yes Yesspeak Live: The Director's Cut The Lost Broadcasts Rock of the '70s Tours The Yes Album Tour Fragile Tour Close to the Edge Tour 1960s–70s 1980s–90s 2000s–10s 2020s Related bands The Syn Mabel Greer's Toyshop Flash Badger King Crimson The Buggles XYZ Jon and Vangelis Asia Cinema GTR Esquire Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe Conspiracy Circa Yoso Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman Managers Roy Flynn Brian Lane Related articles Discography Band members Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe Yesoteric Symphonic Music of Yes Jimmy Haun Dylan Howe Roger Dean Yes bubble logo

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%27s_Umbrella

Diego's Umbrella

["1 History","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

American gypsy rock band Diego's UmbrellaOriginSan Francisco, California, United StatesGenresGypsy rockYears active2001–presentLabelsHardline EntertainmentMembers Kevin Gautschi Vaughn Lindstrom Red Cup Jason Kleinberg Jake Wood Past members Tyson Maulhardt Kevin Blair Ben León Websitewww.diegosumbrella.com Diego's Umbrella is an American gypsy rock band consisting of five members from San Francisco, California. They are celebrated as San Francisco's Ambassadors of Gypsy rock. The current members of the group are Vaughn Lindstrom (acoustic guitar, vocals), Jason Kleinberg (fiddle, vocals), Kevin Gautschi (electric guitar, vocals), Redcup (bass), and Jake Wood (drums). Former members include Tyson Maulhardt (electric guitar), Kevin Blair (bass), and Ben León (electric guitar, vocals). Diego's Umbrella describe their own music as "a blend of traditional eastern European gypsy, Spanish flamenco, polka/ska rhythms, and good ol' rock & roll from the west." History The seed for Diego's Umbrella was planted by Tyson Maulhardt and Vaughn Lindstrom in 2001, who released a few albums on their own. The band slowly grew with the additions of violinist Jason Kleinberg, bassist Kevin Blair, singer Benjamin Leon, and drummer Jake Wood. With this configuration they created the signature "gypsy pirate polka" sound they are now known for. Benjamin Leon, in an interview, explained their beginnings: "I've been playing music since I was about 6 years old, from piano to drums, and then later I picked up guitar and started singing. I’ve known Tyson and Vaughn for about ten years, but I was playing in my own group in Los Angeles for most of that time. They knew I was burning out in LA so they kidnapped me at a Pinkberry in 2008 and we’ve been riding around in a van together ever since." Their quirky name comes from a friend's arm tattoo. The group has released six full-length albums: Kung Fu Palace, Viva La Juerga, Double Panther, Proper Cowboy, Edjka, and Bombs Away. In the summer of 2011, they released Richardson b/w Downtown EP on Ninth Street Opus in conjunction with their first appearance at Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival. They have also played at the High Sierra Music Festival, Musikfest, and SXSW, and have played over 1,000 live shows. They have shared the stage with Dengue Fever, Gogol Bordello, Matisyahu, MarchFourth!, Metalachi, Muse, Deadmau5, Jeff Goldblum, and the Foo Fighters. Several of their songs were featured in the X-Dance-award-winning documentary Sofia, the Quiksilver/Roxy surf DVD Shimmer, and CBSd Elimination Station. Diego’s Umbrella also performs three songs in the Lionsgate comedy Still Waiting.... The band has been likened to "Gogol Bordello meets Muse" by the Associated Press. Newsreview says, "With guitars straight out of a Tarantino movie, the group seamlessly blends mariachi, gypsy, flamenco and ska into one beer-soaked fiesta, with song topics varying from heartache to revolution." In an interview with Metrojolt at Outside Lands they spoke openly about Jason Kleinberg as the last living unicorn, Laura Bush's kinky disposition, cultural influences, rumors, and how two million fans might just be wrong about Diego’s Umbrella’s heterosexuality. Tyson Maulhardt spoke of their very mixed cultural influences, saying "we've done a lot of traveling in Eastern Europe and we've traveled throughout Spain and whatnot. We've picked up a lot of stuff along the way and incorporated it into our Gringo-esque rock music." Discography Kung Fu Palace (2005) Viva la Juerga (2007) Double Panther (2009) Richardson b/w Downtown EP (2011) (Ninth Street Opus) Proper Cowboy (2012) (Ninth Street Opus) Songs for the Juerga EP (2015) (Juerga Productions) Edjka (2017) Bombs Away (2021) References ^ "Diego's Umbrella". ninthstreetopus.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-12-03. ^ "Diego's Umbrella". Glide Magazine. 2011-03-29. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ "Interview: Benjamin Leon of Diego's Umbrella". 26 September 2012. ^ a b c "Saint Rocke : Live Music Venue Hermosa Beach :: Diego's Umbrella and Banshee Bones". Archived from the original on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-12-04. ^ "The Band". Diegosumbrella.com. 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ Fast Atmosphere. "Outside Lands - August 12-14, 2011 : Music - Food - Wine - Art". Sfoutsidelands.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-08-10. ^ "» About - Diego's Umbrella". www.diegosumbrella.com. ^ ^ "SXSW 2012 Schedule". austin2012.sched.org. ^ "Dengue Fever w/ Diego's Umbrella - Flavorpill San Francisco". Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2012-12-03. ^ ^ "Diego's Umbrella on Metrojolt". Archived from the original on 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-12-03. External links Official website vteDiego's Umbrella Tyson Maulhardt Vaughn Lindstrom Ben Leon Red Cup Jason Kleinberg Jake Wood Studio albums Like the Taste (2002) Kung Fu Palace (2005) Viva la Juerga (2007) Double Panther (2009) Proper Cowboy (2012) EPs Richardson/Downtown (2011) Songs for the Juerga (2015) Related articles Gypsy punk Ninth Street Opus Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz

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Former members include Tyson Maulhardt (electric guitar), Kevin Blair (bass), and Ben León (electric guitar, vocals).Diego's Umbrella describe their own music as \"a blend of traditional eastern European gypsy, Spanish flamenco, polka/ska rhythms, and good ol' rock & roll from the west.\"","title":"Diego's Umbrella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roc-4"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Palace"},{"link_name":"Viva La Juerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_La_Juerga"},{"link_name":"Double Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Panther"},{"link_name":"Proper Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Edjka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edjka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ninth Street Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Street_Opus"},{"link_name":"Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"High Sierra Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sierra_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Musikfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikfest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"SXSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXSW"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roc-4"},{"link_name":"Dengue Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_Fever_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gogol Bordello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogol_Bordello"},{"link_name":"Matisyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisyahu"},{"link_name":"MarchFourth!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarchFourth_Marching_Band"},{"link_name":"Muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deadmau5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadmau5"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goldblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CBSd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"Still Waiting...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Waiting..."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roc-4"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"mariachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Outside Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands"},{"link_name":"Laura Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bush"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The seed for Diego's Umbrella was planted by Tyson Maulhardt and Vaughn Lindstrom in 2001, who released a few albums on their own. The band slowly grew with the additions of violinist Jason Kleinberg, bassist Kevin Blair, singer Benjamin Leon, and drummer Jake Wood. With this configuration they created the signature \"gypsy pirate polka\" sound they are now known for.[2] Benjamin Leon, in an interview, explained their beginnings: \"I've been playing music since I was about 6 years old, from piano to drums, and then later I picked up guitar and started singing. I’ve known Tyson and Vaughn for about ten years, but I was playing in my own group in Los Angeles for most of that time. They knew I was burning out in LA so they kidnapped me at a Pinkberry in 2008 and we’ve been riding around in a van together ever since.\"[3] Their quirky name comes from a friend's arm tattoo.[4]The group has released six full-length albums: Kung Fu Palace, Viva La Juerga, Double Panther, Proper Cowboy, Edjka, and Bombs Away.[5] In the summer of 2011, they released Richardson b/w Downtown EP on Ninth Street Opus in conjunction with their first appearance at Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival.[6] They have also played at the High Sierra Music Festival,[7] Musikfest,[8] and SXSW,[9] and have played over 1,000 live shows.[4] They have shared the stage with Dengue Fever, Gogol Bordello, Matisyahu, MarchFourth!, Metalachi, Muse, Deadmau5, Jeff Goldblum, and the Foo Fighters.[10]Several of their songs were featured in the X-Dance-award-winning documentary Sofia, the Quiksilver/Roxy surf DVD Shimmer, and CBSd Elimination Station. Diego’s Umbrella also performs three songs in the Lionsgate comedy Still Waiting....[4][dead link]The band has been likened to \"Gogol Bordello meets Muse\" by the Associated Press. Newsreview says, \"With guitars straight out of a Tarantino movie, the group seamlessly blends mariachi, gypsy, flamenco and ska into one beer-soaked fiesta, with song topics varying from heartache to revolution.\"[11]In an interview with Metrojolt at Outside Lands they spoke openly about Jason Kleinberg as the last living unicorn, Laura Bush's kinky disposition, cultural influences, rumors, and how two million fans might just be wrong about Diego’s Umbrella’s heterosexuality. Tyson Maulhardt spoke of their very mixed cultural influences, saying \"we've done a lot of traveling in Eastern Europe and we've traveled throughout Spain and whatnot. We've picked up a lot of stuff along the way and incorporated it into our Gringo-esque rock music.\"[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kung Fu Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Palace"},{"link_name":"Viva la Juerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_la_Juerga"},{"link_name":"Double Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Panther"},{"link_name":"Ninth Street Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Street_Opus"},{"link_name":"Proper Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Edjka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edjka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bombs Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombs_Away_(Diego%27s_Umbrella_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kung Fu Palace (2005)\nViva la Juerga (2007)\nDouble Panther (2009)\nRichardson b/w Downtown EP (2011) (Ninth Street Opus)\nProper Cowboy (2012) (Ninth Street Opus)\nSongs for the Juerga EP (2015) (Juerga Productions)\nEdjka (2017)\nBombs Away (2021)","title":"Discography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_1983_United_Kingdom_general_election

Results of the 1983 United Kingdom general election

["1 Essex","2 Northern Scotland","3 Scotland","4 References"]

Main article: 1983 United Kingdom general election This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Results of the 1983 United Kingdom general election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is missing information about constituencies outside Essex and Scotland. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This page details the results of the 1983 United Kingdom general election. Essex Conservative Labour Party Liberal Social Democratic Other 15 1 0 0 0 51.9% 17.8% 18.1% 11.6% 0.5% Constituency Party MP Majority Result Basildon Conservative David Amess 1,379 Con hold Billericay Conservative Harvey Proctor 14,615 Con hold Braintree Conservative Tony Newton 13,441 Con hold Brentwood and Ongar Conservative Robert McCrindle 9,387 Con hold Castle Point Conservative Bernard Braine 15,417 Con hold Chelmsford Conservative Norman St John-Stevas 378 Con hold Colchester North Conservative Antony Buck 15,048 Con hold Colchester South and Maldon Conservative John Wakeham 12,165 Con hold Epping Forest Conservative John Biggs-Davison 15,378 Con hold Harlow Conservative Jerry Hayes 3,674 Con hold Harwich Conservative Julian Ridsdale 12,502 Con hold Rochford Conservative Michael Clark 13,102 Con hold Saffron Walden Conservative Alan Haselhurst 15,249 Con hold Southend East Conservative Teddy Taylor 10,691 Con hold Southend West Conservative Paul Channon 8,033 Con hold Thurrock Labour Oonagh McDonald 1,722 Lab hold Northern Scotland Constituency Party MP Majority Result Aberdeen North Labour 9,144 Lab Aberdeen South Conservative 3,581 Con Argyll and Bute Conservative 3,844 Con Angus East Conservative 3,527 Con Banff & Buchan Conservative A. McQuirrie 937 Con Caithness and Sutherland Social Democrat Robert Maclennan 6,843 SDP Dundee East SNP 13,104 SNP Dundee West Labour 10,150 Lab Scotland Constituency Party MP Majority Result Ayr Conservative George Younger 7,978 Con Carrick Cumnock & Doon Valley Labour 11,370 Lab Clackmannan Labour 9,639 Lab Clydebank and Milngavie Labour 9,436 Lab Clydesdale Labour 4,866 Lab Cumbernauld and Kilsyth Labour 9,928 Lab Cunninghame North Conservative 1,637 Con Cunninghame South Labour 11,768 Lab Dumbarton Labour 2,115 Lab Dumfries Conservative 8,694 Con Dunfermline East Labour Gordon Brown 11,301 Lab Dunfermline West Labour 2,474 Lab East Kilbride Labour 4,336 Lab East Lothian Labour 6,241 Lab Eastwood Conservative Party 8,595 Con Edinburgh Central Conservative Party 2,566 Con Edinburgh East Labour 5,866 Lab Edinburgh Leith Labour 4,973 Lab Edinburgh Pentlands Conservative Party Malcolm Rifkind 4,309 Con Edinburgh South Conservative Party 3,655 Con Edinburgh West Labour 498 Lab Falkirk East Labour 10,061 Lab Falkirk West Labour 8,978 Lab Fife Central Labour 7,794 Lab Fife North East Conservative 2,185 Con Galloway and Upper Nithsdale Conservative Ian Lang 5,461 Con Glasgow Cathcart Conservative 4,230 Lab Glasgow Central Conservative 10,962 Lab - References vte1983 United Kingdom general election MPs elected Scotland Opinion polling Results Incumbent prime minister: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) Appointed prime minister: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative (Margaret Thatcher) Labour (Michael Foot) SDP–Liberal Alliance David Steel - Liberal Roy Jenkins - SDP Ulster Unionist Party (James Molyneaux ) Democratic Unionist Party (Ian Paisley) Scottish National Party (Gordon Wilson) Plaid Cymru (Dafydd Wigley) Social Democratic and Labour Party (John Hume) Sinn Féin (Ruairí Ó Brádaigh) Ulster Popular Unionist Party (James Kilfedder) Results by area England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales See also Falklands factor Diana Gould–Margaret Thatcher exchange The longest suicide note in history vteElection results in the United KingdomElection results by year1900s 1922 (Constituency results) 1923 (Constituency results) 1923 (England) 1945 Results 1945 (Constituency results) 1983 1997 Constituency results 2000s 2001 2005 breakdown 2010 breakdown 2015 breakdown 2017 breakdown 2019 breakdown Notional 2024 results General election results by regionEngland Avon Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cleveland Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham Essex Gloucestershire Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Humberside Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire and Rutland Lincolnshire London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey East Sussex West Sussex Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands Wiltshire North Yorkshire South Yorkshire West Yorkshire Worcestershire Scotland Central Scotland Glasgow Highlands and Islands Lothian Mid Scotland and Fife North East Scotland South Scotland West Scotland Wales Mid and West Wales North Wales South Central Wales South East Wales South West Wales Non general elections 1975 referendum 1999 European elections 2011 referendum 2016 referendum By constituency 2019 European elections By parliamentary constituency 2021 Scottish Parliament election Other United Kingdom general elections overview United Kingdom general election records Election results of women in United Kingdom general elections (1918–1945) Template:UK election results

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_Schweiz

Nickelodeon Schweiz

["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]

Swiss children's TV channel This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nickelodeon Schweiz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel Nickelodeon SchweizLogo used since 23 August 2023CountrySwitzerlandNetworkParamount Networks EMEAAProgrammingLanguage(s)GermanPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerCH Media(under license from Paramount)Sister channelsNick Jr.HistoryLaunched28 September 1998 (Block on SF2)1 April 2009 (TV Channel)Closed16 September 2003 (Block on SF2)Former namesNickelodeon Schweiz (2010-2017)Nick Schweiz (2017-2023)LinksWebsitewww.nick.ch Nickelodeon Schweiz is a Swiss German-language pay television channel centred towards children. It was launched on 1 April 2009 timesharing with VIVA Switzerland, replacing the German feed that was available in Switzerland. The programming schedule is the same as Nickelodeon Germany feed, with commercial breaks from the country being replaced by local ads. In March 2010, Nick was rebranded. From 1 January 2011 until 30 September 2014, Nickelodeon Switzerland timeshared with Comedy Central. Before Nickelodeon Switzerland was launched as a TV channel it was a 7-hour programming block on the Swiss channel SF2 which used to broadcast from 28 September 1998 -16 September 2003 after the shutdown of the German channel on 31 May 1998. It was replaced by another programming block called Junior. "Nickelodeon Schweiz" logo used from 31 March 2010-28 June 2017 Since 1 October 2021, the channel has been run by CH Media under license from Paramount, timesharing with the new channel 7+ Family. The channel was rebranded back to Nickelodeon on 23 August 2023. "Nick Schweiz" logo used from 28 June 2017-23 August 2023 Splat logo used since 2023 See also Nickelodeon France, French-speaking version, also distributed in Switzerland List of Nickelodeon international channels Nickelodeon Nickelodeon Germany Notes ^ The logo's wordmark has been in use since March 2010. Additionally, this logo is a variant meant to be used for white backgrounds; the main variant has a white wordmark in conjunction with a fully orange splat. References ^ Krieger, Jörn (23 February 2009). "Nick comes to Switzerland". RapidTVNews. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. ^ "CH Media to run Nick in Switzerland". 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022. ^ "ViacomCBS Networks International und CH Media: Umfangreiche strategische Partnerschaft in der Schweiz | CH Media". Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022. External links Nickelodeon on SF2 The new version of Nickelodeon Swiss vteNickelodeonA brand of ParamountBlocks Nick Jr. Nick at Nite Television networks Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Channel NickMusic Nicktoons TeenNick Programming Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick Jr. block Nicktoons Noggin TeenNick Brand extensions Nick.com Nickelodeon Consumer Products Nickelodeon Records Nickelodeon Rewind Nicktoons Noggin Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio Avatar Studios Nickelodeon Digital Nickelodeon Movies List of Nickelodeon Movies productions Paws, Inc. Awesomeness Outreach The Big Help Let's Just Play Go Healthy Challenge Worldwide Day of Play Amusement parks Nickelodeon Central Nickelodeon Cultural Resort Nickelodeon Land Blackpool Pleasure Beach Nickland Movie Park Germany Nickelodeon Universe International Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia India (HD+) Israel Japan Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Australia (free-to-air) Australia and New Zealand (pay-TV) New Zealand NickMusic Canada Europe Central and Eastern Europe Croatia Denmark Flanders France and French-speaking Switzerland Germany Austria German-speaking Switzerland Greece Hungary Iberia Italy Netherlands NickMusic Poland Russia Scandinavia Serbia Slovenia Sweden Turkey UK and Ireland Ukraine Wallonia Latin America Brazil Nick Jr. Channel Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa India Israel Southeast Asia Australia and New Zealand Europe France and French-speaking Switzerland Mon Nickelodeon Junior (France) Germany Greece Italy Netherlands and Flanders Portugal Russia Scandinavia Spain Turkey UK and Ireland Too Wallonia Latin America United States Nicktoons Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Nickelodeon Sonic (India) Europe Germany Netherlands UK and Ireland United States TeenNick Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Vietnam Europe France Greece Israel Hungary Romania Poland Latin America Streaming Noggin Paramount+ Pluto TV Other international Megavisión El Salvador Super! (Italy) Defunct Gotta See Saturdays HaHa Nick (China) Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast Kindernet (Netherlands) Nick GAS Nick Hits (Latin America) Nick in the Afternoon Nick on CBS/Nick Jr. on CBS Nick Radio Nick Studio 10 Nick & You (YouTV Vietnam) Nickel-O-Zone Nickelodeon en Telemundo Nickelodeon Magazine Nickelodeon on Sunset Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott Nickelodeon Splat! Nickelodeon Studios Nickelodeon Suites Resort NickMom (Nick Jr. USA) NickRewind (TeenNick USA) Nicktoons France and French-speaking Switzerland Latin America Nicktoonsters Noggin (Viva UK block) Pinwheel Slime Time Live SNICK TEENick TeenNick India Italy The N U-Pick Live See also History of Nickelodeon List of most watched premieres on Nickelodeon List of presidents of Nickelodeon LGBT representation NFL on Nickelodeon Rainbow S.p.A. Paws, Inc. Garfield Paramount Media Networks vteParamount Networks EMEAAMTV MTV Africa France and Francophone Germany Global Club MTV MTV 00s MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Live India Israel Italy MTV Music Japan Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland Taiwan UK Ireland MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Music Nickelodeon Arab world Africa Asia Malaysia Philippines Central/Eastern Europe Ukraine Croatia Serbian Slovenia Denmark Europe Flanders France and French-speaking Switzerland Nickelodeon Junior Nickelodeon Teen Germany Austria German-speaking Switzerland Greece Nickelodeon Plus Iberia Israel Italy Netherlands NickMusic Poland Scandinavia Sweden Turkey Wallonia Pakistan TeenNick Nick Jr. Arab world Africa CIS, Ukraine and Georgia (previously Russia and Belarus) Germany, Austria and Switzerland Greece Israel Italy Netherlands Portugal Scandinavia Southeast Asia Turkey Nicktoons Arab world Africa Europe Germany Netherlands Scandinavia Comedy Central CIS and Georgia Flanders France Germany Austrian subfeed Swiss subfeed Hungary Italy Netherlands Poland Polsat Comedy Central Extra Romania Spain Paramount Network Czech Republic Netherlands Spain Other BET Ego Game One Hot Comedy Central J-One JVs with AMC Networks International CBS Europa CBS Reality Super! Defunct 5Spike CBS Action Poland Comedy Central Extra Family Netherlands Sweden Kindernet MTV Adria Africa Australia and New Zealand Austria Belgium Czech Republic and Slovakia China Denmark Eesti Finland Greece Hungary Indonesia Lithuania and Latvia Middle East New Zealand Nordic Norway Pakistan Philippines Original MTV Pinoy MTVph Romania Russia, CIS and Georgia Southeast Asia Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine MTV Base MTV Brand New Italy Netherlands MTV Classic Australia and New Zealand Italy Poland Club MTV Australia MTV Hits Australia and New Zealand Italy MTV Idol MTV Music Greece Poland MTV Music 24 MTV Plus MTV Pulse France Italy MTV Rocks MTV2 Pop Nickelodeon Russia QOOB The Box The Music Factory Flanders Nederland TMF Dance TMF NL TMF Pure VH1 Denmark Europe Germany Poland Italy VH1 Classic VIVA Austria Germany Hungary See also Paramount Global Paramount Media Networks Paramount International Networks Paramount Networks UK & Australia Rainbow S.p.A. (30%) List of Paramount channels vteParamountCorporate directors Shari Redstone (Non-Executive Chair) CBSEntertainmentGroupFlagship assets CBS CBS Sports CBS Sports HQ CBS Sports Network The CW (12.5%) BET Media Group BET BET Her BET Jams BET Soul VH1 CBS Newsand Stations CBS News CBS News Radio CBS O&O KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV KOVR KPIX-TV KTVT KYW-TV WBBM-TV WBZ-TV WCBS-TV WCCO-TV/KCCW-TV WFOR-TV WJZ-TV WWJ-TV Ind. KCAL-TV KMAX-TV KPYX KSTW KTXA WBFS-TV WKBD-TV WLNY-TV WPKD-TV WPSG WSBK-TV WTOG WUPA Start TV WBXI-CD Network Fave TV Production &distribution CBS Studios Big Ticket Entertainment CBS Eye Animation Productions Late Night Cartoons, Inc. CBS Media Ventures Dabl CBS Home Entertainment Paramount Television Studios Digital media CBS MoneyWatch CBS Sports Digital CBSSports.com 247Sports MaxPreps CBS Watch Last.fm Streaming Paramount+ original programming original films Showtime Pluto TV BET+ Noggin CBS News 24/7 CBS Sports HQ U.S. medianetworksMTV Entertainment Group Comedy Central CMT CMT Music Logo TV MTV MTV2 MTVU MTV Classic MTV Live Tr3s MTV Entertainment Studios MTV Animation Paramount Network Pop TV Smithsonian Channel Showtime Networks Showtime The Movie Channel Flix TV Land Nickelodeon Group Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick Jr. (block) Nick Jr. Channel NickMusic Nicktoons TeenNick Production Awesomeness Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nick Digital Avatar Studios Paws, Inc. ParamountPictures Paramount Animation Paramount Players Nickelodeon Movies Paramount Home Entertainment Paramount Music United International Pictures (50%) Miramax (49%) Republic Pictures InternationalnetworksvteParamount Networks AmericasPan-American Comedy Central MTV Club MTV MTV 00s MTV 80s MTV Hits Europe MTV Live Nickelodeon Nick Jr. NickMusic TeenNick Paramount Network Telefe Internacional Brazil Comedy Central MTV MTV 00s MTV Live Nickelodeon Nick Jr. NickMusic Paramount Network Telefe Internacional Argentina Telefe Córdoba Rosario Santa Fe Production arms Porta dos Fundos (51% JV) TIS Productions (majority stake) Defunct MTV Brasil MTV Hits Brazil MTV Hits Latin America MTV Jams MTV Puerto Rico (licensed) Nick 2 Nicktoons Smithsonian Channel VH1 Brazil VH1 Classic Europe VH1 Classic United States VH1 Europe VH1 HD VH1 Latin America VH1 MegaHits VH1 Soul See also Paramount Global Paramount Media Networks Paramount International Networks vteParamount Networks EMEAAMTV MTV Africa France and Francophone Germany Global Club MTV MTV 00s MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Live India Israel Italy MTV Music Japan Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Switzerland Taiwan UK Ireland MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Music Nickelodeon Arab world Africa Asia Malaysia Philippines Central/Eastern Europe Ukraine Croatia Serbian Slovenia Denmark Europe Flanders France and French-speaking Switzerland Nickelodeon Junior Nickelodeon Teen Germany Austria German-speaking Switzerland Greece Nickelodeon Plus Iberia Israel Italy Netherlands NickMusic Poland Scandinavia Sweden Turkey Wallonia Pakistan TeenNick Nick Jr. Arab world Africa CIS, Ukraine and Georgia (previously Russia and Belarus) Germany, Austria and Switzerland Greece Israel Italy Netherlands Portugal Scandinavia Southeast Asia Turkey Nicktoons Arab world Africa Europe Germany Netherlands Scandinavia Comedy Central CIS and Georgia Flanders France Germany Austrian subfeed Swiss subfeed Hungary Italy Netherlands Poland Polsat Comedy Central Extra Romania Spain Paramount Network Czech Republic Netherlands Spain Other BET Ego Game One Hot Comedy Central J-One JVs with AMC Networks International CBS Europa CBS Reality Super! Defunct 5Spike CBS Action Poland Comedy Central Extra Family Netherlands Sweden Kindernet MTV Adria Africa Australia and New Zealand Austria Belgium Czech Republic and Slovakia China Denmark Eesti Finland Greece Hungary Indonesia Lithuania and Latvia Middle East New Zealand Nordic Norway Pakistan Philippines Original MTV Pinoy MTVph Romania Russia, CIS and Georgia Southeast Asia Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine MTV Base MTV Brand New Italy Netherlands MTV Classic Australia and New Zealand Italy Poland Club MTV Australia MTV Hits Australia and New Zealand Italy MTV Idol MTV Music Greece Poland MTV Music 24 MTV Plus MTV Pulse France Italy MTV Rocks MTV2 Pop Nickelodeon Russia QOOB The Box The Music Factory Flanders Nederland TMF Dance TMF NL TMF Pure VH1 Denmark Europe Germany Poland Italy VH1 Classic VIVA Austria Germany Hungary See also Paramount Global Paramount Media Networks Paramount International Networks Paramount Networks UK & Australia Rainbow S.p.A. (30%) List of Paramount channels vteParamount Networks UK & AustraliaUnited Kingdom& Ireland Comedy Central1 Comedy Central Extra Legend2 Legend Xtra MTV MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Music Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Nick Jr. Too True Crime2 True Crime Xtra UK-only Channel 5 5Action 5Select 5Star 5USA Milkshake! My5 MTV Live Ten Network Holdings(Australia &New Zealand)Network 10 Adelaide Brisbane Melbourne Perth Sydney Multichannels 10 HD 10 Bold Drama 10 Peach Comedy Nickelodeon TVSN gecko Other CMT Comedy Central MTV Classic Club Hits Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand) Nick Jr. NickMusic OzTAM3 Related Canwest Network 10 programs Defunct 5Spike 10 daily BET International CBS Justice1 MTV Base Classic Club Extra Flux Music OMG Rocks Shows Nicktoonsters Smithsonian Channel Spike Spree TV Ten Guide TMF VH1 Classic VH2 Viva 175% with Sky Group 2with AMC Networks International UK 333% with Seven Network & Nine Network Miscellaneousholdings Bellator MMA CBS Broadcast Center Ed Sullivan Theater Paramount Consumer Products Paramount Global Content Distribution Philo (unknown stake) Porta dos Fundos (51%) VidCon WhoSay Defunct/formerholdings AXS TV Blockbuster BNET CBS Cable CBS Eye on People CBS Films CBS Innertube CBS Productions CBS Radio CBS Records CBS Telenoticias CNET Chowhound CNET Video Download.com UrbanBaby ZDNET SmartPlanet TechRepublic Comedy Central Films DreamWorks Epix Famous Music FindArticles Free FM GameSpot GameFAQs GameRankings Giant Bomb GameTrailers Harmonix HDNet Movies IFilm Infinity Broadcasting Insurge Pictures King World Productions Metacritic MetroLyrics MovieTickets.com Neopets Nickelodeon on Sunset Nick Records onGamers Paramount Digital Entertainment Paramount Famous Productions Paramount Parks Paramount Stations Group Paramount Vantage Rainbow S.p.A. (30%) Bardel Entertainment Colorado Film Republic Pictures Scout.com Simon & Schuster Shockwave Spelling Television TV Guide TV.com Clicker.com United Paramount Theatres UPN USA Network VersionTracker VH1 Uno Viacom18 (13%) Viacom Entertainment Store Westinghouse Broadcasting Westinghouse Licensing Worldvision Enterprises See also CBS Corporation Gulf and Western Industries National Amusements Viacom (1952–2005) Viacom (2005–2019) Westinghouse Electric Corporation History of CBS Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom 2019 merger of CBS and Viacom Criticism News Television programs Buildings and facilities CBS Building One Astor Plaza Radford Studio Center

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University

Bar-Ilan University

["1 History","2 Academics","3 Awards and recognition","4 Notable alumni","5 Notable faculty","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 32°4′4″N 34°50′33″E / 32.06778°N 34.84250°E / 32.06778; 34.84250Public researhc university in Ramat Gan, Israel "Bar-Ilan" redirects here. For other uses, see Bar-Ilan (disambiguation). Bar-Ilan Universityאוניברסיטת בר-אילן (Hebrew)Other nameBIUMottoImpacting tomorrow, todayTypePublic researchEstablished1955PresidentArie ZabanRectorAmnon AlbeckPrincipalZohar YinonAdministrative staff1,250Students20,000Doctoral students2,200+LocationRamat Gan, Tel Aviv District, Israel32°4′4″N 34°50′33″E / 32.06778°N 34.84250°E / 32.06778; 34.84250CampusUrbanColors    Dark green and sky blueWebsitewww.biu.ac.il Academic rankingsNationalARWU5GlobalARWU401–500QS=545THE501–600 Aerial view of Bar-Ilan University Anna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Bar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members. Bar-Ilan's mission is to "blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing academic education." The university is among the best in the Middle East in the field of computer science, engineering , engineering physics and applied physics. on 2024 the university got donation of 260 million dollars, one of the biggest donations to university in Israel. History Bar-Ilan's first graduation ceremony in 1959 Wengrowsky Family Lookout and Visitors' Center a.k.a. Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus) Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineering HaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrasha Bar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: It was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Professor Pinkhos Churgin, an American Orthodox rabbi and educator, who was president from 1955 to 1957 where he was succeeded by Joseph H. Lookstein who was president from 1957 to 1967. When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times "as Cultural Link Between the Republic and America". Presidents who followed were Max Jammer (1967–77), Emanuel Rackman (1977–86), Michael Albeck (1986–89), Ernest Krausz (1989), Zvi Arad (1989–92), and Shlomo Eckstein (1992–96). The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies. BIU's student population is diverse and includes both Jewish and non-Jewish students. At least five courses in Jewish studies are required for graduation (Non-Jewish students can choose general courses instead). These are available as academic Jewish studies courses, as well as through more traditional Torah study, offered primarily by the Machon HaGavoah LeTorah, established in the 1970s. The "Machon" operates a Kollel / Bet midrash for men, and a Midrasha for women. The Kollel offers traditional yeshiva studies with an emphasis on Talmud and Halakha (Jewish law), while the midrasha offers courses in "Tanakh" (The Bible), practical Halakha, and Machshavah (Jewish philosophy). The Midrasha is the largest in Israel. These programs are open to all students free of charge. Yitzhak Rabin's convicted assassin, Yigal Amir, was a student of law and computer science at Bar-Ilan, prompting charges that the university had become a hotbed of political extremism. One of the steps taken by the university following the 1995 assassination was to encourage dialogue between left-wing and right-wing students. Under university president Moshe Kaveh (1996–2013), Bar-Ilan underwent a major expansion, with new buildings added on the northern side of the campus. New science programs have been introduced, including a multidisciplinary brain research center and a center for nanotechnology. The university has placed archaeology as one of its priorities, and this includes excavations such as the Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations and the recently opened Bar-Ilan University/Weizmann Institute of Science joint program in Archaeological Sciences. Bar-Ilan's Faculty of Law made headlines in 2008 by achieving the highest average Israeli bar exam grade of 81.9 by its graduates. Daniel Hershkowitz was university president from 2013 to 2017. Arie Zaban was elected as the president of the university in 2017. In June 2024, the university received a $260 million donation from the estate of an anonymous American donor, the largest bequest in the university's history and the second largest ever to an Israeli university. The donation is earmarked for science and technology, specifically to recruit researchers, build laboratories, and create partnerships. Academics Bar-Ilan University has nine faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There is also a special Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies. At the undergraduate level, as mentioned, ten courses in Jewish studies related subjects are required from all students. Bar-Ilan offers several special programs, including its international B.A. program, taught entirely in English, and is the first university in Israel to offer a full undergraduate program taught entirely in English. Currently, students can choose between a B.A. degree in interdisciplinary social sciences, where students can choose between a macro track in economics, political sciences, and sociology, or the Micro Track in Criminology, Psychology, and Sociology, or a major in communications, with a minor in either English literature or political science. The degrees are internationally recognized and are open to students from all over the world. In addition, Bar-Ilan offers a preparatory program that readies new immigrants for Israeli colleges. The university also runs a one-year overseas program called Torah Im Derech Eretz Program, which combines traditional Kollel Torah studies in the morning, separate for men and women, as well as co-ed general university studies and Jewish history classes in the afternoon. Many American students enrolled in regular programs of study in the university also take these Jewish history classes to fulfill their Jewish studies requirements. Bar-Ilan also houses several research institutions such as the above-mentioned Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, focused on neuroscience, which may have their own requirements. Awards and recognition The Bar Ilan Responsa Project was awarded the Israel Prize in 2007. The university's Bible project, in danger of being eliminated by continued budget cuts, was saved at the last minute by an anonymous donor. In its capacity as a business school, Bar-Ilan was placed as the fourth best business school in Africa and the Middle East in the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report. Notable alumni See also: Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni Zvi Arad (1942–2018) – mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College Ami Ayalon – former head of the Shin Bet and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party. Michael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and formerly a member of the Knesset for the National Union Party. Kotel Da-Don – Croatian Orthodox rabbi of the Bet Israel community in Zagreb. Avi Dichter – former minister of home front defence. Former Shin Bet director. Yuval Diskin – 12th director of the Israeli Internal Security Service Shin Bet. Esther Farbstein – Holocaust scholar Baruch Fischer - Professor Emeritus in the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Technion Tzipi Hotovely – Israeli diplomat and former politician who serves as the current ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom. Formerly deputy minister of foreign affairs, minister of diaspora affairs, minister of settlement affairs, and as a member of the Knesset for the Likud Party Gila Gamliel – Israeli politician for the Likud Party. Formerly minister for social equality, and minister of environmental protection Anat Guetta – chair of the Israel Securities Authority (ISA) since 2018 Michael Harris – named the best Israeli in the field of academics, as one of "The 10 Most Successful Israelis in 10 Different Fields in the World" by Maariv in April 2012. Joseph Klafter – chemical physics professor, the eighth president of Tel Aviv University Joshua Kulp – Talmudic scholar Norman Lebrecht (born 1948) – British commentator on music and cultural affairs, and novelist Tzipi Livni – Israeli lawyer and politician, head of the Opposition from 2009 to 2012. Formerly minister of justice, and in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians Gadeer Mreeh (born 1984) – first woman of Druze descent to become a member of the Knesset Orit Peleg – professor of biophysics at the University of Colorado Tzipi Hotovely Tzipi Livni Gila Gamliel Revital Swid Michal Waldiger Orit Peleg Notable faculty See also: Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University Doron Aurbach Nathan Aviezer Moshe Bar Avi Bell Pinkhos Churgin Cyril Domb Shlomo Eckstein Avraham Faust Adam Ferziger Jonathan Fox Hillel Furstenberg Ruth Halperin-Kaddari Oren Harman Shlomo Havlin Arye L. Hillman Max Jammer Efraim Karsh Mordechai Kedar Sarit Kraus Ernest Krausz Baruch Kurzweil Aren Maeir Nina Pinto-Abecasis Arie Reich Tamar Ross Mary Schaps Daniel Sperber Avraham Trahtman Eli Vakil Zeev Zalevsky Gallery Faculty of engineering Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center Centre for the study of philosophy, ethics and Jewish thought Nanotechnology building Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine Bar-Ilan Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science See also List of universities in Israel Ashkelon Academic College Kinneret College References ^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 27 September 2023. ^ "Bar-Ilan University - BIU". www.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ Higher Education in Israel: Bar-Ilan University, Jewish Virtual Library ^ "Bar-Ilan University ". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2024. ^ "Israel's best Applied/Engineering Physics universities ". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2024. ^ "Transformative gift of $260 million to Bar-Ilan University is one of the largest bequests ever to an Israeli university". www.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ a b c d "Bar-Ilan Presidents | Bar-Ilan University". .biu.ac.il. Retrieved 18 February 2020. ^ "Bar-Ilan University". Biu.ac.il. 10 May 1955. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "B.A Requirements 2017 and forth | School for Basic Jewish Studies". yesod.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ בית המדרש , mgl.org.il ^ "Midrasha | Bar-Ilan University". midrasha.biu.ac.il. ^ Wagner, Matthew. "Bar-Ilan again forced to deal with the extremists in its midst". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ Kalman, Matthew (12 April 2011). "A Bitter Return to Politics at Israel's Bar-Ilan U." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ "Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University". Biu.ac.il. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. Bar-Ilan University". Nanocenter.biu.ac.il. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project". Dig-gath.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ "Results of the Bar Exam 5.5.08 (Hebrew)" (PDF). Israelbar.org.il. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Ilan, Shahar (3 June 2024). "Bar Ilan University receives 1B shekel anonymous donation to promote Deep Tech research". Calcalist. Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ "International B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University | Israel's premier university for Olim and Overseas students!International B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University | Israel's premier university for Olim and Overseas students!". Biuinternational.com. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ "Interdisciplinary Social Sciences – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ a b "Academic Tracks in the Social Sciences – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ "International B.A. Program in Communication – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ "Bar-Ilan University". BIU. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2013. ^ "The Bar Ilan Responsa Project (Global Jewish Database)". Digento.de. 18 November 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ Ilani, Ofri (2 April 2008). "Bar-Ilan University Bible project". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Top Business Schools". TopMBA.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "ISA :: Ms.Anat Guetta". www.isa.gov.il. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ ^ "Tamar Ross". Academia.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bar-Ilan University. Official website BIU History Bar-Ilan University – Study Programs for Olim/Foreign Students Bar-Ilan University details in WHED (World Higher Education Database) Website (IAU-001455) Bar-Ilan responsa website Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA) Bar-Ilan Faculty of Law (in Hebrew) Bar-Ilan Students Union (in Spanish) Amigos Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Bar-Ilan vteIsraeli universities Ariel University Bar-Ilan University Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Hebrew University of Jerusalem Open University of Israel Reichman University Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Tel Aviv University University of Haifa Weizmann Institute of Science vteReligious ZionismIdeas Zionism Orthodox Judaism Religious Kibbutz Movement Torat Eretz Yisrael Hardal Kahanism Three Oaths Third Temple State of Judea OrganizationsPolitical parties The Jewish Home Tkuma Noam Otzma Yehudit Meimad Mizrahi Party National Religious Party Hapoel HaMizrachi Ahi Kach Media Arutz Sheva B'Sheva Channel 14 HaTzofe Iton Meyuhad Makor Rishon Tehumin Education AMIT Bnei Akiva Bar-Ilan University Hesder Migdal Oz Yavneh Olami Yeshiva University Yeshivot Other Mizrachi movement Religious Zionists of America Tzohar Rabbinical Organization Zomet Institute Gush Emunim Kibbutzim Demographics Hilltop Youth Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Poland Geographic MusicBrainz place People Trove Other IdRef

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For other uses, see Bar-Ilan (disambiguation).Aerial view of Bar-Ilan UniversityAnna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, IsraelBar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members.[5]Bar-Ilan's mission is to \"blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing [an] academic education.\"[6] The university is among the best in the Middle East in the field of computer science, engineering , engineering physics and applied physics.[7][8] on 2024 the university got donation of 260 million dollars, one of the biggest donations to university in Israel.[9]","title":"Bar-Ilan University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Graduation_at_Bar_Ilan_University_-_Ogden_Reid_1959.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_(11562183273).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_15922_Unity_park_in_Bar-Ilan_University.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar-Ilan_University._Machon_(17287812905).jpg"},{"link_name":"HaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94"},{"link_name":"bet midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_midrash"},{"link_name":"midrasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrasha"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"American Mizrahi organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)#In_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pinkhos Churgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkhos_Churgin"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Lookstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Lookstein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedil-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Max Jammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jammer"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Rackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Rackman"},{"link_name":"Michael Albeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Albeck"},{"link_name":"Ernest Krausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Krausz"},{"link_name":"Zvi Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Arad"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Eckstein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedil-10"},{"link_name":"Meir Bar-Ilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Bar-Ilan"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionist"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Jewish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jewish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies"},{"link_name":"Torah study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study"},{"link_name":"Machon HaGavoah LeTorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94"},{"link_name":"Kollel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel"},{"link_name":"Bet midrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_midrash"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Midrasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrasha"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Halakha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"Tanakh\" (The Bible)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"Machshavah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_thought"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Rabin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"Yigal Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yigal_Amir"},{"link_name":"extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Moshe Kaveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Kaveh"},{"link_name":"campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_es-Safi#National_park"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Daniel Hershkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hershkowitz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedil-10"},{"link_name":"Arie Zaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Zaban"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogeneratedil-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Bar-Ilan's first graduation ceremony in 1959Wengrowsky Family Lookout and Visitors' Center a.k.a. Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus)Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineeringHaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrashaBar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: It was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Professor Pinkhos Churgin, an American Orthodox rabbi and educator, who was president from 1955 to 1957 where he was succeeded by Joseph H. Lookstein who was president from 1957 to 1967.[10] When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times \"as Cultural Link Between the [Israeli] Republic and America\".[11] Presidents who followed were Max Jammer (1967–77), Emanuel Rackman (1977–86), Michael Albeck (1986–89), Ernest Krausz (1989), Zvi Arad (1989–92), and Shlomo Eckstein (1992–96).[10]The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.BIU's student population is diverse and includes both Jewish and non-Jewish students.At least five courses in Jewish studies are required for graduation (Non-Jewish students can choose general courses instead).[12] These are available as academic Jewish studies courses, as well as through more traditional Torah study, offered primarily by the Machon HaGavoah LeTorah, established in the 1970s. The \"Machon\" operates a Kollel / Bet midrash for men,[13] and a Midrasha for women.[14] The Kollel offers traditional yeshiva studies with an emphasis on Talmud and Halakha (Jewish law), while the midrasha offers courses in \"Tanakh\" (The Bible), practical Halakha, and Machshavah (Jewish philosophy). The Midrasha is the largest in Israel. These programs are open to all students free of charge.Yitzhak Rabin's convicted assassin, Yigal Amir, was a student of law and computer science at Bar-Ilan, prompting charges that the university had become a hotbed of political extremism. One of the steps taken by the university following the 1995 assassination was to encourage dialogue between left-wing and right-wing students.[15][16]Under university president Moshe Kaveh (1996–2013), Bar-Ilan underwent a major expansion, with new buildings added on the northern side of the campus. New science programs have been introduced, including a multidisciplinary brain research center [17] and a center for nanotechnology.[18] The university has placed archaeology as one of its priorities, and this includes excavations such as the Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations[19] and the recently opened Bar-Ilan University/Weizmann Institute of Science joint program in Archaeological Sciences.[20]Bar-Ilan's Faculty of Law made headlines in 2008 by achieving the highest average Israeli bar exam grade of 81.9 by its graduates.[21] Daniel Hershkowitz was university president from 2013 to 2017.[10]Arie Zaban was elected as the president of the university in 2017.[10]In June 2024, the university received a $260 million donation from the estate of an anonymous American donor, the largest bequest in the university's history and the second largest ever to an Israeli university. The donation is earmarked for science and technology, specifically to recruit researchers, build laboratories, and create partnerships.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exact Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Studies"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biuinternational1-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biuinternational1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"new immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Torah Im Derech Eretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz"},{"link_name":"Kollel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Jewish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history"},{"link_name":"Jewish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies"},{"link_name":"Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonda_Multidisciplinary_Brain_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"}],"text":"Bar-Ilan University has nine faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There is also a special Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies. At the undergraduate level, as mentioned, ten courses in Jewish studies related subjects are required from all students.Bar-Ilan offers several special programs, including its international B.A. program,[23] taught entirely in English, and is the first university in Israel to offer a full undergraduate program taught entirely in English. Currently, students can choose between a B.A. degree in interdisciplinary social sciences,[24] where students can choose between a macro track in economics, political sciences, and sociology,[25] or the Micro Track in Criminology, Psychology, and Sociology,[25] or a major in communications,[26] with a minor in either English literature or political science. The degrees are internationally recognized and are open to students from all over the world.[27]In addition, Bar-Ilan offers a preparatory program that readies new immigrants for Israeli colleges. The university also runs a one-year overseas program called Torah Im Derech Eretz Program, which combines traditional Kollel Torah studies in the morning, separate for men and women, as well as co-ed general university studies and Jewish history classes in the afternoon. Many American students enrolled in regular programs of study in the university also take these Jewish history classes to fulfill their Jewish studies requirements.Bar-Ilan also houses several research institutions such as the above-mentioned Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, focused on neuroscience, which may have their own requirements.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar Ilan Responsa Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Ilan_Responsa_Project"},{"link_name":"Israel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"business school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"QS Global 200 Business Schools Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_Global_200_Business_Schools_Report"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Bar Ilan Responsa Project was awarded the Israel Prize in 2007.[28] The university's Bible project, in danger of being eliminated by continued budget cuts, was saved at the last minute by an anonymous donor.[29]In its capacity as a business school, Bar-Ilan was placed as the fourth best business school in Africa and the Middle East in the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report.[30]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bar-Ilan_University_alumni"},{"link_name":"Zvi Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Arad"},{"link_name":"Netanya Academic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netanya_Academic_College"},{"link_name":"Ami Ayalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Ayalon"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Michael Ben-Ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari"},{"link_name":"National Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Kotel Da-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel_Da-Don"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Avi Dichter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Dichter"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Yuval Diskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Diskin"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Esther Farbstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Farbstein"},{"link_name":"Baruch Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Technion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion"},{"link_name":"Tzipi Hotovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzipi_Hotovely"},{"link_name":"ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_of_Israel_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Likud Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud_Party"},{"link_name":"Gila Gamliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_Gamliel"},{"link_name":"Likud Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud_Party"},{"link_name":"Anat Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Israel Securities Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Securities_Authority"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"Michael Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Harris_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Maariv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Joseph Klafter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Klafter"},{"link_name":"chemical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_physics"},{"link_name":"Joshua Kulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Kulp"},{"link_name":"Norman Lebrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht"},{"link_name":"Tzipi Livni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzipi_Livni"},{"link_name":"Gadeer Mreeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadeer_Mreeh"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Orit Peleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orit_Peleg"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: Category:Bar-Ilan University alumniZvi Arad (1942–2018) – mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College\nAmi Ayalon – former head of the Shin Bet and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.\nMichael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and formerly a member of the Knesset for the National Union Party.\nKotel Da-Don – Croatian Orthodox rabbi of the Bet Israel community in Zagreb.\nAvi Dichter – former minister of home front defence. Former Shin Bet director.\nYuval Diskin – 12th director of the Israeli Internal Security Service Shin Bet.\nEsther Farbstein – Holocaust scholar\nBaruch Fischer - Professor Emeritus in the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Technion\nTzipi Hotovely – Israeli diplomat and former politician who serves as the current ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom. Formerly deputy minister of foreign affairs, minister of diaspora affairs, minister of settlement affairs, and as a member of the Knesset for the Likud Party\nGila Gamliel – Israeli politician for the Likud Party. Formerly minister for social equality, and minister of environmental protection\nAnat Guetta – chair of the Israel Securities Authority (ISA) since 2018[31]\nMichael Harris – named the best Israeli in the field of academics, as one of \"The 10 Most Successful Israelis in 10 Different Fields in the World\" by Maariv in April 2012.[32]\nJoseph Klafter – chemical physics professor, the eighth president of Tel Aviv University\nJoshua Kulp – Talmudic scholar\nNorman Lebrecht (born 1948) – British commentator on music and cultural affairs, and novelist\nTzipi Livni – Israeli lawyer and politician, head of the Opposition from 2009 to 2012. Formerly minister of justice, and in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians\nGadeer Mreeh (born 1984) – first woman of Druze descent to become a member of the Knesset\nOrit Peleg – professor of biophysics at the University of Colorado","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Bar-Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"Doron Aurbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Aurbach"},{"link_name":"Nathan Aviezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Aviezer"},{"link_name":"Moshe Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Bar_(neuroscientist)"},{"link_name":"Avi Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Bell"},{"link_name":"Pinkhos Churgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkhos_Churgin"},{"link_name":"Cyril Domb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Domb"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Eckstein"},{"link_name":"Avraham Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Faust"},{"link_name":"Adam Ferziger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferziger"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Fox_(professor_of_politics)"},{"link_name":"Hillel Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_Furstenberg"},{"link_name":"Ruth Halperin-Kaddari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Halperin-Kaddari"},{"link_name":"Oren Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Harman"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Havlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Havlin"},{"link_name":"Arye L. Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arye_L._Hillman"},{"link_name":"Max Jammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jammer"},{"link_name":"Efraim Karsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Karsh"},{"link_name":"Mordechai Kedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Kedar"},{"link_name":"Sarit Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Kraus"},{"link_name":"Ernest Krausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Krausz"},{"link_name":"Baruch Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"Aren Maeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aren_Maeir"},{"link_name":"Nina Pinto-Abecasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Pinto-Abecasis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arie Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Reich"},{"link_name":"Tamar Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Ross"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mary Schaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Schaps"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sperber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sperber"},{"link_name":"Avraham Trahtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Trahtman"},{"link_name":"Eli Vakil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Vakil"},{"link_name":"Zeev Zalevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Zalevsky"}],"text":"See also: Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan UniversityDoron Aurbach\nNathan Aviezer\nMoshe Bar\nAvi Bell\nPinkhos Churgin\nCyril Domb\nShlomo Eckstein\nAvraham Faust\nAdam Ferziger\nJonathan Fox\nHillel Furstenberg\nRuth Halperin-Kaddari\nOren Harman\nShlomo Havlin\nArye L. Hillman\nMax Jammer\nEfraim Karsh\nMordechai Kedar\nSarit Kraus\nErnest Krausz\nBaruch Kurzweil\nAren Maeir\nNina Pinto-Abecasis\nArie Reich\nTamar Ross[33]\nMary Schaps\nDaniel Sperber\nAvraham Trahtman\nEli Vakil\nZeev Zalevsky","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar-Ilan_University._Engineering_(11908490355).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93_(11795483624).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_(11908099463).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jewish thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93_(11513855913).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_(15472290024).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PXL_20240221_141928029.jpg"}],"text":"Faculty of engineering\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMultidisciplinary Brain Research Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentre for the study of philosophy, ethics and Jewish thought\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNanotechnology building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBar-Ilan Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Bar-Ilan University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Biu_Aerial_photograph_of_Bar-Ilan_University_%2821004322376%29.jpg/220px-Biu_Aerial_photograph_of_Bar-Ilan_University_%2821004322376%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%27%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%9D_%2811795059335%29_-_fixed.jpg/350px-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%27%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%9D_%2811795059335%29_-_fixed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bar-Ilan's first graduation ceremony in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Graduation_at_Bar_Ilan_University_-_Ogden_Reid_1959.jpg/150px-First_Graduation_at_Bar_Ilan_University_-_Ogden_Reid_1959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wengrowsky Family Lookout and Visitors' Center a.k.a. Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%2811562183273%29.jpg/220px-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%2811562183273%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineering","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PikiWiki_Israel_15922_Unity_park_in_Bar-Ilan_University.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_15922_Unity_park_in_Bar-Ilan_University.JPG"},{"image_text":"HaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrasha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bar-Ilan_University._Machon_%2817287812905%29.jpg/220px-Bar-Ilan_University._Machon_%2817287812905%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tzipi Hotovely","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tzipi_Hotovely_-_November_2018.jpg/150px-Tzipi_Hotovely_-_November_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tzipi Livni","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tzipi_Livni_%2838130112%29.jpg/80px-Tzipi_Livni_%2838130112%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gila Gamliel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gila_Gamliel.jpg/56px-Gila_Gamliel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Revital Swid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.jpg/150px-%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michal Waldiger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Michal_Waldiger_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Michal_Waldiger_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orit Peleg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Orit_Peleg.jpg/115px-Orit_Peleg.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of universities in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Israel"},{"title":"Ashkelon Academic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon_Academic_College"},{"title":"Kinneret College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinneret_College"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphaltite

Asphaltite

["1 History","2 Composition","3 Reserves and uses","4 References","5 External links"]

Form of asphalt "Asphaltum" redirects here. For other uses, see Asphalt. Gilsonite from the Uinta Formation, Bonanza, Utah Gilsonite pahoehoe paralava. This remarkable specimen is from gilsonite which was melted in a wildfire in 2012. While molten, it developed a smooth to ropey top surface much like pahoehoe basalt lava. Exhibit at the Utah Field House of Natural History. Asphaltite (also known as uintahite, asphaltum, gilsonite or oil sands) is a naturally occurring soluble solid hydrocarbon, a form of asphalt (or bitumen) with a relatively high melting temperature. Its large-scale production occurs in the Uintah Basin of Utah and Colorado, United States. Although the substance has been historically mined in the Uintah Basin, resources are being discovered and mined more recently in other countries such as Colombia and Iran. Gilsonite is mined in underground shafts and resembles shiny black obsidian. Discovered in the 1860s, it was first marketed as a lacquer, electrical insulator, and waterproofing compound approximately 25 years later by Samuel H. Gilson. History Gilsonite was discovered in the 1860s. By 1888 Samuel H. Gilson had started a company to mine the substance, but soon discovered the vein was on the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Under great political pressure Congress removed some 7,000 acres (28 km2) from the reservation on May 24, 1888 to allow mining to proceed legally. Gilsonite mining became the first large commercial enterprise in the Uintah Basin, causing most of its early population growth. Mining gilsonite during World War II was manual, using a six-pound pick, then shoveling the ore into 200 pound sacks, which were sewn by hand. Gilsonite-brand uintahite's earliest applications included paints for buggies and emulsions for beer-vat lining. It was used by Ford Motor Company as a principal component of the japan black lacquer used on most of the Ford Model T cars. Composition Gilsonite is categorized as a soluble material in oil solutions such as carbon disulphide or TCE (trichloroethylene). A major component of gilsonite is carbon; it also contains several other elements including nitrogen and sulfur and some volatile compounds. Reserves and uses Gilsonite reserves are distributed globally, especially within basins. It has also been found on the dwarf planet Ceres and is predicted to exist on the Martian moon Phobos. Gilsonite is used in more than 160 products, primarily in dark-colored printing inks and paints, oil well drilling muds and cements, asphalt modifiers, foundry sand additives, and a wide variety of chemical products. The trademark, registered in 1921, belongs to the American Gilsonite Company which filed for bankruptcy and after accepting re-organization seems to emerge from it at Jan 3rd 2017. Gilsonite is a common modifier for bitumen in asphalt. Blending gilsonite with bitumen increases the strength and resistance of pavements. This application is practised in countries such as China, India and Iran. Known as asfaltit in Turkish, it is burnt in Silopi, a coal fired power station in Turkey. References ^ "What is Bitumen?". Highways Today. 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2022-01-04. ^ "What is gilsonite". Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2020-02-11. ^ Boden, Taylor; Tripp, Bryce T. (2012). Gilsonite Veins of the Uinta Basin, Utah. Utah Geological Survey. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9781557918567. ^ Transactions of the American Institute of Mining; Locke, Joseph; 1887. ^ Burton, Doris Karren (January 1996). A History of Uintah County: Scratching the Surface. Utah Centennial County History Series. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society. pp. 130–134. ISBN 0-913738-06-9. ^ Lamm, Michael; How Cars Got Colors; Invention and Technology Magazine, Spring 1997, Volume 12, Issue 4. ^ "Gilsonite". Zista Group. Retrieved 2016-03-11. ^ "gilsonite". what is gilsonite. ^ De Sanctis, M. C.; Ammannito, E.; McSween, H. Y.; Raponi, A.; Marchi, S.; Capaccioni, F.; Capria, M. T.; Carrozzo, F. G.; Ciarniello, M.; Fonte, S.; Formisano, M.; Frigeri, A.; Giardino, M.; Longobardo, A.; Magni, G.; McFadden, L. A.; Palomba, E.; Pieters, C. M.; Tosi, F.; Zambon, F.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T. (2017). "Localized aliphatic organic material on the surface of Ceres". Science. 355 (6326): 719–722. doi:10.1126/science.aaj2305. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28209893. ^ "American Gilsonite Company". Retrieved Oct 18, 2020. ^ "Mixing Gilsonite into the Bitumen". Zista Group. Retrieved 2018-08-05. ^ "Enerji Piyasası Veritabanı Yönetim Sistemi". lisans.epdk.org.tr. Archived from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2020-02-10. External links Uintahite on Mindat

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The trademark, registered in 1921, belongs to the American Gilsonite Company which filed for bankruptcy and after accepting re-organization seems to emerge from it at Jan 3rd 2017.[10]Gilsonite is a common modifier for bitumen in asphalt. Blending gilsonite with bitumen increases the strength and resistance of pavements.[11] This application is practised in countries such as China, India and Iran. Known as asfaltit in Turkish, it is burnt in Silopi, a coal fired power station in Turkey.[12]","title":"Reserves and uses"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Goble

Stanley Goble

["1 Early career","2 World War I","3 Inter-war years","3.1 Establishment of the Royal Australian Air Force","3.2 Chief of the Air Staff","3.3 Circumnavigation of Australia","4 World War II","5 Retirement and legacy","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Royal Australian Air Force chief Stanley James (Jimmy) GobleOfficial RAAF portrait of Air Vice Marshal Stanley GobleBorn21 August 1891Croydon, VictoriaDied24 July 1948(1948-07-24) (aged 56)Heidelberg, VictoriaAllegianceAustraliaService/branchRoyal Australian Air ForceYears of service1915–46RankAir Vice MarshalUnitNo. 8 Squadron RNAS (1916–17)Commands heldNo. 5 Squadron RNAS (1917–18)Chief of the Air Staff(1922–25, 1932–34, 1939–40)No. 2 Group RAF (1936–37)Battles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsCommander of the Order of the British EmpireDistinguished Service OrderDistinguished Service CrossMentioned in Despatches (2)Croix de Guerre (France) Air Vice Marshal Stanley James (Jimmy) Goble, CBE, DSO, DSC (21 August 1891 – 24 July 1948) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He served three terms as Chief of the Air Staff, alternating with Wing Commander (later Air Marshal Sir) Richard Williams. Goble came to national attention in 1924 when he and fellow RAAF pilot Ivor McIntyre became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air, journeying 8,450 miles (13,600 km) in a single-engined floatplane. During World War I, Goble flew fighters on the Western Front with the British Royal Naval Air Service. He became an ace with ten victories, commanded No. 5 Squadron (later No. 205 Squadron RAF), and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Distinguished Service Cross. Returning to Australia, Goble assisted in the formation of the RAAF as an independent branch of the Australian armed forces. On an exchange posting to Britain in the 1930s, he led No. 2 (Bomber) Group RAF. As Chief of the Air Staff at the onset of World War II, Goble clashed with the Federal Government over implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme, which he believed would be detrimental to the defence of Australia. He stepped down as leader of the RAAF in early 1940, and spent the rest of the war in Ottawa as Air Liaison Officer to Canada. Goble died in 1948 at the age of fifty-six, two years after retiring from the military. Early career Born in Croydon, Victoria, Stanley James Goble was one of four sons to an Australian father, George, and an English mother, Ann. He apparently received little schooling, and began his working life as a clerk with the Victorian Railways at the age of sixteen. By twenty-three he was, like his father, a stationmaster, and a footballer with Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association. Goble was prevented from joining the Australian Imperial Force at the beginning of World War I after failing the stringent medical criteria; he wrote later that "only applicants of the finest physiques were considered suitable for the first contingent of Australian troops". With his three brothers already on active service, he decided to travel to England at his own expense and enlist in the British armed forces. World War I Goble was accepted for flying training with the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in July 1915. After graduating as a flight sub-lieutenant on 20 October 1915, he became a test pilot and undertook anti-submarine patrols out of Dover. Goble commenced operations with only three hours' solo flying experience. Towards the end of the year he was posted across the Channel to Dunkirk, flying Caudron reconnaissance-bombers and Sopwith Pup fighters. ... I was detailed to carry out what was termed a fighting patrol in a twin-engined Caudron. My armament was a Very pistol and my gunner was supplied with a rifle ... I discovered that my gunner had never been in the air, had never fired a rifle in his life ... I had not seen a twin-engined Caudron until after dark on the previous evening and could not even obtain a map of the front ... Fortunately this highly efficient fighting combination found nothing to fight. Goble on his introduction to operations at the Western Front, 1915 Goble was a founding member of No. 8 Squadron RNAS in 1916, during the latter part of the Battle of the Somme, where he flew both Pups and Nieuport fighters. He earned the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions on 24 September 1916, when he engaged two enemy fighters near Ghistelles in West Flanders, "and brought one of them down on fire in a spiral nose-dive", according to the citation in The London Gazette. This victory was the first confirmed "kill" achieved by an Allied pilot flying the Pup. Goble was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 October, and won the French Croix de Guerre later that month. On 17 February 1917, Goble was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his "conspicuous bravery and skill" in three separate actions while operating with No. 8 Squadron: on 7 November 1916 when he forced a hostile fighter down in a field, where it crashed attempting to land; on 27 November when he engaged four enemy aircraft, destroying one; and on 4 December when, in repeated combats while escorting Allied bombers, he helped drive off attacking fighters and shot down one of them. The same month that he was awarded the DSO, Goble was posted to No. 5 Squadron RNAS at Petite-Synthe near the Franco-Belgian border, flying Airco DH.4 two-seat light bombers. Goble was promoted twice in 1917, to flight commander in June, then squadron commander in December. He led No. 5 Squadron for the latter part of the year and into 1918. His unit supported the British Fifth Army as it bore the brunt of the German spring offensive, and he had to evacuate his airfield when it was shelled by advancing enemy artillery. Relocating twice to other landing grounds, he kept his squadron on the attack, and was subsequently recognised by a commendation circulated to all RNAS combat units. When the RNAS merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps on 1 April 1918, Goble became a major in the newly formed Royal Air Force. Twice mentioned in despatches, he finished the war an ace, with ten victories. Although himself forced to crash land on two occasions, he had avoided any injury during his active service. Inter-war years Establishment of the Royal Australian Air Force RAAF Air Board in 1928: Group Captain Goble, Director of Personnel and Training (front, left), with Air Commodore Williams, Chief of the Air Staff (front, centre) Goble returned to Australia on HT Gaika in November 1918. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours, and made an acting lieutenant colonel in May that year. He received a permanent commission as a squadron leader and honorary wing commander in the RAF on 1 August 1919, and was seconded to the Royal Australian Navy. When a temporary Air Board was set up to examine the feasibility of an Australian Air Force (AAF), Goble was assigned as a Navy representative, and Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams, an Australian Flying Corps veteran of World War I, acted as an Army spokesman. The permanent Australian Air Board was established on 9 November 1920, and recommended creation of the AAF as an independent branch of the armed services. The AAF came into being on 31 March 1921—the 'Royal' prefix being granted five months later—and Goble resigned his commission in the RAF the same day to transfer to the new service as a wing commander. The Navy had nominated Goble as First Air Member (later Chief of the Air Staff), but Williams took the post and Goble became Second Air Member and Director of Personnel and Training. Williams and Goble would serve as Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) three times each between 1922 and 1940. One motive suggested for the rotation was a ploy by Army and Navy interests to limit Williams' autonomy. Instead, according to RAAF historian Alan Stephens, the arrangement "almost inevitably fostered an unproductive rivalry" between the two officers, which was "exacerbated by the personality differences between the pedantic, autocratic Williams and the cheerful, easy-going Goble". Although in a legal sense the Air Board led the RAAF rather than the CAS alone, Williams dominated the board to such an extent that Goble would later complain that his colleague appeared to consider the Air Force his personal command. Chief of the Air Staff The rivalry between Goble and Williams was such that it was later alleged that government practice was to ensure that they were never in the country at the same time. In October 1921, Goble was posted to Britain for a naval co-operation course; his place on the Air Board was taken by Squadron Leader Bill Anderson. Goble married Kathleen Wodehouse in London on Anzac Day, 1922, and returned to Australia later that year. His first term as CAS began when Williams left the country in December 1922 for study in England. Goble developed a plan to establish a small seaplane base at Rushcutters Bay in Sydney, but Williams cancelled this shortly after he returned to Australia in February 1925 to resume the position of CAS. Goble's suggestion of a separate Fleet Air Arm fostered suspicions that he was too closely aligned with naval interests. He departed for England to undertake study at the British Army Staff College in Camberley and RAF Staff College, Andover, as Williams had done two years before. Goble also served as Air Liaison Officer with the Australian High Commission in London from May 1926 to September 1927. He was promoted to group captain on 1 April 1928. Raised to temporary air commodore, Goble took over as CAS for the second time between December 1932 and June 1934, while Williams attended the Imperial Defence College in London. On secondment to the RAF from 1935 to 1937, Goble was attached to the British Air Ministry as Deputy Director of Air Operations. In this capacity he attended a conference in 1936 to examine a Commonwealth-wide air training plan, a concept that would be revived in World War II as the Empire Air Training Scheme. Continuing his exchange posting, on 1 September Goble took over as Air Officer Commanding No. 2 (Bomber) Group, based in Hampshire. The group comprised fifteen squadrons, putting him in charge of a force stronger than the entire RAAF. On 28 February 1937, Goble was raised to temporary air vice marshal. He succeeded Williams as Chief of the Air Staff for the last time in February 1939, when the latter was dismissed from his position in the aftermath of the Ellington Report criticising the standards of training and air safety observed by the RAAF. When he replaced Williams, Goble was Air Member for Personnel and might therefore have been considered more closely responsible for such standards; he maintained that Williams had personally overseen the service's air training since 1934. Circumnavigation of Australia Fairey IIID seaplane flown by Wing Commander Goble and Flying Officer McIntyre on their 1924 circumnavigation of Australia The young air force was a small, close-knit organisation comparable to a flying club, although several pioneering flights were undertaken by its members. One of the most notable was made by Goble and Flying Officer (later Flight Lieutenant) Ivor McIntyre in 1924, when they became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air, in a single-engined Fairey IIID floatplane. The English-born McIntyre, who was lead pilot while Goble acted as commander and navigator, was also a World War I veteran of the Royal Naval Air Service. The purpose of the flight was to survey the northern coastline of Australia for defence planning, and to test the capabilities of the Fairey IIID. Goble and McIntyre took off from Point Cook, Victoria, on 6 April 1924 and flew 8,450 miles (13,600 km) in 44 days, in often arduous conditions. Though well-prepared with fuel stocks and spare parts pre-positioned along the intended route, they had to contend with illness and tropical storms, as well as mid-air engine trouble and fuel leaks. Their journey took them anticlockwise around the continent, along the Eastern Australian coast through Sydney, Southport, Townsville and Thursday Island, crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria to Darwin, and then continuing along the coast through Broome, Carnarvon, Perth, Albany and Port Lincoln, before arriving back in Victoria. As they flew above Point Cook, twelve RAAF aircraft took to the air to escort them to their landing place at St Kilda Beach, where they were welcomed by a crowd of 10,000 people. Goble (left) and McIntyre on St Kilda Beach Prime Minister Stanley Bruce called the expedition "one of the most wonderful accomplishments in the history of aviation", his government presenting Goble with a gift of £500, and £250 to McIntyre. The British Royal Aero Club awarded them the annual Britannia Trophy, and they were appointed Commanders of the Order of the British Empire in the King's Birthday Honours. Though the flight is still acknowledged as one of the most important in Australian aviation, the necessity for the Air Force chief to personally command such a journey has been questioned, suggesting that it was motivated by the one-upmanship that characterised the Williams-Goble relationship. Two years later Williams would make a three-month, 10,000-mile (16,000 km) round trip from Point Cook to the Pacific Islands, the first international flight undertaken by an RAAF plane and crew, amid similar suspicions. World War II Air Vice Marshal Goble (left) as Air Liaison Officer to Canada, 1941 As Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of World War II, Goble planned the expansion and decentralisation of the RAAF to meet the needs of home defence and Australia's obligations in Europe, which included the transfer of No. 10 Squadron to Britain. The Federal Government abandoned his concept of an autonomous Air Expeditionary Force in favour of full commitment to the Empire Air Training Scheme, which Goble considered detrimental to local defence. His proposal to organise the RAAF along functional lines, with Home Defence, Training, and Maintenance Commands, was similarly rejected. Goble also came into conflict with his deputy, Air Commodore John Russell, an RAF officer on exchange in Australia. These issues led to Goble tendering his resignation as CAS, which took effect in January 1940. The Argus in Melbourne reported that "Goble wishes to resign 'on a matter of high principle'. It is known that he has been dissatisfied for some time with his relations with the Federal Government." Prime Minister Robert Menzies had in any case been looking for a British officer to head the RAAF and confided to the UK High Commissioner, Sir Geoffrey Whiskard, that Goble's resignation was "undoubtedly very convenient". Following the interim appointment of Air Commodore Anderson, the Royal Air Force's Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett became Chief of the Air Staff; among other things, Burnett proceeded to reorganise the Air Force into a geographically based "area" system of command and control. Goble had offered to submit his resignation from the RAAF as well as from the position of CAS, and was considering a return to Britain for service with the RAF. Menzies persuaded him to remain and take on the role of Australian Air Liaison Officer to Canada, based in Ottawa. Raised to substantive air vice marshal, Goble stayed at this post for the duration of the war and was the RAAF's representative at the Ottawa Conference in May–June 1942 that negotiated the Joint Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Retirement and legacy Jimmy Goble in 1943 In January 1946, Goble presided over the court-martial of Australia's top-scoring fighter ace, Group Captain Clive Caldwell. Charged with alcohol trafficking on the island of Morotai in 1945, Caldwell was found guilty and reduced to the rank of flight lieutenant; he left the Air Force soon after. Goble was himself forced into retirement in February 1946, despite being five years below the mandatory age of sixty. The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, in recommending Goble's dismissal, wrote that "this officer has a sound Service knowledge and an alert mind, but suffers from certain nervous characteristics which make continuous application to a task impossible". Other senior RAAF commanders who were veterans of World War I, including Richard Williams, were also retired at this time, ostensibly to make way for the advancement of younger officers. Goble suffered from hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and died in Heidelberg, Victoria, on 24 July 1948. He was cremated, leaving his wife Kathleen, and three sons. His son John (born 1923) joined the Royal Australian Navy and qualified as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm, rising to the rank of commodore and commanding 817 Squadron, the naval air station HMAS Albatross, and the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. Goble Street in Hughes, Australian Capital Territory, was named for Jimmy Goble. In 1994 he and Ivor McIntyre were honoured with the issue of a postage stamp by Australia Post, in a series depicting Australian aviators that also included Freda Thompson, Lawrence Hargrave, and Sir Keith and Sir Ross Macpherson Smith. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t McCarthy, "Goble, Stanley James (1891–1948)" ^ a b c d e f g Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 39–41 ^ Stephens, Australia's Air Chiefs, p. 25 ^ "Distinguished Brunswick Footballer". Brunswick and Coburg Leader. Victoria, Australia. 22 October 1915. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 10 ^ "No. 29799". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10362. ^ Cardillo, Teena (27 March 2003). "Aircraft's return is in the bag". Air Force. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Franks, Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I, p. 8 ^ a b c Dennis et al., The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, p. 270 ^ "No. 29947". The London Gazette. 16 February 1917. p. 1648. ^ "No. 30156". The London Gazette. 29 June 1917. pp. 6413–6414. ^ "No. 30451". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1917. pp. 87–88. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 7 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Cutlack, The Australian Flying Corps, p. xxvi ^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 28–29 ^ Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 49 ^ Franks, Sopwith Pup Aces of World War 1, p. 86 ^ Newton, Australian Air Aces, pp. 36, 60 ^ "Goble, S.J. (Major) – Royal Air Force". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ "No. 31098". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. pp. 92–93. ^ "No. 31332". The London Gazette. 9 May 1919. p. 5800. ^ "No. 32009". The London Gazette. 6 August 1920. p. 8183. ^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 26–31 ^ "No. 32767". The London Gazette. 14 November 1922. p. 8039. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 15–16 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 20–23 ^ Stephens, High Fliers, p. 33 ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 52–53 ^ a b c Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 29–33 ^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 37 ^ Roylance, Air Base Richmond, p. 19 ^ "Former Chiefs of the Air Force". Royal Australian Air Force. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 79 ^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 93 ^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 66–67, 113–116 ^ a b Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 347–348 ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 36–37 ^ a b c Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 25 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ "No. 32941". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1924. p. 4414. ^ Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, pp. 24–25 ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 90–91 Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, pp. 24–28 ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 75–77 Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 462–463 ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 91–92 ^ Herington, Air War Against Germany and Italy, pp. 530–545 Archived 19 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, p. 20 ^ Watson, Killer Caldwell, pp. 228–239 ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 123–124 ^ a b Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 180 ^ Helson, Ten Years at the Top, p. 232 ^ Legge, Who's Who in Australia 1971, p. 391 ^ Goble, John (December 2005). "Storm Ashore: A Worm's Eye View of D-Day" (PDF). Goorangai. Royal Australian Naval Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014. ^ "Hughes Neighbourhood Watch Group" (PDF). ACT Neighbourhood Watch Inc. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Aviation Feats, Australia Post". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 26 September 2014. References Ashworth, Norman (2000). How Not to Run an Air Force! The Higher Command of the Royal Australian Air Force During the Second World War: Volume 1. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 0-642-26550-X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1991). The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force 1921–39. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-442307-1. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Cutlack, F.M. (1941) . The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 (11th edition): Volume VIII – The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553227-9. Franks, Norman (2005). Sopwith Pup Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-886-3. Gillison, Douglas (1962). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Helson, Peter (2006). Ten Years at the Top (PhD thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. OCLC 225531223. Herington, John (1954). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy 1939–1943. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Legge, J.S., ed. (1971). Who's Who in Australia 1971. Melbourne: The Herald and Weekly Times. McCarthy, John (1983). "Goble, Stanley James (1891–1948)". Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 9. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 33–35. Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces. Fyshwyck, Australian Capital Territory: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-25-0. Odgers, George (1984). The Royal Australian Air Force: An Illustrated History. Brookvale, New South Wales: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-368-5. Roylance, Derek (1991). Air Base Richmond. RAAF Base Richmond: Royal Australian Air Force. ISBN 0-646-05212-8. Stephens, Alan (1995). Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-42803-1. Stephens, Alan (2006) . The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555541-4. Stephens, Alan, ed. (1992). Australia's Air Chiefs: The Proceedings of the 1992 RAAF History Conference. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 0-642-18866-1. Stephens, Alan; Isaacs, Jeff (1996). High Fliers: Leaders of the Royal Australian Air Force. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-45682-5. Stevens, David, ed. (2001). The Australian Centenary History of Defence Volume III: The Royal Australian Navy. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554116-2. Watson, Jeffrey (2005). Killer Caldwell. Sydney: Hodder. ISBN 0-7336-1929-0. Wilson, David (2003). The Eagle and the Albatross: Australian Aerial Maritime Operations 1921–1971 (PhD thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanley James Goble. "Australasian Gazette – A Seaplane Circles a Continent". Australian Screen. Footage of Goble's and McIntyre's arrival at St Kilda after their 1924 flight. Military offices Preceded byRichard Williams Chief of the Air Staff 1922–1925 Succeeded byRichard Williams Preceded byRichard Williams Chief of the Air Staff 1932–1934 Succeeded byRichard Williams Preceded byWilliam Anderson Air Member for Personnel 1934 Succeeded byHazelton Nicholl Preceded byBertine Sutton Air Officer Commanding No. 2 Group RAF 1936–1937 Succeeded byCharles Blount Preceded byHazelton Nicholl Air Member for Personnel 1938–1939 Succeeded byJohn Russell Preceded byRichard Williams Chief of the Air Staff 1939–1940 Succeeded byWilliam Anderson vteChiefs of the Royal Australian Air ForceChief of theAir Staff Richard Williams Stanley Goble Richard Williams Stanley Goble Richard Williams Stanley Goble William Anderson Sir Charles Burnett George Jones Sir Donald Hardman Sir John McCauley Sir Frederick Scherger Sir Valston Hancock Sir Alister Murdoch Sir Colin Hannah Sir Charles Read Sir James Rowland Sir Neville McNamara David Evans John Newham Ray Funnell Barry Gration Les Fisher Chief of Air Force Les Fisher Errol McCormack Angus Houston Geoff Shepherd Mark Binskin Geoff Brown Leo Davies Mel Hupfeld Robert Chipman Authority control databases: People Australia Trove

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Vice Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Vice_Marshal"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"DSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Richard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(RAAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Ivor McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"circumnavigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"No. 205 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._205_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"No. 2 (Bomber) Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Empire Air Training Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Air Liaison Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Liaison_Officer"}],"text":"Royal Australian Air Force chiefAir Vice Marshal Stanley James (Jimmy) Goble, CBE, DSO, DSC (21 August 1891 – 24 July 1948) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He served three terms as Chief of the Air Staff, alternating with Wing Commander (later Air Marshal Sir) Richard Williams. Goble came to national attention in 1924 when he and fellow RAAF pilot Ivor McIntyre became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air, journeying 8,450 miles (13,600 km) in a single-engined floatplane.During World War I, Goble flew fighters on the Western Front with the British Royal Naval Air Service. He became an ace with ten victories, commanded No. 5 Squadron (later No. 205 Squadron RAF), and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Distinguished Service Cross. Returning to Australia, Goble assisted in the formation of the RAAF as an independent branch of the Australian armed forces. On an exchange posting to Britain in the 1930s, he led No. 2 (Bomber) Group RAF.As Chief of the Air Staff at the onset of World War II, Goble clashed with the Federal Government over implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme, which he believed would be detrimental to the defence of Australia. He stepped down as leader of the RAAF in early 1940, and spent the rest of the war in Ottawa as Air Liaison Officer to Canada. Goble died in 1948 at the age of fifty-six, two years after retiring from the military.","title":"Stanley Goble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_(position)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_p.10-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"}],"text":"Born in Croydon, Victoria, Stanley James Goble was one of four sons to an Australian father, George, and an English mother, Ann.[1][2] He apparently received little schooling, and began his working life as a clerk with the Victorian Railways at the age of sixteen. By twenty-three he was, like his father, a stationmaster,[1][3] and a footballer with Brunswick in the Victorian Football Association.[4]Goble was prevented from joining the Australian Imperial Force at the beginning of World War I after failing the stringent medical criteria; he wrote later that \"only applicants of the finest physiques were considered suitable for the first contingent of Australian troops\".[5] With his three brothers already on active service, he decided to travel to England at his own expense and enlist in the British armed forces.[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine patrols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_p.10-5"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Caudron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudron"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_p.10-5"},{"link_name":"Very pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_p.10-5"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._208_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Nieuport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ghistelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gistel"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Air_Force-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"flight lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"French Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis-9"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette29947-10"},{"link_name":"No. 5 Squadron RNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._205_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Petite-Synthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite-Synthe"},{"link_name":"Airco DH.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airco_DH.4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cutlack-14"},{"link_name":"British Fifth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis-9"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"}],"text":"Goble was accepted for flying training with the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in July 1915. After graduating as a flight sub-lieutenant on 20 October 1915, he became a test pilot and undertook anti-submarine patrols out of Dover.[1] Goble commenced operations with only three hours' solo flying experience.[5] Towards the end of the year he was posted across the Channel to Dunkirk, flying Caudron reconnaissance-bombers and Sopwith Pup fighters.[1][5]... I was detailed to carry out what was termed a fighting patrol in a twin-engined Caudron. My armament was a Very pistol and my gunner was supplied with a rifle ... I discovered that my gunner had never been in the air, had never fired a rifle in his life ... I had not seen a twin-engined Caudron until after dark on the previous evening and could not even obtain a map of the front ... Fortunately this highly efficient fighting combination found nothing to fight.\n\n\nGoble on his introduction to operations at the Western Front, 1915[5]Goble was a founding member of No. 8 Squadron RNAS in 1916, during the latter part of the Battle of the Somme, where he flew both Pups and Nieuport fighters.[1] He earned the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions on 24 September 1916, when he engaged two enemy fighters near Ghistelles in West Flanders, \"and brought one of them down on fire in a spiral nose-dive\", according to the citation in The London Gazette.[6] This victory was the first confirmed \"kill\" achieved by an Allied pilot flying the Pup.[7][8] Goble was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 October, and won the French Croix de Guerre later that month.[1][9]On 17 February 1917, Goble was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his \"conspicuous bravery and skill\" in three separate actions while operating with No. 8 Squadron: on 7 November 1916 when he forced a hostile fighter down in a field, where it crashed attempting to land; on 27 November when he engaged four enemy aircraft, destroying one; and on 4 December when, in repeated combats while escorting Allied bombers, he helped drive off attacking fighters and shot down one of them.[10] The same month that he was awarded the DSO, Goble was posted to No. 5 Squadron RNAS at Petite-Synthe near the Franco-Belgian border, flying Airco DH.4 two-seat light bombers.[1]Goble was promoted twice in 1917, to flight commander in June,[11] then squadron commander in December.[12] He led No. 5 Squadron for the latter part of the year and into 1918.[13][14] His unit supported the British Fifth Army as it bore the brunt of the German spring offensive, and he had to evacuate his airfield when it was shelled by advancing enemy artillery.[1] Relocating twice to other landing grounds, he kept his squadron on the attack, and was subsequently recognised by a commendation circulated to all RNAS combat units.[15] When the RNAS merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps on 1 April 1918, Goble became a major in the newly formed Royal Air Force.[9] Twice mentioned in despatches,[1] he finished the war an ace, with ten victories.[16][17][18] Although himself forced to crash land on two occasions, he had avoided any injury during his active service.[1]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Inter-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AirBoard1928_AWM_128397.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1919 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"squadron leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_leader"},{"link_name":"wing commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Richard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(RAAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"Australian Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Australian Air Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Board_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.26-31-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.26-31-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.26-31-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Going_Solo-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.26-31-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the Royal Australian Air Force","text":"RAAF Air Board in 1928: Group Captain Goble, Director of Personnel and Training (front, left), with Air Commodore Williams, Chief of the Air Staff (front, centre)Goble returned to Australia on HT Gaika in November 1918.[19] He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours,[20] and made an acting lieutenant colonel in May that year.[21] He received a permanent commission as a squadron leader and honorary wing commander in the RAF on 1 August 1919, and was seconded to the Royal Australian Navy.[1][22]When a temporary Air Board was set up to examine the feasibility of an Australian Air Force (AAF), Goble was assigned as a Navy representative, and Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams, an Australian Flying Corps veteran of World War I, acted as an Army spokesman. The permanent Australian Air Board was established on 9 November 1920, and recommended creation of the AAF as an independent branch of the armed services.[23] The AAF came into being on 31 March 1921—the 'Royal' prefix being granted five months later—and Goble resigned his commission in the RAF the same day to transfer to the new service as a wing commander.[23][24]The Navy had nominated Goble as First Air Member (later Chief of the Air Staff), but Williams took the post and Goble became Second Air Member and Director of Personnel and Training.[23][25] Williams and Goble would serve as Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) three times each between 1922 and 1940. One motive suggested for the rotation was a ploy by Army and Navy interests to limit Williams' autonomy.[26] Instead, according to RAAF historian Alan Stephens, the arrangement \"almost inevitably fostered an unproductive rivalry\" between the two officers,[23] which was \"exacerbated by the personality differences between the pedantic, autocratic Williams and the cheerful, easy-going Goble\".[27] Although in a legal sense the Air Board led the RAAF rather than the CAS alone, Williams dominated the board to such an extent that Goble would later complain that his colleague appeared to consider the Air Force his personal command.[28]","title":"Inter-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helson-29"},{"link_name":"Bill Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anderson_(RAAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Anzac Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane"},{"link_name":"Rushcutters Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushcutters_Bay"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_(RAN)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis-9"},{"link_name":"British Army Staff College in Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_College,_Camberley"},{"link_name":"RAF Staff College, Andover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Staff_College,_Andover"},{"link_name":"group captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_captain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"air commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_commodore"},{"link_name":"Imperial Defence College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Defence_Studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Empire Air Training Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison_p.79-33"},{"link_name":"Air Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"No. 2 (Bomber) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"air vice marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_vice_marshal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Ellington Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ellington"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.66-67,113-116-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark347-36"},{"link_name":"Air Member for Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Member_for_Personnel_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark347-36"}],"sub_title":"Chief of the Air Staff","text":"The rivalry between Goble and Williams was such that it was later alleged that government practice was to ensure that they were never in the country at the same time.[29] In October 1921, Goble was posted to Britain for a naval co-operation course; his place on the Air Board was taken by Squadron Leader Bill Anderson.[30] Goble married Kathleen Wodehouse in London on Anzac Day, 1922, and returned to Australia later that year.[1] His first term as CAS began when Williams left the country in December 1922 for study in England. Goble developed a plan to establish a small seaplane base at Rushcutters Bay in Sydney, but Williams cancelled this shortly after he returned to Australia in February 1925 to resume the position of CAS.[31] Goble's suggestion of a separate Fleet Air Arm fostered suspicions that he was too closely aligned with naval interests.[9] He departed for England to undertake study at the British Army Staff College in Camberley and RAF Staff College, Andover, as Williams had done two years before. Goble also served as Air Liaison Officer with the Australian High Commission in London from May 1926 to September 1927. He was promoted to group captain on 1 April 1928.[1]Raised to temporary air commodore, Goble took over as CAS for the second time between December 1932 and June 1934, while Williams attended the Imperial Defence College in London.[1][32] On secondment to the RAF from 1935 to 1937, Goble was attached to the British Air Ministry as Deputy Director of Air Operations.[1] In this capacity he attended a conference in 1936 to examine a Commonwealth-wide air training plan, a concept that would be revived in World War II as the Empire Air Training Scheme.[33] Continuing his exchange posting, on 1 September Goble took over as Air Officer Commanding No. 2 (Bomber) Group, based in Hampshire. The group comprised fifteen squadrons, putting him in charge of a force stronger than the entire RAAF.[34] On 28 February 1937, Goble was raised to temporary air vice marshal.[1] He succeeded Williams as Chief of the Air Staff for the last time in February 1939, when the latter was dismissed from his position in the aftermath of the Ellington Report criticising the standards of training and air safety observed by the RAAF.[35][36] When he replaced Williams, Goble was Air Member for Personnel and might therefore have been considered more closely responsible for such standards; he maintained that Williams had personally overseen the service's air training since 1934.[1][36]","title":"Inter-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P00589.005GobleSeaplane.jpg"},{"link_name":"flying club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_club"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ivor McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Fairey III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison-38"},{"link_name":"Point Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Williams#RAAF_Base_Point_Cook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Thursday Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Island,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Broome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Port Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison-38"},{"link_name":"St Kilda Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWM128398.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanley Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison-38"},{"link_name":"Royal Aero Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aero_Club"},{"link_name":"Britannia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Commanders of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"King's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"one-upmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-upmanship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.39-41-2"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Circumnavigation of Australia","text":"Fairey IIID seaplane flown by Wing Commander Goble and Flying Officer McIntyre on their 1924 circumnavigation of AustraliaThe young air force was a small, close-knit organisation comparable to a flying club, although several pioneering flights were undertaken by its members.[37] One of the most notable was made by Goble and Flying Officer (later Flight Lieutenant) Ivor McIntyre in 1924, when they became the first men to circumnavigate Australia by air, in a single-engined Fairey IIID floatplane. The English-born McIntyre, who was lead pilot while Goble acted as commander and navigator, was also a World War I veteran of the Royal Naval Air Service.[2] The purpose of the flight was to survey the northern coastline of Australia for defence planning, and to test the capabilities of the Fairey IIID.[38]Goble and McIntyre took off from Point Cook, Victoria, on 6 April 1924 and flew 8,450 miles (13,600 km) in 44 days, in often arduous conditions. Though well-prepared with fuel stocks and spare parts pre-positioned along the intended route, they had to contend with illness and tropical storms, as well as mid-air engine trouble and fuel leaks.[1][2] Their journey took them anticlockwise around the continent, along the Eastern Australian coast through Sydney, Southport, Townsville and Thursday Island, crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria to Darwin, and then continuing along the coast through Broome, Carnarvon, Perth, Albany and Port Lincoln, before arriving back in Victoria.[38] As they flew above Point Cook, twelve RAAF aircraft took to the air to escort them to their landing place at St Kilda Beach, where they were welcomed by a crowd of 10,000 people.[2]Goble (left) and McIntyre on St Kilda BeachPrime Minister Stanley Bruce called the expedition \"one of the most wonderful accomplishments in the history of aviation\", his government presenting Goble with a gift of £500, and £250 to McIntyre.[38] The British Royal Aero Club awarded them the annual Britannia Trophy, and they were appointed Commanders of the Order of the British Empire in the King's Birthday Honours.[2][39] Though the flight is still acknowledged as one of the most important in Australian aviation, the necessity for the Air Force chief to personally command such a journey has been questioned, suggesting that it was motivated by the one-upmanship that characterised the Williams-Goble relationship.[2] Two years later Williams would make a three-month, 10,000-mile (16,000 km) round trip from Point Cook to the Pacific Islands, the first international flight undertaken by an RAAF plane and crew, amid similar suspicions.[2][40]","title":"Inter-war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_Goble,J.L._de_Niverville,_J.R._Gordon_.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 10 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._10_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helson-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.66-67,113-116-35"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashworth-42"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helson-29"},{"link_name":"The Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison_pp.75-77-43"},{"link_name":"Robert Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies"},{"link_name":"UK High Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Whiskard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Whiskard"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"\"area\" system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_area_commands"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.66-67,113-116-35"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison_pp.91%E2%80%9392-45"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephens_pp.66-67,113-116-35"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillison_pp.75-77-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Air Vice Marshal Goble (left) as Air Liaison Officer to Canada, 1941As Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of World War II, Goble planned the expansion and decentralisation of the RAAF to meet the needs of home defence and Australia's obligations in Europe, which included the transfer of No. 10 Squadron to Britain.[29] The Federal Government abandoned his concept of an autonomous Air Expeditionary Force in favour of full commitment to the Empire Air Training Scheme, which Goble considered detrimental to local defence.[35] His proposal to organise the RAAF along functional lines, with Home Defence, Training, and Maintenance Commands, was similarly rejected.[41][42] Goble also came into conflict with his deputy, Air Commodore John Russell, an RAF officer on exchange in Australia.[29] These issues led to Goble tendering his resignation as CAS, which took effect in January 1940. The Argus in Melbourne reported that \"Goble wishes to resign 'on a matter of high principle'. It is known that he has been dissatisfied for some time with his relations with the Federal Government.\"[43]Prime Minister Robert Menzies had in any case been looking for a British officer to head the RAAF and confided to the UK High Commissioner, Sir Geoffrey Whiskard, that Goble's resignation was \"undoubtedly very convenient\".[44] Following the interim appointment of Air Commodore Anderson, the Royal Air Force's Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Burnett became Chief of the Air Staff; among other things, Burnett proceeded to reorganise the Air Force into a geographically based \"area\" system of command and control.[35][45] Goble had offered to submit his resignation from the RAAF as well as from the position of CAS, and was considering a return to Britain for service with the RAF. Menzies persuaded him to remain and take on the role of Australian Air Liaison Officer to Canada, based in Ottawa.[35][43] Raised to substantive air vice marshal, Goble stayed at this post for the duration of the war and was the RAAF's representative at the Ottawa Conference in May–June 1942 that negotiated the Joint Commonwealth Air Training Plan.[46][47]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AVM_Stanley_Goble.jpg"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"Clive Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-48"},{"link_name":"Morotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morotai"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens_p.180-50"},{"link_name":"George Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jones_(RAAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens_p.180-50"},{"link_name":"cerebrovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_(RAN)"},{"link_name":"commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(rank)"},{"link_name":"817 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/817_Squadron_RAN"},{"link_name":"HMAS Albatross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Albatross_(air_station)"},{"link_name":"HMAS Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(R21)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes,_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Australia Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post"},{"link_name":"Freda Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freda_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Hargrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave"},{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Macpherson_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ross Macpherson Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Macpherson_Smith"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Jimmy Goble in 1943In January 1946, Goble presided over the court-martial of Australia's top-scoring fighter ace, Group Captain Clive Caldwell.[48] Charged with alcohol trafficking on the island of Morotai in 1945, Caldwell was found guilty and reduced to the rank of flight lieutenant; he left the Air Force soon after.[49] Goble was himself forced into retirement in February 1946, despite being five years below the mandatory age of sixty.[50] The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, in recommending Goble's dismissal, wrote that \"this officer has a sound Service knowledge and an alert mind, but suffers from certain nervous characteristics which make continuous application to a task impossible\".[51] Other senior RAAF commanders who were veterans of World War I, including Richard Williams, were also retired at this time, ostensibly to make way for the advancement of younger officers.[50]Goble suffered from hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and died in Heidelberg, Victoria, on 24 July 1948. He was cremated, leaving his wife Kathleen, and three sons.[1] His son John (born 1923) joined the Royal Australian Navy and qualified as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm, rising to the rank of commodore and commanding 817 Squadron, the naval air station HMAS Albatross, and the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne.[52][53] Goble Street in Hughes, Australian Capital Territory, was named for Jimmy Goble.[54] In 1994 he and Ivor McIntyre were honoured with the issue of a postage stamp by Australia Post, in a series depicting Australian aviators that also included Freda Thompson, Lawrence Hargrave, and Sir Keith and Sir Ross Macpherson Smith.[55]","title":"Retirement and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_1-19"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stephens_pp.39-41_2-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Distinguished 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Goorangai_2005_Vol1_No7.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"\"Hughes Neighbourhood Watch Group\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090304203322/http://www.nhwact.com.au/files/newsletters/200805_Hughes.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Aviation Feats, Australia Post\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=141099"},{"link_name":"Powerhouse Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t McCarthy, \"Goble, Stanley James (1891–1948)\"\n\n^ a b c d e f g Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 39–41\n\n^ Stephens, Australia's Air Chiefs, p. 25\n\n^ \"Distinguished Brunswick Footballer\". Brunswick and Coburg Leader. Victoria, Australia. 22 October 1915. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2018 – via National Library of Australia.\n\n^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 10\n\n^ \"No. 29799\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10362.\n\n^ Cardillo, Teena (27 March 2003). \"Aircraft's return is in the bag\". Air Force. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014.\n\n^ Franks, Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I, p. 8\n\n^ a b c Dennis et al., The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, p. 270\n\n^ \"No. 29947\". The London Gazette. 16 February 1917. p. 1648.\n\n^ \"No. 30156\". The London Gazette. 29 June 1917. pp. 6413–6414.\n\n^ \"No. 30451\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1917. pp. 87–88.\n\n^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 7 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Cutlack, The Australian Flying Corps, p. xxvi\n\n^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 28–29\n\n^ Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 49\n\n^ Franks, Sopwith Pup Aces of World War 1, p. 86\n\n^ Newton, Australian Air Aces, pp. 36, 60\n\n^ \"Goble, S.J. (Major) – Royal Air Force\". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.\n\n^ \"No. 31098\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. pp. 92–93.\n\n^ \"No. 31332\". The London Gazette. 9 May 1919. p. 5800.\n\n^ \"No. 32009\". The London Gazette. 6 August 1920. p. 8183.\n\n^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 26–31\n\n^ \"No. 32767\". The London Gazette. 14 November 1922. p. 8039.\n\n^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 15–16 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 20–23\n\n^ Stephens, High Fliers, p. 33\n\n^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 52–53\n\n^ a b c Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 29–33\n\n^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 37\n\n^ Roylance, Air Base Richmond, p. 19\n\n^ \"Former Chiefs of the Air Force\". Royal Australian Air Force. Retrieved 26 September 2014.\n\n^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 79\n\n^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, p. 93\n\n^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 66–67, 113–116\n\n^ a b Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 347–348\n\n^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 36–37\n\n^ a b c Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 25 Archived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"No. 32941\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1924. p. 4414.\n\n^ Wilson, The Eagle and the Albatross, pp. 24–25\n\n^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 90–91 Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, pp. 24–28\n\n^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 75–77 Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 462–463\n\n^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 91–92\n\n^ Herington, Air War Against Germany and Italy, pp. 530–545 Archived 19 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, p. 20\n\n^ Watson, Killer Caldwell, pp. 228–239\n\n^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 123–124\n\n^ a b Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 180\n\n^ Helson, Ten Years at the Top, p. 232\n\n^ Legge, Who's Who in Australia 1971, p. 391\n\n^ Goble, John (December 2005). \"Storm Ashore: A Worm's Eye View of D-Day\" (PDF). Goorangai. Royal Australian Naval Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014.\n\n^ \"Hughes Neighbourhood Watch Group\" (PDF). ACT Neighbourhood Watch Inc. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ \"Aviation Feats, Australia Post\". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"RAAF Air Board in 1928: Group Captain Goble, Director of Personnel and Training (front, left), with Air Commodore Williams, Chief of the Air Staff (front, centre)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AirBoard1928_AWM_128397.jpg/180px-AirBoard1928_AWM_128397.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fairey IIID seaplane flown by Wing Commander Goble and Flying Officer McIntyre on their 1924 circumnavigation of Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/P00589.005GobleSeaplane.jpg/260px-P00589.005GobleSeaplane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goble (left) and McIntyre on St Kilda Beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AWM128398.jpg/260px-AWM128398.jpg"},{"image_text":"Air Vice Marshal Goble (left) as Air Liaison Officer to Canada, 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stanley_Goble%2CJ.L._de_Niverville%2C_J.R._Gordon_.jpg/180px-Stanley_Goble%2CJ.L._de_Niverville%2C_J.R._Gordon_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jimmy Goble in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/AVM_Stanley_Goble.jpg/180px-AVM_Stanley_Goble.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Distinguished Brunswick Footballer\". Brunswick and Coburg Leader. Victoria, Australia. 22 October 1915. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2018 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article87755800","url_text":"\"Distinguished Brunswick Footballer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29799\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29799/supplement/10362","url_text":"\"No. 29799\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Cardillo, Teena (27 March 2003). \"Aircraft's return is in the bag\". Air Force. Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011051/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4504/history/story02.htm","url_text":"\"Aircraft's return is in the bag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)","url_text":"Department of Defence"},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4504/history/story02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29947\". The London Gazette. 16 February 1917. p. 1648.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29947/page/1648","url_text":"\"No. 29947\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30156\". The London Gazette. 29 June 1917. pp. 6413–6414.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30156/page/6413","url_text":"\"No. 30156\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30451\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1917. pp. 87–88.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30451/supplement/87","url_text":"\"No. 30451\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goble, S.J. (Major) – Royal Air Force\". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140928222519/http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=6032142","url_text":"\"Goble, S.J. (Major) – Royal Air Force\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia","url_text":"National Archives of Australia"},{"url":"http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=6032142","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31098\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. pp. 92–93.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31098/supplement/92","url_text":"\"No. 31098\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31332\". The London Gazette. 9 May 1919. p. 5800.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31332/page/5800","url_text":"\"No. 31332\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32009\". The London Gazette. 6 August 1920. p. 8183.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32009/page/8183","url_text":"\"No. 32009\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32767\". The London Gazette. 14 November 1922. p. 8039.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32767/page/8039","url_text":"\"No. 32767\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chiefs of the Air Force\". Royal Australian Air Force. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforce.gov.au/Our-People/Our-Leaders/Former-Chiefs-of-the-Air-Force/?RAAF-eVU0B0vXGxjMm58rIXJ4Pcrjc016wcSv","url_text":"\"Former Chiefs of the Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32941\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1924. p. 4414.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32941/supplement/4414","url_text":"\"No. 32941\""}]},{"reference":"Goble, John (December 2005). \"Storm Ashore: A Worm's Eye View of D-Day\" (PDF). Goorangai. Royal Australian Naval Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070626/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Goorangai_2005_Vol1_No7.pdf","url_text":"\"Storm Ashore: A Worm's Eye View of D-Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Naval_Reserve","url_text":"Royal Australian Naval Reserve"},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Goorangai_2005_Vol1_No7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hughes Neighbourhood Watch Group\" (PDF). ACT Neighbourhood Watch Inc. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304203322/http://www.nhwact.com.au/files/newsletters/200805_Hughes.pdf","url_text":"\"Hughes Neighbourhood Watch Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aviation Feats, Australia Post\". Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 26 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=141099","url_text":"\"Aviation Feats, Australia Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum","url_text":"Powerhouse Museum"}]},{"reference":"Ashworth, Norman (2000). How Not to Run an Air Force! The Higher Command of the Royal Australian Air Force During the Second World War: Volume 1. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 0-642-26550-X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006082301/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/241/How-Not-To-Run-An-Air-Force-Volume-1.aspx","url_text":"How Not to Run an Air Force! 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Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216191026/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/437/The-Third-Brother-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1921-39.aspx","url_text":"The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force 1921–39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-442307-1","url_text":"0-04-442307-1"},{"url":"http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/437/The-Third-Brother-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1921-39.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cutlack, F.M. (1941) [1923]. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 (11th edition): Volume VIII – The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069925/","url_text":"The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 (11th edition): Volume VIII – The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553227-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey","url_text":"Grey, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553227-9","url_text":"0-19-553227-9"}]},{"reference":"Franks, Norman (2005). Sopwith Pup Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-886-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-886-3","url_text":"1-84176-886-3"}]},{"reference":"Gillison, Douglas (1962). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070209/","url_text":"Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial","url_text":"Australian War Memorial"}]},{"reference":"Helson, Peter (2006). Ten Years at the Top (PhD thesis). Sydney: University of New South Wales. OCLC 225531223.","urls":[{"url":"http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38729","url_text":"Ten Years at the Top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"University of New South Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225531223","url_text":"225531223"}]},{"reference":"Herington, John (1954). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy 1939–1943. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070211/","url_text":"Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume III – Air War Against Germany and Italy 1939–1943"}]},{"reference":"Legge, J.S., ed. (1971). Who's Who in Australia 1971. Melbourne: The Herald and Weekly Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_Australia","url_text":"Who's Who in Australia 1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_and_Weekly_Times","url_text":"The Herald and Weekly Times"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, John (1983). \"Goble, Stanley James (1891–1948)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 9. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 33–35.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090031b.htm","url_text":"\"Goble, Stanley James (1891–1948)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing","url_text":"Melbourne University Press"}]},{"reference":"Newton, Dennis (1996). Australian Air Aces. Fyshwyck, Australian Capital Territory: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-25-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-25-0","url_text":"1-875671-25-0"}]},{"reference":"Odgers, George (1984). The Royal Australian Air Force: An Illustrated History. Brookvale, New South Wales: Child & Henry. ISBN 0-86777-368-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Odgers","url_text":"Odgers, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86777-368-5","url_text":"0-86777-368-5"}]},{"reference":"Roylance, Derek (1991). Air Base Richmond. RAAF Base Richmond: Royal Australian Air Force. ISBN 0-646-05212-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-05212-8","url_text":"0-646-05212-8"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Alan (1995). Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-42803-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government_Publishing_Service","url_text":"Australian Government Publishing Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-42803-1","url_text":"0-644-42803-1"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555541-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-555541-4","url_text":"0-19-555541-4"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, Alan, ed. (1992). Australia's Air Chiefs: The Proceedings of the 1992 RAAF History Conference. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. 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Sydney: University of New South Wales.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=UNSWORKS&docId=unsworks_3183","url_text":"The Eagle and the Albatross: Australian Aerial Maritime Operations 1921–1971"}]},{"reference":"\"Australasian Gazette – A Seaplane Circles a Continent\". Australian Screen.","urls":[{"url":"http://australianscreen.com.au/titles/australasian-gazette-seaplane/clip1/","url_text":"\"Australasian Gazette – A Seaplane Circles a Continent\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_stamp

Parcel stamp

["1 Belgium","2 Britain","3 Italy","4 The United States","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

A Belgian railway parcel stamp from the 1879-82 series used in 1881 at Verviers. British Great Western Railway newspaper parcel stamps. These are regarded as cinderella stamps. A British 1901 parcel label with two Victorian stamps overprinted Govt. Parcels. Road transport private parcel service stamps from Great Britain. Circa mid twentieth century. A British 1971 private parcel stamp from the 1971 Postal Strike. An Italian 10c parcel stamp in two pieces marked pacchi postali. In philately a parcel stamp is a stamp specifically issued to pay the fee for the transport of a parcel through the postal system and usually marked as such. It is to be distinguished from a postage stamp used to pay the cost of posting a parcel, although there may no practical distinction as far as the sender is concerned. Parcel stamps issued by governments have the same status in philately as postage stamps, but parcel stamps issued by private railway companies or road carriers are regarded as cinderella stamps and many parcel stamps are also railway stamps. The international parcel post service was established by the Universal Postal Union on 1 October 1881 (Great Britain, India, The Netherlands and Persia, 1 April 1882), following the agreement of 1880 in Paris. Belgium Belgium has a long history of railway parcel stamps with the first being issued for the Belgian State Railways in 1879. Numerous different series have been issued since then. Britain Britain has not issued any stamps inscribed specifically for parcels, but several stamps have been overprinted with the words Govt. Parcels (Government Parcels). The overprints have been widely forged. A wide variety of parcel stamps have been issued in Britain by private road operators including bus and tram companies. Italy The first Italian parcel stamps were issued in 1884 and since 1914 they have been in two parts marked pacchi postali. The right hand part was retained by the sender as a receipt and the left hand part applied to the parcel. By 1909/10, over 14 million parcels were being sent annually in Italy. The United States The first and last U.S. parcel stamps were issued in 1912, along with parcel postage due stamps. In this series, which was soon discontinued, the 20-cent value is noteworthy for being the first postage stamp in the world to depict an airplane. See also U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912-13 Parcel post Railway stamp Bulletin d'expédition References ^ "The Universal Postal Union: Its History and Progress. A paper read before the Leeds Philatelic Society by E. Egly, President, on December 19th, 1905." in The London Philatelist, Vol. XV, No. 169, January 1906, pp. 2-11. ^ The 1880 UPU Parcel Post Convention and Swedish Foreign Parcel Mail, 1881 - 1921 by Sören Andersson in The Posthorn, Scandinavian Collectors Club, May 2002. Archived here. ^ a b c Mackay, James. Stamp Collecting: Philatelic Terms Illustrated. 4th edition. London: Stanley Gibbons, 2003, p. 99. ISBN 0-85259-557-3 ^ Beech, David. Great Britain and Ireland: The Carriage of Parcels by Tramway and Omnibus: Services and Stamps. London: British Library, 2008. ^ Sutton, R.J. & Anthony, K.W. The Stamp Collector's Encyclopaedia, Stanley Paul, London, 1966, p.225. ^ Jones, Chester Lloyd, "The Parcel Post in Foreign Countries", The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 22, No. 6 (June 1914), pp. 509–525. ^ The Parcel Post Issues of 1912 Further reading Davey, P.N. The Parcel Post Stamps of China. Ashford: China Philatelic Society of London, 1989. ISBN 1-870620-01-1 Ewen, Herbert L'Estrange, Railway Newspaper and Parcel Stamps of the United Kingdom, Ewen’s Colonial Stamp Market Ltd., 1906. (Reprint, 1983 by Tim Clutterbuck & Co.) Mann, John C. Parcel Post Meters of Great Britain. London: The Meter Stamp Study Group, 1962. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parcel stamps. External links Australia and New Zealand Railway Parcel Stamps. Congo Parcel Post Stamps Archive here. Italian Parcel Stamps Norwegian Parcel Stamps

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These are regarded as cinderella stamps.A British 1901 parcel label with two Victorian stamps overprinted Govt. Parcels.Road transport private parcel service stamps from Great Britain. Circa mid twentieth century.A British 1971 private parcel stamp from the 1971 Postal Strike.An Italian 10c parcel stamp in two pieces marked pacchi postali.In philately a parcel stamp is a stamp specifically issued to pay the fee for the transport of a parcel through the postal system and usually marked as such. It is to be distinguished from a postage stamp used to pay the cost of posting a parcel, although there may no practical distinction as far as the sender is concerned. Parcel stamps issued by governments have the same status in philately as postage stamps, but parcel stamps issued by private railway companies or road carriers are regarded as cinderella stamps and many parcel stamps are also railway stamps.The international parcel post service was established by the Universal Postal Union on 1 October 1881 (Great Britain, India, The Netherlands and Persia, 1 April 1882), following the agreement of 1880 in Paris.[1][2]","title":"Parcel stamp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mackay-3"}],"text":"Belgium has a long history of railway parcel stamps with the first being issued for the Belgian State Railways in 1879.[3] Numerous different series have been issued since then.","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overprinted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overprint"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Britain has not issued any stamps inscribed specifically for parcels, but several stamps have been overprinted with the words Govt. Parcels (Government Parcels). The overprints have been widely forged.A wide variety of parcel stamps have been issued in Britain by private road operators including bus and tram companies.[4]","title":"Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mackay-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-6"}],"text":"The first Italian parcel stamps were issued in 1884 and since 1914 they have been in two parts[3] marked pacchi postali. The right hand part was retained by the sender as a receipt and the left hand part applied to the parcel.[5] By 1909/10, over 14 million parcels were being sent annually in Italy.[6]","title":"Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postage due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_due"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mackay-3"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The first and last U.S. parcel stamps were issued in 1912, along with parcel postage due stamps.[3] In this series, which was soon discontinued, the 20-cent value is noteworthy for being the first postage stamp in the world to depict an airplane.[7]","title":"The United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Philatelic Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Philatelic_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-870620-01-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870620-01-1"},{"link_name":"Ewen, Herbert L'Estrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_L%27Estrange_Ewen"},{"link_name":"Parcel stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parcel_stamps"}],"text":"Davey, P.N. The Parcel Post Stamps of China. Ashford: China Philatelic Society of London, 1989. ISBN 1-870620-01-1\nEwen, Herbert L'Estrange, Railway Newspaper and Parcel Stamps of the United Kingdom, Ewen’s Colonial Stamp Market Ltd., 1906. (Reprint, 1983 by Tim Clutterbuck & Co.)\nMann, John C. Parcel Post Meters of Great Britain. London: The Meter Stamp Study Group, 1962.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parcel stamps.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Parcel_Post_stamps_of_1912-13"},{"title":"Parcel post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_post"},{"title":"Railway stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stamp"},{"title":"Bulletin d'expédition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_d%27exp%C3%A9dition"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games

Switzerland at the 1906 Intercalated Games

["1 Medalists","2 Athletics","3 Cycling","4 Shooting","5 References"]

Switzerland at the Olympics Sporting event delegationSwitzerland at the1906 Intercalated OlympicsIOC codeSUINOCSwiss Olympic AssociationWebsitewww.swissolympic.ch (in German and French)in AthensCompetitors9 in 3 sportsMedalsRanked 6th Gold 4 Silver 3 Bronze 1 Total 8 Summer appearances189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter appearances192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022 Switzerland competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, Greece. Nine athletes, all men, competed in fourteen events in three sports. Medalists Medal Name Sport Event  Gold Louis Richardet Shooting Military Revolver, 20 metres  Gold Konrad StäheliJean ReichLouis RichardetMarcel Meyer de StadelhofenAlfred Grütter Shooting Rifle 3 positions 300 metres Team  Gold Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen Shooting Free Rifle any position, 300 metres  Gold Louis Richardet Shooting Rifle Kneeling or Standing, 300 metres  Silver Konrad Stäheli Shooting Free Rifle any position, 300 metres  Silver Louis Richardet Shooting Rifle Gras Model Kneeling or Standing, 200 metres  Silver Jean Reich Shooting Rifle Kneeling or Standing, 300 metres  Bronze Jean Reich Shooting Rifle Gras Model Kneeling or Standing, 200 metres Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games Athlete Events Final Result Rank Adolf Tobler Marathon did not finish Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 1906 Intercalated Games Athlete Events Heat Semifinals Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Hans Studer Individual road race n/a Unknown Hans Studer Sprint n/a Unknown Unknown Ernst Meyer n/a Unknown Unknown Hans Studer 333 metres time trial n/a 25 3/5 19 Ernst Meyer 5000 metres Unknown 3 did not advance Hans Studer Unknown 4 did not advance Ernst Meyer 20 kilometres Unknown Unknown did not advance Hans Studer Unknown Unknown did not advance Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 1906 Intercalated Games Athlete Event Target Hits Points Rank Louis Richardet Free pistol, 25 metres 30 241 4 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen 30 214 19 Jean Reich 28 188 25 Konrad Stäheli Free pistol, 50 metres 30 206 4 Louis Richardet 29 194 13 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen 28 191 15 Caspar Widmer 30 185 17 Jean Reich 27 163 25 Louis Richardet Gras Model Revolver, 20 metres 29 199 7 Konrad Stäheli 29 192 12 Caspar Widmer 27 136 23 Jean Reich 20 103 17 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen did not finish Louis Richardet Military Revolver, 20 metres 30 253 Konrad Stäheli 29 240 4 Jean Reich 30 217 18 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen 30 174 30 Konrad StäheliJean ReichLouis RichardetMarcel Meyer de StadelhofenAlfred Grütter Rifle 3 positions 300 metres Team 599 4617 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen Free Rifle any position, 300 metres 30 243 Konrad Stäheli 30 238 Louis Richardet 30 221 10 Caspar Widmer 30 210 15 Jean Reich 29 197 22 Alfred Grütter 28 194 23 Louis Richardet Rifle Gras Model Kneeling or Standing, 200 metres 29 187 Jean Reich 28 183 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen 20 84 28 Louis Richardet Rifle Kneeling or Standing, 300 metres 30 238 Jean Reich 29 234 Marcel Meyer de Stadelhofen 30 222 7 Caspar Widmer 29 200 14 Konrad Stäheli 29 174 24 References ^ "Switzerland at the 1906 Intercalated Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2014. vteNations at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, Greece Australia Austria Belgium Bohemia Canada Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland Turkey United States Mixed team vteSwitzerland at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Switzerland hosted the 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Paul

Aaron Paul

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Other ventures","4 Personal life","5 Awards and nominations","6 Filmography","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

American actor (born 1979) Not to be confused with Paul Aron. Aaron PaulPaul at the 2018 San Diego Comic-ConBornAaron Paul Sturtevant (1979-08-27) August 27, 1979 (age 44)Emmett, Idaho, U.S.OccupationsActorproducerYears active1998–presentSpouse Lauren Parsekian ​ ​(m. 2013)​Children2 Aaron Paul (born Aaron Paul Sturtevant; August 27, 1979) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad (2008–2013), for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him one of only two actors to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014) since its separation into comedy and drama. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category. He reprised the role of Jesse Pinkman in the 2019 Netflix film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie and again during the final season of the spin-off series Better Call Saul in 2022. Paul began his career with roles in several music videos, guest roles in television, and minor roles in films. In 2007, he had a recurring role as Scott Quittman on the HBO series Big Love (2006–2011), and in 2009 he starred in the remake of The Last House on the Left. Following Breaking Bad, he starred in films such as Need for Speed (2014), Hellion (2014), Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014), Eye in the Sky (2015), and Central Intelligence (2016). He also voiced Todd Chavez in the Netflix animated series BoJack Horseman (2014–2020), on which he was also an executive producer, and portrayed Eddie Lane in the Hulu drama series The Path (2016–2018) and Caleb Nichols in the HBO science fiction drama series Westworld (2020–2022). In 2023, he starred as Cliff in the season 6 episode of the Netflix anthology series Black Mirror, "Beyond the Sea", for which he received some praise. Early life Aaron Paul was born Aaron Paul Sturtevant, in Emmett, Idaho, on August 27, 1979, the youngest of four children born to Darla (née Haynes) and Baptist minister Robert Sturtevant. He was born a month premature in his parents' bathroom. He grew up participating in church plays. He graduated in 1997 from Centennial High School in Boise, Idaho, after which he drove to Los Angeles in his 1982 Toyota Corolla with his mother and $6,000 in savings. Soon after arriving in Los Angeles, he appeared on an episode of the CBS game show The Price Is Right, which aired on January 3, 2000. Appearing under his birth name, he played and lost his pricing game and overbid on his Showcase. He also worked as a movie theater usher at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Career Paul at the 2009 Peabody Awards In 1996, Paul went to Los Angeles for the International Modeling and Talent Association competition. He won runner-up and signed with a manager. He starred in the music videos for Korn's song "Thoughtless" and Everlast's song "White Trash Beautiful". He was also featured in television commercials for Juicy Fruit, Corn Pops, and Vanilla Coke. He appeared in the films Whatever It Takes (2000), Help! I'm a Fish (2001), K-PAX (2001), National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002), Bad Girls From Valley High (2005), Choking Man (2006), Mission: Impossible III (2006), The Last House on the Left (2009), and Need for Speed (2014). He starred as "Weird Al" Yankovic in the Funny or Die short Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2010), and has guest starred on television shows such as The Guardian, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, ER, Sleeper Cell, Veronica Mars, The X-Files, Ghost Whisperer, Criminal Minds, and Bones. Paul and Vince Gilligan at the 2010 Saturn Awards Paul first became known for his role as Scott Quittman on HBO's Big Love, on which he appeared fourteen times. In 2008, he began playing Jesse Pinkman on the AMC series Breaking Bad. His character was originally meant to die during the first season, but after seeing the chemistry between Paul and the lead actor Bryan Cranston, the series creator Vince Gilligan changed his mind and modified the original plans to include Jesse as a main character. For his role in Breaking Bad, Paul was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014; he won the award in 2010, 2012, and 2014. Paul starred in the film Smashed, which was one of the official selections for the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. In an October 2012 interview with ESPN, he spoke about his childhood experience as a Boise State Broncos fan and discussed the challenges of portraying a meth addict in Breaking Bad. In 2012 and 2013, he made appearances on Tron: Uprising, voicing a character named Cyrus. Paul at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con In September 2013, he was featured on Zen Freeman's dance song, "Dance Bitch". He made a surprise appearance on Saturday Night Live's 39th season opener as "meth nephew", a relative of Bobby Moynihan's popular "drunk uncle" character. In 2014, Paul starred in Need for Speed, as a street racer recently released from prison who takes revenge on a wealthy business associate. Paul stars alongside Juliette Lewis in the family drama Hellion, as the drunken father of two young vandals. Also in 2014, he co-starred in the biblical epic Exodus: Gods and Kings, portraying the Hebrew prophet Joshua. In December 2013, Netflix announced that Paul would be a cast member on the animated series BoJack Horseman. On March 3, 2014, he appeared on WWE Raw to promote Need for Speed, by entering the arena in a sports car with Dolph Ziggler, providing commentary for Ziggler's match against Alberto Del Rio, and helping Ziggler win by distracting Del Rio. On September 23, 2014, it was announced that Paul would play the young Louis Drax's father who becomes the focus of a criminal investigation after his son has a near-fatal fall in an upcoming Miramax film titled The 9th Life of Louis Drax, a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name. In 2016, Paul began playing Eddie Lane, a man who in a life crisis joins a cult but subsequently questions his faith, in the Hulu series The Path, which debuted on March 30, 2016. Paul voiced the main protagonist, Nyx Ulric, in Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV, released in July 2016. In June 2018, Paul joined the cast of the Apple TV+ crime drama series Truth Be Told, opposite Octavia Spencer and Lizzy Caplan. In September 2018, Paul joined the cast of the HBO science fiction western series Westworld for the third season, portraying the character Caleb Nichols. Paul stars in the sci-fi thriller Dual alongside Karen Gillan, which was filmed entirely in Tampere, Finland. In 2023, Paul starred in a main role in the third episode of the sixth series of Black Mirror, "Beyond the Sea". Other ventures In 2013, Paul helped organize a contest to raise $1.6 million for his wife's non-profit anti-bullying organization, the Kind Campaign. The winners of the contest won a trip to the Hollywood Forever Cemetery screening of the final episode of Breaking Bad. Paul has spoken positively about the asexual community, as a result of portraying the asexual character Todd Chavez on Bojack Horseman. In 2019, Paul stated that he was "so proud to represent that community... it's so nice to have a character on TV - especially on a show so powerful as Bojack - that represents a community that should be represented." In 2019, Paul and Cranston released their own line of mezcal called Dos Hombres. Personal life Paul with his daughter, Story, in 2018 Paul met actress and director Lauren Parsekian at the Coachella Festival, and they became engaged in Paris on January 1, 2012. They were married in a 1920s Parisian carnival-themed wedding in Malibu on May 26, 2013, with musicians Foster the People and John Mayer performing. Paul emailed the song "Beauty" by The Shivers to everyone on the guest list and asked them to learn the lyrics so they could sing along during the ceremony. They currently live in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, having sold their previous home in West Hollywood, and have a second cabin-style home near McCall, Idaho. They have a daughter named Story Annabelle (b. February 2018) and a son named Ryden Caspian (b. April 2022). In April 2013, to commemorate the final episode of Breaking Bad, Paul and his co-star Bryan Cranston got Breaking Bad tattoos on the last day of filming; Paul had the phrase "no half measures" tattooed onto his biceps, while Cranston had the show's logo tattooed onto one of his fingers. In October that year, during a ceremony at the Egyptian Theatre in Boise, Governor Butch Otter declared October 1 "Aaron Paul Sturtevant Day". In November 2022, Paul legally dropped Sturtevant from his full name. Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2009 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Breaking Bad Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Won 2010 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won PRISM Award Male Performance in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated TCA Award Individual Achievement in Drama Nominated 2011 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Won PRISM Award Male Performance in a Drama Series Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2012 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won 2013 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Nominated Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film Won Saturn Award Best Supporting Actor on Television Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won Dorian Award TV Performance of the Year – Actor Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated PRISM Award Male Performance in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Won Young Hollywood Award Fan Favorite Actor – Male Nominated 2019 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Program BoJack Horseman Nominated Satellite Award Best Miniseries or Television Film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie Won Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film Nominated 2020 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Movie Made for Television Won Producers Guild of America Award Outstanding Producer of Streamed or Televised Motion Pictures Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Television Movie Nominated Outstanding Animated Program BoJack Horseman Nominated 2021 Saturn Award Best Actor in a Film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie Nominated Filmography Main article: Aaron Paul filmography Notes ^ Starting with the show's second season, Paul was nominated each year he was eligible, a total of five times: 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014. References ^ "Aaron Paul". IMDb. Archived from the original on August 17, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015. ^ Shanfeld, Ethan (April 10, 2022). "'Better Call Saul': Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul Will Guest Star in Final Season". Variety. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "Meet the cast of Black Mirror season 6". Radio Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ a b "Aaron Paul". TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2015. ^ "Aaron Paul". emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly. No. 1274. August 30, 2013. p. 20. ^ Gajewski, Josh (May 30, 2009). "Aaron Paul catches a couple of breaks in 'Big Love' and 'Breaking Bad'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ a b Samadder, Rhik (October 6, 2019). "Aaron Paul: 'Breaking Bad changed my life'". The Observer. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022. ^ Oland, Dana (September 22, 2013). "Aaron Paul's career is breaking just right". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ a b Kahn, Howie (February 2014). "Aaron Paul: Beyond Breaking Bad". Details. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ "Aaron Paul: I Looked Like I Was on Crack During The Price Is Right". Us Weekly. February 18, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014. ^ "It's Evening In America". Vanity Fair. May 2012. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ Jacobs, Samantha (September 29, 2013). "Aaron Paul: 'Breaking Bad's' Secret Weapon". Neon Tommy. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (March 18, 2010). "Character and Career, Both Alive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ Juicy Fruit Commercial on YouTube "Breaking Bad Prequel". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), YouTube ^ Corn Pops Commercial on YouTube "1999 Corn Pops Commercial (Aaron Paul)". YouTube. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), YouTube ^ "First Ever Vanilla Coke Commercial". October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013 – via YouTube. ^ "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story". Funny or Die. June 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010. ^ "Aaron Paul: 'Breaking Bad' Dealer Isn't Dead ... Yet". NPR. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Emmy diary: Aaron Paul wins supporting actor". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ "Emmy Awards 2012: Aaron Paul wins again for best supporting actor in a drama". NJ.com. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "Emmy Awards 2014: Wins Supporting Actor in a Drama Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "2012 Sundance Film Festival: First Wave of Programming Announced, 26 Films In Competition". Film School Rejects. November 30, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Neumyer, Scott (October 16, 2012). "Aaron Paul talks new film and Boise State". ESPN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "'Exclusive Song Premiere: Zen freeman Dance Bitch Featuring Aaron Paul'". Artistdirect. October 1, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013. ^ Couch, Aaron (September 28, 2013). "'SNL' Recap: Aaron Paul Steals Show in Season Opener (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Labrecque, Jeff (January 16, 2014). "Sundance 2014: Aaron Paul raises 'Hellion,' talks 'Need for Speed' – Exclusive Photos". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "'Aaron Paul's Hellion Gets US Distribution'". Variety. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014. ^ Gilman, Greg (September 30, 2013). "'Breaking Bad': What's Next for Stars Aaron Paul, Anna Gunn and Creator Vince Gilligan". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "Only On Netflix: BoJack Horseman, A Tale Of Fear, Loathing and Animals, Coming Mid-2014" (Press release). PR Newswire. December 11, 2013. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014. ^ "WWE Monday Night Raw Results: 'Breaking Bad' star Aaron Paul arrives with Dolph Ziggler (GIF)". FanSided. March 3, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. ^ "Aaron Paul to Co-Star in Miramax's Supernatural Thriller '9th Life of Louis Drax'" Archived September 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 10, 2022 ^ Pedersen, Erik. "'The Path': First Images From Hulu's Aaron Paul-Michelle Monaghan Drama". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 13, 2018). "'Are You Sleeping': Aaron Paul, Elizabeth Perkins, Mekhi Phifer & More Join Apple Series". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 13, 2018). "'Westworld': Aaron Paul Joins HBO Sci-Fi Series For Season 3". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018. ^ Darwish, Meaghan (April 13, 2020). "Is Aaron Paul's Caleb Human in 'Westworld' Season 3?". TV Insider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (April 28, 2020). "Karen Gillan, Aaron Paul, Jesse Eisenberg Set For Sci-Fi Thriller 'Dual'". Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020. ^ Kay, Jeremy (October 21, 2020). "Karen Gillan sci-fi 'Dual' starts production in Finland with Aaron Paul, Beulah Koale (exclusive)". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ Mandalia, Bhavi (October 22, 2020). "Movies A Hollywood film starring Marvel and Breaking Bad will be filmed in Tampere". PledgeTimes.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ Ravindran, Manori (July 13, 2022). "'Black Mirror' Cast Revealed: Aaron Paul, Josh Hartnett, Paapa Essiedu, Kate Mara and Zazie Beetz Join New Season (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2022. ^ Couch, Aaron (September 27, 2013). "'Breaking Bad': Aaron Paul's Finale Charity Contest Adds Extra Winners After Complaints". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ "Aaron Paul Said "BoJack Horseman" Fans Have Realized Their Asexuality Because of Todd Chavez's Coming-Out". BuzzFeed News. October 24, 2019. ^ Ramirez, Elva. "Aaron Paul And Bryan Cranston Debut New Mezcal, Dos Hombres". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020. ^ Lotze, Katharine (September 25, 2012). "Lauren Parsekian, Aaron Paul's Fiancée: Who Is She?'". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Nudd, Tim (July 15, 2012). "Aaron Paul Calls Fiancée 'The Greatest Woman That Has Ever Existed'". People. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Dowd, Kathy Ehrich (May 26, 2013). "Aaron Paul Marries Lauren Parsekian". People. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2022. ^ Harmata, Claudia (January 9, 2019). "Breaking Bad Star Aaron Paul Sells $2.2 Million L.A. House, Reportedly Once Home to Brad Pitt – See Inside!". People. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2022. ^ Chubb, Hannah (February 11, 2020). "Breaking Bad's Aaron Paul Shows off His Rustic Family Cabin in Idaho: 'It's a Dream Come True'". People. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2022. ^ Paul, Lauren (February 8, 2018). "There are no words that will ever be able to explain what just happened to my heart". Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019 – via Instagram. ^ "'Breaking Bad' actor welcomes new baby girl". ABC News. February 9, 2018. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2019. ^ Martin, Annie (April 20, 2022) "Aaron Paul announces son's birth, says Bryan Cranston will be godfather", UPI.com. Retrieved April 20, 2022. ^ Slater, Georgia (April 20, 2022). "Aaron Paul Announces Birth of Baby Boy, Reveals 'Best Friend' Bryan Cranston Is the Godfather". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2022. ^ ""Breaking Bad" Bryan Cranston got new tattoo to shock wife". CBS News. August 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016. ^ Gelt, Jessica (October 7, 2013). "Breaking Boise: Idaho governor proclaims Oct. 1 Aaron Paul Day". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ "'Breaking Bad' Star Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name". HuffPost. November 4, 2022. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ Kirkpatrick, Emily (November 6, 2022) "Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name to Aaron Paul". VanityFair.com. November 4, 2022. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Paul. Aaron Paul at IMDb Aaron Paul at Rotten Tomatoes Aaron Paul on X "Aaron Paul discusses Breaking Bad". AMC. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Awards for Aaron Paul vteCritics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Noble (2011) Giancarlo Esposito (2012) Michael Cudlitz (2013) Aaron Paul (2014) Jonathan Banks (2015) Christian Slater (2016) John Lithgow (2016) David Harbour (2017) Noah Emmerich (2018) Billy Crudup (2019) Michael K. Williams (2020) Kieran Culkin (2021) Giancarlo Esposito (2022) Billy Crudup (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series1959–1975 Dennis Weaver (1959) Roddy McDowall (1961) Albert Paulsen (1964) James Daly (1966) Eli Wallach (1967) Milburn Stone (1968) James Brolin (1970) David Burns (1971) Jack Warden (1972) Scott Jacoby (1973) Michael Moriarty (1974) Will Geer (1975) 1976–2000 Anthony Zerbe (1976) Gary Frank (1977) Robert Vaughn (1978) Stuart Margolin (1979) Stuart Margolin (1980) Michael Conrad (1981) Michael Conrad (1982) James Coco (1983) Bruce Weitz (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) John Karlen (1986) John Hillerman (1987) Larry Drake (1988) Larry Drake (1989) Jimmy Smits (1990) Timothy Busfield (1991) Richard Dysart (1992) Chad Lowe (1993) Fyvush Finkel (1994) Ray Walston (1995) Ray Walston (1996) Héctor Elizondo (1997) Gordon Clapp (1998) Michael Badalucco (1999) Richard Schiff (2000) 2001–present Bradley Whitford (2001) John Spencer (2002) Joe Pantoliano (2003) Michael Imperioli (2004) William Shatner (2005) Alan Alda (2006) Terry O'Quinn (2007) Željko Ivanek (2008) Michael Emerson (2009) Aaron Paul (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Aaron Paul (2012) Bobby Cannavale (2013) Aaron Paul (2014) Peter Dinklage (2015) Ben Mendelsohn (2016) John Lithgow (2017) Peter Dinklage (2018) Peter Dinklage (2019) Billy Crudup (2020) Tobias Menzies (2021) Matthew Macfadyen (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) vteSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, Limited Series or Television Film Stanley Tucci (1996) Vondie Curtis-Hall (1997) David Clennon (1998) David Schwimmer (2001) Victor Garber / Linus Roache / Eric Roberts (2002) Justin Kirk / Neal McDonough / Jeffrey Tambor (2003) Bill Nighy (2004) Randy Quaid (2005) Tony Plana (2006) David Zayas (2007) Nelsan Ellis (2008) John Lithgow (2009) David Strathairn (2010) Peter Dinklage / Ryan Hurst (2011) Neal McDonough (2012) Aaron Paul (2013) Rory Kinnear (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Ben Mendelsohn (2016) Michael McKean (2017) Hugo Weaving (2018) Jeremy Strong (2019) Jeff Wilbusch (2020) Evan Peters (2021) John Lithgow (2022) Jonathan Bailey (2023) Also see Best Supporting Actor – Television Series. vteSaturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on TelevisionMerged(1990s-2010s) Dennis Haysbert (1999) James Marsters (2000) Michael Rosenbaum (2001) Victor Garber (2002) James Marsters (2003) Terry O'Quinn (2004) James Callis (2005) Masi Oka (2006) Michael Emerson (2007) Adrian Pasdar (2008) Aaron Paul (2009) John Noble (2010) Aaron Paul (2011) Jonathan Banks (2012) Aaron Paul (2013) Laurence Fishburne (2014) Richard Armitage (2015) Ed Harris (2016) Michael McKean (2017) Doug Jones (2019/2020) Network/Cable Peter Dinklage (2018/2019) Jonathan Banks (2021/2022) Streaming Doug Jones (2018/2019) Elliot Page (2021/2022) Merged(2020s) Jonathan Frakes (2022/2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Aron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Aron"},{"link_name":"Jesse Pinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Pinkman"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW_Note_3-1"},{"link_name":"Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_on_Television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino:_A_Breaking_Bad_Movie"},{"link_name":"final season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Call_Saul_season_6"},{"link_name":"Better Call Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Call_Saul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"the remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_House_on_the_Left_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"The Last House on the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_House_on_the_Left"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellion_(film)"},{"link_name":"Exodus: Gods and Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus:_Gods_and_Kings"},{"link_name":"Eye in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_in_the_Sky_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Todd Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Chavez"},{"link_name":"BoJack Horseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoJack_Horseman"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"The Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Westworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"Black Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_(Black_Mirror)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"American actor (born 1979)Not to be confused with Paul Aron.Aaron Paul (born Aaron Paul Sturtevant; August 27, 1979) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad (2008–2013), for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him one of only two actors to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014) since its separation into comedy and drama.[note 1] He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category.[1] He reprised the role of Jesse Pinkman in the 2019 Netflix film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie and again during the final season of the spin-off series Better Call Saul in 2022.[2]Paul began his career with roles in several music videos, guest roles in television, and minor roles in films. In 2007, he had a recurring role as Scott Quittman on the HBO series Big Love (2006–2011), and in 2009 he starred in the remake of The Last House on the Left. Following Breaking Bad, he starred in films such as Need for Speed (2014), Hellion (2014), Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014), Eye in the Sky (2015), and Central Intelligence (2016). He also voiced Todd Chavez in the Netflix animated series BoJack Horseman (2014–2020), on which he was also an executive producer, and portrayed Eddie Lane in the Hulu drama series The Path (2016–2018) and Caleb Nichols in the HBO science fiction drama series Westworld (2020–2022). In 2023, he starred as Cliff in the season 6 episode of the Netflix anthology series Black Mirror, \"Beyond the Sea\", for which he received some praise.[3]","title":"Aaron Paul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvg-5"},{"link_name":"Emmett, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emmy-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvg-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Centennial High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_High_School_(Idaho)"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"1982 Toyota Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E70)#North_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"The Price Is Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanityFair-13"}],"text":"Aaron Paul was born Aaron Paul Sturtevant,[4] in Emmett, Idaho,[5] on August 27, 1979,[6] the youngest of four children born to Darla (née Haynes) and Baptist minister Robert Sturtevant.[7][8] He was born a month premature in his parents' bathroom.[4] He grew up participating in church plays.[8] He graduated in 1997 from Centennial High School in Boise, Idaho,[9] after which he drove to Los Angeles in his 1982 Toyota Corolla with his mother and $6,000 in savings.[10] Soon after arriving in Los Angeles, he appeared on an episode of the CBS game show The Price Is Right, which aired on January 3, 2000. Appearing under his birth name, he played and lost his pricing game and overbid on his Showcase.[11] He also worked as a movie theater usher at Universal Studios in Hollywood.[12]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Paul,_May_2009_(2)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"2009 Peabody Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Awards"},{"link_name":"International Modeling and Talent Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Modeling_and_Talent_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn"},{"link_name":"Thoughtless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughtless"},{"link_name":"Everlast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlast_(musician)"},{"link_name":"White Trash Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Trash_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Juicy Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_Fruit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Corn Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Pops"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Vanilla"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Whatever It Takes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_It_Takes_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Help! I'm a Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_I%27m_a_Fish"},{"link_name":"K-PAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-PAX_(film)"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Van Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls From Valley High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_From_Valley_High"},{"link_name":"Choking Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking_Man"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_III"},{"link_name":"The Last House on the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_House_on_the_Left_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed_(film)"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Funny or Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_or_Die"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sleeper Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_Cell_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Veronica Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Mars"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Ghost Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer"},{"link_name":"Criminal Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minds"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vince_Gilligan_and_Aaron_Paul_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"2010 Saturn Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Saturn_Awards"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Big Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Love"},{"link_name":"Jesse Pinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Pinkman"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"Bryan Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cranston"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-20"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Smashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashed_(film)"},{"link_name":"2012 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Boise State Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos"},{"link_name":"meth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tron: Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron:_Uprising"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Paul_2013_cropped_brightened.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"39th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_39)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Moynihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Moynihan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed_(film)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Juliette Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Exodus: Gods and Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus:_Gods_and_Kings"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"BoJack Horseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoJack_Horseman"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"WWE Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"Dolph Ziggler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Ziggler"},{"link_name":"Alberto Del Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Del_Rio"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Miramax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax"},{"link_name":"The 9th Life of Louis Drax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_9th_Life_of_Louis_Drax"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aaron_Paul_to_Co-Star_in_Miramax's_Supernatural_Thriller_'9th_Life_of_Louis_Drax'-33"},{"link_name":"cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"The Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nyx Ulric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Final_Fantasy_XV#Nyx_Ulric"},{"link_name":"Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsglaive:_Final_Fantasy_XV"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Truth Be Told","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_Be_Told_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Octavia Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Lizzy Caplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzy_Caplan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"science fiction western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)#Science_fiction_Western"},{"link_name":"Westworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Karen Gillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Gillan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Black Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_(Black_Mirror)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Paul at the 2009 Peabody AwardsIn 1996, Paul went to Los Angeles for the International Modeling and Talent Association competition. He won runner-up and signed with a manager.[13] He starred in the music videos for Korn's song \"Thoughtless\" and Everlast's song \"White Trash Beautiful\".[14] He was also featured in television commercials for Juicy Fruit,[15] Corn Pops,[16] and Vanilla Coke.[17] He appeared in the films Whatever It Takes (2000), Help! I'm a Fish (2001), K-PAX (2001), National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002), Bad Girls From Valley High (2005), Choking Man (2006), Mission: Impossible III (2006), The Last House on the Left (2009), and Need for Speed (2014). He starred as \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in the Funny or Die short Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2010),[18] and has guest starred on television shows such as The Guardian, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, ER, Sleeper Cell, Veronica Mars, The X-Files, Ghost Whisperer, Criminal Minds, and Bones.Paul and Vince Gilligan at the 2010 Saturn AwardsPaul first became known for his role as Scott Quittman on HBO's Big Love, on which he appeared fourteen times. In 2008, he began playing Jesse Pinkman on the AMC series Breaking Bad. His character was originally meant to die during the first season, but after seeing the chemistry between Paul and the lead actor Bryan Cranston, the series creator Vince Gilligan changed his mind and modified the original plans to include Jesse as a main character.[19] For his role in Breaking Bad, Paul was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014; he won the award in 2010,[20] 2012,[21] and 2014.[22]Paul starred in the film Smashed, which was one of the official selections for the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.[23] In an October 2012 interview with ESPN, he spoke about his childhood experience as a Boise State Broncos fan and discussed the challenges of portraying a meth addict in Breaking Bad.[24] In 2012 and 2013, he made appearances on Tron: Uprising, voicing a character named Cyrus.[citation needed]Paul at the 2013 San Diego Comic-ConIn September 2013, he was featured on Zen Freeman's dance song, \"Dance Bitch\".[25] He made a surprise appearance on Saturday Night Live's 39th season opener as \"meth nephew\", a relative of Bobby Moynihan's popular \"drunk uncle\" character.[26] In 2014, Paul starred in Need for Speed, as a street racer recently released from prison who takes revenge on a wealthy business associate.[27] Paul stars alongside Juliette Lewis in the family drama Hellion, as the drunken father of two young vandals.[28] Also in 2014, he co-starred in the biblical epic Exodus: Gods and Kings, portraying the Hebrew prophet Joshua.[29]In December 2013, Netflix announced that Paul would be a cast member on the animated series BoJack Horseman.[30] On March 3, 2014, he appeared on WWE Raw to promote Need for Speed, by entering the arena in a sports car with Dolph Ziggler, providing commentary for Ziggler's match against Alberto Del Rio, and helping Ziggler win by distracting Del Rio.[31] On September 23, 2014, it was announced that Paul would play the young Louis Drax's father who becomes the focus of a criminal investigation after his son has a near-fatal fall in an upcoming Miramax film titled The 9th Life of Louis Drax, a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name.[32]In 2016, Paul began playing Eddie Lane, a man who in a life crisis joins a cult but subsequently questions his faith, in the Hulu series The Path, which debuted on March 30, 2016.[33] Paul voiced the main protagonist, Nyx Ulric, in Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV, released in July 2016.In June 2018, Paul joined the cast of the Apple TV+ crime drama series Truth Be Told, opposite Octavia Spencer and Lizzy Caplan.[34]In September 2018, Paul joined the cast of the HBO science fiction western series Westworld for the third season,[35] portraying the character Caleb Nichols.[36]Paul stars in the sci-fi thriller Dual alongside Karen Gillan,[37] which was filmed entirely in Tampere, Finland.[38][39]In 2023, Paul starred in a main role in the third episode of the sixth series of Black Mirror, \"Beyond the Sea\".[40]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kind Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Forever Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Forever_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"asexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuality"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"mezcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcal"},{"link_name":"Dos Hombres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Hombres"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"In 2013, Paul helped organize a contest to raise $1.6 million for his wife's non-profit anti-bullying organization, the Kind Campaign. The winners of the contest won a trip to the Hollywood Forever Cemetery screening of the final episode of Breaking Bad.[41]Paul has spoken positively about the asexual community, as a result of portraying the asexual character Todd Chavez on Bojack Horseman. In 2019, Paul stated that he was \"so proud to represent that community... it's so nice to have a character on TV - especially on a show so powerful as Bojack - that represents a community that should be represented.\"[42]In 2019, Paul and Cranston released their own line of mezcal called Dos Hombres.[43]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Paul_(42699965635)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lauren Parsekian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Parsekian"},{"link_name":"Coachella Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Malibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"Foster the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_the_People"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The Shivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shivers_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Los Feliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"McCall, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCall,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"the final episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felina_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"Bryan Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cranston"},{"link_name":"no half measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Measures"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Theatre_(Boise,_Idaho)"},{"link_name":"Butch Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Otter"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Paul with his daughter, Story, in 2018Paul met actress and director Lauren Parsekian at the Coachella Festival,[44] and they became engaged in Paris on January 1, 2012.[45] They were married in a 1920s Parisian carnival-themed wedding in Malibu on May 26, 2013, with musicians Foster the People and John Mayer performing.[46] Paul emailed the song \"Beauty\" by The Shivers to everyone on the guest list and asked them to learn the lyrics so they could sing along during the ceremony.[10] They currently live in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, having sold their previous home in West Hollywood,[47] and have a second cabin-style home near McCall, Idaho.[48] They have a daughter named Story Annabelle (b. February 2018)[49][50] and a son named Ryden Caspian (b. April 2022).[51][52]In April 2013, to commemorate the final episode of Breaking Bad, Paul and his co-star Bryan Cranston got Breaking Bad tattoos on the last day of filming; Paul had the phrase \"no half measures\" tattooed onto his biceps, while Cranston had the show's logo tattooed onto one of his fingers.[53] In October that year, during a ceremony at the Egyptian Theatre in Boise, Governor Butch Otter declared October 1 \"Aaron Paul Sturtevant Day\".[54]In November 2022, Paul legally dropped Sturtevant from his full name.[55][56]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MW_Note_3_1-0"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad_season_2"}],"text":"^ Starting with the show's second season, Paul was nominated each year he was eligible, a total of five times: 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Paul at the 2009 Peabody Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aaron_Paul%2C_May_2009_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Aaron_Paul%2C_May_2009_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paul and Vince Gilligan at the 2010 Saturn Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vince_Gilligan_and_Aaron_Paul_cropped.jpg/220px-Vince_Gilligan_and_Aaron_Paul_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paul at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aaron_Paul_2013_cropped_brightened.jpg/170px-Aaron_Paul_2013_cropped_brightened.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paul with his daughter, Story, in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aaron_Paul_%2842699965635%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Aaron_Paul_%2842699965635%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]

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Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2014/01/16/aaron-paul-hellion-sundance/","url_text":"\"Sundance 2014: Aaron Paul raises 'Hellion,' talks 'Need for Speed' – Exclusive Photos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201103425/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/01/16/aaron-paul-hellion-sundance/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Aaron Paul's Hellion Gets US Distribution'\". Variety. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. 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Retrieved September 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/09/westworld-aaron-paul-cast-season-3-series-regular-1202464194/","url_text":"\"'Westworld': Aaron Paul Joins HBO Sci-Fi Series For Season 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913211810/https://deadline.com/2018/09/westworld-aaron-paul-cast-season-3-series-regular-1202464194/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Darwish, Meaghan (April 13, 2020). \"Is Aaron Paul's Caleb Human in 'Westworld' Season 3?\". TV Insider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. 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Retrieved July 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/black-mirror-season-6-cast-1235314901/","url_text":"\"'Black Mirror' Cast Revealed: Aaron Paul, Josh Hartnett, Paapa Essiedu, Kate Mara and Zazie Beetz Join New Season (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230615060648/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/black-mirror-season-6-cast-1235314901/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Couch, Aaron (September 27, 2013). \"'Breaking Bad': Aaron Paul's Finale Charity Contest Adds Extra Winners After Complaints\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/breaking-bad-aaron-pauls-finale-638437/","url_text":"\"'Breaking Bad': Aaron Paul's Finale Charity Contest Adds Extra Winners After Complaints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421052919/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/breaking-bad-aaron-pauls-finale-638437","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Paul Said \"BoJack Horseman\" Fans Have Realized Their Asexuality Because of Todd Chavez's Coming-Out\". BuzzFeed News. October 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/aaron-paul-bojack-horseman-asexual-el-camino-breaking-bad","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul Said \"BoJack Horseman\" Fans Have Realized Their Asexuality Because of Todd Chavez's Coming-Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_News","url_text":"BuzzFeed News"}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, Elva. \"Aaron Paul And Bryan Cranston Debut New Mezcal, Dos Hombres\". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/elvaramirez/2019/07/25/aaron-paul-and-bryan-cranston-debut-new-mezcal-dos-hombres/","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul And Bryan Cranston Debut New Mezcal, Dos Hombres\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126140331/https://www.forbes.com/sites/elvaramirez/2019/07/25/aaron-paul-and-bryan-cranston-debut-new-mezcal-dos-hombres/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lotze, Katharine (September 25, 2012). \"Lauren Parsekian, Aaron Paul's Fiancée: Who Is She?'\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. 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Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/aaron-paul-marries-lauren-parsekian/","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul Marries Lauren Parsekian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171052/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20702329,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harmata, Claudia (January 9, 2019). \"Breaking Bad Star Aaron Paul Sells $2.2 Million L.A. House, Reportedly Once Home to Brad Pitt – See Inside!\". People. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/home/aaron-paul-lists-2-2-million-l-a-house-reportedly-once-home-to-brad-pitt-see-inside/","url_text":"\"Breaking Bad Star Aaron Paul Sells $2.2 Million L.A. 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Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/home/breaking-bads-aaron-paul-shows-off-his-rustic-family-cabin-in-idaho-its-a-dream-come-true/","url_text":"\"Breaking Bad's Aaron Paul Shows off His Rustic Family Cabin in Idaho: 'It's a Dream Come True'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829062722/https://people.com/home/breaking-bads-aaron-paul-shows-off-his-rustic-family-cabin-in-idaho-its-a-dream-come-true/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Lauren [@laurenpaul8] (February 8, 2018). \"There are no words that will ever be able to explain what just happened to my heart\". Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Be9l4qeHHH_/","url_text":"\"There are no words that will ever be able to explain what just happened to my heart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191020145148/https://www.instagram.com/p/Be9l4qeHHH_/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"\"'Breaking Bad' actor welcomes new baby girl\". ABC News. February 9, 2018. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/aaron-paul-wife-lauren-proud-parents-baby-girl/story?id=52961666","url_text":"\"'Breaking Bad' actor welcomes new baby girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316200628/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/aaron-paul-wife-lauren-proud-parents-baby-girl/story?id=52961666","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Georgia (April 20, 2022). \"Aaron Paul Announces Birth of Baby Boy, Reveals 'Best Friend' Bryan Cranston Is the Godfather\". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved April 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/aaron-paul-announces-birth-of-baby-boy-reveals-bryan-cranston-is-godfather/","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul Announces Birth of Baby Boy, Reveals 'Best Friend' Bryan Cranston Is the Godfather\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829062635/https://people.com/parents/aaron-paul-announces-birth-of-baby-boy-reveals-bryan-cranston-is-godfather/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Breaking Bad\" Bryan Cranston got new tattoo to shock wife\". CBS News. August 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/breaking-bad-bryan-cranston-got-new-tattoo-to-shock-wife/","url_text":"\"\"Breaking Bad\" Bryan Cranston got new tattoo to shock wife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512010358/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/breaking-bad-bryan-cranston-got-new-tattoo-to-shock-wife/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gelt, Jessica (October 7, 2013). \"Breaking Boise: Idaho governor proclaims Oct. 1 Aaron Paul Day\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-breaking-boise-idaho-governor-aaron-paul-day-20131007,0,406701.story","url_text":"\"Breaking Boise: Idaho governor proclaims Oct. 1 Aaron Paul Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131024025522/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-breaking-boise-idaho-governor-aaron-paul-day-20131007,0,406701.story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Breaking Bad' Star Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name\". HuffPost. November 4, 2022. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/aaron-paul-legally-changes-name_n_63652ec4e4b020eb3d6c2f5b","url_text":"\"'Breaking Bad' Star Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829064703/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/aaron-paul-legally-changes-name_n_63652ec4e4b020eb3d6c2f5b","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name to Aaron Paul\". VanityFair.com. November 4, 2022. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/11/aaron-paul-legal-last-name-change-baby-boy-ryden-caspian-tonight-show-jimmy-fallon-bryan-cranston-godfather","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul Legally Changes His Name to Aaron Paul\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829064707/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/11/aaron-paul-legal-last-name-change-baby-boy-ryden-caspian-tonight-show-jimmy-fallon-bryan-cranston-godfather","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Paul discusses Breaking Bad\". AMC. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090313043523/http://blogs.amctv.com/breaking-bad/2009/03/aaron-paul-interview.php","url_text":"\"Aaron Paul discusses Breaking Bad\""},{"url":"http://blogs.amctv.com/breaking-bad/2009/03/aaron-paul-interview.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julbernardia

Julbernardia

["1 References"]

Genus of legumes Julbernardia Julbernardia globiflora, flowers and foliage Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Detarioideae Tribe: Amherstieae Genus: JulbernardiaPellegr. (1943) Synonyms Paraberlinia Pellegr. (1943) Pseudoberlinia P.A.Duvign. (1950) Seretoberlinia P.A.Duvign. (1950) Thylacanthus Tul. (1844) Julbernardia is a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes ten species native to tropical Africa, ranging from Nigeria to Kenya, Mozambique, Botswana, Zambia and Namibia. They are medium-sized trees. Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of September 2023: Julbernardia brieyi (De Wild.) Troupin Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin Julbernardia gossweileri (Baker f.) Torre & Hillc. Julbernardia hochreutineri Pellegr. Julbernardia letouzeyi Villiers Julbernardia magnistipulata (Harms) Troupin Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin Julbernardia pellegriniana Troupin Julbernardia seretii (De Wild.) Troupin Julbernardia unijugata J.Léonard References ^ a b c "Julbernardia Pellegr". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ Kew Taxon identifiersJulbernardia Wikidata: Q3846835 Wikispecies: Julbernardia APDB: 191755 BioLib: 108519 CoL: 56WK EoL: 53578 EPPO: 1IULG GBIF: 2981743 GRIN: 6223 iNaturalist: 186326 IPNI: 22686-1 IRMNG: 1040679 NCBI: 162817 Open Tree of Life: 744068 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:22686-1 Tropicos: 40033837 uBio: 4907384 WFO: wfo-4000019655 This Detarioideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Solterra

Toyota bZ4X

["1 Name","2 Overview","3 Design","3.1 Powertrains","4 Markets","4.1 Japan","4.2 North America","4.3 Europe","4.4 Southeast Asia","4.5 Australasia","4.6 China","5 Subaru Solterra","6 Safety","7 Sales","7.1 Toyota bZ4X","7.2 Subaru Solterra","8 References","9 External links"]

Battery electric compact crossover SUV Motor vehicle Toyota bZ4X2022 Toyota bZ4XOverviewManufacturerToyotaModel codeEA10Also calledSubaru SolterraProductionApril 2022 – present2022–2023 (China FAW Toyota)Model years2023–present (North America)AssemblyJapan: Toyota, Aichi (Motomachi plant)China: Guangzhou (GAC Toyota); Tianjin (FAW Toyota)DesignerYung Joo Presciutti, Ken Billes, Shinya Minagawa, Yuki Takamatsu, and Hiroyuki TadaBody and chassisClassCompact crossover SUVBody style5-door SUVLayoutFront-motor, front-wheel-driveDual-motor, all-wheel-drivePlatforme-TNGARelatedLexus RZToyota bZ3PowertrainElectric motorFront-wheel-drive (FWD):1×1XM AC permanent magnet synchronousAll-wheel-drive (AWD):2×1YM AC permanent magnet synchronousPower output150 kW (201 hp) (FWD)160 kW (215 hp) (AWD)TransmissionBluE Nexus "eAxle"Battery50.3 kWh CATL lithium-ion (China, 2022–2023)66.7 kWh CATL lithium-ion (China)PPES 71.4 kWh, 355 V lithium-ion (FWD & European AWD)CATL 72.8 kWh, 355 V lithium-ion (North American AWD)Range460–530 km (286–329 mi) (WLTC)355–405 km (222–252 mi) (US EPA)Plug-in charging6.6–11 kW AC150 kW DC CCS (FWD & European AWD)100 kW DC CCS (North American AWD)DimensionsWheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)Length4,690 mm (184.6 in)Width1,860 mm (73.2 in)Height1,650 mm (65.0 in)Curb weight1,910–2,030 kg (4,211–4,475 lb)ChronologyPredecessorToyota RAV4 EV The Toyota bZ4X, also marketed in Japan, Australia, US, Canada, Europe, and China as the Subaru Solterra, is a battery electric compact crossover SUV manufactured by Toyota. The vehicle debuted in April 2021 as the "bZ4X Concept". It is the first vehicle to be based on the e-TNGA platform co-developed by Toyota and Subaru, and the brand's first model to be part of their Toyota bZ ("beyond Zero") series of zero-emissions vehicles. Worldwide sales of the bZ4X commenced in mid-2022, with production planned in Japan and China. Sales in the United States will also start in 2022. Toyota has also stated that there will be seven "bZ" models to be launched globally by 2025. Name According to Toyota, the meaning of the "bZ4X" nameplate breaks down into: "bZ": for "beyond Zero" emissions, representing the nature of a battery-electric vehicle by going "beyond Zero" emissions, "4": from the equivalent-sized Toyota RAV4 and the "X": describing it as a compact crossover ('X') SUV. Overview The design of the bZ4X was previewed by pictures of a series of electric concept vehicles released by Toyota in June 2019. The company highlighted the plan to release six electric vehicles between 2020 and 2025, using the e-TNGA platform. The vehicle was also previewed by Subaru, which is developing the vehicle with Toyota as a concept mockup showcasing a similar concept design in January 2020. The bZ4X Concept was revealed on 19 April 2021 and was presented at Auto Shanghai on the same day. While it is revealed as a concept vehicle, the vehicle appeared to be nearly production-ready. The bZ4X is similar in size to the RAV4, but stood lower with sharper styling and a longer wheelbase that matches the larger Highlander's. The vehicle has been developed in conjunction with Subaru, which is said to have had input into the car's all-wheel drive system. Design The overall size, at 4,690 mm (185 in) total length, is comparable to a RAV4 (XA50), but the wheelbase of 2,850 mm (112 in) is similar to that of the Land Cruiser (J300), giving the bZ4X a large interior space. The e-TNGA platform was jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru, with Toyota receiving credit for battery and eAxle development and Subaru for all-wheel-drive control and collision safety. Some models also adopt a steer-by-wire system. The steer-by-wire system was developed for the Chinese market and will be available with a yoke in lieu of a conventional steering wheel. Combined with the low instrument panel, Toyota stated the yoke provides a more open interior. Rear view Interior Powertrains Under-the-hood equipment, including the main power inverter (center), 12V accessory battery, and fusebox The bZ4X is powered by the e-Axle, which integrates an electric motor, gears and inverter, and is built by BluE Nexus, a joint venture of Toyota Group companies Aisin and Denso with investment from Toyota Motor. Front-wheel drive models use a single 1XM model e-Axle that produces 150 kW (201 hp; 204 PS), while all-wheel drive models use twin 1YM model e-Axles that each produce 80 kW (107 hp; 109 PS) for a combined output of 160 kW (215 hp; 218 PS). Front-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 510 km (317 mi) and a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 7.5 seconds, while all-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 460 km (286 mi) and 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time in 6.9 seconds. On AWD models, the 'X-MODE' AWD-system from Subaru is "borrowed" from the Subaru Forester. Front-wheel drive models have a 71.4 kWh battery built by Prime Planet Energy & Solutions (PPES), a joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic. All-wheel drive models for the North American market have a 72.8 kWh battery built by CATL. Both models are a 355 volt pack that accepts DC fast charging at a maximum rate of 150 kW for front-wheel drive models or 100 kW for all-wheel drive models. Using a fast charger can charge the PPES pack up to 80% capacity in 30 minutes, and an optional rooftop solar panel system may generate electricity to drive the vehicle for at least 1,800 km (1,100 mi) per year. The battery is estimated to retain 90% of its original capacity over a ten-year period. The car can act as a power supply in V2H or V2L fashion. Model Chassis code Electric motor Power Torque Range (WLTC) FWD XEAM10 1x BluE Nexus eAxle 1XM 150 kW (201 hp; 204 PS) 266 N⋅m (196 lb⋅ft) 567 km (352 mi) AWD YEAM15 2x BluE Nexus eAxle 1YM 80 kW (107 hp; 109 PS) per motor160 kW (215 hp; 218 PS) total 338 N⋅m (249 lb⋅ft) 487–542 km (303–337 mi) Markets Japan The Japanese market-spec bZ4X was announced in April 2022 and launched on 12 May 2022. The model is only available for lease through the company's Kinto service to "eliminate customer concerns" regarding battery electric vehicle while "taking the environment into consideration". In the first phase, up to 3,000 lease applications will be accepted starting from 12 May; a second phase will follow in fall 2022, and Toyota/Kinto plan to lease up to 5,000 vehicles per year thereafter. The bZ4X is available in one grade, Z, with front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive options. Specific packages include a choice of roof (standard or panoramic moon roof) and wheel size (18- or 20-inch diameter). The car is available with one of two interior colours and one of eleven exterior colours. North America The North American market-spec bZ4X was unveiled at the 2021 Los Angeles Auto Show, with its specifications also detailed by that time, including its on-sale date set in mid-2022, for the 2023 model year. Toyota-estimated range for the front-wheel-drive XLE model is up to 400 km (250 miles). At launch, American buyers qualify for the full US$7,500 federal tax subsidy for purchasing an electric vehicle; each automobile manufacturer may sell up to 200,000 cars that qualify for the tax credit. Because Toyota plug-in hybrid vehicles also qualify for the tax credit, the credits are anticipated to be exhausted shortly after the launch of the bZ4X. The bZ4X is not eligible for electric vehicle incentives from the Inflation Reduction Act because it is made in Japan, not the US, Canada, or Mexico. Europe Under the WLTP driving cycle, the front-wheel drive bZ4X achieves a range of 516 km (321 mi) (14.3 kWh/100 km consumption) and the all-wheel drive bZ4X 470 km (290 mi) (15.8 kWh/100 km). Deliveries of the first vehicles are expected to commence in summer 2022. Southeast Asia The bZ4X was first announced in Singapore by Borneo Motors (Toyota's authorised retailer in Singapore) in June 2022 as part of an electric car-sharing program in the country's Tengah New Town. Although the car-sharing program would be rolled out in June 2023, the car has not been made available for sale in the country. The bZ4X was first showcased in Indonesia at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, and launched to the market on 10 November 2022. It is imported from Japan. It was one of the official VIP vehicles used at the 2022 G20 Bali summit. The bZ4X was launched in Thailand on 9 November 2022. As with Malaysia, it is also imported from Japan. Australasia The bZ4X was planned to debut in Australia in 2021 but it was delayed. Imports from Japan are scheduled to begin in 2024 to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, with orders to be taken from late 2023. The bZ4X will be Toyota's first battery electric vehicle in the Australasian market. China The Chinese market bZ4X was produced and marketed by two separate joint ventures, GAC Toyota and FAW Toyota. Introduced in October 2022, both versions are equipped with batteries produced by CATL. The capacity options were 50.3 kWh and 66.7 kWh with a CLTC range of 400 km (250 mi) and 615 km (382 mi) respectively. After a series of price cuts due to slow sales, Toyota released an update for the bZ4X in November 2023. A four-wheel drive option became available, the 50.3 kWh battery option was removed, and the exterior plastic body claddings are now body coloured. The vehicle received a Chinese name (Chinese: 铂智4X; pinyin: Bózhì 4X; lit. 'Platinum 4X'). The 'Bozhi' name will be the Chinese sub-brand for GAC Toyota’s electric vehicles, mirroring the bZ sub-brand globally. The FAW Toyota version was discontinued. Subaru Solterra Subaru Solterra The rebadged version of the bZ4X is sold by Subaru as the Subaru Solterra (Japanese: スバル・ソルテラ, Hepburn: Subaru Sorutera). The name "Solterra" derives from "sol" and "terra", Latin words for "sun" and "earth" respectively. Featuring a minor exterior redesign, it uses the same e-TNGA platform rebranded to "e-Subaru Global Platform" (e-SGP). The Solterra went on sale in mid-2022 in Japan, US, Canada, Europe, and China. In Japan, the Solterra is offered in ET-SS (FWD and AWD) and ET-HS (AWD only) grade levels. It is equipped with an active safety system marketed as "Subaru Safety Sense" as standard. Unlike the bZ4X in Japan, the Solterra is available for purchase. Safety On 23 June 2022, Toyota and Subaru recalled 2,700 bZ4Xs and 2,600 Solterras due to the possibility that wheels could come loose. They also halted production and sales of any new models. On 6 October 2022, Toyota reported it has found a fix to the loose wheel recall and has resumed production of the bZ4X and Solterra. The bZ4X and Solterra achieved a five star JNCAP rating from Japan's National Agency for Automotive Safety and Victim's Aid (NASVA) for comprehensive safety performance, based on testing conducted on a Subaru Solterra. NASVA New Car Assessment - 2022 Toyota bZ4X Section Score Collision safety performance A (87%) Preventive safety performance A (99%) Comprehensive safety performance 93% Overall evaluation The bZ4X and the Solterra also achieved a five-star 2022 Euro NCAP rating. Sales Toyota bZ4X Year Japan Europe China US Canada 2022 2,382 1,487 1,220 2023 138 19,606 6,223 9,329 4,179 Subaru Solterra Year Japan US 2022 105 919 2023 632 8,872 References ^ "bZ4X spec" (PDF). Toyota Japan. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ "Subaru Solterra announced – brand's upcoming C-segment EV SUV gets a name; launching in mid-2022 – paultan.org". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "Video: Media Briefing on Battery EV Strategies". Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ "合资品牌纯电SUV香不香？ 广汽丰田bZ4X实拍曝光_车型_设计_方向盘". www.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. 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Retrieved 8 December 2021. ^ a b "Toyota to Launch All-New bZ4X BEV on May 12 in Japan". Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022. ^ 小林 隆 (2 May 2022). "トヨタ、新型バッテリEV「bZ4X」のKINTO月額利用料を決定 最初の4年は補助金適用で8万8220円から" . Car Watch (in Japanese). Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ 塩谷公邦 (12 April 2022). "トヨタ、新型バッテリEV「bZ4X」詳報 開発時に掲げた4つの目標価値とは" . Car Watch (in Japanese). Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "Revealed: The All-New, All-Electric Toyota bZ4X" (Press release). Australian: Toyota. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Kane, Mark (17 November 2021). "Toyota bZ4X Debuts In The U.S., Will Go On Sale Mid-2022". InsideEvs. US. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Halvorson, Bengt (17 November 2021). "Preview: 2023 Toyota bZ4X EV confirmed for 250-mile estimated range, due in mid 2022". Green Car Reports. US. Retrieved 28 December 2021. ^ Gauthier, Michael (17 November 2021). "First Look: 2023 Toyota bZ4X Electric Crossover Debuts In U.S., Offers Up To 250 Miles Range". Carscoops. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Clark, Mitchell (12 April 2022). "Toyota's bZ4X all-electric SUV will start at $42,000". The Verge. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (12 April 2022). "Toyota finally has an EV and it's perfectly OK". CNN Business. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "Toyota Stays Modest about EVs as It Relaunches bZ4X after Recall". Car and Driver. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ Lee, Jonathan (5 April 2022). "Toyota bZ4X electric SUV gets 516 km WLTP range". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "All-new, electric Toyota bZ4X ready for European sales launch" (Press release). Europe: Toyota. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "Borneo Motors and SP Group to develop EV sharing programme in Tengah". Car Buyer (Singapore). 30 June 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Toyota's bZ4X is coming to Singapore, and you won't need to buy it to drive it". Sgcarmart. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ Lye, Gerard (14 November 2022). "2023 Toyota bZ4X in Indonesia – 71.4 kWh battery; up to 500 km EV range; FWD; 218 PS, 266 Nm; fr RM352k". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 2 December 2022. ^ Nanda, Aprida Mega (18 November 2022). "Toyota Segera Jual Mobil Listrik bZ4X Bekas KTT G20" . Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 December 2022. ^ Lye, Gerard (14 November 2022). "2023 Toyota bZ4X launched in Thailand – EV with 71.4 kWh battery, 411 km range, 218 PS, 337 Nm; fr RM235k". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 2 December 2022. ^ Stevens, Mike (9 February 2023). "2024 Toyota BZ4x review: First spin on Australian asphalt". WhichCar. Australia: Wheels Media. Retrieved 6 September 2023. ^ Hickey, Jordan (30 August 2023). "2024 Toyota BZ4x electric SUV delayed to next year". WhichCar. Australia: Wheels Media. Retrieved 6 September 2023. ^ "血拼到底，广汽丰田bZ4X以"全球最低价"上市" . www.sohu.com. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ "一汽丰田bZ4X正式上市 售价19.98万元起|一汽丰田-网通社汽车" . auto.news18a.com. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ 快科技 (9 February 2023). "特斯拉降价丰田不装了！首款电动车bZ4X狂降3万：仅需16.98万起" . Sina Finance. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ McDee, Max (27 December 2023). "Toyota unveils Bozhi 4X electric SUV in China". ArenaEV.com. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ "2022 Subaru Solterra revealed in Japan – brand's first EV with up to 530 km range, 218 PS; AWD and FWD". Paul Tan's Automotive News. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ "Subaru Names New All-Electric SUV "Solterra"". Mynewsdesk (in Finnish). 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "SUBARU、2022年に発売する新型EVの名称を「SOLTERRA（ソルテラ）」に決定". 日本経済新聞 (in Japanese). 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "2023 Subaru Solterra Electric Crossover Looks Just Like The Toyota bZ4X". Carscoops. 31 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "Subaru Solterra due in 2022 as firm's first electric car". Autocar. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "Subaru Solterra is the next Toyobaru project... and it's electric – Auto News". AutoIndustriya.com. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "Subaru Solterra Teased As Electric SUV Co-Developed With Toyota". Motor1.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021. ^ "新型Bev「スバル ソルテラ」国内価格を発表 594万円から". 14 April 2022. ^ "Toyota recalls 2,700 bZ4X EVs over potential risk wheels could come loose". Automotive News Europe. Reuters. 23 June 2022. ^ "Recall issued for Toyota bZ4X and Subaru Solterra". electrive.com. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ Sugiyama, Satoshi (6 October 2022). "Toyota restarts output of first EV after fixing safety issues". Reuters. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ "Toyota BZ4X and Subaru Solterra twins back in production after wheels fell off". Drive. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ "SOLTERRA bZ4X/National agency for Automotive Safety & Victims' Aid". www.nasva.go.jp. Retrieved 8 November 2022. ^ "Official Toyota bZ4X 2022 safety rating". www.euroncap.com. Retrieved 21 November 2022. ^ "トヨタ bZ4X 新車販売台数の推移/売れ行き(生産台数)と生産状況は？工場とラインの稼働状況も - 株式会社アイディーインフォメーション" . id-information.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ Demandt, Bart. "Toyota bZ4X EV European auto sales figures". carsalesbase.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ Kang/CnEVPost, Lei (9 February 2023). "Toyota cuts bZ4X electric SUV price in China by $4,420". CnEVPost. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ "Toyota Motor North America Reports Year-End 2022 U.S. Sales Results" (Press release). US: Toyota. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. ^ "Toyota Motor Europe posts all-time sales record in 2023" (Press release). Europe: Toyota. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ "【易车销量榜】全国2023年丰田零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车". car.yiche.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ "Toyota Motor North America Reports 2023 U.S. Sales Results" (Press release). US: Toyota. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ "Record Electrified Vehicle Sales Power Toyota Canada Inc. to Strong 2023" (Press release). Canada: Toyota. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024. ^ "スバル ソルテラ 新車販売台数/売れ行き(生産台数)と生産状況は？生産工場も - 株式会社アイディーインフォメーション" . id-information.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ "SUBARU OF AMERICA, INC. REPORTS DECEMBER AND 2022 YEAR-END SALES RESULTS". www.prnewswire.com. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ "SUBARU OF AMERICA 2023 YEAR-END SALES UP 13.6 PERCENT - Subaru U.S. Media Center". Subaru Media USA. Retrieved 18 April 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota bZ4X and Subaru Solterra. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battery electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"compact crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_crossover_SUV"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"e-TNGA platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_New_Global_Architecture#e-TNGA"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Toyota bZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_bZ_series"},{"link_name":"zero-emissions vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Toyota bZ4X, also marketed in Japan, Australia, US, Canada, Europe, and China as the Subaru Solterra, is a battery electric compact crossover SUV manufactured by Toyota. The vehicle debuted in April 2021 as the \"bZ4X Concept\". It is the first vehicle to be based on the e-TNGA platform co-developed by Toyota and Subaru,[11] and the brand's first model to be part of their Toyota bZ (\"beyond Zero\") series of zero-emissions vehicles.[12][13]Worldwide sales of the bZ4X commenced in mid-2022, with production planned in Japan and China.[14][15] Sales in the United States will also start in 2022.[16] Toyota has also stated that there will be seven \"bZ\" models to be launched globally by 2025.[17]","title":"Toyota bZ4X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyota RAV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"According to Toyota, the meaning of the \"bZ4X\" nameplate breaks down into:\"bZ\": for \"beyond Zero\" emissions, representing the nature of a battery-electric vehicle by going \"beyond Zero\" emissions,\n\"4\": from the equivalent-sized Toyota RAV4 and the\n\"X\": describing it as a compact crossover ('X') SUV.[18][19]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Auto Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Highlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Highlander"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"all-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The design of the bZ4X was previewed by pictures of a series of electric concept vehicles released by Toyota in June 2019. The company highlighted the plan to release six electric vehicles between 2020 and 2025, using the e-TNGA platform.[20] The vehicle was also previewed by Subaru, which is developing the vehicle with Toyota as a concept mockup showcasing a similar concept design in January 2020.[21]The bZ4X Concept was revealed on 19 April 2021 and was presented at Auto Shanghai on the same day.[22] While it is revealed as a concept vehicle, the vehicle appeared to be nearly production-ready.[23][24] The bZ4X is similar in size to the RAV4, but stood lower with sharper styling and a longer wheelbase that matches the larger Highlander's.[25] The vehicle has been developed in conjunction with Subaru, which is said to have had input into the car's all-wheel drive system.[26][27]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAV4"},{"link_name":"XA50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_RAV4#XA50"},{"link_name":"Land Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"J300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser#J300"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"},{"link_name":"steer-by-wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steer-by-wire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Details_2021-10-29"},{"link_name":"yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_bZ4X_Automesse_Ludwigsburg_2022_1X7A5897.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_bZ4X_Automesse_Ludwigsburg_2022_1X7A5950.jpg"}],"text":"The overall size, at 4,690 mm (185 in) total length, is comparable to a RAV4 (XA50), but the wheelbase of 2,850 mm (112 in) is similar to that of the Land Cruiser (J300), giving the bZ4X a large interior space.[28] The e-TNGA platform was jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru, with Toyota receiving credit for battery and eAxle development and Subaru for all-wheel-drive control and collision safety.[28]Some models also adopt a steer-by-wire system.[29] The steer-by-wire system was developed for the Chinese market and will be available with a yoke in lieu of a conventional steering wheel.[28] Combined with the low instrument panel, Toyota stated the yoke provides a more open interior.[30]Rear view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor_Toyota_bZ4X_Expo_2022_CRI_4894.jpg"},{"link_name":"power inverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter"},{"link_name":"inverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter"},{"link_name":"BluE Nexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BluE_Nexus"},{"link_name":"Toyota Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Group"},{"link_name":"Aisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisin"},{"link_name":"Denso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denso"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Details_2021-10-29"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Subaru Forester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Forester"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"},{"link_name":"kWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt-hour"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Details_2021-10-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CATL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solterra-price-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"},{"link_name":"V2H or V2L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watch-details-28"}],"sub_title":"Powertrains","text":"Under-the-hood equipment, including the main power inverter (center), 12V accessory battery, and fuseboxThe bZ4X is powered by the e-Axle, which integrates an electric motor, gears and inverter, and is built by BluE Nexus, a joint venture of Toyota Group companies Aisin and Denso with investment from Toyota Motor. Front-wheel drive models use a single 1XM model e-Axle that produces 150 kW (201 hp; 204 PS), while all-wheel drive models use twin 1YM model e-Axles that each produce 80 kW (107 hp; 109 PS) for a combined output of 160 kW (215 hp; 218 PS).[31]Front-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 510 km (317 mi) and a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 7.5 seconds, while all-wheel drive models have an estimated range of 460 km (286 mi) and 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time in 6.9 seconds.[29] On AWD models, the 'X-MODE' AWD-system from Subaru is \"borrowed\" from the Subaru Forester.[28]Front-wheel drive models have a 71.4 kWh battery[29] built by Prime Planet Energy & Solutions (PPES), a joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic.[32] All-wheel drive models for the North American market have a 72.8 kWh battery built by CATL. Both models are a 355 volt pack that accepts DC fast charging at a maximum rate of 150 kW for front-wheel drive models[33] or 100 kW for all-wheel drive models.[34] Using a fast charger can charge the PPES pack up to 80% capacity in 30 minutes, and an optional rooftop solar panel system may generate electricity to drive the vehicle for at least 1,800 km (1,100 mi) per year.[35] The battery is estimated to retain 90% of its original capacity over a ten-year period.[28] The car can act as a power supply in V2H or V2L fashion.[28]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bZ4X-PR-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinto-lease-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bZ4X-PR-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4-goals-38"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"The Japanese market-spec bZ4X was announced in April 2022 and launched on 12 May 2022. The model is only available for lease through the company's Kinto service to \"eliminate customer concerns\" regarding battery electric vehicle while \"taking the environment into consideration\".[36]In the first phase, up to 3,000 lease applications will be accepted starting from 12 May; a second phase will follow in fall 2022, and Toyota/Kinto plan to lease up to 5,000 vehicles per year thereafter.[37]The bZ4X is available in one grade, Z, with front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive options.[36] Specific packages include a choice of roof (standard or panoramic moon roof) and wheel size (18- or 20-inch diameter). The car is available with one of two interior colours and one of eleven exterior colours.[38]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Los Angeles Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Auto_Show#2021"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Inflation Reduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"The North American market-spec bZ4X was unveiled at the 2021 Los Angeles Auto Show, with its specifications also detailed by that time, including its on-sale date set in mid-2022, for the 2023 model year.[39][40][41] Toyota-estimated range for the front-wheel-drive XLE model is up to 400 km (250 miles).[42][43]At launch, American buyers qualify for the full US$7,500 federal tax subsidy for purchasing an electric vehicle; each automobile manufacturer may sell up to 200,000 cars that qualify for the tax credit. Because Toyota plug-in hybrid vehicles also qualify for the tax credit, the credits are anticipated to be exhausted shortly after the launch of the bZ4X.[44] The bZ4X is not eligible for electric vehicle incentives from the Inflation Reduction Act because it is made in Japan, not the US, Canada, or Mexico.[45]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WLTP driving cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Harmonised_Light_Vehicles_Test_Procedure"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Under the WLTP driving cycle, the front-wheel drive bZ4X achieves a range of 516 km (321 mi) (14.3 kWh/100 km consumption) and the all-wheel drive bZ4X 470 km (290 mi) (15.8 kWh/100 km).[46] Deliveries of the first vehicles are expected to commence in summer 2022.[47]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tengah New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengah,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_International_Auto_Show#2022"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"2022 G20 Bali summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Southeast Asia","text":"The bZ4X was first announced in Singapore by Borneo Motors (Toyota's authorised retailer in Singapore) in June 2022 as part of an electric car-sharing program in the country's Tengah New Town.[48] Although the car-sharing program would be rolled out in June 2023, the car has not been made available for sale in the country.[49]The bZ4X was first showcased in Indonesia at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, and launched to the market on 10 November 2022.[50] It is imported from Japan. It was one of the official VIP vehicles used at the 2022 G20 Bali summit.[51]The bZ4X was launched in Thailand on 9 November 2022. As with Malaysia, it is also imported from Japan.[52]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Australasia","text":"The bZ4X was planned to debut in Australia in 2021 but it was delayed. Imports from Japan are scheduled to begin in 2024 to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, with orders to be taken from late 2023. The bZ4X will be Toyota's first battery electric vehicle in the Australasian market.[53][54]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GAC Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAC_Toyota"},{"link_name":"FAW Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAW_Toyota"},{"link_name":"CATL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL"},{"link_name":"CLTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Light-Duty_Vehicle_Test_Cycle"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"The Chinese market bZ4X was produced and marketed by two separate joint ventures, GAC Toyota and FAW Toyota. Introduced in October 2022, both versions are equipped with batteries produced by CATL. The capacity options were 50.3 kWh and 66.7 kWh with a CLTC range of 400 km (250 mi) and 615 km (382 mi) respectively.[55][56]After a series of price cuts due to slow sales,[57] Toyota released an update for the bZ4X in November 2023. A four-wheel drive option became available, the 50.3 kWh battery option was removed, and the exterior plastic body claddings are now body coloured. The vehicle received a Chinese name (Chinese: 铂智4X; pinyin: Bózhì 4X; lit. 'Platinum 4X'). The 'Bozhi' name will be the Chinese sub-brand for GAC Toyota’s electric vehicles, mirroring the bZ sub-brand globally. The FAW Toyota version was discontinued.[58]","title":"Markets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023_Subaru_Solterra_AWD_Technology_Package_in_Smoked_Carbon,_Front_Left,_07-14-2023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_rearview_of_Subaru_SOLTERRA_ET-SS_2WD_(ZAA-XEAM10X).jpg"},{"link_name":"rebadged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebadging"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Subaru SolterraThe rebadged version of the bZ4X is sold by Subaru as the Subaru Solterra (Japanese: スバル・ソルテラ, Hepburn: Subaru Sorutera).[59] The name \"Solterra\" derives from \"sol\" and \"terra\", Latin words for \"sun\" and \"earth\" respectively.[60][61] Featuring a minor exterior redesign,[62] it uses the same e-TNGA platform rebranded to \"e-Subaru Global Platform\" (e-SGP).[63][64] The Solterra went on sale in mid-2022 in Japan, US, Canada, Europe, and China.[65]In Japan, the Solterra is offered in ET-SS (FWD and AWD) and ET-HS (AWD only) grade levels. It is equipped with an active safety system marketed as \"Subaru Safety Sense\" as standard. Unlike the bZ4X in Japan, the Solterra is available for purchase.[66]","title":"Subaru Solterra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recalled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_recall"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"On 23 June 2022, Toyota and Subaru recalled 2,700 bZ4Xs and 2,600 Solterras due to the possibility that wheels could come loose. They also halted production and sales of any new models.[67][68]On 6 October 2022, Toyota reported it has found a fix to the loose wheel recall and has resumed production of the bZ4X and Solterra.[69][70]The bZ4X and Solterra achieved a five star JNCAP rating from Japan's National Agency for Automotive Safety and Victim's Aid (NASVA) for comprehensive safety performance, based on testing conducted on a Subaru Solterra.[71]The bZ4X and the Solterra also achieved a five-star 2022 Euro NCAP rating.[72]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Toyota bZ4X","title":"Sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subaru Solterra","title":"Sales"}]

[{"image_text":"Under-the-hood equipment, including the main power inverter (center), 12V accessory battery, and fusebox","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Electric_motor_Toyota_bZ4X_Expo_2022_CRI_4894.jpg/220px-Electric_motor_Toyota_bZ4X_Expo_2022_CRI_4894.jpg"}]

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News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512202411/https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/subaru-solterra-is-the-next-toyobaru-project-and-it-s-electric.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.motor1.com/news/506572/subaru-solterra-electric-suv-teaser/","external_links_name":"\"Subaru Solterra Teased As Electric SUV Co-Developed With Toyota\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513161617/https://www.motor1.com/news/506572/subaru-solterra-electric-suv-teaser/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.goo-net.com/magazine/newmodel/by-vehicle-type-information/72399/","external_links_name":"\"新型Bev「スバル ソルテラ」国内価格を発表 594万円から\""},{"Link":"https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/toyota-recalls-2700-bz4x-evs-over-potential-risk-wheels-could-come-loose","external_links_name":"\"Toyota recalls 2,700 bZ4X EVs over potential risk wheels could come loose\""},{"Link":"https://www.electrive.com/2022/06/24/recall-issued-for-the-toyota-bz4x-and-the-subaru-solterra/","external_links_name":"\"Recall issued for Toyota bZ4X and Subaru Solterra\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/toyota-resume-selling-its-first-mass-produced-ev-after-safety-concern-recall-2022-10-06/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota restarts output of first EV after fixing safety issues\""},{"Link":"https://www.drive.com.au/news/toyota-bz4x-and-subaru-solterra-twins-back-in-production-after-wheels-fell-off/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota BZ4X and Subaru Solterra twins back in production after wheels fell off\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasva.go.jp/mamoru/en/assessment_car/detail/241","external_links_name":"\"SOLTERRA bZ4X/National agency for Automotive Safety & Victims' Aid\""},{"Link":"https://www.euroncap.com/en/results/toyota/bz4x/47139","external_links_name":"\"Official Toyota bZ4X 2022 safety rating\""},{"Link":"https://id-information.co.jp/kuruma/bz4x-hanbaidaisu/","external_links_name":"\"トヨタ bZ4X 新車販売台数の推移/売れ行き(生産台数)と生産状況は？工場とラインの稼働状況も - 株式会社アイディーインフォメーション\""},{"Link":"https://carsalesbase.com/europe-toyota-bz4x/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota bZ4X EV European auto sales figures\""},{"Link":"https://cnevpost.com/2023/02/09/toyota-cuts-bz4x-electric-suv-price-in-china-by-4420/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota cuts bZ4X electric SUV price in China by $4,420\""},{"Link":"https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-year-end-2022-u-s-sales-results/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Motor North America Reports Year-End 2022 U.S. Sales Results\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.toyota.eu/toyota-motor-europe-posts-all-time-sales-record-of-1173419-vehicles-in-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Motor Europe posts all-time sales record in 2023\""},{"Link":"https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2023&brandId=7&page=3","external_links_name":"\"【易车销量榜】全国2023年丰田零售量销量榜-易车榜-易车\""},{"Link":"https://pressroom.toyota.com/toyota-motor-north-america-reports-2023-u-s-sales-results/","external_links_name":"\"Toyota Motor North America Reports 2023 U.S. Sales Results\""},{"Link":"https://media.toyota.ca/en/releases/2024/record-electrified-vehicle-sales-power-toyota-canada-inc--to-str.html","external_links_name":"\"Record Electrified Vehicle Sales Power Toyota Canada Inc. to Strong 2023\""},{"Link":"https://id-information.co.jp/kuruma/solterra-hanbaidaisu/","external_links_name":"\"スバル ソルテラ 新車販売台数/売れ行き(生産台数)と生産状況は？生産工場も - 株式会社アイディーインフォメーション\""},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/subaru-of-america-inc-reports-december-and-2022-year-end-sales-results-301713699.html","external_links_name":"\"SUBARU OF AMERICA, INC. REPORTS DECEMBER AND 2022 YEAR-END SALES RESULTS\""},{"Link":"https://media.subaru.com/newsrelease.do?id=2131&mid=120&allImage=1&teaser=subaru-america-2023-year-end-sales-up-13.6","external_links_name":"\"SUBARU OF AMERICA 2023 YEAR-END SALES UP 13.6 PERCENT - Subaru U.S. Media Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.toyota.com/bz4x/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.subaru.com/solterra-ev","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/36254760.html","external_links_name":"Official press release"},{"Link":"https://www.subaru.co.jp/press/news-en/2021_05_11_9754/","external_links_name":"Official press release"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Walk,_Florida

Country Walk, Florida

["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Description","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 and 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 25°37′56″N 80°26′6″W / 25.63222°N 80.43500°W / 25.63222; -80.43500 Census-designated place in FloridaCountry Walk, FloridaCensus-designated placeLocation in Miami-Dade County and the state of FloridaU.S. Census Bureau map showing CDP boundariesCoordinates: 25°37′56″N 80°26′6″W / 25.63222°N 80.43500°W / 25.63222; -80.43500Country United States of AmericaState FloridaCounty Miami-DadeArea • Total2.62 sq mi (6.78 km2) • Land2.58 sq mi (6.68 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.10 km2)Elevation7 ft (2 m)Population (2020) • Total16,951 • Density6,572.70/sq mi (2,537.79/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Codes33186, 33196 (Miami)Area code(s)305, 786, 645FIPS code12-15055GNIS feature ID1853243 Country Walk is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 16,951 at the 2020 census, up from 15,997 at the 2010 census. Geography Country Walk is located 19 miles (31 km) southwest of downtown Miami at 25°37′56″N 80°26′6″W / 25.63222°N 80.43500°W / 25.63222; -80.43500 (25.632332, -80.434956). It is bordered to the east by Three Lakes, to the south by Richmond West, to the west by farmland, and to the north by Miami Executive Airport. The community's borders are Florida State Road 825 (SW 137th Avenue) to the east, State Road 992 (Coral Reef Drive) to the south, SW 162nd Avenue to the west, and SW 136th Street to the north. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 1.53%, are water. History The Country Walk community was originally designed and built by the Disney-owned Arvida Corporation. Country Walk Arvida broke ground on the first homes in 1978 and construction finished in 1994. In 1985, Janet Reno prosecuted the Country Walk case, allegedly an example of day-care sex-abuse hysteria. The Arvida Corp. paid settlements of over $5 million to alleged victims in this case. In August 1992, Country Walk was severely destroyed by Hurricane Andrew. 90% of the 1,700 homes in Country Walk were destroyed. Following the hurricane, property owners filed lawsuits against the developer of Country Walk, Arvida for shoddy construction. In the subsequent years, the homes were slowly rebuilt. Unlike the destroyed homes which were made of wood frame construction, the new homes were rebuilt with concrete walls. Although many areas of Miami were heavily affected by Hurricane Andrew, Country Walk was one of the worst affected and remains a reminder of the hurricane's extensive disaster in the CDP today. Description Country Walk is a 1,280-acre (5 km2) deed-restricted community, located in southwest Miami–Dade County. There are 1,606 homes located within the Country Walk community. Country Walk is bounded on the east by 137th Avenue, on the west by 157th Avenue, on the north by SW 144th Terrace, and on the south by SW 152nd Street. Country Walk is made up of six sub-associations and one master association. The sub-associations are Country Villas, Estate Homes, Lakeside, Patio Homes, Stoneybrook and Village Homes. Country Walk Master Association has a clubhouse located at 14601 Country Walk Drive. The clubhouse includes a swimming pool, Jacuzzi, tennis courts, basketball courts, volleyball court, playground, and game rooms. The clubhouse is located in the center of Country Walk, and it is used as a gathering place for the residents to join together and have fun. There are various activities planned at the clubhouse throughout the year. It starts in February with our Annual Valentines Day Music Under the Stars and ends in December with the Annual Holiday Party but the best is right in the middle the July 4th Holiday Party including fireworks! There are also regular activities planned at the clubhouse for the residents to participate in such as tennis on Tuesdays, strategic gaming on Sunday, and bingo on Fridays. The lake located next to the clubhouse has a vita course around the banks, and there is a dock to enjoy the views of the fountain and fishing. The Country Villas sub-association has 97 townhomes. Country Villas is also known as Hickory Lane. The Estate Homes has 435 single-family homes. The Estate Homes includes sections called Turtle Creek, Live Oaks, Robins Run, and Robins Run East. The Lakeside community has 94 single-family homes, originally built by Weitzer Builders. The Patio Homes has 460 single-family homes with large green belts around the community, and it has sections called Greenwich East, Greenwich West, Roosters Ridge, Summer Tree, and Willow Bend. The Patio Homes also have a swimming pool area for their residents use. The Stoneybrook community is another Weitzer community with 172 single-family homes. Stoenybrook has two playground areas for their residents use. The Village Homes is a condominium community with 344 units and a swimming pool. The condominiums are constructed in groups of four units making a larger building. There are also two commercial areas included in the Country Walk community. They are the Country Square Shopping Center located within Country Walk and the Country Walk Plaza located at the corner of SW 152nd Street and SW 137th Avenue. The Country Square Shopping Center includes many local businesses including restaurants, childcare, a pharmacy, pet store, real estate sales office and a corner store. The Country Walk Plaza includes banks and several grocery and retail stores. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 200010,653—201015,99750.2%202016,9516.0%source: 2010 and 2020 census Country Walk CDP, Florida - Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos/Hispanics from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White (NH) 2,657 1,958 16.61% 11.55% Black or African American (NH) 1,416 1,122 8.85% 6.62% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 3 13 0.02% 0.08% Asian (NH) 412 437 2.58% 2.58% Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) 8 5 0.05% 0.03% Some other race (NH) 63 107 0.39% 0.63% Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) 204 327 1.28% 1.93% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 11,234 12,982 70.23% 76.59% Total 15,997 16,951 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,951 people, 4,729 households, and 4,090 families residing in the CDP. As of the 2010 United States census, there were 15,997 people, 4,602 households, and 3,810 families residing in the CDP. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 10,653 people, 3,234 households, and 2,820 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,879.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,497.7/km2). There were 3,409 housing units at an average density of 1,241.3 per square mile (479.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.60% White (28.6% were Non-Hispanic White), 10.66% African American, 0.10% Native American, 2.52% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.00% from other races, and 4.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.13% of the population. There were 3,234 households, out of which 56.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.3% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.8% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.51. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 38.5% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $63,689, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $41,798 versus $30,987 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,736. About 3.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, Spanish was the first language for 61.78% of all residents, while English accounted for 35.79%, Urdu accounted for 1.02%, Portuguese made up 0.59%, French was 0.48%, and French Creole was the mother tongue for 0.31% of the population. Education Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves students in the CDP. Within the Country Walk community is Jack D. Gordon Elementary School, a public elementary school. Nearby are public middle schools Herbert A. Ammons Middle School and Richmond Heights Middle School, as well as nearby public high schools Coral Reef Senior High School, Miami Sunset Senior High School, and Robert Morgan Educational Center (which is a magnet high school). References ^ a b "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Florida". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2023. ^ a b "P1. Race – Country Walk CDP, Florida: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2023. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ Romano, Aja (October 30, 2016). "The history of Satanic Panic in the US — and why it's not over yet". Vox.com. ^ Isaac, Rael Jean (September 5, 2018). "Janet Reno's Last Victim". National Review. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. ^ "Remembering the fury of Hurricane Andrew in South Florida - Hurricane Andrew - MiamiHerald.com". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. ^ "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 17, 2010. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Club CDP, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Walk CDP, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Country Walk CDP, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Country Walk CDP, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "Demographics of Country Walk, FL". MuniNetGuide.com. Retrieved December 16, 2007. ^ "MLA Data Center Results for Country Walk, Florida". Modern Language Association. Retrieved December 16, 2007. ^ "Country Walk - Master Association - About Country Walk". Country Walk Homeowners Association. Retrieved January 21, 2019. External links Country Walk Homeowners Association vteMunicipalities and communities of Miami-Dade County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: MiamiCities Aventura Coral Gables Doral Florida City Hialeah Hialeah Gardens Homestead Miami Miami Beach Miami Gardens Miami Springs North Bay Village North Miami North Miami Beach Opa-locka South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater West Miami Towns Bay Harbor Islands Cutler Bay Golden Beach Medley Miami Lakes Surfside Villages Bal Harbour Biscayne Park El Portal Indian Creek Key Biscayne Miami Shores Palmetto Bay Pinecrest Virginia Gardens CDPs Brownsville Coral Terrace Country Club Country Walk Fisher Island Fontainebleau Gladeview Glenvar Heights Golden Glades Goulds Homestead Base Ives Estates Kendale Lakes Kendall Kendall West Leisure City Naranja Ojus Olympia Heights Palm Springs North Palmetto Estates Pinewood Princeton Richmond Heights Richmond West South Miami Heights Sunset Tamiami The Crossings The Hammocks Three Lakes West Little River West Perrine Westchester Westview Westwood Lakes Unincorporatedcommunities Coopertown Frog City High Pines Islandia Little Gables Redland Ponce-Davis Tenmile Corner University Park (former CDP) West End Ghost town Perrine Indian reservation Miccosukee Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Florida portal United States portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Miami-Dade County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Miami metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in FloridaCountry Walk is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 16,951 at the 2020 census,[2] up from 15,997 at the 2010 census.","title":"Country Walk, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Miami"},{"link_name":"25°37′56″N 80°26′6″W / 25.63222°N 80.43500°W / 25.63222; -80.43500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Country_Walk,_Florida&params=25_37_56_N_80_26_6_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"Three Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Lakes,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Richmond West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Miami Executive Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Executive_Airport"},{"link_name":"Florida State Road 825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_825"},{"link_name":"State Road 992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_992"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2022-1"}],"text":"Country Walk is located 19 miles (31 km) southwest of downtown Miami at 25°37′56″N 80°26′6″W / 25.63222°N 80.43500°W / 25.63222; -80.43500 (25.632332, -80.434956).[5] It is bordered to the east by Three Lakes, to the south by Richmond West, to the west by farmland, and to the north by Miami Executive Airport. The community's borders are Florida State Road 825 (SW 137th Avenue) to the east, State Road 992 (Coral Reef Drive) to the south, SW 162nd Avenue to the west, and SW 136th Street to the north.According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 1.53%, are water.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Arvida Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvida_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Janet Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Reno"},{"link_name":"Country Walk case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Walk_case"},{"link_name":"day-care sex-abuse hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-care_sex-abuse_hysteria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Arvida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joe_Company"},{"link_name":"wood frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_frame"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Country Walk community was originally designed and built by the Disney-owned Arvida Corporation. Country Walk Arvida broke ground on the first homes in 1978 and construction finished in 1994.In 1985, Janet Reno prosecuted the Country Walk case, allegedly an example of day-care sex-abuse hysteria.[6] The Arvida Corp. paid settlements of over $5 million to alleged victims in this case.[7]In August 1992, Country Walk was severely destroyed by Hurricane Andrew. 90% of the 1,700 homes in Country Walk were destroyed. Following the hurricane, property owners filed lawsuits against the developer of Country Walk, Arvida for shoddy construction. In the subsequent years, the homes were slowly rebuilt. Unlike the destroyed homes which were made of wood frame construction, the new homes were rebuilt with concrete walls. Although many areas of Miami were heavily affected by Hurricane Andrew, Country Walk was one of the worst affected and remains a reminder of the hurricane's extensive disaster in the CDP today.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Description","text":"Country Walk is a 1,280-acre (5 km2) deed-restricted community, located in southwest Miami–Dade County. There are 1,606 homes located within the Country Walk community. Country Walk is bounded on the east by 137th Avenue, on the west by 157th Avenue, on the north by SW 144th Terrace, and on the south by SW 152nd Street. Country Walk is made up of six sub-associations and one master association. The sub-associations are Country Villas, Estate Homes, Lakeside, Patio Homes, Stoneybrook and Village Homes.Country Walk Master Association has a clubhouse located at 14601 Country Walk Drive. The clubhouse includes a swimming pool, Jacuzzi, tennis courts, basketball courts, volleyball court, playground, and game rooms. The clubhouse is located in the center of Country Walk, and it is used as a gathering place for the residents to join together and have fun. There are various activities planned at the clubhouse throughout the year. It starts in February with our Annual Valentines Day Music Under the Stars and ends in December with the Annual Holiday Party but the best is right in the middle the July 4th Holiday Party including fireworks! There are also regular activities planned at the clubhouse for the residents to participate in such as tennis on Tuesdays, strategic gaming on Sunday, and bingo on Fridays. The lake located next to the clubhouse has a vita course around the banks, and there is a dock to enjoy the views of the fountain and fishing.The Country Villas sub-association has 97 townhomes. Country Villas is also known as Hickory Lane. The Estate Homes has 435 single-family homes. The Estate Homes includes sections called Turtle Creek, Live Oaks, Robins Run, and Robins Run East. The Lakeside community has 94 single-family homes, originally built by Weitzer Builders. The Patio Homes has 460 single-family homes with large green belts around the community, and it has sections called Greenwich East, Greenwich West, Roosters Ridge, Summer Tree, and Willow Bend. The Patio Homes also have a swimming pool area for their residents use. The Stoneybrook community is another Weitzer community with 172 single-family homes. Stoenybrook has two playground areas for their residents use. The Village Homes is a condominium community with 344 units and a swimming pool. The condominiums are constructed in groups of four units making a larger building.There are also two commercial areas included in the Country Walk community. They are the Country Square Shopping Center located within Country Walk and the Country Walk Plaza located at the corner of SW 152nd Street and SW 137th Avenue. The Country Square Shopping Center includes many local businesses including restaurants, childcare, a pharmacy, pet store, real estate sales office and a corner store. The Country Walk Plaza includes banks and several grocery and retail stores.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2010 and 2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,951 people, 4,729 households, and 4,090 families residing in the CDP.[12]As of the 2010 United States census, there were 15,997 people, 4,602 households, and 3,810 families residing in the CDP.[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Non-Hispanic White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"first language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 10,653 people, 3,234 households, and 2,820 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,879.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,497.7/km2). There were 3,409 housing units at an average density of 1,241.3 per square mile (479.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.60% White (28.6% were Non-Hispanic White),[14] 10.66% African American, 0.10% Native American, 2.52% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.00% from other races, and 4.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.13% of the population.There were 3,234 households, out of which 56.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.3% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.8% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.51.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 38.5% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $63,689, and the median income for a family was $66,250. Males had a median income of $41,798 versus $30,987 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,736. About 3.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.As of 2000, Spanish was the first language for 61.78% of all residents, while English accounted for 35.79%, Urdu accounted for 1.02%, Portuguese made up 0.59%, French was 0.48%, and French Creole was the mother tongue for 0.31% of the population.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami-Dade County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Jack D. Gordon Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._Gordon_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Herbert A. Ammons Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammons_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Richmond Heights Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_middle_schools_in_Miami-Dade_County"},{"link_name":"Coral Reef Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Reef_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Miami Sunset Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Sunset_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Robert Morgan Educational Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morgan_Educational_Center"},{"link_name":"magnet high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves students in the CDP. Within the Country Walk community is Jack D. Gordon Elementary School, a public elementary school. Nearby are public middle schools Herbert A. Ammons Middle School and Richmond Heights Middle School, as well as nearby public high schools Coral Reef Senior High School, Miami Sunset Senior High School, and Robert Morgan Educational Center (which is a magnet high school).[16]","title":"Education"}]

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[{"reference":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Florida\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2022_Gazetteer/2022_gaz_place_12.txt","url_text":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"P1. Race – Country Walk CDP, Florida: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US1215055&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"P1. Race – Country Walk CDP, Florida: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Aja (October 30, 2016). \"The history of Satanic Panic in the US — and why it's not over yet\". Vox.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2016/10/30/13413864/satanic-panic-ritual-abuse-history-explained#J4aawI","url_text":"\"The history of Satanic Panic in the US — and why it's not over yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox.com","url_text":"Vox.com"}]},{"reference":"Isaac, Rael Jean (September 5, 2018). \"Janet Reno's Last Victim\". National Review. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190330232529/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/09/10/the-last-victim/","url_text":"\"Janet Reno's Last Victim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review","url_text":"National Review"},{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2018/09/10/the-last-victim/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering the fury of Hurricane Andrew in South Florida - Hurricane Andrew - MiamiHerald.com\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055152/http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/18/2958131/the-fury-of-andrew.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the fury of Hurricane Andrew in South Florida - Hurricane Andrew - MiamiHerald.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/08/18/2958131/the-fury-of-andrew.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING (1790-2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Club CDP, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Country+Walk+CDP;+Florida+&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Club CDP, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Walk CDP, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Country+Walk+CDP;+Florida+&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Country Walk CDP, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Country Walk CDP, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Country+Walk+CDP;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1101","url_text":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Country Walk CDP, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Country Walk CDP, Florida\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Country+Walk+CDP;+Florida+&tid=ACSST5Y2010.S1101","url_text":"\"S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Country Walk CDP, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Demographics of Country Walk, FL\". MuniNetGuide.com. Retrieved December 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muninetguide.com/states/florida/municipality/Country_Walk.php","url_text":"\"Demographics of Country Walk, FL\""}]},{"reference":"\"MLA Data Center Results for Country Walk, Florida\". Modern Language Association. Retrieved December 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=12&county_id=&mode=place&zip=&place_id=15055&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r","url_text":"\"MLA Data Center Results for Country Walk, Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association","url_text":"Modern Language Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Walk - Master Association - About Country Walk\". Country Walk Homeowners Association. Retrieved January 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countrywalkhoa.org/master_association_about_country_walk.html","url_text":"\"Country Walk - Master Association - About Country Walk\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorefield,_Arkansas

Moorefield, Arkansas

["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]

Coordinates: 35°46′02″N 91°34′15″W / 35.76722°N 91.57083°W / 35.76722; -91.57083 Town in Arkansas, United StatesMoorefield, ArkansasTownLocation of Moorefield in Independence County, ArkansasCoordinates: 35°46′02″N 91°34′15″W / 35.76722°N 91.57083°W / 35.76722; -91.57083CountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountyIndependenceArea • Total1.13 sq mi (2.93 km2) • Land1.13 sq mi (2.93 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation322 ft (98 m)Population (2020) • Total126 • Density111.41/sq mi (43.01/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code05-46730GNIS feature ID2406186 Moorefield is a town in Independence County, Arkansas, United States. It was named after Jesse A. Moore who owned most of the land in the area of the town at that time. The population was 137 at the 2010 census. Geography Moorefield is located approximately 4 miles (6 km) east of Batesville at the intersection of Arkansas highways 233 and 69. Sulphur Rock is about four miles to the east along Route 69. Moorefield Creek flows past the north side of the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1970127—19801291.6%199016024.0%20001600.0%2010137−14.4%2020126−8.0%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 160 people, 64 households, and 48 families residing in the town. The population density was 51.1/km2 (132.7/mi2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 21.7/km2 (56.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.88% White, 0.62% Native American, and 2.50% from two or more races. There were 64 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males. The median income for a household in the town was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $29,167. Males had a median income of $21,500 versus $19,722 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,248. About 4.2% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Moorefield, Arkansas ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Moorefield town, Arkansas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2018. ^ Arkansas Atlas & Gazetteer, DeLorme, 2nd ed., 2004, p. 35 ISBN 0-89933-345-1 ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. vteMunicipalities and communities of Independence County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: BatesvilleCities Batesville Cave City‡ Cushman Newark Southside Map of Arkansas highlighting Independence CountyTowns Magness Moorefield Oil Trough Pleasant Plains Sulphur Rock CDPs Bethesda Desha Floral Salado Other unincorporatedcommunities Bryant Charlotte Cord Limedale Locust Grove Pfeiffer Pleasant Hill Rosie Thida Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Arkansas portal United States portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independence County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"Town in Arkansas, United StatesMoorefield is a town in Independence County, Arkansas, United States. It was named after Jesse A. Moore who owned most of the land in the area of the town at that time. The population was 137 at the 2010 census.[3]","title":"Moorefield, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_233"},{"link_name":"69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_69"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"Moorefield is located approximately 4 miles (6 km) east of Batesville at the intersection of Arkansas highways 233 and 69. Sulphur Rock is about four miles to the east along Route 69. Moorefield Creek flows past the north side of the town.[4]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2), all land.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 160 people, 64 households, and 48 families residing in the town. The population density was 51.1/km2 (132.7/mi2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 21.7/km2 (56.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.88% White, 0.62% Native American, and 2.50% from two or more races.There were 64 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.94.In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.The median income for a household in the town was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $29,167. Males had a median income of $21,500 versus $19,722 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,248. About 4.2% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]

[{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Independence County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Independence_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Independence_County.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_05.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Moorefield town, Arkansas\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213103103/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US0546730","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Moorefield town, Arkansas\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US0546730","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview_Cemetery_(Chillicothe,_Ohio)

Grandview Cemetery (Chillicothe, Ohio)

["1 About","2 Notable burials","3 Notes","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°19′28″N 82°59′10″W / 39.32444°N 82.98611°W / 39.32444; -82.98611Cemetery in Ohio, US United States historic placeGrandview CemeteryU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district A group of gravestones in the old section of Grandview CemeteryShow map of OhioShow map of the United StatesLocation240 S. Walnut St., Chillicothe, OhioCoordinates39°19′28″N 82°59′10″W / 39.32444°N 82.98611°W / 39.32444; -82.98611Area91.6 acres (37.1 ha)Built1845Architectural styleMid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, RomanesqueNRHP reference No.78002180Added to NRHPDecember 19, 1978 Grandview Cemetery is a cemetery in Chillicothe, Ohio. About Grandview Cemetery (originally spelled Grand View as two words) was established around 1841. The ground the cemetery stands on looks down upon the valleys of the Scioto River and Paint Creek, with a panoramic view of the city of Chillicothe. The land for Grandview was purchased outside of the city limits of Chillicothe in order to provide a more restful setting for the new cemetery (one of the burial grounds it replaced later became the site of a railroad depot). Grandview Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Notable burials William Allen (governor) Henry Holcomb Bennett Harold Kile Claypool Horatio Clifford Claypool William Creighton, Jr. Edwin H. Davis Lewis Deschler Albert Douglas Richard Enderlin Joseph Scott Fullerton Dard Hunter William A. Ireland Nathaniel Massie Duncan McArthur Joseph Miller Lawrence Talbot Neal Noel Sickles Joshua Woodrow Sill Burton E. Stevenson Edward Tiffin Carey Trimble John Inskeep Vanmeter Thomas Worthington (governor) One British Commonwealth war grave, of Captain Charles H. Becker of the East Surrey Regiment of World War I. Notes ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ a b c , History of Ross County, Ohio accessed September 7, 2009 ^ CWGC casualty record. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grandview Cemetery (Chillicothe, Ohio). Grandview Cemetery at Find a Grave History of Ross County, Ohio vteNational Register of Historic Places in Ross County, OhioNationalHistorical Park Mound City Group National Monument National HistoricLandmarks Adena (Thomas Worthington House) Hopeton Earthworks Historic districts Chillicothe Business District Chillicothe's Old Residential District Grandview Cemetery Great Seal Park Archeological District Charles Metzger Mound Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District Otherproperties Adena Mound Levi Anderson House Howard Baum Site (33RO270) Austin Brown Mound Buchwalter House-Applethorpe Farm T.C. Campbell Mound Canal Warehouse Cedar-Bank Works Chillicothe Water and Power Company Pumping Station Frankfort Works Mound Gartner Mound and Village Site Dr. John Harris Dental School Higby House High Banks Works Highbank Farm Hopewell Mound Group Kinzer Mound Henry Mace House Mary Worthington Macomb House Mountain House Oak Hill Renick House, Paint Hill Seip House South Salem Academy South Salem Covered Bridge Spruce Hill Works David Stitt Mound Story Mound State Memorial Tanglewood Vanmeter Church Street House Anthony and Susan Cardinal Walke House Wesley Chapel Formerly listed Kendrick-Barrett House See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Ross County, Ohio and List of National Historic Landmarks in Ohio vteNational Register of Historic Places in OhioListsby county Adams Allen Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Lists by city Akron Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Sandusky Other lists Bridges Cuyahoga Valley National Park National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chillicothe, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio"}],"text":"Cemetery in Ohio, USUnited States historic placeGrandview Cemetery is a cemetery in Chillicothe, Ohio.","title":"Grandview Cemetery (Chillicothe, Ohio)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Grandview Cemetery (originally spelled Grand View as two words) was established around 1841.[2] The ground the cemetery stands on looks down upon the valleys of the Scioto River and Paint Creek, with a panoramic view of the city of Chillicothe.[2] The land for Grandview was purchased outside of the city limits of Chillicothe in order to provide a more restful setting for the new cemetery (one of the burial grounds it replaced later became the site of a railroad depot).[2]Grandview Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.[1]","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Allen (governor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Henry Holcomb Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holcomb_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Harold Kile Claypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Kile_Claypool"},{"link_name":"Horatio Clifford Claypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Clifford_Claypool"},{"link_name":"William Creighton, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Creighton,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Edwin H. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Davis"},{"link_name":"Lewis Deschler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Deschler"},{"link_name":"Albert Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Richard Enderlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Enderlin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Scott Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Scott_Fullerton"},{"link_name":"Dard Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard_Hunter"},{"link_name":"William A. Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Massie"},{"link_name":"Duncan McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_McArthur"},{"link_name":"Joseph Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Miller_(Ohio_politician)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Talbot Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Talbot_Neal"},{"link_name":"Noel Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Sickles"},{"link_name":"Joshua Woodrow Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Woodrow_Sill"},{"link_name":"Burton E. Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_E._Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Edward Tiffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tiffin"},{"link_name":"Carey Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Trimble"},{"link_name":"John Inskeep Vanmeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Inskeep_Vanmeter"},{"link_name":"Thomas Worthington (governor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(governor)"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth war grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"East Surrey Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Surrey_Regiment"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"William Allen (governor)\nHenry Holcomb Bennett\nHarold Kile Claypool\nHoratio Clifford Claypool\nWilliam Creighton, Jr.\nEdwin H. Davis\nLewis Deschler\nAlbert Douglas\nRichard Enderlin\nJoseph Scott Fullerton\nDard Hunter\nWilliam A. Ireland\nNathaniel Massie\nDuncan McArthur\nJoseph Miller\nLawrence Talbot Neal\nNoel Sickles\nJoshua Woodrow Sill\nBurton E. Stevenson\nEdward Tiffin\nCarey Trimble\nJohn Inskeep Vanmeter\nThomas Worthington (governor)\nOne British Commonwealth war grave, of Captain Charles H. Becker of the East Surrey Regiment of World War I.[3]","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HistoryOfRossCountyOhio_2-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritagepursuit.com/Ross/RossChapXIII.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/4010433/BECKER,%20CHARLES%20H"}],"text":"^ a b \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.\n\n^ a b c [1], History of Ross County, Ohio accessed September 7, 2009\n\n^ [2] CWGC casualty record.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarneit,_Victoria

Tarneit, Victoria

["1 History","2 Land use","3 Housing estates","4 Transport","5 Sport","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°49′59″S 144°40′19″E / 37.833°S 144.672°E / -37.833; 144.672For the nearby suburb Tarneit Plains in the City of Melton, see Tarneit Plains, Victoria. Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaTarneitMelbourne, VictoriaAerial panorama of Wyndham Village Shopping Centre in TarneitTarneitCoordinates37°49′59″S 144°40′19″E / 37.833°S 144.672°E / -37.833; 144.672Population56,370 (2021 census) • Density1,476.8/km2 (3,824.9/sq mi)Postcode(s)3029Area38.17 km2 (14.7 sq mi)Location 25 km (16 mi) from Melbourne 7 km (4 mi) from Werribee LGA(s)City of WyndhamState electorate(s)TarneitFederal division(s)Lalor Suburbs around Tarneit: Mount Cottrell Truganina Truganina Wyndham Vale Tarneit Truganina Wyndham Vale Werribee Hoppers Crossing Tarneit (/ˈtɑːnit/ ⓘ) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 25 km (16 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Wyndham local government area. Tarneit recorded a population of 56,370 at the 2021 census. Located near another emerging suburb, Truganina, Tarneit is estimated to increase to a population of over 63,000 by 2031. History Settlement of the area dates to the 1830s when Tarneit was used as agricultural grazing land. Tarneit was named when it was surveyed in 1839–1840 and comes from the Wathaurong word for the colour white. The road network was largely planned in a square mile grid pattern and still forms the basis of the arterial road network today. Large scale residential subdivision did not begin until the 1990s. Land use Tarneit has mostly been used as agricultural grazing land. However this landscape has been rapidly changing due to urban sprawl, especially in the southern part of Tarneit, including from nearby suburbs such as Hoppers Crossing, Truganina, Wyndham Vale and Werribee. Tarneit has a number of schools established within its boundaries, including Thomas Carr College, Baden Powell College P-9, Tarneit P-9 College, St Francis of Assisi Tarneit, The Islamic College of Melbourne (ICOM), Good News Lutheran College (GNLC). Tarneit Rise Primary School There has been much residential growth occur in the Thomas Carr District, with other schools and shopping centres planned for construction. Stage one of Tarneit Central Shopping Centre, on the south east corner of Derrimut and Leakes Roads, began construction in mid 2016, and was opened in October 2017. It includes Coles and Aldi supermarkets, Kmart, Harris Scarfe, and The Reject Shop. Wyndham Village Shopping Centre, in the suburb's south, was completed in 2005 to serve the population in the immediate area, especially in the residential developments of Tarneit Gardens, The Rise (located on the highest point of the surrounding plains), Rose Grange and Seasons. Tarneit Town Centre, to be developed during the 2020s, is expected to be located in the area loosely bounded by Derrimut Road to the west, Leakes Road to the south, Skeleton Creek to the east and Dry Creek to the north. Tarneit and other neighbouring suburbs such as Truganina are expected to grow rapidly as access to land in the more established suburbs in the City of Wyndham suburbs diminishes. Housing estates The Tarneit area is now the site of several new housing estates, including Marigold, Verdant Hill, The Grove, Newgate, Habitat on Davis Creek Estate, Seasons Estate, The Heartlands, The Reflections Estate, Moorookyle, Tarneit Gardens, Rothwell, Ecoville, The Rise, Manhattan Place, Claremont Park, The Reserve, Rothwell Villages(NOW CREEK STONE), Riverdale Village, Westbrook, Haven, NewHaven and Rose Grange. Mooted estates include Evadene, located within the Claremont Park estate. Transport The Regional Rail Link opened in the area in 2015. It travels from West Werribee through Tarneit to Deer Park and includes the new railway station of Tarneit. The new station, built near the north east corner of Derrimut and Leakes Roads, provides a much faster service than the current Werribee railway line, which instead passes through Laverton and Newport. It has car parking with 1,000 spaces, ensuring Tarneit becomes a prime regional area for those who commute to the city on a regular basis. Regional Rail Link also re-directs Geelong V/Line trains from the Werribee line. Regional Rail Link opened on 21 June 2015, with Tarneit railway station coming under the metropolitan ticketing zone 2. In 2010, the Wyndham Bus Network was extensively upgraded and now caters for commuters from Tarneit. It was upgraded again in 2015 upon the opening of the Regional Rail Link. Leakes Road has recently undergone redevelopment and is now sealed from Fitzgerald Road to the Leakes Road overpass (passes above the Regional Rail Link) just beyond Davis Road and provides a link from the industrial areas of Altona North and Laverton North to Tarneit and Hoppers Crossing. It is planned to ease traffic congestion on Sayers Road, which services Hoppers Crossing commuters travelling to and from the city. During peak hour the road often attracts high amounts of traffic. Leakes Road has since been duplicated from Fitzgerald Road to Derrimut Road to help cater to this high amount of traffic growth. As part of the Regional Rail Link many roads were upgraded in Tarneit. Bridges were built over the railway line at Leakes Road, Davis Road, Tarneit Road and near Tarneit railway station itself at Derrimut Road. Doing this will enable a link between the existing estates and new housing developments on the other side of the railway line in the least populated locations such as Leakes Road and Davis Road, and provided a grade separation for the commuters who already used roads such as Tarneit Road and Derrimut Road. Sport In December 2018 Football Federation Australia announced Western United FC would join the A-League from the 2019–20 season. For their first two seasons, the club will play at Kardinia Park in Geelong. From the 2023–24 season onwards, the club will play at the new Wyndham City Stadium to be located at Sayers Road, Tarneit. The stadium will be part of a precinct comprising a training complex and administrative headquarters. See also Electoral district of Tarneit References ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Tarneit (Suburbs and Localities)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 22 July 2022. ^ Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Forecast.id. Retrieved 15 September 2010 ^ http://webadmin.gaa.vic.gov.au/Assets/Files/GCP%20-%20Chapter%204%20West%20Corridor%20Plan.pdf ^ , New bus routes for Wyndham . Retrieved 15 September 2010 ^ https://vpa.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Leakes-Pty-Ltd-96A-southern-Cardno-Traffic-Report.pdf ^ Hytner, Mike (13 December 2018). "FFA settle on staggered A-League expansion over next two years". The Guardian. ^ "Winning bid profile: Western Melbourne Group". A-League. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2020. External links Tarneit Community Website and Forums Tarneit Tavern Article The Heartlands Verdant Hill Estate (Tarneit) The Reflections Estate Moorookyle Tarneit Gardens The Rise Evadene The Reserve, Tarniet Rothwell Villages, Tarneit vteLocalities in the City of WyndhamCity Hoppers Crossing Manor Lakes Point Cook Tarneit Truganina^ Werribee Wyndham Vale Town Eynesbury^ Laverton^ Little River^ Mambourin Mount Cottrell^ Werribee South Williams Landing Locality Cocoroc Laverton North Quandong ^ - Territory divided with another LGA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarneit Plains, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarneit_Plains,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"/ˈtɑːnit/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Tarneit_pronunciation.ogg/Tarneit_pronunciation.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarneit_pronunciation.ogg"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Central Business District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"City of Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-1"},{"link_name":"Truganina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truganina,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forecast.id-2"}],"text":"For the nearby suburb Tarneit Plains in the City of Melton, see Tarneit Plains, Victoria.Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaTarneit (/ˈtɑːnit/ ⓘ) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 25 km (16 mi) west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Wyndham local government area. Tarneit recorded a population of 56,370 at the 2021 census.[1]Located near another emerging suburb, Truganina, Tarneit is estimated to increase to a population of over 63,000 by 2031.[2]","title":"Tarneit, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wathaurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wathawurrung_language"}],"text":"Settlement of the area dates to the 1830s when Tarneit was used as agricultural grazing land. Tarneit was named when it was surveyed in 1839–1840 and comes from the Wathaurong word for the colour white. The road network was largely planned in a square mile grid pattern and still forms the basis of the arterial road network today. Large scale residential subdivision did not begin until the 1990s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"Hoppers Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppers_Crossing,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Truganina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truganina,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Vale"},{"link_name":"Werribee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribee,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Thomas Carr College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carr_College"},{"link_name":"Derrimut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrimut,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets"},{"link_name":"Aldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldi"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_Australia"},{"link_name":"Harris Scarfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Scarfe"},{"link_name":"The Reject Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reject_Shop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tarneit has mostly been used as agricultural grazing land. However this landscape has been rapidly changing due to urban sprawl, especially in the southern part of Tarneit, including from nearby suburbs such as Hoppers Crossing, Truganina, Wyndham Vale and Werribee.Tarneit has a number of schools established within its boundaries, includingThomas Carr College,\nBaden Powell College P-9,\nTarneit P-9 College,\nSt Francis of Assisi Tarneit,\nThe Islamic College of Melbourne (ICOM),\nGood News Lutheran College (GNLC).\nTarneit Rise Primary SchoolThere has been much residential growth occur in the Thomas Carr District, with other schools and shopping centres planned for construction. Stage one of Tarneit Central Shopping Centre, on the south east corner of Derrimut and Leakes Roads, began construction in mid 2016, and was opened in October 2017. It includes Coles and Aldi supermarkets, Kmart, Harris Scarfe, and The Reject Shop.Wyndham Village Shopping Centre, in the suburb's south, was completed in 2005 to serve the population in the immediate area, especially in the residential developments of Tarneit Gardens, The Rise (located on the highest point of the surrounding plains), Rose Grange and Seasons.Tarneit Town Centre, to be developed during the 2020s, is expected to be located in the area loosely bounded by Derrimut Road to the west, Leakes Road to the south, Skeleton Creek to the east and Dry Creek to the north.[3]Tarneit and other neighbouring suburbs such as Truganina are expected to grow rapidly as access to land in the more established suburbs in the City of Wyndham suburbs diminishes.","title":"Land use"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Tarneit area is now the site of several new housing estates, including Marigold, Verdant Hill, The Grove, Newgate, Habitat on Davis Creek Estate, Seasons Estate, The Heartlands, The Reflections Estate, Moorookyle, Tarneit Gardens, Rothwell, Ecoville, The Rise, Manhattan Place, Claremont Park, The Reserve, Rothwell Villages(NOW CREEK STONE), Riverdale Village, Westbrook, Haven, NewHaven and Rose Grange. Mooted estates include Evadene, located within the Claremont Park estate.","title":"Housing estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Deer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tarneit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarneit_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Werribee railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribee_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Laverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverton_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Geelong V/Line trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_V/Line_rail_service"},{"link_name":"metropolitan ticketing zone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wyndham_City_Council-4"},{"link_name":"Regional Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Altona North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona_North,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Laverton North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverton_North,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Regional Rail Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Rail_Link"}],"text":"The Regional Rail Link opened in the area in 2015. It travels from West Werribee through Tarneit to Deer Park and includes the new railway station of Tarneit. The new station, built near the north east corner of Derrimut and Leakes Roads, provides a much faster service than the current Werribee railway line, which instead passes through Laverton and Newport. It has car parking with 1,000 spaces, ensuring Tarneit becomes a prime regional area for those who commute to the city on a regular basis. Regional Rail Link also re-directs Geelong V/Line trains from the Werribee line. Regional Rail Link opened on 21 June 2015, with Tarneit railway station coming under the metropolitan ticketing zone 2.In 2010, the Wyndham Bus Network was extensively upgraded and now caters for commuters from Tarneit.[4] It was upgraded again in 2015 upon the opening of the Regional Rail Link.Leakes Road has recently undergone redevelopment and is now sealed from Fitzgerald Road to the Leakes Road overpass (passes above the Regional Rail Link) just beyond Davis Road and provides a link from the industrial areas of Altona North and Laverton North to Tarneit and Hoppers Crossing. It is planned to ease traffic congestion on Sayers Road, which services Hoppers Crossing commuters travelling to and from the city. During peak hour the road often attracts high amounts of traffic.[5] Leakes Road has since been duplicated from Fitzgerald Road to Derrimut Road to help cater to this high amount of traffic growth.As part of the Regional Rail Link many roads were upgraded in Tarneit. Bridges were built over the railway line at Leakes Road, Davis Road, Tarneit Road and near Tarneit railway station itself at Derrimut Road. Doing this will enable a link between the existing estates and new housing developments on the other side of the railway line in the least populated locations such as Leakes Road and Davis Road, and provided a grade separation for the commuters who already used roads such as Tarneit Road and Derrimut Road.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football Federation Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western United FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_FC"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kardinia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinia_Park_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Wyndham City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In December 2018 Football Federation Australia announced Western United FC would join the A-League from the 2019–20 season.[6] For their first two seasons, the club will play at Kardinia Park in Geelong. From the 2023–24 season onwards, the club will play at the new Wyndham City Stadium to be located at Sayers Road, Tarneit. The stadium will be part of a precinct comprising a training complex and administrative headquarters.[7]","title":"Sport"}]

[]

[{"title":"Electoral district of Tarneit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Tarneit"}]

[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Tarneit (Suburbs and Localities)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL22451","url_text":"\"Tarneit (Suburbs and Localities)\""}]},{"reference":"Hytner, Mike (13 December 2018). \"FFA settle on staggered A-League expansion over next two years\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/dec/13/ffa-settle-on-staggered-a-league-expansion-over-next-two-years","url_text":"\"FFA settle on staggered A-League expansion over next two years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Winning bid profile: Western Melbourne Group\". A-League. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.a-league.com.au/news/winning-bid-profile-western-melbourne-group","url_text":"\"Winning bid profile: Western Melbourne Group\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynne,_Arkansas

Wynne, Arkansas

["1 Early history","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 Notable places","7 Media","7.1 Newspapers","7.2 Radio stations","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°13′39″N 90°47′22″W / 35.22750°N 90.78944°W / 35.22750; -90.78944 City in Arkansas, United StatesWynne, ArkansasCity"The City with a Smile"Location of Wynne in Cross County, Arkansas.Coordinates: 35°13′39″N 90°47′22″W / 35.22750°N 90.78944°W / 35.22750; -90.78944CountryUnited StatesStateArkansasCountyCrossPost office openedSeptember 27, 1882Government • MayorJennifer HobbsArea • Total9.00 sq mi (23.32 km2) • Land8.99 sq mi (23.29 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation262 ft (80 m)Population (2020) • Total8,314 • Density924.39/sq mi (356.92/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP code72396Area code870FIPS code05-77090GNIS feature ID0078815Websitewww.cityofwynne.com Wynne is the county seat and largest city of Cross County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 8,314 at the 2020 Census. Nestled between the Arkansas Delta and Crowley's Ridge, Wynne is the closest city to the second-largest state park in Arkansas, Village Creek State Park. Early history The Commercial District is one of ten sites in Wynne listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wynne was named for Captain Jesse Watkins Wynne, a Texan who achieved the rank of captain in the Civil War at the age of just 21. He was famed for leading a group of his captors up to the Confederate lines, where he then marched them to headquarters as his own prisoners. In 1867, Captain Wynne moved to St. Francis County, Arkansas, and joined the finance company of Dennis & Beck. At that time, the Dennis & Beck company held savings for other companies and for individuals, but eventually, it became the Bank of Eastern Arkansas, and Wynne became its first president. From 1880 to 1885, as the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad was under construction, active steamboat riverports like Wittsburg, at that time the county seat of Cross County, were deserted for the railroads. The location of the settlement of Wynne was first chosen in 1882, when a train derailed, leaving one boxcar without wheels and off the tracks. That boxcar was then turned upright as a building, and as a compliment to Captain Wynne, it was designated the "Wynne Station". On September 27, 1882, the Wynne Station Post Office was opened. When the east–west railroad line was completed, it crossed the north–south line near the boxcar, and the name "Wynne Junction" became well known in the area. On May 28, 1888, the "Junction" part of the name was dropped, and the town of Wynne was formed. By the 1890s, the railroad traffic and the resulting activity in Wynne made it a more vibrant town than the town of Vanndale, which had been the county seat since 1886. In 1903, the county seat of Cross County was moved to Wynne. With the advent of the U.S. Highway System in the 1920s and 30s, U.S. Route 64 was built west from Memphis, through Wynne, and to points west. Also, the north–south Arkansas Highway 1 was built through Wynne, making it an important highway crossroads for several decades, in addition to being a railroad town. Since the advent of the Interstate Highway System, Interstate 40 has largely diverted long-distance travel away from Wynne. On Friday, March 31, 2023, shortly after 4:30 P.M., an intense EF3 tornado with winds reaching 150 miles per hour struck the community. Four people died and 26 people were injured. Numerous homes and businesses, including Wynne High School, were damaged or destroyed. The tornado was on the ground for 73 miles, dissipating in Tipton County, Tennessee. Geography Wynne lies in south-central Cross County at 35°13′39″N 90°47′22″W / 35.22750°N 90.78944°W / 35.22750; -90.78944 (35.227435, -90.789435), the boundary between two distinct geographical areas of Arkansas: the fertile farmland of the Arkansas Delta (which is a part of the larger Mississippi Alluvial Plain), and Crowley's Ridge, a distinct rise marking the New Madrid Fault Line. U.S. Route 64 passes through the northern side of the city, leading east 37 miles (60 km) to Marion and west 58 miles (93 km) to Searcy. Arkansas Highway 1 leads north 25 miles (40 km) to Harrisburg and south 14 miles (23 km) to Interstate 40 at Forrest City. According to the United States Census Bureau, Wynne has a total area of 8.9 square miles (23.0 km2), of which 0.012 square miles (0.03 km2), or 0.12%, is water. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Wynne has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Climate data for Wynne, Arkansas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 84(29) 88(31) 91(33) 93(34) 99(37) 106(41) 108(42) 110(43) 109(43) 97(36) 88(31) 80(27) 110(43) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 49.1(9.5) 53.7(12.1) 62.6(17.0) 72.9(22.7) 81.6(27.6) 89.6(32.0) 91.8(33.2) 91.1(32.8) 86.0(30.0) 75.9(24.4) 62.1(16.7) 52.1(11.2) 72.4(22.4) Daily mean °F (°C) 40.3(4.6) 44.0(6.7) 52.5(11.4) 62.1(16.7) 71.6(22.0) 79.7(26.5) 82.2(27.9) 80.7(27.1) 74.3(23.5) 63.8(17.7) 51.8(11.0) 43.5(6.4) 62.2(16.8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 31.5(−0.3) 34.4(1.3) 42.4(5.8) 51.4(10.8) 61.7(16.5) 69.8(21.0) 72.6(22.6) 70.2(21.2) 62.5(16.9) 51.8(11.0) 41.6(5.3) 34.8(1.6) 52.1(11.2) Record low °F (°C) −10(−23) −10(−23) 7(−14) 25(−4) 33(1) 42(6) 51(11) 48(9) 32(0) 18(−8) 10(−12) −4(−20) −10(−23) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.71(94) 4.26(108) 5.11(130) 5.70(145) 5.09(129) 3.58(91) 3.35(85) 2.69(68) 3.30(84) 4.15(105) 4.43(113) 5.22(133) 50.59(1,285) Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.7(1.8) 0.7(1.8) 0.3(0.76) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 0.2(0.51) 2.0(5.1) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.3 9.2 10.4 9.5 11.0 7.8 8.2 6.6 6.7 7.6 9.0 9.5 105.8 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.6 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1890565—19001,629188.3%19102,35344.4%19202,93324.6%19303,50519.5%19403,6333.7%19504,14214.0%19604,92218.8%19706,69636.0%19807,92718.4%19908,1873.3%20008,6155.2%20108,367−2.9%20208,314−0.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Wynne Racial Composition Race Num. Perc. White 4,949 59.53% Black or African American 2,716 32.67% Native American 21 0.25% Asian 93 1.12% Pacific Islander 1 0.01% Other/Mixed 329 3.96% Hispanic or Latino 205 2.47% As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 8,314 people, 3,104 households, and 2,052 families residing in the city. 2000 census According to the census of 2000, there were 8,615 people, 3,245 households, and 2,323 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,056.5 inhabitants per square mile (407.9/km2). There were 3,476 housing units at an average density of 426.3 per square mile (164.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.91% White, 22.32% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 3,245 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.09. The age distribution of the population shows 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 woman age 18 and over, there were 80.4 men. The median income for a household in the city was $30,125, and the median income for a family was $35,714. Males had a median income of $30,506 versus $20,567 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,800. About 17.9% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.7% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. Education Wynne has a public school system that consists of four different schools. The first school is Wynne Primary School which is for children in grades Kindergarten through second grade. The second school is Wynne Intermediate School which is for children in grades 3–5. The third school is Wynne Junior High School which is for grades 6–8. The fourth school, Wynne High School is for grades 9–12. Wynne also has a branch of the East Arkansas Community College located on Falls Boulevard. The New Hope School was one of the original buildings constructed to serve students of District 25. It was donated in 2007 to the Cross County Historical Society where it was restored to its original appearance. In 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Notable people Cortney Lance Bledsoe, poet, writer, and book reviewer, born in Wynne in 1976 Jessica Andrews, country music singer Ronald R. Caldwell, Republican Arkansas state senator from District 23; a Wynne real estate businessman Clay Ford (1938–2013), Republican former member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2007 until his death; member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1975 to 1976; born in Wynne Carlos Norman Hathcock II, (May 20, 1942 – February 22, 1999) a United States Marine Corps sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills, and the real life basis for the 1993 Tom Berenger film, Sniper. Rick Husky, television producer James Luker, Arkansas state legislator and mayor of Wynne James Levesque "Bex" Shaver, Sr., ninth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas. William L. Spicer, chairman of the Arkansas Republican Party from 1962 to 1964, lived in Wynne during his early years Hugh "Bones" Taylor, who played wide receiver with the Washington Redskins from 1947 to 1954, and was honored as one of the 70 Greatest Redskins Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine in 2002. Taylor was later the head coach of the Houston Oilers in 1965, and was an assistant with the New York Titans, Pittsburgh Steelers, and the San Diego Chargers. DeAngelo Williams, a former Wynne Yellowjacket, is a retired running back who played in the NFL from 2006 to 2016. Notable places Cross County Courthouse Cross County Library Cross County Museum Historic Downtown Wynne Jesse Wynne Park Village Creek State Park Media Newspapers The Wynne Progress is the main newspaper in the city of Wynne. The Wynne, Arkansas Progress is in the Memphis, Tennessee DMA. It serves both Wynne and Cross County. It has been in publication for over 100 years. The Wynne Progress is published weekly. Radio stations KWYN is the main broadcasting station in the city of Wynne. They operate 92.5 FM which is primarily country music and 1400 AM which is primarily news and sports. These stations are part of the East Arkansas Broadcasters, Incorporated. Gallery References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2023. ^ "The Trail of Tears at Village Creek State Park | Arkansas.com". www.arkansas.com. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "NWS Memphis Results from the March 31st - April 1st tornado outbreak". www.weather.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2023. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Wynne city, Arkansas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2014. ^ "Wynne, Arkansas Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 3, 2023. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 3, 2023. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 8, 2021. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Jason Tolbert, Ronald Caldwell Announces Candidacy For State Senate District 23 Race, July 2012". talkbusiness.net. July 19, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2013. ^ "Echo Media V3 Print Media Experts". Echo Media V3. ^ "Error – FM Query". transition.fcc.gov. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wynne, Arkansas. City of Wynne official website "History of Wynne's Jewish community" Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Southern Jewish Life Cross County Historical Society "Wynne (Cross County)", Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture New Hope School Museum vteMunicipalities and communities of Cross County, Arkansas, United StatesCounty seat: WynneCities Cherry Valley Hickory Ridge Parkin Wynne Map of Arkansas highlighting Cross CountyCDPs Fair Oaks Vanndale Otherunincorporatedcommunities Fortune Levesque Pleasant Hill Twist Wittsburg Arkansas portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Arkansas Arkadelphia Arkansas City Ash Flat Ashdown Augusta Batesville Benton Bentonville Berryville Blytheville Booneville Camden Charleston Clarendon Clarksville Clinton Conway Corning Danville Dardanelle De Queen Des Arc DeValls Bluff DeWitt El Dorado Eureka Springs Fayetteville Fordyce Forrest City Fort Smith Greenwood Hamburg Hampton Harrisburg Harrison Heber Springs Helena-West Helena Hope Hot Springs Huntsville Jasper Jonesboro Lake City Lake Village Lewisville Little Rock Lonoke Magnolia Malvern Marianna Marion Marshall Melbourne Mena Monticello Morrilton Mount Ida Mountain Home Mountain View Murfreesboro Nashville Newport Osceola Ozark Paragould Paris Perryville Piggott Pine Bluff Pocahontas Prescott Rison Russellville Salem Searcy Sheridan Star City Stuttgart Texarkana Van Buren Waldron Walnut Ridge Warren Wynne Yellville  Arkansas portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Cross County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"2020 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Delta"},{"link_name":"Crowley's Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley%27s_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Village Creek State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Creek_State_Park_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"City in Arkansas, United StatesWynne is the county seat and largest city of Cross County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 8,314 at the 2020 Census.[2] Nestled between the Arkansas Delta and Crowley's Ridge, Wynne is the closest city to the second-largest state park in Arkansas, Village Creek State Park.[3]","title":"Wynne, Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_016.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cross_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"St. Francis County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Wittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittsburg,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Vanndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanndale,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Numbered_Highways"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"EF3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"struck the community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023#Wynne%E2%80%93Parkin%E2%80%93Turrell,_Arkansas/Drummonds%E2%80%93Burlison,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tipton County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Commercial District is one of ten sites in Wynne listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Wynne was named for Captain Jesse Watkins Wynne, a Texan who achieved the rank of captain in the Civil War at the age of just 21. He was famed for leading a group of his captors up to the Confederate lines, where he then marched them to headquarters as his own prisoners.In 1867, Captain Wynne moved to St. Francis County, Arkansas, and joined the finance company of Dennis & Beck. At that time, the Dennis & Beck company held savings for other companies and for individuals, but eventually, it became the Bank of Eastern Arkansas, and Wynne became its first president.From 1880 to 1885, as the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad was under construction, active steamboat riverports like Wittsburg, at that time the county seat of Cross County, were deserted for the railroads.The location of the settlement of Wynne was first chosen in 1882, when a train derailed, leaving one boxcar without wheels and off the tracks. That boxcar was then turned upright as a building, and as a compliment to Captain Wynne, it was designated the \"Wynne Station\". On September 27, 1882, the Wynne Station Post Office was opened.When the east–west railroad line was completed, it crossed the north–south line near the boxcar, and the name \"Wynne Junction\" became well known in the area. On May 28, 1888, the \"Junction\" part of the name was dropped, and the town of Wynne was formed.By the 1890s, the railroad traffic and the resulting activity in Wynne made it a more vibrant town than the town of Vanndale, which had been the county seat since 1886. In 1903, the county seat of Cross County was moved to Wynne.With the advent of the U.S. Highway System in the 1920s and 30s, U.S. Route 64 was built west from Memphis, through Wynne, and to points west. Also, the north–south Arkansas Highway 1 was built through Wynne, making it an important highway crossroads for several decades, in addition to being a railroad town. Since the advent of the Interstate Highway System, Interstate 40 has largely diverted long-distance travel away from Wynne.On Friday, March 31, 2023, shortly after 4:30 P.M., an intense EF3 tornado with winds reaching 150 miles per hour struck the community. Four people died and 26 people were injured. Numerous homes and businesses, including Wynne High School, were damaged or destroyed. The tornado was on the ground for 73 miles, dissipating in Tipton County, Tennessee.[4]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°13′39″N 90°47′22″W / 35.22750°N 90.78944°W / 35.22750; -90.78944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wynne,_Arkansas&params=35_13_39_N_90_47_22_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Alluvial Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain"},{"link_name":"New Madrid Fault Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Searcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searcy,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Forrest City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_City,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"}],"text":"Wynne lies in south-central Cross County at 35°13′39″N 90°47′22″W / 35.22750°N 90.78944°W / 35.22750; -90.78944 (35.227435, -90.789435),[5] the boundary between two distinct geographical areas of Arkansas: the fertile farmland of the Arkansas Delta (which is a part of the larger Mississippi Alluvial Plain), and Crowley's Ridge, a distinct rise marking the New Madrid Fault Line.U.S. Route 64 passes through the northern side of the city, leading east 37 miles (60 km) to Marion and west 58 miles (93 km) to Searcy. Arkansas Highway 1 leads north 25 miles (40 km) to Harrisburg and south 14 miles (23 km) to Interstate 40 at Forrest City.According to the United States Census Bureau, Wynne has a total area of 8.9 square miles (23.0 km2), of which 0.012 square miles (0.03 km2), or 0.12%, is water.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-9"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Wynne has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[7]Climate data for Wynne, Arkansas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n84(29)\n\n88(31)\n\n91(33)\n\n93(34)\n\n99(37)\n\n106(41)\n\n108(42)\n\n110(43)\n\n109(43)\n\n97(36)\n\n88(31)\n\n80(27)\n\n110(43)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n53.7(12.1)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n72.9(22.7)\n\n81.6(27.6)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n91.8(33.2)\n\n91.1(32.8)\n\n86.0(30.0)\n\n75.9(24.4)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n52.1(11.2)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n40.3(4.6)\n\n44.0(6.7)\n\n52.5(11.4)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n71.6(22.0)\n\n79.7(26.5)\n\n82.2(27.9)\n\n80.7(27.1)\n\n74.3(23.5)\n\n63.8(17.7)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n43.5(6.4)\n\n62.2(16.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n31.5(−0.3)\n\n34.4(1.3)\n\n42.4(5.8)\n\n51.4(10.8)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n69.8(21.0)\n\n72.6(22.6)\n\n70.2(21.2)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n52.1(11.2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n7(−14)\n\n25(−4)\n\n33(1)\n\n42(6)\n\n51(11)\n\n48(9)\n\n32(0)\n\n18(−8)\n\n10(−12)\n\n−4(−20)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.71(94)\n\n4.26(108)\n\n5.11(130)\n\n5.70(145)\n\n5.09(129)\n\n3.58(91)\n\n3.35(85)\n\n2.69(68)\n\n3.30(84)\n\n4.15(105)\n\n4.43(113)\n\n5.22(133)\n\n50.59(1,285)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n0.3(0.76)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n2.0(5.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n10.3\n\n9.2\n\n10.4\n\n9.5\n\n11.0\n\n7.8\n\n8.2\n\n6.6\n\n6.7\n\n7.6\n\n9.0\n\n9.5\n\n105.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.7\n\n0.5\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.2\n\n1.6\n\n\nSource: NOAA[8][9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 8,314 people, 3,104 households, and 2,052 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-12"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"According to the census[12] of 2000, there were 8,615 people, 3,245 households, and 2,323 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,056.5 inhabitants per square mile (407.9/km2). There were 3,476 housing units at an average density of 426.3 per square mile (164.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.91% White, 22.32% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 3,245 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.09.The age distribution of the population shows 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 woman age 18 and over, there were 80.4 men.The median income for a household in the city was $30,125, and the median income for a family was $35,714. Males had a median income of $30,506 versus $20,567 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,800. About 17.9% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.7% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynne_High_School"},{"link_name":"East Arkansas Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Arkansas_Community_College"},{"link_name":"New Hope School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope_School_(Wynne,_Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Wynne has a public school system that consists of four different schools. The first school is Wynne Primary School which is for children in grades Kindergarten through second grade. The second school is Wynne Intermediate School which is for children in grades 3–5. The third school is Wynne Junior High School which is for grades 6–8. The fourth school, Wynne High School is for grades 9–12.Wynne also has a branch of the East Arkansas Community College located on Falls Boulevard.The New Hope School was one of the original buildings constructed to serve students of District 25. It was donated in 2007 to the Cross County Historical Society where it was restored to its original appearance. In 2008, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cortney Lance Bledsoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortney_Lance_Bledsoe"},{"link_name":"Jessica Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Ronald R. Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Caldwell_(Arkansas_politician)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clay Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Ford"},{"link_name":"Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Arkansas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Carlos Norman Hathcock II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Norman_Hathcock_II"},{"link_name":"Rick Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Husky"},{"link_name":"James Luker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luker"},{"link_name":"James Levesque \"Bex\" Shaver, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Shaver"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"William L. Spicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Spicer"},{"link_name":"Hugh \"Bones\" Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Taylor_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"70 Greatest Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehogs.net/History/70greatest.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170620101221/http://www.thehogs.net/History/70greatest.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Oilers"},{"link_name":"New York Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Titans_(football)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"DeAngelo Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeAngelo_Williams"}],"text":"Cortney Lance Bledsoe, poet, writer, and book reviewer, born in Wynne in 1976\nJessica Andrews, country music singer\nRonald R. Caldwell, Republican Arkansas state senator from District 23; a Wynne real estate businessman[13]\nClay Ford (1938–2013), Republican former member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2007 until his death; member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1975 to 1976; born in Wynne\nCarlos Norman Hathcock II, (May 20, 1942 – February 22, 1999) a United States Marine Corps sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills, and the real life basis for the 1993 Tom Berenger film, Sniper.\nRick Husky, television producer\nJames Luker, Arkansas state legislator and mayor of Wynne\nJames Levesque \"Bex\" Shaver, Sr., ninth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas.\nWilliam L. Spicer, chairman of the Arkansas Republican Party from 1962 to 1964, lived in Wynne during his early years\nHugh \"Bones\" Taylor, who played wide receiver with the Washington Redskins from 1947 to 1954, and was honored as one of the 70 Greatest Redskins Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine in 2002. Taylor was later the head coach of the Houston Oilers in 1965, and was an assistant with the New York Titans, Pittsburgh Steelers, and the San Diego Chargers.\nDeAngelo Williams, a former Wynne Yellowjacket, is a retired running back who played in the NFL from 2006 to 2016.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cross County Courthouse\nCross County Library\nCross County Museum\nHistoric Downtown Wynne\nJesse Wynne Park\nVillage Creek State Park","title":"Notable places"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The Wynne Progress is the main newspaper in the city of Wynne. The Wynne, Arkansas Progress is in the Memphis, Tennessee DMA. It serves both Wynne and Cross County. It has been in publication for over 100 years. The Wynne Progress is published weekly.[14]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"92.5 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWYN-FM"},{"link_name":"1400 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWYN_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"KWYN is the main broadcasting station in the city of Wynne. They operate 92.5 FM which is primarily country music and 1400 AM which is primarily news and sports. These stations are part of the East Arkansas Broadcasters, Incorporated.[15]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_026.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_027.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_025.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_helicopter_display_002.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_031.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_020.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The Commercial District is one of ten sites in Wynne listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_016.jpg/220px-Wynne_AR_2012-04-07_016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas highlighting Cross County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Cross_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arkansas_highlighting_Cross_County.svg.png"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Grove_Township,_Calhoun_County,_Iowa

Elm Grove Township, Calhoun County, Iowa

["1 History","2 Geography","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°20′10″N 094°47′58″W / 42.33611°N 94.79944°W / 42.33611; -94.79944 Township in Iowa, United StatesElm Grove Township, Calhoun CountyTownshipCoordinates: 42°20′10″N 094°47′58″W / 42.33611°N 94.79944°W / 42.33611; -94.79944Country United StatesState IowaCountyCalhounArea • Total35.1 sq mi (90.91 km2) • Land35.08 sq mi (90.86 km2) • Water0.02 sq mi (0.04 km2)Elevation1,171 ft (357 m)Population (2000) • Total213 • Density6.1/sq mi (2.3/km2)FIPS code19-91215GNIS feature ID0467789 Elm Grove Township is one of sixteen townships in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 213. History Elm Grove Township was created in 1876. It takes its name from a natural grove of elm trees. Geography Elm Grove Township covers an area of 35.1 square miles (91 km2) and contains one incorporated settlement, Yetter. References ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Stonebraker, Beaumont E. (1915). Past and Present of Calhoun County, Iowa: A Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress, and Achievement, Volume 1. Pioneer Publishing Company. p. 105. External links City-Data.com vteMunicipalities and communities of Calhoun County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Rockwell CityCities Farnhamville‡ Jolley Knierim Lake City Lohrville Lytton‡ Manson Pomeroy Rinard Rockwell City Somers Yetter Map of Iowa highlighting Calhoun CountyTownships Butler Calhoun Cedar Center Elm Grove Garfield Greenfield Jackson Lake Creek Lincoln Logan Reading Sherman Twin Lakes Union Williams CDP Twin Lakes Otherunincorporatedcommunities Easley Knoke Lavinia Piper Rands Richard Sherwood Wightman Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal This article about the geography of Calhoun County, Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Calhoun County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Calhoun_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Calhoun_County.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Stonebraker, Beaumont E. (1915). Past and Present of Calhoun County, Iowa: A Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress, and Achievement, Volume 1. Pioneer Publishing Company. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yZAUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105","url_text":"Past and Present of Calhoun County, Iowa: A Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress, and Achievement, Volume 1"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg

St. Anne's Church, Augsburg

["1 History","1.1 List of preachers from 1545","2 The building","3 References","4 Sources"]

Coordinates: 48°22′04″N 10°53′43″E / 48.3678°N 10.8953°E / 48.3678; 10.8953Medieval church in Germany St. Anne's church - high altar Goldsmiths' chapel St. Anne's Church (German: St. Anna-Kirche) in Augsburg, Germany, is a medieval church building that was originally part of a monastery built in 1321. It is notable for its elaborate interior decoration. History St. Anne's was built in 1321 by Carmelite friars. In 1518 Martin Luther stayed there with the Carmelite friars when he was in Augsburg to meet the papal legate, Cardinal Cajetan, who wanted Luther to submit to the pope. The church converted to Lutheranism in 1545. On October 31, 1999, representatives of the Catholic and Evangelical Lutheran churches signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in the Church of St. Anna. This is considered one of the most important events for the ecumenical movement. After a long period of closure, the Lutherstiege museum was reopened in 2012. A comprehensive renovation was completed in 2016/17. List of preachers from 1545 1545: M. Johann Heinrich Held 1551: Johann Mattsperger(Interim) 1551: Kaspar Huberinus 1552: M. Johann Meckhardt 1559: M. Georg Eckhard 1568: M. Martin Rieger 1579: Dr. Georg Müller(Mylius) 1584: Matthäus Herbst 1586: Stephan Engelbronner 1586: Johannes Baier 1589: Johann Rosslin 1592: M. Georg Riederer 1593: M. Kaspar Sauter The building The Goldsmiths' Chapel (Goldschmiedekapelle) was donated in 1420 by Conrad and Afra Hirn. Together with his brother Ulrich Fugger the Elder and on behalf of his deceased brother Georg Fugger, Jakob Fugger founded the Fugger chapel in the choir of the church in front of the high altar. It became the burial place of the three brothers and their two nephews Raymund Fugger and Hieronymus Fugger (1499–1538). The Fugger chapel is the earliest example of Renaissance architecture in Germany. Among the features are a marble pavement, an organ with painted shutters, stained glass, choir stalls, a sculptural group of the Lamentation of Christ, and memorial relief tablets in the style of Dürer. The spire was added in 1607 by Elias Holl. The church ceiling is decorated with Baroque and Rococo stuccowork, with frescoes by Johann Georg Bergmüller. In 1518 the chapel was consecrated to the patron saint of Jesus Christ in the altar sacrament, the Holy Virgin Mary and the Evangelist Matthew and has remained a consecrated Catholic place of worship to this day. When St. Anne's Church became Protestant in 1548, the Fugger Chapel remained Catholic because the Fugger Foundation continued to look after it and contributed to the upkeep of the church. This is how the remarkable fact came about that part of the church is denominationally different from the rest, and that the burial place of the Fugger family, who are considered strictly Catholic, is now in a Protestant church. Adding to the oddity is that Jacob Fugger's loans to Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg and the indulgence to repay them were what triggered Martin Luther's Reformation. References ^ Website of the Evangelical Lutheran Deanery Augsburg: 500 Jahre Fuggerkapelle (500 years Fugger Chapel, 2018). Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Anna (Augsburg). St. Anna (Augsburg) on German Wikipedia St. Anne's church Geschichte der St. Anna-Kirche in Augsburg By Julius Hans Stammbaum der Familie Lotter in Schwaben By Carl Lotter 48°22′04″N 10°53′43″E / 48.3678°N 10.8953°E / 48.3678; 10.8953 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Geographic Structurae This article about a Bavarian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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It is notable for its elaborate interior decoration.","title":"St. Anne's Church, Augsburg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Cajetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Cajetan"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification"},{"link_name":"ecumenical movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenicalism"}],"text":"St. Anne's was built in 1321 by Carmelite friars. \nIn 1518 Martin Luther stayed there with the Carmelite friars when he was in Augsburg to meet the papal legate, Cardinal Cajetan, who wanted Luther to submit to the pope. The church converted to Lutheranism in 1545.On October 31, 1999, representatives of the Catholic and Evangelical Lutheran churches signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in the Church of St. Anna. This is considered one of the most important events for the ecumenical movement. After a long period of closure, the Lutherstiege museum was reopened in 2012. A comprehensive renovation was completed in 2016/17.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of preachers from 1545","text":"1545: M. Johann Heinrich Held\n1551: Johann Mattsperger(Interim)\n1551: Kaspar Huberinus\n1552: M. Johann Meckhardt\n1559: M. Georg Eckhard\n1568: M. Martin Rieger\n1579: Dr. Georg Müller(Mylius)\n1584: Matthäus Herbst\n1586: Stephan Engelbronner\n1586: Johannes Baier\n1589: Johann Rosslin\n1592: M. Georg Riederer\n1593: M. Kaspar Sauter","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulrich Fugger the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Fugger_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Georg Fugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Fugger"},{"link_name":"Jakob Fugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Fugger"},{"link_name":"Raymund Fugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymund_Fugger"},{"link_name":"Fugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugger"},{"link_name":"Renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Lamentation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Bergmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Bergm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albert of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"what triggered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Fugger#Religious_views_and_Reformation"}],"text":"The Goldsmiths' Chapel (Goldschmiedekapelle) was donated in 1420 by Conrad and Afra Hirn.Together with his brother Ulrich Fugger the Elder and on behalf of his deceased brother Georg Fugger, Jakob Fugger founded the Fugger chapel in the choir of the church in front of the high altar. It became the burial place of the three brothers and their two nephews Raymund Fugger and Hieronymus Fugger (1499–1538). The Fugger chapel is the earliest example of Renaissance architecture in Germany. Among the features are a marble pavement, an organ with painted shutters, stained glass, choir stalls, a sculptural group of the Lamentation of Christ, and memorial relief tablets in the style of Dürer. The spire was added in 1607 by Elias Holl. The church ceiling is decorated with Baroque and Rococo stuccowork, with frescoes by Johann Georg Bergmüller.In 1518 the chapel was consecrated to the patron saint of Jesus Christ in the altar sacrament, the Holy Virgin Mary and the Evangelist Matthew and has remained a consecrated Catholic place of worship to this day. When St. Anne's Church became Protestant in 1548, the Fugger Chapel remained Catholic because the Fugger Foundation continued to look after it and contributed to the upkeep of the church. This is how the remarkable fact came about that part of the church is denominationally different from the rest, and that the burial place of the Fugger family, who are considered strictly Catholic, is now in a Protestant church.[1] Adding to the oddity is that Jacob Fugger's loans to Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg and the indulgence to repay them were what triggered Martin Luther's Reformation.","title":"The building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Anna (Augsburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Anna_(Augsburg)"},{"link_name":"St. Anna (Augsburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anna_(Augsburg)"},{"link_name":"St. Anne's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sacred-destinations.com/germany/augsburg-st-anne-church"},{"link_name":"48°22′04″N 10°53′43″E / 48.3678°N 10.8953°E / 48.3678; 10.8953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg&params=48.3678_N_10.8953_E_source:kolossus-dewiki"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1542156#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/135164990"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4222332-5"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no95003106"},{"link_name":"Structurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//structurae.net/structures/20048535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Munich_21.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bavaria-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bavaria-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bavaria-struct-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-church-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-church-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-church-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Anna (Augsburg).St. Anna (Augsburg) on German Wikipedia\nSt. Anne's church\nGeschichte der St. Anna-Kirche in Augsburg By Julius Hans\nStammbaum der Familie Lotter in Schwaben By Carl Lotter48°22′04″N 10°53′43″E / 48.3678°N 10.8953°E / 48.3678; 10.8953Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nGeographic\nStructuraeThis article about a Bavarian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardstown,_Illinois

Beardstown, Illinois

["1 Geography","2 Economy","3 Demographics","4 History","5 The Beardstown Ladies","6 Notable people","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Further reading","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°0′45″N 90°25′52″W / 40.01250°N 90.43111°W / 40.01250; -90.43111 City in Illinois, United StatesBeardstownCityThe Beardstown Grand Opera House, a site on the National Register of Historic PlacesLocation of Beardstown in Cass County, Illinois.Location of Illinois in the United StatesCoordinates: 40°0′45″N 90°25′52″W / 40.01250°N 90.43111°W / 40.01250; -90.43111CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyCassGovernment • MayorTim HarrisArea • Total3.65 sq mi (9.45 km2) • Land3.62 sq mi (9.37 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2)Elevation446 ft (136 m)Population (2020) • Total5,951 • Density1,620.41/sq mi (625.64/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP Code62618Area code217FIPS code17-04351GNIS feature ID2394096Wikimedia CommonsBeardstown, IllinoisWebsitehttp://cityofbeardstown.org/ Beardstown is a city in Cass County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,951 at the 2020 census. The public schools are in Beardstown Community Unit School District 15. Geography Beardstown is located on the Illinois River. According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Beardstown has a total area of 3.65 square miles (9.45 km2), of which 3.62 square miles (9.38 km2) (or 99.21%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) (or 0.79%) is water. Economy Beardstown is located on the Illinois River, which plays an important role in the economy and history of the community, and is the site of two grain terminals where farm products are transferred to barges for transport. Hunting, fishing, and outdoor recreation along the river contribute to the local economy. A large pork slaughterhouse, formerly owned by Kraft and Cargill now by JBS, is a major employer and has attracted a substantial immigrant population to Beardstown in recent years. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18702,528—18803,13524.0%18904,22634.8%19004,82714.2%19106,10726.5%19207,11116.4%19306,344−10.8%19406,5052.5%19506,080−6.5%19606,2943.5%19706,222−1.1%19806,3381.9%19905,270−16.9%20005,7669.4%20106,1236.2%20205,951−2.8%U.S. Decennial Census As of the 2020 census there were 5,951 people, 2,155 households, and 1,352 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,631.30 inhabitants per square mile (629.85/km2). There were 2,368 housing units at an average density of 649.12 per square mile (250.63/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.56% White, 11.39% African American, 1.71% Native American, 1.51% Asian, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 23.71% from other races, and 10.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.43% of the population. There were 2,155 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.97% were married couples living together, 15.13% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.26% were non-families. 32.76% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.18 and the average family size was 2.50. The city's age distribution consisted of 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $43,425, and the median income for a family was $49,500. Males had a median income of $36,764 versus $25,108 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,599. About 20.2% of families and 22.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over. History Beardstown was first settled by Thomas Beard in 1819; he erected a log cabin at the edge of the Illinois River, from which he traded with the local Native Americans and ran a ferry. The town was laid out in 1827 and was incorporated as a city in 1896. During the Black Hawk War in 1832, it was a base of supplies for the Illinois troops. Thomas Beard's son, Edward "Red" Beard, a noted gambler and saloon keeper of the Old West, was killed in a gunfight in Kansas in 1873 by "Rowdy Joe" Lowe. Earlier, he had built a two-story brick building which was used for 85 years as a store and inn. This inn is alleged to have sheltered Abraham Lincoln on his visits to Beardstown, but that is legend and unconfirmed. The building was demolished and replaced by a post office. William Henry Herndon, Lincoln's Springfield law partner, claimed that Lincoln contracted syphilis from a prostitute in Beardstown, an incident author Gore Vidal colorfully recounts in his historical novel Lincoln (1984). The Beardstown Courthouse was the site of a famous trial which helped build Abraham Lincoln's reputation as a lawyer after he used a copy of a farmer's almanac to undermine the credibility of the prosecution's key witness. The scene was later depicted in a painting by Norman Rockwell. A Lincoln Museum is on the second floor of the courthouse along with many Native American relics. The Beardstown Ladies Main article: Beardstown Ladies From 1984 to 1993, a group of 16 late-aged women were picking stocks in the Dow Jones and over the course of nine years were claiming returns of 23.4% on their stocks. Once they went public with the amazing returns, they gained national recognition for their success. The Beardstown Ladies, with an average age of 70 (1994), were asked to appear on The Donahue Show, CBS's Morning Show, NBC's The Today Show, and ABC's Good Morning America. For six straight years they were honored by the National Association of Investors Corp's "All-Star Investment Clubs". In 1993, they produced their first home video for investors called, The Beardstown Ladies: Cooking Up Profits on Wall Street. By 1994, they wrote their first book, The Beardstown Ladies' Common-Sense Investment Guide, which sold over 800,000 copies by 1998 and was a New York Times Best Seller. The Beardstown Ladies become a global phenomenon and TV stations from Germany, Brazil, and Japan were interviewing them and taping their monthly meetings in Beardstown. The seeds of scandal were planted in late 1998: a Chicago magazine noticed that the group's returns included the fees the women paid every month. Without them, the returns dwindled to just 9%, underperforming the Dow. An article in The Wall Street Journal led the ladies to hire an outside auditor, which proved they had indeed misstated their returns. Time magazine jokingly stated that they should be jailed for fraud and misrepresentation. As of 2006, the Beardstown Ladies were still buying stocks. Their books can be bought from Amazon.com for mere pennies. Notable people William "Duff" Armstrong, accused murderer, was tried in Beardstown and successfully defended by Abraham Lincoln. Walter Flanigan, co-founder of National Football League, born in Beardstown. Stanley J. Korsmeyer, physician, born in Beardstown, Frank McErlane spent his last years here Richard Henry Mills, (born 1929) Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois (1985–1997). He was born in Beardstown. Red Norvo, jazz vibraphone pioneer, born in Beardstown. Janice O'Hara, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, born in Beardstown. Glen Seator (1956—2002), visual artist and architectural sculptor. Jesse Wallace, United States Navy Captain and the 27th unique Governor of American Samoa, born in Beardstown. See also Beardstown Community Unit School District 15 Beardstown Grand Opera House List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln Fourth principal meridian References Notes ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Beardstown, Illinois ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2022. ^ "Cargill: Our Company - Our Businesses - Cargill Pork - Locations". Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013. ^ "JBS Foods". jbsfoodsgroup.com. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beardstown" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 578. ^ Taylor, Richard S. (Summer 2000). "Telling Lincoln's Story". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. University of Illinois Press. 21 (2): 60. ISSN 0898-4212. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2010. — citing Wilson, Douglas L. (1998). Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 127–29, 140. ISBN 978-0-375-70396-6. ^ "Beardstown, Illinois, Courthouse Associated with Abraham Lincoln". www.abrahamlincolnonline.org. ^ "Lincoln for the Defence, 1962 - Norman Rockwell - WikiArt.org". www.wikiart.org. ^ Gongloff, Mark (May 1, 2006). "Where Are They Now: The Beardstown Ladies". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 9, 2007. ^ For example, The Beardstown Ladies' Common-Sense Investment Guide. ^ "Mills, Richard Henry - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov. ^ Johnson, Ken (December 30, 2002). "Glen Seator, 46, Whose Sculptures Replicated Rooms, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2020. ^ Sorensen, Stan; Joseph Theroux (2007). "The Samoan Historical Calendar 1606-2007" (PDF). Government of American Samoa. p. 180. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010. "Baseball My Opinion " by Larry Rahn..LCCN # 2008909837...published 10/27/2008 Further reading Croll, Philip Columbus, et al. "Thomas Beard, the Pioneer and Founder of Beardstown, Illinois." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 10.2 (1917): 207-236. online Miraftab, Faranak. Global Heartland: Displaced Labor, Transnational Lives, and Local Placemaking (2016) excerpt, in-depth study of Beardstown by a professor at the University of Illinois. online review Wisniewski, Mary; Stebbins, Christine (June 20, 2012). "Midwest farm town, transformed by immigration, thrives". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Beardstown". Harvesting the River: Beardstown at the Illinois State Museum website Beardstown Houston Memorial Library Beardstown Economic Development — requires JavaScript vteMunicipalities and communities of Cass County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: VirginiaCities Beardstown Virginia Map of Illinois highlighting Cass CountyVillages Arenzville Ashland Chandlerville Townships Arenzville Ashland Beardstown Bluff Springs Chandlerville Hagener Newmansville Panther Creek Philadelphia Sangamon Valley Virginia Unincorporated communities Anderson Bluff Springs Burlingame Clear Lake Hagener Jules Kisch Little Indian Newmansville Old Princeton Palmerton Philadelphia Ghost towns Gurney Sylvan Illinois portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Beardstown Community Unit School District 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardstown_Community_Unit_School_District_15"}],"text":"City in Illinois, United StatesBeardstown is a city in Cass County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,951 at the 2020 census. The public schools are in Beardstown Community Unit School District 15.","title":"Beardstown, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz20212-3"}],"text":"Beardstown is located on the Illinois River.According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Beardstown has a total area of 3.65 square miles (9.45 km2), of which 3.62 square miles (9.38 km2) (or 99.21%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) (or 0.79%) is water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_River"},{"link_name":"Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft"},{"link_name":"Cargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargill"},{"link_name":"JBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBS_S.A."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Beardstown is located on the Illinois River, which plays an important role in the economy and history of the community, and is the site of two grain terminals where farm products are transferred to barges for transport. Hunting, fishing, and outdoor recreation along the river contribute to the local economy.A large pork slaughterhouse, formerly owned by Kraft and Cargill now by JBS, is a major employer and has attracted a substantial immigrant population to Beardstown in recent years.[4][5]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2020 census[7] there were 5,951 people, 2,155 households, and 1,352 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,631.30 inhabitants per square mile (629.85/km2). There were 2,368 housing units at an average density of 649.12 per square mile (250.63/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.56% White, 11.39% African American, 1.71% Native American, 1.51% Asian, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 23.71% from other races, and 10.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.43% of the population.There were 2,155 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.97% were married couples living together, 15.13% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.26% were non-families. 32.76% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.18 and the average family size was 2.50.The city's age distribution consisted of 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.The median income for a household in the city was $43,425, and the median income for a family was $49,500. Males had a median income of $36,764 versus $25,108 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,599. About 20.2% of families and 22.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edward \"Red\" Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Beard"},{"link_name":"saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_saloon"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"\"Rowdy Joe\" Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"William Henry Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herndon_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gore Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Norman Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Beardstown was first settled by Thomas Beard in 1819; he erected a log cabin at the edge of the Illinois River, from which he traded with the local Native Americans and ran a ferry. The town was laid out in 1827 and was incorporated as a city in 1896. During the Black Hawk War in 1832, it was a base of supplies for the Illinois troops.[8]Thomas Beard's son, Edward \"Red\" Beard, a noted gambler and saloon keeper of the Old West, was killed in a gunfight in Kansas in 1873 by \"Rowdy Joe\" Lowe. Earlier, he had built a two-story brick building which was used for 85 years as a store and inn. This inn is alleged to have sheltered Abraham Lincoln on his visits to Beardstown, but that is legend and unconfirmed. The building was demolished and replaced by a post office. William Henry Herndon, Lincoln's Springfield law partner, claimed that Lincoln contracted syphilis from a prostitute in Beardstown,[9] an incident author Gore Vidal colorfully recounts in his historical novel Lincoln (1984).The Beardstown Courthouse was the site of a famous trial which helped build Abraham Lincoln's reputation as a lawyer after he used a copy of a farmer's almanac to undermine the credibility of the prosecution's key witness.[10] The scene was later depicted in a painting by Norman Rockwell.[11] A Lincoln Museum is on the second floor of the courthouse along with many Native American relics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dow Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average"},{"link_name":"The Donahue Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Donahue_Show"},{"link_name":"The Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"New York Times Best Seller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beardstown,_Illinois&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"From 1984 to 1993, a group of 16 late-aged women were picking stocks in the Dow Jones and over the course of nine years were claiming returns of 23.4% on their stocks. Once they went public with the amazing returns, they gained national recognition for their success. The Beardstown Ladies, with an average age of 70 (1994), were asked to appear on The Donahue Show, CBS's Morning Show, NBC's The Today Show, and ABC's Good Morning America. For six straight years they were honored by the National Association of Investors Corp's \"All-Star Investment Clubs\". In 1993, they produced their first home video for investors called, The Beardstown Ladies: Cooking Up Profits on Wall Street. By 1994, they wrote their first book, The Beardstown Ladies' Common-Sense Investment Guide, which sold over 800,000 copies by 1998 and was a New York Times Best Seller. The Beardstown Ladies become a global phenomenon and TV stations from Germany, Brazil, and Japan were interviewing them and taping their monthly meetings in Beardstown. The seeds of scandal were planted in late 1998: a Chicago magazine noticed that the group's returns included the fees the women paid every month. Without them, the returns dwindled to just 9%, underperforming the Dow. An article in The Wall Street Journal led the ladies to hire an outside auditor, which proved they had indeed misstated their returns.[12] Time magazine jokingly stated that they should be jailed for fraud and misrepresentation. As of 2006[update], the Beardstown Ladies were still buying stocks. Their books can be bought from Amazon.com for mere pennies.[13]","title":"The Beardstown Ladies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William \"Duff\" Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Duff%22_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Walter Flanigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Flanigan"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Stanley J. Korsmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_J._Korsmeyer"},{"link_name":"Frank McErlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McErlane"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Mills"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Red Norvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Norvo"},{"link_name":"Janice O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Glen Seator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Seator"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jesse Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Governor of American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"William \"Duff\" Armstrong, accused murderer, was tried in Beardstown and successfully defended by Abraham Lincoln.\nWalter Flanigan, co-founder of National Football League, born in Beardstown.\nStanley J. Korsmeyer, physician, born in Beardstown,\nFrank McErlane spent his last years here\nRichard Henry Mills, (born 1929) Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois (1985–1997). He was born in Beardstown.[14]\nRed Norvo, jazz vibraphone pioneer, born in Beardstown.\nJanice O'Hara, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player, born in Beardstown.\nGlen Seator (1956—2002), visual artist and architectural sculptor.[15]\nJesse Wallace, United States Navy Captain and the 27th unique Governor of American Samoa, born in Beardstown.[16]","title":"Notable people"}]

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Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 578.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beardstown","url_text":"\"Beardstown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Richard S. (Summer 2000). \"Telling Lincoln's Story\". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. University of Illinois Press. 21 (2): 60. ISSN 0898-4212. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604103421/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/21.2/taylor.html","url_text":"\"Telling Lincoln's Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0898-4212","url_text":"0898-4212"},{"url":"http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/21.2/taylor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Douglas L. (1998). Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 127–29, 140. ISBN 978-0-375-70396-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_L._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Douglas L."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/honorsvoicetrans0000wils/page/127","url_text":"Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf","url_text":"Alfred A. 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Retrieved September 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB114596682916135186-_HV3IgzQzLBmKCXMfG0Dgd02fNA_20060517.html","url_text":"\"Where Are They Now: The Beardstown Ladies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Mills, Richard Henry - Federal Judicial Center\". www.fjc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/mills-richard-henry","url_text":"\"Mills, Richard Henry - Federal Judicial Center\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ken (December 30, 2002). \"Glen Seator, 46, Whose Sculptures Replicated Rooms, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/30/arts/glen-seator-46-whose-sculptures-replicated-rooms-dies.html","url_text":"\"Glen Seator, 46, Whose Sculptures Replicated Rooms, Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Sorensen, Stan; Joseph Theroux (2007). \"The Samoan Historical Calendar 1606-2007\" (PDF). Government of American Samoa. p. 180. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121854/http://americansamoa.gov/history/samhist_forweb.pdf","url_text":"\"The Samoan Historical Calendar 1606-2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_American_Samoa","url_text":"Government of American Samoa"},{"url":"http://americansamoa.gov/history/samhist_forweb.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wisniewski, Mary; Stebbins, Christine (June 20, 2012). \"Midwest farm town, transformed by immigration, thrives\". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_College,_Chennai

Women's Christian College, Chennai

["1 History","1.1 Principals","2 Sister college","3 Rankings","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°4′8.76″N 80°14′55.36″E / 13.0691000°N 80.2487111°E / 13.0691000; 80.2487111Interdenominational women's college in Tamil Nadu, India Women's Christian CollegeCollege gate in 2011MottoLighted to LightenTypeAidedEstablished1915; 109 years ago (1915)PrincipalDr Lilian I JasperAcademic staff156Undergraduates2646LocationChennai, Tamil Nadu, India13°4′8.76″N 80°14′55.36″E / 13.0691000°N 80.2487111°E / 13.0691000; 80.2487111AffiliationsUniversity of MadrasWebsitewcc.edu.in Women's Christian College is a reputed interdenominational women's college on College Road, Nungambakkam, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. History The Women's Christian College was founded in 1915 with 41 students and 7 faculty members, as a result of the joint venture of 12 missionary societies of interdenominational and international nature located in England, in Canada and in U.S.A., with a mission to provide higher education to women of India in liberal arts and sciences.The motto of the college is "Lighted to lighten". It was affiliated to the University of Madras and was given recognition as an autonomous college in 1982. At present it is a government-aided minority institution. It has grown to a strength of over 4252 students and 209 members of faculty in the aided and self-financing sections. India's first female political prisoner and freedom fighter Rukmani Lakshmipathy was a first batch student. College name in Tamil at the entrance Principals Nirmala Sitharaman at the Centenary Celebrations of Women’s Christian College. Eleanor McDougall, Eleanor Rivett, 1938–1947 Elizabeth George, 1947–1950 Eleanor D. Mason, 1950–1956 Renuka Mukerji, 1956–1965 Anna T. Zachariah, 1965–1971 Renuka Somasekhar, 1971–1981 Indrani Michael, 1981–1994 Kanmani Christian, 1994–1998 Glory Christopher, 1998–2003 Rita Jacob Cherian, 2003–2006 Ridling Margaret Waller 2006-2017 Lilian I Jasper, 2017- Present Sister college Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, U.S., has been Women's Christian College's sister college since 1920. Both Mount Holyoke Culturals and Mount Holyoke Hostel (dormitory) at Women's Christian College refer to this. Rankings College rankingsGeneral – IndiaNIRF (Colleges) (2022)72 The college was ranked 72 among colleges in India by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022 Notable alumni Megha Akash, actress Subhashini Ali, politician Regina Cassandra, actress and model Andrea Jeremiah, singer and actress Anaswara Kumar, actress Rukmini Lakshmipathi, freedom fighter and first women minister in Madras Presidency M. Sarada Menon, psychiatrist and Padma Bhushan awardee Reshmi Menon, actress Sonajharia Minz, vice-chancellor at Sido Kanhu Murmu University C. B. Muthamma, India's first woman civil servant Shoba Narayan, journalist Thangam Philip, nutritionist and Padma Shri awardee Saranya Ponvannan, actress Heera Rajagopal, actress Latika Saran, Commissioner of Police for Greater Chennai Mallika Srinivasan, industrialist Roopa Unnikrishnan, sports shooter Vibha Batra, author, poet, adperson Sudha Kongara Prasad, director. Shamlee, Indian Actress References ^ "Womens Christian College ‹ Lighted to Lighten". wcc.edu.in. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ "campus/pages/college/wcc_pro". learning.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ "Home Science Colleges In India, Top Home Science Colleges in India conducting Home Science courses, Regular Colleges or Educational Institutions list Count -". Webindia123.com career. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ "Women's Christian College papers, 1919-". asteria.fivecolleges.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ "learning/campus/pages/college/wcc_res". etinvest.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017. ^ a b "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Colleges)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022. ^ "Padmashree Thangam E. Philip". Kerala Tourism, Government of Kerala. 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women's Christian College, Chennai. Official website vteEducation in Tamil NaduInstitutes of National Importance Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha IIIT Tiruchirappalli IITD&M, Kancheepuram IIM Tiruchirappalli IIT Madras Kalakshetra Foundation NIT Tiruchirappalli Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Central universities Central University of Tamil Nadu Indian Maritime University State universities Alagappa University Anna University Annamalai University Bharathiar University Bharathidasan University Madurai Kamaraj University Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Mother Teresa Women's University Periyar University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University Tamil Nadu National Law University Tamil Nadu Open University Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Tamil University The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Thiruvalluvar University University of Madras Deemed to be universities AMET University Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research Chennai Mathematical Institute Chettinad Academy of Research and Education Dr. M.G.R. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"Interdenominational women's college in Tamil Nadu, IndiaWomen's Christian College is a reputed interdenominational women's college on College Road, Nungambakkam, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.","title":"Women's Christian College, Chennai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rukmani Lakshmipathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Lakshmipathi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WCC_chennai2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"}],"text":"The Women's Christian College was founded in 1915 with 41 students and 7 faculty members, as a result of the joint venture of 12 missionary societies of interdenominational and international nature located in England, in Canada and in U.S.A., with a mission to provide higher education to women of India in liberal arts and sciences.The motto of the college is \"Lighted to lighten\". It was affiliated to the University of Madras and was given recognition as an autonomous college in 1982.[2][3] At present it is a government-aided minority institution. It has grown to a strength of over 4252 students and 209 members of faculty in the aided and self-financing sections.India's first female political prisoner and freedom fighter Rukmani Lakshmipathy was a first batch student.College name in Tamil at the entrance","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nirmala_Sitharaman_lighting_the_lamp_at_the_Centenary_Celebrations_of_Women%E2%80%99s_Christian_College,_in_Chennai._The_Vice_Chancellor,_University_of_Madras,_Prof._R._Thandavan_and_the_Principal,_Women%E2%80%99s_Christian_College.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nirmala Sitharaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman"}],"sub_title":"Principals","text":"Nirmala Sitharaman at the Centenary Celebrations of Women’s Christian College.Eleanor McDougall,\nEleanor Rivett, 1938–1947\nElizabeth George, 1947–1950\nEleanor D. Mason, 1950–1956\nRenuka Mukerji, 1956–1965\nAnna T. Zachariah, 1965–1971\nRenuka Somasekhar, 1971–1981\nIndrani Michael, 1981–1994\nKanmani Christian, 1994–1998\nGlory Christopher, 1998–2003\nRita Jacob Cherian, 2003–2006\nRidling Margaret Waller 2006-2017\nLilian I Jasper, 2017- Present","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"South Hadley, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fivecolleges-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etinvest-5"},{"link_name":"dormitory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory"}],"text":"Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, U.S., has been Women's Christian College's sister college since 1920.[4] Both Mount Holyoke Culturals[5] and Mount Holyoke Hostel (dormitory) at Women's Christian College refer to this.","title":"Sister college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institutional Ranking Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_NIRF_C_2022-6"}],"text":"The college was ranked 72 among colleges in India by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022[6]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megha Akash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha_Akash"},{"link_name":"Subhashini Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhashini_Ali"},{"link_name":"Regina Cassandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Cassandra"},{"link_name":"Andrea Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Anaswara Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaswara_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Rukmini Lakshmipathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmini_Lakshmipathi"},{"link_name":"M. Sarada Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Sarada_Menon"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Reshmi Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshmi_Menon"},{"link_name":"Sonajharia Minz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonajharia_Minz"},{"link_name":"Sido Kanhu Murmu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sido_Kanhu_Murmu_University"},{"link_name":"C. B. Muthamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._B._Muthamma"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Shoba Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoba_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Thangam Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangam_Philip"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padmashree_Thangam_E._Philip-7"},{"link_name":"Saranya Ponvannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranya_Ponvannan"},{"link_name":"Heera Rajagopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heera_Rajagopal"},{"link_name":"Latika Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latika_Saran"},{"link_name":"Mallika Srinivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallika_Srinivasan"},{"link_name":"Roopa Unnikrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roopa_Unnikrishnan"},{"link_name":"Vibha Batra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibha_Batra"},{"link_name":"Sudha Kongara Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudha_Kongara_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Shamlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamlee"}],"text":"Megha Akash, actress\nSubhashini Ali, politician\nRegina Cassandra, actress and model\nAndrea Jeremiah, singer and actress\nAnaswara Kumar, actress\nRukmini Lakshmipathi, freedom fighter and first women minister in Madras Presidency\nM. Sarada Menon, psychiatrist and Padma Bhushan awardee\nReshmi Menon, actress\nSonajharia Minz, vice-chancellor at Sido Kanhu Murmu University\nC. B. Muthamma, India's first woman civil servant\nShoba Narayan, journalist\nThangam Philip, nutritionist and Padma Shri awardee[7]\nSaranya Ponvannan, actress\nHeera Rajagopal, actress\nLatika Saran, Commissioner of Police for Greater Chennai\nMallika Srinivasan, industrialist\nRoopa Unnikrishnan, sports shooter\nVibha Batra, author, poet, adperson\nSudha Kongara Prasad, director.\nShamlee, Indian Actress","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[{"image_text":"College name in Tamil at the entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WCC_chennai2.jpg/220px-WCC_chennai2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nirmala Sitharaman at the Centenary Celebrations of Women’s Christian College.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nirmala_Sitharaman_lighting_the_lamp_at_the_Centenary_Celebrations_of_Women%E2%80%99s_Christian_College%2C_in_Chennai._The_Vice_Chancellor%2C_University_of_Madras%2C_Prof._R._Thandavan_and_the_Principal%2C_Women%E2%80%99s_Christian_College.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Womens Christian College ‹ Lighted to Lighten\". wcc.edu.in. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wcc.edu.in/","url_text":"\"Womens Christian College ‹ Lighted to Lighten\""}]},{"reference":"\"campus/pages/college/wcc_pro\". learning.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://learning.indiatimes.com/campus/pages/college/wcc_pro.htm","url_text":"\"campus/pages/college/wcc_pro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Science Colleges In India, Top Home Science Colleges in India conducting Home Science courses, Regular Colleges or Educational Institutions list Count -\". Webindia123.com career. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webindia123.com/career/Home%20science/list_details.asp?uname=The+Women%27s+Christian+College&action=B.Sc+Nutrition+and+Dietetics","url_text":"\"Home Science Colleges In India, Top Home Science Colleges in India conducting Home Science courses, Regular Colleges or Educational Institutions list Count -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Christian College papers, 1919-\". asteria.fivecolleges.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm256.html","url_text":"\"Women's Christian College papers, 1919-\""}]},{"reference":"\"learning/campus/pages/college/wcc_res\". etinvest.com. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etinvest.com/learning/campus/pages/college/wcc_res.htm","url_text":"\"learning/campus/pages/college/wcc_res\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Colleges)\". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/CollegeRanking.html","url_text":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Colleges)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework","url_text":"National Institutional Ranking Framework"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"Padmashree Thangam E. Philip\". Kerala Tourism, Government of Kerala. 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/padmashree-thangam-e-philip/22","url_text":"\"Padmashree Thangam E. Philip\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maplewood_Township,_Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota

Maplewood Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota

["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]

Coordinates: 46°29′43″N 95°58′45″W / 46.49528°N 95.97917°W / 46.49528; -95.97917 Township in Minnesota, United StatesMaplewood Township, MinnesotaTownshipMaplewood Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaMaplewood Township, MinnesotaMaplewood Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°29′43″N 95°58′45″W / 46.49528°N 95.97917°W / 46.49528; -95.97917CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyOtter TailArea • Total35.6 sq mi (92.2 km2) • Land32.0 sq mi (82.8 km2) • Water3.6 sq mi (9.4 km2)Elevation1,381 ft (421 m)Population (2000) • Total333 • Density10.4/sq mi (4.0/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-40364GNIS feature ID0664910 Maplewood Township is a township in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 333 at the 2000 census. Maplewood Township was originally called St. Agnes Township, and under the latter name was organized in 1880. The township was renamed in 1882 for the sugar maple trees within its borders. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92.2 km2), of which 32.0 square miles (82.8 km2) is land and 3.6 square miles (9.4 km2) (10.17%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 333 people, 131 households, and 97 families residing in the township. The population density was 10.4 inhabitants per square mile (4.0/km2). There were 173 housing units at an average density of 5.4 per square mile (2.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.99% White, 0.30% African American, 2.10% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population. There were 131 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.96. In the township the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $45,250, and the median income for a family was $48,333. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $22,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,181. About 4.0% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 396. vteMunicipalities and communities of Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Fergus FallsCities Battle Lake Bluffton Clitherall Dalton Deer Creek Dent Elizabeth Erhard Fergus Falls Henning New York Mills Ottertail Parkers Prairie Pelican Rapids Perham Richville Rothsay‡ Underwood Urbank Vergas Vining Wadena‡ Map of Minnesota highlighting Otter Tail CountyTownships Aastad Amor Aurdal Blowers Bluffton Buse Butler Candor Carlisle Clitherall Compton Corliss Dane Prairie Dead Lake Deer Creek Dora Dunn Eagle Lake Eastern Edna Effington Elizabeth Elmo Erhards Grove Everts Fergus Falls Folden Friberg Girard Gorman Henning Hobart Homestead Inman Leaf Lake Leaf Mountain Lida Maine Maplewood Newton Nidaros Norwegian Grove Oak Valley Orwell Oscar Otter Tail Otto Paddock Parkers Prairie Pelican Perham Pine Lake Rush Lake Scambler St. Olaf Star Lake Sverdrup Tordenskjold Trondhjem Tumuli Western Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Carlisle Dunvilla Luce Parkdale Richdale Wall Lake Indianreservation Mille Lacs‡ Ghost towns Parkton Topelius Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_duc_de_Tr%C3%A9vise

Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso

["1 Early life","2 French Revolutionary Wars","3 Napoleonic Wars","4 Post-war career","4.1 Death","5 Family","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

French Marshal and diplomat MarshalÉdouard MortierDuke of TrevisoPortrait by Édouard Dubufe, 1844Prime Minister of FranceIn office18 November 1834 – 12 March 1835MonarchLouis Philippe IPreceded byHugues-Bernard MaretSucceeded byVictor de BroglieMinister of WarIn office18 November 1834 – 12 March 1835Preceded bySimon BernardSucceeded byHenri de Rigny Personal detailsBorn(1768-02-13)13 February 1768Le Cateau, FranceDied28 July 1835(1835-07-28) (aged 67)Paris, FranceResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryAwardsGrand Cordon of the Legion of HonorGrand Cross of the Military Order of Jesus ChristSignatureMilitary careerAllegiance Kingdom of France French First Republic First French Empire Bourbon Restoration July MonarchyService/branchArmyYears of service1791–1835RankGeneral of divisionCommands heldVIII CorpsV CorpsBattles/warsFrench Revolutionary WarsNapoleonic Wars Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, Duke of Treviso (French pronunciation: ; 13 February 1768 – 28 July 1835), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon I, who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He served as Minister of War and Prime Minister of France from 1834 to 1835. He was one of 18 people killed in 1835 during Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I. Early life Mortier was born at Le Cateau (now Le Cateau-Cambrésis), northern France, on 13 February 1768. He was the son of Charles Mortier (1730–1808), a draper, and his wife Marie Anne Joseph Bonnaire (b. 1735). After studying at the Irish College, Douai, he joined the National Guard of Dunkirk in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution, and was elected captain of a unit of volunteers in September 1791. French Revolutionary Wars Upon the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition in 1792, Mortier was assigned to the Army of the North. He spent the next years serving in the Low Countries theatre, fighting at the Battle of Jemappes and the Siege of Namur, in 1792, at the Battle of Neerwinden in 1793, and at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794. He was then transferred to the Army of Sambre and Meuse on the Rhine, and distinguished himself in the capture of Maastricht. Mortier was tasked by General Jacques Maurice Hatry to negotiate the surrender of the Fortress of Mainz, which he completed successfully and then returned to Paris. During the War of the Second Coalition in 1799, Mortier was promoted to brigade general and served under General Soult at the Second Battle of Zurich in September 1799, where he led a force of 8,000 in the attack from Dieticon on Zurich. He was made a general of division in October and recalled to Paris in early 1800. Napoleonic Wars Portrait of Mortier as a Marshal of the Empire In 1803, Mortier was appointed commander-in-chief of an invasion of the Electorate of Hanover by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte. His successful occupation of Hanover, bringing about the Convention of Artlenburg, led Napoleon to include Mortier in the first list of marshals created in 1804. In 1805, Mortier was made commander of the infantry of the Imperial Guard. During the War of the Third Coalition, Mortier commanded a corps of the Grande Armée in the Ulm campaign in which he distinguished himself. In the campaign of the middle Danube, which culminated in the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon placed him in command of the newly formed VIII Corps, composed of divisions from the other corps. Mortier over-extended his line of march on the north shore of the Danube and failed to heed Napoleon's advice to protect his north flank. A combined Russo-Austrian force, under the command of General Mikhail Kutuzov enticed Mortier to send General Théodore Maxime Gazan's 2nd Division into a trap and French troops were caught in a valley between two Russian columns. They were rescued by the timely arrival of a second division, under command of General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang's 1st Division, which covered a day's march in a half-day. The Battle of Dürrenstein (11 November 1805) extended well into the night. Both sides claimed victory, with the French losing more than a third of the participants, and Gazan's division experiencing over 40 percent losses. The Austrians and Russians also suffered heavy losses—close to 16 percent. After Austerlitz, Napoleon dispersed the corps and Gazan received the Legion of Honour, but Mortier was simply reassigned to command the V Corps. When the War of the Fourth Coalition broke out in 1806, Napoleon ordered Mortier to assume command of the reformed VIII Corps on 1 October. He was to coordinate his operations with Louis Bonaparte's Franco-Dutch troops. On 16 October, two days after his crushing victory over Prussia at Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon ordered Mortier and Louis to conquer the Electorate of Hesse. Mortier was to occupy Fulda and then the capital city of Kassel, rule as military governor, and imprison the Elector of Hesse, William I. Every Hessian officer above the rank of lieutenant would be arrested and Napoleon stated his intention to "wipe the house of Hesse-Kassel from the map". Mortier knew this constituted a violation of Hessian neutrality and boasted on 17 October that its very neutrality made it easy to conquer. On 1 November, the French occupied and looted Kassel, discovering that William had fled. Mortier issued a proclamation in which he claimed to have come to avenge Prussian violation of Hessian neutrality but also accused them of being Prussian allies. Heraldic achievement of Adolphe-Édouard-Casimir-Joseph Mortier, Duke of Treviso Mortier left a division to hold Hesse-Kassel while the rest of his corps was directed to mopping-up operations in Prussia. Hamelin capitulated on 22 November, along with a garrison of 10,000 Prussian troops. Nienburg fell on 29 November, with 2,911 Prussian soldiers marching into captivity. In 1807, he led the left wing of Napoleon's army at Battle of Friedland, and served at the sieges of Stralsund and Kolberg. In 1808, Napoleon rewarded Mortier for his actions at Friedland with the title of "Duke of Treviso" (Duc de Trévise in French), a duché grand-fief (a rare, but nominal, hereditary honor, extinguished in 1946) in his own Kingdom of Italy. In October 1808, Mortier was sent to Spain in the campaign for the recapture of Madrid, at the head of the V Corps, which he led at the Battle of Somosierra and the Second Siege of Zaragoza. He then fought under Marshal Soult at the Arzobispo, in August 1809, and contributed to the victory at Ocaña, where he was wounded. Afterwards Mortier served in southern Spain, most notably at the Siege of Badajoz, before being recalled to France in May 1811. During the invasion of Russia in 1812, Mortier commanded the Young Guard. After the Battle of Borodino he became governor of French-occupied Moscow, and was ordered to destroy what remained of the city when the retreat began. He then fought at Krasnoi, at the Berezina, and regrouped the surviving Imperial Guards in January 1813. Mortier again commanded the Young Guard in several battles of the German campaign, including Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden and Leipzig. During the defense of France in 1814, he rendered brilliant services in command of rearguards and covering detachments, and led the Old Guard at Montmirail, Craonne, Laon, and at the final Battle of Paris. He rallied to the Bourbon Restoration after Napoleon's abdication in April 1814. In 1815, during Napoleon's return to power in the Hundred Days, Mortier escorted the king out of the country before joining the emperor in Paris. He was given command of the Imperial Guard once more, but at the opening of the Waterloo campaign, he was unable to continue due to severe sciatica. Post-war career Following the second Bourbon Restoration, Mortier relutanctly accepted to be part of the court martial trying Marshal Michel Ney. After the court declared itself incompetent he was for a time in disgrace, but in January 1816 he received a command, and in 1819 Mortier was readmitted to the Chamber of Peers and in 1825 received the Order of the Holy Spirit, the kingdom's highest honor. He supported the July Revolution that brought King Louis Philippe to power in 1830. From 1830 to 1831 he was the Ambassador of France to Russia at St. Petersburg, and from 1834 to 1834, Minister of War and President of the Council of Ministers. Death Death of Marshal Mortier in a contemporary print On 28 July 1835, Mortier was one of those accompanying King Louis-Philippe to a review of the Paris National Guard, an annual event that commemorated the July Revolution that brought the king to power in 1830. In the Boulevard du Temple, the royal party was hit by a volley of gunfire from the upstairs window of a house. Eighteen were killed, including Mortier, and 22 injured. The king received only a minor wound. The weapon used was a home-made volley gun, constructed and fired by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi for the purpose of assassinating the king. Fieschi had fixed twenty-five musket barrels to a wooden frame, and arranged that they could be fired simultaneously. Four of the barrels burst when fired and Fieschi was badly wounded. He was quickly captured and later tried with two co-conspirators. The three went to the guillotine in February 1836. Family Mortier married Eve Anne Hymmès (Coblence, 19 August 1779 – Paris, 13 February 1855), by whom he had six children: Caroline Mortier de Trevise (1800–1842): married to Marie-Hippolyte de Gueulluy, 2nd Marquess of Rumigny. Marie-Louise de Gueulluy de Rumigny x Ludovic-Marie, Count d'Ursel,(1809–1886) Hippolyte, count d'Ursel (1850–1937) Sophie Malvina Joséphine Mortier de Trévise (b. 1803) Napoléon Mortier de Trévise (1804–1869), 2nd Duke of Trévise Edouard (1806–1815) Louise (1811–1831) Eve-Stéphanie Mortier de Trévise (1814–1831), countess Gudin References ^ Paris, Louis (1869). Dictionnaire des anoblissements (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Bachelin-Deflorenne. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Garnier, Jacques. "MORTIER, Adolphe-Édouard-Casimir-Joseph, duc de Trévise (1768-1835), maréchal". Dictionnaire Napoléon. Éditions Fayard. ^ The Big Mortar ^ Adolphe Thiers. The history of the French revolution, New York: Appleton, 1854, v. 4., p. 401. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 878. ^ Thiers, fn, p. 401. ^ (in German) Egger, Rainer. Das Gefecht bei Dürnstein-Loiben 1805. Wien: Bundesverlag, 1986, pp. 14–22; Goetz, Robert. 1805: Austerlitz, the Destruction of the Third Coalition. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005, ISBN 1-85367-644-6, pp. 75–81; and Digby Smith, Napoleonic Wars Databook: 1805, London: Greenhill Publishing Co., 1998, ISBN 1-85367-276-9, p. 213. ^ Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles And Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 973. ISBN 0-313-33536-2. ^ Harsin 2002, p. 147. ^ Harsin 2002, p. 148. ^ Bouveiron (1835), pp. 67–68, Report of M. Lepage, Gunsmith to the King Bibliography A. Bouveiron; Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (1835). An historical and biographical sketch of Fieschi. Sold at the office of the editor. p. 32. Harsin, Jill (2002). Barricades:The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris,1830–1848. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29479-4. Gray, Randal (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. New York: Macmillan. External links Heraldica.org – Napoleonic heraldry Political offices Preceded byHugues Maret Prime Minister of France 1834–1835 Succeeded byVictor de Broglie Preceded bySimon Bernard French Minister of War 1834–1835 Succeeded byHenri de Rigny Military offices Preceded byFrançois Joseph Lefebvre Military governor of Paris 1800–1803 Succeeded byJean-Andoche Junot Wikimedia Commons has media related to Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier. vteMarshals of the First French Empire Augereau Bernadotte Berthier Bessières Brune Davout Gouvion Saint-Cyr Grouchy Jourdan Kellermann Lannes Lefebvre MacDonald Marmont Masséna Moncey Mortier Murat Ney Oudinot Pérignon Poniatowski Sérurier Soult Suchet Victor vteHeads of government of FranceRestoration Talleyrand Richelieu Dessolles Decazes Richelieu Villèle Martignac Polignac July Monarchy V. de Broglie Laffitte Perier Soult Gérard Maret Mortier V. de Broglie Thiers Molé Soult Thiers Soult Guizot Molé Second Republic Dupont de l'Eure Arago Cavaignac Barrot Hautpoul Faucher Second Empire Ollivier Cousin-Montauban Government ofNational Defense Trochu Third Republic Dufaure A. de Broglie Cissey Buffet Dufaure Simon A. de Broglie Rochebouët Dufaure Waddington Freycinet Ferry Gambetta Freycinet Duclerc Fallières Ferry Brisson Freycinet Goblet Rouvier Floquet Tirard Freycinet Loubet Ribot Dupuy Casimir-Perier Dupuy Ribot Bourgeois Méline Brisson Dupuy Waldeck-Rousseau Combes Rouvier Sarrien Clemenceau Briand Monis Caillaux Poincaré Briand Barthou Doumergue Ribot Viviani Briand Ribot Painlevé Clemenceau Millerand Leygues Briand Poincaré François-Marsal Herriot Painlevé Briand Herriot Poincaré Briand Tardieu Chautemps Tardieu Steeg Laval Tardieu Herriot Paul-Boncour Daladier Sarraut Chautemps Daladier Doumergue Flandin Bouisson Laval Sarraut Blum Chautemps Blum Daladier Reynaud Pétain Vichy France Pétain Laval Flandin Darlan Laval ProvisionalGovernment De Gaulle Gouin Bidault Blum Fourth Republic Ramadier Schuman Marie Schuman Queuille Bidault Queuille Pleven Queuille Pleven Faure Pinay Mayer Laniel Mendès France Faure Mollet Bourgès-Maunoury Gaillard Pflimlin De Gaulle Fifth Republic De Gaulle Debré Pompidou Couve de Murville Chaban-Delmas Messmer Chirac Barre Mauroy Fabius Chirac Rocard Cresson Bérégovoy Balladur Juppé Jospin Raffarin Villepin Fillon Ayrault Valls Cazeneuve Philippe Castex Borne Attal Related Chief minister of France (pre-Revolution) Deputy Prime Minister (defunct) vteCabinet of Édouard Adolphe Mortier (18 November 1834 to 12 March 1835)Head of state: King Louis Philippe IPresident of the councilÉdouard Mortier, duc de TréviseÉdouard Mortier,duc de TréviseWarÉdouard Mortier, duc de TréviseInteriorAdolphe ThiersJustice and Religious AffairsJean-Charles PersilForeign AffairsHenri de RignyFinanceGeorges HumannNavy and ColoniesGuy-Victor DuperréPublic EducationFrançois GuizotCommerceTanneguy Duchâtel vteFrench Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"[adɔlf edwaʁ kazimiʁ ʒozɛf mɔʁtje]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Minister of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Marco Fieschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Marco_Fieschi"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"}],"text":"Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, Duke of Treviso (French pronunciation: [adɔlf edwaʁ kazimiʁ ʒozɛf mɔʁtje]; 13 February 1768 – 28 July 1835), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire under Napoleon I, who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He served as Minister of War and Prime Minister of France from 1834 to 1835. He was one of 18 people killed in 1835 during Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I.","title":"Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Cateau-Cambrésis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper"},{"link_name":"Irish College, Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"}],"text":"Mortier was born at Le Cateau (now Le Cateau-Cambrésis), northern France, on 13 February 1768.[2] He was the son of Charles Mortier (1730–1808), a draper, and his wife Marie Anne Joseph Bonnaire (b. 1735). After studying at the Irish College, Douai, he joined the National Guard of Dunkirk in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution, and was elected captain of a unit of volunteers in September 1791.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the First Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Army of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Low Countries theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jemappes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes"},{"link_name":"Siege of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neerwinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Army of Sambre and Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Sambre_and_Meuse"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Maurice Hatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"War of the Second Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition"},{"link_name":"brigade general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soult"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"general of division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_division"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"}],"text":"Upon the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition in 1792, Mortier was assigned to the Army of the North.[2] He spent the next years serving in the Low Countries theatre, fighting at the Battle of Jemappes and the Siege of Namur, in 1792, at the Battle of Neerwinden in 1793, and at the Battle of Fleurus in 1794.[2] He was then transferred to the Army of Sambre and Meuse on the Rhine, and distinguished himself in the capture of Maastricht.[2] Mortier was tasked by General Jacques Maurice Hatry to negotiate the surrender of the Fortress of Mainz,[3] which he completed successfully and then returned to Paris.During the War of the Second Coalition in 1799, Mortier was promoted to brigade general and served under General Soult at the Second Battle of Zurich in September 1799,[2] where he led a force of 8,000 in the attack from Dieticon on Zurich.[4] He was made a general of division in October and recalled to Paris in early 1800.[2]","title":"French Revolutionary Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marshal_Mortier.jpg"},{"link_name":"invasion of the Electorate of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1803)"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Convention of Artlenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"War of the Third Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Ulm campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_campaign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Battle of Austerlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Théodore Maxime Gazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Maxime_Gazan"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dürrenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrrenstein"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"War of the Fourth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Louis Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Jena-Auerstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"military governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Elector_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heraldic_achievement_of_Adolphe-%C3%89douard-Casimir-Joseph_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin"},{"link_name":"Nienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienburg,_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Battle of Friedland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland"},{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)"},{"link_name":"Kolberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacques973-8"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"duché grand-fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_grand-fief"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Battle of Somosierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra"},{"link_name":"Second Siege of Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Arzobispo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arzobispo"},{"link_name":"Ocaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Siege of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_siege_of_Badajoz_(1811)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Young Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)#Young_Guard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"French-occupied Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Krasnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi"},{"link_name":"Berezina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"German campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813"},{"link_name":"Lützen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"defense of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Montmirail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail"},{"link_name":"Craonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne"},{"link_name":"Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Laon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Waterloo campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_campaign"},{"link_name":"sciatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatica"}],"text":"Portrait of Mortier as a Marshal of the EmpireIn 1803, Mortier was appointed commander-in-chief of an invasion of the Electorate of Hanover by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte.[2] His successful occupation of Hanover, bringing about the Convention of Artlenburg, led Napoleon to include Mortier in the first list of marshals created in 1804.[5][6] In 1805, Mortier was made commander of the infantry of the Imperial Guard.[2]During the War of the Third Coalition, Mortier commanded a corps of the Grande Armée in the Ulm campaign in which he distinguished himself.[5] In the campaign of the middle Danube, which culminated in the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon placed him in command of the newly formed VIII Corps, composed of divisions from the other corps. Mortier over-extended his line of march on the north shore of the Danube and failed to heed Napoleon's advice to protect his north flank. A combined Russo-Austrian force, under the command of General Mikhail Kutuzov enticed Mortier to send General Théodore Maxime Gazan's 2nd Division into a trap and French troops were caught in a valley between two Russian columns. They were rescued by the timely arrival of a second division, under command of General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang's 1st Division, which covered a day's march in a half-day. The Battle of Dürrenstein (11 November 1805) extended well into the night. Both sides claimed victory, with the French losing more than a third of the participants, and Gazan's division experiencing over 40 percent losses. The Austrians and Russians also suffered heavy losses—close to 16 percent. After Austerlitz, Napoleon dispersed the corps and Gazan received the Legion of Honour, but Mortier was simply reassigned to command the V Corps.[7]When the War of the Fourth Coalition broke out in 1806, Napoleon ordered Mortier to assume command of the reformed VIII Corps on 1 October. He was to coordinate his operations with Louis Bonaparte's Franco-Dutch troops. On 16 October, two days after his crushing victory over Prussia at Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon ordered Mortier and Louis to conquer the Electorate of Hesse. Mortier was to occupy Fulda and then the capital city of Kassel, rule as military governor, and imprison the Elector of Hesse, William I. Every Hessian officer above the rank of lieutenant would be arrested and Napoleon stated his intention to \"wipe the house of Hesse-Kassel from the map\". Mortier knew this constituted a violation of Hessian neutrality and boasted on 17 October that its very neutrality made it easy to conquer. On 1 November, the French occupied and looted Kassel, discovering that William had fled. Mortier issued a proclamation in which he claimed to have come to avenge Prussian violation of Hessian neutrality but also accused them of being Prussian allies.[citation needed]Heraldic achievement of Adolphe-Édouard-Casimir-Joseph Mortier, Duke of TrevisoMortier left a division to hold Hesse-Kassel while the rest of his corps was directed to mopping-up operations in Prussia. Hamelin capitulated on 22 November, along with a garrison of 10,000 Prussian troops. Nienburg fell on 29 November, with 2,911 Prussian soldiers marching into captivity. In 1807, he led the left wing of Napoleon's army at Battle of Friedland, and served at the sieges of Stralsund and Kolberg.[8] In 1808, Napoleon rewarded Mortier for his actions at Friedland with the title of \"Duke of Treviso\" (Duc de Trévise in French), a duché grand-fief (a rare, but nominal, hereditary honor, extinguished in 1946) in his own Kingdom of Italy.[2]In October 1808, Mortier was sent to Spain in the campaign for the recapture of Madrid, at the head of the V Corps, which he led at the Battle of Somosierra and the Second Siege of Zaragoza.[2][5] He then fought under Marshal Soult at the Arzobispo, in August 1809, and contributed to the victory at Ocaña, where he was wounded.[2] Afterwards Mortier served in southern Spain, most notably at the Siege of Badajoz, before being recalled to France in May 1811.[2]During the invasion of Russia in 1812, Mortier commanded the Young Guard.[2] After the Battle of Borodino he became governor of French-occupied Moscow, and was ordered to destroy what remained of the city when the retreat began.[2] He then fought at Krasnoi, at the Berezina, and regrouped the surviving Imperial Guards in January 1813.[2] Mortier again commanded the Young Guard in several battles of the German campaign, including Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden and Leipzig.[2] During the defense of France in 1814, he rendered brilliant services in command of rearguards and covering detachments,[5] and led the Old Guard at Montmirail, Craonne, Laon, and at the final Battle of Paris.[2]He rallied to the Bourbon Restoration after Napoleon's abdication in April 1814.[2] In 1815, during Napoleon's return to power in the Hundred Days, Mortier escorted the king out of the country before joining the emperor in Paris.[2] He was given command of the Imperial Guard once more, but at the opening of the Waterloo campaign, he was unable to continue due to severe sciatica.","title":"Napoleonic Wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_France"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Ambassador of France to Russia at St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_France_to_Russia"},{"link_name":"President of the Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"}],"text":"Following the second Bourbon Restoration, Mortier relutanctly accepted to be part of the court martial trying Marshal Michel Ney.[2] After the court declared itself incompetent he was for a time in disgrace, but in January 1816 he received a command,[2] and in 1819 Mortier was readmitted to the Chamber of Peers and in 1825 received the Order of the Holy Spirit, the kingdom's highest honor. He supported the July Revolution that brought King Louis Philippe to power in 1830.[2] From 1830 to 1831 he was the Ambassador of France to Russia at St. Petersburg, and from 1834 to 1834, Minister of War and President of the Council of Ministers.[5]","title":"Post-war career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mort_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Mortier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"Paris National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarsin2002147-9"},{"link_name":"Boulevard du Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarsin2002148-10"},{"link_name":"volley gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_gun"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Marco Fieschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Marco_Fieschi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouveiron67-68-11"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Death of Marshal Mortier in a contemporary printOn 28 July 1835, Mortier was one of those accompanying King Louis-Philippe to a review of the Paris National Guard, an annual event that commemorated the July Revolution that brought the king to power in 1830.[9] In the Boulevard du Temple, the royal party was hit by a volley of gunfire from the upstairs window of a house. Eighteen were killed, including Mortier, and 22 injured.[10] The king received only a minor wound.The weapon used was a home-made volley gun, constructed and fired by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi for the purpose of assassinating the king. Fieschi had fixed twenty-five musket barrels to a wooden frame, and arranged that they could be fired simultaneously. Four of the barrels burst when fired and Fieschi was badly wounded.[11] He was quickly captured and later tried with two co-conspirators. The three went to the guillotine in February 1836.","title":"Post-war career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coblence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coblence"},{"link_name":"Marie-Hippolyte de Gueulluy, 2nd Marquess of Rumigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Hippolyte_de_Gueulluy,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rumigny"},{"link_name":"Ludovic-Marie, Count d'Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludovic-Marie,_Count_d%27Ursel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte, count d'Ursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_d%27Ursel"},{"link_name":"Napoléon Mortier de Trévise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Mortier_de_Tr%C3%A9vise"}],"text":"Mortier married Eve Anne Hymmès (Coblence, 19 August 1779 – Paris, 13 February 1855), by whom he had six children:Caroline Mortier de Trevise (1800–1842): married to Marie-Hippolyte de Gueulluy, 2nd Marquess of Rumigny.\nMarie-Louise de Gueulluy de Rumigny x Ludovic-Marie, Count d'Ursel,(1809–1886)[clarification needed]\nHippolyte, count d'Ursel (1850–1937)\nSophie Malvina Joséphine Mortier de Trévise (b. 1803)\nNapoléon Mortier de Trévise (1804–1869), 2nd Duke of Trévise\nEdouard (1806–1815)\nLouise (1811–1831)\nEve-Stéphanie Mortier de Trévise (1814–1831), countess Gudin","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An historical and biographical sketch of Fieschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00fiesgoog"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00fiesgoog/page/n34"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-29479-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29479-4"}],"text":"A. Bouveiron; Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (1835). An historical and biographical sketch of Fieschi. Sold at the office of the editor. p. 32.\nHarsin, Jill (2002). Barricades:The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris,1830–1848. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29479-4.\nGray, Randal (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. New York: Macmillan.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[{"reference":"Paris, Louis (1869). Dictionnaire des anoblissements (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Bachelin-Deflorenne.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zgtBAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dictionnaire des anoblissements"}]},{"reference":"Garnier, Jacques. \"MORTIER, Adolphe-Édouard-Casimir-Joseph, duc de Trévise (1768-1835), maréchal\". Dictionnaire Napoléon. Éditions Fayard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/biographies/mortier-adolphe-edouard-casimir-joseph-duc-de-trevise-1768-1835-marechal/","url_text":"Dictionnaire Napoléon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Fayard","url_text":"Éditions Fayard"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 878.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mortier,_Edouard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph","url_text":"Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles And Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 973. ISBN 0-313-33536-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33536-2","url_text":"0-313-33536-2"}]},{"reference":"A. Bouveiron; Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (1835). An historical and biographical sketch of Fieschi. Sold at the office of the editor. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00fiesgoog","url_text":"An historical and biographical sketch of Fieschi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00fiesgoog/page/n34","url_text":"32"}]},{"reference":"Harsin, Jill (2002). Barricades:The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris,1830–1848. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29479-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29479-4","url_text":"0-312-29479-4"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Randal (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. New York: Macmillan.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands

West End, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 18°21′N 65°01′W / 18.350°N 65.017°W / 18.350; -65.017SubdistrictWest EndSubdistrictWest EndLocation within the United States Virgin IslandsCoordinates: 18°21′N 65°01′W / 18.350°N 65.017°W / 18.350; -65.017Country United StatesTerritory U.S. Virgin IslandsDistrictSaint ThomasPopulation (2010) • Total2,241 West End is the name of one of the seven census subdistricts (CSD) on the island of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. Some of the populated communities here include Adelphi, John Oley, Sorgenfri, Fortuna, and Bonne Esperance. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 2010, the total population is 2,241, which is an increase of 8.9% from the 2000 U.S. Census, when 2,056 lived in the West End subdistrict. According to the Census of 2010, there are 1,128 housing units in the subdistrict, which is only less than Water Island subdistrict with its 203 housing units. References ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993). 1990 Census of Population: Social and economic characteristics. Virgin Islands of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce. Page 142. ^ Bonsu, Ammie A. (2008). American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Resource Kit: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. DIANE Publishing. Page 1. ISBN 9781428987937. ^ "2000 Census Block Map" (PDF). ^ "Virgin Islands Census Chart". ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). U.S. Virgin Islands, 2000: Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics. DIANE Publishing. Page 4. 9781428986220. This Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census subdistricts (CSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_and_sub-districts_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adelphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"John Oley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oley,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sorgenfri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgenfri,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bonne Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_Esperance,_Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of the Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_the_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Water Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Island,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"}],"text":"SubdistrictWest End is the name of one of the seven census subdistricts (CSD) on the island of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands.[1][2][3] Some of the populated communities here include Adelphi, John Oley, Sorgenfri, Fortuna, and Bonne Esperance. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 2010, the total population is 2,241,[4] which is an increase of 8.9% from the 2000 U.S. Census, when 2,056 lived in the West End subdistrict.[5] According to the Census of 2010, there are 1,128 housing units in the subdistrict, which is only less than Water Island subdistrict with its 203 housing units.","title":"West End, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"2000 Census Block Map\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/blk2000/st78_USVirginIslands/CountySubdivision/7882900_WestEnd/CBS7882900_001.pdf","url_text":"\"2000 Census Block Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virgin Islands Census Chart\".","urls":[{"url":"http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/v-i-census-chart-1.1193324","url_text":"\"Virgin Islands Census Chart\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraskovo,_Moscow_Oblast

Kraskovo, Moscow Oblast

["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Government","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Sources"]

Coordinates: 55°39′31″N 37°59′13″E / 55.65861°N 37.98694°E / 55.65861; 37.98694For other places with the same name, see Kraskovo (disambiguation). Urban-type settlement in Moscow Oblast, RussiaKraskovo Краско́воUrban-type settlementThe 19th-century manor house in 2004 FlagCoat of armsLocation of Kraskovo KraskovoLocation of KraskovoShow map of RussiaKraskovoKraskovo (Moscow Oblast)Show map of Moscow OblastCoordinates: 55°39′31″N 37°59′13″E / 55.65861°N 37.98694°E / 55.65861; 37.98694CountryRussiaFederal subjectMoscow OblastAdministrative districtLyuberetsky DistrictPopulation (2010 Census) • Total21,250Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)140050OKTMO ID46631165051 Kraskovo (Russian: Краско́во) is an urban locality (a suburban (dacha) settlement) in Lyuberetsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: 21,250 (2010 Census); 11,930 (2002 Census); 13,806 (1989 Census). Its elevation is 421 meters (1,381 ft) above sea level. Dialing code: +7 495 (formerly +7 095). History Ruins of the manor after the fire of 2011 St. Vladimir Church The first written references to Kraskovo date back to 1623. In 1861—1917 it was a part of the Vykhino Volost of the Moskovsky Uyezd of the Moscow Governorate. It is located on the Pekhorka River. It was heavily damaged after the October Revolution of 1917—the park was deforested and most of its area was used for construction. The main house with its auxiliary wings and a church, household courtyard, and a crude kerb-stone fence still remain. Another historic site of Kraskovo is the brick empire Vladimir church, constructed in 1831–1832. In 1898, the first hospital opened, which is known today as Lyuberetsky District Hospital #1. There are also children and adult clinics and a veterinarian for domestic animals. Facilities Children pre-schools and schools of general education, children intellectual development center, a stadium and a sporting school. State professional vocational training lyceum and Moscow artistic teacher's training college of technology and design. Government The former Heads of the Local Government Board are Iskander Izmaylovich Badayev and Sergey Petrovich Bykov. On September 28, 2008 Sergey Bykov was removed from the candidate list for the October 12 elections by the court decision. References Notes ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Resolution #123-PG ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly. Sources Губернатор Московской области. Постановление №123-ПГ от 28 сентября 2010 г. «Об учётных данных административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Московской области», в ред. Постановления №252-ПГ от 26 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в учётные данные административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Московской области». Опубликован: "Информационный вестник Правительства МО", №10, 30 октября 2010 г. (Governor of Moscow Oblast. Resolution #123-PG of September 28, 2010 On the Inventory Data of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Moscow Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #252-PG of June 26, 2015 On Amending the Inventory Data of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Moscow Oblast. ). vteAdministrative divisions of Moscow OblastAdministrative center: none • Rural localitiesDistricts Chekhovsky Dmitrovsky Istrinsky Kashirsky Klinsky Kolomensky Krasnogorsky Leninsky Lotoshinsky Lukhovitsky Lyuberetsky Mozhaysky Mytishchinsky Naro-Fominsky Noginsky Odintsovsky Orekhovo-Zuyevsky Pavlovo-Posadsky Podolsky Pushkinsky Ramensky Ruzsky Serebryano-Prudsky Sergiyevo-Posadsky Serpukhovsky Shakhovskoy Shatursky Shchyolkovsky Solnechnogorsky Stupinsky Taldomsky Volokolamsky Voskresensky Yegoryevsky Zaraysky Closed administrative-territorialformations Krasnoznamensk Molodyozhny Vlasikha Voskhod Zvyozdny gorodok Cities and towns Aprelevka Balashikha Beloozyorsky Bronnitsy Chernogolovka Chekhov Dedovsk Dmitrov Dolgoprudny Domodedovo Drezna Dubna Dzerzhinsky Elektrogorsk Elektrostal Elektrougli Fryazino Golitsyno Istra Ivanteyevka Kashira Khimki Khotkovo Klin Kolomna Korolyov Kotelniki Krasnoarmeysk Krasnogorsk Krasnozavodsk Krasnoznamensk Kubinka Kurovskoye Likino-Dulyovo Lobnya Losino-Petrovsky Lukhovitsy Lytkarino Lyubertsy Mozhaysk Mytishchi Naro-Fominsk Noginsk Odintsovo Orekhovo-Zuyevo Ozyory Pavlovsky Posad Peresvet Podolsk Protvino Pushchino Pushkino Ramenskoye Reutov Roshal Ruza Sergiyev Posad Serpukhov Shatura Shchyolkovo Solnechnogorsk Staraya Kupavna Stupino Taldom Vereya Vidnoye Volokolamsk Voskresensk Vysokovsk Yakhroma Yegoryevsk Zaraysk Zhukovsky Zvenigorod Urban-type settlements Andreyevka Ashukino Beloomut Bogorodskoye Bolshiye Dvory Bolshiye Vyazyomy Bykovo Cherkizovo Cherusti Dedenevo Fosforitny Fryanovo Gorki Leninskiye Iksha Ilyinsky Imeni Tsyurupy Imeni Vorovskogo Khorlovo Kraskovo Kratovo Lesnoy Lesnoy Gorodok Malakhovka Malino Mendeleyevo Mikhnevo Misheronsky Monino Nakhabino Nekrasovsky Novoivanovskoye Obolensk Obukhovo Oktyabrsky Peski Povarovo Pravdinsky Proletarsky Reshetnikovo Rodniki Rzhavki Selyatino Severny Skoropuskovsky Snegiri Sofrino Stolbovaya Sverdlovsky Sychyovo Tomilino Udelnaya Uvarovka Verbilki Zagoryansky Zaprudnya Zarechye Zelenogradsky Zhilyovo Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqraba,_Syria

Aqraba, Syria

["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Ottoman era","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

Village in Daraa, SyriaAqraba عقرباVillageAqrabaCoordinates: 33°6′35″N 36°0′28″E / 33.10972°N 36.00778°E / 33.10972; 36.00778Grid position244/279 PALCountry SyriaGovernorateDaraaDistrictAl-SanamaynSubdistrictGhabaghibElevation747 m (2,451 ft)Population (2004) • Total4,413Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Aqraba (Arabic: عقربا; transliteration: ʿAqrabāʾ, also spelled Akraba or Aqrabah) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the al-Sanamayn District of the Daraa Governorate. In the 2004 census by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Aqraba had a population of 4,413. Geography Aqraba is situated in the Jaydur area of the Hauran region and is immediately east of the Golan Heights. It is located 50 kilometers southwest of Damascus, 15 kilometers north of Jasim, 4 kilometers north of al-Harra and Tel al-Hara and 10 kilometers southeast of Kafr Shams. Nearby places include Naba al-Sakher to the east, Masharah to the northeast, al-Mal and al-Tiha to the north and Kafr Nasij to the northeast. History In the 6th century, Aqraba served as a residence of the Ghassanid Arab princes, who ruled the Arabia and Palaestina Secunda provinces on behalf of the Byzantine Empire. An inscription in the village mentions a certain "Nuʾmān", which probably refers to a Ghassanid prince of that name. The 6th-century Arabic poets al-Nabigha and Hassan ibn Thabit both mention the Ghassanid presence in Aqraba. The village contained two monasteries dating from the Ghassanid period. The village was later mentioned by the 13th-century Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, who noted it belonged to the Jawlan district of Damascus and that "Ghassanid kings dwelt here of old". Ottoman era In 1596 Aqraba appeared in the Ottoman tax registers, situated in the nahiya of Jaydur, part of Hauran Sanjak. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 27 households and 13 bachelors. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, mostly wheat, but also some on barley and summer crops; in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 16,600 akçe. References ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Daraa Governorate. (in Arabic) ^ a b c d Ma'oz, p. 13. ^ Buhl, p. 344. ^ a b Shahid 2002, p. 184 ^ le Strange 1890, p. 390. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 207 Bibliography Buhl, Frants (1986). "ʿAkrabāʾ". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 344. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Ma'oz, Zvi Uri (2008). The Ghassānids and the Fall of the Golan Synagogues. Archaostyle. Shahid, I. (2002). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: pt. 1, Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography, and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0884022145. External links Sanameine-map, 19L vte Daraa GovernorateCapital: DaraaAl-Sanamayn DistrictSanamaynSubdistrict Al-Sanamayn Bassir Burqa Eib al-Harra Inkhil Judayyah Tubna Kafr Shams Khabab al-Qaniyah Qayta Samlin Zimrin GhabaghibSubdistrict Ghabaghib Alqin Aqraba Deir al-Adas Deir al-Bukht Jabab Kafr Nasij Kammunah Mankat al-Hatab Manshiyat al-Sabil al-Mal Muthabin al-Qaziyah al-Tiha MasmiyahSubdistrict al-Masmiyah Bali Burraq Buwaydan Shaarah Izra DistrictIzraSubdistrict Izra Asim Busra al-Harir Buwayr Jaddal Mahajjah Maliha al-Atash al-Matallah Miskiyah al-Mujaydil Najih Qiratah Shaqra Sur HirakSubdistrict al-Hirak al-Maliha al-Gharbiya al-Maliha al-Sharqiyah Nahita Rakham al-Surah JasimSubdistrict Jasim Nimer NawaSubdistrict Nawa Adwan al-Jubayliyah al-Nasiriyah al-Shaykh Saad al-Sukkariyah Shaykh MaskinSubdistrict al-Shaykh Maskin al-Dali al-Faqia Namer Qarfa al-Suhayliyah TasilSubdistrict Tasil al-Bakkar al-Bakkar Sharqi Daraa DistrictDaraaSubdistrict Daraa Ataman Kahil al-Naimah Nasib Saida al-Taybeh Umm al-Mayazen BosraSubdistrict Bosra Jamrin Maaraba Samad Samaqiyat Da'elSubdistrict Da'el Abtaa JizaSubdistrict al-Jiza Ghasm al-Mataaiya Khirbet GhazalehSubdistrict Khirbet Ghazaleh Alma al-Ghariyah al-Gharbiyah al-Ghariyah al-Sharqiyah MusayfiraSubdistrict al-Musayfirah al-Karak al-Sahwah Umm Walad MuzayribSubdistrict Muzayrib Ajami Jalin Nasij Tafas Tell Shihab al-Yadudah Zayzun ShajaraSubdistrict al-Shajara Abidin Ayn Zakar Bayt Ara Heet Jamla Kuwayah Maariyah Nafia Saham al-Jawlan Shabraq

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In the 2004 census by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Aqraba had a population of 4,413.[1]","title":"Aqraba, Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Jasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasim"},{"link_name":"al-Harra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Harra,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tel al-Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Hara"},{"link_name":"Kafr Shams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Shams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maoz13-2"},{"link_name":"Naba al-Sakher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naba_al-Sakher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Masharah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masharah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Tiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Tiha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kafr Nasij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Nasij"}],"text":"Aqraba is situated in the Jaydur area of the Hauran region and is immediately east of the Golan Heights. It is located 50 kilometers southwest of Damascus, 15 kilometers north of Jasim, 4 kilometers north of al-Harra and Tel al-Hara and 10 kilometers southeast of Kafr Shams.[2] Nearby places include Naba al-Sakher to the east, Masharah to the northeast, al-Mal and al-Tiha to the north and Kafr Nasij to the northeast.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghassanid Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanids"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Petraea"},{"link_name":"Palaestina Secunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maoz13-2"},{"link_name":"al-Nabigha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nabigha"},{"link_name":"Hassan ibn Thabit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maoz13-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid184-4"},{"link_name":"Yaqut al-Hamawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maoz13-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shahid184-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange390-5"}],"text":"In the 6th century, Aqraba served as a residence of the Ghassanid Arab princes, who ruled the Arabia and Palaestina Secunda provinces on behalf of the Byzantine Empire.[3] An inscription in the village mentions a certain \"Nuʾmān\", which probably refers to a Ghassanid prince of that name.[2] The 6th-century Arabic poets al-Nabigha and Hassan ibn Thabit both mention the Ghassanid presence in Aqraba.[2] The village contained two monasteries dating from the Ghassanid period.[4] The village was later mentioned by the 13th-century Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi,[2][4] who noted it belonged to the Jawlan district of Damascus and that \"Ghassanid kings dwelt here of old\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"tax registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defter"},{"link_name":"nahiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiya"},{"link_name":"Hauran Sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauran_Sanjak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"akçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era","text":"In 1596 Aqraba appeared in the Ottoman tax registers, situated in the nahiya of Jaydur, part of Hauran Sanjak. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 27 households and 13 bachelors. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, mostly wheat, but also some on barley and summer crops; in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 16,600 akçe.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-08114-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08114-3"},{"link_name":"Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-920405-41-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"},{"link_name":"Le Strange, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange"},{"link_name":"Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"},{"link_name":"Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"Shahid, I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd"},{"link_name":"Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: pt. 1, Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography, and Frontier Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pfwAG3-rpzcC&pg=PA88"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0884022145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884022145"}],"text":"Buhl, Frants (1986). \"ʿAkrabāʾ\". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden and New York: BRILL. p. 344. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nLe Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nMa'oz, Zvi Uri (2008). The Ghassānids and the Fall of the Golan Synagogues. Archaostyle.\nShahid, I. (2002). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: pt. 1, Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography, and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0884022145.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownal,_Vermont

Pownal, Vermont

["1 History","1.1 Camp Ilium","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","5 Climate","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°48′N 73°13′W / 42.800°N 73.217°W / 42.800; -73.217 Town in Vermont, United StatesPownal, VermontTownFormer Country StorePownal, VermontPownal, VermontLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°48′N 73°13′W / 42.800°N 73.217°W / 42.800; -73.217CountryUnited StatesStateVermontCountyBenningtonCommunitiesPownalNorth PownalPownal CenterArea • Total46.7 sq mi (121.0 km2) • Land46.4 sq mi (120.3 km2) • Water0.3 sq mi (0.7 km2)Elevation1,398 ft (426 m)Population (2020) • Total3,258 • Density70/sq mi (27.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code05261Area code802FIPS code50-57025GNIS feature ID1462179Websitewww.townofpownal.org Pownal is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 3,258. The town of Pownal includes the villages of Pownal, North Pownal, and Pownal Center. History During the Woodland period, the area was settled by the Mahican people, with others, such as the Mohawks, traveling across it. By the late 17th century, Europeans may have entered the area as a result of the establishment of the Dutch patroonship owned by Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, which extended west and east out of Albany and the fur trading community of Beverwyck. The southwestern corner of Pownal was part of the patroonship. Rensselaerswyck passed into English control in 1664. The first European settlers may have entered the area in the 1730s. Those settlers may have been Dutch or other Europeans who leased land within Rensselaerwyck. On January 28, 1760, New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth chartered Pownal, which he named after his fellow royal governor, Thomas Pownall of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Thereafter, settlers, primarily of English descent, began to arrive from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1766, 185 male heads of households in Pownal sent a petition to George III, asking that their land claims be recognized and that the fees required to do so be waived. Since Wentworth had granted to settlers land that the Province of New York also claimed, legal and physical conflicts broke out between "Yorkers" and settlers in the New Hampshire Grants (or "The Grants"). As a result, a number of Pownal residents joined the Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen. By the American Revolution, the town was deeply divided between "Yankees" and the Tories, those sympathetic to England, each of whom considered himself or herself a Loyalist. Tories were often arrested and imprisoned. These tensions were strong enough that when British General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign brought conflict to the area, Vermonters fought on both sides. William Card, originally of Rhode Island, fought for the British at the Battle of Bennington along with four of his sons: Jonathan, Elisha, Philo (or possible Peleg), and Stephen. The battle, a virtually complete American victory, resulted in the capture of the elder Card and all four of his sons, but they were soon released. Three years later, William Card's grandsons Thomas and Jonathan would serve in a Vermont Patriot regiment. By the end of the Revolution, most Tories had fled Pownal for safety among the United Empire Loyalists who resettled in Canada. The novel Memoir of a Green Mountain Boy starts and ends in Pownal during the early years of the Revolution. The Mooar-Wright House in 1909, one of the oldest houses in Vermont The oldest house in both Pownal and Vermont is the Mooar-Wright House, possibly built in the 1750s. Some think it may have been built by John Defoe (or DeVoet), a Tory who was imprisoned in 1776, escaped, fought on the side of the British and Hessian forces at the Battle of Bennington, was captured, escaped again, and settled in Canada. Others believe the Mooar-Wright house was built by Charles Wright in 1765. Pownal citizens have long prided themselves on their independent spirit. In 1789, a touring minister, the Rev. Nathan Perkins, described the town this way: " . . . Pawnal ye first town, poor land – very unpleasant – very uneven – miserable set of inhabitants – no religion, Rhode Island haters of religion – Baptists, quakers, & some Presbyterians – no meeting house." Today Pownal has five churches. The oldest church, Pownal Center Community Church, was organized in 1794 as the Union Church, serving both Baptists and Methodists, and open to any denomination. The first church was a log structure. It was replaced in 1849 by the present church, jointly owned by the town and church. This church has a unique history as it was deeded to the Town and three members of the church as part of gleebe lands by the King of England. Addie Card, child laborer, from a 1910 photograph by Lewis Hine. In 1851, Chester Arthur (later to become President of the United States), was appointed principal to an academy for boys. The academy prepared boys for college (and became the foundation for Arthur's future path to study law). Future President James Garfield also taught in North Pownal. Both cotton mills and woolen mills operated during the 19th century. The wool industry reached its peak between 1820 and 1840, though farmers continued to raise sheep until the 20th century. On the Hoosic River in North Pownal, an 18th-century gristmill was replaced by a woolen mill that operated from 1849 until 1863, when it burned. The Plunkett & Barber Co. Mill, built in 1866, served as a cotton mill until 1930, becoming a tannery in 1937. It closed in 1988. Remediated as a Superfund site, the mill site is planned to become a recreation area. During the early part of the 20th century, muckraking photographer, Lewis Hine, took a photograph of twelve-year-old Addie Card working in the mills, which Hine labeled as, "Anemic Little Spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill, North Pownal, Vermont, August 1910". This photograph was featured on a U.S. stamp commemorating the passage of the first child labor laws (see the Keating–Owen Act). Elizabeth Winthrop has written a novel, Counting on Grace, inspired by Card's photograph and life. The Berkshire Street Railway Company began trolley service from Williamstown to Bennington via Pownal on June 27, 1907. Service was discontinued in 1927. The brick power station still stands along Route 7. Lime quarries operated in North Pownal until 1936. A rail car line extended from the southernmost quarry to the mill on the west side of Route 346, where the stone was crushed and packaged for shipment. The Green Mountain Race Track opened in 1963. The track offered both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing until 1977, and greyhound racing from 1976 to 1992. Since closing as a racetrack, the site has hosted live events occasionally, including a rock concert in the Lollapalooza series in 1996, and antique car shows from 2005 to 2008. As of April 2022, the racetrack appears to be unused and fallen into disrepair. Camp Ilium The YMCA's Camp Ilium was in Pownal. Ilium is notable because on September 10, 1910, S. F. Lester of Troy, New York, became the very first person to hold the Scouting leadership position of Scoutmaster (approved by the BSA). He received his certification from the BSA headquarters in New York City. In 1910 he led a group of 30 scouts to the camp. Camp Ilium was the starting point of the Boy Scout Movement for Pownal and Troy, New York. Geography Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, North Pownal Pownal is the southwesternmost town in Vermont; it is bordered by Williamstown, Massachusetts, to the south and Petersburgh, New York, to the west. Pownal also borders the towns of Stamford to the east, Woodford to the northeast, and Bennington to the north. It is closer to Hartford, Connecticut than it is to Burlington. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.7 square miles (121.0 km2), of which 46.4 square miles (120.3 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.7 km2), or 0.58%, is water. Pownal is drained by the Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson River. The town is crossed by two state-maintained highways: U.S. Route 7, which is the town's main road; and Vermont Route 346, a short route that begins at U.S. 7 at the village of Pownal and runs northwestward (along the Hoosic River) to the New York state line. The Long Trail, America's oldest long-distance hiking trail, begins in Pownal on the border with Massachusetts within the Green Mountain National Forest. The trail in that location is also part of the Appalachian Trail. It was created by and is managed by the Green Mountain Club. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 17901,746—18001,692−3.1%18101,655−2.2%18201,8129.5%18301,8351.3%18401,613−12.1%18501,7428.0%18601,731−0.6%18701,705−1.5%18802,01918.4%18901,919−5.0%19001,9763.0%19101,599−19.1%19201,396−12.7%19301,4252.1%19401,402−1.6%19501,4533.6%19601,5093.9%19702,44161.8%19803,26933.9%19903,4856.6%20003,5602.2%20103,527−0.9%20203,258−7.6%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,560 people, 1,373 households, and 1,010 families residing in the town. The population density was 76.3 people per square mile (29.5/km2). There were 1,563 housing units at an average density of 33.5 per square mile (12.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.84% White, 0.28% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population. There were 1,373 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.95. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $39,149, and the median income for a family was $41,006. Males had a median income of $30,753 versus $24,212 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,669. About 8.5% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over. Notable people Samuel S. Ellsworth, U.S. Congressman from New York James Fisk, businessman of the mid- to late-1800s Abraham B. Gardner, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont Barbara Howes, poet Amby McConnell, Major League Baseball player Climate This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pownal has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2022. ^ a b Hayward's New England Gazetteer of 1839 ^ Austin J. Coolidge & John B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England; Boston, Massachusetts 1859 ^ National Archives of Canada, WO 28/10, Reel B-2867, pp. 17–18. Found on the NY GenWeb Rensselaer County, The Loyalist Muster Roll of 1777 by Capt Samuel McKay at Chateauguay, Quebec, 20TH DECEMBER 1777. ^ HeritageQuest Revolutionary War Papers Series: M805 Roll: 160 Image: 31 File: S12447 Pages: 1-7 and Series: M805 Roll: 160 Image: 89 File: S10430 Pages: 1-8 ^ "Church History". Pownal Center Community Church. Retrieved March 3, 2017. ^ New York Times ^ Sine, Iqzero.net and Dick. "US Stamp Gallery >> Child labor reform". ^ "Counting on Grace, a new novel by Elizabeth Winthrop". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2006. ^ Cummings, O. R. (1972). BERKSHIRE STREET RAILWAY. Warehouse Point, Connecticut: Connecticut Valley Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. ISBN 0-910506-15-9. ^ "The Green Mountain Racetrack - Obscure Vermont". urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com. ^ Editor's eyewitness observations, 21 April 2022. ^ Gilbert, Kevin. "This Day in 1910 in The Record: Aug. 10, 1910". troyrecord.com. Retrieved October 4, 2013. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2014. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2015. ^ "Pownal, Vermont Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Sources Brasser, Ted J. "Riding on the Frontier's Crest: Mahican Indian Culture and Culture Change", Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1974. Brown, William Bradford. "Sketches of Pownal." North Adams, Massachusetts: North Adams Transcript, n.d. Hall, Hiland. History of Vermont from Its Discovery to Its Admission into the Union in 1791. Albany, New York: Joel Munsell, 1868. Hemenway, Abby Maria (ed.). Vermont Quarterly Gazetteer. Vol. I. Ludlow, Vermont: Author, 1861 Niles, Grace Greylock. The Hoosac Valley—Its Legends and History. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1912. Reprint. Heritage Books. Pownal Historical Society. Images of America: Pownal. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Arcadia Publishing, 2010. Parks, Joe. Pownal: A Vermont Town's Two Hundred Years and More. Pownal, Vermont: Pownal Bicentennial Committee, 1977. "New Hampshire Grants – Being Transcripts of the Charters of Townships and Minor Grants of Lands Made by the Provincial Government of New Hampshire, within the Present Boundaries of the State of Vermont, From 1749 to 1764." New Hampshire State Papers, Vol. XXVI, Concord, New Hampshire. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pownal, Vermont. Town of Pownal official website Pownal Historical Society vteMunicipalities and communities of Bennington County, Vermont, United StatesShire towns: Bennington and ManchesterTowns Arlington Bennington Dorset Glastenbury§ Landgrove Manchester Peru Pownal Readsboro Rupert Sandgate Searsburg Shaftsbury Stamford Sunderland Winhall Woodford Map of Vermont highlighting Bennington CountyVillages Manchester North Bennington Old Bennington CDPs Arlington Bennington Dorset East Dorset Manchester Center North Pownal Pownal Pownal Center Readsboro South Shaftsbury Stamford Stratton Mountain‡ Other communities Bondville Footnotes§ Disincorporated‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Vermont portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Bennington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_County,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"},{"link_name":"Pownal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownal_(CDP),_Vermont"},{"link_name":"North Pownal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pownal,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Pownal Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownal_Center,_Vermont"}],"text":"Town in Vermont, United StatesPownal is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 3,258.[3] The town of Pownal includes the villages of Pownal, North Pownal, and Pownal Center.","title":"Pownal, Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodland period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"Mahican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican"},{"link_name":"Mohawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_nation"},{"link_name":"patroonship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroon"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Manor of Rensselaerswyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Rensselaerswyck"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Beverwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverwyck"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newenglandtowns.org-4"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Benning Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benning_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pownall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pownall"},{"link_name":"Province of Massachusetts Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"Province of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Grants"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys"},{"link_name":"Ethan Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee"},{"link_name":"Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"John Burgoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgoyne"},{"link_name":"Saratoga campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mooar-Wright_House,_Pownal,_VT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mooar-Wright House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooar-Wright_House"},{"link_name":"oldest houses in Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Hessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AddieCard05282vLewisHine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine"},{"link_name":"Chester Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"James Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield"},{"link_name":"mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newenglandtowns.org-4"},{"link_name":"Hoosic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosic_River"},{"link_name":"gristmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"tannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"muckraking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker"},{"link_name":"U.S. stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._stamp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Keating–Owen Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating%E2%80%93Owen_Act"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Winthrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Winthrop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Street Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkshire_Street_Railway_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"trolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain Race Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Race_Track"},{"link_name":"thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"standardbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"rock concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"During the Woodland period, the area was settled by the Mahican people, with others, such as the Mohawks, traveling across it. By the late 17th century, Europeans may have entered the area as a result of the establishment of the Dutch patroonship owned by Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, which extended west and east out of Albany and the fur trading community of Beverwyck. The southwestern corner of Pownal was part of the patroonship.[citation needed] Rensselaerswyck passed into English control in 1664. The first European settlers may have entered the area in the 1730s.[4] Those settlers may have been Dutch or other Europeans who leased land within Rensselaerwyck. On January 28, 1760, New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth chartered Pownal, which he named after his fellow royal governor, Thomas Pownall of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.[5]Thereafter, settlers, primarily of English descent, began to arrive from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1766, 185 male heads of households in Pownal sent a petition to George III, asking that their land claims be recognized and that the fees required to do so be waived. Since Wentworth had granted to settlers land that the Province of New York also claimed, legal and physical conflicts broke out between \"Yorkers\" and settlers in the New Hampshire Grants (or \"The Grants\"). As a result, a number of Pownal residents joined the Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen.By the American Revolution, the town was deeply divided between \"Yankees\" and the Tories, those sympathetic to England, each of whom considered himself or herself a Loyalist. Tories were often arrested and imprisoned.These tensions were strong enough that when British General John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign brought conflict to the area, Vermonters fought on both sides. William Card, originally of Rhode Island, fought for the British at the Battle of Bennington along with four of his sons: Jonathan, Elisha, Philo (or possible Peleg), and Stephen.[6] The battle, a virtually complete American victory, resulted in the capture of the elder Card and all four of his sons, but they were soon released. Three years later, William Card's grandsons Thomas and Jonathan would serve in a Vermont Patriot regiment.[7]By the end of the Revolution, most Tories had fled Pownal for safety among the United Empire Loyalists who resettled in Canada. The novel Memoir of a Green Mountain Boy starts and ends in Pownal during the early years of the Revolution.The Mooar-Wright House in 1909, one of the oldest houses in VermontThe oldest house in both Pownal and Vermont is the Mooar-Wright House, possibly built in the 1750s. Some think it may have been built by John Defoe (or DeVoet), a Tory who was imprisoned in 1776, escaped, fought on the side of the British and Hessian forces at the Battle of Bennington, was captured, escaped again, and settled in Canada. Others believe the Mooar-Wright house was built by Charles Wright in 1765.Pownal citizens have long prided themselves on their independent spirit. In 1789, a touring minister, the Rev. Nathan Perkins, described the town this way: \" . . . Pawnal ye first town, poor land – very unpleasant – very uneven – miserable set of inhabitants – no religion, Rhode Island haters of religion – Baptists, quakers, & some Presbyterians – no meeting house.\"Today Pownal has five churches. The oldest church, Pownal Center Community Church, was organized in 1794 as the Union Church, serving both Baptists and Methodists, and open to any denomination. The first church was a log structure. It was replaced in 1849 by the present church, jointly owned by the town and church.[8] This church has a unique history as it was deeded to the Town and three members of the church as part of gleebe lands by the King of England.Addie Card, child laborer, from a 1910 photograph by Lewis Hine.In 1851, Chester Arthur (later to become President of the United States), was appointed principal to an academy for boys. The academy prepared boys for college (and became the foundation for Arthur's future path to study law).[9] Future President James Garfield also taught in North Pownal.Both cotton mills and woolen mills operated during the 19th century. The wool industry reached its peak between 1820 and 1840, though farmers continued to raise sheep until the 20th century.[4] On the Hoosic River in North Pownal, an 18th-century gristmill was replaced by a woolen mill that operated from 1849 until 1863, when it burned. The Plunkett & Barber Co. Mill, built in 1866, served as a cotton mill until 1930, becoming a tannery in 1937. It closed in 1988. Remediated as a Superfund site, the mill site is planned to become a recreation area.During the early part of the 20th century, muckraking photographer, Lewis Hine, took a photograph of twelve-year-old Addie Card working in the mills, which Hine labeled as, \"Anemic Little Spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill, North Pownal, Vermont, August 1910\". This photograph was featured on a U.S. stamp[10] commemorating the passage of the first child labor laws (see the Keating–Owen Act). Elizabeth Winthrop has written a novel, Counting on Grace,[11] inspired by Card's photograph and life.The Berkshire Street Railway Company began trolley service from Williamstown to Bennington via Pownal on June 27, 1907. Service was discontinued in 1927.[12] The brick power station still stands along Route 7.Lime quarries operated in North Pownal until 1936. A rail car line extended from the southernmost quarry to the mill on the west side of Route 346, where the stone was crushed and packaged for shipment.The Green Mountain Race Track opened in 1963. The track offered both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing until 1977, and greyhound racing from 1976 to 1992.[13] Since closing as a racetrack, the site has hosted live events occasionally, including a rock concert in the Lollapalooza series in 1996, and antique car shows from 2005 to 2008. As of April 2022, the racetrack appears to be unused and fallen into disrepair.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Troy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scoutmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoutmaster"},{"link_name":"BSA headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America_National_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Troy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Camp Ilium","text":"The YMCA's Camp Ilium was in Pownal. Ilium is notable because on September 10, 1910, S. F. Lester of Troy, New York, became the very first person to hold the Scouting leadership position of Scoutmaster (approved by the BSA). He received his certification from the BSA headquarters in New York City. In 1910 he led a group of 30 scouts to the camp. Camp Ilium was the starting point of the Boy Scout Movement for Pownal and Troy, New York.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Pownal_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williamstown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Petersburgh, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburgh,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-16"},{"link_name":"Hoosic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosic_River"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_7_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Vermont Route 346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Route_346"},{"link_name":"Long Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Trail"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Club"}],"text":"Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, North PownalPownal is the southwesternmost town in Vermont; it is bordered by Williamstown, Massachusetts, to the south and Petersburgh, New York, to the west. Pownal also borders the towns of Stamford to the east, Woodford to the northeast, and Bennington to the north. It is closer to Hartford, Connecticut than it is to Burlington.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.7 square miles (121.0 km2), of which 46.4 square miles (120.3 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.7 km2), or 0.58%, is water.[16] Pownal is drained by the Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson River.The town is crossed by two state-maintained highways: U.S. Route 7, which is the town's main road; and Vermont Route 346, a short route that begins at U.S. 7 at the village of Pownal and runs northwestward (along the Hoosic River) to the New York state line.The Long Trail, America's oldest long-distance hiking trail, begins in Pownal on the border with Massachusetts within the Green Mountain National Forest. The trail in that location is also part of the Appalachian Trail. It was created by and is managed by the Green Mountain Club.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 3,560 people, 1,373 households, and 1,010 families residing in the town. The population density was 76.3 people per square mile (29.5/km2). There were 1,563 housing units at an average density of 33.5 per square mile (12.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.84% White, 0.28% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.There were 1,373 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.95.In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $39,149, and the median income for a family was $41,006. Males had a median income of $30,753 versus $24,212 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,669. About 8.5% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel S. Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_S._Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congressman from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_26th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"James Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fisk_(financier)"},{"link_name":"Abraham B. Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_B._Gardner"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Barbara Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Howes"},{"link_name":"Amby McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amby_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"text":"Samuel S. Ellsworth, U.S. Congressman from New York\nJames Fisk, businessman of the mid- to late-1800s\nAbraham B. Gardner, Lieutenant Governor of Vermont\nBarbara Howes, poet\nAmby McConnell, Major League Baseball player","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pownal has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps.[18]","title":"Climate"}]

[{"image_text":"The Mooar-Wright House in 1909, one of the oldest houses in Vermont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mooar-Wright_House%2C_Pownal%2C_VT.jpg/220px-Mooar-Wright_House%2C_Pownal%2C_VT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Addie Card, child laborer, from a 1910 photograph by Lewis Hine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AddieCard05282vLewisHine.jpg/220px-AddieCard05282vLewisHine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, North Pownal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/North_Pownal_Church.jpg/220px-North_Pownal_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Vermont highlighting Bennington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Map_of_Vermont_highlighting_Bennington_County.svg/61px-Map_of_Vermont_highlighting_Bennington_County.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US5000357025","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Church History\". Pownal Center Community Church. Retrieved March 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pownalcenterchurch.com/church-history/","url_text":"\"Church History\""}]},{"reference":"Sine, Iqzero.net and Dick. \"US Stamp Gallery >> Child labor reform\".","urls":[{"url":"http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=d4351ef21f203a2aa1397904f4fef7f45539adec","url_text":"\"US Stamp Gallery >> Child labor reform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Counting on Grace, a new novel by Elizabeth Winthrop\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070312153616/http://www.elizabethwinthrop.com/grace_qa.html/","url_text":"\"Counting on Grace, a new novel by Elizabeth Winthrop\""},{"url":"http://www.elizabethwinthrop.com/grace_qa.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cummings, O. R. (1972). BERKSHIRE STREET RAILWAY. Warehouse Point, Connecticut: Connecticut Valley Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. ISBN 0-910506-15-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910506-15-9","url_text":"0-910506-15-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Mountain Racetrack - Obscure Vermont\". urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com/tag/the-green-mountain-racetrack/","url_text":"\"The Green Mountain Racetrack - Obscure Vermont\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Kevin. \"This Day in 1910 in The Record: Aug. 10, 1910\". troyrecord.com. Retrieved October 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2010/08/10/opinion/doc4c6023c2d22ff856756887.txt","url_text":"\"This Day in 1910 in The Record: Aug. 10, 1910\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212163549/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US5000357025","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Pownal town, Bennington County, Vermont\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US5000357025","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pownal, Vermont Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5634&cityname=Pownal,%20Vermont,%20United%20States%20of%20America&units=","url_text":"\"Pownal, Vermont Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bnica,_Gniezno_County

Dębnica, Gniezno County

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°35′N 17°29′E / 52.583°N 17.483°E / 52.583; 17.483For other places with the same name, see Dębnica. Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandDębnicaVillageChurch in DębnicaDębnicaCoordinates: 52°35′N 17°29′E / 52.583°N 17.483°E / 52.583; 17.483Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyGnieznoGminaKłeckoPopulation530 Dębnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłecko, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Kłecko, 10 km (6 mi) north-west of Gniezno, and 44 km (27 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina KłeckoTown and seat Kłecko Villages Bielawy Biskupice Bojanice Brzozogaj Charbowo Czechy Dębnica Działyń Dziećmiarki Gorzuchowo Kamieniec Komorowo Kopydłowo Michalcza Polska Wieś Pomarzany Pruchnowo Sulin Świniary Ułanowo Waliszewo Wilkowyja Zakrzewo External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dębnica, Gniezno County. This Gniezno County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dębnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bnica_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[dɛmbˈnit͡sa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Kłecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_K%C5%82ecko"},{"link_name":"Gniezno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno_County"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Kłecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82ecko"},{"link_name":"Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Dębnica.Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandDębnica [dɛmbˈnit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłecko, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Kłecko, 10 km (6 mi) north-west of Gniezno, and 44 km (27 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.","title":"Dębnica, Gniezno County"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holod,_Bihor

Holod, Bihor

["1 Natives","2 References"]

Coordinates: 46°47′N 22°8′E / 46.783°N 22.133°E / 46.783; 22.133Commune in Bihor, RomaniaHolodCommuneLocation in Bihor CountyHolodLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°47′N 22°8′E / 46.783°N 22.133°E / 46.783; 22.133CountryRomaniaCountyBihorPopulation (2021-12-01)3,221Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.BH Holod (Hungarian: Pusztahollód) is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Dumbrava (Tenkemocsár), Dumbrăvița (Kisdombró), Forosig (Forrószeg), Hodiș (Káptalanhodos), Holod, Lupoaia (Farkaspatak), Valea Mare de Codru (Alsópatak), and Vintere (Venter). At the 2011 census, 77.2% of inhabitants were Romanians, 21.3% Roma, and 0.8% Hungarians. Natives Iuliu Hirțea (1914–1978), Romanian bishop of the Greek-Catholic Church Iosif Vulcan (1841–1907), magazine editor, poet, playwright, and novelist References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. vteBihor County, RomaniaCities Oradea (county seat) Beiuș Marghita Salonta Towns Aleșd Nucet Săcueni Ștei Valea lui Mihai Vașcău Communes Abram Aștileu Aușeu Avram Iancu Balc Batăr Biharia Boianu Mare Borod Borș Bratca Brusturi Budureasa Buduslău Bulz Buntești Căbești Câmpani Căpâlna Cărpinet Cefa Ceica Cetariu Cherechiu Chișlaz Ciumeghiu Cociuba Mare Copăcel Criștioru de Jos Curățele Curtuișeni Derna Diosig Dobrești Drăgănești Drăgești Finiș Gepiu Girișu de Criș Hidișelu de Sus Holod Husasău de Tinca Ineu Lăzăreni Lazuri de Beiuș Lugașu de Jos Lunca Mădăras Măgești Nojorid Olcea Oșorhei Paleu Petreu Pietroasa Pocola Pomezeu Popești Răbăgani Remetea Rieni Roșia Roșiori Săcădat Sălacea Sălard Sâmbăta Sâniob Sânmartin Sânnicolau Român Sântandrei Sârbi Șimian Șinteu Șoimi Spinuș Șuncuiuș Suplacu de Barcău Tămășeu Tărcaia Tarcea Tăuteu Țețchea Tileagd Tinca Toboliu Tulca Uileacu de Beiuș Vadu Crișului Vârciorog Viișoara This Bihor County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall,_Dunfermline

Carnegie Hall, Dunfermline

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 56°04′19″N 3°27′14″W / 56.07189°N 3.45378°W / 56.07189; -3.45378Theatre in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland Carnegie Hall, DunfermlineLocation within ScotlandGeneral informationArchitectural styleArt DecoCoordinates56°04′19″N 3°27′13″W / 56.07194°N 3.45361°W / 56.07194; -3.45361Opened1937 Carnegie Hall is an Art Deco theatre located in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. It was named after the industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, who was born in Dunfermline. Designed by architects Muirhead and Rutherford, it was officially opened in 1937 and was designated a Category B listed building in 1993. Billy Connolly recorded his 1976 album Atlantic Bridge at both at the Dunfermline theatre and at Carnegie Hall in New York. The Music Institute, which is adjoined to Carnegie Hall, was once called Benachie House and was converted into the institute between 1933 and 1937. The original house dates from around 1865. References ^ "Carnegie Hall". ONFife. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ "The Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum". Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ MacKay, J. A. (1997). Little Boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie. ISBN 978-1851588329. ^ a b "Carnegie Hall History". ONFife. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "EAST PORT, CARNEGIE HALL, INCLUDING BOUNDARY WALL AND STEPS TO NORTH (LB26066)". Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ "Carnegie Hall - Dictionary of Scottish Architects". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2022. ^ Gifford, John (2002). Fife. London: Penguin. p. 188. ISBN 9780300096736. External links Carnegie Hall official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnegie Hall, Dunfermline. 56°04′19″N 3°27′14″W / 56.07189°N 3.45378°W / 56.07189; -3.45378 This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carnegiehallhistory-4"},{"link_name":"Category B listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_B_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Billy Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carnegiehallhistory-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Theatre in Dunfermline, Fife, ScotlandCarnegie Hall is an Art Deco theatre located in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland.[1] It was named after the industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, who was born in Dunfermline.[2][3] Designed by architects Muirhead and Rutherford,[4] it was officially opened in 1937 and was designated a Category B listed building in 1993.[5]Billy Connolly recorded his 1976 album Atlantic Bridge at both at the Dunfermline theatre and at Carnegie Hall in New York.[4]The Music Institute, which is adjoined to Carnegie Hall, was once called Benachie House and was converted into the institute between 1933 and 1937.[6] The original house dates from around 1865.[7]","title":"Carnegie Hall, Dunfermline"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Carnegie Hall\". ONFife. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onfife.com/venues/carnegie-hall","url_text":"\"Carnegie Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum\". Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carnegiebirthplace.com/","url_text":"\"The Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum\""}]},{"reference":"MacKay, J. A. (1997). Little Boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie. ISBN 978-1851588329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851588329","url_text":"978-1851588329"}]},{"reference":"\"Carnegie Hall History\". ONFife. Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onfife.com/venues/carnegie-hall/history","url_text":"\"Carnegie Hall History\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"EAST PORT, CARNEGIE HALL, INCLUDING BOUNDARY WALL AND STEPS TO NORTH (LB26066)\". Retrieved 31 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB26066","url_text":"\"EAST PORT, CARNEGIE HALL, INCLUDING BOUNDARY WALL AND STEPS TO NORTH (LB26066)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carnegie Hall - Dictionary of Scottish Architects\". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=212611","url_text":"\"Carnegie Hall - Dictionary of Scottish Architects\""}]},{"reference":"Gifford, John (2002). Fife. London: Penguin. p. 188. ISBN 9780300096736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300096736","url_text":"9780300096736"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara,_Bali

Negara, Bali

["1 Etymology","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 8°21′25″S 114°37′1″E / 8.35694°S 114.61694°E / -8.35694; 114.61694Place in Bali, IndonesiaNegaraNickname: ᬒᬁᬢᬶᬬᬂNegaraLocation in BaliShow map of BaliNegaraLocation in IndonesiaShow map of IndonesiaCoordinates: 8°21′25″S 114°37′1″E / 8.35694°S 114.61694°E / -8.35694; 114.61694CountryIndonesiaProvinceBaliRegencyJembrana RegencyTime zoneUTC+8 (WITA) Negara is the capital city of the Jembrana Regency in Bali, Indonesia. Etymology Negara means city in the Balinese language. The word originates from the Sanskrit word Nagara, with the same meaning. References ^ "Profil - Pemetaan Wilayah Pemerintahan Kabupaten Jembrana". Retrieved 5 January 2013. External links Negara travel guide from Wikivoyage This Bali location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jembrana Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembrana_Regency"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Place in Bali, IndonesiaNegara is the capital city of the Jembrana Regency in Bali, Indonesia.[1]","title":"Negara, Bali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"}],"text":"Negara means city in the Balinese language. The word originates from the Sanskrit word Nagara, with the same meaning.","title":"Etymology"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Profil - Pemetaan Wilayah Pemerintahan Kabupaten Jembrana\". Retrieved 5 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://jembranakab.go.id/index.php?module=wilayah","url_text":"\"Profil - Pemetaan Wilayah Pemerintahan Kabupaten Jembrana\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negara,_Bali&params=8_21_25_S_114_37_1_E_region:ID_type:city","external_links_name":"8°21′25″S 114°37′1″E / 8.35694°S 114.61694°E / -8.35694; 114.61694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Negara,_Bali&params=8_21_25_S_114_37_1_E_region:ID_type:city","external_links_name":"8°21′25″S 114°37′1″E / 8.35694°S 114.61694°E / -8.35694; 114.61694"},{"Link":"http://jembranakab.go.id/index.php?module=wilayah","external_links_name":"\"Profil - Pemetaan Wilayah Pemerintahan Kabupaten Jembrana\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negara,_Bali&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_Grove,_Indiana

Boone Grove, Indiana

["1 History","2 Schools","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°21′17″N 87°08′03″W / 41.35472°N 87.13417°W / 41.35472; -87.13417 Unincorporated town and Census-designated place in Indiana, United StatesBoone Grove, IndianaUnincorporated town and Census-designated placeLocation in the state of IndianaBoone Grove, IndianaShow map of IndianaBoone Grove, IndianaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 41°21′17″N 87°08′03″W / 41.35472°N 87.13417°W / 41.35472; -87.13417CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyPorterTownshipPorterArea • Total0.28 sq mi (0.72 km2) • Land0.28 sq mi (0.72 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation719 ft (219 m)Population (2000) • Total80 • Density290/sq mi (111/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code46302Area code219GNIS feature ID2830497 Boone Grove is an unincorporated town in Porter County, Indiana, southwest of the city of Valparaiso. History Boone Grove originated as the Boon Grove Post Office (no "e") on December 28, 1843, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of its current location. In 1881–82, the Chicago and Erie Railroad was built through the township and the post office moved to the current location, along with most of the original community members. The town witnessed its greatest growth between 1890 and 1910. The Modern Woodmen of America Lodge (1908) at the corner of Main Street and County Road 350 West is a reminder of this period. The Porter Township High School was constructed in 1931 on Main Street at Lucretia Street. Although significantly changed with additions, it remains the township's elementary and middle school. Church in Boone Grove, circa 1910 Railroad station, 1910 Schools The current Boone Grove High School is not located in the community of Boone Grove, but rather in Valparaiso, Indiana, although 5.5 miles (8.9 km) outside of that city; County Road 260 South 500 West is the school's postal address. The former high school (which is now operates as Boone Grove Elementary and Middle School) is located in Boone Grove adjacent to a farm. The high school's track and field team practices behind the former high school. The baseball and softball teams each have a field at the high school; however, there are additional ball fields at the former high school. There are four tennis courts at the high school and none at the former high school. The Boone Grove school mascot is a Wolf; the sports teams at Boone Grove High School are nicknamed the "Wolves." The current Boone Grove Middle School has a mixture of children from the Boone Grove Elementary School and the nearby Porter Lakes Elementary School located on County Road 725 West in Hebron. Boone Grove High School Baseball won the 2018 IHSAA 2A State Championship, beating Southridge High School 5–4 at Victory Field in Indianapolis, June 19, 2018. Boone Grove High School Football completed the school's first undefeated regular season in 2019, dominating the Greater South Shore Conference, and compiling a 9–0 record. References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Boone Grove, Indiana ^ a b Shook, Steven R. "Historical Images of Porter County". PORTER COUNTY, INDIANA. Indiana GenWeb Project. Retrieved February 15, 2022. ^ a b "Boone Grove High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved February 8, 2021. ^ a b "Boone Grove High School: Sports". Boone Grove High School. Retrieved November 9, 2015. External links Media related to Boone Grove, Indiana at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities and communities of Porter County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: ValparaisoCities Portage Valparaiso Map of Indiana highlighting Porter CountyTowns Beverly Shores Burns Harbor Chesterton Dune Acres Hebron Kouts Ogden Dunes Porter Town of Pines Townships Boone Center Jackson Liberty Morgan Pine Pleasant Portage Porter Union Washington Westchester CDPs Aberdeen Boone Grove Lake Eliza Lakes of the Four Seasons‡ Malden Salt Creek Commons Shorewood Forest South Haven Wheeler Othercommunities Beatrice Burdick Clanricarde Coburg Crocker Furnessville Hillcrest Hurlburt Porter Crossroads Sedley Suman Tassinong Woodville Ghost towns Baillytown City West New City West/Tremont Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Indiana portal United States portal

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[{"reference":"Shook, Steven R. \"Historical Images of Porter County\". PORTER COUNTY, INDIANA. Indiana GenWeb Project. Retrieved February 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inportercounty.org/PhotoPages/BooneGrove/Index-BooneGrove.html","url_text":"\"Historical Images of Porter County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boone Grove High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=180918001521","url_text":"\"Boone Grove High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boone Grove High School: Sports\". Boone Grove High School. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bghs.ptsc.k12.in.us/?PageName=%27Sports%27","url_text":"\"Boone Grove High School: Sports\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Township,_Lake_County,_Michigan

Lake Township, Lake County, Michigan

["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]

Coordinates: 43°50′46″N 85°58′03″W / 43.84611°N 85.96750°W / 43.84611; -85.96750For other Lake Townships in Michigan, see Lake Township, Michigan. Civil township in Michigan, United StatesLake Township, MichiganCivil townshipLocation within Lake CountyLake TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganLake TownshipLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°50′46″N 85°58′03″W / 43.84611°N 85.96750°W / 43.84611; -85.96750CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyLakeArea • Total36.0 sq mi (93.2 km2) • Land34.1 sq mi (88.2 km2) • Water1.9 sq mi (4.9 km2)Elevation820 ft (250 m)Population (2000) • Total849 • Density24.9/sq mi (9.6/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code26-44320GNIS feature ID1626574 Lake Township is a civil township of Lake County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 849 at the 2000 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93 km2), of which 34.1 square miles (88 km2) is land and 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) (5.31%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 849 people, 412 households, and 276 families residing in the township. The population density was 24.9 inhabitants per square mile (9.6/km2). There were 2,190 housing units at an average density of 64.3 per square mile (24.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.82% White, 4.83% African American, 1.06% Native American, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.12% of the population. There were 412 households, out of which 13.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.44. In the township the population was spread out, with 12.7% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 17.6% from 25 to 44, 37.1% from 45 to 64, and 29.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males. The median income for a household in the township was $26,806, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $30,167 versus $17,337 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,053. About 11.2% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.3% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Township, Lake County, Michigan vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: BaldwinVillages Baldwin Luther Map of Michigan highlighting Lake County.svgTownships Chase Cherry Valley Dover Eden Elk Ellsworth Lake Newkirk Peacock Pinora Pleasant Plains Sauble Sweetwater Webber Yates Unincorporatedcommunities Branch‡ Chase Idlewild Irons Peacock Sauble Wolf Lake Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Township, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Township,_Michigan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000"}],"text":"For other Lake Townships in Michigan, see Lake Township, Michigan.Civil township in Michigan, United StatesLake Township is a civil township of Lake County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 849 at the 2000 census.","title":"Lake Township, Lake County, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93 km2), of which 34.1 square miles (88 km2) is land and 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) (5.31%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 849 people, 412 households, and 276 families residing in the township. The population density was 24.9 inhabitants per square mile (9.6/km2). There were 2,190 housing units at an average density of 64.3 per square mile (24.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.82% White, 4.83% African American, 1.06% Native American, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.12% of the population.There were 412 households, out of which 13.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.44.In the township the population was spread out, with 12.7% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 17.6% from 25 to 44, 37.1% from 45 to 64, and 29.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males.The median income for a household in the township was $26,806, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $30,167 versus $17,337 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,053. About 11.2% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.3% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Creek,_New_York

Red Creek, New York

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 Housing","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°14′52″N 76°43′22″W / 43.24778°N 76.72278°W / 43.24778; -76.72278 Village in New York, United StatesRed Creek, New YorkVillageNickname: "Red Crick or The Creek."Location in Wayne County and the state of New York.Red Creek, New YorkLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 43°14′52″N 76°43′22″W / 43.24778°N 76.72278°W / 43.24778; -76.72278CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyWayneTownWolcottSettled1811 (1811)Incorporated1852 (1852)Named forThe Creek which passes through its entirety. Originally, Big Red and Little Red Creeks were believed to be named from the waters color, which was tainted from passing over iron ore that richly runs throughout the water bed. Both major and lesser creeks were originally fed from Mud Creek, which was later transformed into the Erie Canal.Government • TypeBoard of Trustees • MayorCharles A. Palermo • ClerkMartha DygertArea • Total0.94 sq mi (2.42 km2) • Land0.91 sq mi (2.35 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2)Elevation341 ft (104 m)Population (2020) • Total495 • Density544.55/sq mi (210.34/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code13143Area code(s)315 and 680FIPS code36-60829GNIS feature ID0962279Websitehttp://www.wolcottny.org/village-of-red-creek.html Red Creek is a village in Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 495 at the 2020 census. The Village of Red Creek is located at the eastern edge of the Town of Wolcott and shares a border with both the Town of Sterling and Town of Victory in Cayuga County. The village is west of Syracuse and east of Rochester. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The village was permanently settled circa 1811 and was originally called "Jacksonville" after Andrew Jackson. The name was changed to "Red Creek" in approximately 1836. The name change was attributed to the creek which passes through its entirety. Originally, Big Red and Little Red Creeks were believed to be named from the waters color, which was tainted from passing over iron ore that richly runs throughout the water bed. Local lore explains the origin of the name Red Creek. At one time, a tannery occupied the spot on the north side of the falls. As part of the tanning process, dye was used to tan skins. Dye was disposed of in the pond which then flowed over the dam's falls, coloring it red. The village was incorporated in 1852. In 1874, most of the business district was consumed by fire. Geography Red Creek is located at 43°14′52″N 76°43′22″W / 43.24778°N 76.72278°W / 43.24778; -76.72278 (43.247848, -76.722786). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), of which 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.13%) is water. The village is at the border of Cayuga County. Red Creek is also the name of the creek that flows through the community, and dammed to form a small pond on the south edge of the village. New York State Route 104A passes through the village in a north–south direction as "Wolcott Street," "Water Street," and "Main Street." Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880525—1890492−6.3%1900480−2.4%1910457−4.8%19204907.2%193056014.3%1940539−3.7%195061714.5%196068911.7%1970626−9.1%19806453.0%1990566−12.2%2000521−8.0%20105322.1%2020495−7.0%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2020, there were 495 people, 230 households, and 180 families residing in the village. The population density was 550 inhabitants per square mile (210/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 93.5% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 230 households, out of which 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 33.5% had a female householder with no spouse present, 7.8% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 21.7% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 2.98. In the village, the population was spread out, with 40.8% under the age of 20, 4.2% from 20 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.1 males. The median income for a household in the village was $62,857, and the median income for a family was $68,125. Males had a median income of $60,759 versus $29,167 for females. The per capita income for the village was $72,240. About 12.8% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18. Housing There were 217 housing units at an average density of 241.1 per square mile (93.1/km2); a total of 15.7% of housing units were vacant. There were 183 occupied housing units in the village, of which 158 were owner-occupied units (86.3%), while 72 were renter-occupied (39.3%). The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.0% of total units. The rental unit vacancy rate was 7.7%. Notable people George Mangus, baseball player Mike Novak, basketball player References ^ Village of Red Creek, Village Board, Retrieved May 25, 2019. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 19, 2015. External links Official website Red Creek Fire Department History of Red Creek, NY RW&O Railroad, Red Creek, NY vteMunicipalities and communities of Wayne County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: LyonsTowns Arcadia Butler Galen Huron Lyons Macedon Marion Ontario Palmyra Rose Savannah Sodus Walworth Williamson Wolcott Map of New York highlighting Wayne CountyVillages Clyde Newark Palmyra Red Creek Sodus Sodus Point Wolcott CDPs Gananda Lyons Macedon Marion North Rose Ontario Pultneyville Savannah Walworth Williamson Hamlets Alloway Alton Butler Center East Palmyra East Williamson Fairville Huron Lincoln Lock Berlin Macedon Center Marbletown Marengo Mud Mills Ontario Center Rose Sodus Center South Butler Union Hill‡ Wallington Wayne Center West Walworth Westbury‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

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The population was 495 at the 2020 census.The Village of Red Creek is located at the eastern edge of the Town of Wolcott and shares a border with both the Town of Sterling and Town of Victory in Cayuga County. The village is west of Syracuse and east of Rochester.","title":"Red Creek, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"}],"text":"The village was permanently settled circa 1811 and was originally called \"Jacksonville\" after Andrew Jackson. The name was changed to \"Red Creek\" in approximately 1836.The name change was attributed to the creek which passes through its entirety. Originally, Big Red and Little Red Creeks were believed to be named from the waters color, which was tainted from passing over iron ore that richly runs throughout the water bed.Local lore explains the origin of the name Red Creek. At one time, a tannery occupied the spot on the north side of the falls. As part of the tanning process, dye was used to tan skins. Dye was disposed of in the pond which then flowed over the dam's falls, coloring it red.The village was incorporated in 1852. In 1874, most of the business district was consumed by fire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°14′52″N 76°43′22″W / 43.24778°N 76.72278°W / 43.24778; -76.72278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Creek,_New_York&params=43_14_52_N_76_43_22_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Cayuga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 104A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_104A"}],"text":"Red Creek is located at 43°14′52″N 76°43′22″W / 43.24778°N 76.72278°W / 43.24778; -76.72278 (43.247848, -76.722786).[3]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), of which 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.13%) is water.The village is at the border of Cayuga County.Red Creek is also the name of the creek that flows through the community, and dammed to form a small pond on the south edge of the village.New York State Route 104A passes through the village in a north–south direction as \"Wolcott Street,\" \"Water Street,\" and \"Main Street.\"","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2020, there were 495 people, 230 households, and 180 families residing in the village. The population density was 550 inhabitants per square mile (210/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 93.5% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.There were 230 households, out of which 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 33.5% had a female householder with no spouse present, 7.8% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 21.7% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 2.98.In the village, the population was spread out, with 40.8% under the age of 20, 4.2% from 20 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.1 males.The median income for a household in the village was $62,857, and the median income for a family was $68,125. Males had a median income of $60,759 versus $29,167 for females. The per capita income for the village was $72,240. About 12.8% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"There were 217 housing units at an average density of 241.1 per square mile (93.1/km2); a total of 15.7% of housing units were vacant.There were 183 occupied housing units in the village, of which 158 were owner-occupied units (86.3%), while 72 were renter-occupied (39.3%). The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.0% of total units. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirur,_Iran

Tirur, Iran

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 27°20′21″N 56°57′20″E / 27.33917°N 56.95556°E / 27.33917; 56.95556City in Hormozgan province, Iran For other places with the same name, see Tirur. City in Hormozgan, IranTirur Persian: تيرورCityTirurCoordinates: 27°20′21″N 56°57′20″E / 27.33917°N 56.95556°E / 27.33917; 56.95556Country IranProvinceHormozganCountyMinabDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total4,871Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Tirur (Persian: تيرور, also Romanized as Tīrūr) is a city in the Central District of Minab County, Hormozgan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,037 in 873 households, when it was a village in Gurband Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 4,362 people in 1,098 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 4,871 people in 1,365 households, by which time the village had been elevated to the status of a city. Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (10 September 2023). "Tirur, Minab County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 10 September 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Tirur can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3087516" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (29 June 1391). "Approval letter regarding the transformation of the villages of Tazian-e Pain, Kuhestak, Tirur and Lamazan into cities". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political and Defense Commission. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. vteHormozgan Province, IranCapital Bandar Abbas Counties and citiesAbumusa County Abu Musa Bandar Abbas County Bandar Abbas Fin Bandar Lengeh County Bandar Charak Bandar Lengeh Kish Kong Bashagard County Sardasht Bastak County Bastak Jenah Kukherd Hajjiabad County Fareghan Hajjiabad Jask County Jask Khamir County Bandar Khamir Ruydar Minab County Hasht Bandi Minab Senderk Sirik Parsian County Parsian Qeshm County Dargahan Hormuz Qeshm Suza Rudan County Rudan Ziarat-e Ali Sights Boz Dam Caravanserai of Bastak Castle of Aamaj Castle of Siba Dariush Grand Hotel Dasak Mountain Fort of Our Lady of the Conception Geno Biosphere Reserve Hara forests of Qeshm Harireh Hindu Temple, Bandar Abbas The Historic Bath of Siba Khe Aab Mountain Kish Island Greek Ship Lashtan Castle, Bandar Lengeh Mehran River Nakh Mountain Paraw Kukherd Portuguese Castle, Qeshm Island Takhti Stadium Terenah Zeer Mountain populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province See also Greater and Lesser Tunbs Hendurabi Hengam Island Hormuz Island Larak Island Lavan Island Shidvar Island Sirri Island Strait of Hormuz vte Minab CountyCapital Minab DistrictsCentralCities Minab Rural Districts and villagesBand-e Zarak Bagh Golan Ban Bast Band-e Zarak Chah Kar Damaghrig Darbagh Dudu Eslamabad Gabrani Gorazuiyeh Gowdu Gurzang Jan Gan Jushki Kalut Kardar Kargan Kash Qalman-e Bala Kash Qalman-e Pain Khoshkabad Kohneh Shahr Kombil Konar Esmail Konar-e Torsh Kulegh Kalam Kulegh Kashi Mahmudi Miskanak Moghiri Pulad-e Qasemi Qader Khani Reza Alichi Rezayi Roknabad Salmani Sangaki Sar Shif Sarmast Shimilu Shomjuiyeh Suleqan Talvar Teybi Shahi Tom Baluchan Tom-e Khvajeh Bahmani Zehuki Gurband Chah Esmail Chah Shirin Dom Shahr Gurband Hajji Khademi Mahreghan Now Band-e Jadid Now Band-e Qadim Poshteh-ye Gurband Tirur Ziarat Mowla Howmeh Ahmadabad-e Koleybi Bahmani Baziari Bolboli Chah-e Neshini Darkhaneh Deh-e Vosta Fakhrabad Golshavar Hakami Hanai Sarrigan Jowzan Kalentan Kalu Khvajeh Shamsi Koleybi Mahmudi Makian Mirabad Molla Hasani Molla Jamati Nasirai Paziarat Poshteh-ye Aliabad Poshteh-ye Azadegan Poshteh-ye Mohnu Qasem-e Jelali Sar Kam Bahmani Sarkontkan Sarrigan Shah Mansuri Shahmoradi Shahvarpalur Shamju Talar Tombak-e Bala Tombak-e Pain Tombanu Tomb-e Gowhar Tomb-e Sat Karian Aha Khani Baghak Berenzaki Borhan Chahshur-e Halvayi-ye Yek Gahru Gasman Halavan Halvai-ye Do Halvai-ye Seh Jafarabad Kachek Kahtek Kahurdan Karian Koshtaran Kutak-e Qalat Kutak-e Rayisi Pabanan Palangi Pamanbar Poshteh Talang Qalaman-e Abdollah Qalamzani Qalat-e Rostam Ravang Tahtan Talang-e Anbari Talang-e Saratak Zartuji Ziarat-e Talang Tiab Baghuni Chalow-ye Gavmishi Dalalun Dehu Espangun Gishnu Hajjiabad Kolahi Mah Khatuni Mahmud Shahi Mashahran Mazegh-e Bala Mazegh-e Pain Nakhl-e Ebrahimi Sarbaran Sobohti Tiab SenderkCities Senderk Rural Districts and villagesBondar Bondar Chah Hanan Chah Kharu Chahlak Charubuni Cherak-e Bala Cherak-e Pain Darjak Emamabad Gizanag Gonbad-e Sorkh Hangar Kalat-e Mahmak Mosheka ol Din Owdui Posht Kalat Sadar Shirish Somsili Tam Babol Tigh Siah Dar Pahn Benambani Bonkaram Dahan-e Dar Dahich Dar Pahn Darjadun Davari-ye Bala Davari-ye Pain Dehnow Devin Esfand Eslamabad Gashiraz Gudi Henj Jehad Kal-e Alivan Kart Zani Kashpiri Naz Parazan Qadamgah-e Hazrat-e Ali Ropeka Sarkahnan-e Davari Sefid Kuh Shibkuh Tombu-e Bala Tombu-e Pain Zamindar Senderk Abdollahabad Aliabad Anbarak Arangu-ye Bala Arangu-ye Pain Arreh Kan Banzir Beneh Kan Bing Choragh-e Suz Dargelu Daviri Deh-e Ziaratan Garu Genan Guner Keshaharan Khurhuy Kohnak Lur Mazagh-e Kurian Mazavi Owtrang Pishunla Key Sarmazegh Sheykh Amr Shivehi Sit TukahurCities Hasht Bandi Rural Districts and villagesCheraghabad Ahmadabad Amirabad Cheraghabad Cheraghabad-e Bala Cheraghabad-e Jonubi Cheraghabad-e Markazi Dahandar Hamin Hasht Bandi-ye Do Heyatabad Jafarabad Kahurtak Kalatak Kuy-e Hejrat Mazraeh-ye Tafzali Mojtame-ye Emam Nil Gary Rig Deraz Rig Kag Tom Malantaki Tukahur Anjirak Bandak Chah Deraz Chah Gharbal Chah Heydar Chah Sharif Hojjatabad Kahnan-e Sarney Pasangar Rashk Rig Muled Sohran Tomparitak Tukahur This Minab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Wright,_1st_Baronet

Sir James Wright, 1st Baronet

["1 Background","1.1 Huband family","2 First period in Italy, courtier","3 Second period in Italy","4 Later life in politics","5 Residence, collection and estates","6 Family","6.1 Third period in Italy","6.2 Sir George Wright, 2nd Baronet","6.3 Ray Lodge","6.4 Aftermath","7 References"]

English diplomat and art collector Not to be confused with Sir James Wright (8 May 1716 – 20 November 1785), the last British Royal Governor of the Province of Georgia. Sir James Wright, 1st Baronet (baptised 1730 – 1804), of Ray House, Essex, was a British diplomat and art collector. He was the ambassador to Venice for Great Britain from 1766 to 1774. Background He was the son of James Wright of Warwick (d. 1754) and Mary Huband (1700 – 1768). He is usually referred to as gentleman, but may have been an attorney at law by training or profession. Wright's parents were married on 20 May 1728 in Ipsley, Worcester, England. He was baptised on 8 April 1730 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England. He had a brother, John (1729 – probably died young), and two sisters, Mary (1734 – about 1807) and Jane (1736 – about 1765). His sister Mary Wright married Rice Charleton, an English physician, medical researcher, and Fellow of the Royal Society on 11 November 1759 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England. His sister Jane Wright married John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury (26 April 1730 – 18 January 1805) on 29 April 1763 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England. His father, James Wright of Warwick, purchased his wife's sisters' shares of the manor Hurstborne, and owned lands on Cubbington and Butlers Marston. Huband family Further information: Huband baronets His maternal grandparents were Sir John Huband, 2nd Baronet of Ipsley Court in Warwickshire and Rhoda, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Broughton, Baronet of Broughton in the county of Stafford by Rhoda, daughter of John Amcotts of Aisthorpe in Lincolnshire, Esq. by Rhoda, daughter of Thomas Hussey of Caythorpe, eldest son of Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Anton, daughter of George Anton of Lincoln, and Member of Parliament for Grantham, by Rhoda (d. 11 Oct. 1686), daughter and coheiress of Thomas Chapman, Draper of Soper Lane, London and Wormley, Hertfordshire, who married secondly as his second wife Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron. His mother also had a sister named Rhoda, Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes. First period in Italy, courtier Wright and his wife Catherine first visited Venice in December 1758. An encounter there with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu led to an introduction to John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, and his wife Mary, daughter of Lady Mary. The couple apparently had a close marriage. It was observed by Lady Mary, during the time in Venice the two of them comforted each other over the loss of their stillborn child. It put her in mind of the Butes, friends whose company she enjoyed: and Catherine Wright became her correspondent. Wright was from that time on good terms with Lord Bute, who became Prime Minister in 1762, the relationship being described by William Bodham Donne as "private friend". Wright was a Groom of the Bedchamber to George III from 21 December 1762 to 30 May 1801. He was knighted on 3 July 1766. Second period in Italy Sir James Wright reached Venice as Resident in mid-September 1766. Shortly, by March 1767, Lord Northington, Lord Chancellor under successive Prime Ministers, showed a wish to exert nepotism on Wright's behalf: through his mother's sister Jane Huband, Wright was a nephew-by-marriage to Northington. Northington's demand, of priority for a move to Florence or Naples, disconcerted Horace Mann, Wright's friend who was settled at Florence. Wright tried to smooth matters over. Horace Walpole, Mann's correspondent, at the beginning of April was assuring Mann that he need not fear the intrigues of the "old drunken uncle" (Northington), given the influence of Mann's patron Henry Seymour Conway. Both the Wrights were afflicted by illness while in Venice: and they spent a period in England, of around two years, from August 1769 to August 1771, during which Robert Richie deputised for Sir James. Wright was created a baronet on 12 October 1772 for his services as His Majesty's Resident at Venice. The Wrights left Venice in 1773, and the posting officially terminated in 1774. John Udny (1727–1800), brother of Robert Udny, filled in for Wright, until his successor John Strange arrived. Later life in politics In 1778, Wright became involved in a political furore when he and Dr. Addington, his own and Chatham's physician, engaged in a futile attempt to bring about a political alliance between Bute and Chatham. This incident terminated the friendship with Bute. Residence, collection and estates In about 1770 Wright bought Ray House in Woodford from Bennet Hannot. He later took up residence in the two-storey five-bay brick mansion. Around 1773–6 Robert Adam worked on Ray House for Wright. Here Wright housed a collection of paintings acquired in his time in Venice. He was an art dealer, and made exaggerated claims for the works: a painting now attributed to Palma Vecchio was described by him as a Giorgione. He purchased amongst other works The Finding of Moses by Giambattista Tiepolo (as a Benedetto Caliari) in 1769, on behalf of Lord Bute. The painting of the biblical story is now in the National Gallery of Scotland. His time in Venice had allowed Wright some opportunity to develop as a connoisseur of painting, and he became a patron. He commissioned portraits: from Robert Fagan, Matthew William Peters, Joshua Reynolds, and Johann Zoffany. In the heated crayon debate of British art in the late 18th century, he contributed an opinion. Joseph Farington recorded in 1796 that at a Royal Academy committee meeting: A letter was read from Sir James Wright stating that 'having observed how much Crayon painting is fallen off in what he sees at the Exhibitions'. He offers the Academy a portrait by F. Cotes of Bromfield, the surgeon, as a lesson to the Students. Allegory by Palma Vecchio, owned by Sir James Wright, now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art Wright founded an artificial slate business on his estate in Woodford, noticed in Environs of London by Daniel Lysons, and mentioned by John Hassell as in a building using such slates. The product was publicised in an anonymous pamphlet of the 1780s, particularly directed towards export to the West Indies. In 1776 Wright went into the business as proprietor by purchasing a patent, from Henry Cook of Norfolk. He refined on the manufacturing process by importing ideas from Italy. Wright also acquired several adjacent estates, including Monkham house and farm. Family James Wright, then of Warwick, was married to Catherine Stapleton (1732–1802), only daughter of Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet, on 9 December 1754 at St George's Hanover Square Church, London. The wedding was officiated by Abraham Joseph Rudd, Curate of St. George, Hanover. The witnesses were Sir James Wright's maternal aunt Rhoda Cotes and her third husband William Maddott. The Stapletons were slave-owning proprietors of West Indian sugar plantations, and Sir William had died in 1740. A complex legal situation arose after the death in 1746 of his mother, Lady Frances. It was resolved in 1760–1, with Wright receiving a one-eighth share in West Indian property. A corresponding share in the Fountain (Stapletons) estate on St Kitts remained in the Wright family until 1840, when it was sold to Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere. In the period from 1776, the Fountains estate was in practice managed, from England, by Catherine Stapleton (1733–1815), first cousin to Catherine Wright, and close friend of Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham. In 1788 Wright gave away the bride at the second marriage of Thomas Haweis. She was Jennett Payne Orton, otherwise known as Miss Orton and Janet Payne Orton, a close associate of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. She is described as the niece of Sir Gillies Payne, 2nd Baronet, of Tempsford Hall, a connection to St Kitts where Payne owned two estates. The acquaintance with Haweis in 1791 drew Wright into unsuccessful negotiations on episcopal ordination of some missionaries hoping to sail on the Second Breadfruit Voyage of William Bligh to Tahiti, with John Moore, now Archbishop of Canterbury. Third period in Italy The Wrights spent further time in Italy during the 1790s. Their son George, an invalid, was there with his tutor, John Ireland, before the latter took up the living of Croydon in 1793. Lady Wright travelled to Italy in 1790, with her son, and Maria Cosway with her brother George Hadfield. Later Sir James came out, with Ireland; and bought more pictures on the trip. Sir George Wright, 2nd Baronet George Wright Their son George Ernest James Wright was baptised on 8 April 1770 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England. Sir James's sister Mary Charleton was his godmother. He married Rebecca Maclane (1772 – 10 January1819) of Ham, Surrey, on 3 June 1796 at St. Mary, Lambeth, Surrey, England. Officiating at the ceremony was his uncle-by-marriage, John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, the widower of his aunt, Jane. At the time of the wedding, the papers reported that Rebecca Maclane was the 'only daughter and heiress to Charles Maclane of Okingham in Berkshire' (Wokingham, in Victorian times the name became corrupted to Oakingham). Far more likely, as other sources note, she was the daughter of Duncan Maclane (d.1773) of the East India Company, gentleman, of Saint John, Hackney, Middlesex, and his wife Rebecca Brandey (d.1792) of Clapham, Surrey at the time she wrote her will. That would make her the Rebecca Maclane that was registered 2 September 1772 in a non-conformist and non-parochial register, born 3 August 1772, the daughter of Duncan Maclane and Rebecca, daughter of Joseph Bradney. A John Bradney was a witness at the wedding of George Wright and Rebecca Maclane. The couple first had one child, Ruperta Maria Wright, born on 21 August 1798, baptised on 1 September 1798 at Saint Mary, St. Marylebone in London, and died on 8 September 1798, buried at St. Marylebone, Westminster, England. Their only surviving child, Ruperta Catherine, married Edward Murray (5 November 1798 – 1 July 1852), Vicar of Northolt, Middlesex, the second son of the Reverend Lord George Murray, Bishop of St. David's, and nephew of the Duke of Atholl, on 14 February 1822. Ray Lodge Wright built Ray Lodge, near Ray House, for George, employing from 1793 as architect John Buonarotti Papworth. Aftermath Lady Wright died at Bath on 6 January 1802. The Wrights had then been living in Bath for some time. Sir James died at Bathford on 8 March 1804. His will was proven on 17 March 1804. In 1807, Sir George Wright sold his Ray House estate to Benjamin Hanson Inglish. On Sir George's death, in or before 1812, the baronetcy became extinct (or technically dormant), and the slate business closed down c. 1811, while a stone-cutting business for pipes in Dublin managed by George Papworth for Sir George, from 1806, lasted to 1812. Ray House was destroyed by fire in 1838. References ^ a b Marriage settlement: 1 Sir James Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq, and Dame Catherine, his wife, 2 George Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq (only child of 1), 3 Rebecca Maclane of Ham, Surrey, spinster. 1796. ^ James Wright Esq. buried on 12 Jul 1754 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England ^ The Last Will and Testament of James Wright, Residence: Warwick, Warwickshire, England, Probate Date: 19/07/1754, England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills. 19 July 1754. ^ a b c "Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020. Will of Sir James Wright of Bath proved 17/03/1804. In the will he requested his son George take the name Huband (which he did not do) after Sir James Wright's mother's maiden name. ^ Bundle containing documents relating to tithes, pedigrees, marriage settlements, footpaths, etc. CR 1908/199/11 Pedigree of the Huband family, the early information being copied from Dugdale, the later taken from deeds and showing the marriage of Mary Huband to James Wright, c. 1100 - c. 1750), c. 1750. ^ "House of Lords Journal Volume 21: March 1720, 1-10 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. ^ Mary Huband, daughter of John Huband and Rhoda, baptised on 5 November 1700 at Saint Anne, Soho, Westminster, London, England ^ Catalogue description: Cotes v Dawson. Document type: Bill and two answers. Plaintiffs: John Cotes, esq of Dodington, Cheshire and Dame Rhoda Delves his wife, James Wright, gent of Warwick, Warwickshire and Mary Wright his wife, Jane Huband, spinster aged 14 years, infant (by Mary Broughton, spinster; said Dame Rhoda Delves, Mary Wright and Jane Hubard are the sisters and co-heirs of Sir John Huband bart, deceased, late of Ipsley Court, Warwickshire). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Dawson, widow, Elianor Hutton, spinster and Dame Rhoda Huband, widow. Date of bill (or first document): 1731. Date: 1731. 1731. ^ Catalogue description: Short title: Hollister v Broughton. Document type: Two bills and nine answers. Plaintiffs: John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, James Wright, gent of Warwick and Mary Wright his wife (late Mary Huband). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Broughton, widow (only child and heir at law of Sir Thomas Delves bart, deceased late of Doddington, Cheshire), Sir Bryan Broughton bart of Broughton, Staffordshire and Jane Broughton infants (by said Dame Elizabeth Broughton, their mother) John Broughton esq, Robert Goode, churchwarden, Thomas Higgison, late churchwarden, William Fox junior, John Eedes, late overseers of the Poor of St Nicholas, Warwickshire, Thomas Knight, Abraham Lea, churchwardens of Wibunbury, Cheshire, William Greenwood, vicar of St Mary and St Nicholas in Warwick, James Fish, John Seaton, George Field, Thomas Cowper, William Smith and Richard Bullock, churchwardens and overseers of the poor of St Mary, aforesaid Jane Huband, an infant (by William Greenwood DD) John Dolben, clerk, John Cotes, esq and Dame Rhoda Cotes his wife (late Dame Rhoda Delves, widow of Sir Thomas Delves, bart deceased). Date of bill (or first document): 1734. Date: 1734. 1734. ^ Catalogue description: Huddesford v Bettinson. Document type: Depositions. Plaintiffs: William Huddesford, clerk and James Wright, gent. Defendants: William Bettenson, gent an infant (by Michael Chappleman). Depositions taken at Warwick, Warwickshire. Date of bill (or first document): 1725. Date: 1725. 1725. ^ Draft abstract of title to an estate at Mappleborough Green in the parish of Studley, commencing with a conveyance, dated 30 March 1728, from James Wright of Warwick, gent., to Court Dewes of Mappleboro' Green, esq., and ending with a conveyance, dated 26 December 1825, from Charles Adams to George Moore. Date: 30 March 1728 to 26 December 1825. 30 March 1728. ^ Accounts of John Hamilton and Thomas Mason to James Wright of Warwick, attorney at law, for legal services rendered. 1726-1730. 1726. ^ James Wright and Mary Huband, daughter of John Huband and Rhoda, married on 20 of May 1728 at Ipsley, Worcester, England ^ James, son of Mr. James Wright and Mary his wife baptised on 8 April 1730 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England ^ John Son of Mr James Wright & Mary his Wife baptised on 7 March 1729 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England ^ a b "Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. ^ Mary, daughter of James Wright Esqr. and Mary baptised on 23 January 1734 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England ^ Will of Mary Charleton, Probate Date: 7 April 1807, Residence: Bristol, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills ^ Jane, daughter of James Wright Esqr. & Mary baptised on 15 September 1736 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England ^ a b Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain & sale, with lease and release from Edward Croft of Warwick, gent.; Mary Wright of Bath, widow and executrix of James Wright late of Warwick; James Wright of Berkeley Square, Middlesex, only son and heir of James and Mary; William Adams, Bath, esq., trustee of the marriage settlement of Rice Charlton and Mary Wright, George Lucy, of Charlecote, esq., a trustee of the marriage settlement of John Moore of Christ Church College, DD, and Jane Wright, since deceased to Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, for £3750 of the Rectory of Cubbington with tithes and appurtentnat premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 30 & 31 May 1765. 31 May 1765. ^ a b Item to my son in law Doctor Moore for his to me since the death of his dear wife I give fifty Guineas and to his sister miss Elizabeth Moore five pounds – Will of Mary Wright, Widow of Bath, Somerset. 13 December 1768. ^ a b Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Pre-nuptial settlement being conveyance by lease and release by Mary Wright, one of the daughter of James Wright, Warwick, esq., deceased to James Wright, her brother and William Adams, Bath, Somerset, esq. of her moiety in the manor of Butlers Marston and of the Rectory and lands on Cubbingtonn bequeathed to her under the will of her late father, in consideration of her intended marriage to Rice Charleton, Bath, Doctor in Physick, in trust to the use of Rice and Mary for life and then in tail male. Date: 7 & 8 November 1759. 8 November 1759. ^ "Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. ^ "A genealogical account of the Mayo and Elton families of the counties of Wilts and Hereford : with an appendix containing genealogies for the most part not hitherto published of certain families allied by marriage to the family of Mayo ; to which is added a large tabular pedigree set in type by Theodore Mayo". London : Chiswick Press. 9 June 1882 – via Internet Archive. Rice Charleton, M.D., of Bath, who married 11th November, 1757, Miss Wright, niece of Sir Robert Henley, Lord Keeper (Earl of Northington), and was father of Robert-John Charleton, D.D., Vicar of Olveston, Alveston, and Elberton, Gloucestershire. ^ Rice Charleton and Mary Wright were married on 11 November 1759 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England. Rice Charleton of this Parish a Widower and Mary Wright of this Parish Spinster Married in this Chapel by Licence this eleventh Day of November in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Fifty nine by me James Sparrow Minister This Marriage was solemnized between Us Rice Charleton Mary Wright In the Presence of Mary Wright Sen.r Jane Wright ^ Nichols, John (1814). Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century;: comprizing biographical memoirs of William Bowyer, printer, F.S.A. and many of his learned friends; ... ^ a b Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Marriage articles between Jane Wright, daughter of Mary, widow of James of Warwick, esq., deceased and Rev. John Moore, Overton, Wiltshire. Recites grant of annuity by Duke of Marlborough of £350 to James Wright, brother of Jane, in Trust to provide a jointure for Jane. Reciprocally the moiety of the estates at Butlers Marston and Cubbington bequeathed to Jane by her father, are settled on trustees in trust for Jane and her husband and their issue. Date: 28 April 1763. 28 April 1763. ^ The Reverend Mr. John Moore of Christ Church in the University of Oxford and Jane Wright were married on 29 April 1763 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England. The Revd Mr John Moore of Christ Church in the University of Oxford a Batchelor and Jane Wright of the Parish of Walcot a Spinster were Married in this Chapel by Licence this twenty nineth Day of April in the Year One Thousand and Seven Hundred and sixty three by me W Davenport Rector of Bredon Worcestershire. This Marriage was solemnised between Us John Moore Jane Wright In the presence of Mary Wright Cathe: Wright ^ "Parishes: Ipsley, British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2020. the 2nd baronet, managed to set aside his will in 1712 and entered on the Ipsley estates and set about selling the property, being deeply in debt. But as he died in 1717 before he could accomplish his sale the estates passed to his son John, 3rd baronet, who died, aged 17, at Eton in November 1730. The baronetcy thus became extinct and the property passed to the second baronet's wife, Rhoda daughter of Sir Thomas Broughton, and her three daughters, Rhoda, Lady Delves, who subsequently married William Mabbot, Mary wife of James Wright, and Jane wife of the Earl of Northington. James Wright gradually purchased his wife's sisters' Hampshire estates, (fn. 44) after they had sold Ipsley manor in 1740 to Samuel Savage, (fn. 45) who left the estate to his nephew Walter Savage Landor, (fn. 46) whose descendants (fn. 47) put it up to auction in 1918 and 1922. ^ "Parishes: Hurstbourne Tarrant, British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2020. ^ Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix. Date: 19 December 1752. 19 December 1752. ^ Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain and sale by Thomas Collins of Greenwich, gent., son and heir of Alice, widow of William Collins of St Saviours, Southwark, gent., and Mary and Martha his sisters, with Crispe Grainge of St Bartholomew the Great, surviving trustee of William Collins to James Wright of Warwick, for £1500 of the Rectory of Cubbington with associated lands and premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 4 May 1725. 4 May 1725. ^ "Search Archive Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart., children of Sir John Ipsley, bart. by Rhoda his wife to William Mabbot, St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex, esq. and Robert Henley, The Grainge, Hampshire,esq. (trustees of James Wright, Dowles Lodge, Hampshire, esq., only son and heir of Mary and James) to secure £2000 . Date: 12 July 1756". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ "Conveyance from James Wright of Warwick esq. and Mary his wife to John, Earl of Westmorland, of two-thirds of the manor of Hursborne Tarrant and two-thirds of woods called Dowles in Hursborne and Andover, Hants. and the other property late of Sir John Huband, late father of Mary Wright in Hursborne Tarrant, Andover, Ibdrop, Upton, Kings Enham, Knights Enham, Charlton and the forest chase Hants., one-third of which Wright purchased from Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes widow (nee Huband) and the other from Jane Huband, spinster, and of the messuage called Pemmers and the appurtenances in Hursbane Tarrant and Ibdrop, the property being of the same yearly value as are the messuage called Weston Hall in Cheshire and the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, Warks., which are now to be freed of all incumbrances placed on them by the marriage settlement of the Wrights in 1728, the Hampshire lands being by this deed conveyed to the Earl of Westmorland in their stead and for the same purposes. Conveyance from James Wright to Peter Somerfeild of Weston Hall, Cheshire, gent., in consideration of £6,150, of Weston Hall and the premises therewith. Conveyance from James Wright to the trustees of the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, all tithes, a plot of ground whereon a barn of 6 bays of building formerly stood in the yard of the dwelling house late of Thomas Greswold esq. deceased next to Mabbs Lane and a plot of ground lying at the upper end of the last mentioned plot, 30th May 1751". 9 June 1751 – via National Archive of the UK. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1841). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England. Scott, Webster & Geary. ^ Betham, rev William (1802). The baronetage of England, or, The history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland, as are of English families. ^ Maddison, A. R. (Arthur Roland); Larken, Arthur Staunton (1902). Lincolnshire pedigrees. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Mithcell & Hughes. ^ "Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 July 2020. ^ "Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 July 2020. ^ Maddison, A. R. (Arthur Roland); Larken, Arthur Staunton (1902). Lincolnshire pedigrees. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Mitchell & Hughes. ^ "FAIRFAX, Sir Ferdinando (1584-1648), of Denton and Nun Appleton, Yorks., History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ The case of the Lady Rhoda Fairfax, late wife of Ferdinando Lord Fairfax deceased, and of the Lady Elizabeth Hussey, late wife of Sir Edw. Hussey deceased, on the behalfe of themselves and their children, : upon the said Sir Edw. Husseys composition at Goldsmiths Hall appointed by order of the Parliament to be heard this 18th day of June. 1650. Early English books online. London: s.n. 1650. ^ Catalogue description: LEASE for 1 year & MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT between 1) Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. and Dame Rhoda his wife, eldest daughter of Sir John Huband, late of Ipsley Court (Co. Warwick), Bt., deceased. 2) John Broughton of the town of Southampton (Co. Southants), Esq., John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, and James Wright of the borough of Warwick (Co. Warwick), gentleman. Et al. 10 April 1727. ^ a b c d e Ingamells, John (2007). "W". A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800. Yale University Press, Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. pp. 1022–1023. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ISBN 9780300071658. JSTOR j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ^ a b c d King, Julia. "Wright, Sir James, first baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68916. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Grundy, Isobel (1999). Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford University Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-19-811289-1. ^ Donne, William Bodham (1867). The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North, from 1768 to 1783. Ed. with an Introd, and Notes. Vol. II. John Murray. p. 204. ^ "The bedchamber: Grooms of the Bedchamber 1660-1837, British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ a b The English historical review. 1908. ^ companion, Court (1804). The court companion, containing the arms of the peers, peeresses, and bishops of the United Kingdom. Also, a peerage directory. ^ Kearsley's Complete..., 2: Together with an Extinct Peerage of the Three Kingdoms List of All Their Family Names, Titles of Elder Sons & and Translation of Their Mottos. G. Kearsley. 1804. ^ "Search Archive, Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart. . Date: 12 July 1756". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ Walpole, Horace (1843). Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His Britannic Majesty's Resident at the Court of Florence, from 1760 to 1785. Vol. 1. R. Bentley. p. 336. ^ "Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2020. ^ a b c d Cokayne, George Edward (1 January 1900). Complete baronetage: Volume V. Dalcassian Publishing Company. ^ "Sir James Wright, Artist, Royal Academy of Arts". www.royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ Ingamells, John (2007). "W". A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800. Yale University Press, Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. pp. 961–962. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ISBN 9780300071658. JSTOR j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). "Addington, Anthony" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Barker, George Fisher Russell (1896). "Pitt William (1708-1778)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Barker, George Fisher Russell (1898). "Stuart John (1713-1792)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ a b "London Borough of Redbridge – Ray House". In 1736 Suasso conveyed the estate to James Hannot. His heir, Bennet Hannot, sold Ray House about 1770 to Sir James Wright, British minister at Venice between 1769 and 1771, who took up residence in the two-storey five-bay brick mansion. ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - Robert Adam". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. ^ a b Colvin, Howard (1998). "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840: Corrections and Additions to the Third Edition (Yale University Press 1995)". Architectural History. 41: 280. doi:10.1017/S0066622X00000691. ISSN 0066-622X. JSTOR 1568661. S2CID 246046976. ^ Cassidy, Brendan (2016). "Some 'Giorgiones' in Eighteenth-Century England". Artibus et Historiae. 37 (74): 260–263. ISSN 0391-9064. JSTOR 44972582. ^ Jasanoff, Maya (18 December 2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3. ^ Humfrey, Peter (1 September 2013). "Made in Venice". Apollo. 178 (612): 76–83. ^ Cocke, Richard (5 October 2017). Paolo Veronese: Piety and Display in an Age of Religious Reform. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-80573-5. ^ Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista; veneziano, Museo del Settecento; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; York, N. Y. ) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New (1996). Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696-1770 :  : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, . Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-812-6. ^ Tate. "The Craze for Pastel: Essay". Tate. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ "Details of Commercial Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ Hassell, John (1817). Picturesque Rides and Walks: With Excursions by Water, Thirty Miles Round the British Metropolis; Illustrated in a Series of Engravings, Coloured After Nature; with an Historical and Topographical Description of the Country Within the Compass of that Circle. J. Hassell. ^ Patent artificial Slate Manufacture for roofs and fronts of buildings and thatching of ricks, etc. (Preliminary observations.). 1786. ^ a b King, Julia (28 September 2014). George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4724-1274-4. ^ a b c "Details of Physical Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ a b "Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ^ "The Stapleton Sugar Plantations in the Leeward Islands by J. R. V. JOHNSTON, M.A. Assistant Librarian in the University of Leeds" (PDF). doi:10.7227/BJRL.48.1.9. S2CID 161621617. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b The Annual Register. Longmans, Green. 1803. Lady Wright, in her 70th year, at Bath, wife of sir James Wright, of Hoy-house Essex, and only daughter of sir William Stapleton, bart. of Grays-court near Oxford. ^ Courthope, William (1839). Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: With Additions to the Present Time and a New Set of Coats of Arms from Drawings by Harvey. J. G. & F. Rivington. ^ Wotton, Thomas; Johnson, Richard A.; Kimber, Edward (1771). The Baronetage of England. G. Woodfall. ^ The Gentleman's and London Magazine: Or Monthly Chronologer, 1741-1794. J. Exshaw. 1741. ^ St. George's Church (Westminster, London; Chapman, John Henry; Armytage, George J. (George John) (1886). The register book of marriages belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover square, in the county of Middlesex. Harold B. Lee Library. London : . ^ "Full text of "Records Of The Rudd Family"". archive.org. Retrieved 14 August 2020. Abraham Joseph Rudd, son of the Rev. Sayer Rudd, of London, matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford, 8th July, 1743. aged 18, B.A. 1747. M.A. 1750. Curate of St. George's, Hanover Square, Rector of Londesborough, Yorks, 1757. and of Burnley, 1769. 4 Abraham Joseph Rudd had been at Merchant Taylors School, and in 1743 was elected as the William Stuart Scholar to St. John's, Oxford. * Besides the foregoing appointments he was also Curate of St. James ^ James Wright and Catherine Stapleton were married on 9 December 1754 at St. George Hanover Square, London, Westminster, England. James Wright of this Parish, Esqr a Batchelor and Catherine Stapleton, of the Parish of Rotterfield Greys in the County of Oxford, Spinster were Married in this Church by Licence of the ArchBishop of Canterbury this ninth Day of December in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Fifty Four by me AJRudd Curate of this Parish This Marriage was solemnized between Us James Wright Catherine Stapleton In the Presence of Rhoda Cotes W. Mabbott ^ Catalogue description: Description: RELEASE (copy) between 1) Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Dashwood, Chancellor and treasurer of H.M. Court of Exchequer, sole executor of Rt. Hon. John Earl of Westmoreland deceased. 2) William Mabbott of Tadworth Court (Co. Surrey), Esq. and Dame Rhoda Delves commonly called lady Delves, late widow and relict of Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. deceased, since wife of John Cotes Esq. also deceased and now wife of the sd. William Mabbott. Et al. 28 August 1762. ^ "Copy will of William Mabbott of Tadworth in Surrey, esq, 9 November 1764". The Keep. Retrieved 14 August 2020. Description: capital messuage and land to William Wright of the Exchequer, esq, and Charles Scrase of the Inner Temple, esq, in trust for his wife Dame Rhoda Delves for life, etc. ^ "Stapleton-Cotton Manuscripts - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. ^ "Summary of Individual Catherine Stapleton 1734–1815, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. ^ Larsen, Ruth M. "Pitt , Hester, countess of Chatham and suo jure Baroness Chatham". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/89688. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Woods, Arthur Skevington (1951). The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation). University of Edinburgh. p. 177. ^ "Sir Gillies Payne, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. ^ Welch, Edwin. "Haweis, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12642. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Woods, Arthur Skevington (1951). The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation). University of Edinburgh. pp. 189–193. ^ Trowles, Tony. "Ireland, John (1761–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14448. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ 1770 8th George Ernest James the son of Sir James Wright & Catharine His Wife, was baptized ^ I give and bequeath to my dear nephew and Godson Sr George Wright Baronet – Will of Mary Charleton, Probate Date: 7 April 1807, Residence: Bristol, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills ^ a b Rebecca Catharine Wright, relict of Sir George Wright Bart. Woodhouse Jany 16th 46 years Revd. William Hutcheson ^ The Gentleman's Magazine: 1819. E. Cave. 1819. Jan. 10 At Woodhouse, Rebecca, relict of Sir George Wright, bart. late of Ray House, Essex; a lady eminent for the purity of her religion, the urbanity of her manners, and the universal benevolence of her disposition. ^ a b Annual Register. 1800. MARRIAGES in the Year 1796. June 3. George Wright, esq. only son of sir James Wright, bart. to miss Maclane, only daughter and heiress to the late Charles Maclane, esq. of Okingham. ^ a b George Ernest James Wright and Rebecca Maclane were married on 3 June 1796 at St. Mary, Lambeth, Surrey, England. George Ernest James Wright Esquire of Ray House in the Parish of Woodford in the County of Essex a Batchelor and Rebecca Maclane of the Parish of Ham in the county of Surrey were Married in the Chapel belonging to Lambeth House by special Licence ; this third Day of June in the Year One Thousand seven Hundred and ninety six By me J. Cantuar. This Marriage was solemnized between Us George Ernest James Wright Rebecca Maclane In the Presence of Wentworth John Bradney ("Cantuar" is part of the Archbishop of Canterbury's formal signature). ^ Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure. Pub. for J. Hinton. 1796. George Wright, esq. only son of sir James Wright, bart. to miss Maclane, only daughter and heiress to the late Charles Maclane, esq. of Okingham. ^ "The Will of Duncan Maclane, Gentleman, of Hackney – Bank Of England Wills Extracts 1717-1845". www.findmypast.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Will of Duncan Maclane of Saint John Hackney, Middlesex. 28 July 1773. ^ Will of Rebecca Maclane, Widow of Clapham, Surrey. 3 November 1792. ^ Edmund, Lodge (1844). The peerage of the British empire as at present existing. To which is added the baronetage. ^ The Scots Magazine ... Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. 1822. ^ "Heraldry of the Murrays" (PDF). Edward Murray, born 5th November 1798 ; died 1st July 1852. He was Vicar of Northolt, Middlesex. On 14th February 1822 he married Ruperta, only child of Sir George Wright, Bt, and had issue. ^ King, Julia (5 July 2017). George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-56574-5. ^ a b Cave, Edward (1804). The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first , for the year 1731 ... Printed and sold at St John's Gate ; by F. Jefferies in Ludgate-Street. ^ The European Magazine and London Review, by the Philological Society of London. 1804. ^ Will of Sir George Wright, Probate Date: 16 November 1812, Residence: Oakingham, Berkshire, England, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills ^ W. A. van S. Papworth; Frederick O'Dwyer (rev.). "Papworth, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21253. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Baronetage of Great Britain New creation Baronet(of Venice) 1772–1804 Succeeded byGeorge Wright Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir James Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wright_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Sir James Wright (8 May 1716 – 20 November 1785), the last British Royal Governor of the Province of Georgia.Sir James Wright, 1st Baronet (baptised 1730 – 1804), of Ray House, Essex,[1] was a British diplomat and art collector. He was the ambassador to Venice for Great Britain from 1766 to 1774.","title":"Sir James Wright, 1st Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"Rice Charleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Charleton"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-33"}],"text":"He was the son of James Wright of Warwick (d. 1754[2][3]) and Mary Huband[4][5] (1700[6][7] – 1768).[8][9] He is usually referred to as gentleman,[10][11] but may have been an attorney at law by training or profession.[12]Wright's parents were married on 20 May 1728 in Ipsley, Worcester, England.[13] He was baptised on 8 April 1730 at Warwick, St. Mary, Warwickshire, England.[14] He had a brother, John (1729[15] – probably died young), and two sisters, Mary[16] (1734[17] – about 1807[18]) and Jane[16] (1736[19] – about 1765[20][21]). His sister Mary Wright married Rice Charleton, an English physician, medical researcher, and Fellow of the Royal Society[22][23][24] on 11 November 1759 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England.[25] His sister Jane Wright married John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury (26 April 1730 – 18 January 1805)[26][27][20][21] on 29 April 1763 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England.[28]His father, James Wright of Warwick, purchased his wife's sisters' shares of the manor Hurstborne,[29][30] and owned lands on Cubbington[31][32] and Butlers Marston.[22][27][33]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huband baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huband_baronets"},{"link_name":"Ipsley Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsley_Court"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hussey_(Grantham_MP)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Hussey,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"George Anton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anton"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Huband family","text":"Further information: Huband baronetsHis maternal grandparents were Sir John Huband, 2nd Baronet of Ipsley Court in Warwickshire[34] and Rhoda, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Broughton, Baronet of Broughton in the county of Stafford[35] by Rhoda, daughter of John Amcotts of Aisthorpe in Lincolnshire, Esq.[36] by Rhoda,[37] daughter of Thomas Hussey of Caythorpe,[38] eldest son of Sir Edward Hussey, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Anton, daughter of George Anton of Lincoln,[39] and Member of Parliament for Grantham, by Rhoda[40] (d. 11 Oct. 1686), daughter and coheiress of Thomas Chapman, Draper of Soper Lane, London and Wormley, Hertfordshire,[41] who married secondly as his second wife Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron.[42]His mother also had a sister named Rhoda, Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes.[43]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingamells-44"},{"link_name":"Lady Mary Wortley Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu"},{"link_name":"John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart,_Countess_of_Bute"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"William Bodham Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bodham_Donne"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Groom of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom_of_the_Chamber"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Wright and his wife Catherine first visited Venice in December 1758.[44] An encounter there with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu led to an introduction to John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, and his wife Mary, daughter of Lady Mary.[45]The couple apparently had a close marriage. It was observed by Lady Mary, during the time in Venice the two of them comforted each other over the loss of their stillborn child. It put her in mind of the Butes, friends whose company she enjoyed: and Catherine Wright became her correspondent.[46]Wright was from that time on good terms with Lord Bute, who became Prime Minister in 1762, the relationship being described by William Bodham Donne as \"private friend\".[47] Wright was a Groom of the Bedchamber to George III from 21 December 1762[48] to 30 May 1801. He was knighted on 3 July 1766.[49][50][51]","title":"First period in Italy, courtier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Northington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henley,_1st_Earl_of_Northington"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingamells-44"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-52"},{"link_name":"Horace Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Horace_Mann,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingamells-44"},{"link_name":"Horace Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole"},{"link_name":"Henry Seymour Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Robert Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Richie_(Venice)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingamells-44"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingamells-44"},{"link_name":"Robert Udny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Udny"},{"link_name":"John Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strange_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Sir James Wright reached Venice as Resident in mid-September 1766. Shortly, by March 1767, Lord Northington, Lord Chancellor under successive Prime Ministers, showed a wish to exert nepotism on Wright's behalf:[44] through his mother's sister Jane Huband, Wright was a nephew-by-marriage to Northington.[52] Northington's demand, of priority for a move to Florence or Naples, disconcerted Horace Mann, Wright's friend who was settled at Florence. Wright tried to smooth matters over.[44] Horace Walpole, Mann's correspondent, at the beginning of April was assuring Mann that he need not fear the intrigues of the \"old drunken uncle\" (Northington), given the influence of Mann's patron Henry Seymour Conway.[53]Both the Wrights were afflicted by illness while in Venice: and they spent a period in England, of around two years, from August 1769 to August 1771, during which Robert Richie deputised for Sir James.[44]Wright was created a baronet on 12 October 1772[54][55] for his services as His Majesty's Resident at Venice.[56] The Wrights left Venice in 1773, and the posting officially terminated in 1774.[44] John Udny (1727–1800), brother of Robert Udny, filled in for Wright, until his successor John Strange arrived.[57]","title":"Second period in Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Addington"},{"link_name":"Chatham's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-49"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-45"}],"text":"In 1778, Wright became involved in a political furore when he and Dr. Addington, his own and Chatham's physician, engaged in a futile attempt to bring about a political alliance between Bute and Chatham.[49][58][59][60] This incident terminated the friendship with Bute.[45]","title":"Later life in politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-61"},{"link_name":"Robert Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adam"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvin-63"},{"link_name":"Palma Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"Giorgione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgione"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Caliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Caliari"},{"link_name":"biblical story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_of_Moses"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Robert Fagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fagan"},{"link_name":"Matthew William Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_William_Peters"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Johann Zoffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Zoffany"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-45"},{"link_name":"Joseph Farington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Farington"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"F. Cotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Cotes"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palma_Vecchio,_Allegory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palma Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lysons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lysons_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"John Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hassell"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBSP-74"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-61"}],"text":"In about 1770 Wright bought Ray House in Woodford from Bennet Hannot. He later took up residence in the two-storey five-bay brick mansion.[61] Around 1773–6 Robert Adam worked on Ray House for Wright.[62][63] Here Wright housed a collection of paintings acquired in his time in Venice. He was an art dealer, and made exaggerated claims for the works: a painting now attributed to Palma Vecchio was described by him as a Giorgione.[64][65][66][67] He purchased amongst other works The Finding of Moses by Giambattista Tiepolo (as a Benedetto Caliari) in 1769, on behalf of Lord Bute. The painting of the biblical story is now in the National Gallery of Scotland.[68]His time in Venice had allowed Wright some opportunity to develop as a connoisseur of painting, and he became a patron. He commissioned portraits: from Robert Fagan, Matthew William Peters, Joshua Reynolds, and Johann Zoffany.[45] In the heated crayon debate of British art in the late 18th century, he contributed an opinion. Joseph Farington recorded in 1796 that at a Royal Academy committee meeting:A letter was read from Sir James Wright stating that 'having observed how much Crayon painting is fallen off in what he sees at the Exhibitions'. He offers the Academy a portrait by F. Cotes of Bromfield, the surgeon, as a lesson to the Students.[69]Allegory by Palma Vecchio, owned by Sir James Wright, now in the Philadelphia Museum of ArtWright founded an artificial slate business on his estate in Woodford, noticed in Environs of London by Daniel Lysons, and mentioned by John Hassell as in a building using such slates.[70][71] The product was publicised in an anonymous pamphlet of the 1780s, particularly directed towards export to the West Indies.[72] In 1776 Wright went into the business as proprietor by purchasing a patent, from Henry Cook of Norfolk. He refined on the manufacturing process by importing ideas from Italy.[73] Wright also acquired several adjacent estates, including Monkham house and farm.[74][61]","title":"Residence, collection and estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBS-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-78"},{"link_name":"Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Stapleton,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"St George's Hanover Square Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Hanover_Square_Church"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"St Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kitts"},{"link_name":"Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBS-75"},{"link_name":"Catherine Stapleton (1733–1815)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Stapleton_(1733%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Thomas Haweis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Haweis"},{"link_name":"Selina, Countess of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina,_Countess_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Tempsford Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempsford_Hall"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"episcopal ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_ordination"},{"link_name":"Second Breadfruit Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Breadfruit_Voyage"},{"link_name":"William Bligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bligh"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"James Wright, then of Warwick, was married to Catherine Stapleton (1732–1802),[75][76][77] only daughter[78] of Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet,[79][80] on 9 December 1754[81] at St George's Hanover Square Church, London.[82] The wedding was officiated by Abraham Joseph Rudd,[83] Curate of St. George, Hanover. The witnesses were Sir James Wright's maternal aunt Rhoda Cotes and her third husband William Maddott.[84][85][86]The Stapletons were slave-owning proprietors of West Indian sugar plantations, and Sir William had died in 1740. A complex legal situation arose after the death in 1746 of his mother, Lady Frances. It was resolved in 1760–1, with Wright receiving a one-eighth share in West Indian property.[87] A corresponding share in the Fountain (Stapletons) estate on St Kitts remained in the Wright family until 1840, when it was sold to Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere.[75] In the period from 1776, the Fountains estate was in practice managed, from England, by Catherine Stapleton (1733–1815), first cousin to Catherine Wright, and close friend of Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham.[88][89]In 1788 Wright gave away the bride at the second marriage of Thomas Haweis. She was Jennett Payne Orton, otherwise known as Miss Orton and Janet Payne Orton, a close associate of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. She is described as the niece of Sir Gillies Payne, 2nd Baronet, of Tempsford Hall, a connection to St Kitts where Payne owned two estates.[90][91][92] The acquaintance with Haweis in 1791 drew Wright into unsuccessful negotiations on episcopal ordination of some missionaries hoping to sail on the Second Breadfruit Voyage of William Bligh to Tahiti, with John Moore, now Archbishop of Canterbury.[93]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(Anglican_priest)"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Maria Cosway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cosway"},{"link_name":"George Hadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hadfield_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-73"}],"sub_title":"Third period in Italy","text":"The Wrights spent further time in Italy during the 1790s. Their son George, an invalid, was there with his tutor, John Ireland, before the latter took up the living of Croydon in 1793.[94]Lady Wright travelled to Italy in 1790, with her son, and Maria Cosway with her brother George Hadfield. Later Sir James came out, with Ireland; and bought more pictures on the trip.[73]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Wright_Fagan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:92-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:92-97"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-1"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-99"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne-55"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-99"},{"link_name":"Wokingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokingham"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-100"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Lord George Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_George_Murray_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St. David's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Duke of Atholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Duke_of_Atholl"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Sir George Wright, 2nd Baronet","text":"George WrightTheir son George Ernest James Wright was baptised on 8 April 1770 at Walcot St. Swithin, Somerset, England.[95] Sir James's sister Mary Charleton was his godmother.[96] He married Rebecca Maclane (1772[97] – 10 January1819[98][97]) of Ham, Surrey,[1] on 3 June 1796[99][55] at St. Mary, Lambeth, Surrey, England. Officiating at the ceremony was his uncle-by-marriage, John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, the widower of his aunt, Jane.[100]At the time of the wedding, the papers reported that Rebecca Maclane was the 'only daughter and heiress to Charles Maclane of Okingham in Berkshire'[101][99] (Wokingham, in Victorian times the name became corrupted to Oakingham). Far more likely, as other sources note, she was the daughter of Duncan Maclane (d.1773) of the East India Company, gentleman, of Saint John, Hackney, Middlesex,[102][103] and his wife Rebecca Brandey (d.1792) of Clapham, Surrey[104] at the time she wrote her will. That would make her the Rebecca Maclane that was registered 2 September 1772 in a non-conformist and non-parochial register, born 3 August 1772, the daughter of Duncan Maclane and Rebecca, daughter of Joseph Bradney. A John Bradney was a witness at the wedding of George Wright and Rebecca Maclane.[100]The couple first had one child, Ruperta Maria Wright, born on 21 August 1798, baptised on 1 September 1798 at Saint Mary, St. Marylebone in London, and died on 8 September 1798, buried at St. Marylebone, Westminster, England. Their only surviving child, Ruperta Catherine,[105] married Edward Murray (5 November 1798 – 1 July 1852), Vicar of Northolt, Middlesex, the second son of the Reverend Lord George Murray, Bishop of St. David's, and nephew of the Duke of Atholl,[106] on 14 February 1822.[107]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Buonarotti Papworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buonarotti_Papworth"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBSP-74"}],"sub_title":"Ray Lodge","text":"Wright built Ray Lodge, near Ray House, for George, employing from 1793 as architect John Buonarotti Papworth.[74]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne-55"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-78"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-109"},{"link_name":"Bathford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathford"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-45"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-109"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBSP-74"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"George Papworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papworth"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne-55"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colvin-63"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Lady Wright died at Bath on 6 January 1802.[55][78] The Wrights had then been living in Bath for some time.[108][109] Sir James died at Bathford on 8 March 1804.[45][110][109] His will was proven on 17 March 1804.[4]In 1807, Sir George Wright sold his Ray House estate to Benjamin Hanson Inglish.[74] On Sir George's death, in or before 1812,[111] the baronetcy became extinct (or technically dormant), and the slate business closed down c. 1811, while a stone-cutting business for pipes in Dublin managed by George Papworth for Sir George, from 1806, lasted to 1812.[55][4][112] Ray House was destroyed by fire in 1838.[63]","title":"Family"}]

[{"image_text":"Allegory by Palma Vecchio, owned by Sir James Wright, now in the Philadelphia Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Palma_Vecchio%2C_Allegory.jpg/220px-Palma_Vecchio%2C_Allegory.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Wright","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/George_Wright_Fagan.jpg/220px-George_Wright_Fagan.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Marriage settlement: 1 Sir James Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq, and Dame Catherine, his wife, 2 George Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq (only child of 1), 3 Rebecca Maclane of Ham, Surrey, spinster. 1796.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d9f9a578-4b7f-4978-9d29-575f26fc3a01","url_text":"Marriage settlement: 1 Sir James Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq, and Dame Catherine, his wife, 2 George Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq (only child of 1), 3 Rebecca Maclane of Ham, Surrey, spinster"}]},{"reference":"The Last Will and Testament of James Wright, Residence: Warwick, Warwickshire, England, Probate Date: 19/07/1754, England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills. 19 July 1754.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D541236","url_text":"The Last Will and Testament of James Wright, Residence: Warwick, Warwickshire, England, Probate Date: 19/07/1754, England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020. Will of Sir James Wright of [Ray House Woodford but now residing at] Bath proved 17/03/1804. In the will he requested his son George take the name Huband (which he did not do) after Sir James Wright's mother's maiden name.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146659575","url_text":"\"Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Bundle containing documents relating to tithes, pedigrees, marriage settlements, footpaths, etc. CR 1908/199/11 Pedigree of the Huband family, the early information being copied from Dugdale, the later taken from deeds and showing the marriage of Mary Huband to James Wright, c. 1100 - c. 1750), c. 1750.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/1b6ecd88-484d-4539-a207-70ae7e71a50c","url_text":"Bundle containing documents relating to tithes, pedigrees, marriage settlements, footpaths, etc. CR 1908/199/11 Pedigree of the Huband family, the early information being copied from Dugdale, the later taken from deeds and showing the marriage of Mary Huband to James Wright, c. 1100 - c. 1750), c. 1750"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 21: March 1720, 1-10 | British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol21/pp249-264","url_text":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 21: March 1720, 1-10 | British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"Catalogue description: Cotes v Dawson. Document type: Bill and two answers. Plaintiffs: John Cotes, esq of Dodington, Cheshire and Dame Rhoda Delves his wife, James Wright, gent of Warwick, Warwickshire and Mary Wright his wife, Jane Huband, spinster aged 14 years, infant (by Mary Broughton, spinster; said Dame Rhoda Delves, Mary Wright and Jane Hubard are the sisters and co-heirs of Sir John Huband bart, deceased, late of Ipsley Court, Warwickshire). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Dawson, widow, Elianor Hutton, spinster and Dame Rhoda Huband, widow. Date of bill (or first document): 1731. Date: 1731. 1731.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10413689","url_text":"Catalogue description: Cotes v Dawson. Document type: Bill and two answers. Plaintiffs: John Cotes, esq of Dodington, Cheshire and Dame Rhoda Delves his wife, James Wright, gent of Warwick, Warwickshire and Mary Wright his wife, Jane Huband, spinster aged 14 years, infant (by Mary Broughton, spinster; said Dame Rhoda Delves, Mary Wright and Jane Hubard are the sisters and co-heirs of Sir John Huband bart, deceased, late of Ipsley Court, Warwickshire). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Dawson, widow, Elianor Hutton, spinster and Dame Rhoda Huband, widow. Date of bill (or first document): 1731. Date: 1731"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue description: Short title: Hollister v Broughton. Document type: Two bills and nine answers. Plaintiffs: John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, James Wright, gent of Warwick and Mary Wright his wife (late Mary Huband). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Broughton, widow (only child and heir at law of Sir Thomas Delves bart, deceased late of Doddington, Cheshire), Sir Bryan Broughton bart of Broughton, Staffordshire and Jane Broughton infants (by said Dame Elizabeth Broughton, their mother) John Broughton esq, Robert Goode, churchwarden, Thomas Higgison, late churchwarden, William Fox junior, John Eedes, late overseers of the Poor of St Nicholas, Warwickshire, Thomas Knight, Abraham Lea, churchwardens of Wibunbury, Cheshire, William Greenwood, vicar of St Mary and St Nicholas in Warwick, James Fish, John Seaton, George Field, Thomas Cowper, William Smith and Richard Bullock, churchwardens and overseers of the poor of St Mary, aforesaid Jane Huband, an infant (by William Greenwood DD) John Dolben, clerk, John Cotes, esq and Dame Rhoda Cotes his wife (late Dame Rhoda Delves, widow of Sir Thomas Delves, bart deceased). Date of bill (or first document): 1734. Date: 1734. 1734.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10414136","url_text":"Catalogue description: Short title: Hollister v Broughton. Document type: Two bills and nine answers. Plaintiffs: John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, James Wright, gent of Warwick and Mary Wright his wife (late Mary Huband). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Broughton, widow (only child and heir at law of Sir Thomas Delves bart, deceased late of Doddington, Cheshire), Sir Bryan Broughton bart of Broughton, Staffordshire and Jane Broughton infants (by said Dame Elizabeth Broughton, their mother) John Broughton esq, Robert Goode, churchwarden, Thomas Higgison, late churchwarden, William Fox junior, John Eedes, late overseers of the Poor of St Nicholas, Warwickshire, Thomas Knight, Abraham Lea, churchwardens of Wibunbury, Cheshire, William Greenwood, vicar of St Mary and St Nicholas in Warwick, James Fish, John Seaton, George Field, Thomas Cowper, William Smith and Richard Bullock, churchwardens and overseers of the poor of St Mary, aforesaid Jane Huband, an infant (by William Greenwood DD) John Dolben, clerk, John Cotes, esq and Dame Rhoda Cotes his wife (late Dame Rhoda Delves, widow of Sir Thomas Delves, bart deceased). Date of bill (or first document): 1734. Date: 1734"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue description: Huddesford v Bettinson. Document type: Depositions. Plaintiffs: William Huddesford, clerk and James Wright, gent. Defendants: William Bettenson, gent an infant (by Michael Chappleman). Depositions taken at Warwick, Warwickshire. Date of bill (or first document): 1725. Date: 1725. 1725.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10419282","url_text":"Catalogue description: Huddesford v Bettinson. Document type: Depositions. Plaintiffs: William Huddesford, clerk and James Wright, gent. Defendants: William Bettenson, gent an infant (by Michael Chappleman). Depositions taken at Warwick, Warwickshire. Date of bill (or first document): 1725. Date: 1725"}]},{"reference":"Draft abstract of title to an estate at Mappleborough Green in the parish of Studley, commencing with a conveyance, dated 30 March 1728, from James Wright of Warwick, gent., to Court Dewes of Mappleboro' Green, esq., and ending with a conveyance, dated 26 December 1825, from Charles Adams to George Moore. Date: 30 March 1728 to 26 December 1825. 30 March 1728.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9623afcf-60fa-4235-838d-4948297fd60c","url_text":"Draft abstract of title to an estate at Mappleborough Green in the parish of Studley, commencing with a conveyance, dated 30 March 1728, from James Wright of Warwick, gent., to Court Dewes of Mappleboro' Green, esq., and ending with a conveyance, dated 26 December 1825, from Charles Adams to George Moore. Date: 30 March 1728 to 26 December 1825"}]},{"reference":"Accounts of John Hamilton and Thomas Mason to James Wright of Warwick, attorney at law, for legal services rendered. 1726-1730. 1726.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/73e1d91d-508f-4d06-abbf-80e5c8f9fd74","url_text":"Accounts of John Hamilton and Thomas Mason to James Wright of Warwick, attorney at law, for legal services rendered. 1726-1730"}]},{"reference":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-113095","url_text":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix\""}]},{"reference":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain & sale, with lease and release from Edward Croft of Warwick, gent.; Mary Wright of Bath, widow and executrix of James Wright late of Warwick; James Wright of Berkeley Square, Middlesex, only son and heir of James and Mary; William Adams, Bath, esq., trustee of the marriage settlement of Rice Charlton and Mary Wright, George Lucy, of Charlecote, esq., a trustee of the marriage settlement of John Moore of Christ Church College, DD, and Jane Wright, since deceased to Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, for £3750 of the Rectory of Cubbington with tithes and appurtentnat premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 30 & 31 May 1765. 31 May 1765.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/70fdadd5-8fb4-45bb-acc3-335c91a8cb4f","url_text":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain & sale, with lease and release from Edward Croft of Warwick, gent.; Mary Wright of Bath, widow and executrix of James Wright late of Warwick; James Wright of Berkeley Square, Middlesex, only son and heir of James and Mary; William Adams, Bath, esq., trustee of the marriage settlement of Rice Charlton and Mary Wright, George Lucy, of Charlecote, esq., a trustee of the marriage settlement of John Moore of Christ Church College, DD, and Jane Wright, since deceased to Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, for £3750 of the Rectory of Cubbington with tithes and appurtentnat premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 30 & 31 May 1765"}]},{"reference":"Item to my son in law Doctor Moore for his [...] to me since the death of his dear wife I give fifty Guineas and to his sister miss Elizabeth Moore five pounds – Will of Mary Wright, Widow of Bath, Somerset. 13 December 1768.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D504877","url_text":"Item to my son in law Doctor Moore for his [...] to me since the death of his dear wife I give fifty Guineas and to his sister miss Elizabeth Moore five pounds – Will of Mary Wright, Widow of Bath, Somerset"}]},{"reference":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Pre-nuptial settlement being conveyance by lease and release by Mary Wright, one of the daughter of James Wright, Warwick, esq., deceased to James Wright, her brother and William Adams, Bath, Somerset, esq. of her moiety in the manor of Butlers Marston and of the Rectory and lands on Cubbingtonn bequeathed to her under the will of her late father, in consideration of her intended marriage to Rice Charleton, Bath, Doctor in Physick, in trust to the use of Rice and Mary for life and then in tail male. Date: 7 & 8 November 1759. 8 November 1759.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/96037f7d-dc7e-4e68-81f4-9a5ed99f2e35","url_text":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Pre-nuptial settlement being conveyance by lease and release by Mary Wright, one of the daughter of James Wright, Warwick, esq., deceased to James Wright, her brother and William Adams, Bath, Somerset, esq. of her moiety in the manor of Butlers Marston and of the Rectory and lands on Cubbingtonn bequeathed to her under the will of her late father, in consideration of her intended marriage to Rice Charleton, Bath, Doctor in Physick, in trust to the use of Rice and Mary for life and then in tail male. Date: 7 & 8 November 1759"}]},{"reference":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-36964/view_as/list/page/2205","url_text":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"A genealogical account of the Mayo and Elton families of the counties of Wilts and Hereford : with an appendix containing genealogies for the most part not hitherto published of certain families allied by marriage to the family of Mayo ; to which is added a large tabular pedigree set in type by Theodore Mayo\". London : Chiswick Press. 9 June 1882 – via Internet Archive. Rice Charleton, M.D., of Bath, who married 11th November, 1757, Miss Wright, niece of Sir Robert Henley, Lord Keeper (Earl of Northington), and was father of Robert-John Charleton, D.D., Vicar of Olveston, Alveston, and Elberton, Gloucestershire.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b28038782/page/160/mode/2up?q=Charleton","url_text":"\"A genealogical account of the Mayo and Elton families of the counties of Wilts and Hereford : with an appendix containing genealogies for the most part not hitherto published of certain families allied by marriage to the family of Mayo ; to which is added a large tabular pedigree set in type by Theodore Mayo\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, John (1814). Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century;: comprizing biographical memoirs of William Bowyer, printer, F.S.A. and many of his learned friends; ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U0cJAAAAQAAJ&q=%22John+Moore%22+%22Sir+James+Wright%22&pg=PA96","url_text":"Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century;: comprizing biographical memoirs of William Bowyer, printer, F.S.A. and many of his learned friends; ..."}]},{"reference":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Marriage articles between Jane Wright, daughter of Mary, widow of James of Warwick, esq., deceased and Rev. John Moore, Overton, Wiltshire. Recites grant of annuity by Duke of Marlborough of £350 to James Wright, brother of Jane, in Trust to provide a jointure for Jane. Reciprocally the moiety of the estates at Butlers Marston and Cubbington bequeathed to Jane by her father, are settled on trustees in trust for Jane and her husband and their issue. Date: 28 April 1763. 28 April 1763.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/de33b8db-02e5-4820-b0ef-fd03ffbd91d4","url_text":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Marriage articles between Jane Wright, daughter of Mary, widow of James of Warwick, esq., deceased and Rev. John Moore, Overton, Wiltshire. Recites grant of annuity by Duke of Marlborough of £350 to James Wright, brother of Jane, in Trust to provide a jointure for Jane. Reciprocally the moiety of the estates at Butlers Marston and Cubbington bequeathed to Jane by her father, are settled on trustees in trust for Jane and her husband and their issue. Date: 28 April 1763"}]},{"reference":"\"Parishes: Ipsley, British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2020. the 2nd baronet, managed to set aside his will in 1712 and entered on the Ipsley estates and set about selling the property, being deeply in debt. But as he died in 1717 before he could accomplish his sale the estates passed to his son John, 3rd baronet, who died, aged 17, at Eton in November 1730. The baronetcy thus became extinct and the property passed to the second baronet's wife, Rhoda daughter of Sir Thomas Broughton, and her three daughters, Rhoda, Lady Delves, who subsequently married William Mabbot, Mary wife of James Wright, and Jane wife of the Earl of Northington. James Wright gradually purchased his wife's sisters' Hampshire estates, (fn. 44) after they had sold Ipsley manor in 1740 to Samuel Savage, (fn. 45) who left the estate to his nephew Walter Savage Landor, (fn. 46) whose descendants (fn. 47) put it up to auction in 1918 and 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol3/pp123-126","url_text":"\"Parishes: Ipsley, British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parishes: Hurstbourne Tarrant, British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol4/pp319-324#fnn35","url_text":"\"Parishes: Hurstbourne Tarrant, British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix. Date: 19 December 1752. 19 December 1752.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/28bc347e-21eb-4f89-8710-2f1d8582379e","url_text":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix. Date: 19 December 1752"}]},{"reference":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain and sale by Thomas Collins of Greenwich, gent., son and heir of Alice, widow of William Collins of St Saviours, Southwark, gent., and Mary and Martha his sisters, with Crispe Grainge of St Bartholomew the Great, surviving trustee of William Collins to James Wright of Warwick, for £1500 of the Rectory of Cubbington with associated lands and premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 4 May 1725. 4 May 1725.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/997e4cad-4780-4f46-99ad-e5f35f14a694","url_text":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain and sale by Thomas Collins of Greenwich, gent., son and heir of Alice, widow of William Collins of St Saviours, Southwark, gent., and Mary and Martha his sisters, with Crispe Grainge of St Bartholomew the Great, surviving trustee of William Collins to James Wright of Warwick, for £1500 of the Rectory of Cubbington with associated lands and premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 4 May 1725"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Archive Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart., children of Sir John Ipsley, bart. by Rhoda his wife to William Mabbot, St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex, esq. and Robert Henley, The Grainge, Hampshire,esq. (trustees of James Wright, Dowles Lodge, Hampshire, esq., only son and heir of Mary and James) to secure £2000 [Robert Henley was married to Jane, sister of Mary Wright]. Date: 12 July 1756\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-82965/page/4743/view_as/list","url_text":"\"Search Archive Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart., children of Sir John Ipsley, bart. by Rhoda his wife to William Mabbot, St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex, esq. and Robert Henley, The Grainge, Hampshire,esq. (trustees of James Wright, Dowles Lodge, Hampshire, esq., only son and heir of Mary and James) to secure £2000 [Robert Henley was married to Jane, sister of Mary Wright]. Date: 12 July 1756\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conveyance from James Wright of Warwick esq. and Mary his wife to John, Earl of Westmorland, of two-thirds of the manor of Hursborne Tarrant and two-thirds of woods called Dowles in Hursborne and Andover, Hants. and the other property late of Sir John Huband, late father of Mary Wright in Hursborne Tarrant, Andover, Ibdrop, Upton, Kings Enham, Knights Enham, Charlton and the forest chase Hants., one-third of which Wright purchased from Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes widow (nee Huband) and the other from Jane Huband, spinster, and of the messuage called Pemmers and the appurtenances in Hursbane Tarrant and Ibdrop, the property being of the same yearly value as are the messuage called Weston Hall in Cheshire and the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, Warks., which are now to be freed of all incumbrances placed on them by the marriage settlement of the Wrights in 1728, the Hampshire lands being by this deed conveyed to the Earl of Westmorland in their stead and for the same purposes. Conveyance from James Wright to Peter Somerfeild of Weston Hall, Cheshire, gent., in consideration of £6,150, of Weston Hall and the premises therewith. Conveyance from James Wright to the trustees of the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, all tithes, a plot of ground whereon a barn of 6 bays of building formerly stood in the yard of the dwelling house late of Thomas Greswold esq. deceased next to Mabbs Lane and a plot of ground lying at the upper end of the last mentioned plot, 30th May 1751\". 9 June 1751 – via National Archive of the UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5160d27c-eee1-4446-b528-f58cc606d6b7","url_text":"\"Conveyance from James Wright of Warwick esq. and Mary his wife to John, Earl of Westmorland, of two-thirds of the manor of Hursborne Tarrant and two-thirds of woods called Dowles in Hursborne and Andover, Hants. and the other property late of Sir John Huband, late father of Mary Wright in Hursborne Tarrant, Andover, Ibdrop, Upton, Kings Enham, Knights Enham, Charlton and the forest chase Hants., one-third of which Wright purchased from Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes widow (nee Huband) and the other from Jane Huband, spinster, and of the messuage called Pemmers and the appurtenances in Hursbane Tarrant and Ibdrop, the property being of the same yearly value as are the messuage called Weston Hall in Cheshire and the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, Warks., which are now to be freed of all incumbrances placed on them by the marriage settlement of the Wrights in 1728, the Hampshire lands being by this deed conveyed to the Earl of Westmorland in their stead and for the same purposes. Conveyance from James Wright to Peter Somerfeild of Weston Hall, Cheshire, gent., in consideration of £6,150, of Weston Hall and the premises therewith. Conveyance from James Wright to the trustees of the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, all tithes, a plot of ground whereon a barn of 6 bays of building formerly stood in the yard of the dwelling house late of Thomas Greswold esq. deceased next to Mabbs Lane and a plot of ground lying at the upper end of the last mentioned plot, 30th May 1751\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1841). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England. Scott, Webster & Geary.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HKpfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA272","url_text":"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England"}]},{"reference":"Betham, rev William (1802). The baronetage of England, or, The history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland, as are of English families.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qV8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA246","url_text":"The baronetage of England, or, The history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland, as are of English families"}]},{"reference":"Maddison, A. R. (Arthur Roland); Larken, Arthur Staunton (1902). Lincolnshire pedigrees. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Mithcell & Hughes.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lincolnshirepedi51madd#page/530/mode/2up/search/Rhoda","url_text":"Lincolnshire pedigrees"}]},{"reference":"\"Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/LincolnshirePedigreesV50/page/n33/mode/2up?q=Amcotts","url_text":"\"Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\". Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/LincolnshirePedigreesV50/page/n47/mode/2up?q=Anton","url_text":"\"Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. Maddison V 50 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""}]},{"reference":"Maddison, A. R. (Arthur Roland); Larken, Arthur Staunton (1902). Lincolnshire pedigrees. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Mitchell & Hughes.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lincolnshirepedi51madd#page/528/mode/2up/search/Rhoda","url_text":"Lincolnshire pedigrees"}]},{"reference":"\"FAIRFAX, Sir Ferdinando (1584-1648), of Denton and Nun Appleton, Yorks., History of Parliament Online\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/fairfax-sir-ferdinando-1584-1648","url_text":"\"FAIRFAX, Sir Ferdinando (1584-1648), of Denton and Nun Appleton, Yorks., History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"The case of the Lady Rhoda Fairfax, late wife of Ferdinando Lord Fairfax deceased, and of the Lady Elizabeth Hussey, late wife of Sir Edw. Hussey deceased, on the behalfe of themselves and their children, : upon the said Sir Edw. Husseys composition at Goldsmiths Hall appointed by order of the Parliament to be heard this 18th day of June. 1650. Early English books online. London: s.n. 1650.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/11251091","url_text":"The case of the Lady Rhoda Fairfax, late wife of Ferdinando Lord Fairfax deceased, and of the Lady Elizabeth Hussey, late wife of Sir Edw. Hussey deceased, on the behalfe of themselves and their children, : upon the said Sir Edw. Husseys composition at Goldsmiths Hall appointed by order of the Parliament to be heard this 18th day of June. 1650"}]},{"reference":"Catalogue description: LEASE for 1 year & MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT between 1) Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. and Dame Rhoda his wife, eldest daughter of Sir John Huband, late of Ipsley Court (Co. Warwick), Bt., deceased. 2) John Broughton of the town of Southampton (Co. Southants), Esq., John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, and James Wright of the borough of Warwick (Co. Warwick), gentleman. Et al. 10 April 1727.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/8690f4b2-b86f-46f3-85b0-3c10f7c1c121","url_text":"Catalogue description: LEASE for 1 year & MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT between 1) Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. and Dame Rhoda his wife, eldest daughter of Sir John Huband, late of Ipsley Court (Co. Warwick), Bt., deceased. 2) John Broughton of the town of Southampton (Co. Southants), Esq., John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, and James Wright of the borough of Warwick (Co. Warwick), gentleman. Et al"}]},{"reference":"Ingamells, John (2007). \"W\". A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800. Yale University Press, Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. pp. 1022–1023. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ISBN 9780300071658. JSTOR j.ctt1xp3ngj.31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1xp3ngj.31","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300071658","url_text":"9780300071658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31","url_text":"j.ctt1xp3ngj.31"}]},{"reference":"King, Julia. \"Wright, Sir James, first baronet\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68916","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68916"}]},{"reference":"Grundy, Isobel (1999). Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford University Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-19-811289-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UsBfClLa9JkC&pg=PA583","url_text":"Lady Mary Wortley Montagu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811289-1","url_text":"978-0-19-811289-1"}]},{"reference":"Donne, William Bodham (1867). The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North, from 1768 to 1783. Ed. with an Introd, and Notes. Vol. II. John Murray. p. 204.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oSmeX-aZYMoC&pg=PA204","url_text":"The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North, from 1768 to 1783. Ed. with an Introd, and Notes"}]},{"reference":"\"The bedchamber: Grooms of the Bedchamber 1660-1837, British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol11/pp20-24","url_text":"\"The bedchamber: Grooms of the Bedchamber 1660-1837, British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"The English historical review. 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheEnglishHistoricalReview23/page/n599/mode/2up","url_text":"The English historical review"}]},{"reference":"companion, Court (1804). The court companion, containing the arms of the peers, peeresses, and bishops of the United Kingdom. Also, a peerage directory.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rX8DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA115","url_text":"The court companion, containing the arms of the peers, peeresses, and bishops of the United Kingdom. Also, a peerage directory"}]},{"reference":"Kearsley's Complete..., 2: Together with an Extinct Peerage of the Three Kingdoms List of All Their Family Names, Titles of Elder Sons & and Translation of Their Mottos. G. Kearsley. 1804.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nJnevpSi8VEC&pg=PA731","url_text":"Kearsley's Complete..., 2: Together with an Extinct Peerage of the Three Kingdoms List of All Their Family Names, Titles of Elder Sons & and Translation of Their Mottos"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Archive, Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart. [...]. Date: 12 July 1756\". collections.shakespeare.org.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-82965/page/4743/view_as/list","url_text":"\"Search Archive, Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart. [...]. Date: 12 July 1756\""}]},{"reference":"Walpole, Horace (1843). Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His Britannic Majesty's Resident at the Court of Florence, from 1760 to 1785. Vol. 1. R. Bentley. p. 336.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x5E4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA336","url_text":"Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, to Sir Horace Mann: His Britannic Majesty's Resident at the Court of Florence, from 1760 to 1785"}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/estate/view/3426","url_text":"\"Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, George Edward (1 January 1900). Complete baronetage: Volume V. Dalcassian Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LNrdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161","url_text":"Complete baronetage: Volume V"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir James Wright, Artist, Royal Academy of Arts\". www.royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/james-wright","url_text":"\"Sir James Wright, Artist, Royal Academy of Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Ingamells, John (2007). \"W\". A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800. Yale University Press, Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. pp. 961–962. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31. ISBN 9780300071658. JSTOR j.ctt1xp3ngj.31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1xp3ngj.31","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300071658","url_text":"9780300071658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xp3ngj.31","url_text":"j.ctt1xp3ngj.31"}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). \"Addington, Anthony\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Addington,_Anthony","url_text":"\"Addington, Anthony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Barker, George Fisher Russell (1896). \"Pitt William (1708-1778)\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Pitt_William_(1708-1778)","url_text":"\"Pitt William (1708-1778)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Barker, George Fisher Russell (1898). \"Stuart John (1713-1792)\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Stuart_John_(1713-1792)","url_text":"\"Stuart John (1713-1792)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"London Borough of Redbridge – Ray House\". In 1736 Suasso conveyed the estate to James Hannot. His heir, Bennet Hannot, sold Ray House about 1770 to Sir James Wright, British minister at Venice between 1769 and 1771, who took up residence in the two-storey five-bay brick mansion.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/planning/apa-redbridge-pdf/","url_text":"\"London Borough of Redbridge – Ray House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - Robert Adam\". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=402763","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects - Robert Adam\""}]},{"reference":"Colvin, Howard (1998). \"A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840: Corrections and Additions to the Third Edition (Yale University Press 1995)\". Architectural History. 41: 280. doi:10.1017/S0066622X00000691. ISSN 0066-622X. JSTOR 1568661. S2CID 246046976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066622X00000691","url_text":"10.1017/S0066622X00000691"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-622X","url_text":"0066-622X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568661","url_text":"1568661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246046976","url_text":"246046976"}]},{"reference":"Cassidy, Brendan (2016). \"Some 'Giorgiones' in Eighteenth-Century England\". Artibus et Historiae. 37 (74): 260–263. ISSN 0391-9064. JSTOR 44972582.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0391-9064","url_text":"0391-9064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44972582","url_text":"44972582"}]},{"reference":"Jasanoff, Maya (18 December 2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3obJai0RMC&pg=PT38","url_text":"Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42571-3","url_text":"978-0-307-42571-3"}]},{"reference":"Humfrey, Peter (1 September 2013). \"Made in Venice\". Apollo. 178 (612): 76–83.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00036536&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA344826447&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs","url_text":"\"Made in Venice\""}]},{"reference":"Cocke, Richard (5 October 2017). Paolo Veronese: Piety and Display in an Age of Religious Reform. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-80573-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EpY4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1989","url_text":"Paolo Veronese: Piety and Display in an Age of Religious Reform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-80573-5","url_text":"978-1-351-80573-5"}]},{"reference":"Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista; veneziano, Museo del Settecento; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; York, N. Y. ) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New (1996). Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696-1770 : [Venice, Museum of Ca' Rezzonico, from September 5 to December 9, 1996] : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, [from January 24 to April 27, 1997]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-812-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DoHKJZ7soKMC&pg=PA132","url_text":"Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696-1770 : [Venice, Museum of Ca' Rezzonico, from September 5 to December 9, 1996] : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, [from January 24 to April 27, 1997]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-812-6","url_text":"978-0-87099-812-6"}]},{"reference":"Tate. \"The Craze for Pastel: Essay\". Tate. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/bp-spotlight-craze-pastel/essay","url_text":"\"The Craze for Pastel: Essay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Commercial Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/commercial/view/2146006675","url_text":"\"Details of Commercial Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Hassell, John (1817). Picturesque Rides and Walks: With Excursions by Water, Thirty Miles Round the British Metropolis; Illustrated in a Series of Engravings, Coloured After Nature; with an Historical and Topographical Description of the Country Within the Compass of that Circle. J. Hassell.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K-c-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64-IA4","url_text":"Picturesque Rides and Walks: With Excursions by Water, Thirty Miles Round the British Metropolis; Illustrated in a Series of Engravings, Coloured After Nature; with an Historical and Topographical Description of the Country Within the Compass of that Circle"}]},{"reference":"Patent artificial Slate Manufacture for roofs and fronts of buildings and thatching of ricks, etc. (Preliminary observations.). 1786.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EqiAXHUAMtMC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Patent artificial Slate Manufacture for roofs and fronts of buildings and thatching of ricks, etc. (Preliminary observations.)"}]},{"reference":"King, Julia (28 September 2014). George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4724-1274-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5CrjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41","url_text":"George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1274-4","url_text":"978-1-4724-1274-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Physical Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/physical/view/1995968525","url_text":"\"Details of Physical Legacy, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/estate/view/3426","url_text":"\"Details of Estate, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146659575","url_text":"\"Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stapleton Sugar Plantations in the Leeward Islands by J. R. V. JOHNSTON, M.A. Assistant Librarian in the University of Leeds\" (PDF). doi:10.7227/BJRL.48.1.9. S2CID 161621617. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200227080818/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbc8/a59a5ae4fde3425d4214badff6bdae99173a.pdf","url_text":"\"The Stapleton Sugar Plantations in the Leeward Islands by J. R. V. JOHNSTON, M.A. Assistant Librarian in the University of Leeds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.48.1.9","url_text":"10.7227/BJRL.48.1.9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161621617","url_text":"161621617"},{"url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fbc8/a59a5ae4fde3425d4214badff6bdae99173a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Annual Register. Longmans, Green. 1803. Lady Wright, in her 70th year, at Bath, wife of sir James Wright, of Hoy-house Essex, and only daughter of sir William Stapleton, bart. of Grays-court near Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7JU-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49","url_text":"The Annual Register"}]},{"reference":"Courthope, William (1839). Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: With Additions to the Present Time and a New Set of Coats of Arms from Drawings by Harvey. J. G. & F. Rivington.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v6u5S-H7BCUC&pg=PA232","url_text":"Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: With Additions to the Present Time and a New Set of Coats of Arms from Drawings by Harvey"}]},{"reference":"Wotton, Thomas; Johnson, Richard A.; Kimber, Edward (1771). The Baronetage of England. G. Woodfall.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z6W35JBfgQAC&pg=PA444","url_text":"The Baronetage of England"}]},{"reference":"The Gentleman's and London Magazine: Or Monthly Chronologer, 1741-1794. J. Exshaw. 1741.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gvURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA645","url_text":"The Gentleman's and London Magazine: Or Monthly Chronologer, 1741-1794"}]},{"reference":"St. George's Church (Westminster, London; Chapman, John Henry; Armytage, George J. (George John) (1886). The register book of marriages belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover square, in the county of Middlesex. Harold B. Lee Library. London : [Mitchell & Hughes, printers].","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/registerbookofma11stge/page/54/mode/2up","url_text":"The register book of marriages belonging to the parish of St. George, Hanover square, in the county of Middlesex"}]},{"reference":"\"Full text of \"Records Of The Rudd Family\"\". archive.org. Retrieved 14 August 2020. Abraham Joseph Rudd, son of the Rev. Sayer Rudd, of London, matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford, 8th July, 1743. aged 18, B.A. 1747. M.A. 1750. Curate of St. George's, Hanover Square, Rector of Londesborough, Yorks, 1757. and of Burnley, 1769. 4 Abraham Joseph Rudd had been at Merchant Taylors School, and in 1743 was elected as the William Stuart Scholar to St. John's, Oxford. * Besides the foregoing appointments he was also Curate of St. James","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/RecordsOfTheRuddFamilyByMaryAmeliaRudd/Records+of+the+Rudd+Family+by+Mary+Amelia+Rudd_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Full text of \"Records Of The Rudd Family\"\""}]},{"reference":"Catalogue description: Description: RELEASE (copy) between 1) Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Dashwood, Chancellor and treasurer of H.M. Court of Exchequer, sole executor of Rt. Hon. John Earl of Westmoreland deceased. 2) William Mabbott of Tadworth Court (Co. Surrey), Esq. and Dame Rhoda Delves commonly called lady Delves, late widow and relict of Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. deceased, since wife of John Cotes Esq. also deceased and now wife of the sd. William Mabbott. Et al. 28 August 1762.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58e9ce77-b7e4-4362-aea9-54ce14a2e648","url_text":"Catalogue description: Description: RELEASE (copy) between 1) Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Dashwood, Chancellor and treasurer of H.M. Court of Exchequer, sole executor of Rt. Hon. John Earl of Westmoreland deceased. 2) William Mabbott of Tadworth Court (Co. Surrey), Esq. and Dame Rhoda Delves commonly called lady Delves, late widow and relict of Sir Thomas Delves of Dodington Bt. deceased, since wife of John Cotes Esq. also deceased and now wife of the sd. William Mabbott. Et al"}]},{"reference":"\"Copy will of William Mabbott of Tadworth in Surrey, esq, 9 November 1764\". The Keep. Retrieved 14 August 2020. Description: capital messuage and land to William Wright of the Exchequer, esq, and Charles Scrase of the Inner Temple, esq, in trust for his wife Dame Rhoda Delves for life, etc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thekeep.info/collections/getrecord/GB179_SAS-CO_6_1_5_1","url_text":"\"Copy will of William Mabbott of Tadworth in Surrey, esq, 9 November 1764\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stapleton-Cotton Manuscripts - Archives Hub\". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/00c75886-91cc-30dd-8830-56f16c43ca64","url_text":"\"Stapleton-Cotton Manuscripts - Archives Hub\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Individual Catherine Stapleton 1734–1815, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146647791","url_text":"\"Summary of Individual Catherine Stapleton 1734–1815, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Larsen, Ruth M. \"Pitt [née Grenville], Hester, countess of Chatham and suo jure Baroness Chatham\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/89688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F89688","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/89688"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Arthur Skevington (1951). The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation). University of Edinburgh. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/34503","url_text":"The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation)"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Gillies Payne, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\". www.ucl.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146644889","url_text":"\"Sir Gillies Payne, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, Edwin. \"Haweis, Thomas\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12642","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12642"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Arthur Skevington (1951). The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation). University of Edinburgh. pp. 189–193.","urls":[{"url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/34503","url_text":"The Life of Thomas Haweis (dissertation)"}]},{"reference":"Trowles, Tony. \"Ireland, John (1761–1842)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14448","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14448"}]},{"reference":"The Gentleman's Magazine: 1819. E. Cave. 1819. Jan. 10 [...] At Woodhouse, Rebecca, relict of Sir George Wright, bart. late of Ray House, Essex; a lady eminent for the purity of her religion, the urbanity of her manners, and the universal benevolence of her disposition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ORdEAQAAMAAJ&q=Sir+George+Wright+%22Rebecca%22+1819&pg=PA182","url_text":"The Gentleman's Magazine: 1819"}]},{"reference":"Annual Register. 1800. MARRIAGES in the Year 1796. [...] June 3. George Wright, esq. only son of sir James Wright, bart. to miss Maclane, only daughter and heiress to the late Charles Maclane, esq. of Okingham.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LecxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA51","url_text":"Annual Register"}]},{"reference":"Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure. Pub. for J. Hinton. 1796. George Wright, esq. only son of sir James Wright, bart. to miss Maclane, only daughter and heiress to the late Charles Maclane, esq. of Okingham.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Vc4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA454","url_text":"Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure"}]},{"reference":"\"The Will of Duncan Maclane, Gentleman, of Hackney – Bank Of England Wills Extracts 1717-1845\". www.findmypast.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findmypast.co.uk/transcript?id=GBOR/BOE/702018326/1","url_text":"\"The Will of Duncan Maclane, Gentleman, of Hackney – Bank Of England Wills Extracts 1717-1845\""}]},{"reference":"Will of Duncan Maclane of Saint John Hackney, Middlesex. 28 July 1773.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D452281","url_text":"Will of Duncan Maclane of Saint John Hackney, Middlesex"}]},{"reference":"Will of Rebecca Maclane, Widow of Clapham, Surrey. 3 November 1792.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D527431","url_text":"Will of Rebecca Maclane, Widow of Clapham, Surrey"}]},{"reference":"Edmund, Lodge (1844). The peerage of the British empire as at present existing. To which is added the baronetage.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5uYDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"The peerage of the British empire as at present existing. To which is added the baronetage"}]},{"reference":"The Scots Magazine ... Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lc4zAQAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Murray+%22Lord+George%22+Ruperta+Catherine+Maclane&pg=PA418","url_text":"The Scots Magazine ..."}]},{"reference":"\"Heraldry of the Murrays\" (PDF). Edward Murray, born 5th November 1798 ; died 1st July 1852. He was Vicar of Northolt, Middlesex. On 14th February 1822 he married Ruperta, only child of Sir George Wright, Bt, and had issue.","urls":[{"url":"https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/9528/95284830.23.pdf","url_text":"\"Heraldry of the Murrays\""}]},{"reference":"King, Julia (5 July 2017). George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-56574-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hicxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65","url_text":"George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-56574-5","url_text":"978-1-351-56574-5"}]},{"reference":"Cave, Edward (1804). The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first [-fifth], for the year 1731 [-1735] ... Printed and sold at St John's Gate [by Edward Cave]; by F. Jefferies in Ludgate-Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OK4UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA284","url_text":"The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first [-fifth], for the year 1731 [-1735] ..."}]},{"reference":"The European Magazine and London Review, by the Philological Society of London. 1804.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-cYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239","url_text":"The European Magazine and London Review, by the Philological Society of London"}]},{"reference":"W. A. van S. Papworth; Frederick O'Dwyer (rev.). \"Papworth, George\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21253.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F21253","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/21253"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/d9f9a578-4b7f-4978-9d29-575f26fc3a01","external_links_name":"Marriage settlement: 1 Sir James Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq, and Dame Catherine, his wife, 2 George Wright of Ray House, Essex, esq (only child of 1), 3 Rebecca Maclane of Ham, Surrey, spinster"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D541236","external_links_name":"The Last Will and Testament of James Wright, Residence: Warwick, Warwickshire, England, Probate Date: 19/07/1754, England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146659575","external_links_name":"\"Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/1b6ecd88-484d-4539-a207-70ae7e71a50c","external_links_name":"Bundle containing documents relating to tithes, pedigrees, marriage settlements, footpaths, etc. CR 1908/199/11 Pedigree of the Huband family, the early information being copied from Dugdale, the later taken from deeds and showing the marriage of Mary Huband to James Wright, c. 1100 - c. 1750), c. 1750"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol21/pp249-264","external_links_name":"\"House of Lords Journal Volume 21: March 1720, 1-10 | British History Online\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10413689","external_links_name":"Catalogue description: Cotes v Dawson. Document type: Bill and two answers. Plaintiffs: John Cotes, esq of Dodington, Cheshire and Dame Rhoda Delves his wife, James Wright, gent of Warwick, Warwickshire and Mary Wright his wife, Jane Huband, spinster aged 14 years, infant (by Mary Broughton, spinster; said Dame Rhoda Delves, Mary Wright and Jane Hubard are the sisters and co-heirs of Sir John Huband bart, deceased, late of Ipsley Court, Warwickshire). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Dawson, widow, Elianor Hutton, spinster and Dame Rhoda Huband, widow. Date of bill (or first document): 1731. Date: 1731"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10414136","external_links_name":"Catalogue description: Short title: Hollister v Broughton. Document type: Two bills and nine answers. Plaintiffs: John Hollister, citizen and merchant tailor of London, James Wright, gent of Warwick and Mary Wright his wife (late Mary Huband). Defendants: Dame Elizabeth Broughton, widow (only child and heir at law of Sir Thomas Delves bart, deceased late of Doddington, Cheshire), Sir Bryan Broughton bart of Broughton, Staffordshire and Jane Broughton infants (by said Dame Elizabeth Broughton, their mother) John Broughton esq, Robert Goode, churchwarden, Thomas Higgison, late churchwarden, William Fox junior, John Eedes, late overseers of the Poor of St Nicholas, Warwickshire, Thomas Knight, Abraham Lea, churchwardens of Wibunbury, Cheshire, William Greenwood, vicar of St Mary and St Nicholas in Warwick, James Fish, John Seaton, George Field, Thomas Cowper, William Smith and Richard Bullock, churchwardens and overseers of the poor of St Mary, aforesaid Jane Huband, an infant (by William Greenwood DD) John Dolben, clerk, John Cotes, esq and Dame Rhoda Cotes his wife (late Dame Rhoda Delves, widow of Sir Thomas Delves, bart deceased). Date of bill (or first document): 1734. Date: 1734"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10419282","external_links_name":"Catalogue description: Huddesford v Bettinson. Document type: Depositions. Plaintiffs: William Huddesford, clerk and James Wright, gent. Defendants: William Bettenson, gent an infant (by Michael Chappleman). Depositions taken at Warwick, Warwickshire. Date of bill (or first document): 1725. Date: 1725"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9623afcf-60fa-4235-838d-4948297fd60c","external_links_name":"Draft abstract of title to an estate at Mappleborough Green in the parish of Studley, commencing with a conveyance, dated 30 March 1728, from James Wright of Warwick, gent., to Court Dewes of Mappleboro' Green, esq., and ending with a conveyance, dated 26 December 1825, from Charles Adams to George Moore. Date: 30 March 1728 to 26 December 1825"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/73e1d91d-508f-4d06-abbf-80e5c8f9fd74","external_links_name":"Accounts of John Hamilton and Thomas Mason to James Wright of Warwick, attorney at law, for legal services rendered. 1726-1730"},{"Link":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-113095","external_links_name":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/70fdadd5-8fb4-45bb-acc3-335c91a8cb4f","external_links_name":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain & sale, with lease and release from Edward Croft of Warwick, gent.; Mary Wright of Bath, widow and executrix of James Wright late of Warwick; James Wright of Berkeley Square, Middlesex, only son and heir of James and Mary; William Adams, Bath, esq., trustee of the marriage settlement of Rice Charlton and Mary Wright, George Lucy, of Charlecote, esq., a trustee of the marriage settlement of John Moore of Christ Church College, DD, and Jane Wright, since deceased to Edward, Lord Leigh of Stoneleigh, for £3750 of the Rectory of Cubbington with tithes and appurtentnat premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 30 & 31 May 1765"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D504877","external_links_name":"Item to my son in law Doctor Moore for his [...] to me since the death of his dear wife I give fifty Guineas and to his sister miss Elizabeth Moore five pounds – Will of Mary Wright, Widow of Bath, Somerset"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/96037f7d-dc7e-4e68-81f4-9a5ed99f2e35","external_links_name":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Pre-nuptial settlement being conveyance by lease and release by Mary Wright, one of the daughter of James Wright, Warwick, esq., deceased to James Wright, her brother and William Adams, Bath, Somerset, esq. of her moiety in the manor of Butlers Marston and of the Rectory and lands on Cubbingtonn bequeathed to her under the will of her late father, in consideration of her intended marriage to Rice Charleton, Bath, Doctor in Physick, in trust to the use of Rice and Mary for life and then in tail male. Date: 7 & 8 November 1759"},{"Link":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-36964/view_as/list/page/2205","external_links_name":"\"Search | Archive | Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812 | Shakespeare Birthplace Trust\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b28038782/page/160/mode/2up?q=Charleton","external_links_name":"\"A genealogical account of the Mayo and Elton families of the counties of Wilts and Hereford : with an appendix containing genealogies for the most part not hitherto published of certain families allied by marriage to the family of Mayo ; to which is added a large tabular pedigree set in type by Theodore Mayo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U0cJAAAAQAAJ&q=%22John+Moore%22+%22Sir+James+Wright%22&pg=PA96","external_links_name":"Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century;: comprizing biographical memoirs of William Bowyer, printer, F.S.A. and many of his learned friends; ..."},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/de33b8db-02e5-4820-b0ef-fd03ffbd91d4","external_links_name":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: [Copy] Marriage articles between Jane Wright, daughter of Mary, widow of James of Warwick, esq., deceased and Rev. John Moore, Overton, Wiltshire. Recites grant of annuity by Duke of Marlborough of £350 to James Wright, brother of Jane, in Trust to provide a jointure for Jane. Reciprocally the moiety of the estates at Butlers Marston and Cubbington bequeathed to Jane by her father, are settled on trustees in trust for Jane and her husband and their issue. Date: 28 April 1763"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/warks/vol3/pp123-126","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Ipsley, British History Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol4/pp319-324#fnn35","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Hurstbourne Tarrant, British History Online\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/28bc347e-21eb-4f89-8710-2f1d8582379e","external_links_name":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Copy of the probate (19 July 1754) of the will of James Wright, Warwick, esq. reciting settlement of 1751 (/24-5) devising, after death of widow Mary, to son James. Now bequeaths lands and personal estate towife subject to payment of debts and legacies by sale if necessary. Income of residue to wife for life with remainder to daughters Mary and Jane, charged with payment of £100 to son James. Wife sole executrix. Date: 19 December 1752"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/997e4cad-4780-4f46-99ad-e5f35f14a694","external_links_name":"Deeds relating to Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812. Description: Bargain and sale by Thomas Collins of Greenwich, gent., son and heir of Alice, widow of William Collins of St Saviours, Southwark, gent., and Mary and Martha his sisters, with Crispe Grainge of St Bartholomew the Great, surviving trustee of William Collins to James Wright of Warwick, for £1500 of the Rectory of Cubbington with associated lands and premises. Signed and sealed. Date: 4 May 1725"},{"Link":"http://collections.shakespeare.org.uk/search/archive/arch-82965/page/4743/view_as/list","external_links_name":"\"Search Archive Cubbington, Warwickshire, 1646-1812, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Description: Lease and Mortgage in fee of the manor of Butlers Marston and Rectory of Cubbington by Mary, widow of James Wright, one of the sisters and coheirs of Sir John Hubaud of Ipsley, bart., children of Sir John Ipsley, bart. by Rhoda his wife to William Mabbot, St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex, esq. and Robert Henley, The Grainge, Hampshire,esq. (trustees of James Wright, Dowles Lodge, Hampshire, esq., only son and heir of Mary and James) to secure £2000 [Robert Henley was married to Jane, sister of Mary Wright]. Date: 12 July 1756\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5160d27c-eee1-4446-b528-f58cc606d6b7","external_links_name":"\"Conveyance from James Wright of Warwick esq. and Mary his wife to John, Earl of Westmorland, of two-thirds of the manor of Hursborne Tarrant and two-thirds of woods called Dowles in Hursborne and Andover, Hants. and the other property late of Sir John Huband, late father of Mary Wright in Hursborne Tarrant, Andover, Ibdrop, Upton, Kings Enham, Knights Enham, Charlton and the forest chase Hants., one-third of which Wright purchased from Dame Rhoda Delves alias Cotes widow (nee Huband) and the other from Jane Huband, spinster, and of the messuage called Pemmers and the appurtenances in Hursbane Tarrant and Ibdrop, the property being of the same yearly value as are the messuage called Weston Hall in Cheshire and the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, Warks., which are now to be freed of all incumbrances placed on them by the marriage settlement of the Wrights in 1728, the Hampshire lands being by this deed conveyed to the Earl of Westmorland in their stead and for the same purposes. Conveyance from James Wright to Peter Somerfeild of Weston Hall, Cheshire, gent., in consideration of £6,150, of Weston Hall and the premises therewith. Conveyance from James Wright to the trustees of the rectory impropriate of Cubbington, all tithes, a plot of ground whereon a barn of 6 bays of building formerly stood in the yard of the dwelling house late of Thomas Greswold esq. deceased next to Mabbs Lane and a plot of ground lying at the upper end of the last mentioned plot, 30th May 1751\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HKpfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qV8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA246","external_links_name":"The baronetage of England, or, The history of the English baronets, and such baronets of Scotland, as are of English families"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lincolnshirepedi51madd#page/530/mode/2up/search/Rhoda","external_links_name":"Lincolnshire pedigrees"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/LincolnshirePedigreesV50/page/n33/mode/2up?q=Amcotts","external_links_name":"\"Lincolnshire Pedigrees, edited by A.R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty:_A_History_of_the_Early_Republic,_1789%E2%80%931815

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815

["1 Background","1.1 The Oxford History of the United States","1.2 Gordon S. Wood","2 Content","3 Publication","4 Critical reception","4.1 Style","4.2 History","4.3 Series cohesion","4.4 Tone","5 Honors","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]

2009 American history book by Gordon S. Wood Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 AuthorGordon S. WoodSeriesOxford History of the United StatesSubjectHistory of the United StatesPublisherOxford University PressPublication date2009Media typePrint (hardcover)Pages778ISBN9780195039146Preceded byThe Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1769–1789 Followed byWhat Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848  Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 is a nonfiction book written by American historian Gordon S. Wood. Published as a clothbound hardcover in 2009 as part of the Oxford History of the United States series, the book narrates the history of the United States in the first twenty-six years following the ratification of the U. S. Constitution. Reviews praised the book's style and prose. The history Empire of Liberty tells privileges republicanism and political thought, characterizing the early United States as a time of growing egalitarianism unleashed by the American Revolution. The story involves both Federalists and Jeffersonians; it tends to sympathize with Jeffersonians. Empire of Liberty was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for History. It was one of the New York Times Book Review's top 100 books of 2009, and it received the New-York Historical Society's American History Book Prize and the Audio Publishers Association's Audie Award for History. Empire of Liberty's narrative has been criticized for resembling those of consensus history in the 1950s and for not doing much to integrate historiographic developments like social history, the cultural turn, and the linguistic turn. Historians Nancy Isenberg, John L. Brooke, and Trevor Burnard criticized the book's cursory treatment of women's history during the period. Background The Oxford History of the United States In the 1950s, historians Richard Hofstadter and C. Vann Woodward conceived a multivolume series on the history of the United States: the Oxford History of the United States. Hofstadter died before production truly got underway, leaving Woodward as editor with Sheldon Meyer's assistance until 1999, when the editorship passed to David M. Kennedy and Peter Ginna. During the twentieth century, Woodward was uneasy with the then-contemporary historical profession's increasing emphasis on social history beyond traditional political historical narrative and American universities' increasing diversity in response to decolonization, Black Power, and women's rights movements. Woodward believed historians were becoming "indifferen to the layman" and were overemphasizing the "analytical" at the expense of "narrative", and with what historian Micki McElya calls "reactionary fervor" resolved to, through the Oxford History of the United States, reestablish what he considered a cohesive narrative of American history. The series initially had historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick writing on the early national period of the United States, but when their manuscript did not narrate past 1800, Oxford University Press instead published it outside the series as the 1993 The Age of Federalism. Gordon S. Wood Gordon S. Wood in 2006. Even before writing Empire of Liberty, Gordon S. Wood was "perhaps the leading historian of the American revolutionary era, of his generation", in the words of reviewer Peter Field. His first monograph was the 1969 The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787, a book which won the Bancroft Prize. He also wrote the 1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book about republicanism and the emergence of liberal democracy in the American Revolution. In a 2010 review of Empire of Liberty, reviewer Walter Mead concluded that "o one is more qualified to write a history of this vital period in the rise of the United States than Wood". Reviewer Ed Voves relates Empire of Liberty to Wood's preceding corpus, calling it "a complement to Wood's earlier books, as well as a volume in the Oxford series". Communication scholar Alfred Soto dubbed the book "a splendid sequel" to Wood's Radicalism of the American Revolution, Historian Nancy Isenberg calls Empire of Liberty a "reprise" of Radicalism of the American Revolution. In reviewer Trevor Burnard's words, Empire of Liberty "rehearses and extends the arguments made in Wood's previous books that this period was revolutionary in its overturning of old ideas of hierarchy and in its assertion of egalitarian doctrines for ordinary white men". Content Empire of Liberty narrates twenty-six years of American history, covering both the Federalist and Jeffersonian periods, bookended by the ratification of the Constitution of the United States and the end of the War of 1812. Structurally, the book is largely chronological in its first eight chapters, up to the 1800 United States presidential election, and mostly topical in its last eleven chapters. Although Woodward conceived the Oxford History of the United States series as narrative history, Empire of Liberty "does not really offer narrative history", Field explains. The book narrates this history as a time of transition: after the American Revolution unleashed egalitarian energies and moved society away from monarchism and toward republican society, the early national period featured a shift into what historian Sean Wilentz calls "rambunctious democracy" during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The rise of individualism and democracy are central themes throughout Empire of Liberty. Republicanism is at the center of the book. Wood's historical narrative is the story of an American people overcoming and setting aside the past. Democratization and overthrow of past hierarchies pervaded every part of American life as the middle class grew and sought commercial success and disestablished religion led to preachers multiplying and Christianizing the United States; decentralization and homogenization went hand in hand as individualism and popular culture proliferated. Politically, the narrative tends to side with historical Jeffersonians. According to David Waldstreicher, Wood "has sympathy for both sides of the partisan battles". Federalists appear in the history as political conservatives trying to restore monarchical society whom the era's democratic milieu blindsides. Overall, the book is laudatory of early American opposition to monarchic hierarchy in favor of egalitarianism and considers Jefferson the embodiment of this perspective. Reviewer Kevin Hartnett notes that in Empire of Liberty, Jefferson's "libertarian vision became America's dominant political philosophy—with ironic results". Reviewer Drew McCoy summarizes, "the real winners in this American success story are not the Founding Fathers, including Jefferson, but Jefferson's followers in the northern states", those who made society increasingly democratic, commercial, and Christian and thrived in that context. Empire of Liberty often generalizes about the experiences and values of Americans "everywhere". According to Field, the book is a "regional interpretation, and a selective one at that". The book frequently qualifies its generalizations as applying mostly to the northern United States; according to historian John L. Brooke, the result is that "Wood is really only interested in" a minority of Americans, those "part of northern society, that part shaped by the political culture of Jeffersonian Republicanism", whose congressional legislators represented districts containing less than 30% of the American population in the nineteenth century's first decade. In Wood's accounting, traditionalism continued in the American South, but progressive democracy permeated the culture of the North. Publication Liberty. In the form of the goddess of youth, giving support to the bald eagle, a 1796 engraving by Edward Savage.Oxford University Press published Empire of Liberty in 2009, twenty-seven years after the publication of its preceding title in the series, Robert Middlekauff's The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1769. The book was printed as a clothbound hardcover. On release, it sold for $35. The book is approximately 800 pages long. It includes maps, an index, and a bibliographical essay. There are forty black-and-white illustrations. Oxford University Press published a paperback edition of Empire of Liberty in 2011, selling it for $19.95. Digital audiobook service Audible released an audiobook edition of Empire of Liberty, narrated by Robert Fass. With the release of Empire of Liberty, in 2009 the Oxford History of the United States covered the chronological span of American history from 1763 to 1865. Critical reception Style Foreign Affairs called the book "a tour de force of scholarship and a gripping read". Reviewer Trevor Burnard praised Empire of Liberty's "verve and elegance" and considered the book emblematic of "the strengths of the series". Wilentz praised the book for being "even-handed". History Historian James Sharp called Empire of Liberty a "monumental achievement of research and synthesis by one of our finest historians". Reviewer David Waldstreicher considered Wood "at his most insightful" when discussing the American founders and broad strokes in the history of ideas. Field writes that "Empire of Liberty does not really break new ground; nor does that seem to have been its author's intention", and the book extends the argument's of Wood's earlier books, like The Radicalism of the American Revolution. According to Isenberg, Empire of Liberty recapitulates a historical narrative that was consensus in the 1950s, telling an outdated narrative of a "past that few academic historians accept anymore". Waldstreicher's review observed that the histories of chattel slavery and territorial expansion do not fit well into Wood's overall scheme, and his depiction of the historiography is "partial and misleading on work with which Wood disagrees". Burnard considered the book (along with the rest of the Oxford History of the United States) lacking in its attention to developments in historiography like social history, the cultural turn, and the linguistic turn. Empire of Liberty specifically addresses women's matters less than twenty-five times. McCoy calls Wood's treatment of the republican family a "superb discussion" of "the relationship between Revolutionary culture and women's experiences". According to Brooke, "Wood virtually leaves women out of the picture, with the sole exception of a short twelve-page section… on women, family, and citizenship" and remarks that "eaving half of the population out of the picture in a synthesis published in the early-twenty-first century is really quite amazing". In Isenberg's words, the subject of women is "so disruptive" to Wood's narrative that "he exiles" the topic to a chapter that appears after the book's halfway mark. While acknowledging "the book's triumphal success" in general, historian Mark Noll criticized Empire of Liberty's presentation of American religion as reductive: in Noll's words, Wood "described religion in this period as being defined, driven, or caused by the expanding logic of Revolutionary liberty", resultantly understating the capacity of religion itself as a system of thought and motivating factor. Series cohesion In his review of the overall Oxford History of the United States series, Burnard observed that there are "occasional disagreements of historical interpretation" between the books, including Empire of Liberty. The same people who appear in the preceding book in the series, Middelkauff's The Glorious Cause, as Whig revolutionaries become in Empire of Liberty Federalist conservatives. Middlekauff characterizes the American founders as motivated by Christian Providentialism, whereas Wood assesses them as not being particularly religious. According to Empire of Liberty, compared to the American North the American South became an increasingly anomalous part of the country over time, with its retention of slavery and traditionalism; meanwhile, James M. McPherson's Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (published in 1988, before Empire of Liberty, though it chronologically treats a later period of history) argues that globally, the South's traditionalism was more typical while the North was the exceptional society. Tone Based on Wood's choice to elaborate on the integral role of slavery in the United States' territorial and economic growth and conclude the book by describing the future Civil War as "the climax of a tragedy that was preordained from the time of the Revolution", reviewer Drew McCoy states that "Empire of Liberty ends on a surprising, somewhat awkward note" that "is, in the short run at least, less triumphant in tone than ironic". Reviewer Hartnett described the outcome of Jefferson's political and philosophical triumph in the book as having "ironic results". Brooke remarked that Empire of Liberty's "central theme of a rising people throwing off the past" would likely "be vociferously debated" and posed that "Wood's celebratory image of the early Republic… does not fully square with his own evidence". Isenberg calls Empire of Liberty a "morality play" that is "preachier in trumpeting the American dream" than Wood's earlier corpus. According to Noll, although Empire of Liberty presents "the material for a complex moral judgment on American history", its tone is overall laudatory and does not "not feature that ambiguity as a controlling theme". As a representative example of this, Noll considers Wood's characterization of Jefferson as "the supreme spokesman for the nation's noblest ideals and highest aspirations" to liberty at odds with the book's own report of Jefferson's ambitions for continental conquest, indulgent and debt-ridden lifestyle, and hypocritical participation in slavery. Honors Publishers Weekly gave Empire of Liberty a starred review. The New York Times Book Review selected it as one of its 100 top books of 2009. Empire of Liberty was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History and received the American History Book Prize from the New-York Historical Society. The audiobook edition received the Audio Publishers Association's 2011 Audie Award for History. See also Books portalUnited States portal History of the United States (1789–1849) The History of the United States of America 1801–1817 What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 Notes ^ McPherson, James M. (September 2000). "The War that Never Goes Away". People & Mountains (Interview). Interviewed by William R. Ferris. West Virginia National Humanities Council. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. ^ Burnard 2011, p. 410. ^ McPherson, James M. (September 19, 1999). "History: It's Still About Stories". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022. ^ McElya 2011, pp. 421–422. ^ McElya 2011, p. 422. ^ Phelps 2011, p. 432. ^ Field 2010, p. 106. ^ a b c Wilentz 2010, p. 476. ^ a b Voves, Ed. "Empire of Liberty A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 by Gordon S. Wood". California Literary Review. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. ^ McCoy 2010, p. 539. ^ "The Radicalism of the American Revolution". Kirkus Reviews. November 15, 1991. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. ^ a b Mead 2010, p. 160. ^ Soto, Alfred (May 11, 2015). "Bring on the Revolution: Gordon S. Wood's Empire of Liberty". Humanizing the Vacuum. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ a b c Isenberg 2012, p. 262. ^ a b c Burnard 2011, p. 408. ^ Sharp 2011, p. 54. ^ Sharp 2011, p. 54. Brooke 2010, p. 551 concurs that Empire of Liberty structurally is "a formal political narrative of the 1790s" followed by "a series of excellent thematic chapters". ^ a b Field 2010, p. 108. ^ a b c d "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815". Publishers Weekly (review). August 17, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. ^ Waldstreicher 2010, p. 838. ^ a b Brooke 2010, p. 551. ^ Onuf 2010, pp. 292–293. ^ a b Wilentz 2010, p. 477. ^ a b c Waldstreicher 2010, p. 839. ^ a b c Noll 2010, p. 9. ^ a b Hartnett, Kevin (April 6, 2016). "Book Review: Empire of Liberty – A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815". HistoryNet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. ^ a b McCoy 2010, p. 540. ^ Isenberg 2012, p. 261. ^ a b Field 2010, p. 553. ^ Brooke 2010, pp. 553, 555. ^ Isenberg 2012, p. 269. ^ Burnard 2011, pp. 407–408. ^ Brooke 2010, p. 549. ^ a b Onuf 2010, p. 292. ^ McCoy 2010, p. 539. ^ "New from Oxford". William & Mary Quarterly. 69 (3). July 2012. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.bm. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.bm. ^ a b Florian, John (May 25, 2011). "Audie Awards Honor Audiobook Industry's Best of the Best in NYC". VoiceOverXtra. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2024; "2011 Audie Awards". Audio Publishers Association. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024. ^ Field 2010, pp. 106–107. ^ Sharp 2011, p. 60. ^ Field 2010, p. 107. ^ Burnard 2011, pp. 409–410. ^ Burnard 2011, p. 412. ^ Brooke 2010, p. 552. ^ Isenberg 2012, p. 268. ^ Noll 2010, pp. 8–9. ^ Field 2010, pp. 108–109. ^ Burnard 2011, pp. 408–409. ^ McCoy 2010, p. 541. ^ "100 Notable Books of 2009". New York Times Book Review. December 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. ^ "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author and Historian Dr. Gordon S. Wood to Launch New Book "Power and Liberty" at the Museum, Oct. 26". Museum of the American Revolution. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024; Kelly, Matt (March 5, 2014). "U.Va. Professor Wins American History Book Prize". UVA Today. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024; "Finalist: Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, by Gordon S. Wood ((Oxford University Press)". The Pulitzer Prizes. 2010. References Brooke, John L. (July 2010). "Trouble with Paradox". William & Mary Quarterly (review). 67 (3): 549–557. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.549. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.549. Burnard, Trevor (August 2011). "America the Good, America the Brave, America the Free: Reviewing the Oxford History of the United States". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 407–420. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000508 (inactive February 7, 2024). hdl:11343/33008. S2CID 232252181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link) Field, Peter S. (July 2010). "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood". Australasian Journal of American Studies (review). 29 (1): 106–109. JSTOR 41054190. Isenberg, Nancy (Summer 2012). "The Empire Has No Clothes". Journal of the Early Republic (review). 32 (2): 261–277. doi:10.1353/jer.2012.0036. JSTOR 41478769. S2CID 143558612. McCoy, Drew R. (September 2010). "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood". New England Quarterly (review). 83 (3): 539–541. doi:10.1162/TNEQ_r_00026. JSTOR 20752716. S2CID 143468480. Mead, Walter Russell (March–April 2010). "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood". Recent Works. Foreign Affairs (review). p. 160. JSTOR 20699874. McElya, Micki (August 2011). "A Response to Trevor Burnard: 'America the Good, America the Brave, America the Free'". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 421–425. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000508 (inactive February 7, 2024). hdl:11343/33008. S2CID 232252181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link) Noll, Mark (January–February 2010). "Jefferson's America? From 1789 to 1815, in Gordon Wood's telling". Books & Culture: A Christian Review (review). 16 (1): 8–9. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024. Page numbers appear in print version. Onuf, Peter S. (July 2010). "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (review). 134 (3): 292–293. Phelps, Christopher (August 2011). "A Response to Trevor Burnard: American Past, America Present". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000508 (inactive February 7, 2024). hdl:11343/33008. S2CID 232252181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link) Sharp, James Roger (March 2011). "From Deference to Democracy: The Transformation of American Society, 1789–1815". Reviews in American History (review). 39 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1353/rah.2011.0048. S2CID 143932285. Waldstreicher, David (June 2010). "Gordon S. Wood. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815". American Historical Review (review). 115 (3): 838–839. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.3.838. Wilentz, Sean (September 2010). "Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood". Journal of American History (review). 97 (2): 475–477. doi:10.1093/jahist/97.2.475. JSTOR 40959776. vteOxford History of the United StatesVolumes Volume 3: The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (1982; 2005) Volume 4: Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009) Volume 5: What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (2007) Volume 6: Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988) Volume 7: The Republic for Which It Stands (2017) Volume 9: Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (1999) Volume 10: Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (1996) Volume 11: Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (2005) Volume 12: From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (2008) Authors George C. Herring (Volume 12) Daniel Walker Howe (Volume 5) David M. Kennedy (Volume 9) James M. McPherson (Volume 6) Robert Middlekauff (Volume 3) James T. Patterson (Volumes 10 and 11) Richard White (Volume 7) Gordon S. Wood (Volume 4) Oxford University Press

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon S. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood"},{"link_name":"Oxford History of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U. S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History"},{"link_name":"the New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"New-York Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"American History Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society_book_prizes"},{"link_name":"Audio Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"Audie Award for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Award_for_History_or_Biography"},{"link_name":"social history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"cultural turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_turn"},{"link_name":"linguistic turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_turn"},{"link_name":"Nancy Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Isenberg"},{"link_name":"John L. Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Brooke"},{"link_name":"Trevor Burnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Burnard"}],"text":"2009 American history book by Gordon S. WoodEmpire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 is a nonfiction book written by American historian Gordon S. Wood. Published as a clothbound hardcover in 2009 as part of the Oxford History of the United States series, the book narrates the history of the United States in the first twenty-six years following the ratification of the U. S. Constitution. Reviews praised the book's style and prose. The history Empire of Liberty tells privileges republicanism and political thought, characterizing the early United States as a time of growing egalitarianism unleashed by the American Revolution. The story involves both Federalists and Jeffersonians; it tends to sympathize with Jeffersonians.Empire of Liberty was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for History. It was one of the New York Times Book Review's top 100 books of 2009, and it received the New-York Historical Society's American History Book Prize and the Audio Publishers Association's Audie Award for History.Empire of Liberty's narrative has been criticized for resembling those of consensus history in the 1950s and for not doing much to integrate historiographic developments like social history, the cultural turn, and the linguistic turn. Historians Nancy Isenberg, John L. Brooke, and Trevor Burnard criticized the book's cursory treatment of women's history during the period.","title":"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Hofstadter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter"},{"link_name":"C. Vann Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Oxford History of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_History_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011410-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElya2011421%E2%80%93422-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElya2011422-5"},{"link_name":"Stanley Elkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Elkins"},{"link_name":"Eric McKitrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_McKitrick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps2011432-6"}],"sub_title":"The Oxford History of the United States","text":"In the 1950s, historians Richard Hofstadter and C. Vann Woodward conceived a multivolume series on the history of the United States: the Oxford History of the United States.[1] Hofstadter died before production truly got underway,[2] leaving Woodward as editor with Sheldon Meyer's assistance until 1999, when the editorship passed to David M. Kennedy and Peter Ginna.[3] During the twentieth century, Woodward was uneasy with the then-contemporary historical profession's increasing emphasis on social history beyond traditional political historical narrative and American universities' increasing diversity in response to decolonization, Black Power, and women's rights movements.[4] Woodward believed historians were becoming \"indifferen[t] to the layman\" and were overemphasizing the \"analytical\" at the expense of \"narrative\", and with what historian Micki McElya calls \"reactionary fervor\" resolved to, through the Oxford History of the United States, reestablish what he considered a cohesive narrative of American history.[5]The series initially had historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick writing on the early national period of the United States, but when their manuscript did not narrate past 1800, Oxford University Press instead published it outside the series as the 1993 The Age of Federalism.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gordon_Wood_historian_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gordon S. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010106-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476-8"},{"link_name":"Bancroft Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft_Prize"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"The Radicalism of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Radicalism_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010539-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2010160-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nancy Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Isenberg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012262-14"},{"link_name":"Trevor Burnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Burnard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011408-15"}],"sub_title":"Gordon S. Wood","text":"Gordon S. Wood in 2006.Even before writing Empire of Liberty, Gordon S. Wood was \"perhaps the leading historian of the American revolutionary era, of his generation\", in the words of reviewer Peter Field.[7] His first monograph was the 1969 The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787,[8] a book which won the Bancroft Prize.[9] He also wrote the 1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book[10] about republicanism and the emergence of liberal democracy in the American Revolution.[11] In a 2010 review of Empire of Liberty, reviewer Walter Mead concluded that \"[n]o one is more qualified to write a history of this vital period in the rise of the United States than Wood\".[12]Reviewer Ed Voves relates Empire of Liberty to Wood's preceding corpus, calling it \"a complement to Wood's earlier books, as well as a volume in the Oxford series\".[9] Communication scholar Alfred Soto dubbed the book \"a splendid sequel\" to Wood's Radicalism of the American Revolution,[13] Historian Nancy Isenberg calls Empire of Liberty a \"reprise\" of Radicalism of the American Revolution.[14] In reviewer Trevor Burnard's words, Empire of Liberty \"rehearses and extends the arguments made in Wood's previous books that this period was revolutionary in its overturning of old ideas of hierarchy and in its assertion of egalitarian doctrines for ordinary white men\".[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp201154-16"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476-8"},{"link_name":"1800 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010108-18"},{"link_name":"Sean Wilentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Wilentz"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"Republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010838-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010551-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010292%E2%80%93293-22"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010477-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839-24"},{"link_name":"Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010108-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll20109-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010540-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012261-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010553-29"},{"link_name":"John L. Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Brooke"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010553,_555-30"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012269-31"}],"text":"Empire of Liberty narrates twenty-six years of American history, covering both the Federalist and Jeffersonian periods,[16] bookended by the ratification of the Constitution of the United States and the end of the War of 1812.[8] Structurally, the book is largely chronological in its first eight chapters, up to the 1800 United States presidential election, and mostly topical in its last eleven chapters.[17] Although Woodward conceived the Oxford History of the United States series as narrative history, Empire of Liberty \"does not really offer narrative history\", Field explains.[18]The book narrates this history as a time of transition: after the American Revolution unleashed egalitarian energies and moved society away from monarchism and toward republican society, the early national period featured a shift into what historian Sean Wilentz calls \"rambunctious democracy\" during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.[8] The rise of individualism and democracy are central themes throughout Empire of Liberty.[19] Republicanism is at the center of the book.[20] Wood's historical narrative is the story of an American people overcoming and setting aside the past.[21] Democratization and overthrow of past hierarchies pervaded every part of American life as the middle class grew and sought commercial success and disestablished religion led to preachers multiplying and Christianizing the United States; decentralization and homogenization went hand in hand as individualism and popular culture proliferated.[22]Politically, the narrative tends to side with historical Jeffersonians.[23] According to David Waldstreicher, Wood \"has sympathy for both sides of the partisan battles\".[24] Federalists appear in the history as political conservatives trying to restore monarchical society whom the era's democratic milieu blindsides.[18] Overall, the book is laudatory of early American opposition to monarchic hierarchy in favor of egalitarianism and considers Jefferson the embodiment of this perspective.[25]Reviewer Kevin Hartnett notes that in Empire of Liberty, Jefferson's \"libertarian vision became America's dominant political philosophy—with ironic results\".[26] Reviewer Drew McCoy summarizes, \"the real winners in this American success story are not the Founding Fathers, including Jefferson, but Jefferson's followers in the northern states\", those who made society increasingly democratic, commercial, and Christian and thrived in that context.[27]Empire of Liberty often generalizes about the experiences and values of Americans \"everywhere\".[28] According to Field, the book is a \"regional interpretation, and a selective one at that\".[29] The book frequently qualifies its generalizations as applying mostly to the northern United States; according to historian John L. Brooke, the result is that \"Wood is really only interested in\" a minority of Americans, those \"part of northern society, that part shaped by the political culture of Jeffersonian Republicanism\", whose congressional legislators represented districts containing less than 30% of the American population in the nineteenth century's first decade.[30] In Wood's accounting, traditionalism continued in the American South, but progressive democracy permeated the culture of the North.[31]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty._In_the_form_of_the_goddess_of_youth,_giving_support_to_the_bald_eagle_-_painted_%26_engrav%27d_by_E._Savage._LCCN2003689261.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Savage_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Robert Middlekauff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011407%E2%80%93408-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010549-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010292-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010292-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Audible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_(service)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010106%E2%80%93107-38"}],"text":"Liberty. In the form of the goddess of youth, giving support to the bald eagle, a 1796 engraving by Edward Savage.Oxford University Press published Empire of Liberty in 2009, twenty-seven years after the publication of its preceding title in the series, Robert Middlekauff's The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1769.[32] The book was printed as a clothbound hardcover.[33] On release, it sold for $35.[34][19] The book is approximately 800 pages long.[35] It includes maps, an index, and a bibliographical essay.[34] There are forty black-and-white illustrations.[19]Oxford University Press published a paperback edition of Empire of Liberty in 2011, selling it for $19.95.[36]Digital audiobook service Audible released an audiobook edition of Empire of Liberty, narrated by Robert Fass.[37]With the release of Empire of Liberty, in 2009 the Oxford History of the United States covered the chronological span of American history from 1763 to 1865.[38]","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2010160-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011408-15"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010477-23"}],"sub_title":"Style","text":"Foreign Affairs called the book \"a tour de force of scholarship and a gripping read\".[12] Reviewer Trevor Burnard praised Empire of Liberty's \"verve and elegance\" and considered the book emblematic of \"the strengths of the [Oxford History of the United States] series\".[15] Wilentz praised the book for being \"even-handed\".[23]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp201160-39"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839-24"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010107-40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012262-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839-24"},{"link_name":"social history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history"},{"link_name":"cultural turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_turn"},{"link_name":"linguistic turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_turn"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011409%E2%80%93410-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011412-42"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010540-27"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010552-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012268-44"},{"link_name":"Mark Noll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Noll"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll20108%E2%80%939-45"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Historian James Sharp called Empire of Liberty a \"monumental achievement of research and synthesis by one of our finest historians\".[39] Reviewer David Waldstreicher considered Wood \"at his most insightful\" when discussing the American founders and broad strokes in the history of ideas.[24] Field writes that \"Empire of Liberty does not really break new ground; nor does that seem to have been its author's intention\", and the book extends the argument's of Wood's earlier books, like The Radicalism of the American Revolution.[40] According to Isenberg, Empire of Liberty recapitulates a historical narrative that was consensus in the 1950s, telling an outdated narrative of a \"past that few academic historians accept anymore\".[14] Waldstreicher's review observed that the histories of chattel slavery and territorial expansion do not fit well into Wood's overall scheme, and his depiction of the historiography is \"partial and misleading on work with which Wood disagrees\".[24] Burnard considered the book (along with the rest of the Oxford History of the United States) lacking in its attention to developments in historiography like social history, the cultural turn, and the linguistic turn.[41]Empire of Liberty specifically addresses women's matters less than twenty-five times.[42] McCoy calls Wood's treatment of the republican family a \"superb discussion\" of \"the relationship between Revolutionary culture and women's experiences\".[27] According to Brooke, \"Wood virtually leaves women out of the picture, with the sole exception of a short twelve-page section… on women, family, and citizenship\" and remarks that \"[l]eaving half of the population out of the picture in a synthesis published in the early-twenty-first century is really quite amazing\".[43] In Isenberg's words, the subject of women is \"so disruptive\" to Wood's narrative that \"he exiles\" the topic to a chapter that appears after the book's halfway mark.[44]While acknowledging \"the book's triumphal success\" in general, historian Mark Noll criticized Empire of Liberty's presentation of American religion as reductive: in Noll's words, Wood \"described religion in this period as being defined, driven, or caused by the expanding logic of Revolutionary liberty\", resultantly understating the capacity of religion itself as a system of thought and motivating factor.[45]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011408-15"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010108%E2%80%93109-46"},{"link_name":"Providentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentialism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011408%E2%80%93409-47"},{"link_name":"James M. McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson"},{"link_name":"Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom_(book)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2010553-29"}],"sub_title":"Series cohesion","text":"In his review of the overall Oxford History of the United States series, Burnard observed that there are \"occasional disagreements of historical interpretation\" between the books, including Empire of Liberty.[15] The same people who appear in the preceding book in the series, Middelkauff's The Glorious Cause, as Whig revolutionaries become in Empire of Liberty Federalist conservatives.[46] Middlekauff characterizes the American founders as motivated by Christian Providentialism, whereas Wood assesses them as not being particularly religious.[47] According to Empire of Liberty, compared to the American North the American South became an increasingly anomalous part of the country over time, with its retention of slavery and traditionalism; meanwhile, James M. McPherson's Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (published in 1988, before Empire of Liberty, though it chronologically treats a later period of history) argues that globally, the South's traditionalism was more typical while the North was the exceptional society.[29]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010541-48"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010551-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012262-14"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll20109-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll20109-25"}],"sub_title":"Tone","text":"Based on Wood's choice to elaborate on the integral role of slavery in the United States' territorial and economic growth and conclude the book by describing the future Civil War as \"the climax of a tragedy that was preordained from the time of the Revolution\", reviewer Drew McCoy states that \"Empire of Liberty ends on a surprising, somewhat awkward note\" that \"is, in the short run at least, less triumphant in tone than ironic\".[48] Reviewer Hartnett described the outcome of Jefferson's political and philosophical triumph in the book as having \"ironic results\".[26]Brooke remarked that Empire of Liberty's \"central theme of a rising people throwing off the past\" would likely \"be vociferously debated\" and posed that \"Wood's celebratory image of the early Republic… does not fully square with his own evidence\".[21] Isenberg calls Empire of Liberty a \"morality play\" that is \"preachier in trumpeting the American dream\" than Wood's earlier corpus.[14] According to Noll, although Empire of Liberty presents \"the material for a complex moral judgment on American history\", its tone is overall laudatory and does not \"not feature that ambiguity as a controlling theme\".[25] As a representative example of this, Noll considers Wood's characterization of Jefferson as \"the supreme spokesman for the nation's noblest ideals and highest aspirations\" to liberty at odds with the book's own report of Jefferson's ambitions for continental conquest, indulgent and debt-ridden lifestyle, and hypocritical participation in slavery.[25]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"American History Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society_book_prizes"},{"link_name":"New-York Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Audio Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"Audie Award for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Award_for_History_or_Biography"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-37"}],"text":"Publishers Weekly gave Empire of Liberty a starred review.[19] The New York Times Book Review selected it as one of its 100 top books of 2009.[49]Empire of Liberty was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History and received the American History Book Prize from the New-York Historical Society.[50]The audiobook edition received the Audio Publishers Association's 2011 Audie Award for History.[37]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"McPherson, James M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson"},{"link_name":"\"The War that Never Goes Away\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080509105110/http://www.wvhumanities.org/sept00.htm#Each%20year%20the%20National"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wvhumanities.org/sept00.htm#Each%20year%20the%20National"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnard2011410_2-0"},{"link_name":"Burnard 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurnard2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"History: It's Still About Stories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/19/bookend/bookend.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220717160935/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/19/bookend/bookend.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElya2011421%E2%80%93422_4-0"},{"link_name":"McElya 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcElya2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElya2011422_5-0"},{"link_name":"McElya 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcElya2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps2011432_6-0"},{"link_name":"Phelps 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhelps2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField2010106_7-0"},{"link_name":"Field 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFField2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010476_8-2"},{"link_name":"Wilentz 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilentz2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Empire of Liberty A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 by Gordon S. 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2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFField2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_19-3"},{"link_name":"\"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publishersweekly.com/9780195039146"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211017165512/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780195039146"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010838_20-0"},{"link_name":"Waldstreicher 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWaldstreicher2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010551_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooke2010551_21-1"},{"link_name":"Brooke 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrooke2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010292%E2%80%93293_22-0"},{"link_name":"Onuf 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOnuf2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010477_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2010477_23-1"},{"link_name":"Wilentz 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilentz2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839_24-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldstreicher2010839_24-2"},{"link_name":"Waldstreicher 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWaldstreicher2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll20109_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll20109_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll20109_25-2"},{"link_name":"Noll 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNoll2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_26-1"},{"link_name":"\"Book Review: Empire of Liberty – A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historynet.com/book-review-empire-of-liberty-a-history-of-the-early-republic-1789-1815/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240113210630/https://www.historynet.com/book-review-empire-of-liberty-a-history-of-the-early-republic-1789-1815/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010540_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2010540_27-1"},{"link_name":"McCoy 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCoy2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsenberg2012261_28-0"},{"link_name":"Isenberg 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFIsenberg2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField2010553_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField2010553_29-1"},{"link_name":"Field 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Wood to Launch New Book \"Power and Liberty\" at the Museum, Oct. 26\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amrevmuseum.org/press-releases/pulitzer-prize-winning-author-and-historian-dr-gordon-s-wood-to-launch-new-book-power-and-liberty-at-the-museum-oct-26"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230604113421/https://www.amrevmuseum.org/press-releases/pulitzer-prize-winning-author-and-historian-dr-gordon-s-wood-to-launch-new-book-power-and-liberty-at-the-museum-oct-26"},{"link_name":"\"U.Va. Professor Wins American History Book Prize\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.virginia.edu/content/uva-history-professor-wins-history-book-prize"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240115020320/https://news.virginia.edu/content/uva-history-professor-wins-history-book-prize"},{"link_name":"\"Finalist: Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, by Gordon S. Wood ((Oxford University Press)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulitzer.org/finalists/gordon-s-wood"}],"text":"^ McPherson, James M. (September 2000). \"The War that Never Goes Away\". People & Mountains (Interview). Interviewed by William R. Ferris. West Virginia National Humanities Council. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.\n\n^ Burnard 2011, p. 410.\n\n^ McPherson, James M. (September 19, 1999). \"History: It's Still About Stories\". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.\n\n^ McElya 2011, pp. 421–422.\n\n^ McElya 2011, p. 422.\n\n^ Phelps 2011, p. 432.\n\n^ Field 2010, p. 106.\n\n^ a b c Wilentz 2010, p. 476.\n\n^ a b Voves, Ed. \"Empire of Liberty A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 by Gordon S. Wood\". California Literary Review. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022.\n\n^ McCoy 2010, p. 539.\n\n^ \"The Radicalism of the American Revolution\". Kirkus Reviews. November 15, 1991. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022.\n\n^ a b Mead 2010, p. 160.\n\n^ Soto, Alfred (May 11, 2015). \"Bring on the Revolution: Gordon S. Wood's Empire of Liberty\". Humanizing the Vacuum. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024.\n\n^ a b c Isenberg 2012, p. 262.\n\n^ a b c Burnard 2011, p. 408.\n\n^ Sharp 2011, p. 54.\n\n^ Sharp 2011, p. 54. Brooke 2010, p. 551 concurs that Empire of Liberty structurally is \"a formal political narrative of the 1790s\" followed by \"a series of excellent thematic chapters\".\n\n^ a b Field 2010, p. 108.\n\n^ a b c d \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\". Publishers Weekly (review). August 17, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021.\n\n^ Waldstreicher 2010, p. 838.\n\n^ a b Brooke 2010, p. 551.\n\n^ Onuf 2010, pp. 292–293.\n\n^ a b Wilentz 2010, p. 477.\n\n^ a b c Waldstreicher 2010, p. 839.\n\n^ a b c Noll 2010, p. 9.\n\n^ a b Hartnett, Kevin (April 6, 2016). \"Book Review: Empire of Liberty – A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\". HistoryNet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024.\n\n^ a b McCoy 2010, p. 540.\n\n^ Isenberg 2012, p. 261.\n\n^ a b Field 2010, p. 553.\n\n^ Brooke 2010, pp. 553, 555.\n\n^ Isenberg 2012, p. 269.\n\n^ Burnard 2011, pp. 407–408.\n\n^ Brooke 2010, p. 549.\n\n^ a b Onuf 2010, p. 292.\n\n^ McCoy 2010, p. 539.\n\n^ \"New from Oxford\". William & Mary Quarterly. 69 (3). July 2012. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.bm. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.bm.\n\n^ a b Florian, John (May 25, 2011). \"Audie Awards Honor Audiobook Industry's Best of the Best in NYC\". VoiceOverXtra. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2024; \"2011 Audie Awards\". Audio Publishers Association. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024.\n\n^ Field 2010, pp. 106–107.\n\n^ Sharp 2011, p. 60.\n\n^ Field 2010, p. 107.\n\n^ Burnard 2011, pp. 409–410.\n\n^ Burnard 2011, p. 412.\n\n^ Brooke 2010, p. 552.\n\n^ Isenberg 2012, p. 268.\n\n^ Noll 2010, pp. 8–9.\n\n^ Field 2010, pp. 108–109.\n\n^ Burnard 2011, pp. 408–409.\n\n^ McCoy 2010, p. 541.\n\n^ \"100 Notable Books of 2009\". New York Times Book Review. December 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023.\n\n^ \"Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author and Historian Dr. Gordon S. Wood to Launch New Book \"Power and Liberty\" at the Museum, Oct. 26\". Museum of the American Revolution. September 28, 2021. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024; Kelly, Matt (March 5, 2014). \"U.Va. Professor Wins American History Book Prize\". UVA Today. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024; \"Finalist: Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, by Gordon S. Wood ((Oxford University Press)\". The Pulitzer Prizes. 2010.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Gordon S. Wood in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gordon_Wood_historian_2006.jpg/220px-Gordon_Wood_historian_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liberty. In the form of the goddess of youth, giving support to the bald eagle, a 1796 engraving by Edward Savage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Liberty._In_the_form_of_the_goddess_of_youth%2C_giving_support_to_the_bald_eagle_-_painted_%26_engrav%27d_by_E._Savage._LCCN2003689261.jpg/220px-Liberty._In_the_form_of_the_goddess_of_youth%2C_giving_support_to_the_bald_eagle_-_painted_%26_engrav%27d_by_E._Savage._LCCN2003689261.jpg"}]

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Retrieved January 13, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://humanizingthevacuum.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/bring-on-the-revolution-gordon-s-woods-empire-of-liberty/","url_text":"\"Bring on the Revolution: Gordon S. Wood's Empire of Liberty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114015948/https://humanizingthevacuum.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/bring-on-the-revolution-gordon-s-woods-empire-of-liberty/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\". Publishers Weekly (review). August 17, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780195039146","url_text":"\"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017165512/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780195039146","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hartnett, Kevin (April 6, 2016). \"Book Review: Empire of Liberty – A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\". HistoryNet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historynet.com/book-review-empire-of-liberty-a-history-of-the-early-republic-1789-1815/","url_text":"\"Book Review: Empire of Liberty – A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240113210630/https://www.historynet.com/book-review-empire-of-liberty-a-history-of-the-early-republic-1789-1815/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New from Oxford\". William & Mary Quarterly. 69 (3). July 2012. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.bm. 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Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audiopub.org/2011-audies","url_text":"\"2011 Audie Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231030193431/https://www.audiopub.org/2011-audies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Notable Books of 2009\". New York Times Book Review. December 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gift-guide/holiday-2009/100-notable-books-of-2009-gift-guide/list.html?","url_text":"\"100 Notable Books of 2009\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129003935/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gift-guide/holiday-2009/100-notable-books-of-2009-gift-guide/list.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author and Historian Dr. Gordon S. Wood to Launch New Book \"Power and Liberty\" at the Museum, Oct. 26\". Museum of the American Revolution. September 28, 2021. 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S2CID 232252181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875811000508","url_text":"10.1017/S0021875811000508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F33008","url_text":"11343/33008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232252181","url_text":"232252181"}]},{"reference":"Field, Peter S. (July 2010). \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\". Australasian Journal of American Studies (review). 29 (1): 106–109. JSTOR 41054190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41054190","url_text":"41054190"}]},{"reference":"Isenberg, Nancy (Summer 2012). \"The Empire Has No Clothes\". Journal of the Early Republic (review). 32 (2): 261–277. doi:10.1353/jer.2012.0036. JSTOR 41478769. S2CID 143558612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2012.0036","url_text":"10.1353/jer.2012.0036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41478769","url_text":"41478769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143558612","url_text":"143558612"}]},{"reference":"McCoy, Drew R. (September 2010). \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\". New England Quarterly (review). 83 (3): 539–541. doi:10.1162/TNEQ_r_00026. JSTOR 20752716. S2CID 143468480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FTNEQ_r_00026","url_text":"10.1162/TNEQ_r_00026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752716","url_text":"20752716"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143468480","url_text":"143468480"}]},{"reference":"Mead, Walter Russell (March–April 2010). \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\". Recent Works. Foreign Affairs (review). p. 160. JSTOR 20699874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20699874","url_text":"20699874"}]},{"reference":"McElya, Micki (August 2011). \"A Response to Trevor Burnard: 'America the Good, America the Brave, America the Free'\". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 421–425. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000508 (inactive February 7, 2024). hdl:11343/33008. S2CID 232252181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875811000508","url_text":"10.1017/S0021875811000508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F33008","url_text":"11343/33008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232252181","url_text":"232252181"}]},{"reference":"Noll, Mark (January–February 2010). \"Jefferson's America? From 1789 to 1815, in Gordon Wood's telling\". Books & Culture: A Christian Review (review). 16 (1): 8–9. Archived from the original on January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2010/janfeb/jeffersonsamerica.html","url_text":"\"Jefferson's America? From 1789 to 1815, in Gordon Wood's telling\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240113215524/https://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2010/janfeb/jeffersonsamerica.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Onuf, Peter S. (July 2010). \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (review). 134 (3): 292–293.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/60018/59836","url_text":"\"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\""}]},{"reference":"Phelps, Christopher (August 2011). \"A Response to Trevor Burnard: American Past, America Present\". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000508 (inactive February 7, 2024). hdl:11343/33008. S2CID 232252181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875811000508","url_text":"10.1017/S0021875811000508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F33008","url_text":"11343/33008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232252181","url_text":"232252181"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, James Roger (March 2011). \"From Deference to Democracy: The Transformation of American Society, 1789–1815\". Reviews in American History (review). 39 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1353/rah.2011.0048. S2CID 143932285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frah.2011.0048","url_text":"10.1353/rah.2011.0048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143932285","url_text":"143932285"}]},{"reference":"Waldstreicher, David (June 2010). \"Gordon S. Wood. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815\". American Historical Review (review). 115 (3): 838–839. doi:10.1086/ahr.115.3.838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.3.838","url_text":"10.1086/ahr.115.3.838"}]},{"reference":"Wilentz, Sean (September 2010). \"Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. By Gordon S. Wood\". Journal of American History (review). 97 (2): 475–477. doi:10.1093/jahist/97.2.475. JSTOR 40959776.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2F97.2.475","url_text":"10.1093/jahist/97.2.475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40959776","url_text":"40959776"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paynesville,_Liberia

Paynesville, Liberia

["1 Neighborhoods","2 Notable residents","3 References"]

Coordinates: 6°17′N 10°43′W / 6.283°N 10.717°W / 6.283; -10.717Place in Montserrado County, LiberiaPaynesvillePaynesvilleLocation in LiberiaCoordinates: 6°17′N 10°43′W / 6.283°N 10.717°W / 6.283; -10.717Country LiberiaCountyMontserrado County Paynesville (sometimes Paynesward) is a suburb east of Monrovia, Liberia. It is geographically larger than the city of Monrovia and is expanding eastward along the Robertsfield Highway and northeastward beyond Red Light Market, one of the largest market areas in Liberia. Paynesville is often considered a part of the Greater Monrovia area. It was the location of the Paynesville Omega Transmitter, the highest structure of Africa, until the tower's demolition in 2011. The Liberia Broadcasting System is also located in Paynesville. The Liberian Judo Federation is based in Paynesville. Youth in Paynesville hold signs thanking the Americans for their help during the West African Ebola virus epidemic of 2014–15 Neighborhoods Paynesville has several neighborhoods, called "communities" by residents, which are notable for their unique names. Some communities include housing estates, older settlements, while others are named after landmarks, major boulevards/roads or local leaders, while others predate the street names altogether. A.B. Tolbert Community Duport Road ELWA Gobuychop Grayja Kendeja Kenny Town King Gray Town Nizohn Parker-Paint Plofe Police Academy Red Light Market Rehab Road Peace Island SD Cooper Road Sinda Town SKD Boulevard Stephan Tolbert Estates Wamba Town GSA Road Notable residents C. Cyvette M. Gibson George M. Weah Joseph Boakai Prince Johnson Archie M. Luo References ^ http://liberiabroadcastingsystem.com/news/article_2008_11_19_3402.html Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine Liberian Broadcasting System, 2008-11-19, "Chinese Govt. Dedicates LBS Expansion Project" - Nov 19, 2008. ^ Liberia / IJF.org This Liberia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte 6°17′N 10°43′W / 6.283°N 10.717°W / 6.283; -10.717

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Paynesville Omega Transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Navigation_System#Paynesville_Omega_Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Liberia Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signs_of_thanks_against_Ebola_141206-A-AN514-011.jpg"},{"link_name":"West African Ebola virus epidemic of 2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic"}],"text":"Place in Montserrado County, LiberiaPaynesville (sometimes Paynesward) is a suburb east of Monrovia, Liberia. It is geographically larger than the city of Monrovia and is expanding eastward along the Robertsfield Highway and northeastward beyond Red Light Market, one of the largest market areas in Liberia. Paynesville is often considered a part of the Greater Monrovia area. It was the location of the Paynesville Omega Transmitter, the highest structure of Africa, until the tower's demolition in 2011. The Liberia Broadcasting System is also located in Paynesville.[1] The Liberian Judo Federation is based in Paynesville.[2]Youth in Paynesville hold signs thanking the Americans for their help during the West African Ebola virus epidemic of 2014–15","title":"Paynesville, Liberia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"housing estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_estates"},{"link_name":"A.B. Tolbert Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.B._Tolbert_Community&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duport Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duport_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ELWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ELWA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gobuychop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobuychop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grayja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grayja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kendeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendeja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenny Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King Gray Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Gray_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nizohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizohn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parker-Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parker-Paint&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plofe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plofe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Police Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_Academy,_Monrovia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Light Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Light_Market&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rehab Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rehab_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peace Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Island"},{"link_name":"SD Cooper Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SD_Cooper_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinda Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinda_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SKD Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SKD_Boulevard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephan Tolbert Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Tolbert_Estates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wamba Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wamba_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GSA Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSA_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Paynesville has several neighborhoods, called \"communities\" by residents, which are notable for their unique names. Some communities include housing estates, older settlements, while others are named after landmarks, major boulevards/roads or local leaders, while others predate the street names altogether.A.B. Tolbert Community\nDuport Road\nELWA\nGobuychop\nGrayja\nKendeja\nKenny Town\nKing Gray Town\nNizohn\nParker-Paint\nPlofe\nPolice Academy\nRed Light Market\nRehab Road\nPeace Island\nSD Cooper Road\nSinda Town\nSKD Boulevard\nStephan Tolbert Estates\nWamba Town\nGSA Road","title":"Neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. Cyvette M. Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Cyvette_M._Gibson"},{"link_name":"George M. Weah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weah"},{"link_name":"Joseph Boakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Boakai"},{"link_name":"Prince Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Johnson"}],"text":"C. Cyvette M. Gibson\nGeorge M. Weah\nJoseph Boakai\nPrince Johnson\nArchie M. Luo","title":"Notable residents"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_to_Go,_with_a_Tribute_to_Bu

Good to Go, with a Tribute to Bu

["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]

1997 studio album by Andrew CyrilleGood to Go, with a Tribute to BuStudio album by Andrew CyrilleReleased1997RecordedOctober 17 and 18, 1995StudioMu Rec Studio, Milan, ItalyGenreJazzLabelSoul Note121292-2ProducerFlavio BonandriniAndrew Cyrille chronology Ode to the Living Tree(1995) Good to Go, with a Tribute to Bu(1997) Double Clutch(1997) Good to Go, with a Tribute to Bu is an album by drummer Andrew Cyrille. It was recorded in October 1995 at Mu Rec Studio, Milan, Italy, and was released by Soul Note in 1997. On the album, Cyrille is joined by flutist James Newton and bassist Lisle Atkinson. "Bu" was Art Blakey's nickname, and was derived from Abdullah Ibn Buhaina, the name he adopted after converting to Islam. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to JazzTom Hull – on the WebA− In a review for AllMusic, Scott Yanow called the album "an intriguing set," and wrote: "Due to the variety of the material (mostly originals) and the consistent brilliance of Newton, this CD is recommended to fans of advanced jazz." The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 4 stars, and stated: "The set is bracketed by two takes of Cyrille's brilliant impersonation of Art Blakey in excelsis. They and the other title-piece are essays in freedom and responsiveness." Amiri Baraka commented: "With James Newton on flute and Lisle Atkinson on bass, one does get the expected subtlety, measured color, and intimacy that that orchestration would predict. Certainly, Newton's introspective 'Oblong' speaks from this context very movingly. A deep lingering touching piece. But that is not nearly the whole story. Lisle Atkinson's emphatic bass voice makes certain of this. Atkinson, a highly respected, widely sought-after, and constantly gigging yeoman at the other rhythm post, not only powerfully and dynamically paddles this furthership, but allows Cyrille to circle back and forth inside the main flow without the least loss of drive." He concluded: "This album, with its modest construct yet powerful presence, is a gem! It will be a real find for the humble stumbler, but actually a confirmation of just how musically important and gratifying Andrew Cyrille is and has been, for a while now! And his friends, James Newton and Lisle Atkinson, don't leave them out. They contribute with equal persona to this wonderful effort. This is the kind of album you like to pull your friends' coats to, so they’ll know you know." Track listing "A Tribute to Bu (Take 1)" (Cyrille) - 5:32 "Oblong" (Newton) - 6:17 "Enter from the East" (John Carter) - 8:34 "Inch Worm" (Frank Loesser) - 7:25 "Nicodemus" (Andrew Hill) - 4:01 "Aftermath" (John B. Gordon) - 7:09 "Hit It" (Atkinson) - 3:45 "Olmecas (Dedicated to Ivan Van Sertima)" (Newton) - 7:43 "Good to Go" (Cyrille) - 4:43 "Fate" (Cyrille) - 6:42 "A Tribute to Bu (Take 2)" (Cyrille) - 5:50 Personnel Andrew Cyrille – drums, percussion James Newton – flute Lisle Atkinson – bass References ^ a b c Yanow, Scott. "Andrew Cyrille Trio: Good to Go, With a Tribute to Bu". AllMusic. Retrieved January 31, 2022. ^ Discover Jazz. "Art Blakey: 10 Of The Jazz Drummer's Best Albums". JazzFuel. Retrieved January 31, 2022. ^ a b Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2006). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. Penguin Books. p. 307. ^ Hull, Tom. "Jazz (1960–70s)". Tom Hull – on the Web. Retrieved February 28, 2022. ^ Baraka, Ian (2009). Digging: The Afro-American Soul of American Classical Music. University of California Press. p. 319. ^ Baraka, Ian (2009). Digging: The Afro-American Soul of American Classical Music. University of California Press. p. 320.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollins,_Oldham

Hollins, Oldham

["1 Amenities","2 Transport","3 References"]

Coordinates: 53°31′19″N 2°07′26″W / 53.522°N 2.124°W / 53.522; -2.124 Human settlement in EnglandHollinsHollinsLocation within Greater ManchesterOS grid referenceSD918029Metropolitan boroughOldhamMetropolitan countyGreater ManchesterRegionNorth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townOLDHAMPostcode districtOL8Dialling code0161PoliceGreater ManchesterFireGreater ManchesterAmbulanceNorth West UK ParliamentOldham West and Royton List of places UK England Greater Manchester 53°31′19″N 2°07′26″W / 53.522°N 2.124°W / 53.522; -2.124 Hollins is an area of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England, 1.7 miles south of the town centre. Formerly a hamlet set amongst open moorland and farmland along Hollins Road, the 19th century growth of Oldham saw Hollins form a contiguous urban area with Hollinwood, Limeside, Garden Suburb, Werneth, Coppice and Copster Hill. Amenities Hollins Fire Station Hollins Fire Station opened in 1981 to replace the now demolished Werneth Fire Station. The area is served by Lyndhurst Primary School. It was formerly served by Hollins Comprehensive School. Hollins Methodist Church on Millgate has served the area since 1840. A Buddhist Temple, Ketumani Buddhist Vihara, was established in Hollins in 2000, although it subsequently relocated to Manchester. Merton Playing Fields is the last remaining undeveloped land in the area. Transport First Greater Manchester provides the following bus services along Hollins Road: 180 providing services to Greenfield via Oldham and to Manchester via Failsworth. 184 to Huddersfield via Oldham and Uppermill and to Manchester via Failsworth. Stagecoach Manchester provides service 76 to Oldham and to Manchester via Limeside and Newton Heath. References ^ Jones, Frank Seaton; Beswick, Mark; Barke, David (September 2012). "Oldham Past Times". Oldham Historical Research Group. ^ "Hollins Fire Station". UK: Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. ^ "History Of Oldham Fire Brigade". Oldham Fire Brigade. ^ "The story of education in Oldham". UK: Oldham.gov. ^ "Hollins Wesleyan Methodist, Hollinwood". UK: Genuki. ^ "Ketumati Buddhist Vihara". Ketumati. ^ "Merton Playing Fields, Oldham OL8 4JF". UK: Sports Facilities. ^ "Timetables". First Group. ^ "Stagecoach Manchester Timetable" (PDF). Stagecoach. Neighbouring localities. Werneth Werneth Coppice Hollinwood Hollins Copster Hill Limeside Garden Suburb Hathershaw vteAreas and suburbs of Oldham Abbey Hills Alt Bardsley Barrowshaw Clarksfield Coldhurst Coppice Copster Hill Derker Fitton Hill Freehold Garden Suburb Glodwick Greenacres Hathershaw Hollins Hollinwood Higginshaw Limeside Moorside Mumps Salem Sholver Waterhead Watersheddings Werneth Westwood Portals: United Kingdom Lancashire Greater Manchester

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevator_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota

Brevator Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota

["1 Geography","1.1 Adjacent townships, cities, and communities","1.2 Census-designated place (CDP)","2 Demographics","3 References"]

Coordinates: 46°47′50″N 92°28′52″W / 46.79722°N 92.48111°W / 46.79722; -92.48111 Township in Minnesota, United StatesBrevator Township, MinnesotaTownshipBrevator Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaBrevator Township, MinnesotaBrevator Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°47′50″N 92°28′52″W / 46.79722°N 92.48111°W / 46.79722; -92.48111CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountySaint LouisArea • Total35.7 sq mi (92.4 km2) • Land34.6 sq mi (89.5 km2) • Water1.1 sq mi (2.9 km2)Elevation1,224 ft (373 m)Population (2010) • Total1,269 • Density36/sq mi (14/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code218FIPS code27-07606GNIS feature ID0663662 Brevator Township is a township in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,269 at the 2010 census. U.S. Highway 2 and State Highway 33 (MN 33) are two of the main routes in the township. Highway 2 runs east–west through the northern portion of the township. Highway 33 runs north–south through the eastern portion of the township. A portion of Brevator Township is located within the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92 km2); 34.6 square miles (90 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), or 3.14%, is water. The Saint Louis River and the White Pine River both flow through Brevator Township. Adjacent townships, cities, and communities The following municipalities and communities are adjacent to Brevator Township : Industrial Township (north) Grand Lake Township (northeast) Culver Township (northwest) Stoney Brook Township (west) Solway Township (east) Thomson Township of Carlton County (southeast) The city of Cloquet (south) Saint Louis River Road runs east–west along Brevator Township's southern boundary line with adjacent city of Cloquet and Carlton County. Crosby Road runs north–south along Brevator Township's eastern boundary line with adjacent Solway Township. Seville Road runs east–west along Brevator Township's northern boundary line with adjacent Industrial Township. Brookston Road runs north–south along Brevator Township's western boundary line with adjacent Stoney Brook Township. Census-designated place (CDP) Mahnomen – Unincorporated community Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,226 people, 403 households, and 326 families residing in the township. The population density was 35.5 inhabitants per square mile (13.7/km2). There were 416 housing units at an average density of 12.0 per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 79.04% White, 0.08% African American, 18.84% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population. There were 403 households, out of which 45.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 12.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.29. In the township the population was spread out, with 32.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $46,944, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $38,158 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,686. About 6.4% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Brevator township, St. Louis County, Minnesota". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 24, 2011. vteMunicipalities and communities of St. Louis County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: DuluthCities Aurora Babbitt Biwabik Brookston Buhl Chisholm Cook Duluth Ely Eveleth Floodwood Gilbert Hermantown Hibbing Hoyt Lakes Iron Junction Kinney Leonidas McKinley Meadowlands Mountain Iron Orr Proctor Rice Lake Tower Virginia Winton Map of Minnesota highlighting Saint Louis CountyTownships Alango Alborn Alden Angora Arrowhead Ault Balkan Bassett Beatty Biwabik Breitung Brevator Camp 5 Canosia Cedar Valley Cherry Clinton Colvin Cotton Crane Lake Culver Duluth Eagles Nest Ellsburg Elmer Embarrass Fairbanks Fayal Field Fine Lakes Floodwood Fredenberg French Gnesen Grand Lake Great Scott Greenwood Halden Industrial Kabetogama Kelsey Kugler Lakewood Lavell Leiding Linden Grove McDavitt Meadowlands Midway Morcom Morse Ness New Independence Normanna North Star Northland Owens Pequaywan Pike Portage Prairie Lake Sandy Solway Stoney Brook Sturgeon Toivola Van Buren Vermilion Lake Waasa White Willow Valley Wuori CDPs Mahnomen Nett Lake Soudan Unincorporatedcommunities Alborn Angora Ash Lake Bassett Bear River Bengal Brimson Britt Burnett Burntside Buyck Canyon Celina Central Lakes Cherry Clover Valley Cotton Crane Lake Culver Cusson Eldes Corner Elmer Embarrass Fairbanks Florenton Forbes Four Corners French River Gheen Gheen Corner Glendale Gowan Greaney Idington Independence Island Lake Kabetogama Keenan Kelsey Linden Grove Makinen Maney Markham McComber Meadow Brook Melrude Munger Palmers Palo Paupores Payne Peary Petrel Peyla Pineville Prosit Ramshaw Robinson Rollins Saginaw Sax Shaw Sherman Corner Side Lake Silica Simar Skibo Sturgeon Taft Toivola Twig Vermilion Dam Wakemup Whiteface Wolf Zim Unorganizedterritories Angleworm Bear Head Lake Birch Lake Camp A Lake Crab Lake Dark River Gheen Hay Lake Heikkala Lake Hush Lake Janette Lake Leander Lake Linwood Lake Marion Lake McCormack Mud Hen Lake Nett Lake Northeast St. Louis Northwest St. Louis Pfeiffer Lake Picket Lake Potshot Lake Sand Lake Slim Lake Sturgeon River Sunday Lake Tikander Lake Whiteface Reservoir Former CDP Arnold Ghost towns/Neighborhoods Costin Village Elcor Fermoy Kelly Lake Leetonia Little Swan Spina West Virginia Indianreservations Fond du Lac Indian Reservation‡ Lake Vermilion Indian Reservation Nett Lake Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"MN 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_33"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Indian_Reservation"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesBrevator Township is a township in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,269 at the 2010 census.[3]U.S. Highway 2 and State Highway 33 (MN 33) are two of the main routes in the township.Highway 2 runs east–west through the northern portion of the township. Highway 33 runs north–south through the eastern portion of the township.A portion of Brevator Township is located within the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation.","title":"Brevator Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_River_(Lake_Superior_tributary)"},{"link_name":"White Pine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_River_(Saint_Louis_River)"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92 km2); 34.6 square miles (90 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), or 3.14%, is water.The Saint Louis River and the White Pine River both flow through Brevator Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Grand Lake Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Culver Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Stoney Brook Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoney_Brook_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Solway Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Thomson Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Township,_Carlton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Carlton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Cloquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloquet,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent townships, cities, and communities","text":"The following municipalities and communities are adjacent to Brevator Township :Industrial Township (north)\nGrand Lake Township (northeast)\nCulver Township (northwest)\nStoney Brook Township (west)\nSolway Township (east)\nThomson Township of Carlton County (southeast)\nThe city of Cloquet (south)Saint Louis River Road runs east–west along Brevator Township's southern boundary line with adjacent city of Cloquet and Carlton County.Crosby Road runs north–south along Brevator Township's eastern boundary line with adjacent Solway Township.Seville Road runs east–west along Brevator Township's northern boundary line with adjacent Industrial Township.Brookston Road runs north–south along Brevator Township's western boundary line with adjacent Stoney Brook Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahnomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahnomen,_St._Louis_County,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated place (CDP)","text":"Mahnomen – Unincorporated community","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 1,226 people, 403 households, and 326 families residing in the township. The population density was 35.5 inhabitants per square mile (13.7/km2). There were 416 housing units at an average density of 12.0 per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 79.04% White, 0.08% African American, 18.84% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.There were 403 households, out of which 45.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 12.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.29.In the township the population was spread out, with 32.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.The median income for a household in the township was $46,944, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $38,158 versus $22,656 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,686. About 6.4% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]

[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Saint Louis County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Saint_Louis_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Saint_Louis_County.svg.png"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kozlovsky_(politician,_born_1944)

Alexander Kozlovsky (politician, born 1944)

["1 Awards","2 References"]

Russian politician For other people named Alexander Kozlovsky, see Alexander Kozlovsky (disambiguation). In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Aleksandrovich and the family name is Kozlovsky. Alexander KozlovskyАлександр КозловскийDeputy of the 5th State DumaIn office24 December 2007 – 21 December 2011Deputy of the 4th State DumaIn office29 December 2003 – 24 December 2007 Personal detailsBorn (1944-09-01) 1 September 1944 (age 79)Leningrad, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, USSRPolitical partyUnited RussiaAlma materSt. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications Alexander Kozlovsky (Russian: Александр Александрович Козловский; September 1, 1944, Leningrad) is a Russian political figure and deputy of the 4th and 5th State Dumas. From 1970 to 1976, Kozlovsky worked as an instructor at the Komsomol. In 1976–1981, he held the positions of the Deputy Head of the International Department, Assistant to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and Chairman of the Organizing Committee on 1980 Summer Olympics. For the next five years, Kozlovsly served as the Senior Referent of the Apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Executive Secretary of the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources. In 1991–1992, he served as Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Olympic Committee. In 2003 and 2007, he was elected deputy of the 4th and 5th State Dumas, respectively. On November 23, 2013, Kozlovsky became a member of the executive committee of the European Olympic Committees. Awards Order of the Badge of Honour Order of Friendship of Peoples Olympic Order Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan" Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" References ^ a b "Козловский Александр Александрович" (in Russian). Официальный Татарстан. Retrieved 2022-03-04. ^ "Козловский Александр Александрович" (in Russian). Neva Today. Retrieved 2022-03-06. ^ "Депутаты Госдумы пятого созыва. Полный список" (in Russian). РИА Новости. 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2022-03-06. ^ "Козловский вошел в исполком Европейских олимпийских комитетов" (in Russian). РИА Новости Спорт. 2013-11-23. Retrieved 2022-03-06. This article about a Russian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Buildings,_Belfast

Bank Buildings, Belfast

["1 History","1.1 First building","1.2 Second building","1.3 Third building","1.4 Extension and refurbishment","1.5 August 2018 Fire and restoration","2 Bank Buildings Football Club","3 References","4 External links"]

Listed building in Belfast, Northern Ireland Bank BuildingsThe Bank Buildings (2013)Location within Greater BelfastGeneral informationStatusRestoredTypeRetailAddress1-27 Castle StreetTown or cityBelfastCountryNorthern IrelandConstruction started1785 1855 1899 2019Completed1787 1855 1900 2022Renovated1938 1979-1980 2005 2016-2018Renovation cost£30 million (2016-2018)ClientWaddell Cunningham (1785) Hawkins, Robertson & Co. (1855 & 1900) Primark (2019)OwnerPrimark Stores LimitedTechnical detailsStructural systemCast iron structure clad in red Dumfries stoneFloor count5Design and constructionArchitect(s)Sir Robert Taylor (1785) William Henry Lynn (1900)Designations Listed Building – Grade B1Official nameThe Bank Buildings The Bank Buildings is a Grade B1-listed five-storey building located at the intersection of Castle Street and Royal Avenue in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was designed and built between 1899 and 1900 by W. H. Lynn as a department store and warehouse, owned by the firm of Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. It stands on the site of a bank erected in 1785, from which it takes its name. Since 1979, it has been owned by the Dublin-based company Primark, and serves as their flagship store in Northern Ireland. On 28 August 2018, during a £30 million two-year renovation, the building was gutted by fire, severely damaging most of the internal structure. Primark opted to restore the building to its 1900 appearance while expanding the size of the store. The store reopened on 1 November 2022. History First building The first Bank Buildings was a three-storey building designed by Sir Robert Taylor and erected by Waddell Cunningham between 1785 and 1787, known as Cunningham's Bank. The bank closed in 1798 and the building was converted to residential use, becoming the residence of the Church of Ireland bishop of Down and Connor, Rev. Dr. William Dickson. The site of the bank was known as a place for public executions, with the last execution being carried out in 1816, on the doorstep of the building. Second building In 1853, the store became home to a wholesale drapery firm. The original building was replaced in 1855 by a four-storey building for Hawkins, Robertson & Co. The business was formed into a limited liability company in 1880. Founded by businessmen William Robertson and Henry Hawkins (Waterford), J. C. Ledlie (Cork), and Robert Ferguson (Belfast), the business soon expanded and became a commercial department store. Third building The Bank Buildings, along the left of the image, circa 1900 The best known Bank Buildings were constructed between 1899 and 1900. The architect W. H. Lynn allowed for large plate glass windows to be installed in the lower floors. The department store continued to operate on the first two floors whilst the upper floors were used as a warehouse for the wholesale side of the business. The building remained under the ownership of Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. until the House of Fraser group took control of the company in 1969. The department store still continued to operate from Bank Buildings until Boots took over from House of Fraser. Boots was then forced to move out in 1975. On 9 April 1975, three bombs were detonated inside Bank Buildings, starting a fire that extensively damaged the building. Refurbishments were carried out in 1979 and after 18 months the new owners, Primark Stores Limited established a store. They remain the current owners of the Bank Buildings. Extension and refurbishment In 2016, Primark announced it was expanding the building by 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) and refurbishing it, creating 100 new jobs once completed. The expansion cost an estimated £30m and was expected to be completed in September 2018. Commonwealth House, which occupied 29-43 Castle Street was demolished between September 2016 and April 2017 and the extension was built in its place. August 2018 Fire and restoration Bank Buildings after the August 2018 fire. On 28 August 2018, a fire broke out at roughly 11:00 BST near the roof of the building during business hours. Shoppers and staff were evacuated from the ground and first floors, and 11 fire appliances were called. The area around was cordoned off for public safety, and due to falling debris. The roof collapsed and the clock face was burnt out with the hands staying still at about 11:05. The fire was still spreading and had covered all floors of the building by 15:00 with more appliances called in to assist. The building suffered extensive damage to all levels, however the new wing of the building was relatively undamaged. In September 2018, a specialist team from London based firm Keltbray was called in to manage and undertake to extremely difficult job of making safe and demolition of part of the structure. In October 2018, Primark sent an application for planning permission to Belfast City Council, in order to completely restore the building to its original 1900 appearance. Permission was granted on 26 October 2018, with the initial stages aimed at reducing the safety cordon due to commence "immediately". The project commenced with emergency façade retention and demolition works by Keltbray. The upper two floors and roof level were taken down, which allowed a façade retention scheme to be put in place. The stonework recovered during the removal of the top two storeys was numbered and labelled, to be reused later in reconstruction. The iconic clock face was removed for restoration and eventual reinstatement. On 3 December 2018, the area around Bank Buildings was reopened to pedestrians, with concrete-filled shipping containers being used to support the fragile façades, and to protect the public from any potential collapse. Demolition of the damaged interior structure was completed by Keltbray in late 2019. Following reconstruction and restoration works, Primark reopened in Bank Buildings on 1 November 2022. Rebuilding work on Bank Buildings, April 2021 Bank Buildings Football Club Representatives from the store attended the first ever meeting of the Northern Amateur Football League at Clarence Place Hall on 4 July 1923. The league was open to applications from public bodies, private associations, schools and firms. Although they originally submitted a team for the new league, Bank Buildings Football Club never played a competitive match. The club is, however, considered one of the founding members of the Amateur League. References ^ a b c Hanna, Nathan (31 August 2018). "The history of Bank Buildings and why it was so important to Belfast". belfastlive. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ a b c d e f "Primark fire: History of Belfast's Bank Buildings". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Primark store 'at risk of collapse'". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ "Councillors give Primark go-ahead for redevelopment of Bank Buildings". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ "Bank Buildings, Belfast: 1 Year On". UAH. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ a b "Belfast Primark to reopen in November after refurbishment due to fire". Thejournal.ie. Retrieved 11 August 2022. ^ a b "Primark flagship Belfast store to reopen in November". The Irish News. Belfast. 10 August 2022. ^ a b "Landmark Belfast Primark store reopens after devastating fire". The Irish Times. Retrieved 25 August 2023. ^ a b c "Belfast's historic Primark building was originally 'The Bank of Four Johns'". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ a b "House of Fraser Archive :: Company: Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co Ltd". www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ "Primark Extension". FutureBelfast. Gary Potter. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ Carrigan, Christine (24 August 2018). "Primark to take on 100 new staff at revamped Northern Ireland store". Belfast Telegraph. Independent News and Media. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ O'Leary, Abigail (28 August 2018). "Primark Belfast fire: Flames engulf 'number of floors' at historic building after blaze forces evacuation of shoppers". Mirror Online. MGN. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Fire breaks out at Primark store in Belfast". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ Beattie, Jilly (24 September 2019). "Primark site asbestos fears a year after fire". belfastlive. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ a b "Revealed: Primark plans for painstaking work to restore Belfast Bank Buildings after blaze". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "Primark and Royal Avenue walkway to open in Belfast in weeks". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "Primark to start work on restoring historic Bank Buildings in Belfast". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018. External links "Famous Belfast Stores: The Bank Buildings". Culture Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2009. "Bank Buildings, Belfast, Co. Antrim (W. H. Lynn)". Irish Architecture. Paul Clerkin. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 1 December 2009.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade B1-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Avenue,_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"W. H. Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"},{"link_name":"Primark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejournal1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishnews1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"The Bank Buildings is a Grade B1-listed five-storey building located at the intersection of Castle Street and Royal Avenue in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was designed and built between 1899 and 1900 by W. H. Lynn as a department store and warehouse,[1] owned by the firm of Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. It stands on the site of a bank erected in 1785, from which it takes its name.[2]Since 1979, it has been owned by the Dublin-based company Primark, and serves as their flagship store in Northern Ireland.On 28 August 2018, during a £30 million two-year renovation,[3] the building was gutted by fire, severely damaging most of the internal structure. Primark opted to restore the building to its 1900 appearance[4][5] while expanding the size of the store.[6][7] The store reopened on 1 November 2022.[8]","title":"Bank Buildings, Belfast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Robert Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Waddell Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddell_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Down and Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Down_and_Connor"},{"link_name":"Rev. Dr. William Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dickson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"public executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"First building","text":"The first Bank Buildings was a three-storey building designed by Sir Robert Taylor and erected by Waddell Cunningham between 1785 and 1787, known as Cunningham's Bank.[2] The bank closed in 1798 and the building was converted to residential use, becoming the residence of the Church of Ireland bishop of Down and Connor, Rev. Dr. William Dickson.The site of the bank was known as a place for public executions, with the last execution being carried out in 1816, on the doorstep of the building.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"},{"link_name":"limited liability company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"sub_title":"Second building","text":"In 1853, the store became home to a wholesale drapery firm.[2] The original building was replaced in 1855 by a four-storey building for Hawkins, Robertson & Co. The business was formed into a limited liability company in 1880.[10] Founded by businessmen William Robertson and Henry Hawkins (Waterford), J. C. Ledlie (Cork), and Robert Ferguson (Belfast), the business soon expanded and became a commercial department store.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Junction,_Belfast_(21272542969).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"W. H. Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Lynn"},{"link_name":"House of Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Fraser"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_(company)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hist-2"}],"sub_title":"Third building","text":"The Bank Buildings, along the left of the image, circa 1900The best known Bank Buildings were constructed between 1899 and 1900.[1] The architect W. H. Lynn allowed for large plate glass windows to be installed in the lower floors. The department store continued to operate on the first two floors whilst the upper floors were used as a warehouse for the wholesale side of the business.The building remained under the ownership of Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. until the House of Fraser group took control of the company in 1969.[2][10] The department store still continued to operate from Bank Buildings until Boots took over from House of Fraser.[2] Boots was then forced to move out in 1975. On 9 April 1975, three bombs were detonated inside Bank Buildings,[1][9] starting a fire that extensively damaged the building. Refurbishments were carried out in 1979 and after 18 months the new owners, Primark Stores Limited established a store.[2] They remain the current owners of the Bank Buildings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Extension and refurbishment","text":"In 2016, Primark announced it was expanding the building by 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) and refurbishing it, creating 100 new jobs once completed. The expansion cost an estimated £30m and was expected to be completed in September 2018. Commonwealth House, which occupied 29-43 Castle Street was demolished between September 2016 and April 2017 and the extension was built in its place.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Buildings_Belfast.jpg"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"fire appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Belfast City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"shipping containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_container"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejournal1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irishnews1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Buildings,_April_2021.jpg"}],"sub_title":"August 2018 Fire and restoration","text":"Bank Buildings after the August 2018 fire.On 28 August 2018, a fire broke out at roughly 11:00 BST near the roof of the building during business hours. Shoppers and staff were evacuated from the ground and first floors, and 11 fire appliances were called. The area around was cordoned off for public safety, and due to falling debris. The roof collapsed and the clock face was burnt out with the hands staying still at about 11:05.[13][14] The fire was still spreading and had covered all floors of the building by 15:00 with more appliances called in to assist. The building suffered extensive damage to all levels, however the new wing of the building was relatively undamaged. In September 2018, a specialist team from London based firm Keltbray was called in to manage and undertake to extremely difficult job of making safe and demolition of part of the structure.[15]In October 2018, Primark sent an application for planning permission to Belfast City Council, in order to completely restore the building to its original 1900 appearance.[16] Permission was granted on 26 October 2018, with the initial stages aimed at reducing the safety cordon due to commence \"immediately\". The project commenced with emergency façade retention and demolition works by Keltbray.[17] The upper two floors and roof level were taken down, which allowed a façade retention scheme to be put in place.[18] The stonework recovered during the removal of the top two storeys was numbered and labelled, to be reused later in reconstruction. The iconic clock face was removed for restoration and eventual reinstatement.On 3 December 2018, the area around Bank Buildings was reopened to pedestrians, with concrete-filled shipping containers being used to support the fragile façades, and to protect the public from any potential collapse. Demolition of the damaged interior structure was completed by Keltbray in late 2019.[16]Following reconstruction and restoration works, Primark reopened in Bank Buildings on 1 November 2022.[6][7][8]Rebuilding work on Bank Buildings, April 2021","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Amateur Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Amateur_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"Representatives from the store attended the first ever meeting of the Northern Amateur Football League at Clarence Place Hall on 4 July 1923. The league was open to applications from public bodies, private associations, schools and firms. Although they originally submitted a team for the new league, Bank Buildings Football Club never played a competitive match. The club is, however, considered one of the founding members of the Amateur League.[9]","title":"Bank Buildings Football Club"}]

[{"image_text":"The Bank Buildings, along the left of the image, circa 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Castle_Junction%2C_Belfast_%2821272542969%29.jpg/220px-Castle_Junction%2C_Belfast_%2821272542969%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bank Buildings after the August 2018 fire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bank_Buildings_Belfast.jpg/220px-Bank_Buildings_Belfast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rebuilding work on Bank Buildings, April 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bank_Buildings%2C_April_2021.jpg/220px-Bank_Buildings%2C_April_2021.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Hanna, Nathan (31 August 2018). \"The history of Bank Buildings and why it was so important to Belfast\". belfastlive. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/history/belfast-primark-fire-history-bank-15096886","url_text":"\"The history of Bank Buildings and why it was so important to Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primark fire: History of Belfast's Bank Buildings\". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330803","url_text":"\"Primark fire: History of Belfast's Bank Buildings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primark store 'at risk of collapse'\". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330801","url_text":"\"Primark store 'at risk of collapse'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors give Primark go-ahead for redevelopment of Bank Buildings\". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/councillors-give-primark-go-ahead-for-redevelopment-of-bank-buildings-38685780.html","url_text":"\"Councillors give Primark go-ahead for redevelopment of Bank Buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast: 1 Year On\". UAH. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ulsterarchitecturalheritage.org.uk/news/bank-buildings-belfast-1-year-on/","url_text":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast: 1 Year On\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belfast Primark to reopen in November after refurbishment due to fire\". Thejournal.ie. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/primark-belfast-fire-reopen-november-5837632-Aug2022/","url_text":"\"Belfast Primark to reopen in November after refurbishment due to fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primark flagship Belfast store to reopen in November\". The Irish News. Belfast. 10 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/08/10/news/primark_flagship_belfast_store_to_reopen_in_november-2795484/","url_text":"\"Primark flagship Belfast store to reopen in November\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_News","url_text":"The Irish News"}]},{"reference":"\"Landmark Belfast Primark store reopens after devastating fire\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2022/11/01/landmark-belfast-primark-store-reopens-after-devastating-fire/","url_text":"\"Landmark Belfast Primark store reopens after devastating fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belfast's historic Primark building was originally 'The Bank of Four Johns'\". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/belfasts-historic-primark-building-was-originally-the-bank-of-four-johns-37260021.html","url_text":"\"Belfast's historic Primark building was originally 'The Bank of Four Johns'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Fraser Archive :: Company: Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co Ltd\". www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c2619","url_text":"\"House of Fraser Archive :: Company: Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primark Extension\". FutureBelfast. Gary Potter. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203258/http://www.futurebelfast.com/property/primark-extension/","url_text":"\"Primark Extension\""},{"url":"http://www.futurebelfast.com/property/primark-extension/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carrigan, Christine (24 August 2018). \"Primark to take on 100 new staff at revamped Northern Ireland store\". Belfast Telegraph. Independent News and Media. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/jobs/primark-to-take-on-100-new-staff-at-revamped-northern-ireland-store-37246186.html","url_text":"\"Primark to take on 100 new staff at revamped Northern Ireland store\""}]},{"reference":"O'Leary, Abigail (28 August 2018). \"Primark Belfast fire: Flames engulf 'number of floors' at historic building after blaze forces evacuation of shoppers\". Mirror Online. MGN. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-primark-belfast-fire-fire-13151177","url_text":"\"Primark Belfast fire: Flames engulf 'number of floors' at historic building after blaze forces evacuation of shoppers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fire breaks out at Primark store in Belfast\". BBC News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330801","url_text":"\"Fire breaks out at Primark store in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"Beattie, Jilly (24 September 2019). \"Primark site asbestos fears a year after fire\". belfastlive. Retrieved 4 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/primark-site-asbestos-fear-year-16969587","url_text":"\"Primark site asbestos fears a year after fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revealed: Primark plans for painstaking work to restore Belfast Bank Buildings after blaze\". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/revealed-primark-plans-for-painstaking-work-to-restore-belfast-bank-buildings-after-blaze-37398651.html","url_text":"\"Revealed: Primark plans for painstaking work to restore Belfast Bank Buildings after blaze\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Primark and Royal Avenue walkway to open in Belfast in weeks\". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/primark-and-royal-avenue-walkway-to-open-in-belfast-in-weeks-37461515.html","url_text":"\"Primark and Royal Avenue walkway to open in Belfast in weeks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Primark to start work on restoring historic Bank Buildings in Belfast\". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/primark-to-start-work-on-restoring-historic-bank-buildings-in-belfast-37461671.html","url_text":"\"Primark to start work on restoring historic Bank Buildings in Belfast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Famous Belfast Stores: The Bank Buildings\". Culture Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308152722/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=767","url_text":"\"Famous Belfast Stores: The Bank Buildings\""},{"url":"http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=767","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast, Co. Antrim (W. H. Lynn)\". Irish Architecture. Paul Clerkin. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20020624061844/http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/antrim/belfast/20thc/bankbuildings.html","url_text":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast, Co. Antrim (W. H. Lynn)\""},{"url":"http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/antrim/belfast/20thc/bankbuildings.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/history/belfast-primark-fire-history-bank-15096886","external_links_name":"\"The history of Bank Buildings and why it was so important to Belfast\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330803","external_links_name":"\"Primark fire: History of Belfast's Bank Buildings\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330801","external_links_name":"\"Primark store 'at risk of collapse'\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/councillors-give-primark-go-ahead-for-redevelopment-of-bank-buildings-38685780.html","external_links_name":"\"Councillors give Primark go-ahead for redevelopment of Bank Buildings\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.ulsterarchitecturalheritage.org.uk/news/bank-buildings-belfast-1-year-on/","external_links_name":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast: 1 Year On\""},{"Link":"https://www.thejournal.ie/primark-belfast-fire-reopen-november-5837632-Aug2022/","external_links_name":"\"Belfast Primark to reopen in November after refurbishment due to fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/08/10/news/primark_flagship_belfast_store_to_reopen_in_november-2795484/","external_links_name":"\"Primark flagship Belfast store to reopen in November\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2022/11/01/landmark-belfast-primark-store-reopens-after-devastating-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Landmark Belfast Primark store reopens after devastating fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/belfasts-historic-primark-building-was-originally-the-bank-of-four-johns-37260021.html","external_links_name":"\"Belfast's historic Primark building was originally 'The Bank of Four Johns'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c2619","external_links_name":"\"House of Fraser Archive :: Company: Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203258/http://www.futurebelfast.com/property/primark-extension/","external_links_name":"\"Primark Extension\""},{"Link":"http://www.futurebelfast.com/property/primark-extension/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/jobs/primark-to-take-on-100-new-staff-at-revamped-northern-ireland-store-37246186.html","external_links_name":"\"Primark to take on 100 new staff at revamped Northern Ireland store\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-primark-belfast-fire-fire-13151177","external_links_name":"\"Primark Belfast fire: Flames engulf 'number of floors' at historic building after blaze forces evacuation of shoppers\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-45330801","external_links_name":"\"Fire breaks out at Primark store in Belfast\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/primark-site-asbestos-fear-year-16969587","external_links_name":"\"Primark site asbestos fears a year after fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/revealed-primark-plans-for-painstaking-work-to-restore-belfast-bank-buildings-after-blaze-37398651.html","external_links_name":"\"Revealed: Primark plans for painstaking work to restore Belfast Bank Buildings after blaze\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/primark-and-royal-avenue-walkway-to-open-in-belfast-in-weeks-37461515.html","external_links_name":"\"Primark and Royal Avenue walkway to open in Belfast in weeks\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/primark-to-start-work-on-restoring-historic-bank-buildings-in-belfast-37461671.html","external_links_name":"\"Primark to start work on restoring historic Bank Buildings in Belfast\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308152722/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=767","external_links_name":"\"Famous Belfast Stores: The Bank Buildings\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=767","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20020624061844/http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/antrim/belfast/20thc/bankbuildings.html","external_links_name":"\"Bank Buildings, Belfast, Co. Antrim (W. H. Lynn)\""},{"Link":"http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/antrim/belfast/20thc/bankbuildings.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Township,_Greene_County,_Ohio

Bath Township, Greene County, Ohio

["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 Biodigester Controversy","4.1 Zoning Appeals","4.2 Legal Actions & Environmental Violations","4.3 Political Controversy","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°48′34″N 84°1′23″W / 39.80944°N 84.02306°W / 39.80944; -84.02306 Township in Ohio, United StatesBath Township, Greene County, OhioTownshipMost of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is located in Bath Township.Location of Bath Township in Greene CountyCoordinates: 39°48′34″N 84°1′23″W / 39.80944°N 84.02306°W / 39.80944; -84.02306CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyGreeneArea • Total37.8 sq mi (98.0 km2) • Land37.5 sq mi (97.0 km2) • Water0.4 sq mi (1.0 km2)Elevation860 ft (262 m)Population (2020) • Total39,365 • Density1,000/sq mi (400/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-04220GNIS feature ID1086163Websitewww.bathtwp.us Bath Township is one of the twelve townships of Greene County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 39,365. Geography Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships and cities: Bethel Township, Clark County – north Mad River Township, Clark County – northeast Miami Township – east Xenia Township – southeast Beavercreek Township – south Riverside – southwest Dayton – west Huber Heights – northwest Several populated places are located in Bath Township: Part of the city of Beavercreek, in the southwest Most of the city of Fairborn, in the center, which includes the former village of Osborn Most of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, a census-designated place, in the west Part of the city of Huber Heights in the west The unincorporated community of Byron, in the southeast Name and history Bath Township was organized in 1807. The township was named after Bath, Maine (which was named after the English city of Bath). One of the early settlers came from the city in Maine. Statewide, other Bath Townships are located in Allen and Summit counties. The first settlers in Bath Township were members of the Mercer family, who immigrated from Virginia. The precise date of their arrival is unknown, but it seems certain that crops were being raised in the township before George Washington died in 1799. The Mercer Log House still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Biodigester Controversy In 2014, a 5.5 million gallon Dovetail Energy Biodigester, owned and operated by Renergy Incorporated, was built in Bath Township. It was built on a pig farm owned by then-Bath Township Trustee Thomas V. Pitstick. Residents of Bath Township and the City of Fairborn began to complain of odor in the areas around the digester, which continued to be the source of controversy. The biodigester is to be shut down by 31 January 2024, by order of the Ohio Attorney General. Zoning Appeals Following years of complaints from Bath Township and Fairborn residents, the Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals brought in an outside prosecutor to advise the township in 2019. On 6 September 2019, Renergy Inc., Dovetail Energy LLC, and Thomas Pitstick were sent a Notice of Violation from this prosecutor citing the operation was in violation of the Ohio Revised Code and Bath Township's zoning codes. The letter alleged that since more than half of the material feeding the biodigester came from outside of Pitstick's farm, that the operation was industrial in nature, as opposed to the agricultural zone it was operating on. They were given 30 days to correct the violation cited in the letter. Dovetail Energy appealed the decision with the Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals, which the board denied on 3 March 2020. Following this, Dovetail Energy appealed the Board's decision to the Greene County Common Pleas Court. Dovetail Energy argued that since the energy production qualified as a public utility, that it was exempt from township zoning requirements. They further supported this argument by citing that the biodigester in operation was an Ohio Renewable Energy Resource Generating Facility and that they had paid Public Utility Personal Property Taxes to the State of Ohio and Greene County since 2015. The Court ruled in favor of Dovetail Energy on 29 April 2021 and the operation was allowed to continue. This mirrored a decision made in Morrow County, Ohio where another biodigester was in operation. The Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals then appealed Greene County's decision to the Ohio Second District Court of Appeals, which also ruled in favor of Dovetail Energy on 14 Jan 2022. Legal Actions & Environmental Violations The first lawsuit was brought against Dovetail Energy LLC & Renergy Inc. on 10 December 2020. It was a class action lawsuit filed by Luke Borntrager, a Bath Township resident who resided in the immediate vicinity of the biodigester. It alleged that Dovetail Energy had failed to "collect, capture, and destroy gas from the facility in a manner that does not allow noxious odors". It also alleged negligence on behalf of Dovetail Energy, Thomas Pitstick (who was still a sitting Bath Township Trustee), and Renergy Inc., despite repeated government and resident complaints. Renergy Inc. motioned to dismiss the class-action in February 2021. In April 2022, the City of Fairborn and Bath Township filed a federal lawsuit against Renergy Inc., Dovetail Energy LLC, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. It alleged that Renergy and Dovetail Energy were knowingly in violation of the Clean Air Act by allowing the biodigeste storage tank to emit significant quantities of ammonia without applying for or obtaining an air pollution permit, or adopting any countermeasures to control the amount of emissions. They further emphasized this was also in violation of Ohio Air Pollution Control laws in the Ohio Revised Code. The Ohio and US EPAs were named as defendants for allegedly failing to enforce the Clean Air Act and Ohio Air Pollution Control laws on Renergy and Dovetail Energy. This lawsuit was further supported by another lawsuit filed by the Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost against Renergy on 15 April 2022 for emissions of ammonia without a permit. The Attorney General's lawsuit detailed that the company initially only used agricultural waste to generate energy, but began accepting municipal and commercial waste by February 2018. It claimed, “the company failed to obtain the required permit for the digestate storage tank at the time it started introducing non-agricultural organic wastes into the process and thus became subject to regulation.” Renergy Inc and Dovetail Energy reached a settlement with the Ohio Attorney General in the Greene County Common Pleas Court later that month. They agreed to pay a civil penalty of $75,000, as well as establish deadlines for correction of the emissions. The lawsuit held a maximum fine of $35.6 million. The US and Ohio EPAs stated that Fairborn and Bath Township's lawsuit "stepped beyond the scope of their offices" and that "the fact that plaintiffs might not be satisfied with the progress Ohio EPA and EPA made does not mean that they may seek an order from this court, forcing EPA to exercise its enforcement authority". They cited that diligent prosecution had met and the civil lawsuit held no grounds for something the agencies were already attempting to enforce. In September 2022, Renergy Inc. was issued a Notice of Violation by the US EPA. It cited excess emissions of hydrogen sulfide from the biodigester's flare and engine in January 2019. It also alleged that from 21 June 2021 to 6 December 2021 that Renergy improperly operated the biodigester's facility engines, to include negligently shutting down the flare used to burn excess gasses. On 20 September 2023, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost issued an order to Renergy Incorporated to completely shutdown the biodigester by 31 January 2024. Renergy agreed to the following terms: Stop accepting feedstock and waste by Oct. 1, 2023. Empty the digestate storage tank by Dec. 15, 2023. Empty and clean the digester and other equipment by Jan. 15, 2024. Submit documentation of the emptying and cleaning by Jan. 30, 2024. Request termination of its permits and certify that the facility is permanently shut down by Jan. 31, 2024. Political Controversy Thomas V. Pitstick was a Bath Township Trustee from at least July 2008 to November 2021. The Dovetail Energy biodigester was built on his pig farm in 2014, when he held public office. After the initial zoning disputes, citizens petitioned for Pitstick to resign his position on the Board of Trustees in December 2020, due to his involvement with the ongoing lawsuits and controversy surrounding the biodigester. The petition also called for Steve Ross, another Trustee, to resign for an unrelated matter. The petition stated, “we believe that Steve Ross and Tom Pitstick have continually failed to hold the best interest of the citizens of Bath Township and the City of Fairborn (which resides in Bath Township) as their primary focus, and have let their personal views and interests result in decisions that have both negatively and adversely affected citizens thereof.” Pitstick and Ross did not step down from their positions. Shortly after, in March 2021, the Bath Township Board of Trustees voted to tighten rules for public comment at township meetings. The rules were introduced by Bath Township Administrator Pete Bales, in order to restrict comments on the township's ongoing litigation with Renergy Inc. and Dovetail Energy. Bales stated, "We are involved in pending litigation and we should not be commenting on it...So whenever there’s a question about Dovetail or the Dovetail lawsuit, as much as people want to know what’s going on, it is pending in court. And we should not be commenting on it. We should let our attorneys do that work". Residents were upset about the changes, alleging the township was becoming less transparent with its constituents. The rules passed in a 2-1 vote. Trustees Pitstick and Ross voted in favor of the restrictions, while Trustee Kassie Lester voted against it. Pitstick would lose reelection in November 2021 against then-Fairborn Deputy City Mayor Rob Hoffman. Pitstick received 932 votes vs Hoffman's 2,544, Bath Township had 7,514 eligible voters that year. References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Bath township, Greene County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Greene County, Ohio Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Greene County Auditor's Office, 2002. Accessed 2007-11-09. ^ Greene County, 1803-1908. Aldine Publishing House. 1908. pp. 89. ^ Poole, Mary Parker (1957). The Fairborn Story. Fairborn, Ohio: Miami Valley Publishing. p. 1. ^ "Detailed map of Ohio" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007. ^ Broadstone, Michael A. History of Greene County, Ohio: Its People, Industries, and Institutions. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Bowen, 1918, 285. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009. ^ "Bath Township Zoning Resolution". Greene County Ohio. July 16, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Meibers, Bonnie (April 29, 2021). "Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Meibers, Bonnie (April 29, 2021). "Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ "Greene County Common Pleas Court Case No. 2020 CV 0198" (PDF). NPR. April 29, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Bishop, London (January 14, 2022). "Renergy wins appeal in Bath. Twp. biodigester zoning case". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Bishop, London (December 11, 2020). "Residents file class-action lawsuit against Dovetail, Pitstick". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Meibers, Bonnie (March 15, 2021). "Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). "Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). "Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "Renergy reaches agreement with Ohio AG on biodigester lawsuit in Greene County". WHIOTV7. April 26, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). "Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ Bishop, London (September 2, 2022). "US EPA cites Renergy over emissions, operations at Greene County biodigester". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "Local foul-smelling biodigester to shut down, Ohio Attorney General says". WHIOTV7. September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Bath Twp residents demand Pitstick, Ross resign". Fairborn Daily Herald. December 4, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings". Dayton Daily News. March 15, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "Fairborn deputy mayor to run for trustee seat". Fairborn Daily Herald. May 7, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "Greene County Election Roundup: Levies voted down, incumbents voted out in several races". Dayton Daily News. November 3, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023. External links Bath Township official website Bath Township official Facebook page Greene County, Ohio website vteMunicipalities and communities of Greene County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: XeniaCities Beavercreek Bellbrook Centerville‡ Dayton‡ Fairborn Kettering‡ Xenia Map of Ohio highlighting Greene CountyVillages Bowersville Cedarville Clifton‡ Jamestown Spring Valley Yellow Springs Townships Bath Beavercreek Caesarscreek Cedarville Jefferson Miami New Jasper Ross Silvercreek Spring Valley Sugarcreek Xenia CDPs Shawnee Hills Wilberforce Wright-Patterson AFB Unincorporatedcommunities Byron Ferry Gladstone Goes Station Grape Grove Mount Saint John New Germany New Jasper Oldtown Paintersville Roxanna Stringtown Trebein Washington Mills Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal

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As of the 2020 census, the township population was 39,365.","title":"Bath Township, Greene County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethel Township, Clark County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Township,_Clark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mad River Township, Clark County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_River_Township,_Clark_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Miami Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Township,_Greene_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Xenia Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_Township,_Greene_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Beavercreek Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavercreek_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Huber Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Beavercreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavercreek,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fairborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairborn,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Huber Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron,_Ohio"}],"text":"Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships and cities:Bethel Township, Clark County – north\nMad River Township, Clark County – northeast\nMiami Township – east\nXenia Township – southeast\nBeavercreek Township – south\nRiverside – southwest\nDayton – west\nHuber Heights – northwestSeveral populated places are located in Bath Township:Part of the city of Beavercreek, in the southwest\nMost of the city of Fairborn, in the center, which includes the former village of Osborn\nMost of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, a census-designated place, in the west\nPart of the city of Huber Heights in the west[4]\nThe unincorporated community of Byron, in the southeast","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bath, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Maine"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Township,_Allen_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Township,_Summit_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mercer Log House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Log_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Bath Township was organized in 1807.[5] The township was named after Bath, Maine (which was named after the English city of Bath). One of the early settlers came from the city in Maine.[6] Statewide, other Bath Townships are located in Allen and Summit counties.[7]The first settlers in Bath Township were members of the Mercer family, who immigrated from Virginia. The precise date of their arrival is unknown, but it seems certain that crops were being raised in the township before George Washington died in 1799.[8] The Mercer Log House still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[9]","title":"Name and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[10] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biodigester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodigester"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ohio Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General"}],"text":"In 2014, a 5.5 million gallon Dovetail Energy Biodigester, owned and operated by Renergy Incorporated, was built in Bath Township. It was built on a pig farm owned by then-Bath Township Trustee Thomas V. Pitstick. [11]Residents of Bath Township and the City of Fairborn began to complain of odor in the areas around the digester, which continued to be the source of controversy.The biodigester is to be shut down by 31 January 2024, by order of the Ohio Attorney General.","title":"Biodigester Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio Revised Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Revised_Code"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Greene County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Morrow County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrow_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio Second District Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_District_Courts_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Zoning Appeals","text":"Following years of complaints from Bath Township and Fairborn residents, the Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals brought in an outside prosecutor to advise the township in 2019. On 6 September 2019, Renergy Inc., Dovetail Energy LLC, and Thomas Pitstick were sent a Notice of Violation from this prosecutor citing the operation was in violation of the Ohio Revised Code and Bath Township's zoning codes. The letter alleged that since more than half of the material feeding the biodigester came from outside of Pitstick's farm, that the operation was industrial in nature, as opposed to the agricultural zone it was operating on. They were given 30 days to correct the violation cited in the letter. [12]Dovetail Energy appealed the decision with the Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals, which the board denied on 3 March 2020.Following this, Dovetail Energy appealed the Board's decision to the Greene County Common Pleas Court. Dovetail Energy argued that since the energy production qualified as a public utility, that it was exempt from township zoning requirements. They further supported this argument by citing that the biodigester in operation was an Ohio Renewable Energy Resource Generating Facility and that they had paid Public Utility Personal Property Taxes to the State of Ohio and Greene County since 2015. [13]\nThe Court ruled in favor of Dovetail Energy on 29 April 2021 and the operation was allowed to continue.[14] This mirrored a decision made in Morrow County, Ohio where another biodigester was in operation.The Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals then appealed Greene County's decision to the Ohio Second District Court of Appeals, which also ruled in favor of Dovetail Energy on 14 Jan 2022.[15]","title":"Biodigester Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class action lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action_lawsuit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"Ohio Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Dave Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Yost"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"civil lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_lawsuit"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ohio Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Dave Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Yost"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Legal Actions & Environmental Violations","text":"The first lawsuit was brought against Dovetail Energy LLC & Renergy Inc. on 10 December 2020. It was a class action lawsuit filed by Luke Borntrager, a Bath Township resident who resided in the immediate vicinity of the biodigester. It alleged that Dovetail Energy had failed to \"collect, capture, and destroy gas from the facility in a manner that does not allow noxious odors\". It also alleged negligence on behalf of Dovetail Energy, Thomas Pitstick (who was still a sitting Bath Township Trustee), and Renergy Inc., despite repeated government and resident complaints.[16]Renergy Inc. motioned to dismiss the class-action in February 2021.[17]In April 2022, the City of Fairborn and Bath Township filed a federal lawsuit against Renergy Inc., Dovetail Energy LLC, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.[18] It alleged that Renergy and Dovetail Energy were knowingly in violation of the Clean Air Act by allowing the biodigeste storage tank to emit significant quantities of ammonia without applying for or obtaining an air pollution permit, or adopting any countermeasures to control the amount of emissions. They further emphasized this was also in violation of Ohio Air Pollution Control laws in the Ohio Revised Code. The Ohio and US EPAs were named as defendants for allegedly failing to enforce the Clean Air Act and Ohio Air Pollution Control laws on Renergy and Dovetail Energy.This lawsuit was further supported by another lawsuit filed by the Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost against Renergy on 15 April 2022 for emissions of ammonia without a permit. The Attorney General's lawsuit detailed that the company initially only used agricultural waste to generate energy, but began accepting municipal and commercial waste by February 2018. It claimed, “the company failed to obtain the required permit for the digestate storage tank at the time it started introducing non-agricultural organic wastes into the process and thus became subject to regulation.”[19]\nRenergy Inc and Dovetail Energy reached a settlement with the Ohio Attorney General in the Greene County Common Pleas Court later that month. They agreed to pay a civil penalty of $75,000, as well as establish deadlines for correction of the emissions. The lawsuit held a maximum fine of $35.6 million.[20]The US and Ohio EPAs stated that Fairborn and Bath Township's lawsuit \"stepped beyond the scope of their offices\" and that \"the fact that plaintiffs might not be satisfied with the progress Ohio EPA and EPA made does not mean that they may seek an order from this court, forcing EPA to exercise its enforcement authority\". They cited that diligent prosecution had met and the civil lawsuit held no grounds for something the agencies were already attempting to enforce.[21]In September 2022, Renergy Inc. was issued a Notice of Violation by the US EPA. It cited excess emissions of hydrogen sulfide from the biodigester's flare and engine in January 2019. It also alleged that from 21 June 2021 to 6 December 2021 that Renergy improperly operated the biodigester's facility engines, to include negligently shutting down the flare used to burn excess gasses. [22]On 20 September 2023, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost issued an order to Renergy Incorporated to completely shutdown the biodigester by 31 January 2024.\nRenergy agreed to the following terms:[23]Stop accepting feedstock and waste by Oct. 1, 2023.\nEmpty the digestate storage tank by Dec. 15, 2023.\nEmpty and clean the digester and other equipment by Jan. 15, 2024.\nSubmit documentation of the emptying and cleaning by Jan. 30, 2024.\nRequest termination of its permits and certify that the facility is permanently shut down by Jan. 31, 2024.","title":"Biodigester Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Political Controversy","text":"Thomas V. Pitstick was a Bath Township Trustee from at least July 2008 to November 2021. The Dovetail Energy biodigester was built on his pig farm in 2014, when he held public office.After the initial zoning disputes, citizens petitioned for Pitstick to resign his position on the Board of Trustees in December 2020, due to his involvement with the ongoing lawsuits and controversy surrounding the biodigester. The petition also called for Steve Ross, another Trustee, to resign for an unrelated matter. The petition stated, “we believe that Steve Ross and Tom Pitstick have continually failed to hold the best interest of the citizens of Bath Township and the City of Fairborn (which resides in Bath Township) as their primary focus, and have let their personal views and interests result in decisions that have both negatively and adversely affected citizens thereof.” Pitstick and Ross did not step down from their positions. [24]Shortly after, in March 2021, the Bath Township Board of Trustees voted to tighten rules for public comment at township meetings. The rules were introduced by Bath Township Administrator Pete Bales, in order to restrict comments on the township's ongoing litigation with Renergy Inc. and Dovetail Energy.Bales stated, \"We are involved in pending litigation and we should not be commenting on it...So whenever there’s a question about Dovetail or the Dovetail lawsuit, as much as people want to know what’s going on, it is pending in court. And we should not be commenting on it. We should let our attorneys do that work\". Residents were upset about the changes, alleging the township was becoming less transparent with its constituents.[25]The rules passed in a 2-1 vote. Trustees Pitstick and Ross voted in favor of the restrictions, while Trustee Kassie Lester voted against it.Pitstick would lose reelection in November 2021 against then-Fairborn Deputy City Mayor Rob Hoffman.[26] Pitstick received 932 votes vs Hoffman's 2,544, Bath Township had 7,514 eligible voters that year.[27]","title":"Biodigester Controversy"}]

[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Greene County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Greene_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Greene_County.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Bath township, Greene County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Bath_township,_Greene_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3905704220","url_text":"\"Bath township, Greene County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Greene County, 1803-1908. Aldine Publishing House. 1908. pp. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greenecounty00assogoog","url_text":"Greene County, 1803-1908"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greenecounty00assogoog/page/n113","url_text":"89"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Mary Parker (1957). The Fairborn Story. Fairborn, Ohio: Miami Valley Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf","url_text":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Bath Township Zoning Resolution\". Greene County Ohio. July 16, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenecountyohio.gov/DocumentCenter/View/30492/Bath-Township-Zoning-Resolution-UPDATED-DECEMBER-2022?bidId=","url_text":"\"Bath Township Zoning Resolution\""}]},{"reference":"Meibers, Bonnie (April 29, 2021). \"Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/just-in-greene-county-judge-rules-in-favor-of-contested-biodigester-residents-heartbroken/LUMTYF6IL5BBNJKCDNRP4SLDFU/","url_text":"\"Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'\""}]},{"reference":"Meibers, Bonnie (April 29, 2021). \"Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/just-in-greene-county-judge-rules-in-favor-of-contested-biodigester-residents-heartbroken/LUMTYF6IL5BBNJKCDNRP4SLDFU/","url_text":"\"Greene County judge rules in favor of controversial biodigester, residents 'heartbroken'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greene County Common Pleas Court Case No. 2020 CV 0198\" (PDF). NPR. April 29, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/1f/06/9dd060da4c3f87eabf2908291d06/judge-michael-buckwalter-decision-april-29-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Greene County Common Pleas Court Case No. 2020 CV 0198\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop, London (January 14, 2022). \"Renergy wins appeal in Bath. Twp. biodigester zoning case\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/renergy-wins-appeal-in-bath-twp-biodigester-zoning-case/7LA7QB77DNHNDPO2MFMMYCQ45E/","url_text":"\"Renergy wins appeal in Bath. Twp. biodigester zoning case\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop, London (December 11, 2020). \"Residents file class-action lawsuit against Dovetail, Pitstick\". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2020/12/11/residents-file-class-action-lawsuit-against-dovetail-pitstick/","url_text":"\"Residents file class-action lawsuit against Dovetail, Pitstick\""}]},{"reference":"Meibers, Bonnie (March 15, 2021). \"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/bath-twp-tightens-public-comment-rules-for-meetings/ISKHM7ZFIRHALJSDSMSRLMI4WU/","url_text":"\"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\""}]},{"reference":"Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). \"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","url_text":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""}]},{"reference":"Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). \"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","url_text":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renergy reaches agreement with Ohio AG on biodigester lawsuit in Greene County\". WHIOTV7. April 26, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/renergy-reaches-agreement-with-ohio-ag-biodigester-lawsuit-greene-county/RWXP42FLQJG5JA3ZQLQWFKXVFA/","url_text":"\"Renergy reaches agreement with Ohio AG on biodigester lawsuit in Greene County\""}]},{"reference":"Halasz, Scott (April 19, 2022). \"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\". Fairborn Daily Herald. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","url_text":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop, London (September 2, 2022). \"US EPA cites Renergy over emissions, operations at Greene County biodigester\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/us-epa-cites-renergy-over-emissions-operations-at-greene-county-biodigester/MFT5NHZMPFA5TEYS6CT7HIJXVM/","url_text":"\"US EPA cites Renergy over emissions, operations at Greene County biodigester\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local foul-smelling biodigester to shut down, Ohio Attorney General says\". WHIOTV7. September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/local-foul-smelling-biodigester-shut-down-ohio-attorney-general-says/ZVYP4VQTLZEMLE6XPO65WITQJU/","url_text":"\"Local foul-smelling biodigester to shut down, Ohio Attorney General says\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bath Twp residents demand Pitstick, Ross resign\". Fairborn Daily Herald. December 4, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2020/12/04/bath-twp-residents-demand-pitstick-ross-resign/","url_text":"\"Bath Twp residents demand Pitstick, Ross resign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\". Dayton Daily News. March 15, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/bath-twp-tightens-public-comment-rules-for-meetings/ISKHM7ZFIRHALJSDSMSRLMI4WU/","url_text":"\"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fairborn deputy mayor to run for trustee seat\". Fairborn Daily Herald. May 7, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2021/05/07/fairborn-deputy-mayor-to-run-for-trustee-seat/","url_text":"\"Fairborn deputy mayor to run for trustee seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greene County Election Roundup: Levies voted down, incumbents voted out in several races\". Dayton Daily News. November 3, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/greene-county-election-roundup-levies-voted-down-incumbents-voted-out-in-several-races/3TBDUXIKRVFJTBFOK3NOI5DGHU/","url_text":"\"Greene County Election Roundup: Levies voted down, incumbents voted out in several races\""}]}]

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Twp. biodigester zoning case\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2020/12/11/residents-file-class-action-lawsuit-against-dovetail-pitstick/","external_links_name":"\"Residents file class-action lawsuit against Dovetail, Pitstick\""},{"Link":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/bath-twp-tightens-public-comment-rules-for-meetings/ISKHM7ZFIRHALJSDSMSRLMI4WU/","external_links_name":"\"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","external_links_name":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","external_links_name":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""},{"Link":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/renergy-reaches-agreement-with-ohio-ag-biodigester-lawsuit-greene-county/RWXP42FLQJG5JA3ZQLQWFKXVFA/","external_links_name":"\"Renergy reaches agreement with Ohio AG on biodigester lawsuit in Greene County\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2022/04/19/fairborn-bath-sue-over-biodigester/","external_links_name":"\"Fairborn, Bath sue over biodigester\""},{"Link":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/us-epa-cites-renergy-over-emissions-operations-at-greene-county-biodigester/MFT5NHZMPFA5TEYS6CT7HIJXVM/","external_links_name":"\"US EPA cites Renergy over emissions, operations at Greene County biodigester\""},{"Link":"https://www.whio.com/news/local/local-foul-smelling-biodigester-shut-down-ohio-attorney-general-says/ZVYP4VQTLZEMLE6XPO65WITQJU/","external_links_name":"\"Local foul-smelling biodigester to shut down, Ohio Attorney General says\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2020/12/04/bath-twp-residents-demand-pitstick-ross-resign/","external_links_name":"\"Bath Twp residents demand Pitstick, Ross resign\""},{"Link":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/bath-twp-tightens-public-comment-rules-for-meetings/ISKHM7ZFIRHALJSDSMSRLMI4WU/","external_links_name":"\"Bath Twp. tightens public comment rules for meetings\""},{"Link":"https://www.fairborndailyherald.com/2021/05/07/fairborn-deputy-mayor-to-run-for-trustee-seat/","external_links_name":"\"Fairborn deputy mayor to run for trustee seat\""},{"Link":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/greene-county-election-roundup-levies-voted-down-incumbents-voted-out-in-several-races/3TBDUXIKRVFJTBFOK3NOI5DGHU/","external_links_name":"\"Greene County Election Roundup: Levies voted down, incumbents voted out in several races\""},{"Link":"https://www.bathtwp.us/","external_links_name":"Bath Township official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100069379502205","external_links_name":"Bath Township official Facebook page"},{"Link":"https://www.greenecountyohio.gov/","external_links_name":"Greene County, Ohio website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Grant,_North_Carolina

Kings Grant, North Carolina

["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 census","3 References"]

Coordinates: 34°15′59″N 77°51′57″W / 34.26639°N 77.86583°W / 34.26639; -77.86583 CDP in North Carolina, United StatesKings Grant, North CarolinaCDPNorthbound College Road (NC 132/US 117) passing through Kings Grant; a half mile (0.8 km) beyond lies the eastern terminus of Interstate 40Location in New Hanover County and the state of North Carolina.Coordinates: 34°15′59″N 77°51′57″W / 34.26639°N 77.86583°W / 34.26639; -77.86583CountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountyNew HanoverArea • Total4.56 sq mi (11.80 km2) • Land4.54 sq mi (11.76 km2) • Water0.02 sq mi (0.05 km2)Elevation23 ft (7 m)Population (2020) • Total8,466 • Density1,864.76/sq mi (720.04/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code28405Area codes910, 472FIPS code37-35870GNIS feature ID2403177 Kings Grant is a census-designated place (CDP) in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 8,113 at the 2010 census, up from 7,738 in 2000. It is part of the Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.6 square miles (12 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 20208,466—U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Kings Grant racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 5,757 68.0% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 964 11.39% Native American 34 0.4% Asian 191 2.26% Pacific Islander 6 0.07% Other/Mixed 365 4.31% Hispanic or Latino 1,149 13.57% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,466 people, 3,450 households, and 2,276 families residing in the CDP. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 7,738 people, 3,011 households, and 2,185 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,669.9 inhabitants per square mile (644.8/km2). There were 3,152 housing units at an average density of 680.2 per square mile (262.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 84.34% White, 12.26% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population. There were 3,011 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.92. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,643, and the median income for a family was $52,071. Males had a median income of $38,688 versus $26,160 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,889. About 3.9% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kings Grant, North Carolina ^ "Kings Grant ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 24, 2021. vteMunicipalities and communities of New Hanover County, North Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: WilmingtonCity Wilmington Towns Carolina Beach Kure Beach Wrightsville Beach CDPs Bayshore Blue Clay Farms Castle Hayne Hightsville Kings Grant Kirkland Murraysville Myrtle Grove Northchase Ogden Porters Neck Sea Breeze Silver Lake Skippers Corner Wrightsboro Unincorporatedcommunity Monkey Junction Formercommunities Masonboro Seagate Wilmington Beach North Carolina portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_Stadium_(University_of_New_Hampshire)

Wildcat Stadium (University of New Hampshire)

["1 History","1.1 Scoreboard controversy","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 43°08′19″N 70°56′23″W / 43.13861°N 70.93972°W / 43.13861; -70.93972Stadium at the University of New Hampshire Wildcat StadiumThe DungeonFormer namesLewis Field (1936–1951)Cowell Stadium (1952–2016)Location145 Main StreetDurham, New Hampshire 03824Coordinates43°08′19″N 70°56′23″W / 43.13861°N 70.93972°W / 43.13861; -70.93972OwnerUniversity of New HampshireOperatorUniversity of New HampshireCapacity11,015 (2016–present)6,500 (1936–2015)SurfaceFieldTurfConstructionBroke groundDecember 1933OpenedSeptember 26, 1936 (first game)October 10, 1936 (dedication)Expanded2015Construction cost$25 million (expansion)TenantsNew Hampshire Wildcats (NCAA) Wildcat Stadium is an 11,015-seat open-air multi-purpose stadium in Durham, New Hampshire, on the campus of the University of New Hampshire (UNH). It is home to the New Hampshire Wildcats football, lacrosse and track and field varsity teams. The stadium, which runs west-northwest, consists of a FieldTurf playing surface surrounded by a 400-metre track. On either side of the track are aluminum stands (the larger home stands being on northeast side). The stadium lies just southwest of the Field House, which houses Lundholm Gym as well as Swazey Pool and the Jerry Azumah Performance Center. The stadium is a part of the main athletics area of campus, south of Main Street and west of the railroad tracks. It replaced Memorial Field, which has since been remodeled for use by women's field hockey, and lies diagonally across Main Street beside the Whittemore Center. The track and field facility surrounding the field is named after Reggie F. Atkins, UNH class of 1928, a star student athlete who in later life donated the funds to start building the facility. History The stadium was dedicated on October 10, 1936, with a football rivalry game against the Maine Black Bears. The first football game played in the stadium was actually held two weeks earlier, on September 26, 1936, against Lowell Textile Institute (now University of Massachusetts Lowell). The university's athletic facilities were originally named Lewis Fields after former university president Edward M. Lewis, with the football stadium referred to as Lewis Stadium or simply Lewis Field. In 1952, the stadium was formally named Cowell Stadium in honor of former football coach and athletic director William H. "Butch" Cowell. The field itself is Mooradian Field, named in 1994 to honor Andy Mooradian, a longtime UNH professor, coach, and athletic director. The stadium went through major renovations during the 2015 offseason. Plans called for a new seating section on the Eastern End Zone side, which included new restrooms, concession, and press box. It also called for restoration of the current Western End Zone seats, along with renaming the stadium. The stadium hosted the 2020 America East Men's Soccer Tournament. Scoreboard controversy The university received criticism for its decision to use a quarter of a $4 million bequest for a video scoreboard at the new $25 million stadium. The donation was made by longtime university librarian, alumnus, and football fan Robert Morin. The $4 million bequest was largely unrestricted with only $100,000 being required to be spent on the library. $2.5 million of the donation was used to fund an expanded career center. The university responded to this criticism by explaining that Morin was a football fan by the end of his life and detailing his following of the football team late in his life; however, internal documents showed after-the-fact that this assertion was a post-hoc spin. Regardless, many thought it should have been spent otherwise. See also List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums References ^ "Guide to the History of Lewis Fields, 1936". University of New Hampshire. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015. ^ "Wildcat Stadium" (PDF). University of New Hampshire Spring 2021 Wildcats Football. University of New Hampshire Football. March 2021. p. 9. Retrieved April 9, 2021. ^ "Memorial Field Then". unh.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2019. ^ "Memorial Field Now". unh.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2019. ^ "Dedication Day At New Hampshire Spoiled By Maine". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. AP. October 11, 1936. p. 49. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. ^ a b "Lewis Field to be Dedicated on Oct. 10". The Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. October 3, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. ^ "UNH Football Field Is Cowell Stadium". The Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. AP. June 19, 1952. p. 21. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. ^ Burris, Joe (October 20, 1994). "Yankee Conference Notebook (column)". The Boston Globe. p. 74. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. ^ Guarino, Ben (September 16, 2016). "University to buy $1 million football scoreboard with thrifty librarian's money, outraging critics". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016. ^ Doctorow, Corey. "How the University of New Hampshire spun blowing a frugal librarian's donation on a stupid football scoreboard". Boing Boing. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ Fehrman, Craig. "How UNH Turned A Quiet Benefactor Into A Football-Marketing Prop". Deadspin. Retrieved 12 June 2024. ^ Seltzer, Rick. "The librarian's bequest". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved September 16, 2016. External links UNH Wildcats - Wildcat Stadium vteNew Hampshire Wildcats footballVenues College Oval ( –1920) Memorial Field (1921–1935) Wildcat Stadium (1936–present) Bowls & rivalries Dartmouth UMass: Colonial Clash Bill Knight Trophy Maine: Battle for the Brice–Cowell Musket People Head coaches NFL draftees Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vteUniversity of New HampshireAcademics Business and Economics Law Carsey School of Public Policy Athletics Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Men's soccer Facilities Hamel Recreation Center Jesse Hepler Lilac Arboretum InterOperability Laboratory Lundholm Gym Memorial Union Building New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts New Hampshire PBS Shoals Marine Laboratory University of New Hampshire at Manchester University of New Hampshire Observatory Thompson Hall Whittemore Center Wildcat Stadium Programs Green Launching Pad Organizations New Hampshire Outing Club Not Too Sharp University of New Hampshire Wildcat Marching Band Media The New Hampshire WUNH Related Bill Knight Trophy List of University of New Hampshire alumni "On to Victory" "UNH Alma Mater" University Press of New England Wildcat Sports Network vteFootball stadiums of the Coastal Athletic Association Bob Ford Field at Tom & Mary Casey Stadium (Albany) Beirne Stadium (Bryant) Barker–Lane Stadium (Campbell) Delaware Stadium (Delaware; leaving in 2025) Rhodes Stadium (Elon) Armstrong Stadium (Hampton) Alfond Stadium (Maine) Kessler Stadium (Monmouth) Wildcat Stadium (New Hampshire) Truist Stadium (North Carolina A&T) Meade Stadium (Rhode Island) E. Claiborne Robins Stadium (Richmond) Kenneth P. LaValle Stadium (Stony Brook) Johnny Unitas Stadium (Towson) Villanova Stadium (Villanova) Zable Stadium (William & Mary) vteSoccer stadiums of the America East Conference Bob Ford Field at Tom & Mary Casey Stadium Bearcats Sports Complex Mahaney Diamond Wildcat Stadium Kenneth P. LaValle Stadium Cushing Field Complex Retriever Soccer Park vteCollege football venues in New HampshireDivision IFCSCAA Wildcat Stadium (New Hampshire) Ivy League Memorial Field (Dartmouth) Division IINortheast-10 Grappone Stadium (Saint Anselm) Sodexo Field (Franklin Pierce) Division IIIMASCAC Charles L. Currier Memorial Field (Plymouth State)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Durham, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"University of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Wildcats football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"varsity teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_team"},{"link_name":"FieldTurf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FieldTurf"},{"link_name":"Lundholm Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundholm_Gym"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Whittemore Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittemore_Center"}],"text":"Stadium at the University of New HampshireWildcat Stadium is an 11,015-seat open-air multi-purpose stadium in Durham, New Hampshire, on the campus of the University of New Hampshire (UNH). It is home to the New Hampshire Wildcats football, lacrosse and track and field varsity teams. The stadium, which runs west-northwest, consists of a FieldTurf playing surface surrounded by a 400-metre track. On either side of the track are aluminum stands (the larger home stands being on northeast side). The stadium lies just southwest of the Field House, which houses Lundholm Gym as well as Swazey Pool and the Jerry Azumah Performance Center.The stadium is a part of the main athletics area of campus, south of Main Street and west of the railroad tracks. It replaced Memorial Field,[3] which has since been remodeled for use by women's field hockey,[4] and lies diagonally across Main Street beside the Whittemore Center. The track and field facility surrounding the field is named after Reggie F. Atkins, UNH class of 1928, a star student athlete who in later life donated the funds to start building the facility.","title":"Wildcat Stadium (University of New Hampshire)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_the_Brice-Cowell_Musket"},{"link_name":"Maine Black Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lowell Textile Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Technological_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHlewis-6"},{"link_name":"Edward M. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Lewis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHlewis-6"},{"link_name":"William H. \"Butch\" Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Cowell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Andy Mooradian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Mooradian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scoreboard-9"},{"link_name":"2020 America East Men's Soccer Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_America_East_Men%27s_Soccer_Tournament"}],"text":"The stadium was dedicated on October 10, 1936, with a football rivalry game against the Maine Black Bears.[5] The first football game played in the stadium was actually held two weeks earlier, on September 26, 1936, against Lowell Textile Institute (now University of Massachusetts Lowell).[6] The university's athletic facilities were originally named Lewis Fields after former university president Edward M. Lewis, with the football stadium referred to as Lewis Stadium or simply Lewis Field.[6] In 1952, the stadium was formally named Cowell Stadium in honor of former football coach and athletic director William H. \"Butch\" Cowell.[7] The field itself is Mooradian Field, named in 1994 to honor Andy Mooradian, a longtime UNH professor, coach, and athletic director.[8]The stadium went through major renovations during the 2015 offseason.[9] Plans called for a new seating section on the Eastern End Zone side, which included new restrooms, concession, and press box. It also called for restoration of the current Western End Zone seats, along with renaming the stadium.The stadium hosted the 2020 America East Men's Soccer Tournament.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Morin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morin_(librarian)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inside-12"}],"sub_title":"Scoreboard controversy","text":"The university received criticism for its decision to use a quarter of a $4 million bequest for a video scoreboard at the new $25 million stadium. The donation was made by longtime university librarian, alumnus, and football fan Robert Morin. The $4 million bequest was largely unrestricted with only $100,000 being required to be spent on the library. $2.5 million of the donation was used to fund an expanded career center. The university responded to this criticism by explaining that Morin was a football fan by the end of his life and detailing his following of the football team late in his life; however, internal documents showed after-the-fact that this assertion was a post-hoc spin.[10][11] Regardless, many thought it should have been spent otherwise.[12]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_stadiums"}]

[{"reference":"\"Guide to the History of Lewis Fields, 1936\". University of New Hampshire. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.library.unh.edu/find/archives/collections/history-lewis-fields-1936","url_text":"\"Guide to the History of Lewis Fields, 1936\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire","url_text":"University of New Hampshire"}]},{"reference":"\"Wildcat Stadium\" (PDF). University of New Hampshire Spring 2021 Wildcats Football. University of New Hampshire Football. March 2021. p. 9. Retrieved April 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://unhwildcats.com/documents/2021/3/4/FB_notes_Spring2021_vsUAlbany.pdf","url_text":"\"Wildcat Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Field Then\". unh.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unh.edu/media-gallery/detail/1936/5698","url_text":"\"Memorial Field Then\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Field Now\". unh.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unh.edu/media-gallery/detail/1936/5697","url_text":"\"Memorial Field Now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dedication Day At New Hampshire Spoiled By Maine\". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. AP. October 11, 1936. p. 49. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39816019/dedication_day_at_new_hampshire_spoiled/","url_text":"\"Dedication Day At New Hampshire Spoiled By Maine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut","url_text":"Hartford, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"Lewis Field to be Dedicated on Oct. 10\". The Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. October 3, 1936. p. 2. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39816692/lewis_field_to_be_dedicated_on_oct_10/","url_text":"\"Lewis Field to be Dedicated on Oct. 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portsmouth_Herald","url_text":"The Portsmouth Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire","url_text":"Portsmouth, New Hampshire"}]},{"reference":"\"UNH Football Field Is Cowell Stadium\". The Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. AP. June 19, 1952. p. 21. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39817351/unh_football_field_is_cowell_stadium/","url_text":"\"UNH Football Field Is Cowell Stadium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press","url_text":"The Burlington Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont","url_text":"Burlington, Vermont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"Burris, Joe (October 20, 1994). \"Yankee Conference Notebook (column)\". The Boston Globe. p. 74. Retrieved November 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39817827/yankee_conference_notebook_column/","url_text":"\"Yankee Conference Notebook (column)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Guarino, Ben (September 16, 2016). \"University to buy $1 million football scoreboard with thrifty librarian's money, outraging critics\". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/16/university-to-buy-1-million-football-scoreboard-with-thrifty-librarians-money-outraging-critics/","url_text":"\"University to buy $1 million football scoreboard with thrifty librarian's money, outraging critics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Doctorow, Corey. \"How the University of New Hampshire spun blowing a frugal librarian's donation on a stupid football scoreboard\". Boing Boing. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boingboing.net/2017/10/11/late-stage-sportsball.html","url_text":"\"How the University of New Hampshire spun blowing a frugal librarian's donation on a stupid football scoreboard\""}]},{"reference":"Fehrman, Craig. \"How UNH Turned A Quiet Benefactor Into A Football-Marketing Prop\". Deadspin. Retrieved 12 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/how-unh-turned-a-quiet-benefactor-into-a-football-marke-1819064622/","url_text":"\"How UNH Turned A Quiet Benefactor Into A Football-Marketing Prop\""}]},{"reference":"Seltzer, Rick. \"The librarian's bequest\". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved September 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/09/15/critics-question-spending-librarians-donation-scoreboard","url_text":"\"The librarian's bequest\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wildcat_Stadium_(University_of_New_Hampshire)&params=43_08_19_N_70_56_23_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°08′19″N 70°56′23″W / 43.13861°N 70.93972°W / 43.13861; -70.93972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wildcat_Stadium_(University_of_New_Hampshire)&params=43_08_19_N_70_56_23_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°08′19″N 70°56′23″W / 43.13861°N 70.93972°W / 43.13861; -70.93972"},{"Link":"http://www.library.unh.edu/find/archives/collections/history-lewis-fields-1936","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the History of Lewis Fields, 1936\""},{"Link":"https://unhwildcats.com/documents/2021/3/4/FB_notes_Spring2021_vsUAlbany.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Wildcat Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.unh.edu/media-gallery/detail/1936/5698","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Field Then\""},{"Link":"https://www.unh.edu/media-gallery/detail/1936/5697","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Field Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39816019/dedication_day_at_new_hampshire_spoiled/","external_links_name":"\"Dedication Day At New Hampshire Spoiled By Maine\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39816692/lewis_field_to_be_dedicated_on_oct_10/","external_links_name":"\"Lewis Field to be Dedicated on Oct. 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39817351/unh_football_field_is_cowell_stadium/","external_links_name":"\"UNH Football Field Is Cowell Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39817827/yankee_conference_notebook_column/","external_links_name":"\"Yankee Conference Notebook (column)\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/16/university-to-buy-1-million-football-scoreboard-with-thrifty-librarians-money-outraging-critics/","external_links_name":"\"University to buy $1 million football scoreboard with thrifty librarian's money, outraging critics\""},{"Link":"https://boingboing.net/2017/10/11/late-stage-sportsball.html","external_links_name":"\"How the University of New Hampshire spun blowing a frugal librarian's donation on a stupid football scoreboard\""},{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/how-unh-turned-a-quiet-benefactor-into-a-football-marke-1819064622/","external_links_name":"\"How UNH Turned A Quiet Benefactor Into A Football-Marketing Prop\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/09/15/critics-question-spending-librarians-donation-scoreboard","external_links_name":"\"The librarian's bequest\""},{"Link":"http://unhwildcats.com/sports/2016/8/10/wildcat-stadium.aspx","external_links_name":"UNH Wildcats - Wildcat Stadium"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeBella

John DeBella

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Long Island","2.2 Pittsburgh","2.3 Philadelphia","3 Community activism","4 Honors","5 Personal life","6 References"]

American DJ John DeBellaWMGK DJ John DeBella in 2005BornQueens, New York City, U.S.Alma materHofstra UniversitySpouse(s)Annette GammonLisa SabolCareerShowThe John DeBella ShowStation102.9 WMGKTime slot6:00–9:00 amStyleDisc jockeyPrevious shows Morning zoo (93.3 WMMR) Afternoons (94.1 WYSP) John DeBella (born 1949 or 1950) is an American former DJ who played a major role in developing the morning zoo format. Until his retirement in June 2023, he hosted the morning John DeBella Show on 102.9 WMGK-FM in Philadelphia. Early life and education DeBella was born in the Astoria section of Queens, New York City, the son of a sanitation worker. He was a hippie and played in a psychedelic rock band called Human Rice. He earned a degree in theater at Hofstra University, where he became a DJ at the college radio station and created skits inspired by Firesign Theater. He wrote for The National Lampoon Radio Hour. Career Long Island He began his professional radio career as a weekend overnight DJ at WLIR on Long Island. Pittsburgh After being fired for deviating from the station format, in 1979 he became a morning DJ at WPEZ, now WWSW, in Pittsburgh, where he used the line "Pittsburgh—where the sky is yellow and brown and the plants are as smart as the people. It's not the end of the universe. But you can see it from there." He also adopted his trademark handlebar mustache. After eight months, WLIR rehired him as a morning DJ; the Pittsburgh station manager had been planning to change formats and lay him off, but nevertheless bid up the salary he was offered. With an increasingly outrageous on-air style, he helped to introduce WLIR's Dare to be Different new wave format. He befriended singer Joan Jett and promoted her hit "I Love Rock and Roll", for which he received a gold record. Philadelphia From 1982 to 1993, DeBella was a morning host on WMMR-FM in Philadelphia, one of the nation's preeminent rock music stations, where his The DeBella Travesty with a team including former WLIR co-alumnus Mark "The Shark" Drucker, helped develop the morning zoo format. Regular guests included Clay Heery, proprietor of the Comedy Factory in Philadelphia, who appeared on-air as Captain Cranky, and Pat Godwin, a non-student living in a frat house at University of Pennsylvania who parodied hit songs; numerous stand-up comedians, including Jerry Seinfeld, made guest appearances. At the suggestion of George Harris, who became station manager in 1983, the show was renamed Morning Zoo, corresponding to the name originated by Scott Shannon in Florida. He hosted an annual DeBella DeBall, which attracted thousands. By 1987, DeBella's show was number one in the morning ratings, after overtaking first Harvey in the Morning on WIOQ and then the all-news AM station KYW. In 1990, he lost the number one position to Howard Stern's syndicated morning show, The Howard Stern Show, after a ratings battle lasting more than three years; Stern dubbed DeBella "Baldy" and when he bested him, visited Philadelphia and staged a mock funeral for him in Rittenhouse Square. In fall 1992, WMMR paired DeBella with sports commentator Howard Eskin in a "sports rock" morning format, which backfired, causing a ratings plunge. In spring 1993 DeBella was moved to afternoons at a reduced salary. He left the station in September 1993, signing off with "Have a great day, Philadelphia. Don't take any crap from anybody." From 1994 to 2001, he had an afternoon show on WYSP, now WIP, the Philadelphia home of The Howard Stern Show. Before starting the job, he went on Stern's show. Station management discouraged him from extensive on-air talk. In June 2002, he returned to morning radio on WMGK, where he hosted the morning John DeBella Show with cohosts Dave Gibson and Steve Vassalotti. The show usually closed with "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" by Eric Idle, which had also been a staple ending of his WMMR show. DeBella retired from broadcasting at the end of June 2023. In the run-up to his announced retirement, WMGK ran a retrospective of his Philadelphia career titled 41 & Done!. Community activism Every spring through 2023, DeBella sponsored an annual dog walk at Green Lane Park in the Montgomery County suburbs. He also headed the annual pre-Thanksgiving "MGK Turkey Drop", with CityTeam Philadelphia; listeners are encouraged to dropoff turkeys or cash donations. In 2020, the event collected over 12,000 turkeys. Beginning in 2007, he hosted an annual Veterans Radiothon to benefit the Philadelphia Veterans Multi-Service Center; raising $157,726 in 2021, and more than $2 million up to that point. Honors DeBella was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame in 2014 and the Philadelphia Music Alliance Walk of Fame in April 2023. In June 2023, he was a finalist for the National Radio Hall of Fame. He has won local Emmy awards as a presenter and producer. Personal life In September 1986, DeBella married Annette Gammon. The marriage ended in divorce; Howard Stern took advantage of the fact, staging a "divorce party" for DeBella and paying Annette DeBella to appear on his show. She died in October 1992 of carbon monoxide poisoning in the garage of their mansion. He remarried to Lisa Sabol, a real estate agent and the former wife of Steve Sabol of NFL Films. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Valania, Jonathan (July 3, 2002). "John DeBella is Not an Asshole Anymore". Philadelphia Weekly. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. ^ a b Blumenthal, Jeff (May 11, 2023). "Philadelphia radio icon John DeBella retiring from WMGK". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b c d Jacobson, Adam (May 11, 2023). "Iconic Philadelphia Air Personality To Retire". Radio & Television Business Report. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Vassalotti, Steve; Cosenza, Gina (June 30, 2023). "John DeBella Retires After 41 Years In Philadelphia Radio". WMGK. ^ a b Vadala, Nick (May 12, 2023). "John DeBella talks retirement, the Howard Stern feud, and what's next after he's off the air". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ "WMGK Turkey Drop". CityTeam. ^ "102.9 WMGK Presents the 14th Annual John DeBella Veterans Radiothon". BBGI.COM. June 18, 2020. ^ "15th Annual John DeBella Veterans Radiothon Raises $157,726 in Philadelphia". BBGI.COM. June 23, 2021. ^ "Our Hall of Fame". Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia. Retrieved July 3, 2023. vteMorning Drive programs in PhiladelphiaLocal AM radio programs Wake Up with WURD (WURD/900) Ed Abrams (KYW/1060) Chris Stigall (WPHT/1210) National AM radio programs Golic and Wingo (WTEL/610) Bill Bennett's Morning in America (WNTP/990) Local FM radio programs Frank & Andie (WXTU/92.5) Preston and Steve (WMMR/93.3) The Wakeup Crew (WSTW/93.7) Angelo Cataldi & The Morning Team (WIP-FM/94.1) Chris & The Crew (WPST/94.5) The BEN FM Morning Show with Matt and Kristen (WBEN-FM/95.7) 'Frank Lewis and the Breakfast Club (WOGL/98.1) The Rise & Grind Morning Show (WUSL/98.9) Jenn and Bill in the Morning (WBEB/101.1) The John DeBella Show (WMGK/102.9) The Yolanda Adams Morning Show (WPPZ-FM/103.9) John "Johnny" Allers (WRFF/104.5) Chio In The Morning (WUMR/106.1) Monie Love (WPHI-FM/107.9) National FM radio programs Morning Edition (WHYY-FM/90.9) The Tom Joyner Morning Show (WRNB/100.3) Elvis Duran and the Morning Show (WIOQ/102.1) The Steve Harvey Morning Show (WDAS-FM/105.3)

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Until his retirement in June 2023, he hosted the morning John DeBella Show on 102.9 WMGK-FM in Philadelphia.","title":"John DeBella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"psychedelic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"Hofstra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biz-2"},{"link_name":"Firesign Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firesign_Theater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"The National Lampoon Radio Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Lampoon_Radio_Hour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biz-2"}],"text":"DeBella was born in the Astoria section of Queens, New York City, the son of a sanitation worker. He was a hippie and played in a psychedelic rock band called Human Rice.[1] He earned a degree in theater at Hofstra University,[2] where he became a DJ at the college radio station and created skits inspired by Firesign Theater.[1] He wrote for The National Lampoon Radio Hour.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WLIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLIR"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"}],"sub_title":"Long Island","text":"He began his professional radio career as a weekend overnight DJ at WLIR on Long Island.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"WWSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWSW-FM"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBR-3"},{"link_name":"handlebar mustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handlebar_mustache"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"Joan Jett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Jett"},{"link_name":"I Love Rock and Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Rock_and_Roll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"gold record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pittsburgh","text":"After being fired for deviating from the station format,[1] in 1979 he became a morning DJ at WPEZ, now WWSW, in Pittsburgh,[3] where he used the line \"Pittsburgh—where the sky is yellow and brown and the plants are as smart as the people. It's not the end of the universe. But you can see it from there.\" He also adopted his trademark handlebar mustache. After eight months, WLIR rehired him as a morning DJ; the Pittsburgh station manager had been planning to change formats and lay him off, but nevertheless bid up the salary he was offered.[1] With an increasingly outrageous on-air style, he helped to introduce WLIR's Dare to be Different new wave format. He befriended singer Joan Jett and promoted her hit \"I Love Rock and Roll\",[1] for which he received a gold record.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WMMR-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMR"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"Scott Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Shannon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"Harvey in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"WIOQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIOQ"},{"link_name":"KYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"},{"link_name":"Howard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Stern"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show"},{"link_name":"Rittenhouse Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquirer-5"},{"link_name":"Howard Eskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Eskin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"WIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIP-FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBR-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"WMGK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMGK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"},{"link_name":"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Eric Idle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Idle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia","text":"From 1982 to 1993, DeBella was a morning host on WMMR-FM in Philadelphia, one of the nation's preeminent rock music stations, where his The DeBella Travesty with a team including former WLIR co-alumnus Mark \"The Shark\" Drucker, helped develop the morning zoo format.[1][3][4] Regular guests included Clay Heery, proprietor of the Comedy Factory in Philadelphia, who appeared on-air as Captain Cranky, and Pat Godwin, a non-student living in a frat house at University of Pennsylvania who parodied hit songs; numerous stand-up comedians, including Jerry Seinfeld, made guest appearances. At the suggestion of George Harris, who became station manager in 1983, the show was renamed Morning Zoo, corresponding to the name originated by Scott Shannon in Florida.[1] He hosted an annual DeBella DeBall, which attracted thousands.[1]By 1987, DeBella's show was number one in the morning ratings, after overtaking first Harvey in the Morning on WIOQ and then the all-news AM station KYW.[1][4] In 1990, he lost the number one position to Howard Stern's syndicated morning show, The Howard Stern Show, after a ratings battle lasting more than three years; Stern dubbed DeBella \"Baldy\" and when he bested him, visited Philadelphia and staged a mock funeral for him in Rittenhouse Square.[1][5]In fall 1992, WMMR paired DeBella with sports commentator Howard Eskin in a \"sports rock\" morning format, which backfired, causing a ratings plunge. In spring 1993 DeBella was moved to afternoons at a reduced salary. He left the station in September 1993, signing off with \"Have a great day, Philadelphia. Don't take any crap from anybody.\"[1]From 1994 to 2001, he had an afternoon show on WYSP, now WIP, the Philadelphia home of The Howard Stern Show.[3] Before starting the job, he went on Stern's show. Station management discouraged him from extensive on-air talk.[1]In June 2002, he returned to morning radio on WMGK,[1][3][4] where he hosted the morning John DeBella Show with cohosts Dave Gibson and Steve Vassalotti. The show usually closed with \"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life\" by Eric Idle, which had also been a staple ending of his WMMR show.[1]DeBella retired from broadcasting at the end of June 2023. In the run-up to his announced retirement, WMGK ran a retrospective of his Philadelphia career titled 41 & Done!.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lane,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Every spring through 2023, DeBella sponsored an annual dog walk at Green Lane Park in the Montgomery County suburbs. He also headed the annual pre-Thanksgiving \"MGK Turkey Drop\", with CityTeam Philadelphia; listeners are encouraged to dropoff turkeys or cash donations.[6] In 2020, the event collected over 12,000 turkeys.Beginning in 2007, he hosted an annual Veterans Radiothon to benefit the Philadelphia Veterans Multi-Service Center;[7] raising $157,726 in 2021, and more than $2 million up to that point.[8]","title":"Community activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"},{"link_name":"Emmy awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retirement-4"}],"text":"DeBella was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame in 2014[9] and the Philadelphia Music Alliance Walk of Fame in April 2023.[4] In June 2023, he was a finalist for the National Radio Hall of Fame.[4] He has won local Emmy awards as a presenter and producer.[4]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inquirer-5"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Sabol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sabol"},{"link_name":"NFL Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Films"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valania-1"}],"text":"In September 1986, DeBella married Annette Gammon. The marriage ended in divorce; Howard Stern took advantage of the fact, staging a \"divorce party\" for DeBella and paying Annette DeBella to appear on his show.[1][5] She died in October 1992 of carbon monoxide poisoning in the garage of their mansion.[1] He remarried to Lisa Sabol, a real estate agent and the former wife of Steve Sabol of NFL Films.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI_Sumatera_Utara

TVRI North Sumatera

["1 History","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Indonesian. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Indonesian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|id|TVRI Sumatera Utara}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Television station in North Sumatra, IndonesiaTVRI Sumatera UtaraSumatera Utara, Medan, North SumatraIndonesiaChannelsDigital: 28 (UHF)Virtual: 2BrandingTVRI Sumut (alternative)ProgrammingAffiliationsTVRIOwnershipOwnerTVRIHistoryFirst air date28 December 1970; 53 years ago (1970-12-28)Former channel number(s)47 UHF (analog)Technical informationLicensing authorityMinistry of Communication and Information Technology of IndonesiaLinksTelevision channel AvailabilityStreaming mediaTVRI websiteWatch live(Indonesia only) TVRI Sumatera Utara (TVRI North Sumatra, legally LPP TVRI Stasiun Sumatera Utara) is a regional public television station owned-and-operated by TVRI, serving North Sumatra, Indonesia. TVRI Sumatera Utara studios are located in Medan, and its main transmitter is located in Bandar Baru, Sibolangit, Deli Serdang. History In 1961, TVRI revealed its plan for local television stations following the main station in Jakarta. Medan was planned to get a station in 1962. On June 27, 1967, the committee TVRI North Sumatra Construction Foundation (Yayasan Pembangunan TVRI Sumatera Utara) was established by a partnership between the provincial government, the provincial parliament, regional TNI, and Pertamina; led by Lt. Col. Wahid Lubis and Lt. Col. Ridwan Hutagalung. The foundation's purpose is to find sources of funds for station construction and purchase of a number of broadcast equipment. At the time of the station's approval, viewers were able to receive signals from Television Malaysia entering by overspill. The channel was available in hotels and homes. About 500 television sets were bought around the time to tune in to Malaysian signals. TVRI Sumatera Utara first signed on the air on 9 December 1970 as TVRI Medan; it is considered the second TVRI regional station to be founded after TVRI Yogyakarta five years prior. In December 2017, TVRI Sumatera Utara digital transmitters were located in Bandar Baru and Sibolga, whereas the dual cast transmitters were located in Simarjarunjung, Gunung Sitoli, Padang Sidempuan and Parapat. Programming TVRI Sumatera Utara broadcasts 28 hours of locally produced programming each week (with 4 hours each day), the same duration as other TVRI regional stations. References ^ "INDONESIA GO GET TV NEXT YEAR". The Straits Times. 9 September 1961. Retrieved 29 September 2023. ^ Edwin Juni Manssen Sihombing (2010). Hadirnya Layar Kaca Pertama Di Sumatera Utara: Studi Kasus Stasiun Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI) Medan, Dalam Pembangunan Informasi (1970-1990). Universitas Sumatera Utara. Retrieved 11 July 2020. ^ Kitley, Philip (2000). Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia. Athens: Ohio University Press. ^ "People in Medan tune in to TV Malaysia". The Straits Times. 28 July 1967. Retrieved 29 September 2023. ^ "TVRI Diharapkan Jadi Garda Terdepan Lembaga Penyiaran". Sumatra Utara provincial government's public relation. Retrieved 11 July 2020. External links TVRI Sumatera Utara brief information on TVRI website TVRI Sumatera Utara Facebook page vteTelevisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI)National channels TVRI TVRI World TVRI Sport Regional stationsSumatera TVRI Aceh TVRI North Sumatera TVRI West Sumatera TVRI Riau TVRI Riau Island TVRI Jambi TVRI Bengkulu TVRI South Sumatera TVRI Bangka Belitung LTVRI Lampung Java TVRI Jakarta TVRI Banten TVRI West Java TVRI Central Java TVRI Yogyakarta TVRI East Java Kalimantan TVRI West Kalimantan TVRI Central Kalimantan TVRI South Kalimantan TVRI East Kalimantan TVRI North Kalimantan Sulawesi TVRI North Sulawesi TVRI Gorontalo TVRI Central Sulawesi TVRI West Sulawesi TVRI South Sulawesi TVRI Southeast Sulawesi Lesser Sunda Islands TVRI Bali TVRI West Nusa Tenggara TVRI East Nusa Tenggara Maluku and Papua TVRI North Maluku TVRI Maluku TVRI West Papua TVRI Papua Defunct TVRI Dili Tower TVRI Tower Public broadcasting in Indonesia Category:TVRI This article about a television station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Indonesian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Koshevoy

Oleg Koshevoy

["1 References","2 External links"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (September 2020) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Кошевой, Олег Васильевич}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Oleg KoshevoyBorn8 June 1926Pryluky, Chernihiv Oblast, USSRDied9 February 1943(1943-02-09) (aged 16)USSRAllegiance Soviet UnionAwardsHero of the Soviet UnionRelationsYelena Koshevaya (mother) Oleg Vasilyevich Koshevoy (Ukrainian: Олег Васильoвич Кошoвий, translit. Oleh Vasyl'ovych Koshovyi; Russian: Олег Васильевич Кошевой; 8 June 1926 – 9 February 1943) was a Soviet partisan and one of the founders of the clandestine organization Young Guard, which fought the Nazi forces in Krasnodon during World War II between 1941 and 1945. Born in Pryluky, a city in the Chernihiv Oblast (province) of present-day north-central Ukraine (at the time a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), Oleg Koshevoy's family moved south to Rzhyshchiv and Poltava before settling in Krasnodon (at the eastern border of Ukraine) in 1940, where he attended secondary school. In July 1942, Krasnodon was occupied by the German Army. Under the leadership of the party underground, Koshevoy organized an anti-nazi Komsomol (Communist Youth) organization called the Young Guard (Russian: Молодая гвардия, translit. Molodaya gvardiya), becoming its commissar. In January 1943, the Germans exposed the organization. Oleg Koshevoy tried to cross the front line, but was soon apprehended. He was tortured and then executed on 9 February 1943. On 13 September 1943 Oleg Koshevoy was posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin, and later, the Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class. Many mines, sovkhozes, schools, and Young Pioneer groups in the Soviet Union were later named after him. References Fadeyev, Alexander, David Sevirsky and Volet Dutt (2000). The Young Guard, University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 0-89875-129-2 External links (in Russian) Олег Васильевич Кошевой at www.peoples.ru A detailed summary of Young Guard by Aleksandr Fadeyev Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Czech Republic This Ukrainian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Soviet biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus

Sanctus

["1 Text","1.1 In Greek","1.2 In Latin","1.3 In English","1.4 In Coptic","2 Sources","3 Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies","3.1 Alternative ancient names and ancient secrecy","4 Musical settings","5 Accompanying gestures","6 Use in architecture and art","7 Notes and references","7.1 Notes","7.2 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Hymn in Christian liturgy For the Latin adjective and its meanings, see sanctitas, saint, and holy. For species named "sanctus", see Sanctus (species). Text of the Sanctus in an 11th-century manuscriptThe Sanctus (Latin: Sanctus, "Holy") is a hymn in Christian liturgy. It may also be called the epinikios hymnos (Greek: ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, "Hymn of Victory") when referring to the Greek rendition and parts of it are sometimes called "Benedictus". Tersanctus (Latin: "Thrice Holy") is another, rarer name for the Sanctus. The same name is sometimes used for the Trisagion. In Western Christianity, the Sanctus forms part of the Ordinary and is sung (or said) as the final words of the Preface of the Eucharistic Prayer of remembrance, consecration, and praise. The preface, which alters according to the season, usually concludes with words describing the praise of the worshippers joining with the angels, who are pictured as praising God with the words of the Sanctus. In the Byzantine Rite and general Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the Sanctus is offered as a response by the choir during the Holy Anaphora. Text In Greek Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου, ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ (ὁ) ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou, hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná (ho) en toîs hupsístois. In the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and the Liturgy of St. Basil: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου, ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ ὁ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou, hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois. In the Liturgy of St. James: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ. Πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth. Plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou. Hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois. In Latin In the Roman Rite: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt cæli et terra gloria tua. Hosanna in excelsis. Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Hosanna in excelsis. In the Roman Rite, the Sanctus also forms part of the solemn hymn of praise Te Deum laudamus, but with the addition of a reference to the "majesty" of the Lord's glory in the Pleni sunt verse (the phrase pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua becomes pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae). The Benedictus is not included in the Te Deum, and the Sanctus is therefore included as part of that hymn as follows: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt cæli et terra maiestatis gloriæ tuæ. In the Mozarabic Rite: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth: Pleni sunt cæli et terra gloria maiestatis tuæ, Hosanna filio David. Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Hosanna in excelsis. Hagios, hagios, hagios Kyrie o Theos. In English The Sanctus appears thus in the 1549 Book of Common Prayer (and as set to music by John Merbecke in 1550): Holy, holy, holy, lorde God of hostes. heaven and earth are full of thy glory Osanna in the highest. Blessed is he that commeth in the name of the lorde: Glory to the, o lorde in the highest. In the 1552 Book of Common Prayer and 1559 BCP it appears without the Benedictus: Holy, holy, holy, lord god of hostes, heven and earth are ful of thy glory, glory be to the, O Lord most hyghe. The 1662 BCP has it thus: Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of hoſts, heaven and earth are full of thy glory; Glory be to thee, O Lord Moſt High. Later Anglican prayer books following the ritualist and liturgical movements of the twentieth century, restored the Benedictus to this form, yielding: Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and earth are full of thy glory. Glory be to thee, O Lord most high. Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. The following English version was used by most Lutherans in North America until 1978 when the ICET version was adopted in the Lutheran Book of Worship. This traditional version has continued to be used in the Divine Service of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod: Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth; heaven and earth are full of thy glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord Hosanna in the highest. In 1973 the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET) produced an ecumenical version that at that time was adopted by Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists and others: Holy, holy, holy Lord, God of power and might, heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. Since 2011 the Roman Missal in English has: Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. In Coptic As part of the Alexandrian rite, the Benedictus is not present in the Liturgy of Saint Cyril: Αγιος, αγιος, αγιος. Ⲭⲟⲩⲁⲃ `Ⲡϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲥⲁⲃⲁⲱⲑ: `ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ `ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲉϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ `Ⲡϭⲟⲓⲥ Ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ. Sources See also: Kedushah (prayer) § Sources and history As Enrico Mazza writes: The Sanctus became part of the Roman Eucharistic Prayer only in the first half of the fifth century; all in all, this was a fairly late period, inasmuch as by then the text of the Roman Canon had become fixed and was regarded as a text possessing great authority. There exist two fundamental types of Sanctus: the Alexandrian and the Antiochene. The Sanctus of the Roman Eucharist derives from the Antiochene liturgy and has two parts: (a) the Sanctus true and proper, consisting of the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3; and (b) the Benedictus, a christological acclamation taken from Matthew 21:9. The Sanctus has been given a christological interpretation and a trinitarian interpretation, and this in both the East and the West. These differing interpretations may be due to the presence, in the text of the Sanctus, of a theological section, namely, the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3, and a christological part, namely the acclamation from Matthew 21:9. The text of the Sanctus passed from Jewish use to Christian use at a very early time, since it cited in the Apocalypse of John and in the letter of Clement to the Corinthians. As can be read in the same source, in the Alexandrian tradition on the other hand, the Sanctus consisted of only the first part, the citation of Isaiah 6:3, and lacked the Benedictus; this was the earliest form taken by the Sanctus in the Eucharist. This early state can be seen in the testimonies of Eusebius of Caesarea, the Mystagogical Catecheses of Cyril of Jerusalem, and, above all, the Ritual used in the Church of Theodore of Mopsuestia. In the latter, too, that is, in the archaic stage of the Syrian liturgy, the Benedictus was unknown, and the Sanctus consisted solely of the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3. The first part of the Sanctus, the adaptation from Isaiah 6:3, describes the prophet Isaiah's vision of the throne of God surrounded by six-winged, ministering seraphim. A similar representation is found in Revelation 4:8. In Jewish liturgy, the verse from Isaiah is uttered by the congregation during Kedusha, a prayer said during the leader's repetition of the Amidah (18 Benedictions): Kadosh Kadosh Kadosh Adonai Tz'vaot Melo Kol Haaretz Kevodo. The text of the second part, beginning with the word Benedictus (Latin for "Blessed") is taken from Matthew 21:9, describes Jesus' Entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, which is in turn based on the first half of Psalm 118:26. In its present liturgical context "it points to the expected presence of the Lord in the eucharistic gifts". Within Anglicanism, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer omitted it and, though it is now permitted, "the choice whether or not to use the Benedictus is still for some a matter of Eucharistic theology and churchmanship". The Sanctus appears in the Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis (the saint died in 360), but may go as far back to Christian liturgy in North Africa in the year 200. Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies The present form of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, the primary liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, reads (when in Greek) the following text: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου, ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ ὁ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou, hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois. The above differs from the Roman Rite Latin text in that the Latin adds to the word Dominus (Lord), which is the regular Latin translation of יהוה, the Deus (God), which is found in neither the Greek nor the Latin translations nor in the original text of Isaiah 6:3, but is found in Revelation 4:8: "Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God Almighty, who was and is and is to come!" in that the Latin has the plural caeli, and the Greek the singular οὐρανός for the mention of "heaven", which appears in neither the Latin nor the Greek translation of Isaiah 6:3. in that the Greek gives two different forms of the phrase corresponding to Hosanna in excelsis, the second one including an ὁ article. The article is not found in Matthew 21:9. The form of the hymn without the article is also used in the Greek Liturgy of Saint James, and in modern settings, practises and contexts. The Liturgy of Saint Basil of the Eastern Orthodox Church has the same form of the Sanctus as the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, with its two variants of the Hosanna phrase. In older Greek liturgical manuscripts, various forms of the hymn are attested; the ones that will follow below, belong to the ones edited by Swainson in his 1884 book The Greek liturgies. Among these forms, there are variations of the hymn being composed of practically only the Old testament part. Others include: In the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, one of them excludes not only the article ὁ, but also the article «τῆς»: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê dóxēs sou. Hōsanná en toîs hupsístois; eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. The Liturgy of Saint James as given in Swainson reads as follows: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριε σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Eὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrie sabaṓth. Plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. This text not only omits the article ὁ that is used in the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, but also has Kyrie (vocative case) where the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom has Kyrios (nominative). In current use, the Liturgy of Saint James may use the nominative rather than the vocative case of Κύριος; the article ὁ is also not present in this form at the concluding Hosanna. Moreover, a different variant of the Liturgy of Saint James is found in the margin of a manuscript that gives only the three words Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος in the body: "In the margin, much abbreviated, may be discerned the following: Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. This produces the text: Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth, plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho elthṓn kaí erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. This version adds "he who came and" before "he who comes"; in this it resembles the Liturgy of Saint James in the tradition of the Syriac Orthodox Church: Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty; heaven and earth are full of His glories. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is He Who came and will come in the Name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. The Syriac Orthodox Church also has what it calls the Liturgy of Saint Dionysius, in which the Hosanna phrase appears only at the end: Holy Holy Holy, Lord of Sabbaoth, Heaven and Earth are full of Thy Glory. Blessed is He that cometh in the Lord's Name; Hosanna in the highest. The form used in the ancient Liturgy of Addai and Mari is much shorter:  ܩܲܕܝܫ: ܩܲܕܝܼܫ: ܩܲܕܝܼܫ: ܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܚܲܝܠܬ݂ܵܢܵܐ: ܕܲܡܠܹܝܢ ܫ̈ܡܲܝܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܡܸܢ ܬܸܫ̈ܒ݁ܚܵܬܹܗ: ܘܡܸܢ ܟܝܵܢ ܐܝܼܬ݂ܘܼܬܹܗ: ܘܡܸܢ ܗܸܕ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܙܝܼܘܹܗ ܡܫܲܒ݁ܚܵܐ܀ ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܒܲܡܪ̈ܲܘܡܹܐ: ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܠܲܒ݂ܪܹܗ ܕܕ݂ܵܘܝܼܕ݂: ܒܪܝܼܟ݂ ܕܐܸܬ݂ܵܐ ܘܐܵܬܹܐ ܒܲܫܡܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܝܵܐ: ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܒܲܡܪ̈ܲܘܡܹܐ. Holy, Holy, Holy Lord is the Lord God of hosts, for heaven and earth are full of his praises, and of the nature of his being, and for the excellency of his glorious splendor. Hosanna in the heights. Hosanna to the son of David. Blessed is he who came and will come in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the heights. The Coptic version of the Liturgy of Saint Basil also gives a short text of what it calls the Hymn of the Seraphim: Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord of hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Your holy glory. Alternative ancient names and ancient secrecy The priest's introductions, following the rubrics that set what should be done by whom with each passage, uniformly call the hymn the ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, i.e. "the hymn of victory". On the other hand, it used to be that, as Swainson notes about an attested variant form wherein only Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος is being quoted: In the margin, much abbreviated, may be discerned the following: Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Chrysostom frequently refers to this: sometimes as τὸ μυστικὸν μέλος; sometimes as ὁ πανάγιος ὕμνος; sometimes as the τρισάγιος ὕμνος. The knowledge of it as a whole was confined to the faithful. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth; pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Your glory. Hosanna in excelsis Hosanna in the highest Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord Hosanna in excelsis Musical settings This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2023)See also: Byzantine music and Mass (music) The Sanctus has been set to numerous plainchant melodies, many of which are given in the Roman Missal, and many more composers have set it to polyphonic music, both in single settings and as part of cyclic mass settings. Parts of the Hymn have also been used in modern music, notably "Prism of Life" by Enigma (album Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!) Accompanying gestures In the Tridentine Mass the priest joins his hands while saying the word "Sanctus" and then, bowing, continues to recite the whole of the Sanctus in a lower voice, while a small bell is rung; then, on reaching the words "Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini", he stands erect again and makes the Sign of the Cross. He then continues immediately with the Canon of the Mass, while the choir, if there is one, sings the Sanctus. In the pre-1962 form, the choir pauses for the Consecration and continues with the Benedictus part afterwards. As a result of this division, the Sanctus has sometimes been spoken of as "Sanctus and Benedictus". However, in line with Pope John XXIII's revision of the rubrics of the liturgy, the splitting of the Sanctus, when sung to Gregorian chant (though not if sung polyphonically) was forbidden and is thus not allowed in celebrations of the 1962 Tridentine Mass as authorized by Pope Benedict XVI's Summorum Pontificum. In the Mass revised after the Second Vatican Council, the Sanctus may, of course, not be split, since the whole of the eucharistic prayer is sung or spoken aloud, and the only ceremony prescribed for the priest during the Sanctus is to join his hands. He and the people sing or recite together the whole of the Sanctus, before the priest continues the Eucharistic Prayer. Use in architecture and art Words of the Sanctus are often used in church architecture and Christian art.The word "Sanctus" as decoration in the St Giles' Church at Cheadle in Staffordshire, EnglandThe towers of the Sagrada Família church in Barcelona, Spain are decorated with the words "Sanctus", "Hosanna" and "Excelsis". Notes and references Notes ^ This is the text of the two present forms (with or without the parenthesised article) of the hymn in Greek; for more details, see the Sources and the Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies sections. ^ a b A recorded example of the hymn chanted-sung in the form with the ὁ article, can be listened to here ( Page will play audio when loaded) (realmedia format). The cantor is the Archon Protopsaltes of the Great Church of Christ Leonidas Asteres, promoted to that position and title by Patriarch Demetrios. ^ a b c A recorded example of the hymn chanted-sung in the form without the ὁ article, can be listened to here ( Page will play audio when loaded) (realmedia format). The cantor is the Archon Protopsaltes of the Great Church of Christ Thrasyboulos Stanitsas (1907 or 1910–1987), promoted to that position and title by Patriarch Athenagoras. ^ See μυστικόν, mystikon; μέλος, melos; πανάγιος, panagios. References ^ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Tersanctus". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ^ a b c "Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (in Greek).. For an English translation, see The Orthodox Page: The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostomos ^ a b Trempelas, Panagiotes N. (1978) . Εκλογή Ελληνικής Ορθοδόξου Υμνογραφίας (in Greek). Athens: Soter. ^ a b c d Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰακώβου τοῦ Ἀδελφοθέου (PDF) (in Greek). Ἐπιστασίᾳ Ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀθηνῶν Χρυσοστόμου (11th ed.). Athens. p. 28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Ελληνικά 1". Kirchengemeinde des heiligen Propheten Elias in Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 4 February 2020. ^ Missale Romanum 2002, p. 517 (electronic text) ^ Shawn Tribe, "The Mozarabic Rite: The Offertory to the Post Sanctus" (with regularized spelling). English translation: "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth: Heaven and earth are full of the glory of Thy majesty. Hosanna to the Son of David. Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. Holy, holy, holy art thou Lord God (The Mozarabic Liturgy). ^ "The Book of Common Prayer Noted: Communion, part 7". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "The Ordre for the Administracion of the Lordes Supper, or Holy Communion". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ The Book of Common Prayer (PDF). The Church of England. 1662. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ Walker, Charles (1901). The Ritual Reason Why. Revised and edited by T. I. Ball. Oxford; London: A. R. Mowbray. "The words 'Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest,' which are sometimes added to the Sanctus are a restoration of a clause which forms part of the hymn in nearly every ancient Liturgy, Eastern or Western, and which was retained in our English 'Mass' of 1549." ^ Ritual Notes: A Comprehensive Guide to the Rites and Ceremonies of the Book of Common Prayer of the English Church (1926). 7th ed. London: W. Knott & Son. p. 120. ^ Knowles, Archibald Campbell (1935). The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions (7th ed.). New York: Morehouse-Gorham. p. 117. ^ Gavitt, Loren, ed. (1947). Saint Augustine's Prayer Book. West Park, New York: Holy Cross Publications. p. 73. ^ Anglican Missal in the American Edition. Mount Sinai, New York: The Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1961. p. 284. ^ Anglican Church of Canada (1962). The Book of Common Prayer. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. ^ The Book of Common Prayer, The Holy Eucharist: Rite One. Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 1979. p. 334. ^ "Common Worship, Order One in Traditional Language". justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 4 June 2019. ^ Service Book and Hymnal: Authorized by the Lutheran Churches cooperating in The Commission on the Liturgy and Hymnal (1958). Co-published: Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House; Philadelphia: Board of Publication, Lutheran Church in America. pp. 32-33, 61. ^ Lutheran Worship (1982), Divine Service I. The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 148-149. ^ Lutheran Service Book (2006). Divine Service III. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House. ^ Felix Just, S.J. "Liturgy of the Eucharist". Catholic-resources.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ Book of Common Prayer. Church Publishing. September 1979. ISBN 9780898690606. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ Lutheran Book of Worship. Minneapolis: Augsburg. 1978. ^ The United Methodist Hymnal: Book of United Methodist Worship. The United Methodist Publishing House. 1989. ^ Excerpts from the English translation of The Roman Missal. "The Order of Mass" (PDF). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. International Committee on English in the Liturgy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2011. ^ Liturgy of Saint Cyril copticchurch.net ^ a b Enrico Mazza (1999). The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation. Liturgical Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780814661703. ^ On the relationship of the Christian Sanctus to ancient Jewish liturgy, see David Flusser, "Sanctus und Gloria," in Abraham Unser Vater: Juden und Christen im Gespräch Über die Bibel Festschrift für Otto Michael (ed. Otto Betz, Martin Hengel, and Peter Schmidt; Leiden: Brill, 1963), 129-152; repr. in David Flusser, Entdeckungen im Neuen Testament (2 vols.; Neukirchener, 1987-1999), 1:226-244. For an English translation of this article, click here. ^ Johannes H. Emminghaus, The Eucharist: Essence, Form, Celebration (Liturgical Press 1997 ISBN 978-0-81461036-7), p. 181 ^ Tim Gray, Mission of the Messiah (Emmaus Road Publishing 1998 ISBN 978-0-96632231-6), pp. 109–110 ^ Paul Thomas, Using the Book of Common Prayer (Church House Publishing 2012 ISBN 978-0-71514276-9), p. 102 ^ Perspectives on Christian Worship by J. Matthew Pinson, Timothy Quill, Ligon Duncan and Dan Wilt (Mar 1, 2009) ISBN 0805440992 pages 64-65 ^ a b "Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music". www.ec-patr.net. ^ "Isaiah 6:3". Tanakh (in Hebrew). קָדֹ֛ושׁ קָדֹ֖ושׁ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָאֹ֑ות מְלֹ֥א כָל־הָאָ֖רֶץ כְּבֹודֹֽו׃ {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Isaiah 6". Old Testament (in Greek). ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Isaiah 6". Vulgata Old Testament (in Latin). sanctus sanctus sanctus Dominus exercituum plena est omnis terra gloria eius {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "Matthew 21:9". New Testament (in Greek and English). {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ "The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 4 February 2020. ^ Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). "Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom". The Greek liturgies: Chiefly from original authorities. With an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum, edited and translated by Dr. C. Bezold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128. At the Internet Archive. ^ Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). "Liturgy of Saint James". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. pp. 268–269. ^ For an English translation of the Liturgy of Saint James, see Christian Classics Ethereal Library, "The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord" ^ a b Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). "Liturgy of Saint James". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. p. 268. ^ "Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources". syriacorthodoxresources.org. ^ "Liturgy Of St Dionysius". www.liturgies.net. ^ "Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. ^ "Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83" (PDF). ^ μυστικόν, μέλος, πανάγιος in Liddell and Scott. ^ Enigma – Prism of Life, retrieved 23 December 2021 ^ Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, VII, 8 ^ "Adrian Fortescue, "Sanctus" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)". Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "Gail Ramshaw, "Wording the Sanctus"" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "Library of Congress". Loc.gov. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ "De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII" (PDF). Further reading Spinks, Bryan D. (2002). The Sanctus in the Eucharistic Prayer. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521526623 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanctus. Religion portalMusic portalChristianity portal Fortescue, Adrian (1913). "Sanctus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. vteMass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic ChurchForms and uses Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass After the Second Vatican Council Mass of Paul VI (Ordinary Form) Zaire Use Anglican Use Orders Benedictine Rite Carmelite Rite Carthusian Rite Cistercian Rite Dominican Rite Norbertine Rite Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass sine populo Votive Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Gold Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Rose Mass Requiem Mass Month's mind White Mass Language Liturgical use of Latin Ecclesiastical Latin Vernacular Order of MassPre-Mass Vesting prayers Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Processional hymn Liturgy ofthe Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Act Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Tract / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles' Creed 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Apostolic Tradition Ambrosian Rite Catholic theology Christian liturgy Catholic liturgy Eastern Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Dicastery for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi, lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution) Music Pope Paul VI Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum concilium Summorum Pontificum Traditionis custodes Stercoranism Tra le sollecitudini vtePrayers of the Catholic ChurchPrayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie eleison Pater noster Sanctus Signum crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave maris stella 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Easter) The Service of the Word Introit Gloria Patri Kýrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Oremus Collect Old Testament reading gradual (or Responsorial Psalm) Epistle Alleluia (tract during Lent) Gospel Hymn of the day Homily or Postil (Sermon) Nicene Creed (Athanasian Creed on Trinity Sunday) Offertory Prayers of the Faithful The Service of the Eucharist Preface (Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna) Eucharistic Prayer (Epiclesis / Words of Institution / Memorial Acclamation) Lord's Prayer Sign of peace / pax (elevation) Agnus Dei Distribution Nunc dimittis Postcommunion Benedicamus Domino Benediction Dismissal Ite, missa est Participants Acolyte bishop cantor choir crucifer deacon elder laity lector Pastor (or Priest) usher Parts of the Sanctuary altar altar bell altar crucifix altar rail kneeler piscina processional cross tabernacle Candles altar candle paschal candle sanctuary lamp votive candle Liturgical vessels ciborium chalice cruet Liturgical objects collection basket holy water incense (use) paten sacramental bread (wafer) sacramental wine thurible Vestments alb chasuble dalmatic geneva gown humeral veil stole surplice tunicle Liturgical books and hymnals Christian Worship (1993) Christian Worship (2021) Common Service Book (1917) Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book (1912) Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary (1996) Evangelical Lutheran Worship (2006) Lutheran Book of Worship (1978) The Lutheran Hymnal (1941) Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement (1989) Lutheran Service Book (2006) Lutheran Worship (1982) ReClaim Hymnal (2006) Service Book and Hymnal (1958)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sanctitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctitas"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"holy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy"},{"link_name":"Sanctus (species)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus_(species)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanctus_Sans_titre_13.JPG"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Trisagion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisagion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Western Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Preface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preface_(Liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Eucharistic Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_Prayer"},{"link_name":"consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_year"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Holy Anaphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)"}],"text":"For the Latin adjective and its meanings, see sanctitas, saint, and holy.For species named \"sanctus\", see Sanctus (species).Text of the Sanctus in an 11th-century manuscriptThe Sanctus (Latin: Sanctus, \"Holy\") is a hymn in Christian liturgy. It may also be called the epinikios hymnos (Greek: ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, \"Hymn of Victory\") when referring to the Greek rendition and parts of it are sometimes called \"Benedictus\". Tersanctus (Latin: \"Thrice Holy\") is another, rarer name for the Sanctus. The same name is sometimes used for the Trisagion.[1]In Western Christianity, the Sanctus forms part of the Ordinary and is sung (or said) as the final words of the Preface of the Eucharistic Prayer of remembrance, consecration, and praise. The preface, which alters according to the season, usually concludes with words describing the praise of the worshippers joining with the angels, who are pictured as praising God with the words of the Sanctus.\nIn the Byzantine Rite and general Eastern Orthodox Christianity, the Sanctus is offered as a response by the choir during the Holy Anaphora.","title":"Sanctus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BasilLgoarch-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trempelas-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-4"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asteres-6"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanitsas-7"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BasilLgoarch-2"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of St. Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil#Byzantine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._James"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-4"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanitsas-7"}],"sub_title":"In Greek","text":"Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου, ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ (ὁ) ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.[2][3][4][n 1][n 2][n 3]Hágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou, hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná (ho) en toîs hupsístois.In the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom[2] and the Liturgy of St. Basil:[5]Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ·\nπλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου,\nὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.\nΕὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου.\nὩσαννὰ ὁ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth;\nplḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou,\nhōsanná en toîs hupsístois.\nEulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou.\nHōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois.In the Liturgy of St. James:[4][n 3]Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ.\nΠλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου.\nὩσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.\nΕὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου.\nὩσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth.\nPlḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou.\nHōsanná en toîs hupsístois.\nEulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou.\nHōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sabaoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaoth"},{"link_name":"Hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosanna"},{"link_name":"Te Deum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum"},{"link_name":"Mozarabic Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"In Latin","text":"In the Roman Rite:[6]Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus\nDominus Deus Sabaoth.\nPleni sunt cæli et terra gloria tua.\nHosanna in excelsis.\nBenedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.\nHosanna in excelsis.In the Roman Rite, the Sanctus also forms part of the solemn hymn of praise Te Deum laudamus, but with the addition of a reference to the \"majesty\" of the Lord's glory in the Pleni sunt verse (the phrase pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua becomes pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae). The Benedictus is not included in the Te Deum, and the Sanctus is therefore included as part of that hymn as follows:Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth.\nPleni sunt cæli et terra maiestatis gloriæ tuæ.In the Mozarabic Rite:[7]Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus,\nDominus Deus Sabaoth:\nPleni sunt cæli et terra gloria maiestatis tuæ,\nHosanna filio David.\nBenedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.\nHosanna in excelsis.\nHagios, hagios, hagios Kyrie o Theos.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1549 Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Prayer_Book_of_Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"John Merbecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Merbecke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1559 BCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer#1559_prayer_book"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ritualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualism_in_the_Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_movement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Divine Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sabaoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaoth"},{"link_name":"International Consultation on English Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Consultation_on_English_Texts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"In English","text":"The Sanctus appears thus in the 1549 Book of Common Prayer (and as set to music by John Merbecke in 1550[8]):Holy, holy, holy, lorde God of hostes.\nheaven and earth are full of thy glory\nOsanna in the highest.\nBlessed is he that commeth in the name of the lorde:\nGlory to the, o lorde in the highest.In the 1552 Book of Common Prayer and 1559 BCP it appears without the Benedictus:[9]Holy, holy, holy, lord god of hostes,\nheven and earth are ful of thy glory,\nglory be to the, O Lord most hyghe.The 1662 BCP has it thus:[10]Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of hoſts,\nheaven and earth are full of thy glory;\n\nGlory be to thee, O Lord Moſt High.Later Anglican prayer books following the ritualist and liturgical movements of the twentieth century,[11][12] restored the Benedictus to this form, yielding:[13][14][15][16][17][18]Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts,\nheaven and earth are full of thy glory.\nGlory be to thee, O Lord most high.\nBlessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.\nHosanna in the highest.The following English version was used by most Lutherans in North America until 1978 when the ICET version was adopted in the Lutheran Book of Worship.[19] This traditional version has continued to be used in the Divine Service of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod:[20][21]Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth;\nheaven and earth are full of thy glory.\nHosanna in the highest.\nBlessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord\nHosanna in the highest.In 1973 the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET) produced an ecumenical version that at that time was adopted by Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists and others:[22][23][24][25]Holy, holy, holy Lord, God of power and might,\nheaven and earth are full of your glory.\nHosanna in the highest.\nBlessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.\nHosanna in the highest.Since 2011 the Roman Missal in English has:[26]Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts.\nHeaven and earth are full of your glory.\nHosanna in the highest.\nBlessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.\nHosanna in the highest.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"In Coptic","text":"As part of the Alexandrian rite, the Benedictus is not present in the Liturgy of Saint Cyril:[27]Αγιος, αγιος, αγιος.\nⲬⲟⲩⲁⲃ `Ⲡϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲥⲁⲃⲁⲱⲑ:\n`ⲧⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ `ⲡⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲙⲉϩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩ\nⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ `Ⲡϭⲟⲓⲥ Ⲡⲉⲛⲛⲟⲩϯ.","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kedushah (prayer) § Sources and history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedushah_(prayer)#Sources_and_history"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_and_rubrics_of_the_Roman_Canon"},{"link_name":"Roman Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass"},{"link_name":"Alexandrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Antiochene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"christological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological"},{"link_name":"trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_of_John"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement"},{"link_name":"Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_I"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazza-31"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Cyril of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Theodore of Mopsuestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazza-31"},{"link_name":"Isaiah 6:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%206:3&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraphim"},{"link_name":"Revelation 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%204:8&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Kedusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedushah_(prayer)"},{"link_name":"Amidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidah"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Matthew 21:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+21:9&version=rsv"},{"link_name":"Entry into Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_into_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"See also: Kedushah (prayer) § Sources and historyAs Enrico Mazza writes:The Sanctus became part of the Roman Eucharistic Prayer only in the first half of the fifth century; all in all, this was a fairly late period, inasmuch as by then the text of the Roman Canon had become fixed and was regarded as a text possessing great authority.\nThere exist two fundamental types of Sanctus: the Alexandrian and the Antiochene. The Sanctus of the Roman Eucharist derives from the Antiochene liturgy and has two parts: (a) the Sanctus true and proper, consisting of the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3; and (b) the Benedictus, a christological acclamation taken from Matthew 21:9. The Sanctus has been given a christological interpretation and a trinitarian interpretation, and this in both the East and the West. These differing interpretations may be due to the presence, in the text of the Sanctus, of a theological section, namely, the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3, and a christological part, namely the acclamation from Matthew 21:9.\n\nThe text of the Sanctus passed from Jewish use to Christian use at a very early time, since it cited in the Apocalypse of John and in the letter of Clement to the Corinthians.[28]As can be read in the same source, in the Alexandrian tradition on the other hand,the Sanctus consisted of only the first part, the citation of Isaiah 6:3, and lacked the Benedictus; this was the earliest form taken by the Sanctus in the Eucharist. This early state can be seen in the testimonies of Eusebius of Caesarea, the Mystagogical Catecheses of Cyril of Jerusalem, and, above all, the Ritual used in the Church of Theodore of Mopsuestia. In the latter, too, that is, in the archaic stage of the Syrian liturgy, the Benedictus was unknown, and the Sanctus consisted solely of the acclamation from Isaiah 6:3.[28]The first part of the Sanctus, the adaptation from Isaiah 6:3, describes the prophet Isaiah's vision of the throne of God surrounded by six-winged, ministering seraphim. A similar representation is found in Revelation 4:8. In Jewish liturgy,[29] the verse from Isaiah is uttered by the congregation during Kedusha, a prayer said during the leader's repetition of the Amidah (18 Benedictions):Kadosh Kadosh Kadosh Adonai Tz'vaot\nMelo Kol Haaretz Kevodo.The text of the second part, beginning with the word Benedictus (Latin for \"Blessed\") is taken from Matthew 21:9, describes Jesus' Entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, which is in turn based on the first half of Psalm 118:26. In its present liturgical context \"it points to the expected presence of the Lord in the eucharistic gifts\".[30][31] Within Anglicanism, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer omitted it and, though it is now permitted, \"the choice whether or not to use the Benedictus is still for some a matter of Eucharistic theology and churchmanship\".[32]The Sanctus appears in the Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis (the saint died in 360), but may go as far back to Christian liturgy in North Africa in the year 200.[33]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BasilLgoarch-2"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asteres-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Dominus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dominus#Latin"},{"link_name":"Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deus#Latin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriginalIs6-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is6Gr-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VulgataIs6-40"},{"link_name":"Revelation 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.esv.org/Revelation+4:8"},{"link_name":"caeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caelus"},{"link_name":"οὐρανός","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hosanna"},{"link_name":"ὁ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%81"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthew21:9Gr-41"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trempelas-3"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanitsas-7"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Swainson"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"vocative case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case"},{"link_name":"Kyrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrios"},{"link_name":"nominative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S268-46"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Addai and Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint Basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The present form of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, the primary liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, reads (when in Greek) the following text:Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου, ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου. Ὡσαννὰ ὁ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.[2][n 2]\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou, hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou. Hōsanná ho en toîs hupsístois.The above differs from the Roman Rite Latin textin that the Latin adds to the word Dominus (Lord), which is the regular Latin translation of יהוה, the Deus (God), which is found in neither the Greek nor the Latin translations nor in the original text of Isaiah 6:3,[35][36][37] but is found in Revelation 4:8: \"Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God Almighty, who was and is and is to come!\"\nin that the Latin has the plural caeli, and the Greek the singular οὐρανός for the mention of \"heaven\", which appears in neither the Latin nor the Greek translation of Isaiah 6:3.\nin that the Greek gives two different forms of the phrase corresponding to Hosanna in excelsis, the second one including an ὁ article. The article is not found in Matthew 21:9.[38] The form of the hymn without the article is also used in the Greek Liturgy of Saint James,[4] and in modern settings, practises and contexts.[3][n 3]The Liturgy of Saint Basil of the Eastern Orthodox Church has the same form of the Sanctus as the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, with its two variants of the Hosanna phrase.[39]In older Greek liturgical manuscripts, various forms of the hymn are attested; the ones that will follow below, belong to the ones edited by Swainson in his 1884 book The Greek liturgies. Among these forms, there are variations of the hymn being composed of practically only the Old testament part. Others include:\nIn the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, one of them excludes not only the article ὁ, but also the article «τῆς»:Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριος Σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.[40]\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth; plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê dóxēs sou. Hōsanná en toîs hupsístois; eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois.The Liturgy of Saint James as given in Swainson reads as follows:Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριε σαβαώθ· πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Eὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.[41][42]\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrie sabaṓth. Plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois.This text not only omits the article ὁ that is used in the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, but also has Kyrie (vocative case) where the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom has Kyrios (nominative).In current use, the Liturgy of Saint James may use the nominative rather than the vocative case of Κύριος; the article ὁ is also not present in this form at the concluding Hosanna.[4]Moreover, a different variant of the Liturgy of Saint James is found in the margin of a manuscript that gives only the three words Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος in the body: \"In the margin, much abbreviated, may be discerned the following: Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.[43] This produces the text:Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος, Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις.\n\nHágios, hágios, hágios, Kýrios Sabaṓth, plḗrēs ho ouranós kaí hē gê tês dóxēs sou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois. Eulogēménos ho elthṓn kaí erkhómenos en onómati Kyríou; hōsanná en toîs hupsístois.This version adds \"he who came and\" before \"he who comes\"; in this it resembles the Liturgy of Saint James in the tradition of the Syriac Orthodox Church:Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty; heaven and earth are full of His glories. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is He Who came and will come in the Name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest.[44]The Syriac Orthodox Church also has what it calls the Liturgy of Saint Dionysius, in which the Hosanna phrase appears only at the end:Holy Holy Holy, Lord of Sabbaoth, Heaven and Earth are full of Thy Glory. Blessed is He that cometh in the Lord's Name; Hosanna in the highest.[45]The form used in the ancient Liturgy of Addai and Mari is much shorter:ܩܲܕܝܫ: ܩܲܕܝܼܫ: ܩܲܕܝܼܫ: ܡܵܪܝܵܐ ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ܚܲܝܠܬ݂ܵܢܵܐ: ܕܲܡܠܹܝܢ ܫ̈ܡܲܝܵܐ ܘܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܡܸܢ ܬܸܫ̈ܒ݁ܚܵܬܹܗ: ܘܡܸܢ ܟܝܵܢ ܐܝܼܬ݂ܘܼܬܹܗ: ܘܡܸܢ ܗܸܕ݂ܪܵܐ ܕܙܝܼܘܹܗ ܡܫܲܒ݁ܚܵܐ܀ ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܒܲܡܪ̈ܲܘܡܹܐ: ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܠܲܒ݂ܪܹܗ ܕܕ݂ܵܘܝܼܕ݂: ܒܪܝܼܟ݂ ܕܐܸܬ݂ܵܐ ܘܐܵܬܹܐ ܒܲܫܡܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܝܵܐ: ܐܘܿܫܲܥܢܵܐ ܒܲܡܪ̈ܲܘܡܹܐ.\n\nHoly, Holy, Holy Lord is the Lord God of hosts, for heaven and earth are full of his praises, and of the nature of his being, and for the excellency of his glorious splendor. Hosanna in the heights. Hosanna to the son of David. Blessed is he who came and will come in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the heights.[46]The Coptic version of the Liturgy of Saint Basil also gives a short text of what it calls the Hymn of the Seraphim:Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord of hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Your holy glory.[47]","title":"Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rubrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrics"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S268-46"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Alternative ancient names and ancient secrecy","text":"The priest's introductions, following the rubrics that set what should be done by whom with each passage, uniformly call the hymn the ἐπινίκιος ὕμνος, i.e. \"the hymn of victory\". On the other hand, it used to be that, as Swainson notes about an attested variant form wherein only Ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος is being quoted:In the margin, much abbreviated, may be discerned the following: Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης σου. Ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις· εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐλθὼν καὶ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου· ὡσαννὰ ἐν τοῖς ὑψίστοις. Chrysostom frequently refers to this: sometimes as τὸ μυστικὸν μέλος; sometimes as ὁ πανάγιος ὕμνος; sometimes as the τρισάγιος ὕμνος. The knowledge of it as a whole was confined to the faithful.[43][n 4]Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth; pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua\nHoly, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Your glory.\nHosanna in excelsis\nHosanna in the highest\nBenedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.\nBlessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord\nHosanna in excelsis","title":"Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music"},{"link_name":"Mass (music)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(music)"},{"link_name":"plainchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainsong"},{"link_name":"Roman Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Missal"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"mass settings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(music)"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roi_Est_Mort,_Vive_Le_Roi!"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"See also: Byzantine music and Mass (music)The Sanctus has been set to numerous plainchant melodies, many of which are given in the Roman Missal, and many more composers have set it to polyphonic music, both in single settings and as part of cyclic mass settings.Parts of the Hymn have also been used in modern music, notably \"Prism of Life\" by Enigma (album Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!)[49]","title":"Musical settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tridentine Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridentine_Mass"},{"link_name":"Sign of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Canon of the Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"revision of the rubrics of the liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics"},{"link_name":"Gregorian chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Summorum Pontificum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"}],"text":"In the Tridentine Mass the priest joins his hands while saying the word \"Sanctus\" and then, bowing, continues to recite the whole of the Sanctus in a lower voice, while a small bell is rung; then, on reaching the words \"Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini\", he stands erect again and makes the Sign of the Cross.[50] He then continues immediately with the Canon of the Mass, while the choir, if there is one, sings the Sanctus. In the pre-1962 form, the choir pauses for the Consecration and continues with the Benedictus part afterwards. As a result of this division, the Sanctus has sometimes been spoken of as \"Sanctus and Benedictus\".[51][52][53] However, in line with Pope John XXIII's revision of the rubrics of the liturgy, the splitting of the Sanctus, when sung to Gregorian chant (though not if sung polyphonically) was forbidden[54] and is thus not allowed in celebrations of the 1962 Tridentine Mass as authorized by Pope Benedict XVI's Summorum Pontificum.In the Mass revised after the Second Vatican Council, the Sanctus may, of course, not be split, since the whole of the eucharistic prayer is sung or spoken aloud, and the only ceremony prescribed for the priest during the Sanctus is to join his hands. He and the people sing or recite together the whole of the Sanctus, before the priest continues the Eucharistic Prayer.","title":"Accompanying gestures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"church architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_architecture"},{"link_name":"Christian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_12_(geograph_4939306).jpg"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barcelona_Sagrada_Familia_(2053446134).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sagrada Família","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Barcelona, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Hosanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosanna"}],"text":"Words of the Sanctus are often used in church architecture and Christian art.The word \"Sanctus\" as decoration in the St Giles' Church at Cheadle in Staffordshire, EnglandThe towers of the Sagrada Família church in Barcelona, Spain are decorated with the words \"Sanctus\", \"Hosanna\" and \"Excelsis\".","title":"Use in architecture and art"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar#Definite_article"},{"link_name":"Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sources"},{"link_name":"Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hymn_forms_in_Eastern_liturgies"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Asteres_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Asteres_6-1"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ec-patr.net/music/Agios_MV_LA.rm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speaker_Icon.svg"},{"link_name":"realmedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realmedia"},{"link_name":"Archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon#Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Protopsaltes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopsaltes"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Asteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ec-patr.net/en/psaltai/asteris.htm"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Demetrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Demetrios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ec-patr.net-37"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanitsas_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanitsas_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanitsas_7-2"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ec-patr.net/music/Agios_MXA_A_Stan.rm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Speaker_Icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Thrasyboulos Stanitsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ec-patr.net/en/psaltai/stanitsas.htm"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Athenagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Athenagoras"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ec-patr.net-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"μυστικόν","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82"},{"link_name":"μέλος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ This is the text of the two present forms (with or without the parenthesised article) of the hymn in Greek; for more details, see the Sources and the Hymn forms in Eastern liturgies sections.\n\n^ a b A recorded example of the hymn chanted-sung in the form with the ὁ article, can be listened to here ( Page will play audio when loaded)\n (realmedia format). The cantor is the Archon Protopsaltes of the Great Church of Christ Leonidas Asteres, promoted to that position and title by Patriarch Demetrios.[34]\n\n^ a b c A recorded example of the hymn chanted-sung in the form without the ὁ article, can be listened to here ( Page will play audio when loaded)\n (realmedia format). The cantor is the Archon Protopsaltes of the Great Church of Christ Thrasyboulos Stanitsas (1907 or 1910–1987), promoted to that position and title by Patriarch Athenagoras.[34]\n\n^ See μυστικόν, mystikon; μέλος, melos; πανάγιος, panagios.[48]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BasilLgoarch_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BasilLgoarch_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BasilLgoarch_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goarch.org/chapel/liturgical_texts/liturgy_hchc-el"},{"link_name":"The Orthodox Page: The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostomos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/liturgy/liturgy.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trempelas_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trempelas_3-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_4-3"},{"link_name":"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰακώβου τοῦ Ἀδελφοθέου","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saint.gr/files/2792/leitoyrgia_iakwbos_adelfo8eos.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Ελληνικά 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prophet-elias.com/deutsch/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC-1/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"electronic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/pt/2s.htm#b5q"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Shawn Tribe, \"The Mozarabic Rite: The Offertory to the Post Sanctus\" (with regularized spelling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2010/04/mozarabic-rite-offertory-to-post.html#.U0Q2BldLs8w"},{"link_name":"The Mozarabic Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allmercifulsavior.com/Liturgy/Mozarabic.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Book of Common Prayer Noted: Communion, part 7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Merbecke/Merbecke_Communion7.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Ordre for the Administracion of the Lordes Supper, or Holy Communion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1559/Communion_1559.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1662/HC.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Walker, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walker_(liturgist)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Saint Augustine's Prayer Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine%27s_Prayer_Book"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Anglican Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Missal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Common Worship, Order One in Traditional Language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//justus.anglican.org/~ss/commonworship/hc/orderonetrad.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Service Book and Hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Book_and_Hymnal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Liturgy of the Eucharist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/Mass.htm#Eucharist"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q7VLVVt_RQ0C&pg=PA373"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780898690606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898690606"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"The Order of Mass\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110806055319/http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.copticchurch.net/pdf/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_cyril.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mazza_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mazza_31-1"},{"link_name":"The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rNv2NOKNAekC&pg=PA285"},{"link_name":"Liturgical Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814661703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814661703"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"English translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wholestones.org/sanctus-and-gloria/"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wholestones.org/sanctus-and-gloria/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Johannes H. Emminghaus, The Eucharist: Essence, Form, Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HMdkpEGy4KAC&dq=Emminghaus+%22expected+presence%22&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-81461036-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81461036-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Tim Gray, Mission of the Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qffUIEkWEqsC&pg=PA110"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-96632231-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-96632231-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Paul Thomas, Using the Book of Common Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LUXeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-71514276-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71514276-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0805440992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805440992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ec-patr.net_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ec-patr.net_37-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ec-patr.net/en/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OriginalIs6_38-0"},{"link_name":"\"Isaiah 6:3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblehub.com/text/isaiah/6-3.htm"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Is6Gr_39-0"},{"link_name":"\"Isaiah 6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.myriobiblos.gr/bible/ot/chapter.asp?book=43&page=6"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VulgataIs6_40-0"},{"link_name":"\"Isaiah 6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/6.htm"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Matthew21:9Gr_41-0"},{"link_name":"\"Matthew 21:9\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biblehub.com/interlinear/matthew/21-9.htm"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goarch.org/-/the-divine-liturgy-of-saint-basil-the-great"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/128/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Dr. C. Bezold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bezold"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/269/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of Saint James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James"},{"link_name":"Christian Classics Ethereal Library, \"The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.ii.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S268_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S268_46-1"},{"link_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/268/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"\"Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//syriacorthodoxresources.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Liturgy Of St Dionysius\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Historical/LiturgyOfStDionysius.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.iv.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_basil.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"μυστικόν","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mustiko/s"},{"link_name":"μέλος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=me/los"},{"link_name":"πανάγιος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pana/gios"},{"link_name":"Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Enigma – Prism of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//genius.com/Enigma-prism-of-life-lyrics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"\"Adrian Fortescue, \"Sanctus\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/13432a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Gail Ramshaw, \"Wording the Sanctus\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.naal-liturgy.org/pav/docs/seminars/language/ramshaw.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Library of Congress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/sm1875.09381"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//media.musicasacra.com/pdf/musicrubrics_ef.pdf"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). \"Tersanctus\". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.\n\n^ a b c \"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου\". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (in Greek).. For an English translation, see The Orthodox Page: The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostomos\n\n^ a b Trempelas, Panagiotes N. (1978) [1949]. Εκλογή Ελληνικής Ορθοδόξου Υμνογραφίας [Selection of Greek Orthodox Hymnography] (in Greek). Athens: Soter.\n\n^ a b c d Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰακώβου τοῦ Ἀδελφοθέου [The Holy Liturgy of Saint James the Brother of God] (PDF) (in Greek). Ἐπιστασίᾳ Ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀθηνῶν Χρυσοστόμου (11th ed.). Athens. p. 28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n^ \"Ελληνικά 1\". Kirchengemeinde des heiligen Propheten Elias in Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 4 February 2020.\n\n^ Missale Romanum 2002, p. 517 (electronic text)\n\n^ Shawn Tribe, \"The Mozarabic Rite: The Offertory to the Post Sanctus\" (with regularized spelling). English translation: \"Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth: Heaven and earth are full of the glory of Thy majesty. Hosanna to the Son of David. Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest. Holy, holy, holy art thou Lord God (The Mozarabic Liturgy).\n\n^ \"The Book of Common Prayer Noted: Communion, part 7\". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ \"The Ordre for the Administracion of the Lordes Supper, or Holy Communion\". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ The Book of Common Prayer (PDF). The Church of England. 1662. Retrieved 11 April 2022.\n\n^ Walker, Charles (1901). The Ritual Reason Why. Revised and edited by T. I. Ball. Oxford; London: A. R. Mowbray. \"The words 'Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest,' which are sometimes added to the Sanctus are a restoration of a clause which forms part of the hymn in nearly every ancient Liturgy, Eastern or Western, and which was retained in our English 'Mass' of 1549.\"\n\n^ Ritual Notes: A Comprehensive Guide to the Rites and Ceremonies of the Book of Common Prayer of the English Church (1926). 7th ed. London: W. Knott & Son. p. 120.\n\n^ Knowles, Archibald Campbell (1935). The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions (7th ed.). New York: Morehouse-Gorham. p. 117.\n\n^ Gavitt, Loren, ed. (1947). Saint Augustine's Prayer Book. West Park, New York: Holy Cross Publications. p. 73.\n\n^ Anglican Missal in the American Edition. Mount Sinai, New York: The Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1961. p. 284.\n\n^ Anglican Church of Canada (1962). The Book of Common Prayer. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre.\n\n^ The Book of Common Prayer, The Holy Eucharist: Rite One. Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 1979. p. 334.\n\n^ \"Common Worship, Order One in Traditional Language\". justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 4 June 2019.\n\n^ Service Book and Hymnal: Authorized by the Lutheran Churches cooperating in The Commission on the Liturgy and Hymnal (1958). Co-published: Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House; Philadelphia: Board of Publication, Lutheran Church in America. pp. 32-33, 61.\n\n^ Lutheran Worship (1982),\nDivine Service I. The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod.\nSaint Louis: Concordia Publishing House. pp. 148-149.\n\n^ Lutheran Service Book (2006). Divine Service III. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House.\n\n^ Felix Just, S.J. \"Liturgy of the Eucharist\". Catholic-resources.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ Book of Common Prayer. Church Publishing. September 1979. ISBN 9780898690606. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ Lutheran Book of Worship. Minneapolis: Augsburg. 1978.\n\n^ The United Methodist Hymnal: Book of United Methodist Worship. The United Methodist Publishing House. 1989.\n\n^ Excerpts from the English translation of The Roman Missal. \"The Order of Mass\" (PDF). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. International Committee on English in the Liturgy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2011.\n\n^ Liturgy of Saint Cyril copticchurch.net\n\n^ a b Enrico Mazza (1999). The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation. Liturgical Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780814661703.\n\n^ On the relationship of the Christian Sanctus to ancient Jewish liturgy, see David Flusser, \"Sanctus und Gloria,\" in Abraham Unser Vater: Juden und Christen im Gespräch Über die Bibel Festschrift für Otto Michael (ed. Otto Betz, Martin Hengel, and Peter Schmidt; Leiden: Brill, 1963), 129-152; repr. in David Flusser, Entdeckungen im Neuen Testament (2 vols.; Neukirchener, 1987-1999), 1:226-244. For an English translation of this article, click here.\n\n^ Johannes H. Emminghaus, The Eucharist: Essence, Form, Celebration (Liturgical Press 1997 ISBN 978-0-81461036-7), p. 181\n\n^ Tim Gray, Mission of the Messiah (Emmaus Road Publishing 1998 ISBN 978-0-96632231-6), pp. 109–110\n\n^ Paul Thomas, Using the Book of Common Prayer (Church House Publishing 2012 ISBN 978-0-71514276-9), p. 102\n\n^ Perspectives on Christian Worship by J. Matthew Pinson, Timothy Quill, Ligon Duncan and Dan Wilt (Mar 1, 2009) ISBN 0805440992 pages 64-65\n\n^ a b \"Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music\". www.ec-patr.net.\n\n^ \"Isaiah 6:3\". Tanakh (in Hebrew). קָדֹ֛ושׁ קָדֹ֖ושׁ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָאֹ֑ות מְלֹ֥א כָל־הָאָ֖רֶץ כְּבֹודֹֽו׃ {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Isaiah 6\". Old Testament (in Greek). ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Isaiah 6\". Vulgata Old Testament (in Latin). sanctus sanctus sanctus Dominus exercituum plena est omnis terra gloria eius {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Matthew 21:9\". New Testament (in Greek and English). {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 4 February 2020.\n\n^ Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom\". The Greek liturgies: Chiefly from original authorities. With an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum, edited and translated by Dr. C. Bezold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128. At the Internet Archive.\n\n^ Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint James\". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. pp. 268–269.\n\n^ For an English translation of the Liturgy of Saint James, see Christian Classics Ethereal Library, \"The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord\"\n\n^ a b Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint James\". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. p. 268.\n\n^ \"Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources\". syriacorthodoxresources.org.\n\n^ \"Liturgy Of St Dionysius\". www.liturgies.net.\n\n^ \"Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\". www.ccel.org.\n\n^ \"Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83\" (PDF).\n\n^ μυστικόν, μέλος, πανάγιος in Liddell and Scott.\n\n^ Enigma – Prism of Life, retrieved 23 December 2021\n\n^ Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, VII, 8\n\n^ \"Adrian Fortescue, \"Sanctus\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)\". Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ \"Gail Ramshaw, \"Wording the Sanctus\"\" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ \"Library of Congress\". Loc.gov. Retrieved 11 March 2014.\n\n^ \"De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII\" (PDF).","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521526623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521526623"}],"text":"Spinks, Bryan D. (2002). The Sanctus in the Eucharistic Prayer. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521526623","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Text of the Sanctus in an 11th-century manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sanctus_Sans_titre_13.JPG/220px-Sanctus_Sans_titre_13.JPG"},{"image_text":"The word \"Sanctus\" as decoration in the St Giles' Church at Cheadle in Staffordshire, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_12_%28geograph_4939306%29.jpg/220px-Cheadle-_St._Giles_Church-_Pugins_complete_c13th_restoration_12_%28geograph_4939306%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The towers of the Sagrada Família church in Barcelona, Spain are decorated with the words \"Sanctus\", \"Hosanna\" and \"Excelsis\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Barcelona_Sagrada_Familia_%282053446134%29.jpg/220px-Barcelona_Sagrada_Familia_%282053446134%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). \"Tersanctus\". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου\". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (in Greek).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goarch.org/chapel/liturgical_texts/liturgy_hchc-el","url_text":"\"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου\""}]},{"reference":"Trempelas, Panagiotes N. (1978) [1949]. Εκλογή Ελληνικής Ορθοδόξου Υμνογραφίας [Selection of Greek Orthodox Hymnography] (in Greek). Athens: Soter.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰακώβου τοῦ Ἀδελφοθέου [The Holy Liturgy of Saint James the Brother of God] (PDF) (in Greek). Ἐπιστασίᾳ Ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀθηνῶν Χρυσοστόμου (11th ed.). Athens. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saint.gr/files/2792/leitoyrgia_iakwbos_adelfo8eos.pdf","url_text":"Ἡ Θεία Λειτουργία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰακώβου τοῦ Ἀδελφοθέου"}]},{"reference":"\"Ελληνικά 1\". Kirchengemeinde des heiligen Propheten Elias in Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prophet-elias.com/deutsch/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC-1/","url_text":"\"Ελληνικά 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Book of Common Prayer Noted: Communion, part 7\". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Merbecke/Merbecke_Communion7.htm","url_text":"\"The Book of Common Prayer Noted: Communion, part 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ordre for the Administracion of the Lordes Supper, or Holy Communion\". Justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1559/Communion_1559.htm","url_text":"\"The Ordre for the Administracion of the Lordes Supper, or Holy Communion\""}]},{"reference":"The Book of Common Prayer (PDF). The Church of England. 1662. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1662/HC.pdf","url_text":"The Book of Common Prayer"}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Archibald Campbell (1935). The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions (7th ed.). New York: Morehouse-Gorham. p. 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gavitt, Loren, ed. (1947). Saint Augustine's Prayer Book. West Park, New York: Holy Cross Publications. p. 73.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine%27s_Prayer_Book","url_text":"Saint Augustine's Prayer Book"}]},{"reference":"Anglican Missal in the American Edition. Mount Sinai, New York: The Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1961. p. 284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Missal","url_text":"Anglican Missal"}]},{"reference":"Anglican Church of Canada (1962). The Book of Common Prayer. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Book of Common Prayer, The Holy Eucharist: Rite One. Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 1979. p. 334.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Common Worship, Order One in Traditional Language\". justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://justus.anglican.org/~ss/commonworship/hc/orderonetrad.html","url_text":"\"Common Worship, Order One in Traditional Language\""}]},{"reference":"Felix Just, S.J. \"Liturgy of the Eucharist\". Catholic-resources.org. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/Mass.htm#Eucharist","url_text":"\"Liturgy of the Eucharist\""}]},{"reference":"Book of Common Prayer. Church Publishing. September 1979. ISBN 9780898690606. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q7VLVVt_RQ0C&pg=PA373","url_text":"Book of Common Prayer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898690606","url_text":"9780898690606"}]},{"reference":"Lutheran Book of Worship. Minneapolis: Augsburg. 1978.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The United Methodist Hymnal: Book of United Methodist Worship. The United Methodist Publishing House. 1989.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Order of Mass\" (PDF). United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. International Committee on English in the Liturgy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055319/http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf","url_text":"\"The Order of Mass\""},{"url":"http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Enrico Mazza (1999). The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation. Liturgical Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780814661703.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rNv2NOKNAekC&pg=PA285","url_text":"The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Press","url_text":"Liturgical Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814661703","url_text":"9780814661703"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music\". www.ec-patr.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ec-patr.net/en/index.htm","url_text":"\"Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isaiah 6:3\". Tanakh (in Hebrew). קָדֹ֛ושׁ קָדֹ֖ושׁ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָאֹ֑ות מְלֹ֥א כָל־הָאָ֖רֶץ כְּבֹודֹֽו׃","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/6-3.htm","url_text":"\"Isaiah 6:3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isaiah 6\". Old Testament (in Greek). ἅγιος, ἅγιος, ἅγιος Κύριος σαβαώθ, πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ γῆ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myriobiblos.gr/bible/ot/chapter.asp?book=43&page=6","url_text":"\"Isaiah 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isaiah 6\". Vulgata Old Testament (in Latin). sanctus sanctus sanctus Dominus exercituum plena est omnis terra gloria eius","urls":[{"url":"http://biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/6.htm","url_text":"\"Isaiah 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew 21:9\". New Testament (in Greek and English).","urls":[{"url":"https://biblehub.com/interlinear/matthew/21-9.htm","url_text":"\"Matthew 21:9\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goarch.org/-/the-divine-liturgy-of-saint-basil-the-great","url_text":"\"The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\""}]},{"reference":"Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom\". The Greek liturgies: Chiefly from original authorities. With an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum, edited and translated by Dr. C. Bezold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/128/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bezold","url_text":"Dr. C. Bezold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint James\". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. pp. 268–269.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/269/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\""}]},{"reference":"Swainson, Charles Anthony, ed. (1884). \"Liturgy of Saint James\". The Greek liturgies chiefly from original authorities, with an appendix containing the Coptic ordinary canon of the mass from two manuscripts in the British Museum. Cambridge, Univ. Press. p. 268.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/268/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources\". syriacorthodoxresources.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/","url_text":"\"Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liturgy Of St Dionysius\". www.liturgies.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Historical/LiturgyOfStDionysius.htm","url_text":"\"Liturgy Of St Dionysius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\". www.ccel.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.iv.html","url_text":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_basil.pdf","url_text":"\"Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83\""}]},{"reference":"Enigma – Prism of Life, retrieved 23 December 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Enigma-prism-of-life-lyrics","url_text":"Enigma – Prism of Life"}]},{"reference":"\"Adrian Fortescue, \"Sanctus\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)\". Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13432a.htm","url_text":"\"Adrian Fortescue, \"Sanctus\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gail Ramshaw, \"Wording the Sanctus\"\" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naal-liturgy.org/pav/docs/seminars/language/ramshaw.pdf","url_text":"\"Gail Ramshaw, \"Wording the Sanctus\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Library of Congress\". Loc.gov. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sm1875.09381","url_text":"\"Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/musicrubrics_ef.pdf","url_text":"\"De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII\""}]},{"reference":"Fortescue, Adrian (1913). \"Sanctus\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sanctus","url_text":"Sanctus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]

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Emminghaus, The Eucharist: Essence, Form, Celebration"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qffUIEkWEqsC&pg=PA110","external_links_name":"Tim Gray, Mission of the Messiah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LUXeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"Paul Thomas, Using the Book of Common Prayer"},{"Link":"https://www.ec-patr.net/en/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ecumenical Patriarchate - Byzantine music\""},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/text/isaiah/6-3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Isaiah 6:3\""},{"Link":"http://www.myriobiblos.gr/bible/ot/chapter.asp?book=43&page=6","external_links_name":"\"Isaiah 6\""},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/vul/isaiah/6.htm","external_links_name":"\"Isaiah 6\""},{"Link":"https://biblehub.com/interlinear/matthew/21-9.htm","external_links_name":"\"Matthew 21:9\""},{"Link":"https://www.goarch.org/-/the-divine-liturgy-of-saint-basil-the-great","external_links_name":"\"The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great - Liturgical Texts of the Orthodox Church - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/128/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint John the Chrysostom\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/269/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.ii.html","external_links_name":"Christian Classics Ethereal Library, \"The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/greekliturgies00swai#page/268/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Liturgy of Saint James\""},{"Link":"https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/","external_links_name":"\"Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources\""},{"Link":"http://www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Historical/LiturgyOfStDionysius.htm","external_links_name":"\"Liturgy Of St Dionysius\""},{"Link":"https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.iv.html","external_links_name":"\"Philip Schaff: ANF07. Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries: Lactantius, Venantius, Asterius, Victorinus, Dionysius, Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions, Homily, and Liturgies - Christian Classics Ethereal Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_basil.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abraam D. Sleman (editor), St Basil Liturgy: Reference Book, p. 83\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mustiko/s","external_links_name":"μυστικόν"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=me/los","external_links_name":"μέλος"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=pana/gios","external_links_name":"πανάγιος"},{"Link":"https://genius.com/Enigma-prism-of-life-lyrics","external_links_name":"Enigma – Prism of Life"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13432a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Adrian Fortescue, \"Sanctus\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)\""},{"Link":"http://www.naal-liturgy.org/pav/docs/seminars/language/ramshaw.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gail Ramshaw, \"Wording the Sanctus\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sm1875.09381","external_links_name":"\"Library of Congress\""},{"Link":"https://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/musicrubrics_ef.pdf","external_links_name":"\"De ritibus servandis in cantu missae, VII\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_band

Multi-band device

["1 4G LTE bands","2 See also","3 References"]

Type of mobile phone This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Multi-band device" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motorola Timeport, the first tri-band mobile phone (1999) A dual band 4G+ router In telecommunications, a multi-band device (including (2) dual-band, (3) tri-band, (4) quad-band and (5) penta-band devices) is a communication device (especially a mobile phone) that supports multiple radio frequency bands. All devices which have more than one channel use multiple frequencies; a band however is a group of frequencies containing many channels. Multiple bands in mobile devices support roaming between different regions where different standards are used for mobile telephone services. Where the bands are widely separated in frequency, parallel transmit and receive signal path circuits must be provided, which increases the cost, complexity and power demand of multi-band devices. The term quad-band describes a device that supports four frequency bands: the 850 and 1900 MHz bands, which are used in the Americas, and 900 / 1800, which are used in most other parts of the world. Most GSM/UMTS phones support all four bands, while most CDMA2000/1xRTT phones (mostly North America and voice transmission only) do not, and so are considered only dual-band devices. A few phones support both of the domestic frequencies but only one foreign one for limited roaming, making them tri-band phones. The term penta-band describes a device that supports a fifth frequency band, commonly the 1700/2100 MHz band in much of the world. The Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) 1700 MHz band is also seeing increased usage. 4G LTE bands This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022) In the United States only, the two largest carriers are instead implementing 4G LTE in the 700 MHz band, which was reallocated from TV broadcasting during the DTV transition. TV stations were forced to move to lower UHF and even far worse VHF frequencies with poorer mobile TV and even regular terrestrial TV performance, because the 700 MHz band has better radio propagation characteristics that allow mobile phone signal to penetrate deeper into buildings with less attenuation than the 1700 MHz or 2100 MHz bands. AT&T Mobility devices use former TV channel 53 and 54 nationwide and has purchased spectrum from former TV channel 55 nationwide (purchased from Qualcomm's defunct MediaFLO pay TV service), and also channel 56 in densely populated areas such as California and the Northeast Corridor. Verizon Wireless formerly held frequencies just above TV channel 51, which is still in use, causing adjacent-channel interference that is preventing the carrier from using them until the planned top-down spectrum repacking occurs. The channel 52 spectrum was later purchased by T-Mobile US who now uses this spectrum for their network. Verizon now uses higher blocks within the former TV band (channels 60 and 61). See also List of UMTS networks around the world, and the frequencies and data rates they support GSM frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies UMTS frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies References ^ "Quad-Band". Phone Scoop. Archived from the original on March 14, 2006. Retrieved October 12, 2022. vteMobile phonesMobilenetworks,protocols Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM card dual SIM eSIM SIM lock Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML-MP Generations Analogue: 0G 1G Digital: 2G 3G adoption 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 6G Generaloperation Features GSM services History Operating system Security phone cloning Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing Mobiledevices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Slate Smartwatch Fold Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open-source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices MobilespecificsoftwareApps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Box breaking Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txt-spk Wallpaper Environmentand health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Mental health from overuse Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Legality of recording by civilians Mobile phones in prison Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving USA use restrictions while driving Telecommunication portal Telephones portal  Category

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A few phones support both of the domestic frequencies but only one foreign one for limited roaming, making them tri-band phones.[citation needed]The term penta-band describes a device that supports a fifth frequency band, commonly the 1700/2100 MHz band in much of the world. The Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) 1700 MHz band is also seeing increased usage.[citation needed]","title":"Multi-band device"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"TV broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"DTV transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"TV stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_station"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF"},{"link_name":"mobile TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TV"},{"link_name":"terrestrial TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_TV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"radio propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation"},{"link_name":"mobile phone signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal"},{"link_name":"attenuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AT&T Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility"},{"link_name":"TV channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_channel"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"MediaFLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaFLO"},{"link_name":"pay TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_TV"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Verizon Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless"},{"link_name":"adjacent-channel interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacent-channel_interference"},{"link_name":"spectrum repacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_repacking&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the United States only, the two largest carriers are instead implementing 4G LTE in the 700 MHz band, which was reallocated from TV broadcasting during the DTV transition. 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Verizon now uses higher blocks within the former TV band (channels 60 and 61).[citation needed]","title":"4G LTE bands"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_24

Lotus 24

["1 Concept","2 Racing history","2.1 World Championship results","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 References"]

Racing car model Lotus 24Lotus 24 BRM at the Silverstone Classic in 2018.CategoryFormula OneConstructorTeam LotusDesigner(s)Colin ChapmanPredecessor21Successor25Technical specificationsChassisSteel spaceframeSuspension (front)Double wishbone, with inboard coilover spring/damper units.Suspension (rear)Lower wishbone, top link and radius rod suspension, with outboard coilover spring/damper units.EngineCoventry Climax FWMV, 1496cc, 90° V8BRM P56, 1498 cc, 90° V8Naturally aspirated mid-mountedTransmissionZF 5DS10 5-speed manualTyresDunlopCompetition historyNotable entrantsTeam LotusBrabham Racing OrganisationUDT Laystall Racing TeamSiffert Racing TeamNotable drivers Trevor Taylor Maurice Trintignant Chris Amon Innes Ireland Masten Gregory Roger PenskeDebut1962 Dutch Grand Prix RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps 490100Constructors' Championships0Drivers' Championships0n.b. Unless otherwise stated, all data refer toFormula One World Championship Grands Prix only. Lotus 24 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2010 Problems playing this file? See media help. The Lotus 24 was a Formula One racing car designed by Team Lotus for the 1962 Formula One season. Despite some early success in non-Championship Grands Prix, it was eclipsed by the technically superior Lotus 25 and rarely featured in the points in World Championship races. Concept Having devised the monocoque Lotus 25 for use by the works team, Colin Chapman decided to build a 'conventional' back-up spaceframe design which he would also sell to privateers. The 24 was a completely different design from its predecessor, the 21, and used much of the same suspension as the 25. Both Coventry Climax FWMV and BRM P56 engines were generally fitted, with at least one example running with the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder. Racing history Trevor Taylor at the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix. The Lotus 24 made its debut at the 1962 Brussels Grand Prix. Jim Clark put it in pole position for the first heat, but retired after only one lap. Two weeks later Clark won the Lombank Trophy race at Snetterton. Its first World Championship event was the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix, where it finished second with Trevor Taylor. However, that would be its best Championship finish; the Lotus 25 had arrived on the scene and was obviously the way ahead, much to the chagrin of those who had paid good money for their 24. Colin Chapman had promised his customers that the team cars would be mechanically identical to the customer cars, leaving himself free to alter what he classified as the cars' "bodywork". The 24 continued to be run by private teams in 1963 and 1964 with limited success, and by 1965 only one World Championship entry was made, Brian Gubby failing to qualify for the British Grand Prix. World Championship results (key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Engine Driver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Points WCC 1962 Team Lotus Climax V8 NED MON BEL FRA GBR GER ITA USA RSA 36 (38) 2nd Trevor Taylor 2 Ret Ret 8 Ret Brabham Racing Organisation Jack Brabham Ret 8 6 Ret 5 R.R.C. Walker Racing Team Maurice Trintignant WD Ret 8 7 WD Ret Ret Ret Dupont Team Zerex Roger Penske 9 John Mecom Climax L4 Rob Schroeder 10 Scuderia SSS Republica di Venezia Nino Vacarella Ret UDT Laystall Racing Team Climax V8 Innes Ireland Ret Ret Ret Ret 16 Ret 8 5 Masten Gregory 7 BRM V8 7 6 1 8th Autosport Team Wolfgang Seidel Dan Gurney DNS Wolfgang Seidel Ret DNQ Tony Shelly DNQ Günther Seiffert DNQ Ecurie Filipinetti Jo Siffert Ret DNQ Heinz Schiller Ret 1963 British Racing Partnership Climax V8 MON BEL NED FRA GBR GER ITA USA MEX RSA 54 (74) 1st Innes Ireland Ret Ret Bernard Collomb Bernard Collomb DNQ 10 Reg Parnell Racing Maurice Trintignant 8 Mike Hailwood 8 BRM V8 Hap Sharp Ret 7 4 8th Roger Ward Ret Chris Amon Ret Masten Gregory 11 Tim Parnell Ret Ret Ecurie Filipinetti Phil Hill NC British Racing Partnership Jim Hall Ret Ret 8 11 6 5 8 10 8 Siffert Racing Team Jo Siffert Ret Ret 7 6 Ret 9 Ret Ret 9 Selby Auto Spares Paddy Driver DNS 1964 Bernard Collomb Climax V8 MON NED BEL FRA GBR GER AUT ITA USA MEX 37 (40) 3rd Bernard Collomb DNQ Siffert Racing Team BRM V8 Jo Siffert 8 3 8th British Racing Partnership Innes Ireland DNS Trevor Taylor Ret Reg Parnell Racing Peter Revson DSQ Ret Revson Racing DNQ 14 13 1965 Brian Gubby Climax V8 RSA MON BEL FRA GBR NED GER ITA USA MEX 54 (58) 1st Brian Gubby DNQ Notes ^ a b Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the first six finishers at each round, but only the best placed car for each make was eligible to score points. In 1962 only the best five results from the season were retained, and only the best six results for 1963, 1964 and 1965. ^ a b c Total points scored by all Lotus-BRM cars, including points scored by drivers of Lotus 25 and Lotus 33 variants. ^ a b c Total points scored by all Lotus-Climax cars, including points scored by drivers of Lotus 25 and Lotus 33 variants. Bibliography Whitelock, Mark (2006). 1½-litre Grand Prix Racing 1961-1965. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 184584016X. References ^ Automobile Year, No. 10, 1962-1963, Page 198. ^ Blunsden, John (July 1962). "Lotus "Ramlösa" - Segervagnen i Spa" . Illustrerad Motor Sport (in Swedish). No. 7–8. Lerum, Sweden. pp. 6–7. vte Team LotusPersonnelFounder Colin Chapman Notable personnel Frank Coppuck Frank Dernie Gérard Ducarouge Maurice Philippe Peter Warr Peter Wright Len Terry DriversNotable drivers Mario Andretti Elio de Angelis Jim Clark Martin Donnelly Emerson Fittipaldi Mika Häkkinen Johnny Herbert Graham Hill Jacky Ickx Nigel Mansell Satoru Nakajima Gunnar Nilsson Ronnie Peterson Nelson Piquet Carlos Reutemann Jochen Rindt Ayrton Senna John Surtees Derek Warwick Alex Zanardi World Champions Mario Andretti Jim Clark Emerson Fittipaldi Graham Hill Jochen Rindt CarsFormula One cars 12 16 18 21 24 25 33 43 49 56B 63 72 76 77 78 79 80 81 86 87 88 91 92 93T 94T 95T 97T 98T 99T 100T 101 102 107 109 112 Formula Two cars 12 16 18 32 35 41 44 48 59 69 Formula Three cars 22 31 35 41 55 59 69 Formula Junior cars 18 20 22 27 Formula Ford cars 51 59 61 69 Formula 5000 cars 68 70 Tasman Series cars 32 39 67 Indianapolis 500 cars 29 34 38 42 56 64 96T Sports racing cars 15 17 19 23 30 40 47 53 Formula One titlesDrivers' titles 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1978 Constructors' titles 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1973 1978 vteLotus Cars Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Sports racer VIII IX Eleven 15 17 19 23 30 40 47 62 Mark VI Seven 340R 2-Eleven 3-Eleven Roadster Elan Elan M100 Elise Coupé Elite Elan Exige Emira Europa Esprit Europa S Evora Evija Grand tourer Elan +2 Elite Eclat Excel Saloon Cortina Cortina Carlton Emeya SUV Eletre   Electric Racing cars Mark I Mark II Mark III Mark IV Mark V 12 16 17 18 20 21 22 24 25 27 29 31 32 33 34 38 39 41 42 43 44 48 49 56 59 61 63 64 66 69 70 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 86 87 88 91 92 93T 94T 95T 96T 97T 98T 99T 100T 101 102 107 109 112 114 115 119 T125 T127 T128 F1 T128 LMP T129 E20 E21 E22 E23 Hybrid Related cars Caterham Seven Ford Cortina Lotus Talbot Sunbeam Lotus DeLorean Hennessey Venom GT Westfield Sport Isuzu Piazza Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton Kia Elan Opel Speedster/Vauxhall VX220 Tesla Roadster Proton EMAS Lotus-Radford Type 62-2 Concept cars APX Elan Concept Elite Concept Elise Concept CityCar Eterne Emotion Esprit M70 Esprit Concept Ethos Etna M250 M90 Future cars Type 134 Type 135 Key figures Colin Chapman Tony Rudd Romano Artioli Dany Bahar Len Terry Group Lotus Official website Lotus Cars Lotus Engineering Team Lotus Lotus F1 vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1962 Formula One season next » Aiden-Cooper T59 Brabham BT3 BRM P48/57 BRM P57 Cooper T53 Cooper T55 Cooper T60 De Tomaso F1 De Tomaso 801 Emeryson Mk2 Emeryson 1006 ENB Ferrari 156 Gilby LDS Mk1 Lola Mk4 Lotus 18 Lotus 18/21 Lotus 21 Lotus 24 Lotus 25 Porsche 718 Porsche 787 Porsche 804 vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1963 Formula One season next » Alfa Special ATS 100 Brabham BT3 Brabham BT6 Brabham BT7 BRM P57 BRM P61 BRP Cooper T51 Cooper T53 Cooper T55 Cooper T60 Cooper T66 De Tomaso F1 Ferrari 156/63 Gilby LDS Mk1 Lola Mk4/Mk4A Lotus 18 Lotus 18/21 Lotus 21 Lotus 22 Lotus 24 Lotus 25 Porsche 718 Scirocco 01 Scirocco 02 Stebro MkIV vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1964 Formula One season next » Brabham BT3 Brabham BT7 Brabham BT10 Brabham BT11 BRM P57 BRM P261 BRM P67 BRP Mk1 BRP Mk2 Cooper T60 Cooper T66 Cooper T71/73 Cooper T73 Derrington-Francis Ferrari 156 Aero Ferrari 158 Ferrari 1512 Honda RA271 Lotus 24 Lotus 25 Lotus 33 Porsche 718 Scirocco 02 vte« previous Cars that competed in the 1965 Formula One season next » Alfa Special Brabham BT3 Brabham BT7 Brabham BT10 Brabham BT11 BRM P57 BRM P261 Cooper T55 Cooper T59 Cooper T60 Cooper T71/73 Cooper T73 Cooper T77 Ferrari 158 Ferrari 1512 Honda RA272 LDS Mk1 LDS Mk2 Lotus 18/21 Lotus 20 Lotus 21 Lotus 22 Lotus 24 Lotus 25 Lotus 33 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lotus 24.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotus 24 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus-BRM_24_(1962).ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"racing car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Team Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotus"},{"link_name":"1962 Formula One season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Lotus 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_25"}],"text":"Racing car modelLotus 24 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2010\n\n\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The Lotus 24 was a Formula One racing car[1] designed by Team Lotus for the 1962 Formula One season. Despite some early success in non-Championship Grands Prix, it was eclipsed by the technically superior Lotus 25 and rarely featured in the points in World Championship races.","title":"Lotus 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotus 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_25"},{"link_name":"Colin Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Chapman"},{"link_name":"privateers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_21"},{"link_name":"Coventry Climax FWMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Climax#FWMV"},{"link_name":"BRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Racing_Motors"},{"link_name":"Coventry Climax FPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Climax#FPF"}],"text":"Having devised the monocoque Lotus 25 for use by the works team, Colin Chapman decided to build a 'conventional' back-up spaceframe design which he would also sell to privateers. The 24 was a completely different design from its predecessor, the 21, and used much of the same suspension as the 25. Both Coventry Climax FWMV and BRM P56 engines were generally fitted, with at least one example running with the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_at_1962_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trevor Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Taylor_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1962 Dutch Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clark"},{"link_name":"Lombank Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Lombank_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Snetterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snetterton_Motor_Racing_Circuit"},{"link_name":"1962 Dutch Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Trevor Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Taylor_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Lotus 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMS7862-2"},{"link_name":"Brian Gubby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gubby"},{"link_name":"British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_British_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"Trevor Taylor at the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix.The Lotus 24 made its debut at the 1962 Brussels Grand Prix. Jim Clark put it in pole position for the first heat, but retired after only one lap. Two weeks later Clark won the Lombank Trophy race at Snetterton. Its first World Championship event was the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix, where it finished second with Trevor Taylor. However, that would be its best Championship finish; the Lotus 25 had arrived on the scene and was obviously the way ahead, much to the chagrin of those who had paid good money for their 24. Colin Chapman had promised his customers that the team cars would be mechanically identical to the customer cars, leaving himself free to alter what he classified as the cars' \"bodywork\".[2]The 24 continued to be run by private teams in 1963 and 1964 with limited success, and by 1965 only one World Championship entry was made, Brian Gubby failing to qualify for the British Grand Prix.","title":"Racing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"}],"sub_title":"World Championship results","text":"(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Points_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Points_3-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusBRM_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusBRM_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusBRM_4-2"},{"link_name":"Lotus 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_25"},{"link_name":"Lotus 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusClimax_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusClimax_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LotusClimax_5-2"},{"link_name":"Lotus 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_25"},{"link_name":"Lotus 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_33"}],"text":"^ a b Points were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis to the first six finishers at each round, but only the best placed car for each make was eligible to score points. In 1962 only the best five results from the season were retained, and only the best six results for 1963, 1964 and 1965.\n\n^ a b c Total points scored by all Lotus-BRM cars, including points scored by drivers of Lotus 25 and Lotus 33 variants.\n\n^ a b c Total points scored by all Lotus-Climax cars, including points scored by drivers of Lotus 25 and Lotus 33 variants.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitelock, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Whitelock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"184584016X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184584016X"}],"text":"Whitelock, Mark (2006). 1½-litre Grand Prix Racing 1961-1965. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 184584016X.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lotus_24_2018_Silverstone_Classic_%2833154067588%29.jpg/220px-Lotus_24_2018_Silverstone_Classic_%2833154067588%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Trevor Taylor at the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Taylor_at_1962_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg/220px-Taylor_at_1962_Dutch_Grand_Prix.jpg"}]

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[{"Link":"http://www.lotuscars.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antje_Duvekot

Antje Duvekot

["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Solo albums","2.2 Collaborative albums","3 References"]

American singer-songwriter (born 1974) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Antje Duvekot" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Antje DuvekotBackground informationBirth nameAntje DuvekotBornNovember 15, 1974Heidelberg, West GermanyOriginPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesGenresFolkpopOccupation(s)Singer-songwriterguitaristInstrument(s)Acoustic guitar, vocals, piano, ukulele, harmonica, irish bouzoukiYears active2000–presentWebsiteOfficial websiteOfficial MySpace pageMusical artist Antje Duvekot (/ˈɑːntjə ˈduːvəkɒt/ AHNT-yə DOO-və-kot; born 1974) is a German-American singer-songwriter and guitarist based in Somerville, Massachusetts. She holds three top songwriting awards including the Kerrville New Folk Competition's Best New Folk Award, Boston Music Award for Outstanding Folk Act, and Grand Prize in the John Lennon Songwriting Contest. Biography Born in Heidelberg, West Germany, Duvekot moved to Delaware, United States at the age of 13. Duvekot writes songs that are often profound and personal, and she frequently records and performs with little accompaniment besides her acoustic guitar. She began recording music on her own at the age of cassette tapes for her friends. At 18 she won the first open mic competition she entered, at the Sam Adams Brewpub in Philadelphia. Within a year, she had recorded a number of songs on a borrowed 4-Track tape machine, and released a self-produced full-length cassette entitled Waterstains" which she sold at gigs in and around Newark, Delaware, where she had attended the University of Delaware. In 2000, her song "Soma" won the grand prize in the rock category of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest. Duvekot often tours with Ellis Paul, who sings on her first studio album, Big Dream Boulevard. Big Dream Boulevard was produced by Séamus Egan of the Irish-American band Solas. Solas has previously recorded five of Duvekot's songs: "Black Annis," "The Poisonjester's Mask," "Erin," "Reasonland," and "Merry Go Round." Duvekot's first two albums, Little Peppermints and Boys, Flowers, Miles, are based on recordings of live performances, although some tracks include studio overdubs as well. Both albums include spoken anecdotes from Duvekot. In 2007, Duvekot's song "Merry-Go-Round" was featured a large-scale marketing campaign for Bank of America, including a high-profile spot during Super Bowl XLI. Duvekot performed for the first time as a professional in Europe, in August 2007, as part of Denmark's Tonder Festival, accompanied by Karan Casey, John Doyle, Liz Carroll, Julie Fowlis, and Mick McAuley. Duvekot released her second studio CD, The Near Demise of the Highwire Dancer, on Black Wolf Records in March 2009. The album, which features 11 tracks, most of them originals, was produced by singer-songwriter Richard Shindell. Duvekot's next release, Toward the Thunder, was her fourth full-length studio album. Discography Wikinews has related news: Antje Duvekot on life as a folk singer, her family and her music Solo albums Little Peppermints (2002) Boys, Flowers, Miles (2005) Big Dream Boulevard (Black Wolf Records, 2006) Snapshots (Black Wolf Records, 2008) The Near Demise of the Highwire Dancer (Black Wolf Records, 2009) Antje Duvekot LIVE from all over the place (2011) New Siberia (2012) Toward The Thunder (2016) New Wild West (2023) Collaborative albums Winterbloom: Winter Traditions (2009) (with Anne Heaton, Meg Hutchinson, and Natalia Zukerman) 'SOLAS: Reunion – A Decade of SOLAS' (2006) References ^ "Antje Duvekot's website". Retrieved August 26, 2013. ^ "Signature Discoveries: Antje Duvekot". Signature Sounds Records. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ^ "Focus On: Antje Duvekot". Folk Alley. Retrieved May 18, 2017. ^ a b "Antje Duvekot : Bio : Antje Duvekot – bio". Retrieved July 23, 2016. ^ "The Near Demise of the High Wire Dancer Is Now On Sale". Antje Duvekot Official Website. Retrieved May 4, 2009. ^ Madeloni, Dave (November 12, 2015). "Antje Duvekot's new CD is all hers". Brattleboro Reformer. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Biography portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz

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She holds three top songwriting awards including the Kerrville New Folk Competition's Best New Folk Award, Boston Music Award for Outstanding Folk Act, and Grand Prize in the John Lennon Songwriting Contest.[2]","title":"Antje Duvekot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"open mic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_mic"},{"link_name":"4-Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"Newark, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antjeduvekot.com-4"},{"link_name":"Ellis Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Paul"},{"link_name":"Séamus Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Egan"},{"link_name":"Solas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solas_(group)"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antjeduvekot.com-4"},{"link_name":"Karan Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Casey"},{"link_name":"Liz Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Julie Fowlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Fowlis"},{"link_name":"Richard Shindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shindell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Heidelberg, West Germany, Duvekot moved to Delaware, United States at the age of 13.[3] Duvekot writes songs that are often profound and personal, and she frequently records and performs with little accompaniment besides her acoustic guitar.She began recording music on her own at the age of cassette tapes for her friends. At 18 she won the first open mic competition she entered, at the Sam Adams Brewpub in Philadelphia. Within a year, she had recorded a number of songs on a borrowed 4-Track tape machine, and released a self-produced full-length cassette entitled Waterstains\" which she sold at gigs in and around Newark, Delaware, where she had attended the University of Delaware.In 2000, her song \"Soma\" won the grand prize in the rock category of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest.[4]Duvekot often tours with Ellis Paul, who sings on her first studio album, Big Dream Boulevard. Big Dream Boulevard was produced by Séamus Egan of the Irish-American band Solas. Solas has previously recorded five of Duvekot's songs: \"Black Annis,\" \"The Poisonjester's Mask,\" \"Erin,\" \"Reasonland,\" and \"Merry Go Round.\"Duvekot's first two albums, Little Peppermints and Boys, Flowers, Miles, are based on recordings of live performances, although some tracks include studio overdubs as well. Both albums include spoken anecdotes from Duvekot.In 2007, Duvekot's song \"Merry-Go-Round\" was featured a large-scale marketing campaign for Bank of America, including a high-profile spot during Super Bowl XLI.[4] Duvekot performed for the first time as a professional in Europe, in August 2007, as part of Denmark's Tonder Festival, accompanied by Karan Casey, John Doyle, Liz Carroll, Julie Fowlis, and Mick McAuley.Duvekot released her second studio CD, The Near Demise of the Highwire Dancer, on Black Wolf Records in March 2009. The album, which features 11 tracks, most of them originals, was produced by singer-songwriter Richard Shindell.[5]Duvekot's next release, Toward the Thunder, was her fourth full-length studio album.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antje Duvekot on life as a folk singer, her family and her music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Antje_Duvekot_on_life_as_a_folk_singer,_her_family_and_her_music"}],"text":"Wikinews has related news:\n Antje Duvekot on life as a folk singer, her family and her music","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo albums","text":"Little Peppermints (2002)\nBoys, Flowers, Miles (2005)\nBig Dream Boulevard (Black Wolf Records, 2006)\nSnapshots (Black Wolf Records, 2008)\nThe Near Demise of the Highwire Dancer (Black Wolf Records, 2009)\nAntje Duvekot LIVE from all over the place (2011)\nNew Siberia (2012)\nToward The Thunder (2016)\nNew Wild West (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Heaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Heaton_(folk_singer)"},{"link_name":"Meg Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Natalia Zukerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Zukerman"}],"sub_title":"Collaborative albums","text":"Winterbloom: Winter Traditions (2009)(with Anne Heaton, Meg Hutchinson, and Natalia Zukerman)'SOLAS: Reunion – A Decade of SOLAS' (2006)","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Antje Duvekot's website\". Retrieved August 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antjeduvekot.com/index.php?page=home","url_text":"\"Antje Duvekot's website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Signature Discoveries: Antje Duvekot\". Signature Sounds Records. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212232345/http://signaturesounds.com/onlinestore/category.cfm?Category=84","url_text":"\"Signature Discoveries: Antje Duvekot\""},{"url":"http://www.signaturesounds.com/onlinestore/category.cfm?Category=84&CFID=4510366&CFTOKEN=69920711","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Focus On: Antje Duvekot\". Folk Alley. Retrieved May 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.folkalley.com/music/extras/antje_duvekot/","url_text":"\"Focus On: Antje Duvekot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antje Duvekot : Bio : Antje Duvekot – bio\". Retrieved July 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antjeduvekot.com/index.php?page=bio&category=Bio&display=3","url_text":"\"Antje Duvekot : Bio : Antje Duvekot – bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Near Demise of the High Wire Dancer Is Now On Sale\". Antje Duvekot Official Website. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antjeduvekot.com/index.php?page=home","url_text":"\"The Near Demise of the High Wire Dancer Is Now On Sale\""}]},{"reference":"Madeloni, Dave (November 12, 2015). \"Antje Duvekot's new CD is all hers\". Brattleboro Reformer. Retrieved May 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reformer.com/stories/antje-duvekots-new-cd-is-all-hers,297669","url_text":"\"Antje Duvekot's new CD is all hers\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutation

Salutation

["1 Arabic","2 Bengali","3 Dutch","4 English","5 French","5.1 Standard salutation","5.2 Specific salutations","6 German","7 Hindi","8 Italian","8.1 Standard salutation","8.2 Specific salutations","9 Malayalam","10 Persian","11 Portuguese","11.1 Formal salutations","11.2 Informal salutations","12 Romanian","12.1 Formal salutations","12.2 Informal salutations","12.3 Other","13 Russian","14 Spanish","15 Tamil","16 Telugu","17 Turkish","18 Ukrainian","19 See also","20 References","21 Further reading","22 External links"]

Greeting word or phrase For other uses, see Salutation (disambiguation). A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other communication. Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter includes the recipient's given name or title. For each style of salutation there is an accompanying style of complimentary close, known as valediction. Examples of non-written salutations are bowing (common in Japan), waving, or even addressing somebody by their name. A salutation can be interpreted as a form of a signal in which the receiver of the salutation is being acknowledged, respected or thanked. Another simple but very common example of a salutation is a military salute. By saluting another rank, that person is signalling or showing his or her acknowledgement of the importance or significance of that person and his or her rank. Some greetings are considered vulgar, others "rude" and others "polite". Arabic For formal correspondence, it is common to use: Sa'adat Assayid if the reader is male, and Sa'adat As'Sayyidah if female. It is commonly followed by a full name. For informal correspondence: Al akh if male, and Al okht if female, followed by a first name. For more informal correspondence, Azizi if the reader is male, and Azizati if female. To address a group of people, A'ezza'e for informal correspondence, and in formal correspondence "Sadati" is commonly used and followed by Al A'ezza'a or "Almuhtarameen". To add more formality, it is common to begin the salutation with Ela (to), followed by the salutation and a full name. Example: Azizi Ahmed, Azizati Sarah, A'ezza'e members of the team or Member of the team Al A'ezzaa. Formal : Sa'adat Assayid Ahmed Abdullah, Sa'adat Assayidah Sarah Ibrahim, Sadati members of the team Almuh-tarameen. Common salutation for both formal and informal correspondence : Sa'adat Alostath Ahmed Abdullah, Sa'adat Alostatha Sarah Ibrahim. It is common to conclude the salutation with a Doa such as May god bless him/her or May god protect him/her. This Concluding Doa comes right after the full name of the correspondent. Bengali The salutation "Dear" (প্রিয়) in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in Bengali, in both formal and informal correspondence. It is commonly followed by either an honorific and a surname, such as "Shrôddheyô" or "Manônīyô" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয়), or by a given name, such as "Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন). However, it is not common in Bengali to use both a title of address and a person's given name: "Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John Smith" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন স্মিথ) would not be correct form. If the name of the intended recipient is unknown, acceptable salutations are: Shrôddheyô (শ্রদ্ধেয়) (if the gender of the reader is unknown). Snehôr (স্নেহের) (if address someone younger). Jahar Prôti Iha prôjojyô (যাহার প্রতি ইহা প্রযোজ্য) (if the writer wishes to exclude the gender of the reader from the salutation and/or to convey that the reader should forward the copy to one more suited to receive or respond appropriately. Same as To Whom It May Concern). Dutch Dutch has two standard forms of salutation: one formal and the other informal. A person's title and surname always follow the salutation, regardless of formality. The formal salutation, "Geachte", is most commonly used in present formal communication, while the informal salutation "Beste" appears in informal communication. However, there is a tendency, especially among the younger generations, to also use this salutation in formal situations." Use of professional titles, especially unabbreviated, is uncommon in Dutch correspondence. The standard formal Dutch salutation is followed by a title, a name and a comma: Geachte heer <name>, (If the reader is Male). Geachte mevrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female). Geachte mejuffrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female, unmarried and younger than 25, this is very uncommon, archaic and nowadays considered patronizing). Geachte heer/mevrouw <name>, (If the gender of the reader is unknown). The standard informal Dutch salutation is followed by a name and a comma: Beste <name>, (For either Male and Female readers). If the informal Dutch salutation is used in a formal context, the salutation is followed by a title, a name and a comma: Beste meneer <name>, (If the reader is Male). Beste mevrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female). Beste meneer/mevrouw <name>, (if the gender of the reader is unknown). In Dutch the following applies to <name> in salutations: In the Netherlands the (first) prefix of the name is always capitalized In Belgium names are spelled slightly differently: prefixes are always written as they are in the register of residents, which can vary by name. In the vast majority of names, the (first) prefix is capitalized. In Dutch if the first name or initial is included, the prefix is never capitalized. E.g. Dhr. Van den Berg (Mr. From the Mountain) is named Jan (John) so his name is written with first name as Jan van den Berg and with initials as J. van den Berg. This convention is also used when writing in Dutch to people of foreign nationality. The exception to this rule is when writing to a Flemish person. In that case the rule for Belgian names is used, and the surname prefixes are capitalized as registered. English The salutation "Dear" in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in both British and US English, in both formal and informal correspondence. It is commonly followed either by an honorific and a surname, such as "Dear Mr. Smith," or by a given name, such as "Dear Mark." However, it is not common in English to use both a title of address and a person's given name: "Dear Mr. John Smith" would not be common form. Sometimes, the salutation "To" is used for informal correspondence, for example "To Peter". A comma follows the salutation and name, while a colon is used in place of a comma only in US business correspondence. This rule applies regardless of the level of formality of the correspondence. If the name of the intended recipient is unknown, acceptable salutations are: Dear Sir or Madam (If the gender of the reader is unknown). To Whom It May Concern (If the writer wishes to exclude the gender of the reader from the salutation and/or to convey that the reader should forward the copy to one more suited to receive or respond appropriately). Dear Sir (If the reader is male). Dear Madam (If the reader is female). In older British usage and current US usage, the abbreviations "Mx", "Ms", "Mr", "Dr", and "Mrs" are typically followed by a period (full stop), but it is common in recent British usage to drop the period after all such titles. Professional titles such as "Professor" are frequently used both in business and in social correspondence, as are those of dignitaries and holders of certain public offices, such as "Mr. President" or "Dear Madam Secretary". "Mx." is an English–language neologistic honorific for use alongside Mr., Ms., etc. that does not indicate gender. It is often the only option for nonbinary people, as well as those who do not wish to reveal their gender. It is a gender-neutral title that is now accepted by much of the United Kingdom's government and some businesses in the United Kingdom. "Ms." is the marital-status-neutral honorific for an adult woman and may be applied in cases in which the marital status is irrelevant or unknown to the author. For example, if one is writing a business letter to a woman, "Ms." is acceptable. "Mrs." denotes an adult female who is married. "Miss" can apply to specifically unmarried women, however, the term is being replaced more and more by "Ms." "Miss" can apply to an unmarried woman or more generally to a younger woman. "Miss" is the proper form of address for female children and unmarried women, although some consider the latter use to be dated. "Master" is used in formal situations for addressing boys typically aged under 16, after which it is "Mr." "Master" in this case is of old English origin. Messrs. or Messieurs is a historically used term to address many men rather than "Mr Pink, Mr White, et al." Messrs is the abbreviation (pronounced "messers") for messieurs and is used in English. Mesdames addresses many women; pronounced "Meydammes". On occasion, one may use "Sir" or "Madam" by itself as the salutation, with nothing preceding. The severe and old-fashioned formality of such a salutation makes it appropriate for very formal correspondence (for example, addressing a head of state, or a letter to the editor), but in the same way, the formality and stiffness of such a salutation would make its use in friendly social correspondence inappropriate. French Standard salutation The standard French salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma: Monsieur, for a man. Madame, for a woman (the former distinction between a young or hopefully unmarried woman, with its distinct salutation, Mademoiselle, and an adult or married woman, Madame, is now considered rude; indeed, the usage of "Mademoiselle" has been prohibited in official documents since 2012). When writing specifically to a female where her marital status is irrelevant and/or unknown, the author should use Madame, unless she is a child. When writing to an adult woman, one uses Madame, unless one knows the person prefers Mademoiselle. According to a traditional custom which is sometimes still followed by some people, one could also use Mademoiselle when writing to a female performing artist (actress, singer, etc.), regardless of her marital status and age. When the gender of the person to whom one is writing is unknown, the appropriate salutation is (on two lines) Madame, Monsieur, In the case where the author knows the recipient well or is on friendly terms with him or her, one may add Cher/Chère in front of the address: Cher Monsieur, Chère Mademoiselle, (though this may be considered inappropriate for a male author who is not a close family relative of the recipient) Chère Madame, A salutation using Chère/Cher and a title (Madame/Monsieur/Docteur) followed by a person's name (e.g. Cher Monsieur Dupuis) used to be considered incorrect. However, maybe following English usage, such a construction is now rather common and deemed relatively formal. In case the author and the recipients are close friends or intimates, one may use the given name of the recipient immediately after Cher/Chère. In case they are family, they may use their familial link preceded by Cher/Chère. This is almost compulsory if the author is a younger member of the family (child to parent, nephew to aunt/uncle, grandchild to grandparent, godchild to godparent) and is left to the author's discretion in other cases. In French, the abbreviation for Monsieur is M.—the English "Mr." is incorrect though often used, especially by banks. Specific salutations If the recipient holds a specific title, it must be inserted after the Monsieur/Madame: Monsieur/Madame le Président, ("Mr./Madam President) Monsieur/Madame l'Ambassadeur, ("Mr./Madam Ambassador) Monsieur/Madame le Chancelier, ("Mr./Madam Chancellor) Monsieur/Madame le (Premier) Ministre, ("Mr./Madam (Prime) Minister) Monsieur/Madame le Directeur, ("Mr./Madam Director) Monsieur/Madame le Professeur, ("Mr./Madam Professor) In this case, one should always use Madame, and never Mademoiselle. In Québécois usage, many titles will be rendered in the feminine, contrary to practice in France (i.e. Madame la Présidente, Madame la Professeure, Madame la Directrice.) In some cases, the wife of a dignitary may be entitled to a special address: Madame l'Ambassadrice, (for the wife of an ambassador) Madame la Générale, (for the wife of an officer) Madame la Colonelle, (for the wife of a colonel) If the recipient is a doctor, it is possible to use Docteur, or, more formally, Monsieur/Madame le Docteur, or, more casually, Cher Docteur, as salutation. This is often done for doctors of medicine. For other doctors, it is not common, even if the use is increasing, following the Anglo-Saxon custom. Basically one has to be consistent with the address: a letter sent to "Dr N. N." will use a salutation formula including Docteur, whereas a letter sent to "M./Mme N. N." will not. If the recipient is a lawyer, notary (or various other legal positions), the proper salutation will be Maître ("Master"). The same salutation is used for famous writers, painters, and for members of the Académie française. For some specific professions (lawyers, physicians, for instance), two persons exercising the same such profession will always use Cher Confrère (feminine: Chère Consœur). The address may vary when writing to dignitaries. For instance, one will use: for monarchs and members of their families or high nobility: for a king/queen: Sire, / Madame, for a sovereign prince/princess, a sovereign duke/duchess, a prince/princess of royal blood, a pretendent to a throne, etc. : Monseigneur, ("Mylord") / Madame, for a non sovereign prince or a French Duke: Prince, / Princesse, for Catholic or Orthodox clerics: for the Pope: Très Saint Père, humblement prosterné aux pieds de Votre Sainteté et implorant la faveur de la bénédiction apostolique, ("Most Holy Father, humbly bowing down before the feet of Your Holiness and begging for the favour of the apostolic benediction,") for the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople: Très Saint Père, ("Most Holy Father") Monsieur le Cardinal, or less formally Éminence, (formerly (Illustrissime et) Éminentissime Seigneur, "(Most Illustrious and) Most Eminent Lord", now disused) for a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church for a papal nunzio, Monseigneur, in private correspondence, and Monsieur le Nonce, for official uses for a Catholic prelate or a Catholic or Orthodox bishop, archbishop or patriarch: Monseigneur, ("Mylord"). For bishops/archbishops/patriarchs it is possible to be more formal and write Monseigneur l'Évèque / l'Archevêque / le Patriarche, for the superior of a Catholic or Orthodox religious order: Mon Très Révérend Père or Révérendissime Père / Ma Très Révérende Mère or Révérendissime Mère ("Most Reverend Father/Mother"). Various specific salutations exist for some orders. for a Catholic or Orthodox parish priest / archpriest / priest: Mon Père or Monsieur le Curé / l'Archiprêtre / l'Abbé for a monk: Mon Père ("My Father") or Mon Frère ("My Brother"), depending on the order for a nun: Ma Mère ("My Mother") or Ma Sœur ("My Sister"), depending on the order if the writer knows well the priest/monk/nun recipient, it is possible to use (Très) Cher Père, (Très) Cher Frère, (Très) Chère Mère, (Très) Chère Sœur,: "(Most) Dear Father/Brother/Mother/Sister". for members of the armed forces: for a navy general officer: Admiral, for a male general officer (except navy): a male writer will use Mon Général, and a female writer Général, for a female general officer (except navy): Général, for a navy superior officer: Commandant for a male superior officer (except navy): a male writer will use Mon Colonel / Mon Commandant, and a female writer Colonel / Commandant according to the rank of the officer, for a female superior officer (except navy): Colonel / Commandant according to the rank of the officer, for other members of the army: Monsieur / Madame. German German has two types of general salutations that are mutually distinguishable from one another—a formal and an informal form. The formal form distinguishes between the male or female gender of the recipient as a matter of courtesy. The male formal salutation begins with Sehr geehrter Herr, while the female formal salutation begins with Sehr geehrte Frau. Both formal salutations are followed by the recipient's academic degree (if any) and the recipient's family name (e.g. Sehr geehrter Herr Schmidt or Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Schmidt). It is possible but uncommon to include the full name (e.g. Sehr geehrter Herr Johann Schmidt). With an unknown recipient, Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren (meaning Dear Sir or Madam) is used with no variation on this. Due to insufficient functionality of computer software used for mass communication, some companies tend to use more clumsy gender neutral formal salutations (e. g. Sehr geehrte(r) Herr/ Frau Schmidt). Informal salutations in German tend to begin with Hallo, meaning "hello", which is used universally, written and spoken, and which is gender neutral. Depending on the region, informal salutations also tend to begin with Moin (north of Hannover), Servus (typically in the south and south west), or other words, although only used by locals. A more personal informal salutation begins with Lieber (male) or Liebe (female), meaning "dear", (e.g. Lieber Paul, Liebe Annette)—the latter should only be used if the recipient has been actually met in person or similar. It should be used with care because it can be otherwise perceived as patronizing or inappropriate, depending on the difference in age or social status. Specific salutations appear in German very similar to the way they do in English, with the exception that in the address block of a letter German must include all or multiple salutations that can be abbreviated Herr Dr. Schmidt, or Herr Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Krämer, and can leave out the Herr or Frau. While in the opening of a letter the direct salutation is reduced to only the most important title Sehr geehrter Herr Dr. Schmidt, or Sehr geehrter Herr Professor Krämer. The same applies to female variant, Sehr geehrte Frau Prof. Krämer. Further details in the German Wikipedia article de:Anrede. Hindi In position of the English "Dear" are the words पूज्य (Pūjya), आदरणीय (Ādaraṇīya), or प्रिय(Priya) (from most formal to most informal), for social writing (e.g., relatives/friends). They would not usually be used for business writing. The second may be used in some instances, for example if writing to a teacher. Formal ways of salutation include "Shri", "Sriman", "Shrimati", "Chiranjīv", "Chiranjīvī. Of these, "Shri" and "Shrimaan" are used to respectfully address married (or presumed married) men. "Shrimati" (Abbr: "Smt.") is used for married women. Shri is most commonly used salutation in Hindi for a married male, while for a married woman, Shrimati is used. For unmarried and young boys Kumar is used, whereas Kumari is the salutation used for unmarried and young girls. Italian Standard salutation The standard Italian salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma: Egregio Signore for a man (or Signor if followed by the surname). Gentile Signorina for a single woman but it is seldom used in current italian. Gentile Signora for a married woman or a single woman (once it was used also for a single woman of high rank or age) Specific salutations If the recipient holds a specific title: Signor/Signora Presidente ("Mr./Mrs. President; sometimes the alternative feminine form Presidentessa can be used) Egregio Dottor(e)/Gentile Dottoressa for anyone holding a university degree and professional journalists (Dottor if followed by surname) Egregio Professor(e)/Gentile Professoressa for high-school teachers, university junior professors, and professional orchestra performers Chiarissimo Professore/Chiarissima Professoressa for university senior professors Magnifico Rettore/Magnifica Rettrice for university rectors Maestro/Maestra for orchestra directors, choir directors and soloists Malayalam Written salutation includes "Sreeman/Sree" (ശ്രീമാൻ/ശ്രീ) for men and "Sreemathi" (ശ്രീമതി) for women. The language also uses Bahumaanappetta, Aadaranieya (ബഹുമാനപ്പെട്ട, ആദരണീയ) for both genders which has a meaning similar to `Respected` in English. In Malayalam, a formal speech begins with Namaskaaram, Vandanam (നമസ്കാരം, വന്ദനം) and ends with Krithanjatha, Nandi (കൃതജ്ഞത, നന്ദി) Persian In Persian language, formal and informal phrases are used for salutation and they are referred to as ehteramat (احترامات): Formal salutation Written by/for officials, a letter normally starts with the followings: Besmehi ta'ala (بسمه تعالی), in his almighty name. Be name Khoda (به نام خدا), in the name of God. Besmellahe Rahmane Rahim (بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم), a Quranic phrase for in the name of God. Titles: Jenabe Aghaye (جناب آقای), used for writing formal letter to men. Sarkare Khanome (سرکار خانم), for writing formal letter to women. If the corresponding person is a doctor or holds Ph.D, or he or she is an engineer, Doktor (دکتر) or Mohandes (مهندس) must be added to the titles respectively. Same rules is practiced in military environments. Following the above-mentioned titles, different types of salutations may be used: Salam Alaykom (سلام علیکم), Salam to you, following the above-mentioned titles. Ba salam va ehteram (با سلام و احترام), with (my) greetings and regards. Ba dorood va salam (با درود و سلام), with (my) greetings and regards; dorood is Persian term meaning hello. Portuguese Formal salutations The standard formal Portuguese salutation uses an addressing expression such as Caro (Dear) or Excelentíssimo Senhor (Most Excellent Sir), followed by the addressee titles (e.g. Eng.) and addressee name. Most expressions must be modified to account for addressee gender and number. Caro, for example, becomes: Caro for a man; Caros for a group of men or a mixed group of men and women; Cara for a woman; Caras for a group of women. The formal expression Excelentíssimo Senhor is often abbreviated as: Exmo. Sr. for a man; Exma. Sra. for a woman; Addressee titles can be professional and are often preceded by Sr. (Mr.) and almost always abbreviated (e.g. Arquitecto – Arq. (Architect), Engenheiro – Eng. (Engineer), Padre – Pe. (Priest)). An exception to this rule is the Medical Doctor (Médico Doutor), often addressed as Doutor, being the abbreviation Dr. instead used to address anyone holding a baccalaureate degree. Each military or ecclesiastic rank has one abbreviation, and, historically, nobility ranks also had one—for example, one of the ways of addressing the Portuguese Monarch would be Sua Majestade (Your Majesty) abbreviated as S.M. . The title Sr. (Mr.) can also be used on its own, when appropriate. Informal salutations Informal salutations may or may not be followed by the name of the addressee, and almost never contain any titles. Olá (hello) Oi (hi) Querido / Querida (informally, Dear) Romanian Formal salutations When addressing a formal letter whose recipient is not known by name, the salutation of preference is Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (equivalent to Dear Sir or Madam in English). When the recipient is known by name, Stimate Domnule or Stimată Doamnă, followed by the person's last name, is used for a man or a woman respectively. For unmarried women, Stimată Domnișoară is acceptable for close relations, though this title is falling out of use in written communication and can be considered inappropriate or offensive. Examples: Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (used when the reader is unknown) Stimate Domnule Ungureanu, (used when the reader is a man and his last name is known—this is the most commonly used version) Stimată Doamnă Ungureanu,(the reader is a woman and the last name is known, the most commonly used version) When the addressee has additional titles, such as Doctor or Profesor, they are interposed between Domnule/Doamnă and the person's last name, although it is sometimes acceptable to drop the last name altogether when the intended recipient is clear. It is also preferred to write out a person's title when addressing a letter and abbreviations such as Prof. or Acad. are best avoided. An exception is Dr. for Doctor, which is still acceptable in the salutation. If the recipient has multiple titles, generally only the most important one is used. For women, it is current practice to use the masculine form of the title, preferring, for instance, Doamnă Director instead of Doamnă Directoare. Some titles may lose their intended meaning when used in their feminine form. For instance, Profesor/Profesoară are titles which may be associated with a male/female school teacher. When used to mean a university professor (profesor universitar), however, only the masculine form carries this meaning. The feminine profesoară universitară is not in common use. Examples for use of titles: Stimate Domnule Dr. Ungureanu; Stimate Domnule Doctor (the former shows more respect) Stimate Domnule Profesor Ungureanu; Stimate Domnule Profesor; Stimate Domnule Prof. Ungureanu (first two versions are better) Stimate Domnule Academician; Stimate Domnule Academician Mihai Ungureanu Stimată Doamnă Director; Stimată Doamnă Directoare (the former is the recommended version) In very formal situations there can be slight variations in the choice of wording. Most often, more emphasis is added to the adjective stimat (esteemed), becoming mult stimat (much esteemed) or onorat (honoured). When addressing groups, the latter is preferred. Examples: Mult stimate Domnule Director (for a director, man) Mult stimată Doamnă Președinte (for a president, woman) Onorate Domnule Ungureanu (understood as something like: "Honoured Mr. ...", is used in formal letters, usually has the same power as "Mult stimate ...") Onorată Comisie (addressed to a group of people, for example a commission) Onorați Reprezentanți (addressed to a group of representatives) Stimați/Onorați Participanți (both versions are good, addressed to a group of participants) Informal salutations The most widespread salutation for informal letters is, by a large margin, dragă (equivalent to English dear). This can be used independently of the recipient's gender and is normally followed by the first name. An alternative which is less familiar is salut (equivalent to English hi, hello), followed by the first name. This version is typical of the workplace, where using dragă would be too familiar. Examples: Dragă Ruxanda; Dragă Mihai (used usually with the first name) Salut Ruxanda; Salut Mihai Other During Romania's communist period, it was generally frowned upon to use domn/doamnă (meaning Mr./Mrs.) to address people, preferring tovarăș (comrade) or cetățean (citizen) instead. This was reflected in written communication from that period. Today, society has reverted to using domn/doamnă as the standard way to address or refer to others. Today, salutations using the distinctly communist-sounding tovarăș or cetățean are only used in closed communist circles or humorously. Examples: Stimate Tovarășe Ungureanu; Stimată Cetățeancă Ungureanu; Stimate Cetățean Ungureanu The oldest surviving document written in Romanian, a 16th-century letter from a Wallachian boyar to the mayor of Brașov, contained a salutation in Slavonic, a lingua franca of the region at that time. Mudromu I plemenitomu, I cistitomu I Bgom darovannomu zupan Hanăș Begner ot Brașov mnog zdravie ot Nécșul ot Dlugopole. (To the most wise and noble and honoured and by God gifted master Hanăș Bengner from Brașov, much health from Neacșu from Câmpulung.) Russian In letters and during conversations, Russian speakers use Уважаемый / Уважаемая (according to gender – M/F) Многоуважаемый / Многоуважаемая Глубокоуважаемый / Глубокоуважаемая followed by the given name and patronymic. Salutations to unknown parties usually include an honorific like Гражданин / Гражданка Господин / Госпожа Товарищ Examples: Уважаемый господин Иванов Уважаемая госпожа Иванова In less formal conversations it is possible to use Молодой человек (addressing a young man) Девушка (addressing a young woman) Spanish Informal salutations "Hola" / "Hola" (+ name). Every time, everywhere, oral or written. "Hola a todos". Addressed to a group of people, whether their names are known or not. Intermediate salutations. Not as simple as "hola" but can be used in every situation. These can be used in oral or written Spanish. Buenos días. To be used from when you wake up to Noon or 1pm. Equivalent to good morning. Buenas tardes. To be used from Noon or 1pm up to the sunset. Equivalent to good afternoon. Buenas noches. From the sunset to the moment that you go to bed. Equivalent to good evening and good night. Formal salutations. Only written. "Estimado" (+ name or title "Señor". "Sr." is the abbreviation). For male. Example for a man called Juan García: "Estimado Juan" or "Estimado Sr. García". The last is more formal. "Estimada" (+ name or title "Señora". "Sra." is the abbreviation). For female. Example for a woman called Ana Sánchez: "Estimada Ana" or "Estimada Sra. Sánchez". The last is more formal. "Estimados amigos" (plural) When your letter is addressed to a group of people. "Estimado amigo" or "Querido amigo" (male or unknown gender). You may or not know the name of the person. "Estimada amiga" or "Querida amiga" (female). "Estimadas amigas" (a group of females). "Excelentísimo Señor" (+name or without it) or "Excelentísima Señora" (female). This is extremely formal and is usually reserved for certain formal procedures with the government. You can also use "Ilustrísimo" (male) or "Ilustrísima" (female) instead of "Excelentísimo". Formal Letter to unknown receipt. A quien corresponda Tamil Written salutations are "Thiru/Thiruvalar" "திரு/திருவாளர்" for men, "Thirumathi"/"திருமதி" for women, "Selvi/Thiruniraiselvi" "செல்வி/திருநிறைச்செல்வி" for unmarried women "Selvan/Thiruniraiselvan" "செல்வன்/திருநிறைச்செல்வன்" for unmarried men "Amarar (Marar) / Vaanor" "அமரர் (மரர்) / வானோர்" for Deceased person. Telugu Various forms of salutation in Telugu are as follows: "Sri / Shri" ( శ్రీ ) is used to address men, "Srimathi / Shrimathi" ( శ్రీమతి ) is reserved for married woman. Unmarried girls are usually addressed as "Kumari" ( కుమారి ). In addressing a person in letter, usually in case of elders, "Poojyulaina" (పూజ్యులైన / పూజ్యనీయులైన) is often used although "Ganga Bhagirathi Samanulaina" ( గంగా భాఘీరతి సమానులైన )is used for female elders. When addressing a person who is younger, "Chiranjeevi" ( చిరంజీవి ) is commonly used irrespective of all genders. "Kumari" ( కుమారి ) is sometimes used for unmarried women and "Chiranjeevi Lakshmi Sowbhagyavathi ( చిరంజీవి లక్ష్మీ సౌభాగ్యవతి ), Chi. La. Sow. ( ఛి. ల. సౌ. ) in short for married women In addition, a suffix "garu" ( గారు ) is added as a respect or to address an elderly person irrespective of gender. Example: శ్రీ నరసింహ రాజు గారు, (Mr. Narasimharaju,) పూజ్యనీయులైన నాన్నగారికి, (Respectful Father,) కుమారి వందన, (Miss Vandana) శ్రీమతి సుబ్బలక్ష్మి గారికి, (Mrs. Subbalakshmi) గంగా భాఘీరతి సమానులైన శ్రీమతి సూర్య కుమారి గారికి, (Mrs. Suryakumari, ) చిరంజీవి గౌతం సాగర్, (Little Master Gowtham Sagar) చిరంజీవి శ్రీజన్య, (Little Miss Sreejanya,) చిరంజీవి లక్ష్మీ సౌభాగ్యవతి చందన కు, (Mrs. Chandana,) ఛి. ల. సౌ. చందన కు, (Mrs. Chandana,) Turkish In Turkish, there are two forms of salutations, formal and informal. Like most other languages, gender doesn't play a role in the salutation. When addressing somebody in formal writing, one can use "Sayın Surname" without having to refer to the gender. If the title of the recipient is known, it is better to use it in place of the name, as in "Sayın Doktor". In a formal salutation, if the recipient's name is unknown, one uses "Sayın Yetkili", which is similar to "Dear Sir/Madam" in English. If the name and the gender of the intended recipient is known though, acceptable salutations are; Hanim (if the intended recipient is female), Bey (if the intended recipient is male). These salutations are used with the first names. When the surname is intended to be used, it is combined with "Sayin" instead. If a lady is named "Nihan Erten" for instance, she is referred to as either "Nihan Hanim" or "Sayin Erten". When an older person salutes a younger one in a formal way, he/she can refer to the younger person as "Hanim kizim" for females and "Bey oglum" for males where "kizim" is intended as "daughter" and "oglum" is intended as "son". In the informal way "Kizim" and "Oglum" are enough without having to use "Hanim/Bey". In an informal salutation, one can also use "Sevgili Name", which has almost the same meaning with "Dear Name". Ukrainian In correspondence and during conversations, Ukrainian speakers use the words "Шановний/Шановна" (Shanovnyy/Shanovna) or "Вельмишановний/Вельмишановна" (according to male/female gender) as a salutation, followed by the given name (sometimes also uses patronymic). Salutation to unknown persons often use "Пане/Пані" (Pane/Pani) (according to gender) or "Панове", "Панство" (Panove/Panstvo) (to unknown parties). See also Valediction English honorifics, e.g. Miss, Mrs, Ms, Mr, Sir, Dr, Lady, Lord Honorifics (other nations) Forms of address, i.e. Styles and manner of address Salute Salutatorian Sir References ^ "How to write a formal letter". Library.bcu.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-27. ^ Samuel, Henry (2012-02-22). "'Mademoiselle' banned on official French forms". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-03-02. ^ "Find the right Salutation for a name (german)". Further reading "Forms of Address & Salutations to Federal & State Officials". Daniel J. Evans Library, Government Documents/Maps. The Evergreen State College. Archived from the original on January 25, 2006. External links The dictionary definition of salutation at Wiktionary

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salutation (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutation_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"greeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(message)"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"valediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valediction"}],"text":"For other uses, see Salutation (disambiguation).A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other communication. Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter includes the recipient's given name or title. For each style of salutation there is an accompanying style of complimentary close, known as valediction. Examples of non-written salutations are bowing (common in Japan), waving, or even addressing somebody by their name. A salutation can be interpreted as a form of a signal in which the receiver of the salutation is being acknowledged, respected or thanked.\nAnother simple but very common example of a salutation is a military salute. By saluting another rank, that person is signalling or showing his or her acknowledgement of the importance or significance of that person and his or her rank. Some greetings are considered vulgar, others \"rude\" and others \"polite\".","title":"Salutation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For formal correspondence, it is common to use:Sa'adat Assayid if the reader is male, and Sa'adat As'Sayyidah if female. It is commonly followed by a full name.For informal correspondence:Al akh if male, and Al okht if female, followed by a first name.For more informal correspondence, Azizi if the reader is male, and Azizati if female. \nTo address a group of people, A'ezza'e for informal correspondence, and in formal correspondence \"Sadati\" is commonly used and followed by Al A'ezza'a or \"Almuhtarameen\".\nTo add more formality, it is common to begin the salutation with Ela (to), followed by the salutation and a full name.Example:Azizi Ahmed, Azizati Sarah, A'ezza'e members of the team or Member of the team Al A'ezzaa.Formal : Sa'adat Assayid Ahmed Abdullah, Sa'adat Assayidah Sarah Ibrahim, Sadati members of the team Almuh-tarameen.\nCommon salutation for both formal and informal correspondence : Sa'adat Alostath Ahmed Abdullah, Sa'adat Alostatha Sarah Ibrahim.\nIt is common to conclude the salutation with a Doa such as May god bless him/her or May god protect him/her. This Concluding Doa comes right after the full name of the correspondent.","title":"Arabic"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The salutation \"Dear\" (প্রিয়) in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in Bengali, in both formal and informal correspondence. It is commonly followed by either an honorific and a surname, such as \"Shrôddheyô\" or \"Manônīyô\" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয়), or by a given name, such as \"Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John\" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন). However, it is not common in Bengali to use both a title of address and a person's given name: \"Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John Smith\" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন স্মিথ) would not be correct form.If the name of the intended recipient is unknown, acceptable salutations are:Shrôddheyô (শ্রদ্ধেয়) (if the gender of the reader is unknown).\nSnehôr (স্নেহের) (if address someone younger).\nJahar Prôti Iha prôjojyô (যাহার প্রতি ইহা প্রযোজ্য) (if the writer wishes to exclude the gender of the reader from the salutation and/or to convey that the reader should forward the copy to one more suited to receive or respond appropriately. Same as To Whom It May Concern).","title":"Bengali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism"}],"text":"Dutch has two standard forms of salutation: one formal and the other informal. A person's title and surname always follow the salutation, regardless of formality. The formal salutation, \"Geachte\", is most commonly used in present formal communication, while the informal salutation \"Beste\" appears in informal communication. However, there is a tendency, especially among the younger generations, to also use this salutation in formal situations.\"\nUse of professional titles, especially unabbreviated, is uncommon in Dutch correspondence.The standard formal Dutch salutation is followed by a title, a name and a comma:Geachte heer <name>, (If the reader is Male).\nGeachte mevrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female).\nGeachte mejuffrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female, unmarried and younger than 25, this is very uncommon, archaic and nowadays considered patronizing).\nGeachte heer/mevrouw <name>, (If the gender of the reader is unknown).The standard informal Dutch salutation is followed by a name and a comma:Beste <name>, (For either Male and Female readers).If the informal Dutch salutation is used in a formal context, the salutation is followed by a title, a name and a comma:Beste meneer <name>, (If the reader is Male).\nBeste mevrouw <name>, (If the reader is Female).\nBeste meneer/mevrouw <name>, (if the gender of the reader is unknown).In Dutch the following applies to <name> in salutations:In the Netherlands the (first) prefix of the name is always capitalized\nIn Belgium names are spelled slightly differently: prefixes are always written as they are in the register of residents, which can vary by name. In the vast majority of names, the (first) prefix is capitalized.In Dutch if the first name or initial is included, the prefix is never capitalized. E.g. Dhr. Van den Berg (Mr. From the Mountain) is named Jan (John) so his name is written with first name as Jan van den Berg and with initials as J. van den Berg. This convention is also used when writing in Dutch to people of foreign nationality. The exception to this rule is when writing to a Flemish person. In that case the rule for Belgian names is used, and the surname prefixes are capitalized as registered.","title":"Dutch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviations"},{"link_name":"Mx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mx_(title)"},{"link_name":"full stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stop"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Mx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mx_(title)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The salutation \"Dear\" in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in both British and US English, in both formal and informal correspondence.[citation needed] It is commonly followed either by an honorific and a surname, such as \"Dear Mr. Smith,\" or by a given name, such as \"Dear Mark.\"[citation needed] However, it is not common in English to use both a title of address and a person's given name: \"Dear Mr. John Smith\" would not be common form.[citation needed] Sometimes, the salutation \"To\" is used for informal correspondence, for example \"To Peter\".[citation needed]A comma follows the salutation and name,[1] while a colon is used in place of a comma only in US business correspondence.[citation needed] This rule applies regardless of the level of formality of the correspondence.[citation needed]If the name of the intended recipient is unknown, acceptable salutations are:Dear Sir or Madam (If the gender of the reader is unknown).\nTo Whom It May Concern (If the writer wishes to exclude the gender of the reader from the salutation and/or to convey that the reader should forward the copy to one more suited to receive or respond appropriately).\nDear Sir (If the reader is male).\nDear Madam (If the reader is female).In older British usage and current US usage, the abbreviations \"Mx\", \"Ms\", \"Mr\", \"Dr\", and \"Mrs\" are typically followed by a period (full stop), but it is common in recent[when?] British usage to drop the period after all such titles. Professional titles such as \"Professor\" are frequently used both in business and in social correspondence, as are those of dignitaries and holders of certain public offices, such as \"Mr. President\" or \"Dear Madam Secretary\".\"Mx.\" is an English–language neologistic honorific for use alongside Mr., Ms., etc. that does not indicate gender. It is often the only option for nonbinary people, as well as those who do not wish to reveal their gender. It is a gender-neutral title that is now accepted by much of the United Kingdom's government and some businesses in the United Kingdom.[citation needed]\"Ms.\" is the marital-status-neutral honorific for an adult woman and may be applied in cases in which the marital status is irrelevant or unknown to the author. For example, if one is writing a business letter to a woman, \"Ms.\" is acceptable. \"Mrs.\" denotes an adult female who is married. \"Miss\" can apply to specifically unmarried women, however, the term is being replaced more and more by \"Ms.\"[citation needed] \"Miss\" can apply to an unmarried woman or more generally to a younger woman.\"Miss\" is the proper form of address for female children and unmarried women, although some consider the latter use to be dated. \"Master\" is used in formal situations for addressing boys typically aged under 16, after which it is \"Mr.\" \"Master\" in this case is of old English origin.Messrs. or Messieurs is a historically used term to address many men rather than \"Mr Pink, Mr White, et al.\" Messrs is the abbreviation (pronounced \"messers\") for messieurs and is used in English. Mesdames addresses many women; pronounced \"Meydammes\".On occasion, one may use \"Sir\" or \"Madam\" by itself as the salutation, with nothing preceding. The severe and old-fashioned formality of such a salutation makes it appropriate for very formal correspondence (for example, addressing a head of state, or a letter to the editor), but in the same way, the formality and stiffness of such a salutation would make its use in friendly social correspondence inappropriate.[citation needed]","title":"English"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Standard salutation","text":"The standard French salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma:Monsieur, for a man.\nMadame, for a woman (the former distinction between a young or hopefully unmarried woman, with its distinct salutation, Mademoiselle, and an adult or married woman, Madame, is now considered rude; indeed, the usage of \"Mademoiselle\" has been prohibited in official documents since 2012).[2]When writing specifically to a female where her marital status is irrelevant and/or unknown, the author should use Madame, unless she is a child. When writing to an adult woman, one uses Madame, unless one knows the person prefers Mademoiselle.According to a traditional custom which is sometimes still followed by some people, one could also use Mademoiselle when writing to a female performing artist (actress, singer, etc.), regardless of her marital status and age.When the gender of the person to whom one is writing is unknown, the appropriate salutation is (on two lines)Madame,\nMonsieur,In the case where the author knows the recipient well or is on friendly terms with him or her, one may add Cher/Chère in front of the address:Cher Monsieur,\nChère Mademoiselle, (though this may be considered inappropriate for a male author who is not a close family relative of the recipient)\nChère Madame,A salutation using Chère/Cher and a title (Madame/Monsieur/Docteur) followed by a person's name (e.g. Cher Monsieur Dupuis) used to be considered incorrect. However, maybe following English usage, such a construction is now rather common and deemed relatively formal.In case the author and the recipients are close friends or intimates, one may use the given name of the recipient immediately after Cher/Chère.In case they are family, they may use their familial link preceded by Cher/Chère. This is almost compulsory if the author is a younger member of the family (child to parent, nephew to aunt/uncle, grandchild to grandparent, godchild to godparent) and is left to the author's discretion in other cases.In French, the abbreviation for Monsieur is M.—the English \"Mr.\" is incorrect though often used, especially by banks.","title":"French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"}],"sub_title":"Specific salutations","text":"If the recipient holds a specific title, it must be inserted after the Monsieur/Madame:Monsieur/Madame le Président, (\"Mr./Madam President)\nMonsieur/Madame l'Ambassadeur, (\"Mr./Madam Ambassador)\nMonsieur/Madame le Chancelier, (\"Mr./Madam Chancellor)\nMonsieur/Madame le (Premier) Ministre, (\"Mr./Madam (Prime) Minister)\nMonsieur/Madame le Directeur, (\"Mr./Madam Director)\nMonsieur/Madame le Professeur, (\"Mr./Madam Professor)In this case, one should always use Madame, and never Mademoiselle. In Québécois usage, many titles will be rendered in the feminine, contrary to practice in France (i.e. Madame la Présidente, Madame la Professeure, Madame la Directrice.)In some cases, the wife of a dignitary may be entitled to a special address:Madame l'Ambassadrice, (for the wife of an ambassador)\nMadame la Générale, (for the wife of an officer)\nMadame la Colonelle, (for the wife of a colonel)If the recipient is a doctor, it is possible to use Docteur, or, more formally, Monsieur/Madame le Docteur, or, more casually, Cher Docteur, as salutation.\nThis is often done for doctors of medicine. For other doctors, it is not common, even if the use is increasing, following the Anglo-Saxon custom. Basically one has to be consistent with the address: a letter sent to \"Dr N. N.\" will use a salutation formula including Docteur, whereas a letter sent to \"M./Mme N. N.\" will not.If the recipient is a lawyer, notary (or various other legal positions), the proper salutation will be Maître (\"Master\").\nThe same salutation is used for famous writers, painters, and for members of the Académie française.For some specific professions (lawyers, physicians, for instance), two persons exercising the same such profession will always use Cher Confrère (feminine: Chère Consœur).The address may vary when writing to dignitaries. For instance, one will use:for monarchs and members of their families or high nobility:\nfor a king/queen: Sire, / Madame,\nfor a sovereign prince/princess, a sovereign duke/duchess, a prince/princess of royal blood, a pretendent to a throne, etc. : Monseigneur, (\"Mylord\") / Madame,\nfor a non sovereign prince or a French Duke: Prince, / Princesse,\nfor Catholic or Orthodox clerics:\nfor the Pope: Très Saint Père, humblement prosterné aux pieds de Votre Sainteté et implorant la faveur de la bénédiction apostolique, (\"Most Holy Father, humbly bowing down before the feet of Your Holiness and begging for the favour of the apostolic benediction,\")\nfor the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople: Très Saint Père, (\"Most Holy Father\")\nMonsieur le Cardinal, or less formally Éminence, (formerly (Illustrissime et) Éminentissime Seigneur, \"(Most Illustrious and) Most Eminent Lord\", now disused) for a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\nfor a papal nunzio, Monseigneur, in private correspondence, and Monsieur le Nonce, for official uses\nfor a Catholic prelate or a Catholic or Orthodox bishop, archbishop or patriarch: Monseigneur, (\"Mylord\"). For bishops/archbishops/patriarchs it is possible to be more formal and write Monseigneur l'Évèque / l'Archevêque / le Patriarche,\nfor the superior of a Catholic or Orthodox religious order: Mon Très Révérend Père or Révérendissime Père / Ma Très Révérende Mère or Révérendissime Mère (\"Most Reverend Father/Mother\"). Various specific salutations exist for some orders.\nfor a Catholic or Orthodox parish priest / archpriest / priest: Mon Père or Monsieur le Curé / l'Archiprêtre / l'Abbé\nfor a monk: Mon Père (\"My Father\") or Mon Frère (\"My Brother\"), depending on the order\nfor a nun: Ma Mère (\"My Mother\") or Ma Sœur (\"My Sister\"), depending on the orderif the writer knows well the priest/monk/nun recipient, it is possible to use (Très) Cher Père, (Très) Cher Frère, (Très) Chère Mère, (Très) Chère Sœur,: \"(Most) Dear Father/Brother/Mother/Sister\".for members of the armed forces:\nfor a navy general officer: Admiral,\nfor a male general officer (except navy): a male writer will use Mon Général, and a female writer Général,\nfor a female general officer (except navy): Général,\nfor a navy superior officer: Commandant\nfor a male superior officer (except navy): a male writer will use Mon Colonel / Mon Commandant, and a female writer Colonel / Commandant according to the rank of the officer,\nfor a female superior officer (except navy): Colonel / Commandant according to the rank of the officer,\nfor other members of the army: Monsieur / Madame.","title":"French"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"de:Anrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrede"}],"text":"German has two types of general salutations that are mutually distinguishable from one another—a formal and an informal form.The formal form distinguishes between the male or female gender of the recipient as a matter of courtesy. The male formal salutation begins with Sehr geehrter Herr, while the female formal salutation begins with Sehr geehrte Frau. Both formal salutations are followed by the recipient's academic degree (if any) and the recipient's family name (e.g. Sehr geehrter Herr Schmidt or Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Schmidt). It is possible but uncommon to include the full name (e.g. Sehr geehrter Herr Johann Schmidt). With an unknown recipient, Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren (meaning Dear Sir or Madam) is used with no variation on this. Due to insufficient functionality of computer software used for mass communication, some companies tend to use more clumsy gender neutral formal salutations (e. g. Sehr geehrte(r) Herr/ Frau Schmidt).Informal salutations in German tend to begin with Hallo, meaning \"hello\", which is used universally, written and spoken, and which is gender neutral. Depending on the region, informal salutations also tend to begin with Moin (north of Hannover), Servus (typically in the south and south west), or other words, although only used by locals. A more personal informal salutation begins with Lieber (male) or Liebe (female), meaning \"dear\", (e.g. Lieber Paul, Liebe Annette)—the latter should only be used if the recipient has been actually met in person or similar. It should be used with care because it can be otherwise perceived as patronizing or inappropriate, depending on the difference in age or social status.Specific salutations appear in German very similar to the way they do in English, with the exception that in the address block of a letter German must include all or multiple salutations that can be abbreviated Herr Dr. Schmidt, or Herr Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Krämer, and can leave out the Herr or Frau.[3] While in the opening of a letter the direct salutation is reduced to only the most important title Sehr geehrter Herr Dr. Schmidt, or Sehr geehrter Herr Professor Krämer. The same applies to female variant, Sehr geehrte Frau Prof. Krämer.Further details in the German Wikipedia article de:Anrede.","title":"German"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri"},{"link_name":"Sriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriman"},{"link_name":"Shrimati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimati"}],"text":"In position of the English \"Dear\" are the words पूज्य (Pūjya), आदरणीय (Ādaraṇīya), or प्रिय(Priya) (from most formal to most informal), for social writing (e.g., relatives/friends). They would not usually be used for business writing. The second may be used in some instances, for example if writing to a teacher.Formal ways of salutation include \"Shri\", \"Sriman\", \"Shrimati\", \"Chiranjīv\", \"Chiranjīvī. Of these, \"Shri\" and \"Shrimaan\" are used to respectfully address married (or presumed married) men. \"Shrimati\" (Abbr: \"Smt.\") is used for married women.Shri is most commonly used salutation in Hindi for a married male, while for a married woman, Shrimati is used. For unmarried and young boys Kumar is used, whereas Kumari is the salutation used for unmarried and young girls.","title":"Hindi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Standard salutation","text":"The standard Italian salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma:Egregio Signore for a man (or Signor if followed by the surname).\nGentile Signorina for a single woman but it is seldom used in current italian.\nGentile Signora for a married woman or a single woman (once it was used also for a single woman of high rank or age)","title":"Italian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Specific salutations","text":"If the recipient holds a specific title:Signor/Signora Presidente (\"Mr./Mrs. President; sometimes the alternative feminine form Presidentessa can be used)\nEgregio Dottor(e)/Gentile Dottoressa for anyone holding a university degree and professional journalists (Dottor if followed by surname)\nEgregio Professor(e)/Gentile Professoressa for high-school teachers, university junior professors, and professional orchestra performers\nChiarissimo Professore/Chiarissima Professoressa for university senior professors\nMagnifico Rettore/Magnifica Rettrice for university rectors\nMaestro/Maestra for orchestra directors, choir directors and soloists","title":"Italian"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Written salutation includes \"Sreeman/Sree\" (ശ്രീമാൻ/ശ്രീ) for men and \"Sreemathi\" (ശ്രീമതി) for women. The language also uses Bahumaanappetta, Aadaranieya (ബഹുമാനപ്പെട്ട, ആദരണീയ) for both genders which has a meaning similar to `Respected` in English. In Malayalam, a formal speech begins with Namaskaaram, Vandanam (നമസ്കാരം, വന്ദനം) and ends with Krithanjatha, Nandi (കൃതജ്ഞത, നന്ദി)","title":"Malayalam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Besmellahe Rahmane Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismillah_ar-Rahman,_ar-Raheem"},{"link_name":"Quranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-L-M"},{"link_name":"hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello"}],"text":"In Persian language, formal and informal phrases are used for salutation and they are referred to as ehteramat (احترامات):Formal salutationWritten by/for officials, a letter normally starts with the followings:Besmehi ta'ala (بسمه تعالی), in his almighty name.\nBe name Khoda (به نام خدا), in the name of God.\nBesmellahe Rahmane Rahim (بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم), a Quranic phrase for in the name of God.Titles:Jenabe Aghaye (جناب آقای), used for writing formal letter to men.\nSarkare Khanome (سرکار خانم), for writing formal letter to women.If the corresponding person is a doctor or holds Ph.D, or he or she is an engineer, Doktor (دکتر) or Mohandes (مهندس) must be added to the titles respectively. Same rules is practiced in military environments.Following the above-mentioned titles, different types of salutations may be used:Salam Alaykom (سلام علیکم), Salam to you, following the above-mentioned titles.\nBa salam va ehteram (با سلام و احترام), with (my) greetings and regards.\nBa dorood va salam (با درود و سلام), with (my) greetings and regards; dorood is Persian term meaning hello.","title":"Persian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Portuguese"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formal salutations","text":"The standard formal Portuguese salutation uses an addressing expression such as Caro (Dear) or Excelentíssimo Senhor (Most Excellent Sir), followed by the addressee titles (e.g. Eng.) and addressee name.Most expressions must be modified to account for addressee gender and number. Caro, for example, becomes:Caro for a man;\nCaros for a group of men or a mixed group of men and women;\nCara for a woman;\nCaras for a group of women.The formal expression Excelentíssimo Senhor is often abbreviated as:Exmo. Sr. for a man;\nExma. Sra. for a woman;Addressee titles can be professional and are often preceded by Sr. (Mr.) and almost always abbreviated (e.g. Arquitecto – Arq. (Architect), Engenheiro – Eng. (Engineer), Padre – Pe. (Priest)). An exception to this rule is the Medical Doctor (Médico Doutor), often addressed as Doutor, being the abbreviation Dr. instead used to address anyone holding a baccalaureate degree. Each military or ecclesiastic rank has one abbreviation, and, historically, nobility ranks also had one—for example, one of the ways of addressing the Portuguese Monarch would be Sua Majestade (Your Majesty) abbreviated as S.M. .The title Sr. (Mr.) can also be used on its own, when appropriate.","title":"Portuguese"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Informal salutations","text":"Informal salutations may or may not be followed by the name of the addressee, and almost never contain any titles.Olá (hello)\nOi (hi)\nQuerido / Querida (informally, Dear)","title":"Portuguese"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Romanian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Formal salutations","text":"When addressing a formal letter whose recipient is not known by name, the salutation of preference is Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (equivalent to Dear Sir or Madam in English). When the recipient is known by name, Stimate Domnule or Stimată Doamnă, followed by the person's last name, is used for a man or a woman respectively. For unmarried women, Stimată Domnișoară is acceptable for close relations, though this title is falling out of use in written communication and can be considered inappropriate or offensive.Examples:Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă (used when the reader is unknown)\nStimate Domnule Ungureanu, (used when the reader is a man and his last name is known—this is the most commonly used version)\nStimată Doamnă Ungureanu,(the reader is a woman and the last name is known, the most commonly used version)When the addressee has additional titles, such as Doctor or Profesor, they are interposed between Domnule/Doamnă and the person's last name, although it is sometimes acceptable to drop the last name altogether when the intended recipient is clear. It is also preferred to write out a person's title when addressing a letter and abbreviations such as Prof. or Acad. are best avoided. An exception is Dr. for Doctor, which is still acceptable in the salutation. If the recipient has multiple titles, generally only the most important one is used.For women, it is current practice to use the masculine form of the title, preferring, for instance, Doamnă Director instead of Doamnă Directoare. Some titles may lose their intended meaning when used in their feminine form. For instance, Profesor/Profesoară are titles which may be associated with a male/female school teacher. When used to mean a university professor (profesor universitar), however, only the masculine form carries this meaning. The feminine profesoară universitară is not in common use.Examples for use of titles:Stimate Domnule Dr. Ungureanu; Stimate Domnule Doctor (the former shows more respect)\nStimate Domnule Profesor Ungureanu; Stimate Domnule Profesor; Stimate Domnule Prof. Ungureanu (first two versions are better)\nStimate Domnule Academician; Stimate Domnule Academician Mihai Ungureanu\nStimată Doamnă Director; Stimată Doamnă Directoare (the former is the recommended version)In very formal situations there can be slight variations in the choice of wording. Most often, more emphasis is added to the adjective stimat (esteemed), becoming mult stimat (much esteemed) or onorat (honoured). When addressing groups, the latter is preferred.Examples:Mult stimate Domnule Director (for a director, man)\nMult stimată Doamnă Președinte (for a president, woman)\nOnorate Domnule Ungureanu (understood as something like: \"Honoured Mr. ...\", is used in formal letters, usually has the same power as \"Mult stimate ...\")\nOnorată Comisie (addressed to a group of people, for example a commission)\nOnorați Reprezentanți (addressed to a group of representatives)\nStimați/Onorați Participanți (both versions are good, addressed to a group of participants)","title":"Romanian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Informal salutations","text":"The most widespread salutation for informal letters is, by a large margin, dragă (equivalent to English dear). This can be used independently of the recipient's gender and is normally followed by the first name. An alternative which is less familiar is salut (equivalent to English hi, hello), followed by the first name. This version is typical of the workplace, where using dragă would be too familiar.Examples:Dragă Ruxanda; Dragă Mihai (used usually with the first name)\nSalut Ruxanda; Salut Mihai","title":"Romanian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romania's communist period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter"},{"link_name":"Wallachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"During Romania's communist period, it was generally frowned upon to use domn/doamnă (meaning Mr./Mrs.) to address people, preferring tovarăș (comrade) or cetățean (citizen) instead. This was reflected in written communication from that period. Today, society has reverted to using domn/doamnă as the standard way to address or refer to others. Today, salutations using the distinctly communist-sounding tovarăș or cetățean are only used in closed communist circles or humorously.Examples:Stimate Tovarășe Ungureanu; Stimată Cetățeancă Ungureanu; Stimate Cetățean UngureanuThe oldest surviving document written in Romanian, a 16th-century letter from a Wallachian boyar to the mayor of Brașov, contained a salutation in Slavonic, a lingua franca of the region at that time.Mudromu I plemenitomu, I cistitomu I B[o]gom darovannomu zupan Hanăș Begner ot Brașov mnog[o] zdravie ot Nécșul ot Dlugopole. (To the most wise and noble and honoured and by God gifted master Hanăș Bengner [that is, Johannes Benkner] from Brașov, much health from Neacșu from Câmpulung.)","title":"Romanian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"}],"text":"In letters and during conversations, Russian speakers useУважаемый / Уважаемая (according to gender – M/F)\nМногоуважаемый / Многоуважаемая\nГлубокоуважаемый / Глубокоуважаемаяfollowed by the given name and patronymic.\nSalutations to unknown parties usually include an honorific likeГражданин / Гражданка\nГосподин / Госпожа\nТоварищExamples:Уважаемый господин Иванов\nУважаемая госпожа ИвановаIn less formal conversations it is possible to useМолодой человек (addressing a young man)\nДевушка (addressing a young woman)","title":"Russian"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Informal salutations\"Hola\" / \"Hola\" (+ name). Every time, everywhere, oral or written.\n\"Hola a todos\". Addressed to a group of people, whether their names are known or not.Intermediate salutations. Not as simple as \"hola\" but can be used in every situation. These can be used in oral or written Spanish.Buenos días. To be used from when you wake up to Noon or 1pm. Equivalent to good morning.\nBuenas tardes. To be used from Noon or 1pm up to the sunset. Equivalent to good afternoon.\nBuenas noches. From the sunset to the moment that you go to bed. Equivalent to good evening and good night.Formal salutations. Only written.\"Estimado\" (+ name or title \"Señor\". \"Sr.\" is the abbreviation). For male. Example for a man called Juan García: \"Estimado Juan\" or \"Estimado Sr. García\". The last is more formal.\n\"Estimada\" (+ name or title \"Señora\". \"Sra.\" is the abbreviation). For female. Example for a woman called Ana Sánchez: \"Estimada Ana\" or \"Estimada Sra. Sánchez\". The last is more formal.\n\"Estimados amigos\" (plural) When your letter is addressed to a group of people.\n\"Estimado amigo\" or \"Querido amigo\" (male or unknown gender). You may or not know the name of the person.\n\"Estimada amiga\" or \"Querida amiga\" (female).\n\"Estimadas amigas\" (a group of females).\n\"Excelentísimo Señor\" (+name or without it) or \"Excelentísima Señora\" (female). This is extremely formal and is usually reserved for certain formal procedures with the government. You can also use \"Ilustrísimo\" (male) or \"Ilustrísima\" (female) instead of \"Excelentísimo\".Formal Letter to unknown receipt.A quien corresponda","title":"Spanish"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Written salutations are \n\"Thiru/Thiruvalar\" \"திரு/திருவாளர்\" for men, \n\"Thirumathi\"/\"திருமதி\" for women, \n\"Selvi/Thiruniraiselvi\" \"செல்வி/திருநிறைச்செல்வி\" for unmarried women \n\"Selvan/Thiruniraiselvan\" \"செல்வன்/திருநிறைச்செல்வன்\" for unmarried men\n\"Amarar (Marar) / Vaanor\" \"அமரர் (மரர்) / வானோர்\" for Deceased person.","title":"Tamil"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Various forms of salutation in Telugu are as follows: \"Sri / Shri\" ( శ్రీ ) is used to address men, \"Srimathi / Shrimathi\" ( శ్రీమతి ) is reserved for married woman. Unmarried girls are usually addressed as \"Kumari\" ( కుమారి ). In addressing a person in letter, usually in case of elders, \"Poojyulaina\" (పూజ్యులైన / పూజ్యనీయులైన) is often used although \"Ganga Bhagirathi Samanulaina\" ( గంగా భాఘీరతి సమానులైన )is used for female elders. When addressing a person who is younger, \"Chiranjeevi\" ( చిరంజీవి ) is commonly used irrespective of all genders. \"Kumari\" ( కుమారి ) is sometimes used for unmarried women and \"Chiranjeevi Lakshmi Sowbhagyavathi ( చిరంజీవి లక్ష్మీ సౌభాగ్యవతి ), Chi. La. Sow. ( ఛి. ల. సౌ. ) in short for married womenIn addition, a suffix \"garu\" ( గారు ) is added as a respect or to address an elderly person irrespective of gender.Example:శ్రీ నరసింహ రాజు గారు, (Mr. Narasimharaju,)\nపూజ్యనీయులైన నాన్నగారికి, (Respectful Father,)\nకుమారి వందన, (Miss Vandana)\nశ్రీమతి సుబ్బలక్ష్మి గారికి, (Mrs. Subbalakshmi)\nగంగా భాఘీరతి సమానులైన శ్రీమతి సూర్య కుమారి గారికి, (Mrs. Suryakumari, )\nచిరంజీవి గౌతం సాగర్, (Little Master Gowtham Sagar)\nచిరంజీవి శ్రీజన్య, (Little Miss Sreejanya,)\n\nచిరంజీవి లక్ష్మీ సౌభాగ్యవతి చందన కు, (Mrs. Chandana,)\nఛి. ల. సౌ. చందన కు, (Mrs. Chandana,)","title":"Telugu"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Turkish, there are two forms of salutations, formal and informal. Like most other languages, gender doesn't play a role in the salutation. When addressing somebody in formal writing, one can use \"Sayın Surname\" without having to refer to the gender. If the title of the recipient is known, it is better to use it in place of the name, as in \"Sayın Doktor\".In a formal salutation, if the recipient's name is unknown, one uses \"Sayın Yetkili\", which is similar to \"Dear Sir/Madam\" in English.If the name and the gender of the intended recipient is known though, acceptable salutations are;Hanim (if the intended recipient is female),\nBey (if the intended recipient is male).These salutations are used with the first names. When the surname is intended to be used, it is combined with \"Sayin\" instead. If a lady is named \"Nihan Erten\" for instance, she is referred to as either \"Nihan Hanim\" or \"Sayin Erten\".When an older person salutes a younger one in a formal way, he/she can refer to the younger person as \"Hanim kizim\" for females and \"Bey oglum\" for males where \"kizim\" is intended as \"daughter\" and \"oglum\" is intended as \"son\". In the informal way \"Kizim\" and \"Oglum\" are enough without having to use \"Hanim/Bey\".In an informal salutation, one can also use \"Sevgili Name\", which has almost the same meaning with \"Dear Name\".","title":"Turkish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"}],"text":"In correspondence and during conversations, Ukrainian speakers use the words \"Шановний/Шановна\" (Shanovnyy/Shanovna) or \"Вельмишановний/Вельмишановна\" (according to male/female gender) as a salutation, followed by the given name (sometimes also uses patronymic). Salutation to unknown persons often use \"Пане/Пані\" (Pane/Pani) (according to gender) or \"Панове\", \"Панство\" (Panove/Panstvo) (to unknown parties).","title":"Ukrainian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Forms of Address & Salutations to Federal & State Officials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060125010819/http://www.evergreen.edu/library/govdocs/salutations.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.evergreen.edu/library/GovDocs/salutations.html"}],"text":"\"Forms of Address & Salutations to Federal & State Officials\". Daniel J. Evans Library, Government Documents/Maps. The Evergreen State College. Archived from the original on January 25, 2006.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"How to write a formal letter\". Library.bcu.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.06.htm","url_text":"\"How to write a formal letter\""}]},{"reference":"Samuel, Henry (2012-02-22). \"'Mademoiselle' banned on official French forms\". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9097054/Mademoiselle-banned-on-official-French-forms.html","url_text":"\"'Mademoiselle' banned on official French forms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"Find the right Salutation for a name (german)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vorname.app/","url_text":"\"Find the right Salutation for a name (german)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forms of Address & Salutations to Federal & State Officials\". Daniel J. Evans Library, Government Documents/Maps. The Evergreen State College. Archived from the original on January 25, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060125010819/http://www.evergreen.edu/library/govdocs/salutations.html","url_text":"\"Forms of Address & Salutations to Federal & State Officials\""},{"url":"http://www.evergreen.edu/library/GovDocs/salutations.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)

Battle of Nancy (1944)

["1 Overview","1.1 U.S. forces","1.2 German forces","2 80th Infantry Division attempts to secure a bridgehead","3 Americans regroup and 35th Infantry Division secures a bridgehead","3.1 Dieulouard Bridgehead","3.2 Flavigny and Bayon Bridgeheads","4 Encirclement of Nancy","5 Liberation of Nancy","6 Aftermath","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 48°41′36″N 06°11′04″E / 48.69333°N 6.18444°E / 48.69333; 6.18444 (Nancy)Battle fought during WWII This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of NancyPart of the Lorraine campaign of World War IIDate5–15 September 1944Location48°41′36″N 06°11′04″E / 48.69333°N 6.18444°E / 48.69333; 6.18444 (Nancy)LorraineResult American victoryBelligerents  United States  GermanyCommanders and leaders Manton S. Eddy Heinrich Freiherr von LüttwitzStrength 3 divisions 2 divisions and 2 regimentsCasualties and losses at least 2,851(80th Division only) at least 4,081(3rd PG and 553rd VG Divisions)vteSiegfried Line campaign France Channel Coast Dieppe Le Havre Dunkirk Boulogne Calais Lorraine Nancy Dompaire Arracourt Metz Fort Driant Strasbourg Belgium Moerbrugge Geel Scheldt Netherlands Market Garden Nijmegen bridgehead Pheasant Overloon Broekhuizen Germany Hürtgen Forest Aachen Crucifix Hill Geilenkirchen Queen Logistics British American Transportation Services and supply The Battle of Nancy in September 1944 was a 10-day battle on the Western Front of World War II in which the Third United States Army defeated German forces defending the approaches to Nancy, France and crossings over the Moselle River to the north and south of the city. The battle resulted in U.S. forces fighting their way across the Moselle and liberating Nancy. Overview When the Third Army began its attempt to capture Nancy, it had only recently recovered from a severe fuel shortage which had caused it to halt on the Meuse River for five days. During this time, German defenders in the area had reinforced their positions. While the U.S. XX Corps in the north was tasked with the capture of Metz, Nancy, the other major city in the region, was assigned to the U.S. XII Corps. When the XII Corps first started on this assignment it was not at full operational strength as the 35th Infantry Division was guarding the southern flank of the Allied forces until the southern Seventh Army could close the gap. This left only the 4th Armored Division and the 80th Infantry Division available. U.S. forces U.S. XII Corps - Major General Manton Eddy 4th Armored Division - Major General John Shirley Wood Combat Command A Combat Command B Combat Command R 35th Infantry Division - Major General Paul W. Baade 134th Infantry Regiment 137th Infantry Regiment 320th Infantry Regiment 80th Infantry Division - Major General Horace L. McBride 317th Infantry Regiment 318th Infantry Regiment 319th Infantry Regiment German forces XXXXVII. Panzerkorps - General der Panzertruppe Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz 3. Panzergrenadierdivision - Generalmajor Hans Hecker 8. Panzergrenadier-Regiment 29. Panzergrenadier-Regiment 553. Grenadierdivision - (later Volksgrenadierdivision) - Oberst Erich Löhr 1119. Grenadier-Regiment 1120. Grenadier-Regiment 1121. Grenadier-Regiment 104. Panzergrenadier-Regiment (detached from 15. Panzergrenadierdivision) Fallschirm-Jäger-Ersatz-und Ausbildungs- 3. Regiment (airborne infantry replacement and training regiment) 92. Flieger-Regiment (ad hoc regiment of Luftwaffe antiaircraft units and other ground troops) 80th Infantry Division attempts to secure a bridgehead Initial plans for assault on Nancy. Due to the difficulty of the terrain and lack of intelligence about enemy strength, it was decided against risking the 4th Armored Division in the initial capture of a bridge, as had been done at Commercy. Instead, the 80th Infantry Division was assigned to secure three crossing sites across the Moselle: at Pont-à-Mousson with the 317th Infantry Regiment, Toul with the 319th Infantry Regiment, and a limited one at Marbache (48°48′05″N 06°06′17″E / 48.80139°N 6.10472°E / 48.80139; 6.10472) with the 318th Infantry Regiment. The 4th Armored Division would then sweep around from the northern Pont-à-Mousson to assault Nancy from the east, while infantry from Toul would attack from the west. At Pont-à-Mousson, the 317th Infantry dispensed with reconnaissance and preliminary artillery bombardments, hoping to use tactical surprise instead. This turned out to be a poor decision though, as the German defenders, who were in greater strength and much better prepared than assumed, held terrain that allowed them to observe the movement of the American forces in the vicinity. American forces made two crossing attempts, the first in the daylight and the second at night, but both were easily repulsed and the assault was called off by General Eddy. Confronting the German 92. Luftwaffe-Regiment around Marbache, the 318th Infantry had a difficult fight through the woods as they tried to seize the high ground which commanded the vicinity. After a two-day battle, they managed to dislodge the German defenders and capture the hill, but were soon thrown back by a German counter-attack. At Toul, there was seemingly more success as a loop of the Moselle was crossed by the 319th Infantry, but it was short-lived as the German defenders of the 3rd Parachute Replacement Regiment simply fell back until they reached a 10 mi (16 km) defensive line flanked by two forts from which they were able to stall further advances. Americans regroup and 35th Infantry Division secures a bridgehead Though the initial crossing attempts largely failed, by 7 September the situation had started to improve for the Americans. With the Seventh Army rapidly approaching from the south and the XV Corps returning to the Third Army to guard the southern flank, the 35th Infantry Division was now available to use in the next assault. A new plan drawn up was for the 80th Division to attack in the north and the 35th Division in the south along with the 4th Armored's Combat Command B (CCB), while Combat Command A (CCA) would wait in reserve to exploit either flank. This new plan was scheduled to take place on 11 September. Dieulouard Bridgehead After the poor results from the hasty earlier crossing attempts, greater effort was made for a coordinated and well-supported assault, with General Eddy deciding on a concentric advance to encircle the German forces around Nancy. Dieulouard (48°49′52″N 06°05′44″E / 48.83111°N 6.09556°E / 48.83111; 6.09556), located about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Pont-à-Mousson, was chosen as the new crossing site for the northern thrust of the encircling maneuver. The new plan would have the 317th Infantry cross first and secure a foothold, then for the 318th Infantry to follow and capture the high ground centered on Mousson Hill to the north. A heavy bridge would then be laid and CCA would be able to strike and capture Château-Salins, an important rail centre in the region. Because the 319th Infantry was still engaged in combat at Toul, they could not be used in this assault. Because of the formidable terrain held by the German forces, extra support was called in. On 10 September, the IX Bomber Command destroyed a bridge at Custines to prevent enemy reinforcements from Nancy, and the following evening struck at Mousson Hill. In order to feint the enemy, artillery and air strikes were primarily directed at Pont-à-Mousson. The infantry crossings took place on September 12 and met with only weak resistance. So fast was the advance that elements of CCA were able to cross on the very same day. The reason for this ease was the Americans had crossed in a region near where two separate German divisions (3. Panzergrenadierdivision and the 553. Volksgrenadierdivision) linked up and were thinly posted. Most of the reserves in the area had already been sent north to engage XX Corps. The German assault to destroy the bridge began about 01:00 on 13 September, and was initially successful as troops of the 29. Panzergrenadier-Regiment forced a retreat of the American infantry and pushed them almost back to the bridge itself. An American battalion commander assembled enough troops and medium tanks (of the attached 702nd Tank Battalion) to stop the Germans at le Pont de Mons. CCA sent a reconnaissance troop of armored cars and jeeps into the bridgehead at 06:15, and this unit pushed to the outskirts of Sainte-Geneviève (48°53′50″N 06°05′23″E / 48.89722°N 6.08972°E / 48.89722; 6.08972) but was forced to halt by German self-propelled guns. As daylight broke, the Germans began retreating to the north and east, pursued by 80th Division troops and tanks of CCA. CCA's 37th Tank Battalion—commanded by Lt. Col. Creighton Abrams—pushed across the bridgehead and rapidly moved to the southeast, defeating German roadblocks and taking prisoners. By that evening, the bridgehead was considered secure, allowing all of CCA to cross and move on Château-Salins. The following day saw further counterattacks against the foothold by German forces emerging from mist-shrouded hills, but they were again repelled by the 80th Division, aided by reinforcements sent back from the advanced CCA. Flavigny and Bayon Bridgeheads On 10 September, as the 35th Division moved into position to begin their part of the assault, a bridge, rigged with demolition charges but otherwise intact, was located at Flavigny (48°33′05″N 06°13′19″E / 48.55139°N 6.22194°E / 48.55139; 6.22194). The 2nd Battalion of the 134th Infantry Regiment was given permission to assault the bridge at dusk, and although they succeeded in capturing it and establishing a bridgehead, reinforcements failed to arrive. The Americans defeated two German infantry attacks, but the bridge was subsequently destroyed by German artillery early the next morning. The American troops were forced back across the river by a third German counterattack supported by tanks, suffering heavy losses. This loss prevented the regiment from being further involved in the attempt to secure a crossing site, and the next day, it was instead assigned to guard the left flank at Pont St. Vincent (48°34′46″N 06°11′10″E / 48.57944°N 6.18611°E / 48.57944; 6.18611). At this location, the regiment garrisoned an 1880s-era French fort which was subject to a small German assault that was eventually broken up by artillery. CCB managed to cross at Bainville-aux-Miroirs (48°36′22″N 06°09′49″E / 48.60611°N 6.16361°E / 48.60611; 6.16361) and near Bayon (48°26′51″N 06°17′53″E / 48.44750°N 6.29806°E / 48.44750; 6.29806). A large bridge was floated at Bayon that night, which German forces attempted to destroy, but were annihilated instead after being encircled. The 137th Infantry also managed to secure a foothold at Crévéchamps (48°37′22″N 06°18′29″E / 48.62278°N 6.30806°E / 48.62278; 6.30806) after a feint 5 mi (8.0 km) to the north and a half-hour artillery bombardment. They quickly found themselves pinned down after crossing, but were able to fight themselves out after German forces were depleted following the failed counterattack against the Bayon bridgehead. Encirclement of Nancy 4th Armored Division encircles Nancy The drive of Abrams' 37th Tank Battalion on 13 September reached Fresnes-en-Saulnois (48°51′18″N 06°26′16″E / 48.85500°N 6.43778°E / 48.85500; 6.43778), a village located 3 mi (4.8 km) west of Château-Salins. The next day, orders were changed though and CCA was to instead capture the high ground at Arracourt (48°43′53″N 06°32′09″E / 48.73139°N 6.53583°E / 48.73139; 6.53583), cutting off German escape routes from Nancy. On arrival in the area, CCA encountered and dispatched forces from the 15. Panzergrenadierdivision with only light casualties, then proceeded to set up a defensive position, oriented towards the east from which they were able to harass German forces on the main road to Nancy and send advance units to meet with patrols from CCB around the Marne-Rhin Canal. The raiding party was very successful, as CCA took over 400 prisoners, destroyed over 160 vehicles, and knocked out ten 88 mm (3.46 in) guns. The following day brought word to CCA of further German counterattacks at Dieulouard, at which point they released a reinforcing infantry battalion as well as a tank company to stabilize the situation. After CCB crossed the Moselle in the south, the German defenders, finding poor natural defense in the terrain, retreated to the Forêt de Vitrimont (48°34′48″N 06°25′48″E / 48.58000°N 6.43000°E / 48.58000; 6.43000) across the Meurthe River. The Germans had little time to prepare their defenses in the area, and were soon driven off after CCB crossed the Meurthe River on 14 September, the bulk of them falling back to Lunéville. The meeting with units from CCA at the Marne-Rhein Canal that night completed the encirclement of Nancy. Liberation of Nancy The concentric assault around Nancy hastened the German withdrawal from the city which had already been authorized on 13 September by Generaloberst Johannes Blaskowitz, the army group commander. The 320th and 137th Infantry Regiments pushed out of the Bayon bridgehead and made an oblique advance to the Meurthe River, crossing it by the evening of 14 September. By 16 September, the 320th Infantry had crossed the Marne-Rhin Canal while the 137th Infantry had pushed up to it in the vicinity of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (48°36′44″N 06°18′44″E / 48.61222°N 6.31222°E / 48.61222; 6.31222). At this point, resistance by the 553. Volksgrenadierdivision stiffened again, and both regiments found themselves under heavy fire. On 14 September, the 319th Infantry was prepared to advance on Nancy proper. Intelligence provided by the French Forces of the Interior informed the U.S. troops that the Germans had evacuated the Forêt de Haye (48°41′39″N 06°05′24″E / 48.69417°N 6.09000°E / 48.69417; 6.09000), and on 15 September, the 3rd Battalion, 319th Infantry entered Nancy on the Toul Road and pushed through to the eastern outskirts of the city with no opposition. Aftermath The capture of Nancy provided the Allies an important communications center in France and the city later served as the garrison of Third Army Headquarters. The German defenders of Nancy, however, largely escaped the encirclement of the city and were available for further operations during the Lorraine Campaign. The XII Corps' successful assault across the Moselle around Nancy also prompted the subsequent German counter-attack at Arracourt by the 5. Panzerarmee. Further reading Cole, Hugh M., The Lorraine Campaign, Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1997. CMH Pub 7-6-1. Zaloga, Steven J., Lorraine 1944, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-84176-089-7. 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Patton Philippe Leclerc Jean de Lattre de Tassigny Philippe Kieffer Administration Empire Defense Council French Civil and Military High Command French National Committee French Committee of National Liberation Provisional Consultative Assembly Provisional Government FrenchcampaignNov 1940 Battle of Gabon Jun 1941 Syria–Lebanon campaign Dec 1941 Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Nov 1942 Operation Torch Tunisian campaign Battle of Réunion Sept 1943 Liberation of Corsica Jan 1944 Battle of Vercors Battle of Glières March 1944 Liberation of Limousin May 1944 Battle of Mont Mouchet Jun 1944 Operation Overlord Battle of Carentan Battle of Cherbourg Battle for Caen Liberation of Limousin Tulle massacre Liberation of Guéret  Oradour-sur-Glane massacre Maquis de Saint-Marcel Maquis de Saffré Battle of Ushant July 1944 Liberation of Saint-Lô Battle of Mont Gargan  Operation Cobra Aug 1944 Battle for Brittany Rennes Saint-Malo Liberation of Brest Atlantic pockets: Lorient Saint-Nazaire Lioran  Égletons  Battle of Port Cros Battle of La Ciotat Provence landings Liberation of Toulon Liberation of Marseille Liberation of Paris Maillé massacre Liberation of Guéret  Battle of Montélimar  Liberation of Nice  Sept 1944 Liberation of Nancy Operation Astonia Operation Undergo Atlantic pockets: La Rochelle Royan Dunkirk Battle of Arracourt Battle of Meximieux  Nov 1944 -March 1945 Battle of Alsace Liberation of Strasbourg Colmar Pocket Bitche  Apr 1945 Atlantic pockets: Royan May 1945 Atlantic pockets: Dunkirk La Rochelle Lorient Saint-Nazaire Aftermath End of Vichy 1945 municipal elections Advance to the Rhine Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Victory in Europe Day Victory Day Provisional Government Épuration légale Épuration sauvage Tripartisme 1946 legislative election Fourth Republic Trente Glorieuses Trial of Philippe Pétain Klaus Barbie trial WW II theatres: Atlantic Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East Pacific Sino Japanese

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Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manton_S._Eddy"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_L%C3%BCttwitz"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Line campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign"},{"link_name":"Channel Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fusilade"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Astonia"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wellhit"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Undergo"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_campaign"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dompaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire"},{"link_name":"Arracourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Fort Driant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Driant"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Moerbrugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moerbrugge"},{"link_name":"Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Geel"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen bridgehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient"},{"link_name":"Pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pheasant"},{"link_name":"Overloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon"},{"link_name":"Broekhuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Broekhuizen"},{"link_name":"Hürtgen Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Crucifix Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crucifix_Hill"},{"link_name":"Geilenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clipper"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Queen"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_transportation_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign"},{"link_name":"Services and supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_services_and_supply_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Third United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Nancy, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"Moselle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_River"}],"text":"Battle fought during WWIIBattle of NancyPart of the Lorraine campaign of World War IIDate5–15 September 1944Location48°41′36″N 06°11′04″E / 48.69333°N 6.18444°E / 48.69333; 6.18444 (Nancy)LorraineResult\nAmerican victoryBelligerents\n United States\n GermanyCommanders and leaders\nManton S. Eddy\nHeinrich Freiherr von LüttwitzStrength\n3 divisions\n2 divisions and 2 regimentsCasualties and losses\nat least 2,851(80th Division only)\nat least 4,081(3rd PG and 553rd VG Divisions)vteSiegfried Line campaign\nFrance\nChannel Coast\nDieppe\nLe Havre\nDunkirk\nBoulogne\nCalais\nLorraine\nNancy\nDompaire\nArracourt\nMetz\nFort Driant\nStrasbourg\nBelgium\nMoerbrugge\nGeel\nScheldt\nNetherlands\nMarket Garden\nNijmegen bridgehead\nPheasant\nOverloon\nBroekhuizen\nGermany\nHürtgen Forest\nAachen\nCrucifix Hill\nGeilenkirchen\nQueen\n\nLogistics\nBritish\nAmerican\nTransportation\nServices and supplyThe Battle of Nancy in September 1944 was a 10-day battle on the Western Front of World War II in which the Third United States Army defeated German forces defending the approaches to Nancy, France and crossings over the Moselle River to the north and south of the city. The battle resulted in U.S. forces fighting their way across the Moselle and liberating Nancy.","title":"Battle of Nancy (1944)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"},{"link_name":"XX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz"},{"link_name":"XII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"35th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"4th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"80th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}],"text":"When the Third Army began its attempt to capture Nancy, it had only recently recovered from a severe fuel shortage which had caused it to halt on the Meuse River for five days. During this time, German defenders in the area had reinforced their positions.While the U.S. XX Corps in the north was tasked with the capture of Metz, Nancy, the other major city in the region, was assigned to the U.S. XII Corps. When the XII Corps first started on this assignment it was not at full operational strength as the 35th Infantry Division was guarding the southern flank of the Allied forces until the southern Seventh Army could close the gap. This left only the 4th Armored Division and the 80th Infantry Division available.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Manton Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manton_Eddy"},{"link_name":"4th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._4th_Armored_Division"},{"link_name":"John Shirley Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shirley_Wood"},{"link_name":"Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_command"},{"link_name":"35th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._35th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Paul W. Baade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Baade"},{"link_name":"80th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._80th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Horace L. McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_L._McBride"}],"sub_title":"U.S. forces","text":"U.S. XII Corps - Major General Manton Eddy4th Armored Division - Major General John Shirley Wood\nCombat Command A\nCombat Command B\nCombat Command R\n35th Infantry Division - Major General Paul W. Baade\n134th Infantry Regiment\n137th Infantry Regiment\n320th Infantry Regiment\n80th Infantry Division - Major General Horace L. McBride\n317th Infantry Regiment\n318th Infantry Regiment\n319th Infantry Regiment","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General der Panzertruppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_der_Panzertruppe"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Freiherr_von_L%C3%BCttwitz"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadierdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(Germany)#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Grenadierdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier"},{"link_name":"Volksgrenadierdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgrenadier"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"antiaircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft"}],"sub_title":"German forces","text":"XXXXVII. Panzerkorps - General der Panzertruppe Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz3. Panzergrenadierdivision - Generalmajor Hans Hecker\n8. Panzergrenadier-Regiment\n29. Panzergrenadier-Regiment\n553. Grenadierdivision - (later Volksgrenadierdivision) - Oberst Erich Löhr\n1119. Grenadier-Regiment\n1120. Grenadier-Regiment\n1121. Grenadier-Regiment\n104. Panzergrenadier-Regiment (detached from 15. Panzergrenadierdivision)\nFallschirm-Jäger-Ersatz-und Ausbildungs- 3. Regiment (airborne infantry replacement and training regiment)\n92. Flieger-Regiment (ad hoc regiment of Luftwaffe antiaircraft units and other ground troops)","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PlannedAttackOnNancy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercy"},{"link_name":"Pont-à-Mousson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-%C3%A0-Mousson"},{"link_name":"317th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Toul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toul"},{"link_name":"319th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=319th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"48°48′05″N 06°06′17″E / 48.80139°N 6.10472°E / 48.80139; 6.10472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_48_05_N_06_06_17_E_"},{"link_name":"318th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=318th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"}],"text":"Initial plans for assault on Nancy.Due to the difficulty of the terrain and lack of intelligence about enemy strength, it was decided against risking the 4th Armored Division in the initial capture of a bridge, as had been done at Commercy.Instead, the 80th Infantry Division was assigned to secure three crossing sites across the Moselle: at Pont-à-Mousson with the 317th Infantry Regiment, Toul with the 319th Infantry Regiment, and a limited one at Marbache (48°48′05″N 06°06′17″E / 48.80139°N 6.10472°E / 48.80139; 6.10472) with the 318th Infantry Regiment. The 4th Armored Division would then sweep around from the northern Pont-à-Mousson to assault Nancy from the east, while infantry from Toul would attack from the west.At Pont-à-Mousson, the 317th Infantry dispensed with reconnaissance and preliminary artillery bombardments, hoping to use tactical surprise instead. This turned out to be a poor decision though, as the German defenders, who were in greater strength and much better prepared than assumed, held terrain that allowed them to observe the movement of the American forces in the vicinity. American forces made two crossing attempts, the first in the daylight and the second at night, but both were easily repulsed and the assault was called off by General Eddy.Confronting the German 92. Luftwaffe-Regiment around Marbache, the 318th Infantry had a difficult fight through the woods as they tried to seize the high ground which commanded the vicinity. After a two-day battle, they managed to dislodge the German defenders and capture the hill, but were soon thrown back by a German counter-attack.At Toul, there was seemingly more success as a loop of the Moselle was crossed by the 319th Infantry, but it was short-lived as the German defenders of the 3rd Parachute Replacement Regiment simply fell back until they reached a 10 mi (16 km) defensive line flanked by two forts from which they were able to stall further advances.","title":"80th Infantry Division attempts to secure a bridgehead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"XV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_command"}],"text":"Though the initial crossing attempts largely failed, by 7 September the situation had started to improve for the Americans. With the Seventh Army rapidly approaching from the south and the XV Corps returning to the Third Army to guard the southern flank, the 35th Infantry Division was now available to use in the next assault.A new plan drawn up was for the 80th Division to attack in the north and the 35th Division in the south along with the 4th Armored's Combat Command B (CCB), while Combat Command A (CCA) would wait in reserve to exploit either flank. This new plan was scheduled to take place on 11 September.","title":"Americans regroup and 35th Infantry Division secures a bridgehead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"48°49′52″N 06°05′44″E / 48.83111°N 6.09556°E / 48.83111; 6.09556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_49_52_N_06_05_44_E_"},{"link_name":"Château-Salins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins"},{"link_name":"IX Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"Custines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custines"},{"link_name":"3. Panzergrenadierdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"553. Volksgrenadierdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/553rd_Volksgrenadier_Division"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Geneviève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve,_Meurthe-et-Moselle"},{"link_name":"48°53′50″N 06°05′23″E / 48.89722°N 6.08972°E / 48.89722; 6.08972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_53_50_N_06_05_23_E_"},{"link_name":"37th Tank Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Armor_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Creighton Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Abrams"}],"sub_title":"Dieulouard Bridgehead","text":"After the poor results from the hasty earlier crossing attempts, greater effort was made for a coordinated and well-supported assault, with General Eddy deciding on a concentric advance to encircle the German forces around Nancy. Dieulouard (48°49′52″N 06°05′44″E / 48.83111°N 6.09556°E / 48.83111; 6.09556), located about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Pont-à-Mousson, was chosen as the new crossing site for the northern thrust of the encircling maneuver. The new plan would have the 317th Infantry cross first and secure a foothold, then for the 318th Infantry to follow and capture the high ground centered on Mousson Hill to the north. A heavy bridge would then be laid and CCA would be able to strike and capture Château-Salins, an important rail centre in the region. Because the 319th Infantry was still engaged in combat at Toul, they could not be used in this assault.Because of the formidable terrain held by the German forces, extra support was called in. On 10 September, the IX Bomber Command destroyed a bridge at Custines to prevent enemy reinforcements from Nancy, and the following evening struck at Mousson Hill. In order to feint the enemy, artillery and air strikes were primarily directed at Pont-à-Mousson.The infantry crossings took place on September 12 and met with only weak resistance. So fast was the advance that elements of CCA were able to cross on the very same day. The reason for this ease was the Americans had crossed in a region near where two separate German divisions (3. Panzergrenadierdivision and the 553. Volksgrenadierdivision) linked up and were thinly posted. Most of the reserves in the area had already been sent north to engage XX Corps.The German assault to destroy the bridge began about 01:00 on 13 September, and was initially successful as troops of the 29. Panzergrenadier-Regiment forced a retreat of the American infantry and pushed them almost back to the bridge itself. An American battalion commander assembled enough troops and medium tanks (of the attached 702nd Tank Battalion) to stop the Germans at le Pont de Mons. CCA sent a reconnaissance troop of armored cars and jeeps into the bridgehead at 06:15, and this unit pushed to the outskirts of Sainte-Geneviève (48°53′50″N 06°05′23″E / 48.89722°N 6.08972°E / 48.89722; 6.08972) but was forced to halt by German self-propelled guns. As daylight broke, the Germans began retreating to the north and east, pursued by 80th Division troops and tanks of CCA. CCA's 37th Tank Battalion—commanded by Lt. Col. Creighton Abrams—pushed across the bridgehead and rapidly moved to the southeast, defeating German roadblocks and taking prisoners. By that evening, the bridgehead was considered secure, allowing all of CCA to cross and move on Château-Salins.The following day saw further counterattacks against the foothold by German forces emerging from mist-shrouded hills, but they were again repelled by the 80th Division, aided by reinforcements sent back from the advanced CCA.","title":"Americans regroup and 35th Infantry Division secures a bridgehead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flavigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavigny-sur-Moselle"},{"link_name":"48°33′05″N 06°13′19″E / 48.55139°N 6.22194°E / 48.55139; 6.22194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_33_05_N_06_13_19_E_"},{"link_name":"134th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/134th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"48°34′46″N 06°11′10″E / 48.57944°N 6.18611°E / 48.57944; 6.18611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_34_46_N_06_11_10_E_"},{"link_name":"Bainville-aux-Miroirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainville-aux-Miroirs"},{"link_name":"48°36′22″N 06°09′49″E / 48.60611°N 6.16361°E / 48.60611; 6.16361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_36_22_N_06_09_49_E_"},{"link_name":"Bayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayon,_Meurthe-et-Moselle"},{"link_name":"48°26′51″N 06°17′53″E / 48.44750°N 6.29806°E / 48.44750; 6.29806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_26_51_N_06_17_53_E_"},{"link_name":"Crévéchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9v%C3%A9champs"},{"link_name":"48°37′22″N 06°18′29″E / 48.62278°N 6.30806°E / 48.62278; 6.30806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_37_22_N_06_18_29_E_"}],"sub_title":"Flavigny and Bayon Bridgeheads","text":"On 10 September, as the 35th Division moved into position to begin their part of the assault, a bridge, rigged with demolition charges but otherwise intact, was located at Flavigny (48°33′05″N 06°13′19″E / 48.55139°N 6.22194°E / 48.55139; 6.22194). The 2nd Battalion of the 134th Infantry Regiment was given permission to assault the bridge at dusk, and although they succeeded in capturing it and establishing a bridgehead, reinforcements failed to arrive. The Americans defeated two German infantry attacks, but the bridge was subsequently destroyed by German artillery early the next morning. The American troops were forced back across the river by a third German counterattack supported by tanks, suffering heavy losses. This loss prevented the regiment from being further involved in the attempt to secure a crossing site, and the next day, it was instead assigned to guard the left flank at Pont St. Vincent (48°34′46″N 06°11′10″E / 48.57944°N 6.18611°E / 48.57944; 6.18611). At this location, the regiment garrisoned an 1880s-era French fort which was subject to a small German assault that was eventually broken up by artillery.CCB managed to cross at Bainville-aux-Miroirs (48°36′22″N 06°09′49″E / 48.60611°N 6.16361°E / 48.60611; 6.16361) and near Bayon (48°26′51″N 06°17′53″E / 48.44750°N 6.29806°E / 48.44750; 6.29806). A large bridge was floated at Bayon that night, which German forces attempted to destroy, but were annihilated instead after being encircled.The 137th Infantry also managed to secure a foothold at Crévéchamps (48°37′22″N 06°18′29″E / 48.62278°N 6.30806°E / 48.62278; 6.30806) after a feint 5 mi (8.0 km) to the north and a half-hour artillery bombardment. They quickly found themselves pinned down after crossing, but were able to fight themselves out after German forces were depleted following the failed counterattack against the Bayon bridgehead.","title":"Americans regroup and 35th Infantry Division secures a bridgehead"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4thArmoredEncirclesNancy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fresnes-en-Saulnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnes-en-Saulnois"},{"link_name":"48°51′18″N 06°26′16″E / 48.85500°N 6.43778°E / 48.85500; 6.43778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_51_18_N_06_26_16_E_"},{"link_name":"Arracourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arracourt"},{"link_name":"48°43′53″N 06°32′09″E / 48.73139°N 6.53583°E / 48.73139; 6.53583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_43_53_N_06_32_09_E_"},{"link_name":"Dieulouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieulouard"},{"link_name":"48°34′48″N 06°25′48″E / 48.58000°N 6.43000°E / 48.58000; 6.43000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_34_48_N_06_25_48_E_"},{"link_name":"Meurthe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lunéville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville"}],"text":"4th Armored Division encircles NancyThe drive of Abrams' 37th Tank Battalion on 13 September reached Fresnes-en-Saulnois (48°51′18″N 06°26′16″E / 48.85500°N 6.43778°E / 48.85500; 6.43778), a village located 3 mi (4.8 km) west of Château-Salins. The next day, orders were changed though and CCA was to instead capture the high ground at Arracourt (48°43′53″N 06°32′09″E / 48.73139°N 6.53583°E / 48.73139; 6.53583), cutting off German escape routes from Nancy. On arrival in the area, CCA encountered and dispatched forces from the 15. Panzergrenadierdivision with only light casualties, then proceeded to set up a defensive position, oriented towards the east from which they were able to harass German forces on the main road to Nancy and send advance units to meet with patrols from CCB around the Marne-Rhin Canal. The raiding party was very successful, as CCA took over 400 prisoners, destroyed over 160 vehicles, and knocked out ten 88 mm (3.46 in) guns. The following day brought word to CCA of further German counterattacks at Dieulouard, at which point they released a reinforcing infantry battalion as well as a tank company to stabilize the situation.After CCB crossed the Moselle in the south, the German defenders, finding poor natural defense in the terrain, retreated to the Forêt de Vitrimont (48°34′48″N 06°25′48″E / 48.58000°N 6.43000°E / 48.58000; 6.43000) across the Meurthe River. The Germans had little time to prepare their defenses in the area, and were soon driven off after CCB crossed the Meurthe River on 14 September, the bulk of them falling back to Lunéville. The meeting with units from CCA at the Marne-Rhein Canal that night completed the encirclement of Nancy.","title":"Encirclement of Nancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_General#Germany"},{"link_name":"Johannes Blaskowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nicolas-de-Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-de-Port"},{"link_name":"48°36′44″N 06°18′44″E / 48.61222°N 6.31222°E / 48.61222; 6.31222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_36_44_N_06_18_44_E_"},{"link_name":"French Forces of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"48°41′39″N 06°05′24″E / 48.69417°N 6.09000°E / 48.69417; 6.09000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)&params=48_41_39_N_06_05_24_E_"}],"text":"The concentric assault around Nancy hastened the German withdrawal from the city which had already been authorized on 13 September by Generaloberst Johannes Blaskowitz, the army group commander.The 320th and 137th Infantry Regiments pushed out of the Bayon bridgehead and made an oblique advance to the Meurthe River, crossing it by the evening of 14 September. By 16 September, the 320th Infantry had crossed the Marne-Rhin Canal while the 137th Infantry had pushed up to it in the vicinity of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (48°36′44″N 06°18′44″E / 48.61222°N 6.31222°E / 48.61222; 6.31222). At this point, resistance by the 553. Volksgrenadierdivision stiffened again, and both regiments found themselves under heavy fire.On 14 September, the 319th Infantry was prepared to advance on Nancy proper. Intelligence provided by the French Forces of the Interior informed the U.S. troops that the Germans had evacuated the Forêt de Haye (48°41′39″N 06°05′24″E / 48.69417°N 6.09000°E / 48.69417; 6.09000), and on 15 September, the 3rd Battalion, 319th Infantry entered Nancy on the Toul Road and pushed through to the eastern outskirts of the city with no opposition.","title":"Liberation of Nancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counter-attack at Arracourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt"},{"link_name":"5. Panzerarmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army"}],"text":"The capture of Nancy provided the Allies an important communications center in France and the city later served as the garrison of Third Army Headquarters. The German defenders of Nancy, however, largely escaped the encirclement of the city and were available for further operations during the Lorraine Campaign. The XII Corps' successful assault across the Moselle around Nancy also prompted the subsequent German counter-attack at Arracourt by the 5. Panzerarmee.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cole, Hugh M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_M._Cole"},{"link_name":"The Lorraine Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-6-1/index.html"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-089-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-089-7"}],"text":"Cole, Hugh M., The Lorraine Campaign, Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1997. CMH Pub 7-6-1.\nZaloga, Steven J., Lorraine 1944, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-84176-089-7.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Initial plans for assault on Nancy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PlannedAttackOnNancy.jpg/200px-PlannedAttackOnNancy.jpg"},{"image_text":"4th Armored Division encircles Nancy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/4thArmoredEncirclesNancy.jpg/200px-4thArmoredEncirclesNancy.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Heart_FC

Melbourne City FC

["1 History","1.1 2009–2014: Foundation and Melbourne Heart era","1.2 2014–2019: City Football Group takeover and FFA Cup triumph","1.3 2019–present: Grand final defeat and maiden league double","2 Name, colours and badge","2.1 Naming of Melbourne Heart","2.2 Name change to Melbourne City","2.3 Kits","3 Sponsorship","3.1 AFC Competition Sponsorship","4 Stadium","5 Statistics and records","6 Players","6.1 First-team squad","6.2 Youth","6.2.1 On loan","7 Personnel","7.1 Corporate management","7.2 Team management","8 Club captains","9 Honours","9.1 Domestic","10 AFC Club Ranking","11 Continental record","12 Melbourne City Women","13 Club facilities","14 Rivalries","15 See also","16 Notes","17 References","18 External links"]

Association football club in Victoria, Australia This article is about the men's senior team. For the women's team, see Melbourne City FC (A-League Women). For the former Australian rules football team, see Melbourne City Football Club (VFA). Not to be confused with Melbourne Football Club. Football clubMelbourne CityFull nameMelbourne City Football ClubNickname(s)City, Hearts, Heart, City Boys, City BluesFounded12 June 2009; 15 years ago (2009-06-12) (as Melbourne Heart)GroundAAMI ParkCapacity30,050OwnerCity Football GroupChairmanKhaldoon Al MubarakHead coachAurelio VidmarLeagueA-League Men2023–246th of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Melbourne City Football Club is an Australian professional soccer club based in the south–eastern Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne East but playing matches in Melbourne CBD, that competes in A-League, the highest division of soccer in Australia, under licence from Australian Professional Leagues (APL). Founded in 2009 as Melbourne Heart, the club competed under that name from its inaugural 2010–11 season until they were rebranded in mid-2014 by the City Football Group (CFG), in partnership with Holding M.S. Australia. In August 2015, City Football Group, a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi United Group, bought out the Holding M.S. Australia consortium to have 100% ownership of the club. Since forming in 2009, Melbourne City has claimed three A-League Men premierships and one championship, as well as one Australia Cup title (in 2016). Melbourne City is run from the City Football Academy, a facility located within the Casey Fields sports precinct, in the south-east Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne East. The club plays home matches at Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, commercially known as AAMI Park, a 30,050 seat multi-use venue in Melbourne's City Centre. The club also has an affiliated youth team which competes in both the A-Leagues Youth (league has not been held since 2019) and in VPL1, which serves as the second tier of Victorian football, as well as a senior women's team which competes in the A-League Women. History Main article: History of Melbourne City FC 2009–2014: Foundation and Melbourne Heart era See also: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, and 2013–14 Melbourne Heart FC season After the dissolution of the National Soccer League in 2003, brought about by the Crawford Report, plans were drawn up for a new revamped national competition to begin the following season. Despite the calls for the new competition to feature two clubs from Melbourne, in 2004 Football Federation Australia, opting for a "one city, one team" policy, announced that the Melbourne Victory had won the licence to be the only Melbourne club to compete in the new national competition, known as the A-League. A 5-year moratorium was also established preventing any other expansion sides from the eight original A-League teams' areas entering the competition until the 2010–11 season, allowing Victory five seasons to establish itself in the Melbourne market. On 1 March 2008, former Carlton Football Club vice-president and businessman Colin DeLutis expressed his interest in a second Melbourne A-League side, with an approach to the FFA to become sole owner of the second licence with the bid name of 'Melbourne City'. FFA chief executive Ben Buckley raised the possibility of expanding the A-League from eight to 12 teams in May 2008, in readiness for the 2009–10 season. Buckley also revealed the existence of a third Melbourne bid tentatively known as 'Melbourne Heart' backed by Peter Sidwell, to compete with the two other bids of Southern Cross FC and Melbourne City. On 25 July 2008, the Melbourne City bid dropped out of the bidding process leaving the Melbourne Heart and Southern Cross FC bids as the last two bids standing. By September 2008, the Melbourne Heart bid was awarded exclusive negotiating rights for the league's 11th licence, beating out the South Melbourne-backed Southern Cross FC bid. Negotiations continued until Sidwell's group was awarded the licence to join the A-League's 2010–11 season by the FFA on 12 June 2009. Heart started its inaugural season against Central Coast Mariners on 5 August 2010, at their home ground AAMI Park, losing 1–0. The club's first ever goal was an own goal scored by Ben Kantarovski in the Heart's second league game, a 1–1 draw against Newcastle Jets. Melbourne Heart's first win was a 1–0 victory over North Queensland Fury, which came in the fifth round of their first A-League season on 4 September 2010. They contested the first ever Melbourne Derby against Melbourne Victory on 8 October 2010, and won 2–1. Heart finished their first season on equal points with Newcastle Jets, but behind on goal difference in eighth position. They failed to make it into the top six teams to reach the finals, despite sitting in sixth position for majority of the season. After a moderately more successful second season, Melbourne Heart finished 6th on the ladder, enough to make the finals. Heart's first finals game was against Perth Glory, where they were defeated 3–0 at nib stadium. Wins over local rivals continued to occur over the following two seasons, though the club failed to finish above the bottom two places and claimed the wooden spoon in 2013/14. 2014–2019: City Football Group takeover and FFA Cup triumph See also: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19 Melbourne City FC season Bouzanis Malik Franjic Jakobsen Kilkenny Brattan Colazo Cahill Kamau Brandan Fornaroli (c) 2016 FFA Cup Final starting lineup Melbourne City 1 – 0 Sydney FC It was announced on 23 January 2014 that the City Football Group had acquired Melbourne Heart for $12 million. The deal involved CFG acquiring 80% of Heart, the other 20% to be held by a consortium of businessmen allied to Rugby league club Melbourne Storm. On 5 June 2014, the team obtained Spanish World Cup-winning striker David Villa on loan from New York City FC, another team owned by the City Football Group. Villa was expected to play in the A-League until New York City entered Major League Soccer in 2015. Villa played only four of an expected ten matches, scoring twice, before being recalled by New York City. Although none of the matches were won, coach John van 't Schip credited Villa with bringing attention to the new team, and it was estimated that his presence trebled the club's attendance. Ahead of the 2015–16 season, City Football Group announced it had bought out the remaining 20% share of the club held by a consortium for a $2.25 million fee, thus acquiring 100% ownership of Melbourne City Football Club. Under manager John van 't Schip, the club developed a reputation for attacking and high-scoring soccer, with the 2015/16 season characterised as the club's most sustained period of on-field success. The signing of Uruguayan striker Bruno Fornaroli was key to the club becoming the most attacking and (scoring wise) prolific team in the league that season. The senior team finished the regular season a club high fourth on the table whilst the women's team achieved a remarkable feat by winning all 14 of its regular season games on the way to both a maiden premiership and championship in the club's inaugural season in the women's league. The men's team qualified for its first final of any kind in November 2016, and achieved silverware when it defeated Sydney FC 1–0 in the 2016 FFA Cup Final. Despite this success, City continued to fall short in knockout finals matches, losing at the elimination or semi-finals stage of the series over successive seasons. van 't Schip left the club mid-way through the 2016/17 season to be with his terminally ill father and under the temporary stewardship of Michael Valkanis the season ended with another early finals exit. Following van 't Schip's departure, City management signed former Manchester United Reserves and Wigan Athletic coach Warren Joyce as manager ahead of the 2017/18 season. Despite overseeing improvements in the team's defensive capabilities, Joyce was unable to bring any silverware to the club. He left the club at the end of the 2018/19 season, in which the club again failed to reach the Grand Final, though with a respectable winning percentage. Fairfax soccer journalist Michael Lynch reported that, despite shoring up the team defensively, Joyce's "two years in charge will be remembered for the number of high-profile players who departed the club" under his watch, which included a falling-out with star striker Fornaroli, as well as the departures of Neil Kilkenny, Fernando Brandán and Australia's leading goalscorer Tim Cahill. Jamie Maclaren scoring for City in the 32nd Melbourne Derby. 2019–present: Grand final defeat and maiden league double See also: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, and 2023–24 Melbourne City FC season Melbourne City celebrating their 2020–21 A-League Premiership and Championship trophies at Federation Square The club appointed Frenchman Erick Mombaerts as manager ahead of the 2019–20 season, and further changes to the playing list occurred. Internationals Florin Berenguer, Adrián Luna and Craig Noone were brought into the squad to add some attacking spark and former Hibernan and Brisbane Roar striker Jamie Maclaren was signed as the club's marquee striker. Under Mombaerts City reached their second FFA Cup Final, though they were convincingly defeated 4–0 by the home team Adelaide United. The team rebounded from that loss to finish the season with its highest ever finish of second place, with 47 points. Maclaren won the Golden Boot award with 22 goals and the club qualified for its first ever Grand Final by defeating local rivals Western United, though were defeated 1–0 by the home team Sydney FC in extra time. Mombaerts left the club in September 2020 and was replaced by his former assistant, Patrick Kisnorbo. Under Kisnorbo, City had a record-breaking 2020–21 season by claiming the club's first A-League premiership, three games out from the end of the regular season. After winning the club's first A-League Premiership, Kisnorbo then guided a relatively youthful City side through the A-League finals series without several key stars to win the 2020–21 A-League Championship, beating Sydney FC 3–1. The club qualified for its inaugural AFC Champions League appearance in 2022, and despite going undefeated they fell short of qualifying for the knockout stages. They rebounded to claim its second consecutive league premiership on the final day of the 2021/22 regular season, before being defeated by local rivals Western United in the grand final at AAMI Park. The club several personnel changes for the 2022/23 season and went on to claim its third consecutive premiership, becoming the first club in Australian domestic league history to achieve the feat, and second club for finishing 1st in three consecutive seasons. They lost their fourth grand final to the Central Coast Mariners. Name, colours and badge Melbourne Heart logo (2009–2014) Naming of Melbourne Heart Melbourne Heart's first home kit In October 2009, an online competition held by Melbourne's Herald Sun gave the public the opportunity to submit their preferences for the name of the new Melbourne team. The preferred names were released on the Herald Sun website on 13 November 2009. The four options were 'Sporting Melbourne FC', 'Melburnians', 'Melbourne Revolution' and 'Melbourne Heart FC'. Some pondered if 'Revolution' had some context considering its intimation to the Eureka Stockade, the closest Australia had come to revolution. The name of the new club was to be announced before the end of 2009, but was delayed until early 2010 due to Melbourne Football Club objections to the use of the words Melbourne, Football and Club in the name. The Lord Mayor's Charitable Foundation expressed concern that the name Melbourne Heart was too similar to its annual Heart of Melbourne Appeal, and lodged a protest with IP Australia in January 2010. The club's badge was lodged to IP Australia the same month by the FFA, and on 2 February 2010, the name of the club was announced as Melbourne Heart FC. Initially, a colour scheme of either black and white, or red and white were the two options for the club. The eventual choice for the home kit was a red and white striped jersey with red shorts and red socks, the away kit was a red sash on white jersey, with white shorts and socks. For the 2011–12 season Melbourne Heart introduced a third kit which would be worn for one match per season. The design of the kit for each season was determined via a fan-designed competition. All fans could enter a design submission with the final design being decided by a club panel. The winner for the 2011–12 season was Red and White Unite co-founder Steven Forbes and featured a red and white sash on a grey jersey. The 2012–13 winning third kit design had a black and charcoal hoops jersey with red sleeves. The 2013–14 winning third kit design had a red and white chequered jersey with red sleeves. Name change to Melbourne City After the announcement in January 2014 of a takeover of Melbourne Heart by the City Football Group, there was much speculation in the media about a potential re-brand of the club including a change of kit colour to sky blue. An application to trademark the name "Melbourne City Football Club" was lodged on 16 January, and Melbourne Heart's minority shareholders had registered the business name "Melbourne City FC" with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). However, there was no official statement from the club for some months, leaving fans in limbo as to the future identity of the club. In April 2014, media outlets reported that Melbourne Heart had lodged an application with Football Federation Australia (FFA) to rebrand the club similar to that of Manchester City, including a change of their playing strip from red and white to sky blue. It was reported that Sydney FC had lodged a formal complaint with FFA to block the proposed colour change. Sydney FC chairman Scott Barlow commented on the issue, saying "We're extremely concerned about the proposed use of sky blue by Melbourne Heart, and we've made our concerns very clear to the FFA...in a competition with only 10 teams, the idea of two teams wearing sky blue is nonsensical especially when sky blue is so closely associated with NSW". In May 2014, it was reported that FFA had upheld Sydney FC's objection to a colour change to sky blue. However, Melbourne Heart released a statement shortly after confirming they were in discussions with Football Federation Australia on a range of matters relating to its future plans including its playing strips, indicating the matter was not settled. The club was formally unveiled as Melbourne City FC on 5 June 2014. Talks between Melbourne City and the FFA resumed in early 2016, and continued for a number of months—but finally, in June, the FFA announced an upcoming overhaul of the league's branding in the 2017–18 season, a commitment which allowed Melbourne City to update its brand and true primary colours by the start of the 2017–18 season. The changes will "allow for the full integration of the City Football Group’s playing strip colours" in the home kit, with the FFA Board saying "Sydney FC will retain exclusivity of its 'Sky Blue' brand as Melbourne City adopts the 'City Blue' colours." Kits Melbourne City's current home kit, in use since the 2017/18 season, is all-sky blue (officially referred to by the club as "city blue"). The home kit shorts and socks are the same colour, though in the past these have been white. For many years the club utilised a red and white striped design for their away kit, though this was altered to a white zebra-shaped design with black shorts and socks ahead of the 2019/20 season. The red and white-striped design is currently the club's Away kit in the 22-23Season . City wore an all-black third kit in the 2018/19 season. Between 2014 and 2016, Melbourne City wore a mostly all-white home kit, which featured a vertical light and navy blue strip running down the right side of the kit. In the 2016/17 season, the home kit was again predominately white though the vertical strip was removed and was replaced with light blue sleeves and collar. The away kit during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons used a similar design to the traditional Melbourne Heart kits, with vertical red and white stripes strewn across. It was announced that "the away kit celebrates the club's history, the wishes of its existing fan base and the red and white that remains at the Heart of its identity. The away strip was changed to a horizontal white/red gradient in 2016/17, with the club's statement being "the kit .. displays the Club’s traditional red and white colours – a key feature of the Club’s badge". Despite the unprecedented success City Football Group (CFG) has brought to Melbourne City, many fans were uneasy about the transition from Heart to City in 2014, especially in the perceived abandoning of the club's traditional red and white colours. Some of the concerns were abated by the inclusion of red in the Supporters Scarves for the 2015–16 A-League season, and through the design of the club's away kits, which in most seasons since the CFG takeover have commemorated the club's traditional colours, red and white. Sponsorship Melbourne City's branding and sponsorship arrangements usually tie in with sister clubs in the City Football Group. Upon the takeover by CFG, the club's kits were supplied by Nike and it was sponsored by Abu Dhabi-based airline Etihad Airways. The Etihad sponsorship has remained though in 2019 the club's kit suppliers changed to German-based brand Puma, a deal in place for five years. In the pre-CFG days, Melbourne Heart's foundation sponsor was financial institution Westpac for a three-year agreement believed to be worth close to $2 million, which allowed the institution's logo to be present on home and away Heart kits. Drake International, Public Transport Victoria and BDO were the other major sponsors of the club. The club signed a two-year deal with kit supplier Kappa in May 2012. Period Kit manufacturer Front shirt sponsor Back shirt sponsor Sleeve sponsor Front short sponsor Back short sponsor 2010–2011 Reebok Westpac PKF Drake International Metlink Solo 2011–2012* ISC 2012–2013* Kappa BDO International AXF Group (Home) MatchWorks (Away) PTV Foxtel 2013–2014* Alcatel onetouch Diabetes College 2014 Nike Etihad Hostplus CoCo Joy (Home) MatchWorks (Away) Westpac 2015–2018 2019– Puma Origin Energy Nissan My Republic AFC Competition Sponsorship Year Kit Manufacturer Shirt Sponsor 2022 Puma Etihad 2023-24 Stadium Main article: Melbourne Rectangular Stadium Melbourne City's home ground is Melbourne Rectangular Stadium. Melbourne City's largest average season attendance is 11,047 (achieved in the 2015–16 season), while the largest ever attendance for a single home match is 26,457 against Melbourne Victory in round 12 of the 2012–13 A-League season. A panorama of AAMI Park prior to the 2021 A-League Grand Final. Statistics and records Further information: List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics Jamie Maclaren is Melbourne City's record goalscorer, with 95 goals in all competitions. Current defender Curtis Good holds the record for Melbourne City appearances, having played 162 first-team matches. Scott Jamieson comes second, having played 161 times between 2017 and 2021. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Tom Glover, with 79 appearances. Jamie Maclaren is the club's top goalscorer with 109 goals in all competitions from 2019 to the present day, having surpassed Bruno Fornaroli's total of 57 in May 2021. Maclaren also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 97. Melbourne City's record home attendance is 26,759, for an A-League Men match against Melbourne Victory on 23 November 2011 at AAMI Park, for a 3–2 win. Melbourne City's 2016–17 squad was the most expensive team in Australian soccer history, with team wages totalling $9.15 million. Players For a list of every Melbourne City player and captain, see List of Melbourne City FC players. For record appearance and goalscorer statistics, see List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics § Player records. First-team squad As of 7 June 2024 For recent transfers, see 2023–24 Melbourne City FC season § Transfers. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  ENG Jamie Young 2 DF  AUS Scott Galloway 6 MF  AUS Steven Ugarkovic 7 FW  AUS Mathew Leckie 8 MF  AUS Jimmy Jeggo 10 MF  GER Tolgay Arslan 15 FW  AUS Andrew Nabbout 16 DF  AUS Aziz Behich 21 MF  AUS Alessandro Lopane 23 FW  AUS Marco Tilio (on loan from Celtic) 25 DF  AUS Callum Talbot No. Pos. Nation Player 26 DF  FRA Samuel Souprayen 33 GK  AUS Patrick Beach 34 FW  AUS Arion Sulemani 35 MF  AUS Zane Schreiber 37 FW  AUS Max Caputo 38 DF  AUS Harry Politidis 39 MF  AUS Emin Durakovic 40 GK  AUS James Nieuwenhuizen (Scholarship) 46 FW  AUS Ben Mazzeo — DF  AUS Kai Trewin — DF  AUS Jayden Necovski (Scholarship) Youth See also: Melbourne City FC Youth Players to have featured in a first-team matchday squad for Melbourne City Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 50 FW  AUS Patrick Hogan 51 FW  AUS Medin Memeti 53 DF  AUS Harrison Shillington On loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player Personnel Main article: List of Melbourne City FC managers The club's current manager is Aurelio Vidmar. The club's previous manager was Rado Vidošić, who departed the club in 2023. There have been seven permanent managers of Melbourne City since the appointment of the club's first professional manager, John van 't Schip in 2009. The club's longest-serving manager, in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen, is John van't Schip, who managed the club between 2013 and 2017. Chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak Corporate management Position Name Owners City Football Group Chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak Chief Executive Officer Brad Rowse Football Operations Manager Michael Petrillo Ref. Team management Position Name Head coach Aurelio Vidmar Assistant coach Ralph Napoli Assistant coach Scott Jamieson Goalkeeping coach Sander Krabbendam Technical director Alain Fiard Head of Human Performance Andrew McKenzie Football Logistics Manager Josh Bondin Ref. Club captains Dates Name Notes Honours (as captain) 2010–2011 Simon Colosimo Inaugural club captain 2011–2013 Fred First foreign captain 2013–2014 Harry Kewell 2014–2016 Patrick Kisnorbo 2016–2018 Bruno Fornaroli 2016 FFA Cup 2018–2023 Scott Jamieson 2020–21 A-League Premiership2020–21 A-League Championship2021–12 A-League Premiership2022–23 A-League Premiership 2023– Jamie Maclaren Honours Main article: List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics § Honours and achievements See also: List of Melbourne City FC seasons and Melbourne City FC Youth § Honours Domestic Chart of yearly table positions for Melbourne City in A-League Men A-League Men Championship Winners (1): 2021 Runners-up (3): 2020, 2022, 2023 A-League Men Premiership Winners (3): 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23 Runners-up (1): 2019–20 Australia Cup Winners (1): 2016 Runners-up (1): 2019 AFC Club Ranking As of 15 October 2023 Rank Team Points 40 Dempo 1,430 41 Wuhan Three Towns F.C. 1,430 42 Melbourne City 1,429 43 El Jaish SC 1,427 44 FC Tokyo 1,422 Continental record Season Competition Round Club Home Away Position 2022 AFC Champions League Group G BG Pathum United 0–0 1–1 2nd United City 3–0 3–0 Jeonnam Dragons 2–1 1–1 2023–24 AFC Champions League Group H Ventforet Kofu 0–0 3–3 2nd Zhejiang 1–1 2–1 Buriram United 0–1 2–0 Melbourne City Women Further information: Melbourne City FC (A-League Women) Melbourne City Women is the women's soccer club affiliated to Melbourne City. The club holds the only record for most consecutive championships by club. Melbourne City Women are one of the most successful teams in the A-League Women. Since their debut in the W-League, they won a record-breaking three consecutive championships in 2016, 2017 and 2018, and won a fourth in 2020. Club facilities Main articles: City Football Academy (Melbourne, 2015) and City Football Academy (Melbourne, 2022) For the first five years of their existence, Melbourne City trained on borrowed accommodation at La Trobe University, operating under a partnership with the local educational body. The site was chosen due to its ability to house both the administrative and training arms of the club as well as provide ample access to various support services, including conditioning and medical facilities. The club's training facilities were notably low quality and rudimentary, with players responsible for carting goal nets from one side of the La Trobe University playing fields to the other, players utilising wheelie bins filled with ice instead of ice baths, and a Portacabin adjacent to the pitches was utilised as a medical and massage room. Following the acquisition of the club by City Football Group, Melbourne City paid $15m to construct for themselves a brand new training and administrative facilities on additional land leased adjacent to the La Trobe University precinct in the northern Melbourne suburb of Bundoora, designed to a world class level. At the completion of the project, the new centre was dubbed the "City Football Academy" following the naming conventions established at the affiliated Manchester complex. In December 2020, Melbourne City officials announced the club would move its training and administration facilities to Casey Fields, Cranbourne East, in Melbourne's South-East. In 2019 the football facilities at Casey Fields included four floodlit pitches and a one-story administration building. The club announced that, in conjunction with the City of Casey, it would add an elite training tablet pitch, expand the size of the administration building to two storeys and leave space for potential future construction of a 4,000 capacity boutique stadium. The club's youth and women's teams will begin moving into the facility in 2021, with the entire club to be based at the facility when construction is completed in 2022. Rivalries See also: Melbourne Derby (A-League Men) Flares thrown onto pitch during the 40th Melbourne Derby Melbourne City's local rivals are Melbourne Victory. Although there were many state or regional rivalries in the A-league, the Melbourne Derby was the first and only intra-city derby in the league until a second Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers joined the A-League in the 2012/13 season. The first match between the two clubs saw Melbourne City (known at the time as Melbourne Heart) win 2–1 in front of a sold out AAMI Park crowd of over 25,000 spectators. The derby match between the two Melbourne clubs is often marked as an "annual spectacle" both on and off the pitch, attracting large crowds and frequently producing "enthralling" results and encounters. The rivalry became more intense in the third meeting of the clubs on 22 January 2011, when Melbourne Victory's Kevin Muscat made a tackle on Adrian Zahra, which earned Muscat a red card and an eight-week suspension, and was the direct cause of a season-ending knee injury to Zahra. The two rivals have met in a finals series match only once, in the 2014–15 season, when City lost 0–3 to a clinical Melbourne Victory outfit. City has defeated Victory in the only FFA Cup derby held between the two clubs, City winning the semi-final match 2–0. The 40th Melbourne Derby on 17 December 2022 was unprecedented in its volatility, with the match marred with poor crowd behaviour, including multiple flares ignited and thrown onto the pitch by supporters of both teams. In the 20th minute of the match, Melbourne City goalkeeper Tom Glover threw back a flare sent from the crowd, sparking a pitch invasion which saw both Glover and referee Alex King assaulted by pitch invaders, and causing the match to be abandoned. In response Football Australia implemented interim sanctions closing active supporter bays for both clubs for all matches up to and including 15 January 2023. 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Official website Melbourne City results - Latest scores for Melbourne City FC vteMelbourne City Football Club Managers Men Women Seasons Men Women Records & statistics Men Women Current season Men Women Teams Melbourne City FC Women Youth Futsal (defunct) History Men 2010 to 2014 2014 to 2019 2019 to present Women Youth Home stadiums Men AAMI Park (2010–present) Women CB Smith Reserve (2015–2021) Casey Fields (2022–2023) City Football Academy (2023–present) Facilities La Trobe University (2010–2015) City Football Academy (Bundoora) (2015–2022) City Football Academy (Casey) (2022–present) Players Men Internationals Women Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Melbourne Derby Related articles City Football Group Songs and Chants Happy Together, Roll On Website Category Commons Portal Links to related articles vteA-League MenAustralian Professional LeaguesSeasons 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 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Manchester City F.C. Melbourne City FC Montevideo City Torque Mumbai City FC New York City FC Palermo FC Shenzhen Peng City F.C. Troyes AC Yokohama F. Marinos Women's teams Esporte Clube Bahia Feminino Girona FC Femení A Girona FC Femení B Manchester City Women Melbourne City Women Troyes AC Féminine Development teams Esporte Clube Bahia U-23 Girona B Manchester City EDS Manchester City Girls' Academy Melbourne City Youth Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy New York City FC II New York City FC Academy Troyes AC Reserves Affiliated teams Club Bolívar Geylang International FC İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. Vannes OC Owned stadiums Academy Stadium (Manchester) New York City FC stadium (New York, proposed) City Football Academies Etihad Campus (Manchester) City Football Academy (Bolivia) City Football Academy (Durrës) City Football Academy (2015) (Melbourne, former) City Football Academy (2022) (Melbourne, current) City Football Academy (Montevideo) City Football Academy (New York) Businesses Goals Soccer Centers (United States) vteE-LeagueSeasons 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Grand Finals 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 Current clubs Adelaide United Brisbane Roar Central Coast Mariners Macarthur FC Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Newcastle Jets Perth Glory Sydney FC Wellington Phoenix Western Sydney Wanderers Western United Authority control databases ISNI

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_(A-League_Women)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City Football Club (VFA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Football_Club_(VFA)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"soccer in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_soccer_league_system"},{"link_name":"licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_professional_sports_league_organization#Systems_around_the_world"},{"link_name":"Australian Professional Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Professional_Leagues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-League_Licence-1"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_A-League"},{"link_name":"City Football Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi United Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_United_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr-3"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"Australia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"City Football Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Academy_(Melbourne,_2022)"},{"link_name":"Casey Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Fields"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Rectangular Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Melbourne's City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Centre"},{"link_name":"youth team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_Youth"},{"link_name":"A-Leagues Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"VPL1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Premier_League_1"},{"link_name":"women's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_(A-League_Women)"},{"link_name":"A-League Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Women"}],"text":"This article is about the men's senior team. For the women's team, see Melbourne City FC (A-League Women). For the former Australian rules football team, see Melbourne City Football Club (VFA).Not to be confused with Melbourne Football Club.Football clubMelbourne City Football Club is an Australian professional soccer club based in the south–eastern Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne East but playing matches in Melbourne CBD, that competes in A-League, the highest division of soccer in Australia, under licence from Australian Professional Leagues (APL).[1]Founded in 2009 as Melbourne Heart, the club competed under that name from its inaugural 2010–11 season until they were rebranded in mid-2014 by the City Football Group (CFG), in partnership with Holding M.S. Australia.[2] In August 2015, City Football Group, a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi United Group, bought out the Holding M.S. Australia consortium to have 100% ownership of the club.[3]Since forming in 2009, Melbourne City has claimed three A-League Men premierships and one championship, as well as one Australia Cup title (in 2016).Melbourne City is run from the City Football Academy, a facility located within the Casey Fields sports precinct, in the south-east Melbourne suburb of Cranbourne East.[4] The club plays home matches at Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, commercially known as AAMI Park, a 30,050 seat multi-use venue in Melbourne's City Centre. The club also has an affiliated youth team which competes in both the A-Leagues Youth (league has not been held since 2019) and in VPL1, which serves as the second tier of Victorian football, as well as a senior women's team which competes in the A-League Women.","title":"Melbourne City FC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Melbourne_Heart_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Melbourne_Heart_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Melbourne_Heart_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Melbourne Heart FC season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Melbourne_Heart_FC_season"},{"link_name":"National Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Crawford Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Report_of_the_Independent_Soccer_Review_Committee"},{"link_name":"Football Federation Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoffLordTakeover-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"inaugural season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Melbourne_Heart_season"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Mariners_FC"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ben Kantarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kantarovski"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC"},{"link_name":"North Queensland Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Fury_FC"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC"},{"link_name":"nib stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Oval"},{"link_name":"wooden spoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_spoon_(award)"}],"sub_title":"2009–2014: Foundation and Melbourne Heart era","text":"See also: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, and 2013–14 Melbourne Heart FC seasonAfter the dissolution of the National Soccer League in 2003, brought about by the Crawford Report, plans were drawn up for a new revamped national competition to begin the following season. Despite the calls for the new competition to feature two clubs from Melbourne, in 2004 Football Federation Australia, opting for a \"one city, one team\" policy, announced that the Melbourne Victory had won the licence to be the only Melbourne club to compete in the new national competition, known as the A-League. A 5-year moratorium was also established preventing any other expansion sides from the eight original A-League teams' areas entering the competition until the 2010–11 season, allowing Victory five seasons to establish itself in the Melbourne market.[5][6][7]On 1 March 2008, former Carlton Football Club vice-president and businessman Colin DeLutis expressed his interest in a second Melbourne A-League side, with an approach to the FFA to become sole owner of the second licence with the bid name of 'Melbourne City'.[8] FFA chief executive Ben Buckley raised the possibility of expanding the A-League from eight to 12 teams in May 2008, in readiness for the 2009–10 season.[9] Buckley also revealed the existence of a third Melbourne bid tentatively known as 'Melbourne Heart' backed by Peter Sidwell, to compete with the two other bids of Southern Cross FC and Melbourne City.[10]On 25 July 2008, the Melbourne City bid dropped out of the bidding process leaving the Melbourne Heart and Southern Cross FC bids as the last two bids standing.[11] By September 2008, the Melbourne Heart bid was awarded exclusive negotiating rights for the league's 11th licence, beating out the South Melbourne-backed Southern Cross FC bid. Negotiations continued until Sidwell's group was awarded the licence to join the A-League's 2010–11 season by the FFA on 12 June 2009.[12]Heart started its inaugural season against Central Coast Mariners on 5 August 2010, at their home ground AAMI Park, losing 1–0.[13] The club's first ever goal was an own goal scored by Ben Kantarovski in the Heart's second league game, a 1–1 draw against Newcastle Jets. Melbourne Heart's first win was a 1–0 victory over North Queensland Fury, which came in the fifth round of their first A-League season on 4 September 2010.[14] They contested the first ever Melbourne Derby against Melbourne Victory on 8 October 2010, and won 2–1. Heart finished their first season on equal points with Newcastle Jets, but behind on goal difference in eighth position. They failed to make it into the top six teams to reach the finals, despite sitting in sixth position for majority of the season.After a moderately more successful second season, Melbourne Heart finished 6th on the ladder, enough to make the finals. Heart's first finals game was against Perth Glory, where they were defeated 3–0 at nib stadium. Wins over local rivals continued to occur over the following two seasons, though the club failed to finish above the bottom two places and claimed the wooden spoon in 2013/14.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Melbourne City FC season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_Field_Transparant.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bouzanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Bouzanis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_Malik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Franjic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Franjic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Jakobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jakobsen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kilkenny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Brattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Brattan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Colazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Colazo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cahill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Kamau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kamau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Brandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Brand%C3%A1n_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Fornaroli (c)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Fornaroli"},{"link_name":"2016 FFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"City Football Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Group"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Storm"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purchase-17"},{"link_name":"David Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Villa"},{"link_name":"New York City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_FC"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John van 't Schip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_%27t_Schip"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A-League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afr-3"},{"link_name":"John van 't Schip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_%27t_Schip"},{"link_name":"2015/16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Bruno Fornaroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Fornaroli"},{"link_name":"women's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Melbourne_City_W-League_season"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"2016 FFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Michael Valkanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Valkanis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Manchester United Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Warren Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Joyce"},{"link_name":"2017/18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2018/19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Neil Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Fernando Brandán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Brand%C3%A1n_(footballer,_born_1990)"},{"link_name":"Tim Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cahill"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamie_Maclaren_Goal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamie Maclaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Maclaren"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Derby_(A-League)"}],"sub_title":"2014–2019: City Football Group takeover and FFA Cup triumph","text":"See also: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19 Melbourne City FC seasonBouzanis\nMalik\nFranjic\nJakobsen\nKilkenny\nBrattan\nColazo\nCahill\nKamau\nBrandan\nFornaroli (c)\n2016 FFA Cup Final starting lineup Melbourne City 1 – 0 Sydney FC\n[15]It was announced on 23 January 2014 that the City Football Group had acquired Melbourne Heart for $12 million.[16] The deal involved CFG acquiring 80% of Heart, the other 20% to be held by a consortium of businessmen allied to Rugby league club Melbourne Storm.[17] On 5 June 2014, the team obtained Spanish World Cup-winning striker David Villa on loan from New York City FC, another team owned by the City Football Group. Villa was expected to play in the A-League until New York City entered Major League Soccer in 2015.[18] Villa played only four of an expected ten matches, scoring twice, before being recalled by New York City. Although none of the matches were won,[19] coach John van 't Schip credited Villa with bringing attention to the new team, and it was estimated that his presence trebled the club's attendance.[20] Ahead of the 2015–16 season, City Football Group announced it had bought out the remaining 20% share of the club held by a consortium for a $2.25 million fee, thus acquiring 100% ownership of Melbourne City Football Club.[3]Under manager John van 't Schip, the club developed a reputation for attacking and high-scoring soccer, with the 2015/16 season characterised as the club's most sustained period of on-field success. The signing of Uruguayan striker Bruno Fornaroli was key to the club becoming the most attacking and (scoring wise) prolific team in the league that season. The senior team finished the regular season a club high fourth on the table whilst the women's team achieved a remarkable feat by winning all 14 of its regular season games on the way to both a maiden premiership and championship in the club's inaugural season in the women's league.[21] The men's team qualified for its first final of any kind in November 2016, and achieved silverware when it defeated Sydney FC 1–0 in the 2016 FFA Cup Final.[22] Despite this success, City continued to fall short in knockout finals matches, losing at the elimination or semi-finals stage of the series over successive seasons. van 't Schip left the club mid-way through the 2016/17 season to be with his terminally ill father and under the temporary stewardship of Michael Valkanis the season ended with another early finals exit.[23]Following van 't Schip's departure, City management signed former Manchester United Reserves and Wigan Athletic coach Warren Joyce as manager ahead of the 2017/18 season.[24] Despite overseeing improvements in the team's defensive capabilities, Joyce was unable to bring any silverware to the club. He left the club at the end of the 2018/19 season, in which the club again failed to reach the Grand Final, though with a respectable winning percentage. Fairfax soccer journalist Michael Lynch reported that, despite shoring up the team defensively, Joyce's \"two years in charge will be remembered for the number of high-profile players who departed the club\" under his watch, which included a falling-out with star striker Fornaroli, as well as the departures of Neil Kilkenny, Fernando Brandán and Australia's leading goalscorer Tim Cahill.[25]Jamie Maclaren scoring for City in the 32nd Melbourne Derby.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"2023–24 Melbourne City FC season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_City_Premiers_Champions_Celebration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federation Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Square"},{"link_name":"Erick Mombaerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Mombaerts"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"Florin Berenguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Berenguer"},{"link_name":"Adrián Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Luna"},{"link_name":"Craig Noone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Noone"},{"link_name":"Hibernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_FC"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Roar_FC"},{"link_name":"Jamie Maclaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Maclaren"},{"link_name":"FFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Golden Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Golden_Boot"},{"link_name":"Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Western United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_FC"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kisnorbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kisnorbo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-momb-26"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_A-League"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2020–21 A-League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_A-League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Western United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_FC"},{"link_name":"grand final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_A-League_Men_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2022/23 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_Melbourne_City_FC_season"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Mariners_FC"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: Grand final defeat and maiden league double","text":"See also: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, and 2023–24 Melbourne City FC seasonMelbourne City celebrating their 2020–21 A-League Premiership and Championship trophies at Federation SquareThe club appointed Frenchman Erick Mombaerts as manager ahead of the 2019–20 season, and further changes to the playing list occurred. Internationals Florin Berenguer, Adrián Luna and Craig Noone were brought into the squad to add some attacking spark and former Hibernan and Brisbane Roar striker Jamie Maclaren was signed as the club's marquee striker. Under Mombaerts City reached their second FFA Cup Final, though they were convincingly defeated 4–0 by the home team Adelaide United. The team rebounded from that loss to finish the season with its highest ever finish of second place, with 47 points. Maclaren won the Golden Boot award with 22 goals and the club qualified for its first ever Grand Final by defeating local rivals Western United, though were defeated 1–0 by the home team Sydney FC in extra time. Mombaerts left the club in September 2020 and was replaced by his former assistant, Patrick Kisnorbo.[26] Under Kisnorbo, City had a record-breaking 2020–21 season by claiming the club's first A-League premiership, three games out from the end of the regular season.[27]\nAfter winning the club's first A-League Premiership, Kisnorbo then guided a relatively youthful City side through the A-League finals series without several key stars to win the 2020–21 A-League Championship, beating Sydney FC 3–1.[28] The club qualified for its inaugural AFC Champions League appearance in 2022, and despite going undefeated they fell short of qualifying for the knockout stages. They rebounded to claim its second consecutive league premiership on the final day of the 2021/22 regular season, before being defeated by local rivals Western United in the grand final at AAMI Park.[29] The club several personnel changes for the 2022/23 season and went on to claim its third consecutive premiership, becoming the first club in Australian domestic league history to achieve the feat, and second club for finishing 1st in three consecutive seasons.[30] They lost their fourth grand final to the Central Coast Mariners.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MelbournHeartLogo.png"}],"text":"Melbourne Heart logo (2009–2014)","title":"Name, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"Eureka Stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_Stockade"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Naming of Melbourne Heart","text":"Melbourne Heart's first home kitIn October 2009, an online competition held by Melbourne's Herald Sun gave the public the opportunity to submit their preferences for the name of the new Melbourne team. The preferred names were released on the Herald Sun website on 13 November 2009. The four options were 'Sporting Melbourne FC', 'Melburnians', 'Melbourne Revolution' and 'Melbourne Heart FC'. Some pondered if 'Revolution' had some context considering its intimation to the Eureka Stockade, the closest Australia had come to revolution.[31]The name of the new club was to be announced before the end of 2009,[32] but was delayed until early 2010 due to Melbourne Football Club objections to the use of the words Melbourne, Football and Club[33] in the name. The Lord Mayor's Charitable Foundation expressed concern that the name Melbourne Heart was too similar to its annual Heart of Melbourne Appeal, and lodged a protest with IP Australia in January 2010.[34] The club's badge was lodged to IP Australia the same month by the FFA,[35][36] and on 2 February 2010, the name of the club was announced as Melbourne Heart FC.[37][38]Initially, a colour scheme of either black and white, or red and white were the two options for the club. The eventual choice for the home kit was a red and white striped jersey with red shorts and red socks, the away kit was a red sash on white jersey, with white shorts and socks.[39]For the 2011–12 season Melbourne Heart introduced a third kit which would be worn for one match per season. The design of the kit for each season was determined via a fan-designed competition. All fans could enter a design submission with the final design being decided by a club panel. The winner for the 2011–12 season was Red and White Unite co-founder Steven Forbes and featured a red and white sash on a grey jersey.[40] The 2012–13 winning third kit design had a black and charcoal hoops jersey with red sleeves. The 2013–14 winning third kit design had a red and white chequered jersey with red sleeves.[41]","title":"Name, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Football Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Group"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Australian Securities and Investments Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Securities_and_Investments_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Football Federation Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Sydney FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_FC"},{"link_name":"Football Federation Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Name change to Melbourne City","text":"After the announcement in January 2014 of a takeover of Melbourne Heart by the City Football Group, there was much speculation in the media about a potential re-brand of the club including a change of kit colour to sky blue.[42] An application to trademark the name \"Melbourne City Football Club\" was lodged on 16 January, and Melbourne Heart's minority shareholders had registered the business name \"Melbourne City FC\" with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC).[2][43] However, there was no official statement from the club for some months, leaving fans in limbo as to the future identity of the club.In April 2014, media outlets reported that Melbourne Heart had lodged an application with Football Federation Australia (FFA) to rebrand the club similar to that of Manchester City, including a change of their playing strip from red and white to sky blue. It was reported that Sydney FC had lodged a formal complaint with FFA to block the proposed colour change. Sydney FC chairman Scott Barlow commented on the issue, saying \"We're extremely concerned about the proposed use of sky blue by Melbourne Heart, and we've made our concerns very clear to the FFA...in a competition with only 10 teams, the idea of two teams wearing sky blue is nonsensical especially when sky blue is so closely associated with NSW\".[44]In May 2014, it was reported that FFA had upheld Sydney FC's objection to a colour change to sky blue. However, Melbourne Heart released a statement shortly after confirming they were in discussions with Football Federation Australia on a range of matters relating to its future plans including its playing strips, indicating the matter was not settled.[45]The club was formally unveiled as Melbourne City FC on 5 June 2014.[46]Talks between Melbourne City and the FFA resumed in early 2016, and continued for a number of months[47]—but finally, in June, the FFA announced an upcoming overhaul of the league's branding in the 2017–18 season, a commitment which allowed Melbourne City to update its brand and true primary colours by the start of the 2017–18 season. The changes will \"allow for the full integration of the City Football Group’s playing strip colours\" in the home kit, with the FFA Board saying \"Sydney FC will retain exclusivity of its 'Sky Blue' brand as Melbourne City adopts the 'City Blue' colours.\"[48]","title":"Name, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"City Football Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Group"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"2015–16 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A-League"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Kits","text":"Melbourne City's current home kit, in use since the 2017/18 season, is all-sky blue (officially referred to by the club as \"city blue\"). The home kit shorts and socks are the same colour, though in the past these have been white. For many years the club utilised a red and white striped design for their away kit, though this was altered to a white zebra-shaped design with black shorts and socks ahead of the 2019/20 season.[49][50] The red and white-striped design is currently the club's Away kit in the 22-23Season .[51][non-primary source needed] City wore an all-black third kit in the 2018/19 season.[52]Between 2014 and 2016, Melbourne City wore a mostly all-white home kit, which featured a vertical light and navy blue strip running down the right side of the kit.[53] In the 2016/17 season, the home kit was again predominately white though the vertical strip was removed and was replaced with light blue sleeves and collar.[54]The away kit during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons used a similar design to the traditional Melbourne Heart kits, with vertical red and white stripes strewn across. It was announced that \"the away kit celebrates the club's history, the wishes of its existing fan base and the red and white that remains at the Heart of its identity.[55][56] The away strip was changed to a horizontal white/red gradient in 2016/17,[57] with the club's statement being \"the kit .. displays the Club’s traditional red and white colours – a key feature of the Club’s badge\".[58]Despite the unprecedented success City Football Group (CFG) has brought to Melbourne City, many fans were uneasy about the transition from Heart to City in 2014, especially in the perceived abandoning of the club's traditional red and white colours.[59][non-primary source needed] Some of the concerns were abated by the inclusion of red in the Supporters Scarves for the 2015–16 A-League season, and through the design of the club's away kits, which in most seasons since the CFG takeover have commemorated the club's traditional colours, red and white.[60]","title":"Name, colours and badge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Inc"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Etihad Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Airways"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Westpac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westpac"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Victoria"},{"link_name":"BDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDO_Global"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(company)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballaustralia.com.au-65"}],"text":"Melbourne City's branding and sponsorship arrangements usually tie in with sister clubs in the City Football Group. Upon the takeover by CFG, the club's kits were supplied by Nike and it was sponsored by Abu Dhabi-based airline Etihad Airways. The Etihad sponsorship has remained though in 2019 the club's kit suppliers changed to German-based brand Puma, a deal in place for five years.[61]In the pre-CFG days, Melbourne Heart's foundation sponsor was financial institution Westpac for a three-year agreement believed to be worth close to $2 million, which allowed the institution's logo to be present on home and away Heart kits.[62][63] Drake International, Public Transport Victoria and BDO were the other major sponsors of the club.[64] The club signed a two-year deal with kit supplier Kappa in May 2012.[65]","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AFC Competition Sponsorship","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne Rectangular Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A-League#Attendances"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory"},{"link_name":"2012–13 A-League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_A-League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAMI_Park_MCY_v_SYD_2021_Grand_Final.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAMI_Park_MCY_v_SYD_2021_Grand_Final.jpg"},{"link_name":"panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2021 A-League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_A-League_Grand_Final"}],"text":"Melbourne City's home ground is Melbourne Rectangular Stadium. Melbourne City's largest average season attendance is 11,047 (achieved in the 2015–16 season), while the largest ever attendance for a single home match is 26,457 against Melbourne Victory in round 12 of the 2012–13 A-League season.A panorama of AAMI Park prior to the 2021 A-League Grand Final.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_City_FC_records_and_statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamie_Maclaren_World_Cup_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamie Maclaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Maclaren"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Good"},{"link_name":"Scott Jamieson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Jamieson"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Tom Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Glover_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Jamie Maclaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Maclaren"},{"link_name":"Bruno Fornaroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Fornaroli"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Further information: List of Melbourne City FC records and statisticsJamie Maclaren is Melbourne City's record goalscorer, with 95 goals in all competitions.Current defender Curtis Good holds the record for Melbourne City appearances, having played 162 first-team matches. Scott Jamieson comes second, having played 161 times between 2017 and 2021. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Tom Glover, with 79 appearances.[70]Jamie Maclaren is the club's top goalscorer with 109 goals in all competitions from 2019 to the present day, having surpassed Bruno Fornaroli's total of 57 in May 2021. Maclaren also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 97.[71]Melbourne City's record home attendance is 26,759, for an A-League Men match against Melbourne Victory on 23 November 2011 at AAMI Park, for a 3–2 win.[72]Melbourne City's 2016–17 squad was the most expensive team in Australian soccer history, with team wages totalling $9.15 million.[73]","title":"Statistics and records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Melbourne City FC players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_City_FC_players"},{"link_name":"List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics § Player records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_City_FC_records_and_statistics#Player_records"}],"text":"For a list of every Melbourne City player and captain, see List of Melbourne City FC players.For record appearance and goalscorer statistics, see List of Melbourne City FC records and statistics § Player records.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2023–24 Melbourne City FC season § Transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Melbourne_City_FC_season#Transfers"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"As of 7 June 2024[74]For recent transfers, see 2023–24 Melbourne City FC season § Transfers.Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne City FC Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_Youth"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"See also: Melbourne City FC YouthPlayers to have featured in a first-team matchday squad for Melbourne CityNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Youth - On loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurelio Vidmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio_Vidmar"},{"link_name":"Rado Vidošić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado_Vido%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"John van 't Schip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_%27t_Schip"},{"link_name":"John van't Schip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van%27t_Schip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khaldoon_Al_Mubarak.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khaldoon Al Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaldoon_Al_Mubarak"}],"text":"The club's current manager is Aurelio Vidmar. The club's previous manager was Rado Vidošić, who departed the club in 2023. [75] There have been seven permanent managers of Melbourne City since the appointment of the club's first professional manager, John van 't Schip in 2009. The club's longest-serving manager, in terms of both length of tenure and number of games overseen, is John van't Schip, who managed the club between 2013 and 2017.Chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-76"}],"sub_title":"Corporate management","text":"Ref.[76]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Team management","text":"Ref.[78]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club captains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Melbourne City FC seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_City_FC_seasons"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City FC Youth § Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_Youth#Honours"}],"text":"See also: List of Melbourne City FC seasons and Melbourne City FC Youth § Honours","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Performance_Chart_A-League_Men_MCI.svg"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_A-League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_A-League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_A-League_Men_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_A-League_Men_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"A-League Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_A-League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_A-League_Men"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League"},{"link_name":"Australia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FFA_Cup_Final"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Chart of yearly table positions for Melbourne City in A-League MenA-League Men Championship\nWinners (1): 2021\nRunners-up (3): 2020, 2022, 2023\nA-League Men Premiership\nWinners (3): 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23\nRunners-up (1): 2019–20\nAustralia Cup\nWinners (1): 2016\nRunners-up (1): 2019","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"As of 15 October 2023[79]","title":"AFC Club Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Continental record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_(A-League_Women)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC_(W-League)"},{"link_name":"A-League Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Women"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_W-League_grand_final"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_W-League_grand_final"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_W-League_grand_final"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_W-League_grand_final"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Further information: Melbourne City FC (A-League Women)Melbourne City Women is the women's soccer club affiliated to Melbourne City. The club holds the only record for most consecutive championships by club.Melbourne City Women are one of the most successful teams in the A-League Women. Since their debut in the W-League, they won a record-breaking three consecutive championships in 2016, 2017 and 2018, and won a fourth in 2020.[82]","title":"Melbourne City Women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Trobe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trobe_University"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Portacabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_building"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"City Football Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Group"},{"link_name":"Bundoora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundoora,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"City Football Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Football_Academy_(Melbourne,_2015)"},{"link_name":"Manchester complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Campus#Phase_1_-_City_Football_Academy_(2014)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Casey Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Fields"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_East"},{"link_name":"South-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"City of Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Casey"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"For the first five years of their existence, Melbourne City trained on borrowed accommodation at La Trobe University, operating under a partnership with the local educational body.[83] The site was chosen due to its ability to house both the administrative and training arms of the club as well as provide ample access to various support services, including conditioning and medical facilities.[84] The club's training facilities were notably low quality and rudimentary, with players responsible for carting goal nets from one side of the La Trobe University playing fields to the other, players utilising wheelie bins filled with ice instead of ice baths, and a Portacabin adjacent to the pitches was utilised as a medical and massage room.[85][86][87]Following the acquisition of the club by City Football Group, Melbourne City paid $15m to construct for themselves a brand new training and administrative facilities on additional land leased adjacent to the La Trobe University precinct in the northern Melbourne suburb of Bundoora, designed to a world class level. At the completion of the project, the new centre was dubbed the \"City Football Academy\" following the naming conventions established at the affiliated Manchester complex.[88][89]In December 2020, Melbourne City officials announced the club would move its training and administration facilities to Casey Fields, Cranbourne East, in Melbourne's South-East. In 2019 the football facilities at Casey Fields included four floodlit pitches and a one-story administration building. The club announced that, in conjunction with the City of Casey, it would add an elite training tablet pitch, expand the size of the administration building to two storeys and leave space for potential future construction of a 4,000 capacity boutique stadium. The club's youth and women's teams will begin moving into the facility in 2021, with the entire club to be based at the facility when construction is completed in 2022.[90][91][92]","title":"Club facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne Derby (A-League Men)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Derby_(A-League_Men)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FlaresattheMelbournederbydecember172022.jpg"},{"link_name":"40th Melbourne Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_v_Melbourne_Victory_(17_December_2022)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Derby_(A-League)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Western Sydney Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney_Wanderers_FC"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Kevin Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Muscat"},{"link_name":"Adrian Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Zahra"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_A-League"},{"link_name":"FFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"40th Melbourne Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_v_Melbourne_Victory_(17_December_2022)"},{"link_name":"Tom Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Glover_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"text":"See also: Melbourne Derby (A-League Men)Flares thrown onto pitch during the 40th Melbourne DerbyMelbourne City's local rivals are Melbourne Victory. Although there were many state or regional rivalries in the A-league, the Melbourne Derby was the first and only intra-city derby in the league until a second Sydney-based club, Western Sydney Wanderers joined the A-League in the 2012/13 season. The first match between the two clubs saw Melbourne City (known at the time as Melbourne Heart) win 2–1 in front of a sold out AAMI Park crowd of over 25,000 spectators.[93] The derby match between the two Melbourne clubs is often marked as an \"annual spectacle\" both on and off the pitch, attracting large crowds and frequently producing \"enthralling\" results and encounters.[94][95]The rivalry became more intense in the third meeting of the clubs on 22 January 2011, when Melbourne Victory's Kevin Muscat made a tackle on Adrian Zahra, which earned Muscat a red card and an eight-week suspension, and was the direct cause of a season-ending knee injury to Zahra.[96] The two rivals have met in a finals series match only once, in the 2014–15 season, when City lost 0–3 to a clinical Melbourne Victory outfit. City has defeated Victory in the only FFA Cup derby held between the two clubs, City winning the semi-final match 2–0.The 40th Melbourne Derby on 17 December 2022 was unprecedented in its volatility, with the match marred with poor crowd behaviour, including multiple flares ignited and thrown onto the pitch by supporters of both teams. In the 20th minute of the match, Melbourne City goalkeeper Tom Glover threw back a flare sent from the crowd, sparking a pitch invasion which saw both Glover and referee Alex King assaulted by pitch invaders, and causing the match to be abandoned.[97][98][99] In response Football Australia implemented interim sanctions closing active supporter bays for both clubs for all matches up to and including 15 January 2023.[100]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Jamie Maclaren scoring for City in the 32nd Melbourne Derby.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jamie_Maclaren_Goal.jpg/220px-Jamie_Maclaren_Goal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melbourne City celebrating their 2020–21 A-League Premiership and Championship trophies at Federation Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Melbourne_City_Premiers_Champions_Celebration.jpg/200px-Melbourne_City_Premiers_Champions_Celebration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melbourne Heart logo (2009–2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/MelbournHeartLogo.png/125px-MelbournHeartLogo.png"},{"image_text":"Jamie Maclaren is Melbourne City's record goalscorer, with 95 goals in all competitions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jamie_Maclaren_World_Cup_2018.jpg/150px-Jamie_Maclaren_World_Cup_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khaldoon_Al_Mubarak.jpg/170px-Khaldoon_Al_Mubarak.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart of yearly table positions for Melbourne City in A-League Men","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Performance_Chart_A-League_Men_MCI.svg/220px-Performance_Chart_A-League_Men_MCI.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flares thrown onto pitch during the 40th Melbourne Derby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FlaresattheMelbournederbydecember172022.jpg/200px-FlaresattheMelbournederbydecember172022.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Manchester City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_FC"},{"title":"New York City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_FC"},{"title":"Montevideo City Torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_City_Torque"},{"title":"Mumbai City FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_City_FC"},{"title":"Expansion of the A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_A-League"}]

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Herald Sun. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402214453/http://www.therealgame.com.au/news/football-news/659/melbourne-heart-third-jersey-competition-winner-revealed","url_text":"\"Melbourne Heart unveils winning third strip\""},{"url":"http://www.therealgame.com.au/news/football-news/659/melbourne-heart-third-jersey-competition-winner-revealed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Heart reveals unique Third Kit\". footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/melbourne-hearts-bid-to-become-sky-blue-blocked-after-sydney-fc-object-20140529-zrs76.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne Heart's bid to become sky blue blocked after Sydney FC object\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Heart Officially Becomes Melbourne City, But Will Not Wear Sky Blue\". Pedestrian TV. 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pedestrian.tv/sport/melbourne-heart-officially-becomes-melbourne-city-but-will-not-wear-sky-blue/","url_text":"\"Melbourne Heart Officially Becomes Melbourne City, But Will Not Wear Sky Blue\""}]},{"reference":"David Davutovic (1 January 2016). \"Melbourne City to revive push to wear sky blue home strip\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night

Three Dog Night

["1 Name origin","2 History","2.1 Background","2.2 1968–1972","2.3 1973–1979","2.4 1981–1990s","2.5 2000–2012","2.6 2012–present","3 Personnel","3.1 Members","3.2 Timeline","3.3 Lead vocal credits","3.4 Lineups","4 Discography","5 Awards and recognition","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]

American band Three Dog NightThree Dog Night, 1972. Back L–R: Joe Schermie, Floyd Sneed, Michael Allsup and Jimmy Greenspoon. Front L–R: Danny Hutton, Cory Wells and Chuck NegronBackground informationAlso known asRedwood (1967–1968)OriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.GenresPop rocksoft rockroots rockfunk rockblue-eyed soulYears active1967–1976, 1981–presentLabelsDunhill, MGM, MCA, Epic, ColumbiaMembersDanny HuttonPaul KingeryPat BautzDavid MorganHoward LaraveaTimothy HuttonPast membersCory WellsChuck NegronMichael AllsupJimmy GreenspoonFloyd SneedJoe SchermieRon MorganJack RylandSkip KonteMickey McMeelJames "Smitty" SmithDennis BelfieldAl CinerJay GruskaRon StockertMike SeifritRichard GrossmanMike KeeleyScott ManzoSteve EzzoGary MoonT. J. ParkerRichard CampbellMike Cuneo Three Dog Night is an American rock band formed in 1967, founded by vocalists Chuck Negron, Cory Wells, and Danny Hutton. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band had 21 Billboard Top 40 hits between 1969 and 1975, with three hitting number one. Three Dog Night recorded many songs written by outside songwriters, and they helped to introduce mainstream audiences to writers such as Randy Newman ("Mama Told Me Not to Come"), Paul Williams ("An Old Fashioned Love Song"), and Hoyt Axton ("Joy to the World", "Never Been to Spain"). Name origin The commentary included in the CD set Celebrate: The Three Dog Night Story, 1965–1975 states that vocalist Danny Hutton's girlfriend, actress June Fairchild (best known as the "Ajax Lady" from the Cheech and Chong movie Up In Smoke) suggested the name after reading a magazine article about Aboriginal Australians, in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep while embracing a dingo, a native species of wild dog. On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs and, if the night were freezing, it was a "three dog night". Musician Van Dyke Parks, an arranger at Warner Bros. Records, disputed the above story and said he coined the name. On 10 September 2018, he wrote on Twitter, "I wuz nuts about Hutton's girlfriend. Quite a dancer. Yet, she didn't read Mankind magazine, nor have an inkling of anthtopology and the cold aboriginal nights that inspired my suggestion." History Background The three vocalists, Hutton (who got his start with Hanna-Barbera Records in 1964), Negron, and Wells (who landed a recording contract with Dunhill Records) first came together in 1967. They initially went by the name Redwood and made some recordings with Brian Wilson while the Beach Boys were working on the album Wild Honey. Redwood was briefly poised to be one of the first artists signed to the Beach Boys' Brother Records. According to Beach Boy Mike Love, " had them in the studio for several days, and he was really funny. They didn't meet up to his expectations. ... They'd go in and they wouldn't sing well enough for him. ... but they went off and made billions." Wilson attempted to produce an album for Redwood, but after the recording of three songs, including "Time to Get Alone" and "Darlin'", this motion was halted by his bandmates, who wanted Brian to focus on the Beach Boys' contractual obligations. According to Negron, due to the commercial failure of Smiley Smile and Wilson's waning commitment to his band, "the other Beach Boys wanted Brian's immense songwriting and producing talents used strictly to enhance their own careers". Negron later noted that he would have acted similarly had he been in the same position as the Beach Boys. Shortly after abandoning the Redwood moniker in 1968, the vocalists hired a group of backing musicians – Ron Morgan on guitar, Floyd Sneed on drums, Joe Schermie from the Cory Wells Blues Band on bass, and Jimmy Greenspoon on keyboards – and soon took the name Three Dog Night. Morgan left the band before its first album was recorded and subsequently joined the Electric Prunes. Michael Allsup was quickly recruited to replace Morgan on guitar. 1968–1972 Negron, Wells and Hutton in 1969 Three Dog Night made its official debut in 1968 at the Whisky a Go Go, at a 5 p.m. press party hosted by Dunhill Records. They were still in the process of making their first album Three Dog Night when they heard the favorable reactions from the hypercritical audience. The album Three Dog Night was a success with its hit songs "Nobody", "Try A Little Tenderness", and "One" and helped the band gain recognition and become one of the top-drawing concert acts of their time. In December 1972, the band hosted and performed on the inaugural edition of Dick Clark's New Year's Eve special New Year's Rockin' Eve, Three Dog Night's New Year's Rockin' Eve, on NBC. 1973–1979 In 1973, Three Dog Night filed a $6 million lawsuit against their former booking agent, American Talent International (ATI), for continuing to advertise in the media that the band was still with their agency when in fact they signed with William Morris Agency in October 1972. Other damages were sought due to ATI taking deposits for booking Three Dog Night, whom they no longer represented. Joe Schermie left in early 1973 due to "problems arising that were apparently unresolvable". He was replaced by Jack Ryland shortly thereafter, and the band then became an eight-piece with the inclusion of former Blues Image member Skip Konte as a second keyboardist in late 1973. In late 1974, Allsup and Sneed left to form a new band, SS Fools, with Schermie and Bobby Kimball (later of Toto). New guitarist James "Smitty" Smith and drummer Mickey McMeel were recruited, but by 1975, Smith had been replaced by Al Ciner from Rufus and The American Breed, and Ryland by Rufus bassist Dennis Belfield. Mickey McMeel would go on to co-star as "Turkey", the drummer of Kaptain Kool and the Kongs, in the children's television series The Krofft Supershow. For the albums Cyan, Hard Labor, and Coming Down Your Way, Hutton was absent from many of the recording sessions due to burgeoning cocaine and alcohol abuse (often in conjunction with such friends as Harry Nilsson and Brian Wilson), eventually precipitating his dismissal from the band at the instigation of Wells in late 1975. He was replaced by Jay Gruska. Hours before the first concert of their 1975 tour, Negron was arrested for the possession of narcotics but was soon released on $10,000 bond. Coming Down Your Way, released in May 1975, failed to sell well in the United States, likely due to poor promotion on account of the band's recently switched label, ABC, and the growing popularity of disco music. Disappointed by this, the band decided "Til The World Ends" would be the only single released from the album, which ended up being the group's last Billboard Hot 100 Top 40 hit. Jay Gruska toured with the band to promote their last album, American Pastime, released in March 1976. Still, the album did not sell well for the same reasons as before. However, the only single released off the album, "Everybody's a Masterpiece" became an adult contemporary hit. Another former Rufus band member, Ron Stockert, was recruited as second keyboardist after Konte left in the first half of 1976. The group played their final show at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles on July 26, 1976. In 1979, NBC reported that the band's accountant "was shot in the arm and paralyzed, in what the police believe was a mob dispute over Three Dog Night." Joe Ulloa, a "reputed mob enforcer from New York", was investigated as being involved. 1981–1990s In 1981, Three Dog Night reunited, later releasing the ska-inspired It's a Jungle in 1983 on the small Passport Records label, which garnered some airplay on the new wave circuit. The EP failed to sell after Passport went bankrupt. The reunion featured all of the original members, except Joe Schermie, who was succeeded by future Rick Springfield bassist Mike Seifrit until 1982, and then by Richard Grossman, who was featured on It's a Jungle and stayed until 1984. Two guitarists, Paul Kingery and Steve Ezzo, occasionally played with the band, filling in for Allsup on dates he was not able to make between 1982 and 1984. Ezzo replaced Allsup when he departed in late 1984 to take care of some personal and family matters. Sneed was let go from the band at the same time. In early 1985, keyboardist Rick Seratte (formerly of Poco and later with Whitesnake and others) filled in for Greenspoon, who was ill, and the band hit the road with a revised lineup that included Seratte, Steve Ezzo, bassist Scott Manzo and drummer Mike Keeley. The band toured all through 1985, but in late '85, Negron was forced back into rehab. Seratte left the band to pursue other offers and Greenspoon rejoined the band with Negron in late 1985 and were back touring with the group. By December 1985, after a relapse into his drug habit, Negron was let go, and the group continued with Wells and Hutton fronting the band and Paul Kingery was brought back on guitar to cover Chuck's vocal harmonies. In 1986, their song "In My Heart" was featured in Robotech: The Movie. More changes in personnel occurred when guitarist T. J. Parker and vocalist and bassist Gary Moon replaced Kingery and Manzo in 1988, and were replaced themselves by Mike Cuneo and Richard Campbell during 1989. Allsup returned to the group to replace Cuneo in the spring of 1991. Negron entered drug rehab, but did not return to the band. Pat Bautz succeeded Keeley as drummer in 1993. In 1993, Three Dog Night performed for The Family Channel show Spotlight on Country, filmed in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Kingery returned to the band as their bass player in 1996 following Campbell's departure. 2000–2012 Original bassist Joe Schermie died on March 26, 2002. In May 2002 the band released Three Dog Night with The London Symphony Orchestra. The album was recorded in Los Angeles and in London at Abbey Road Studios and includes two new songs: "Overground" and "Sault Ste. Marie". They also released a DVD of a filmed symphony performance from 2000 titled Three Dog Night Live With the Tennessee Symphony Orchestra in May 2002. In the summer of 2004, 80s bassist Scott Manzo returned briefly to fill in for Paul Kingery. In October 2004, Three Dog Night released The 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra. The album includes live versions of "Eli's Coming", "Brickyard Blues", "Try a Little Tenderness", and "Family of Man". In August 2008, they released Three Dog Night Greatest Hits Live, a compilation of previously unissued live recordings from concerts in Frankfurt, Germany and Edmonton, London in 1972 and 1973. On October 24, 2009, they released three new songs: "Heart of Blues", "Prayer of the Children", and "Two Lights In The Nighttime". They issued two new songs on their 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra. 2012–present In the summer of 2012, guitarist Allsup was hospitalized for an intestinal disorder, forcing Kingery to move back to guitar, while Danny's son Timothy Hutton played bass. This happened again during the summer of 2015 when Allsup was forced to miss some shows. On March 11, 2015, Jimmy Greenspoon died from cancer, aged 67. His place at the keyboards was taken by Eddie Reasoner who had substituted for him when he took ill in mid-2014. On October 21, 2015, Cory Wells died at his home in Dunkirk, New York at age 74. In November 2015, the band announced that singer David Morgan would be joining them on the road. He was a former member of The Association. In April 2017, Howard Laravea replaced Eddie Reasoner on keyboards. He was formerly with Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. When Three Dog Night returned to touring in August 2021, it was without Michael Allsup, who was replaced with Tim Hutton on bass. Paul Kingery switched back to guitar. Danny Hutton has stated during concert appearances that Three Dog Night has been recording a new album, before performing their new song "Prayer of the Children". Personnel Members Current members Danny Hutton – vocals (1967–1975, 1981–present) Paul Kingery – vocals, guitar, bass (1982–1983 as substitute; 1985–1988, 1996–present) Pat Bautz – drums, vocals (1993–present) David Morgan – vocals (2015–present) Howard Laravea – keyboards (2017–present) Timothy Hutton – bass, vocals (2021–present) Former members Cory Wells – vocals, rhythm guitar (1967–1976, 1981–2015; his death) Chuck Negron – vocals (1967–1976, 1981–1985) Michael Allsup – guitar (1967–1974, 1981–1984, 1991–2021) Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards (1968–1976, 1981–2015; his death) Floyd Sneed – drums (1968–1974, 1981–1984; died 2023) Joe Schermie – bass (1968–1973; died 2002) Jack Ryland – bass (1973–1975; died 1996) Skip Konte – keyboards (1973–1976) Mickey McMeel – drums (1974–1976) James "Smitty" Smith – guitar (1974–1975) Dennis Belfield – bass (1975–1976) Al Ciner – guitar (1975–1976) Jay Gruska – vocals (1976) Ron Stockert – keyboards (1976) David Bluefield (touring) – keyboards (1984) John Mrowiec – drums (1976–77) Jeff Seifrit – bass (1981–1982) Richard Grossman – bass (1982–1984) Rick Seratte – keyboards (1985) Mike Keeley – drums (1985–1993) Scott Manzo – bass (1985–1988, 2004) Steve Ezzo – guitar (fill-in for Allsup 1983–1984, 1985) Gary Moon – bass, vocals (1988–1989) T.J. Parker – guitar (1988–1989) Richard Campbell – bass, vocals (1989–1996) Eddie Reasoner – keyboards (2015–2017; substitute – 2014–2015) Mike Cuneo – guitar (1989–1991) Timeline Lead vocal credits "An Old Fashioned Love Song" – Negron "Black and White" – Hutton "Celebrate" – Hutton (Verse 1), Negron (Verse 2), Wells (Verse 3), who sings melody through the end refrain "Easy to Be Hard" – Negron "Eli's Coming" – Wells "Joy to the World" – Negron "Let Me Serenade You" – Wells "Liar" – Hutton "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" – Wells "Never Been to Spain" – Wells "One" – Negron "One Man Band" – Hutton sings melody with Negron on harmony on verses, then Negron takes the lead through the end refrain "Out in the Country" – Group vocal in unison "Pieces of April" – Negron "Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)" – Wells "Shambala" – Wells "Sure As I'm Sittin' Here" – Wells "The Family of Man" – Hutton (Verse 1), Negron (Verse 2), Wells (Verse 3) "The Show Must Go On" – Negron "Til the World Ends" – Negron "Try a Little Tenderness" – Wells "Your Song" – Hutton Lineups 1967–1968(Redwood) 1968–1973(Three Dog Night) 1973 1973–1974 Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Henry Vestine – guitar Goldy McJohn – keyboards Larry Taylor – bass Frank Cook – drums Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Joe Schermie – bass Floyd Sneed – drums Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Floyd Sneed – drums Jack Ryland – bass Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Floyd Sneed – drums Jack Ryland – bass Skip Konte – keyboards 1974–1975 1975 1976 1976 Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Jack Ryland – bass Skip Konte – keyboards Mickey McMeel – drums James "Smitty" Smith – guitar Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Skip Konte – keyboards Mickey McMeel – drums Dennis Belfield – bass Al Ciner – guitar Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Skip Konte – keyboards Mickey McMeel – drums Dennis Belfield – bass Al Ciner – guitar Jay Gruska – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mickey McMeel – drums Dennis Belfield – bass Al Ciner – guitar Jay Gruska – vocals Ron Stockert – keyboards 1976–1981 1981–1982 1982–1984 1985 Disbanded Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Michael Allsup – guitar Mike Seifrit – bass Floyd Sneed – drums Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Michael Allsup – guitar Floyd Sneed – drums Richard Grossman – bass Paul Kingery – guitar, vocals (fill in for Allsup 1982–1983) Steve Ezzo – guitar (fill in for Allsup 1983–1984) Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Rick Seratte – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Steve Ezzo – guitar Scott Manzo – bass 1985 1985–1988 1988–1989 1989–1991 Danny Hutton – vocals Chuck Negron – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Steve Ezzo – guitar Scott Manzo – bass Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Paul Kingery – guitar, vocals Scott Manzo – bass Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Gary Moon – bass, vocals T.J. Parker – guitar Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Richard Campbell – bass Mike Cuneo – guitar 1991–1993 1993–1996 1996–2015 2015 Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Mike Keeley – drums Richard Campbell – bass Michael Allsup – guitar Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Richard Campbell – bass Michael Allsup – guitar Pat Bautz – drums Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards Michael Allsup – guitar Pat Bautz – drums Paul Kingery – bass, vocals Danny Hutton – vocals Cory Wells – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Pat Bautz – drums Paul Kingery – bass, vocals Eddie Reasoner – keyboards 2015–2017 2017–2021 2021–present Danny Hutton – vocals David Morgan – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Pat Bautz – drums Paul Kingery – bass, vocals Eddie Reasoner – keyboards Danny Hutton – vocals David Morgan – vocals Michael Allsup – guitar Pat Bautz – drums Paul Kingery – bass, vocals Howard Laravea – keyboards Danny Hutton – vocals David Morgan – vocals Paul Kingery – guitar, vocals Pat Bautz – drums Timothy Hutton – bass, vocals Howard Laravea – keyboards Discography Main article: Three Dog Night discography Three Dog Night (1968) Suitable for Framing (1969) Captured Live at the Forum (1969) It Ain't Easy (1970) Naturally (1970) Harmony (1971) Seven Separate Fools (1972) Cyan (1973) Hard Labor (1974) Coming Down Your Way (1975) American Pastime (1976) It's a Jungle (1983) Awards and recognition Three Dog Night was inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000. References ^ George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia, eds. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (3rd ed.). Fireside Books. p. 990. ISBN 0-7432-9201-4. ^ a b Patton, Ali (October 15, 2022). "The Top 10 Need-to-Know Three Dog Night Songs (That Aren't "One" or "Joy To The World")". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 16, 2022. ... what was leftover became a bluesy, rootsy, blue-eyed boogie, pseudo-soul, funk-infused amalgamation of not hard, not soft, but more of a medium rock. The band to epitomize all of that: Three Dog Night. ^ Negron, Chuck (2008). Three Dog Nightmare: The Continuing Chuck Negron Story. Literary Architects. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-9336-6913-7. ^ "Three Dog Night". Billboard. ^ Chawkins, Steve (February 18, 2015). "June Fairchild dies at 68; former actress lived on skid row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 15, 2015. ^ Van Dyke Parks (September 10, 2018). "I wuz nuts about Hutton's girlfriend. Quite a dancer. Yet, she didn't read Mankind magazine, nor have an inkling of anthtopology and the cold aboriginal nights that inspired my suggestion. Wiki duz need an edit" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Tobler, John (1978). The Beach Boys. Chartwell Books. p. 45. ISBN 0890091749. ^ Carlin, Peter Ames (2006). Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson. Rodale. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-59486-320-2. ^ a b Priore, Domenic (2007). Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece. pp. 127–129. ^ a b c Greenspoon, Jimmy; Bego, Mark (1991). One Is the Loneliest Number: On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night. ISBN 9780886876470. ^ a b Orloff, Kathy. "Three Dog Night—A Howling Success Story". Los Angeles Times, May 23, 1971, pp. 1–q16. ^ Moore, Frazier (December 26, 2001). "Next week to be 25th New Year's Eve without Guy Lombardo". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ Memmott, Carol (December 27, 2011). "Dick Clark: Rockin' it on New Year's since 1972". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2012. ^ "Foster Opens London 'Digs,' Ogles FM Buys & Bookers". Billboard. November 18, 1972. pp. 3, 10. Retrieved March 2, 2012. ^ "Dick Clark's Rockin' New Years Eve: 5 Memorable Moments From The Show's History (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter (The Live Feed). April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012. ^ "ATI Sued by 3 Dog Night". Billboard. February 3, 1973. Retrieved August 26, 2015 – via Google Books. ^ "Michael Allsup Website". Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ "Chuck Negron Michael Artsis Show Interview". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ Wirephoto, A. P. "Arrested just before Concert Tour". Chicago Tribune, Jul 4, 1975, p. 5. ^ "Three Dog Night Chart History – Adult Contemporary". Billboard. Retrieved December 13, 2018. ^ "Three Dog Night Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved December 13, 2018. ^ Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Television News Archive, 1979-05-07, https://catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991043360086103276/01VAN_INST:vanui ^ "Three Dog Night – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2015. ^ Vanmetre, Elizabeth (March 11, 2015). "Jimmy Greenspoon of Three Dog Night has died from cancer at age 67". Daily News. Retrieved March 12, 2015. Sources Three Dog Nightmare. Chuck Negron. Renaissance Books 1st edition (June 1999) ISBN 1-58063-040-5 One Is the Loneliest Number: On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night. Greenspoon, Jimmy and Bego, Mark. Pharos Books (January 1991). ISBN 0-88687-647-8 Lawrence, Guy (2006). "Yogi Bear's Nuggets: A Hanna-Barbera 45 Guide". Spectropop.com Bubblegum University External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Dog Night. Official website Three Dog Night at IMDb Three Dog Night at AllMusic Three Dog Night discography at Discogs Three Dog Night at the Vocal Group Hall of Fame vteThree Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night (1968) Suitable for Framing (1969) It Ain't Easy (1970) Naturally (1970) Harmony (1971) Seven Separate Fools (1972) Cyan (1973) Hard Labor (1974) Coming Down Your Way (1975) American Pastime (1976) It's a Jungle (1983) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum (1969) Around the World with Three Dog Night (1973) Compilations Golden Bisquits (1971) Joy to the World: Their Greatest Hits (1975) The Best of 3 Dog Night (1982) Celebrate: The Three Dog Night Story, 1965–1975 (1993) 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Three Dog Night (1999) The Complete Hit Singles (2004) Singles "Nobody" "Try a Little Tenderness" "One" "Easy to Be Hard" "Eli's Coming" "Celebrate" "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" "Out in the Country" "One Man Band" "Joy to the World" "Liar" "An Old Fashioned Love Song" "Never Been to Spain" "The Family of Man" "Black & White" "Pieces of April" "Shambala" "Let Me Serenade You" "The Show Must Go On" "Sure As I'm Sittin' Here" "Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)" "Til the World Ends" "Everybody's a Masterpiece" "It's a Jungle Out There" Other songs "Darlin'" "Time to Get Alone" Discography vteBillboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979) 1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith 1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis 1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk 1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs / "Surfin' U.S.A." – The Beach Boys 1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles 1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966: "The Ballad of the Green Berets" – SSgt Barry Sadler / "California Dreamin'" – The Mamas & the Papas 1967: "To Sir with Love" – Lulu 1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles 1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies 1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel 1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night 1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack 1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand 1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille 1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings 1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart 1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb 1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019) (2020–present) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Croatia Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Negron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Negron"},{"link_name":"Cory Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Wells"},{"link_name":"Danny Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greenspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenspoon"},{"link_name":"Joe Schermie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Schermie"},{"link_name":"Michael Allsup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allsup"},{"link_name":"Floyd Sneed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Sneed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Mama Told Me Not to Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Told_Me_Not_to_Come"},{"link_name":"Paul Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"An Old Fashioned Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Old_Fashioned_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Axton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Axton"},{"link_name":"Joy to the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Never Been to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Been_to_Spain"}],"text":"Three Dog Night is an American rock band formed in 1967, founded by vocalists Chuck Negron, Cory Wells, and Danny Hutton. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band had 21 Billboard Top 40 hits between 1969 and 1975, with three hitting number one.[4] Three Dog Night recorded many songs written by outside songwriters, and they helped to introduce mainstream audiences to writers such as Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), and Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\", \"Never Been to Spain\").","title":"Three Dog Night"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"Cheech and Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheech_and_Chong"},{"link_name":"Up In Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_In_Smoke"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"dingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-5"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_Parks"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The commentary included in the CD set Celebrate: The Three Dog Night Story, 1965–1975 states that vocalist Danny Hutton's girlfriend, actress June Fairchild (best known as the \"Ajax Lady\" from the Cheech and Chong movie Up In Smoke) suggested the name after reading a magazine article about Aboriginal Australians, in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep while embracing a dingo, a native species of wild dog. On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs and, if the night were freezing, it was a \"three dog night\".[5]Musician Van Dyke Parks, an arranger at Warner Bros. Records, disputed the above story and said he coined the name. On 10 September 2018, he wrote on Twitter, \"I wuz [sic] nuts about Hutton's girlfriend. Quite a dancer. Yet, she didn't read Mankind magazine, nor have an inkling of anthtopology [sic] and the cold aboriginal nights that inspired my suggestion.\"[6]","title":"Name origin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera_Records"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"the Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Wild Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Honey_(album)"},{"link_name":"Brother Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Records"},{"link_name":"Mike Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Love"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Time to Get Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Get_Alone"},{"link_name":"Darlin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlin%27_(The_Beach_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Smiley Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley_Smile"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priorelostmasterpiece129-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priorelostmasterpiece129-9"},{"link_name":"Electric Prunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Prunes"},{"link_name":"Michael Allsup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allsup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The three vocalists, Hutton (who got his start with Hanna-Barbera Records in 1964), Negron, and Wells (who landed a recording contract with Dunhill Records) first came together in 1967. They initially went by the name Redwood and made some recordings with Brian Wilson while the Beach Boys were working on the album Wild Honey.Redwood was briefly poised to be one of the first artists signed to the Beach Boys' Brother Records. According to Beach Boy Mike Love, \"[Brian] had them in the studio for several days, and he was really funny. They didn't meet up to his expectations. ... They'd go in and they wouldn't sing well enough for him. ... but they went off and made billions.\"[7] Wilson attempted to produce an album for Redwood, but after the recording of three songs, including \"Time to Get Alone\" and \"Darlin'\", this motion was halted by his bandmates, who wanted Brian to focus on the Beach Boys' contractual obligations.[8] According to Negron, due to the commercial failure of Smiley Smile and Wilson's waning commitment to his band, \"the other Beach Boys wanted Brian's immense songwriting and producing talents used strictly to enhance their own careers\".[9] Negron later noted that he would have acted similarly had he been in the same position as the Beach Boys.[9]Shortly after abandoning the Redwood moniker in 1968, the vocalists hired a group of backing musicians – Ron Morgan on guitar, Floyd Sneed on drums, Joe Schermie from the Cory Wells Blues Band on bass, and Jimmy Greenspoon on keyboards – and soon took the name Three Dog Night. Morgan left the band before its first album was recorded and subsequently joined the Electric Prunes. Michael Allsup was quickly recruited to replace Morgan on guitar.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Dog_Night_1969.JPG"},{"link_name":"Whisky a Go Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky_a_Go_Go"},{"link_name":"Dunhill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhill_Records"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Try A Little Tenderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_A_Little_Tenderness"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Harry_Nilsson_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Dick Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"New Year's Rockin' Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_New_Year%27s_Rockin%27_Eve"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppg-Lombardo-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc72-usatoday-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-ttd-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-5moments-15"}],"sub_title":"1968–1972","text":"Negron, Wells and Hutton in 1969Three Dog Night made its official debut in 1968 at the Whisky a Go Go, at a 5 p.m. press party hosted by Dunhill Records. They were still in the process of making their first album Three Dog Night when they heard the favorable reactions from the hypercritical audience.[11]The album Three Dog Night was a success with its hit songs \"Nobody\", \"Try A Little Tenderness\", and \"One\" and helped the band gain recognition and become one of the top-drawing concert acts of their time.[11]In December 1972, the band hosted and performed on the inaugural edition of Dick Clark's New Year's Eve special New Year's Rockin' Eve, Three Dog Night's New Year's Rockin' Eve, on NBC.[12][13][14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Morris Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris_Agency"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Blues Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Image"},{"link_name":"Skip Konte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Konte"},{"link_name":"Bobby Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Kimball"},{"link_name":"Toto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_(band)"},{"link_name":"Al Ciner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ciner"},{"link_name":"Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_(band)"},{"link_name":"The American Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Breed"},{"link_name":"Kaptain Kool and the Kongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptain_Kool_and_the_Kongs"},{"link_name":"The Krofft Supershow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Krofft_Supershow"},{"link_name":"Cyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_(Three_Dog_Night_album)"},{"link_name":"Hard Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Labor"},{"link_name":"Coming Down Your Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Down_Your_Way"},{"link_name":"Jay Gruska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gruska"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Coming Down Your Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Down_Your_Way"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Records"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Til The World Ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til_the_World_Ends_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"American Pastime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pastime"},{"link_name":"Everybody's a Masterpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s_a_Masterpiece"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Greek Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"1973–1979","text":"In 1973, Three Dog Night filed a $6 million lawsuit against their former booking agent, American Talent International (ATI), for continuing to advertise in the media that the band was still with their agency when in fact they signed with William Morris Agency in October 1972. Other damages were sought due to ATI taking deposits for booking Three Dog Night, whom they no longer represented.[16]Joe Schermie left in early 1973 due to \"problems arising that were apparently unresolvable\".[17] He was replaced by Jack Ryland shortly thereafter, and the band then became an eight-piece with the inclusion of former Blues Image member Skip Konte as a second keyboardist in late 1973. In late 1974, Allsup and Sneed left to form a new band, SS Fools, with Schermie and Bobby Kimball (later of Toto). New guitarist James \"Smitty\" Smith and drummer Mickey McMeel were recruited, but by 1975, Smith had been replaced by Al Ciner from Rufus and The American Breed, and Ryland by Rufus bassist Dennis Belfield. Mickey McMeel would go on to co-star as \"Turkey\", the drummer of Kaptain Kool and the Kongs, in the children's television series The Krofft Supershow.For the albums Cyan, Hard Labor, and Coming Down Your Way, Hutton was absent from many of the recording sessions due to burgeoning cocaine and alcohol abuse (often in conjunction with such friends as Harry Nilsson and Brian Wilson), eventually precipitating his dismissal from the band at the instigation of Wells in late 1975. He was replaced by Jay Gruska.[18]Hours before the first concert of their 1975 tour, Negron was arrested for the possession of narcotics but was soon released on $10,000 bond.[19]Coming Down Your Way, released in May 1975, failed to sell well in the United States, likely due to poor promotion on account of the band's recently switched label, ABC, and the growing popularity of disco music. Disappointed by this, the band decided \"Til The World Ends\" would be the only single released from the album, which ended up being the group's last Billboard Hot 100 Top 40 hit.Jay Gruska toured with the band to promote their last album, American Pastime, released in March 1976. Still, the album did not sell well for the same reasons as before. However, the only single released off the album, \"Everybody's a Masterpiece\" became an adult contemporary hit.[20][21] Another former Rufus band member, Ron Stockert, was recruited as second keyboardist after Konte left in the first half of 1976. The group played their final show at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles on July 26, 1976.[10]In 1979, NBC reported that the band's accountant \"was shot in the arm and paralyzed, in what the police believe was a mob dispute over Three Dog Night.\" Joe Ulloa, a \"reputed mob enforcer from New York\", was investigated as being involved.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"It's a Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle"},{"link_name":"Passport Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport_Records"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Joe Schermie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Schermie"},{"link_name":"Rick Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Springfield"},{"link_name":"Poco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poco_(band)"},{"link_name":"Whitesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesnake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"},{"link_name":"Robotech: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Richard Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Campbell_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"The Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Freeform"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"1981–1990s","text":"In 1981, Three Dog Night reunited, later releasing the ska-inspired It's a Jungle in 1983 on the small Passport Records label, which garnered some airplay on the new wave circuit. The EP failed to sell after Passport went bankrupt. The reunion featured all of the original members, except Joe Schermie, who was succeeded by future Rick Springfield bassist Mike Seifrit until 1982, and then by Richard Grossman, who was featured on It's a Jungle and stayed until 1984. Two guitarists, Paul Kingery and Steve Ezzo, occasionally played with the band, filling in for Allsup on dates he was not able to make between 1982 and 1984. Ezzo replaced Allsup when he departed in late 1984 to take care of some personal and family matters. Sneed was let go from the band at the same time. In early 1985, keyboardist Rick Seratte (formerly of Poco and later with Whitesnake and others) filled in for Greenspoon, who was ill, and the band hit the road with a revised lineup that included Seratte, Steve Ezzo, bassist Scott Manzo and drummer Mike Keeley.[10] The band toured all through 1985, but in late '85, Negron was forced back into rehab. Seratte left the band to pursue other offers and Greenspoon rejoined the band with Negron in late 1985 and were back touring with the group.By December 1985, after a relapse into his drug habit, Negron was let go, and the group continued with Wells and Hutton fronting the band and Paul Kingery was brought back on guitar to cover Chuck's vocal harmonies. In 1986, their song \"In My Heart\" was featured in Robotech: The Movie.More changes in personnel occurred when guitarist T. J. Parker and vocalist and bassist Gary Moon replaced Kingery and Manzo in 1988, and were replaced themselves by Mike Cuneo and Richard Campbell during 1989.Allsup returned to the group to replace Cuneo in the spring of 1991. Negron entered drug rehab, but did not return to the band.Pat Bautz succeeded Keeley as drummer in 1993.In 1993, Three Dog Night performed for The Family Channel show Spotlight on Country, filmed in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Kingery returned to the band as their bass player in 1996 following Campbell's departure.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_London"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2000–2012","text":"Original bassist Joe Schermie died on March 26, 2002. In May 2002 the band released Three Dog Night with The London Symphony Orchestra. The album was recorded in Los Angeles and in London at Abbey Road Studios and includes two new songs: \"Overground\" and \"Sault Ste. Marie\". They also released a DVD of a filmed symphony performance from 2000 titled Three Dog Night Live With the Tennessee Symphony Orchestra in May 2002. In the summer of 2004, 80s bassist Scott Manzo returned briefly to fill in for Paul Kingery.In October 2004, Three Dog Night released The 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra. The album includes live versions of \"Eli's Coming\", \"Brickyard Blues\", \"Try a Little Tenderness\", and \"Family of Man\". In August 2008, they released Three Dog Night Greatest Hits Live, a compilation of previously unissued live recordings from concerts in Frankfurt, Germany and Edmonton, London in 1972 and 1973.[23] On October 24, 2009, they released three new songs: \"Heart of Blues\", \"Prayer of the Children\", and \"Two Lights In The Nighttime\". They issued two new songs on their 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015Death-24"},{"link_name":"The Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Association"},{"link_name":"Frankie Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Valli"},{"link_name":"the Four Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)"}],"sub_title":"2012–present","text":"In the summer of 2012, guitarist Allsup was hospitalized for an intestinal disorder, forcing Kingery to move back to guitar, while Danny's son Timothy Hutton played bass. This happened again during the summer of 2015 when Allsup was forced to miss some shows.[citation needed] On March 11, 2015, Jimmy Greenspoon died from cancer, aged 67. His place at the keyboards was taken by Eddie Reasoner who had substituted for him when he took ill in mid-2014.[24]On October 21, 2015, Cory Wells died at his home in Dunkirk, New York at age 74. In November 2015, the band announced that singer David Morgan would be joining them on the road. He was a former member of The Association. In April 2017, Howard Laravea replaced Eddie Reasoner on keyboards. He was formerly with Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons.When Three Dog Night returned to touring in August 2021, it was without Michael Allsup, who was replaced with Tim Hutton on bass. Paul Kingery switched back to guitar. Danny Hutton has stated during concert appearances that Three Dog Night has been recording a new album, before performing their new song \"Prayer of the Children\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Cory Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Wells"},{"link_name":"Chuck Negron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Negron"},{"link_name":"Michael Allsup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allsup"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greenspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenspoon"},{"link_name":"Floyd Sneed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Sneed"},{"link_name":"Joe Schermie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Schermie"},{"link_name":"Skip Konte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Konte"},{"link_name":"Al Ciner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ciner"},{"link_name":"Richard Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Campbell_(American_musician)"}],"sub_title":"Members","text":"Current membersDanny Hutton – vocals (1967–1975, 1981–present)\nPaul Kingery – vocals, guitar, bass (1982–1983 as substitute; 1985–1988, 1996–present)\nPat Bautz – drums, vocals (1993–present)\nDavid Morgan – vocals (2015–present)\nHoward Laravea – keyboards (2017–present)\nTimothy Hutton – bass, vocals (2021–present)Former membersCory Wells – vocals, rhythm guitar (1967–1976, 1981–2015; his death)\nChuck Negron – vocals (1967–1976, 1981–1985)\nMichael Allsup – guitar (1967–1974, 1981–1984, 1991–2021)\nJimmy Greenspoon – keyboards (1968–1976, 1981–2015; his death)\nFloyd Sneed – drums (1968–1974, 1981–1984; died 2023)\nJoe Schermie – bass (1968–1973; died 2002)\nJack Ryland – bass (1973–1975; died 1996)\nSkip Konte – keyboards (1973–1976)\nMickey McMeel – drums (1974–1976)\nJames \"Smitty\" Smith – guitar (1974–1975)\nDennis Belfield – bass (1975–1976)\nAl Ciner – guitar (1975–1976)\nJay Gruska – vocals (1976)\nRon Stockert – keyboards (1976)\nDavid Bluefield (touring) – keyboards (1984)\nJohn Mrowiec – drums (1976–77)\nJeff Seifrit – bass (1981–1982)\nRichard Grossman – bass (1982–1984)\nRick Seratte – keyboards (1985)\nMike Keeley – drums (1985–1993)\nScott Manzo – bass (1985–1988, 2004)\nSteve Ezzo – guitar (fill-in for Allsup 1983–1984, 1985)\nGary Moon – bass, vocals (1988–1989)\nT.J. Parker – guitar (1988–1989)\nRichard Campbell – bass, vocals (1989–1996)\nEddie Reasoner – keyboards (2015–2017; substitute – 2014–2015)\nMike Cuneo – guitar (1989–1991)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Old Fashioned Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Old_Fashioned_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Black and White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_White_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Celebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrate_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Easy to Be Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_to_Be_Hard"},{"link_name":"Eli's Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%27s_Comin%27"},{"link_name":"Joy to the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Serenade You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Serenade_You"},{"link_name":"Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar_(Russ_Ballard_song)"},{"link_name":"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Told_Me_Not_To_Come"},{"link_name":"Never Been to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Been_to_Spain"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Harry_Nilsson_song)"},{"link_name":"One Man Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Out in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_in_the_Country"},{"link_name":"Pieces of April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_April_(song)"},{"link_name":"Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Something_Sweet_(Brickyard_Blues)"},{"link_name":"Shambala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambala_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sure_As_I%27m_Sittin%27_Here"},{"link_name":"The Family of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_of_Man_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"The Show Must Go On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_Must_Go_On_(Leo_Sayer_song)"},{"link_name":"Til the World Ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til_the_World_Ends_(Three_Dog_Night_song)"},{"link_name":"Try a Little Tenderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_a_Little_Tenderness"},{"link_name":"Your Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Song"}],"sub_title":"Lead vocal credits","text":"\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" – Negron\n\"Black and White\" – Hutton\n\"Celebrate\" – Hutton (Verse 1), Negron (Verse 2), Wells (Verse 3), who sings melody through the end refrain\n\"Easy to Be Hard\" – Negron\n\"Eli's Coming\" – Wells\n\"Joy to the World\" – Negron\n\"Let Me Serenade You\" – Wells\n\"Liar\" – Hutton\n\"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)\" – Wells\n\"Never Been to Spain\" – Wells\n\"One\" – Negron\n\"One Man Band\" – Hutton sings melody with Negron on harmony on verses, then Negron takes the lead through the end refrain\n\"Out in the Country\" – Group vocal in unison\n\"Pieces of April\" – Negron\n\"Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)\" – Wells\n\"Shambala\" – Wells\n\"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here\" – Wells\n\"The Family of Man\" – Hutton (Verse 1), Negron (Verse 2), Wells (Verse 3)\n\"The Show Must Go On\" – Negron\n\"Til the World Ends\" – Negron\n\"Try a Little Tenderness\" – Wells\n\"Your Song\" – Hutton","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lineups","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night_(album)"},{"link_name":"Suitable for Framing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitable_for_Framing"},{"link_name":"Captured Live at the Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captured_Live_at_the_Forum"},{"link_name":"It Ain't Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Ain%27t_Easy_(Three_Dog_Night_album)"},{"link_name":"Naturally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_(Three_Dog_Night_album)"},{"link_name":"Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_(Three_Dog_Night_album)"},{"link_name":"Seven Separate Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Separate_Fools"},{"link_name":"Cyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan_(Three_Dog_Night_album)"},{"link_name":"Hard Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Labor"},{"link_name":"Coming Down Your Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Down_Your_Way"},{"link_name":"American Pastime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pastime"},{"link_name":"It's a Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle"}],"text":"Three Dog Night (1968)\nSuitable for Framing (1969)\nCaptured Live at the Forum (1969)\nIt Ain't Easy (1970)\nNaturally (1970)\nHarmony (1971)\nSeven Separate Fools (1972)\nCyan (1973)\nHard Labor (1974)\nComing Down Your Way (1975)\nAmerican Pastime (1976)\nIt's a Jungle (1983)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Three Dog Night was inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000.","title":"Awards and recognition"}]

[{"image_text":"Negron, Wells and Hutton in 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Three_Dog_Night_1969.JPG/220px-Three_Dog_Night_1969.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia, eds. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (3rd ed.). Fireside Books. p. 990. ISBN 0-7432-9201-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneency00holl","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneency00holl/page/990","url_text":"990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-9201-4","url_text":"0-7432-9201-4"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Ali (October 15, 2022). \"The Top 10 Need-to-Know Three Dog Night Songs (That Aren't \"One\" or \"Joy To The World\")\". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 16, 2022. ... what was leftover became a bluesy, rootsy, blue-eyed boogie, pseudo-soul, funk-infused amalgamation of not hard, not soft, but more of a medium rock. The band to epitomize all of that: Three Dog Night.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/the-top-10-need-to-know-three-dog-night-songs-that-arent-one-or-joy-to-the-world/","url_text":"\"The Top 10 Need-to-Know Three Dog Night Songs (That Aren't \"One\" or \"Joy To The World\")\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter","url_text":"American Songwriter"}]},{"reference":"Negron, Chuck (2008). Three Dog Nightmare: The Continuing Chuck Negron Story. Literary Architects. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-9336-6913-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9336-6913-7","url_text":"978-1-9336-6913-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Dog Night\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/three-dog-night","url_text":"\"Three Dog Night\""}]},{"reference":"Chawkins, Steve (February 18, 2015). \"June Fairchild dies at 68; former actress lived on skid row\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-june-fairchild-20150219-story.html","url_text":"\"June Fairchild dies at 68; former actress lived on skid row\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Van Dyke Parks [@thevandykeparks] (September 10, 2018). \"I wuz [sic] nuts about Hutton's girlfriend. Quite a dancer. Yet, she didn't read Mankind magazine, nor have an inkling of anthtopology [sic] and the cold aboriginal nights that inspired my suggestion. Wiki[pedia] duz [sic] need an edit\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_Parks","url_text":"Van Dyke Parks [@thevandykeparks]"},{"url":"https://x.com/thevandykeparks/status/1039199643651821569","url_text":"\"I wuz [sic] nuts about Hutton's girlfriend. Quite a dancer. Yet, she didn't read Mankind magazine, nor have an inkling of anthtopology [sic] and the cold aboriginal nights that inspired my suggestion. Wiki[pedia] duz [sic] need an edit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Tobler, John (1978). The Beach Boys. Chartwell Books. p. 45. ISBN 0890091749.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tobler","url_text":"Tobler, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beachboys00tobl/","url_text":"The Beach Boys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890091749","url_text":"0890091749"}]},{"reference":"Carlin, Peter Ames (2006). Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson. Rodale. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-59486-320-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ames_Carlin","url_text":"Carlin, Peter Ames"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eYyovo_AbqAC","url_text":"Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59486-320-2","url_text":"978-1-59486-320-2"}]},{"reference":"Priore, Domenic (2007). Smile: The Story of Brian Wilson's Lost Masterpiece. pp. 127–129.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greenspoon, Jimmy; Bego, Mark (1991). One Is the Loneliest Number: On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night. ISBN 9780886876470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greenspoon","url_text":"Greenspoon, Jimmy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780886876470","url_text":"9780886876470"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Frazier (December 26, 2001). \"Next week to be 25th New Year's Eve without Guy Lombardo\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/tv/20011226guy1226p6.asp","url_text":"\"Next week to be 25th New Year's Eve without Guy Lombardo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134336/http://www.post-gazette.com/tv/20011226guy1226p6.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Memmott, Carol (December 27, 2011). \"Dick Clark: Rockin' it on New Year's since 1972\". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2011-12-27/dick-clark-rockin-new-years-eve-40th-anniversary/52246914/1","url_text":"\"Dick Clark: Rockin' it on New Year's since 1972\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002022933/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2011-12-27/dick-clark-rockin-new-years-eve-40th-anniversary/52246914/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Foster Opens London 'Digs,' Ogles FM Buys & Bookers\". Billboard. November 18, 1972. pp. 3, 10. Retrieved March 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ8EAAAAMBAJ&q=three+dog+night+%22Queen+Mary%22&pg=PA10","url_text":"\"Foster Opens London 'Digs,' Ogles FM Buys & Bookers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Clark's Rockin' New Years Eve: 5 Memorable Moments From The Show's History (Video)\". The Hollywood Reporter (The Live Feed). April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/dick-clark-death-new-years-rockin-313801","url_text":"\"Dick Clark's Rockin' New Years Eve: 5 Memorable Moments From The Show's History (Video)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120423210119/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/dick-clark-death-new-years-rockin-313801","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ATI Sued by 3 Dog Night\". Billboard. February 3, 1973. Retrieved August 26, 2015 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQkEAAAAMBAJ&q=three+dog+night&pg=PA66","url_text":"\"ATI Sued by 3 Dog Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Allsup Website\". Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michaelallsup.com/14ch_3.htm","url_text":"\"Michael Allsup Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Negron Michael Artsis Show Interview\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved February 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUGa7jP1MNM","url_text":"\"Chuck Negron Michael Artsis Show Interview\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/sUGa7jP1MNM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Dog Night Chart History – Adult Contemporary\". Billboard. Retrieved December 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/three-dog-night/chart-history/asi/","url_text":"\"Three Dog Night Chart History – Adult Contemporary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Dog Night Chart History – Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved December 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/three-dog-night/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Three Dog Night Chart History – Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Three Dog Night – Chart history\". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/419568/three+dog+night/chart","url_text":"\"Three Dog Night – Chart history\""}]},{"reference":"Vanmetre, Elizabeth (March 11, 2015). \"Jimmy Greenspoon of Three Dog Night has died from cancer at age 67\". Daily News. Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/jimmy-greenspoon-dog-night-died-article-1.2146224","url_text":"\"Jimmy Greenspoon of Three Dog Night has died from cancer at age 67\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State

Borno State

["1 History","2 Climate","3 Education","4 Local Government Areas","4.1 Displaced peoples","5 Languages","6 Religion","7 Transport","8 Notable people","9 Natural resources","10 Companies/Industries","11 See also","12 References","13 Sources","14 External links"]

Coordinates: 11°30′N 13°00′E / 11.500°N 13.000°E / 11.500; 13.000State of Nigeria State in NigeriaBornoState FlagSealNicknames: Home of PeaceLocation of Borno State in NigeriaCoordinates: 11°30′N 13°00′E / 11.500°N 13.000°E / 11.500; 13.000Country NigeriaDate created3 February 1976CapitalMaiduguriGovernment • BodyGovernment of Borno State • GovernorBabagana Umara Zulum (APC) • Deputy GovernorUmar Usman Kadafur (APC) • LegislatureBorno State House of Assembly • SenatorsC: Kaka Shehu Lawan (APC)N: Mohammed Tahir Monguno (APC)S: Mohammed Ali Ndume (APC) • RepresentativesListArea • Total70,898 km2 (27,374 sq mi) • Rank2nd of 36Population (2022) • Total6,111,500 • Rank12th of 36 • Density86/km2 (220/sq mi)GDP (PPP) • Year2021 • Total$12.67 billion • Per capita$1,823Time zoneUTC+01 (WAT)Postal codes600001Dialing Code+234ISO 3166 codeNG-BOHDI (2021)0.512low · 24th of 37 Borno State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered by Yobe to the west for about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers), its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger, for about 223 km mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles), being the only Nigerian state to border three foreign countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno, with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State, which became a distinct state in 1991. Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states, only behind Niger State. Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park, a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane, spotted hyena, patas monkey, and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants. However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest, was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee; large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno. Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, and Mandara in the central region; the Afade, Yedina (Buduma), and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each. From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire, an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya (Fezzan) south through most of now-Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr, a Sudanese warlord, conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri. The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire. Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire. The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I. After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to merger with Nigeria. Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State. Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon become the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes. Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets. As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center. However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed. Territorial control in Northwestern Nigeria in 2022 As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP. History This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020) Dancers in Borno state attire The state has a predominance of Kanuri people, while other ethnic groups such as Lapang, Babur/Bura, Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa. The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years. The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Conquered by Rabih in 1893, The state was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri, which remains the capital to this day. After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003. Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria, including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe. This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga. A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria." In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011." After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed. In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67." In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of the insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity. Climate The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this north eastern state. The commencement of the rainy season in this north-east state is around June/July of every year, which far behind the south eastern states. The trade wind, also regarded as the harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually. The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 340C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 230C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h. Education Borno has many higher institutions, these include: Borno State University Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies. Nigerian Army University Biu University of Maiduguri This section may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (December 2023) Al-Ansar University Federal Polytechnic Monguno. Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery. Federal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa Local Government Areas See also: List of villages in Borno State Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures): Borno CentralSenatorial District Area in km2 1,666,541 Borno SouthSenatorial District Area in km2 1,245,962 Borno NorthSenatorial District Area in km2 1,238,390 Maiduguri 137.36 540,016 Askira/Uba 2,431.83 143,313 Abadam 4,172.27 100,065 Ngala 1,519.82 236,498 Bayo 985.78 79,078 Gubio 2,575.09 151,286 Kala/Balge 1,962.13 60,834 Biu 3,423.86 175,760 Guzamala 2,631.44 95,991 Mafa 2,976.99 103,600 Chibok 1,392.00 66,333 Kaga 2,802.46 89,996 Konduga 6,065.89 157,322 Damboa 6,426.18 233,200 Kukawa 5,124.41 203,343 Bama 5,158.87 270,119 Gwoza 2,973.15 276,568 Magumeri 5,057.61 140,257 Jere 900.72 209,107 Hawul 2,160.99 120,733 Marte 3,280.02 129,409 Dikwa 1,836.89 105,042 Kwaya Kusar 754.69 56,704 Mobbar 3,280.02 116,633 Shani 1,238.93 100,989 Monguno 1,993.20 109,834 Nganzai 2,572.35 99,074 In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates), which advise the local governments on cultural and traditional matters. Displaced peoples This section is an excerpt from Internally displaced persons camps in Borno. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020) An IDP camp outside Maiduguri from 2018, where internally displaced people come to escape harassment from the Boko Haram insurgency. Internally displaced person camps in Borno State, Nigeria were centers accommodating Nigerians who had been forced to flee their homes but remain within the country's borders. Displaced persons camps in Maiduguri accommodated from 120,000 to 130,000 people, while those in local government areas ranged above 400,000. There were over two million displaced persons in the state. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) suggested the figure of internally displaced persons in the state to be 1,434,149, the highest in Northern Nigeria. Languages A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains. Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area: Wamdeo Hill, Borno State LGA Languages Askira-Uba Putai;Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi Bama Shuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi Biu Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Chibok Kibaku; Putai; Marghi Damboa Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri Dikwa Shuwa Arab Gwoza Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi Mandara Hawul Bura,Hwana, Kaga Yerwa Kanuri; Putai Kala/Balge Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade; Jilbe (in Jilbe town) Konduga Shuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi Kukawa Yerwa Kanuri Kwaya-Kusar Bura, Putai, Marghi South Tera Maiduguri Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa Monguno Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa Ngala Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga. Religion Islam is practiced in Borno State, with an equally few number of adherents of Christianity and other faiths. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram as a part of their uprising, which were later rebuilt. Transport Federal Highways are: A3 east from Yobe State at Ngamdu via Benisheikh, Maiduguri, Mafa and Dikwa to Gamboru as part of the Trans-Sahel Highway (Trans-African Highway 5), A4 north from Numan in Adamawa State at Mada via Biu, Damboa and Bulabulin to A3 near Maiduguri as the Maiduguri-Numan Rd, and then east via Konduga, Kabuiri, and Bama as the Bama-Maiduguri Rd to Cameroon at Banki, A13 north from Adamawa State near Limankara via Gwoza Wakane and Burari to A4 near Bama. Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe: Damasak to Difa Bisagana to Bosso. Three roads to Cameroon: A3 from Gamboru at Ngala (TAH 5) at Fotokol to N2 to Maltam, from A4 in Bama via Dipchari to Mora via Kolofata, from Pulka at Kerawa to Mora. Other major roads include: the Biu or Gombe Rd west to Gombe State at Vuradale, the Waranya-Buratai-Biu Rd north to Yobe State at Maza, the Dikwa-Gulumba-Gana-Bigoro Rd north from A4 at Banki to A3 at Dikwa, the Monguno-Marte-Dikwa Rd north to Monguno, the Maiduguri-Monguno or Gajiram-Bolon Rd, the Monguno-Barwa-Kauwa Rd, the Kukawa-Kauwa Border Rd east from Damasak (as the Damasaak-Kukawa Rd) via Kauwa to Doro Gowon, the Gwoza-Damboa Rd east from A13 at Gwoza Wakane via Bitta, Gazal and Bukar Kwareri to A4 at Dumboa, the Ngamdu-Damboa Rd east via Yobe State to A3 at Ngamdu, south from Damboa via Chibok and Zadawa Yama to Adamawa State at Uba, southeast from Biu to Adamawa State at Garkida. Railways: Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State. Airports: Served by the Maiduguri International Airport. Notable people Mohammed Indimi, businessman Abba Kyari businessman and politician Abba Kyari, military officer Ali Ndume, Politician Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Islamic cleric and Mufti Kyari Magumeri, soldier Zakariya Maimalari, Nigerian soldier Abogu Largema, Soldier Kashim Shettima, politician and Vice President Professor Babagana Umara Zulum, Executive governor of Borno Natural resources Borno State is rich with abundant natural resources, which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include: Kaolin Clay Diatomite Trona Natural salt Iron ore Silica sand Mica Quartz Magnetite Uranium Companies/Industries Borno textile Flex foam Nigeria Limited Simba Industries Limited See also Religion in Borno State Islamist insurgency in Nigeria References ^ "Borno (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. ^ a b Okeowo, Gabriel; Fatoba, Iyanuoluwa, eds. (13 October 2022). "State of States 2022 Edition" (PDF). Budgit.org. BudgIT. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "This is how the 36 states were created". Pulse.ng. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "Population 2006-2016". National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ Olugbode, Michael (10 May 2014). "Sambisa Forest From Nature Conservation to Terrorists Haven". ThisDay. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Collyer, Rosie (25 December 2019). "Elephant herd sighted in Nigeria's Boko Haram warzone". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "Elephants return to war zone". The Elephant Protection Initiative. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Pisa, Katie; Hume, Tim (17 November 2015). "Boko Haram overtakes ISIS as world's deadliest terror group, report says". CNN. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ Odunsi, Wale (19 November 2021). "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". Daily Post. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ "Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". eNCA. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ "Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ "Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". Mercy Corps. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ Tayo, Teniola (21 October 2021). "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ "ISWAP Still Controls Vast Areas of Guzamala in Northeast". 30 June 2022. ^ Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America. p. 96. ^ Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60. ^ "Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". Folio Nigeria. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020. ^ Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84 ^ Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002). ^ "Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009. ^ "Nigeria: State of Emergency Declared". The New York Times. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". BBC News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ "Nigeria: Shettima Orders Investigation Into Mass Abduction of Women". allAfrica.com. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014. ^ Michael Olugbode. Nigeria: Borno Public Schools to Reopen Soon, allAfrica.com, 27 August 2014. ^ Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria Archived 2017-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, unicef.org, November 2014. ^ http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria Actionagainsthunger. "Action Against Hunger Logo." Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 3 May 2016. ^ Mohammed, H. (2009). "Nigerian Meteorological Agency Predicts Low Rainfall". Daily Trust Newspaper. ^ "timeanddate.com". ^ "2000 Students get certificate 20 years after graduation - P.M. News". Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Okoye, Francis (4 June 2022). "Army Varsity Matriculates 333 Students". Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "UNIMAID resumes academic activities October 26". 18 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Okogba, Emmanuel (11 June 2022). "First private university in Borno gets Vice Chancellor". Vanguard News. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Ndahi Marama (18 November 2021). vanguard https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/fedpoly-zulum-commends-mt-monguno-for-allocating-n500m-in-2022-budget-donating-2-new-18-seater-buses-for-take-off/. Retrieved 18 November 2021. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "EU and WHO support accreditation of Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery - Nigeria | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ 2006 Population Census, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine on 25 March 2009. ^ Borno State overview Archived 15 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Borno State Government ^ Borno State information Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015. ^ "Borno still has 32 IDP camps despite return of some displaced persons – NEMA - Premium Times Nigeria". Premium Times Nigeria. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ "Borno to close all IDP camps - Vanguard News". Vanguard News. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ "State of IDP camps in Nigeria". www.authorityngr.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Gravina, R. (2014). The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht). ^ a b "Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020. ^ "Ekklesia | Anabaptist churches destroyed in Nigeria". 15 December 2015. ^ "AliNdume". Retrieved 18 January 2024. ^ Angbulu, Stephen (20 December 2023). "Nigeria'll bounce back in few months, says Shettima". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ "Borno Governor, Zulum Excludes Christians, Their Communities From Nigerian Government's N3billion Palliatives – Centre For Justice | Sahara Reporters". saharareporters.com. Retrieved 25 December 2023. ^ Ikenwa, Chizoba (13 August 2020). "List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Borno State". Nigerian Infopedia. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ Release, Press (4 April 2020). "Simba TVS distributes 'safety and hygiene packs' to Keke riders". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 30 December 2022. Sources Aborisade, Oladimeji; Robert J. Mundt (2001). Politics in Nigeria. White Plains, New York: Longman. ISBN 9780321085610. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borno State. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bornu". Boko Haram Fighting for their Last Territorial Stronghold, midwestdiplomacy.com, 23 April 2015 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area vteGovernors of North-Eastern and Borno StateNorth-Eastern State Musa Usman Muhammadu Buhari Borno State Mustapha Amin Tunde Idiagbon Mohammed Goni Asheik Jarma Abubakar Waziri Abdulmumini Aminu Abdul One Mohammed Mohammed Maina Mohammed Buba Marwa Maina Maaji Lawan Ibrahim Dada Victor Ozodinobi Augustine Aniebo Lawal Haruna Mala Kachalla Ali Modu Sheriff Kashim Shettima Babagana Umara Zulum vteStates of NigeriaFederal Capital Territory Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Nigeria portal Portal: Nigeria

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about 421 km, Gombe to the southwest for 93 km, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon for about 426 km (265 miles, partly across the Ebedi and Kalia Rivers), its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger, for about 223 km mostly across the Komadougou-Yobe River, and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad for 85 km (53 miles), being the only Nigerian state to border three foreign countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno, with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State, which became a distinct state in 1991.[4]Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states, only behind Niger State. Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016.[5] Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park, a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane, spotted hyena, patas monkey, and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants. However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest, was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee;[6] large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno.[7][8]Borno State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, and Mandara in the central region; the Afade, Yedina (Buduma), and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each.From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire, an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya (Fezzan) south through most of now-Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr, a Sudanese warlord, conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri. The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire. Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire.The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I. After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to merger with Nigeria. Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State. Years later, in the early 2000s, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon become the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes.[9] Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets.[10]As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center.[11] However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed.[12][13][14]Territorial control in Northwestern Nigeria in 2022As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP.[15]","title":"Borno State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borno_state_contingent.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanuri people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people"},{"link_name":"Lapang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur_people"},{"link_name":"Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura_people"},{"link_name":"Mafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafa_people"},{"link_name":"Marghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghi_people"},{"link_name":"Shuwa Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwa_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Arab people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Kanem–Bornu Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kanemi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanemi_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Borno Emirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_Emirate"},{"link_name":"Usman dan Fodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio"},{"link_name":"Rabih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Northern Nigeria Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nigerian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Independence"},{"link_name":"Nigeria's return to civilian rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1979-1999)#Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mala Kachallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Kachallah"},{"link_name":"All Nigeria People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nigeria_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Ali Modu Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Modu_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Adamawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State"},{"link_name":"Yobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram"},{"link_name":"killed 200 people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Baga_massacre"},{"link_name":"Baga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kashim Shettima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashim_Shettima"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-audujune26-25"},{"link_name":"Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"food insecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_insecurity"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Dancers in Borno state attireThe state has a predominance of Kanuri people, while other ethnic groups such as Lapang, Babur/Bura, Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people[16] and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa. The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.[17]The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Conquered by Rabih in 1893,[18] The state was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate[19] and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri, which remains the capital to this day.[20]After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003.[21]Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria,[22] including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe.[23] This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga. A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue \"as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria.\"[24]In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that \"176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011.\"[25] After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed.[26]In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State \"from 5 to 67.\"[27] In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of the insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"trade wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds"},{"link_name":"harmattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this north eastern state.[citation needed] The commencement of the rainy season in this north-east state is around June/July of every year, which far behind the south eastern states. The trade wind, also regarded as the harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually.[29] The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 340C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 230C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h.[30]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borno State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State_University"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Goni_College_of_Legal_and_Islamic_Studies"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Army University Biu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army_University_Biu"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"University of Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Al-Ansar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ansar_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Federal Polytechnic Monguno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Polytechnic_Monguno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maiduguri_College_of_Nursing_and_Midwifery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//p.placbillstrack.org/9th/view.php?getid=10048"}],"text":"Borno has many higher institutions, these include:Borno State University\nMohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies.[31]\nNigerian Army University Biu[32]\nUniversity of Maiduguri[33]Al-Ansar University[34]\nFederal Polytechnic Monguno.[35]\nMaiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery.[36]\nFederal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of villages in Borno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Borno_State"},{"link_name":"Local Government Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nigerianstat-pop-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bornostate-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nigerianstat-emirs-39"}],"text":"See also: List of villages in Borno StateBorno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures):[37]In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates),[38] which advise the local governments on cultural and traditional matters.[39]","title":"Local Government Areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internally displaced persons camps in Borno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_camps_in_Borno"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internally_displaced_persons_camps_in_Borno&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDP_Camp_Maiduguri_Borno_State_Nigeria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram"},{"link_name":"Internally displaced person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_internally_displaced_persons_camps_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians"},{"link_name":"forced to flee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"local government areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Internally_displaced_persons_camps_in_Borno_:0-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Internally_displaced_persons_camps_in_Borno_:1-41"},{"link_name":"Northern Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Displaced peoples","text":"This section is an excerpt from Internally displaced persons camps in Borno.[edit]\nThis article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)\nAn IDP camp outside Maiduguri from 2018, where internally displaced people come to escape harassment from the Boko Haram insurgency.\nInternally displaced person camps in Borno State, Nigeria were centers accommodating Nigerians who had been forced to flee their homes but remain within the country's borders. Displaced persons camps in Maiduguri accommodated from 120,000 to 130,000 people, while those in local government areas ranged above 400,000.[when?][40] There were over two million displaced persons in the state.[41] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) suggested the figure of internally displaced persons in the state to be 1,434,149, the highest in Northern Nigeria.[42]","title":"Local Government Areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biu–Mandara languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages"},{"link_name":"Mandara Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e22-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wamdeo_Hill.JPG"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e22-44"}],"text":"A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains.[43]\nLanguages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area:[44]Wamdeo Hill, Borno StateOther languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga.[44]","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Province of Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Jos"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Morris"},{"link_name":"Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_uprising"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Islam is practiced in Borno State, with an equally few number of adherents of Christianity and other faiths. Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram[45] as a part of their uprising, which were later rebuilt.[citation needed]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Yobe State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobe_State"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Mafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafa"},{"link_name":"Dikwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa"},{"link_name":"Gamboru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamboru"},{"link_name":"Trans-Sahel Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Sahelian_Highway"},{"link_name":"Trans-African Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network"},{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numan,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Biu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Damboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damboa"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri"},{"link_name":"Konduga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduga"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"A13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A13_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Komadougou Yobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komadougou_Yobe"},{"link_name":"Damasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasak"},{"link_name":"Bosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosso,_Niger"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Gamboru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamboru"},{"link_name":"Ngala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngala"},{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Bama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bama,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora,_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Gombe State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State"},{"link_name":"Yobe State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobe_State"},{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Dikwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikwa"},{"link_name":"Monguno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monguno"},{"link_name":"Damasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasak"},{"link_name":"A13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A13_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_highway_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Damboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damboa"},{"link_name":"Chibok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibok"},{"link_name":"Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State"},{"link_name":"Biu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Adamawa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State"},{"link_name":"Cape Gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Gauge"},{"link_name":"Eastern Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Railway_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Gombe State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maiduguri International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri_International_Airport"}],"text":"Federal Highways are:A3 east from Yobe State at Ngamdu via Benisheikh, Maiduguri, Mafa and Dikwa to Gamboru as part of the Trans-Sahel Highway (Trans-African Highway 5),\nA4 north from Numan in Adamawa State at Mada via Biu, Damboa and Bulabulin to A3 near Maiduguri as the Maiduguri-Numan Rd, and then east via Konduga, Kabuiri, and Bama as the Bama-Maiduguri Rd to Cameroon at Banki,\nA13 north from Adamawa State near Limankara via Gwoza Wakane and Burari to A4 near Bama.Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe:Damasak to Difa\nBisagana to Bosso.Three roads to Cameroon:A3 from Gamboru at Ngala (TAH 5) at Fotokol to N2 to Maltam,\nfrom A4 in Bama via Dipchari to Mora via Kolofata,\nfrom Pulka at Kerawa to Mora.Other major roads include:the Biu or Gombe Rd west to Gombe State at Vuradale,\nthe Waranya-Buratai-Biu Rd north to Yobe State at Maza,\nthe Dikwa-Gulumba-Gana-Bigoro Rd north from A4 at Banki to A3 at Dikwa,\nthe Monguno-Marte-Dikwa Rd north to Monguno,\nthe Maiduguri-Monguno or Gajiram-Bolon Rd,\nthe Monguno-Barwa-Kauwa Rd,\nthe Kukawa-Kauwa Border Rd east from Damasak (as the Damasaak-Kukawa Rd) via Kauwa to Doro Gowon,\nthe Gwoza-Damboa Rd east from A13 at Gwoza Wakane via Bitta, Gazal and Bukar Kwareri to A4 at Dumboa,\nthe Ngamdu-Damboa Rd east via Yobe State to A3 at Ngamdu,\nsouth from Damboa via Chibok and Zadawa Yama to Adamawa State at Uba,\nsoutheast from Biu to Adamawa State at Garkida.Railways:Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6\") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State.[citation needed]Airports:Served by the Maiduguri International Airport.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed Indimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Indimi"},{"link_name":"Abba Kyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Kyari"},{"link_name":"Abba Kyari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Kyari_(military_officer)"},{"link_name":"Ali Ndume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ndume_Mohammed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Ibn_Saleh_al-Hussaini"},{"link_name":"Kyari Magumeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyari_Magumeri"},{"link_name":"Zakariya Maimalari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_Maimalari"},{"link_name":"Abogu Largema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.segundawodu.com/omoigui58.htm"},{"link_name":"Kashim Shettima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashim_Shettima"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Babagana Umara Zulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babagana_Zulum"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Mohammed Indimi, businessman\nAbba Kyari businessman and politician\nAbba Kyari, military officer\nAli Ndume, Politician [46]\nIbrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Islamic cleric and Mufti\nKyari Magumeri, soldier\nZakariya Maimalari, Nigerian soldier\nAbogu Largema, Soldier\nKashim Shettima, politician and Vice President[47]\nProfessor Babagana Umara Zulum, Executive governor of Borno[48]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono_state"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"Diatomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth"},{"link_name":"Trona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trona"},{"link_name":"Iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"Quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"Magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"}],"text":"Borno State is rich with abundant natural resources,[49] which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include:Kaolin\nClay\nDiatomite\nTrona\nNatural salt\nIron ore\nSilica sand\nMica\nQuartz\nMagnetite\nUranium","title":"Natural resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Borno textile\nFlex foam Nigeria Limited\nSimba Industries Limited[50]","title":"Companies/Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780321085610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321085610"}],"text":"Aborisade, Oladimeji; Robert J. Mundt (2001). Politics in Nigeria. White Plains, New York: Longman. ISBN 9780321085610.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Territorial control in Northwestern Nigeria in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BokoHaraminsurgency.png/220px-BokoHaraminsurgency.png"},{"image_text":"Dancers in Borno state attire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Borno_state_contingent.jpg/220px-Borno_state_contingent.jpg"},{"image_text":"An IDP camp outside Maiduguri from 2018, where internally displaced people come to escape harassment from the Boko Haram insurgency.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/IDP_Camp_Maiduguri_Borno_State_Nigeria.jpg/220px-IDP_Camp_Maiduguri_Borno_State_Nigeria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wamdeo Hill, Borno State","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wamdeo_Hill.JPG/300px-Wamdeo_Hill.JPG"}]

[{"title":"Religion in Borno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Borno_State"},{"title":"Islamist insurgency in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Butterwick

East Butterwick

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°32′24″N 0°44′18″W / 53.540°N 0.73847°W / 53.540; -0.73847Village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England Not to be confused with Butterwick, Lincolnshire. Human settlement in EnglandEast ButterwickPrimitive Methodist Chapel, East ButterwickEast ButterwickLocation within LincolnshirePopulation135 (2011)OS grid referenceSE836056• London140 mi (230 km) SUnitary authorityNorth LincolnshireCeremonial countyLincolnshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSCUNTHORPEPostcode districtDN17PoliceHumbersideFireHumbersideAmbulanceEast Midlands UK ParliamentBrigg and Goole List of places UK England Lincolnshire 53°32′24″N 0°44′18″W / 53.540°N 0.73847°W / 53.540; -0.73847 East Butterwick is a village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England. It lies in the Isle of Axholme, about 4 miles (6 km) north-east from Epworth and 4 miles north from Owston Ferry, on the eastern bank of the River Trent opposite its neighbour West Butterwick. The population of the civil parish as at the 2011 census was 135. References ^ Geograph ^ "Civil parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 May 2016. External links Media related to East Butterwick at Wikimedia Commons Portals: England United Kingdom vteCeremonial county of LincolnshireUnitary authorities North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire Boroughs or districts Boston East Lindsey Lincoln North Kesteven South Holland South Kesteven West Lindsey Major settlements(cities in italics) Alford Barton-upon-Humber Boston Bottesford Bourne Brigg Broughton Burgh le Marsh Caistor Cleethorpes Crowland Crowle Epworth Gainsborough Grantham Grimsby Holbeach Horncastle Immingham Kirton in Lindsey Lincoln Long Sutton Louth Mablethorpe Market Deeping Market Rasen North Hykeham Scunthorpe Skegness Sleaford Spalding Spilsby Stamford Sutton-on-Sea Wainfleet All Saints Woodhall Spa WintertonSee also: List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire Topics Flag Parliamentary constituencies Education Geography Diocese Monastic houses Museums SSSIs Politics Country Houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Scheduled monuments Windmills History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Transport Historic subdivisions: Holland, Kesteven, Lindsey History and notable places: Belton House, Bolingbroke Castle, Boston Stump, Cadwell Park, Cross Keys Bridge, Crowland Abbey, Donna Nook, Dunham Bridge, Far Ings, Frampton Marsh, Freiston Shore, Gibraltar Point, Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre, Humber Bridge, Kinema in the Woods, Kingdom of Lindsey, Lincoln Castle,Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cliff, Lincolnshire Fens, Market Rasen Racecourse, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Tattershall Castle, The Wash, The Wolds, Usher Gallery, Winceby Battlefield, Woolsthorpe Manor This Lincolnshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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